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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
saqarTvelos istoriis instituti
mamuka wurwumia
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari (900-1700)
organizacia, taqtika, SeiaraReba
istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori goCa jafariZe
Tbilisi
2014
avtoris stili daculia
2
sarCevi
Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
Tavi I: feodaluri saqarTvelos samxedro organizacia --------------------------------- 16
qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia ---------------------- 16
samxedro organizacia feodalur saqarTveloSi --------------------------------------------- 37
Tavi II: qarTuli laSqris taqtika Sua saukuneebSi ----------------------------------------- 53
Tavi III: TavdacviTi saWurveli --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
1. muzaradi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 74
1.1. sferokonusuri muzaradi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
1.2. Cabalaxi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85
1.3. CaCqani --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
1.4. rkinis qudi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 88
2. sxeulis abjari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89
2.1. qerclovani abjari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
2.2. lamelaruli abjari -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92
2.3. laminaruli abjari --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
2.4. jaWvis abjari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105
2.5. begTari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112
2.6. Car-aina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
3. kidurebis dacviTi saSualebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
3.1. sabarkuli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117
3.2. samuxle ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
3.3. sawvive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119
3.4. qafi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120
3.5. samklave --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
3.6. TaTmani ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
4. fari ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Tavi IV: SeteviTi iaraRi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129
1. saZgerebeli iaraRi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130
2. mkveTeli iaraRi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 138
2.1. maxvili ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139
2.2. palaSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144
3
2.3. moxrili xmali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 146
2.4. culi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154
3. dasartymeli iaraRi (laxti) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157
4. distanciuri iaraRi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162
4.1. mSvild-isari ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162
4.2. Surduli ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 177
qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsi Sua saukuneebSi ------------------------------------------ 179
Semoklebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197
bibliografia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198
4
Sesavali
Sua saukuneebis samxedro saqme qarTuli istoriografiis erT-erTi
yvelaze sustad Seswavlili dargia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom dRemde ar aris
gamokvleuli qarTuli laSqris brZolis stili da misi transformacia Sua
saukuneebis manZilze; calkeuli cdebis miuxedavad, ar aris fundamenturad,
monografiulad Seswavlili Sua saukuneebis qarTveli mebrZolis SeiaraReba
da aRWurviloba. Sedegad, qarTveli xalxi ar icnobs Tavis mebrZolebs, ar
icis Tu rogor gamoiyureboda qarTveli moyme ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
etapze, ra ecva an riTi iyo SeiaraRebuli.
SeiaraRebisa da samxedro istoriis kvlevis mxriv saqarTveloSi
arsebuli saxarbielo mdgomareoba karga xania aRiarebulia qarTul
istoriografiaSi: „samxedro saqmis araerTi sakiTxis CaRrmavebuli kvleva
qarTuli istoriografiis gadaudebeli amocanaa“, werda e. xoStaria-brose
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (xoStaria-brose 1991: 179). aTi wlis Semdeg ukve p.
zaqaraia aRniSnavda, rom `saqarTveloSi aTasi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
gamoyenebuli sabrZolo iaraRis istoria specialurad aravis Seuswavlia,
magram aris calkeul saxeobaTa nawilobrivi warmodgenis cdebi~ (zaqaraia
2002: 223). amave problemebze gulaxdilad wers i. gagoSiZec: „raoden
paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, faqtia, rom dRes swored samxedro
xelovnebisa da omebis istoriaa saqarTvelos istoriis yvelaze naklebad
Seswavlili sfero“ (margiSvili 2008: 5). aseT viTarebaSi, rodesac samxedro
saqmis kvleva istoriografiul problemadaa qceuli, aSkaraa sakvlevi Temis
aqtualuroba.
aRniSnul viTarebas, sxvadasxva subieqtur da obieqtur mizezebTan
erTad, isic ganapirobebs, rom samxedro xelovnebisa da SeiaraRebis kvleva
TavisTavad rTuli saqmea, dargTaSorisi disciplinis kategorias miekuTvneba
da mravali dargis (momijnavisa Tu daSorebulis, humanitarulisa Tu
teqnikuris) miRwevebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs. bizantiuri samxedro saqmis
cnobili mkvlevari t. koliasi marTebulad miuTiTebs, rom SeiaraRebis
kvleva moiTxovs socialuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro istoriis Seswavlas,
iseve rogorc zogadad istoriis, arqeologiis, teqnologiisa da xelovnebis
istoriis codnas (Kolias 1988: 29). rogorc vxedavT, samxedro istoria da misi
dargi iaraRTmcodneoba aris sfero, romelic iTxovs interdisciplinarul
5
midgomebs da istoriis, arqeologiis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis, eTnografiis,
wyaroTmcodneobis, lingvistikis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebas. mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi miiReba xelSesaxebi Sedegi da kvleviTi siaxle.
samxedro saqmis Seswavlis procesSi erTmaneTTan ganuyreladaa
dakavSirebuli SeiaraRebis, taqtikisa da samxedro organizaciis sakiTxebi.
taqtikisa da samxedro xelovnebis srulfasovani Seswavla SeuZlebelia
aRWurvilobis Seswavlis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT omis warmoebis
xerxebi, upirvelesad unda gamovikvlioT SeiaraRebis teqnikuri sakiTxebi,
radganac samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi aseTi sakiTxebi umniSvnelovanesia
(Vale 1981: 100). cnobilia, rom SeiaraReba gansazRvravs taqtikas (Glover 1996:
177). taqtika da SeiaraReba ganuyrelia, SeiaraRebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia
brZolis velisagan mowyvetilad: brZolis meTodebis Seswavlis dros unda
iswavlebodes am dros gamoyenebuli iaraRi da maTi urTierTgavlena (Tantum
1979: 188). aseve warmoudgenelia samxedro organizaciis gancalkeveba
sabrZolo taqtikisagan, radganac brZolis saWiroeba didwilad ganapirobebs
armiis struqturas (Hollister 1962: 127).
iaraRi eris kulturis nawils warmoadgens (Квасневич 2005: 18).
SeiaraRebisa da samxedro saqmis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloTY
eris materialur yofaze, samWedlo da saiuveliro xelobis
SesaZleblobebze, vaWrobisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze (Кирпичников
2006: 42). saukunenaxevris win iozef lepkovski, iagelonis universitetis
reqtori werda: `SeiaraReba SeiZleba iyos gasaRebi im adamianTa Semecnebis
donis gasarkvevad, romlebic maT iyenebda; aCveneT specialists romelime
eris SeiaraReba da is getyviT misi ganviTarebis dones~ (Szymczak 2006: 5).
arc erTi qveynis, miTumetes evropa-aziis Sesayarze mdebare
saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis kvleva ar SeiZleba izolirebulad, misi
garemomcveli samyaros samxedro saqmis Seswavlis gareSe. samxedro saqme
mgrZnobiarea garemomcveli samyaros mimarT, igi Taviseburi lakmusis
qaRaldia, romelic yovelgvar cvlilebebze reagirebs (Медведев 1987: 206).
iSviaTad Tu vrceldeboda raime ise swrafad, rogorc siaxle samxedro
saqmeSi. swrafad xdeboda teqnikuri siaxleebis danergvac, rac saboloo
jamSi iwvevda erTiani an msgavsi SeiaraRebis kompleqsis Camoyalibebas did
6
sivrceebze (Бехайм 1995: 6; Соловьев 1987: 49-50).1 es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs
mezobeli kulturebis magaliTebis mixedviT vimsjeloT erovnul SeiaraRebis
kompleqsze da SevavsoT ucnobi detalebi.
winamdebare naSromi feodaluri saqarTvelos laSqris taqtikisa da
SeiaraRebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis pirveli cdaa qarTul istoriografiaSi,
raSic gamoixateba naSromis siaxle. am procesSi avtoris mier Tavmoyrili da
gaanalizebulia 800 wlis manZilze arsebuli cnobebi da masala, samecniero
mimoqcevaSi Semotanilia an axleburad interpretirebulia aqamde ucnobi
wyaroebi Tu artefaqtebi, dadgenilia iaraRis tipologia da terminologia
da mocemulia maTi saerTo klasifikacia.
kvlevis mizania Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris organizaciis,
taqtikisa da SeiaraRebis Seswavla. kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare,
gadasawyvetia Semdegi amocanebi: qarTuli laSqris organizaciisa da
taqtikis Seswavla da saukuneebis manZilze maTi transformaciisaTvis Tvalis
gadevneba; qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis Seswavla da misi ganviTarebis
periodebis dadgena; qarTul SeiaraRebaSi gareSe zegavlenebisa da
nasesxobebis dadgena; Sesabamisi masalis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiaraRebis
calkeuli elementebis tipologiis dadgena da tipologiuri sqemebis
SemuSaveba.
kvlevis miznis misaRwevad da dasaxuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad
Semdegi sqema aris arCeuli:2 jer Seswavlilia feodaluri saqarTvelos
samxedro organizacia, Semdeg – mis mier warmoSobili laSqari da am
laSqris sabrZolo taqtika; calke aris garCeuli Sua saukuneebis qarTveli
mebrZolis panoplia da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. yovelive es ganxilulia
istorizmis principebis dacviT, saukuneebis manZilze gancdili cvlilebebis
asaxviT; kvlevaSi mocemulia periodizacia da mTlianobaSia aRwerili
yoveli periodis SeiaraRebis kompleqsi.
naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebi mosazRvrulia im xangrZlivi
periodiT, romlis ganmavlobaSic mZime cxenosanTa dartyma prioritetul
1 mezobel qveynebSi axali iaraRis gamoCena metnaklebad drois erT SualedSi xdeboda
(Шервашидзе 1964: 59).
2 i. xudiakovis mixedviT, yoveli eris Tu kulturis samxedro saqmis Seswavlisas ikvleven mis
iaraRs, SeiaraRebis kompleqss, samxedro organizacias da samxedro xelovnebas (Худяков 1986:
7).
7
taqtikas warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. es periodi iwyeba X saukuneSi, rodesac
saqarTveloSi cxenosanTa brZolis axali wesi – wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZola inergeba, rasac Tan mosdevs axali taqtikis – cxenosanTa taranuli
dartymis damkvidreba. zeda qronologiuri zRvari ki XVIII saukunea, rodesac
cecxlsasroli iaraRis axalma teqnologiebma saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli
brZolis wesi Secvala.
marTalia, cecxlsasroli iaraRi saqarTveloSi XV saukuneSi Cndeba
(wurwumia 2011: 65-88), xolo XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTul
SeiaraRebaSic gvxvdeba, magram brZolis velze sagrZnob rols mxolod XVIII
saukunidan TamaSobs, ris gamoc mas arc vikvlevT naSromis farglebSi da
civi iaraRis SeswavliT vifarglebiT. SubiT brZola, romelsac
Suasaukuneebis manZilze yovelTvis iyenebda qarTuli laSqari, mxolod XVIII
saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis kargavs mniSvnelobas (Анчабадзе 1990: 204).3 XVII
saukunis pirvel naxevarSic ki, miuxedavad Tofis gavrcelebisa, qarTveli
aznauri anu laSqris cxenosani Semadgenloba mas praqtikulad arc iyenebda.
g. anCabaZe sworad aRniSnavs, rom kastelis suraTebSi ar gvxvdeba TofiT
aRWurvili didgvarovani (anCabaZe 1985: 69). isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
XVII saukuneSic ki, didi gamanadgurebeli Zalis miuxedavad, cecxlsasroli
iaraRi kvlavac Camouvardeboda mSvilds srolis siSoresa da siswrafeSi.
rac mTavaria, cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba mxolod XVIII
saukuneSi axdens Zireul gavlenas qarTul brZolis wesze da iwvevs
taqtikur cvlilebebs brZolis velze. amitomac, cecxlsasroli iaraRis
ufro adreuli gavrcelebis miuxedavad, XVIII saukunemde qarTuli samxedro
xelovnebisa da SeiaraRebis kompleqsis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT
erTi taqtikuri monaxazis (cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis) farglebSi da
erT teqnologiur (civi iaraRis ganviTarebis) WrilSi.
sakiTxis istoriografia. qarTul istoriografiaSi dRemde ar
arsebobda sagangebo naSromi, romelic feodaluri qarTuli laSqris
taqtikasa da SeiaraRebas ganixilavda. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom
3 p. zaqariasac miaCnia, rom cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebaSi radikaluri gardatexa, ris
Semdegac is gadamwyveti faqtori xdeba, XVIII saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi moxda (zaqaraia 2002:
233). praqtikulad igive azrisaa v. elaSvilic, romelic Tvlis, rom cecxlsasrol iaraRs
saqarTveloSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mxolod XVII saukunis dasasrulidan eniWeba
(elaSvili 1959: 24).
8
saqarTveloSi es sakiTxebi saerTod Seuswavlelia. qarTuli saWurvelis
Sesaxeb kvlevebidan yuradRebis Rirsia i. javaxiSvilis `masalebi qarTveli
eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis~, romlis meoTxe tomi saomar
saWurvelsa da samxedro saqmes eZRvneba. qarTveli meomris samxedro
aRWurvilobas TiTo Tavi aqvs daTmobili n. CofikaSvilis, (`qarTuli
kostiumi~) g. akofaSvilis (`raindoba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~), s.
margiSvilis (`miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb~) da j.
SaraSeniZis (`qarTuli samxedro xelovneba~) SromebSi. qarTul
iaraRTmcodneobaSi yvelaze vrclad dRemde moRweuli eTnografiuli iaraRi
aris Seswavlili, romelsac eZRvneba v. elaSvilis, g. gasitaSvilis, k.
ColoyaSvilis, m. qafianiZis Sromebi. arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad
mopovebuli Sua saukuneebis saWurvlis calkeuli aspeqtebia ganxiluli l.
WilaSvilis kvlevebSi. SeiaraRebis kvlevis kuTxiT qarTuli ikonografiuli
masala daviTnis miniaturebis magaliTze yvelaze farTod aqvs gamoyenebuli
l. ServaSiZes (К Вопросу о Средневековой Грузинской Светской Миниатюре
(Миниатюры Батальной Тематики в Джручской Псалтыри).
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris taqtika da brZolis wesi
sistematurad iyo ganxilvis sakiTxi g. anCabaZis SromebSi. qarTuli samxedro
saqmis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi aqvT l. garsiaSvils, i.
gedevaniSvils, i. SaiSmelaSvils, q. CxataraiSvils, a. klimiaSvils, k. kaxaZes,
j. samuSias, s. margiSvils, j. SaraSeniZes. feodaluri saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Seswavlisas samxedro organizacia ganxilulia m.
berZniSvilis (`saqarTvelo XI-XII saukuneebSi~), i. anTelavas (`saqarTvelos
centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba XI-XIII saukuneebSi~), j. stefnaZis
(`saqarTvelo XII da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi~), m. baxtaZis
(`erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi~) gamokvlevebSi. samxedro saqmis
socialuri mxares ikvlevda n. berZeniSvili, e. xoStaria-brose, d. gogolaZe,
g. akofaSvili, g. jamburia, z. ratiani, m. sanaZe, t. axalaia.
yvela es Sroma gamoyenebulia warmodgenil sadisertacio naSromSi.
amasTan, garda qarTveli avtorebisa, masSi maqsimaluradaa gaTvaliswinebuli
sakvlevi Temis garSemo arsebuli ucxoel avtorTa publikaciebi da
monografiebi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs yovlismomcvelad, Tanamedrove
istoriul mecnierebaSi arsebuli codnisa da uaxlesi miRwevebis
9
gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixiloT, SevafasoT da gadavwyvitoT kvlevisas
wamoWrili sakiTxebi.
werilobiTi wyaroebi. samxedro saqmis srulyofili Seswavla mxolod
yvela saxis monacemTa kompleqsuri analizis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. Cvens
xelT arsebuli wyaroebis – werilobiTi, gamomsaxvelobiTi da arqeologiuri
– rigidan yvelaze didi da mravalferovani informacia werilobiT
wyaroebSia daculi.
iaraRis taqtikuri daniSnulebis gamosarkvevad mniSvnelovania misi
tipologiis dadgena, rac Tavad nimuSis mixedviT xdeba, Tumca iaraRis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadamwyvet informacias werilobiT wyaroebSi
vkiTxulobT. miuxedavad imisa, rom werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi xSirad
wyvetili da SemTxveviTi xasiaTisa,4 maTi sistemaSi moyvana da tipuris
gamokveTa mniSvnelovan Sedegs iZleva (Кирпичников 1971: 62).
werilobiTi wyaroebis kompleqsi moicavs naratiul da dokumentur
Zeglebs. naratiul wyaroebs miekuTvneba istoriuli matianeebi da qronikebi,
romelTac Tavisuflad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT qarTuli istoriuli poemebic
(`didmouraviani~, `Sahnavaziani~, `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~),
agiografiuli mwerloba, mxatvruli literatura, xalxuri Semoqmedeba
(gansakuTrebiT, mTis xalxebis poezia), samecniero da leqsikografiuli
naSromebi (vaxuSti batoniSvili, sulxan-saba orbeliani,5 Teimuraz
bagrationi). dokumentur wyaroebs Seadgens qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi,
samefo karis reglamenti, aRweris wignebi, epigrafikuli Zeglebi (Анчабадзе
1990: 5-7). samxedro wyaroTmcodneobis sakiTxebi Tavis droze safuZvlianad
aqvs damuSavebuli g. anCabaZes (Анчабадзе 1985: 90-95; Анчабадзе 1990: 1-256), rac
gvaTavisuflebs maTi dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisagan; qvemoT mxolod calkeuli
momentebis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebi.
4 g. anCabaZis samarTliani SeniSvniT, „miuxedavad imisa, rom saistorio werilobiT wyaroebSi
xSirad ixsenieba qarTvelTa brZolebi da omebi, cnobebi qarTuli laSqris moqmedebis
strategiuli da taqtikuri formebis Sesaxeb mainc mwiria“ (anCabaZe 1984: 93). Zunwia cnobebi
qarTuli laSqris ricxovnebis, SeiaraRebisa da organizaciis Sesaxebac (Анчабадзе 1985: 93).
5 sulxan–saba orbelianis enciklopediuri xasiaTis leqsikons uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs
ara marto qarTuli samxedro terminologiis dadgenisaTvis, aramed iaraRis calkeuli
tipebis, maTi gavrcelebis drois, gamoyenebis xasiaTis da sxv. sakiTxebis kvlevis saqmeSi.
10
Sua saukuneebis naratiuli wyaroebis ganxilvis dros SesamCnevia, rom
nawarmoebebis umetesoba sasuliero pirebs ekuTvnis,6 rac Tavisebur daRs
asvams Txrobas. isini iSviaTad Tu aqcevdnen yuradRebas brZolisa da
samxedro saqmis detalebs. am mxriv, pirvelxarisxovan wyaroTa Soris
sasiamovno gamonaklisia Tamaris pirveli istorikosi da JamTaaRmwereli.
kvlevisas qarTuli wyaroebis fragmentulobis da sxva naklis
kompensacias SeZlebisdagvarad vaxden ucxouri wyaroebis gamoyenebiT,
samxedro yofis rekonstruqcias ki vcdilob bizantiuri da islamuri
samxedro traqtatebis daxmarebiT.
sagangebod minda SevaCero yuradReba mxatvruli xasiaTis
literaturaze da misi sandoobis sakiTxze, radganac aseT cnobebs uxvad
viyeneb sadisertacio naSromSi. wyaroebis mimarT iseTi kritikulad
ganwyobili istorikosic ki, rogoric iyo ivane javaxiSvili, Tamamad iyenebda
literaturul wyaroebs Tanadrouli socialur-kulturuli realiebis
gadmosacemad. saqarTvelos ekonomikur istoriaze muSaobisas is eyrdnoboda
rusTavels, arCils, „visramians“ da sxva mxatvrul Zeglebs. erTgan,
„vefxistyaosanTan“ dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom poemaSi aRwerili
ucxoqveynelebi „azrovneben, cxovroben, ibrZvian“, rogorc qarTvelebi
(sarTania 2004: 166-167).7 saliteraturo wyaroebs mravlad vxvdebiT i.
javaxiSvilis naSromSi „masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis
istoriisaTvis“, romlis erTi nawili samxedro saqmes eZRvneba.
epikuri da rainduli literatura samxedro wrisaTvis iqmneboda,
maTTvis vinc win uZRoda da wamyvan rols TamaSobda Sua saukuneebis
armiebSi. am auditoriisaTvis misaRebi rom yofiliyo, maT garkveulwilad
realisturad unda aesaxaT samxedro yofa. radganac epikuri da rainduli
literatura mSobliur enaze iwereboda, isini iyeneben imave leqsikons, rasac
6 sulxan-saba mwignobrul qarTuls saerTod samRvdelo enas uwodebs (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1991: 321).
7 „vefxistyaosnis“ mniSvneloba samxedro istoriisaTvis kargad aris cnobili qarTveli
istorikosebisaTvis. l. garsiaSvilis azriT, „vefxistyaosani“ samxedro xelovnebis
istoriisTvisac metad saintereso da sagulisxmo masalas gvaZlevs“ (garsiaSvili 1937: 4). mas
kvers ukravs i. gedevaniSvili, romlis mixedviTac „vefxistyaosanSi“ aRwerili „brZolebis
warmoeba, taqtika da strategia, sxvadasxva sabrZolo xerxebi da ileTebi da agreTve
SeiaraReba, wyobileba sinamdvilidan aris aRebuli da istoriulad savsebiT gamarTlebuli“
(gedevaniSvili 1939: 16).
11
meomrebi da gvawvdian abjris, iaraRisa da armiis nawilebis swor
dasaxelebebs (Nicholson 2004a: 9). swored amitom didia „vefxistyaosnis“,
`amirandarejanianis~, `rusudanianis~, `omainianis~ mniSvneloba Sua
saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis kvlevasa da terminologiis
dadgenaSi.
samxedro yofa asaxulia naTargmn literaturaSic, sadac xSirad Zveli
ambebic ki mTargmnelis Tanamedrove realobas gadmogvcems (Кирпичников 1971:
62). amave dros, naTargmni literaturis gamoyenebisas gansakuTrebuli
sifrTxilea saWiro, rom SecdomiT ucxo qveynis realiebi (brZolis wesi,
taqtika) qarTulSi ar agverios. amitom, sagangebod avaride Tavi naTargmni
literaturis farTod gamoyenebas da `Sah-names~ qarTul versiebs mxolod
terminologiis dazustebis TvalsazrisiT viyeneb.
arqeologiuri monacemebi. SeiaraRebis dadgenisa da Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze realur da xelSesaxeb monacemebs arqeologiuri
aRmoCenebi iZleva. samwuxarod, im monacemebs Soris, romelTa mixedviTac
unda moxdes Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis rekonstruireba,
swored arqeologiuri masala aris yvelaze mwirad warmodgenili.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianobis adreuli (IV s.) gavrcelebisa
da dasaflavebis qristianuli wesis damkvidrebis gamo feodaluri epoqis
samarxebis inventari sakmaod Raribia.8 gansakuTrebiT es exeba iaraRs,
romelsac sagangebod ufrTxildebodnen maRali fasisa da socialuri
prestiJis gamo (Медведев 1959: 121).
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
arqeologiaSi jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili SeteviTi Tu TavdacviTi
iaraRis mniSvnelovani nimuSebi (mag., sxvadasxva tipis xmlebi, muzaradi,
abjari), rac metad arTulebs Tanadrouli qarTuli SeiaraRebis kvlevis
sakiTxs.
arqeologiuri masalis naklebobis dros, aRWurvilobisa da
SeiaraRebis rekonstruqciisas, paralelebsa da analogiebs mezoblad eZieben
(Sarnecki, Nicolle 2008: 19), raRa Tqma unda, arsebuli werilobiTi Tu
ikonografiuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ase magaliTad, arqeologiuri
masalis simciris gamo, adreuli periodis bizantiis SeiaraRebis Sesaswavlad
8 cnobili rusi arqeologi a. arcixovski pirdapir wers, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi
qristianuli samarxebi sruliad usargebloa arqeologiisaTvis (Арциховский 1946: 5).
12
mkvlevrebi iZulebuli arian daeyrdnon imperiis garSemo arsebuli
sxvadasxva xalxis warmarTuli samarxebis monacemebs (Haldon 2002: 65). aseve,
qarTuli aRWurvilobis aRdgenisas, SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi sxvadasxva drois da sxvadasxva xalxis (momTabarisa Tu
adgilobrivis) Sesaxeb arsebuli arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.
amave dros, bunebrivia, rom `mwiri arqeologiuri masalis gamo,
mkvlevari metad unda daeyrdnos xelovnebis nimuSebis gamosaxulebebsa da
werilobiT wyaroebs~ (Hoffmeyer 1966: 31). arqeologiuri masalisa da
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebis Sejerebis dros, Zalze mniSvnelovania `gvaxsovdes,
rom yvelaferi, risi gamosaxulebac gvaqvs, ar aris napovni arqeologiurad,
magram yvelaferi rac napovnia, ukve warmodgenilia gamosaxulebebSi~ (Yotov
2011: 116).
ikonografiuli wyaroebi. ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebis mixedviT
samxedro aRWurvilobis rekonstruqcia nacadi meTodia, romelsac
pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba sxva (pirvel rigSi, arqeologiur)
monacemTa simciris pirobebSi.
ra Tqma unda, ikonografiuli masalis mixedviT aRWurvilobis
rekonstruqciisas garkveuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs. am dros unda
gaviTvaliswinoT zogadad marTlmadidebluri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
normebi da kanonebi, adgilobrivi, qarTuli xelovnebis mimarTeba
bizantiurTan, unda gavarkvioT rodis misdevs is brmad bizantiur tradicias
da rodis aris damoukidebeli, unda vicodeT ramdenad aris saeklesio
mxatvroba konservatuli da ra doziT asaxavs is realobas; Tuki
SesaZlebelia, yovelTvis unda vcadoT gamosaxulebis Sejereba arqeologiur
artefaqtTan, raTa sabolood davrwmundeT mis sandoobaSi. aseve, unda
gvaxsovdes, rom saqme gvaqvs sam-ganzomilebiani obieqtis (aRWurvilobis)
gadmocemasTan or-ganzomilebian gamosaxulebaSi (freska, miniatura,
ilustracia) (Grotowski 2006: 2). gasaTvaliswinebelia mxatvris teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebic, Tu ra masalaze (liTonze, qvaze) uwevs mas muSaoba da
aqedan gamomdinare, ra SezRudvebis winaSe dgas igi.
dResdReobiT, SeiaraRebis rekonstruqciis procesSi ikonografiuli
wyaroebis sandoobis sakiTxi yvelaze amomwuravad ganxiluli aqvs p.
grotovskis (Grotowski 2010). mas sagangebod aqvs gamokvleuli bizantiur
samyaroSi wminda mxedarTa aRWurviloba da misi daskvnebi aqtualuria
13
qarTuli ikonografiis mimarTac, romlis monacemebs Tavadac aqtiurad
iyenebs. avtoris daskvniT, romelsac mec veTanxmebi, bizantieli mxatvrebi
mxolod klasikur ikonografiul sqemebs ki ar imeorebdnen, aramed aqtiurad
nergavdnen axal elementebsac, rac Tanadroul realobas efuZneboda. p.
grotovski kargad aCvenebs im cvlilebebs, romelsac bizantiuri ikonografia
ganicdida SeiaraRebaSi momxdari realuri cvlilebebis kvaldakval, agreTve,
imas, Tu rodis da ramdenad unda vendoT ikonografias imdroindeli
aRWurvilobis aRdgenisas (Tsurtsumia 2012a: 363-369.] p. grotovskis SefasebiT,
rac ufro daSorebulia mxatvari (an samxatvro skola) imperiis centrs, miT
ufro naklebi konservatizmia mis SemoqmedebaSi. is miuTiTebs qarTuli
xelovnebis mniSvnelovan damoukideblobaze da SeiaraRebis calkeuli
elementebisa da konstruqciis mimarT iseT yuradRebaze, rac mTel rig
SemTxvevebSi rekonstruqciis karg SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs (Grotowski 2010: 401-
402).
kanonikuri ikonografiuli gamosaxulebebis (xatebi, freskebi) garda,
informaciis didi masivia Semonaxuli miniaturebSi, romelTac a. arcixovskim
moxdenilad uwoda „sarkmeli gamqral samyaroSi“ (Арциховский 1944: 4). Tumca,
aqac unda gvaxsovdes, rom Sua saukuneebis mxatvari sulac ar cdilobda
dokumenturi mowmobis datovebas momavali TaobebisaTvis da mas sakuTari,
xSirad CvenTvis ucnobi, mizani amoZravebda (Porter 2000: 6, 18). aseve xSiri iyo
aslis gadaReba, romlis drosac dedani maxinjdeboda (Porter 2000: 18). amis
saukeTeso magaliTi ori qarTuli dasuraTebuli daviTnia – H1665 da H75. es
ukanaskneli pirvelis Seryvnil da uxeS asls warmoadgens. sabednierod,
dedani gadarCenilia da pirvelxarisxovan informacias gvawvdis Tanadrouli
epoqis SeiaraRebaze.
samwuxarod, arc Sua saukuneebis saero mxatvrobiT varT
ganebivrebulni, romelic SesaZleblobas mogvcemda ufro meti sizustiT
dagvedgina SeiaraReba. qarTul xelnawerebSi „XVI sauk. damlevamde, TiTqmis
ar Cans (e. i. ar SemogvrCa) wminda saero siuJetebis Semcvel xelnawerTa
dasuraTebis nimuSebi“ (xuskivaZe 1976: 5-6).9
saero miniaturuli mxatvroba sakmao masalas gansjisaTvis mxolod
XVII saukuneSi iZleva. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa `rostomianis~ (S1580 9 iSviaTi gamonaklisia 1188 wlis „astronomiuli traqtati“, magram misi dasuraTeba Cven
sagans cotas Tu matebs.
14
manuskripti) da TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosanis~ (H559 manuskripti)
miniaturebi. rogorc Tavis droze SeniSna l. ServaSiZem, `vefxistyaosnis~
miniaturebis avtori cdilobs yovelTvis zustad asaxos aRWurviloba da
misi detalebi, sworad gadmogvces misi tarebisa da gamoyenebis wesebi
(Шервашидзе 1964: 131, 141). uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom avtori, romelic
saero piria, zustad gadmogvcems Subis Werisa da brZolis maneras.
vrceli bataluri scenebic mxolod svaneTSi SemogvrCa. laSTxveris
mTavarangelozTa da CaJaSis macxovris eklesiis gareTa kedlebze
gamosaxuli amiranis eposis amsaxveli scenebi eklesiis kedelze gamosaxuli
saero siuJetis erTaderT magaliTebad rCeba (Шервашидзе 1964: 136).10
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia italieli misioneris don kristoforo de
kastelis mier XVII saukuneSi Sesrulebuli Canaxatebis albomi. misi
Canaxatebi TviTmxilvelis mier gadmocemuli unikaluri wyaroa imdroindeli
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romlis mniSvneloba Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso.
sabolood rom davaskvnaT, arsebul viTarebaSi yvela is
ikonografiuli wyaro, romelTac Cvenamde moaRwia (bareliefebi, xatebi,
freskebi, miniaturebi, numizmatikuri masala), fasdaudebel da, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, erTaderT monacems gvawvdis Sua saukuneebis qarTveli
mebrZolis aRWurvilobis rekonstruqciis saqmeSi.
naSromSi gamoyenebuli sakvlevi meTodologia, zogadistoriulis
garda, moicavs istoriul-eTnografiuli, xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da
lingvisturi kvlevis meTodebs; kvlevisas daculia qronologiuri da
istorizmis principebi. monacemebi damuSavebulia kompleqsuri sistemuri
midgomis safuZvelze, romlis drosac xdeba werilobiTi wyaroebis
monacemebis Sejereba ikonografiul masalasa da materialur nimuSebTan.
SedarebiT-tipologiuri analizis Sedegad xdeba tipologiis dadgena da
Sesabamisi sqemebis SemuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT farTod aris gamoyenebuli
SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevis meTodi, rodesac qarTuli samxedro saqme
10 Cvenamde ar mouRwevia batalur scenebs, romlebiTac saqarTvelos mefeTa sasaxleebi
yofila moxatuli. giorgi III-is gardacvalebisas mematiane aRwers sasaxlis kedlebs: „ixiles
kedlebica srisa savse meomarTa, razmebi, spebi, monaspebi, qalaqebi da cixeebi awyuedili da
oÃer-qmnili“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 25). rusi elCebi n. toloCanovi da a. ievlevi,
romlebic 1650-52 wlebSi stumrobdnen imereTs, aRweren quTaisis sasaxlis kedlis
mxatvrobas, romelic Zvel mefeTa brZolebs asaxavda (rexviaSvili 1978: 202).
15
ganixileba garemomcveli samyaros taqtikuri da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis
konteqstSi.
kvlevis Sedegebs aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba yvela istorikosisaTvis,
vinc qarTul samxedro saqmes Seiswavlis. mas xelT aqvs Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli SeiaraRebisa da taqtikis suraTi, icis qarTuli laSqris
SesaZleblobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Seiwavlos qarTvelTa
mier Catarebuli samxedro kampaniebi Tu brZolebi da moaxdinos warsulis
obieqturi rekonstruqcia. naSromis mixedviT SesaZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT
sxvadasxva regionisa da qveynis zegavlenas qarTul materialur kulturaze;
SevafasoT qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done sxvadasxva epoqebSi.
naSromi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT aRWurvilobis konkretuli nimuSebis
atribuciisaTvis, katalogebis Sesadgenad Tu gamofenebis mosawyobad, rac
gansakuTrebiT faseulia muzeumis TanamSromelTaTvis.
naSromis aprobacia. sadoqtoro naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi
asaxulia avtoris sakonferencio moxsenebebsa da publikaciebSi, rogorc
qarTul, ise ucxour gamocemebSi.
naSromis struqtura. naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, 4 Tavisa da
daskvnisagan. mas erTvis bibliografia da ilustraciebis albomi.
16
Tavi I. feodaluri saqarTvelos samxedro organizacia
qarTuli laSqris socialuri Semadgenloba da kompleqtacia
yoveli eris samxedro organizacia misive socialur wyobas asaxavs, ise
rom, erTis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, meorec icvleba: socialuri cvlilebebi
aisaxeba samxedro organizaciazec. socialuri organizacia ganapirobebs eris
samxedro komponentis Semadgenlobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs taqtikas.
cxadia, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos socialuri organizaciis
dadgenas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba samxedro saqmis kvlevisas. qarTul
istoriografiaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli azria, rom Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba hgavs dasavleTevropul feodalizms
(akofaSvili 1990: 4; jamburia 2007: 5).11 am debulebas yvela qarTveli
istorikosi iziarebs.12
riT emsgavseba qarTuli feodalizmi evropuls? m. blokis
formulirebiT, sazogadoebas mxolod maSin SeiZleba ewodos feodaluri,
Tuki dadgindeba misi msgavseba evropuli feodalizmis ZiriTad niSnebTan
(Bloch 1961: 441, 446). aseT niSnebad bloks miaCnda daqvemdebarebuli glexoba,
profesional meomarTa klasis batonoba, piradi damokidebuleba
mfarvelobisa da morCilebis pirobiT (vasaliteti), miwa (jamagiris nacvlad)
msaxurebis sazRaurad, Zalauflebis fragmentacia (Bloch 1961: 443-446).
uklebliv yvela es niSani saxezea qarTul sinamdvileSi: evropis
msgavsad, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi naturaluri meurneoba iyo
gabatonebuli da miwa sakuTrebis umTavresi formas warmoadgenda; miwaze
11 qarTuli feodalizmis kvlevis dasawyisis istoriografiuli mimoxilva ix. janaSia 1987:
276-309. qarTuli patronymobis kvlevis sakiTxSi, s. janaSia akademikos mari broses yvelaze
did damsaxurebad miiCnevda, rom man pirvelma warmogvidgina saqarTvelos socialuri wyoba
feodalizmis saxiT da aRniSna misi msgavseba evropis qveynebTan (janaSia 1987: 283-284).
12 ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, „qarTuli patronymoba gasaocrad miemsgavseba da gvagonebs
dasavleT evropis saSualo saukuneebis feodalurs weswyobilebas“ (javaxiSvili 1982: 249).
mas eTanxmeba s. janaSiac, romelic Tvlis, rom patronymoba aris `urTierToba, romelic
damyarebulia saadgilmamulo damokidebulebaze, samxedro samsaxuris pirobiT~ (janaSia 1952:
434). g. mamulias da e. xoStaria-broses azriT, qarTuli patronymobis instituti igive
evropuli vasalitetia (mamulia 1987: 5; xoStaria-brose 2006: 89-90). i. anTelava qarTul
feodalizms tipologiurad dasavleTevropulis msgavsad Tvlida (anTelava 1978: 169-170).
17
monopoliur sakuTrebas feodalebi flobdnen; daymevebuli glexoba Tavisi
SromiT (begariT) inaxavda Tavad-aznaurTa klass, romelic profesional
mebrZolebs warmoadgendnen; Camoyalibebuli iyo saero da sasuliero
miwaTmflobelobis senioraluri sistema;13 qveyana daqsaqsuli iyo feodalur
samflobeloebad (`simravle mTavarTa~); feodali flobda imunitets
(„Seuvaloba“) anu sagadasaxado, sasamarTlo da administraciul
privilegiebs;14 saqarTveloSi arsebobda mravalsafexuriani ganviTarebuli
vasaliteti.15
feodalizmis, rogorc sistemis safuZveli iyo patronsa da qveSevrdoms
Soris pirad urTierTobebze da miwis flobaze dafuZnebuli samxedro
valdebuleba (Nicholson 2004a: 46).16
vasaliteti seniorisa da vasalis
urTierTvaldebulebebs emyareboda. mfarvelobis wil, seniori vasalisagan
13 risi utyuari niSanic saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganfenili feodaluri cixesimagreebis
farTo qselia (musxeliSvili 1980: 157; musxeliSvili 1986: 171-172).
14 i. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom dasavleT evropasTan SedarebiT qarTuli imuniteti naklebi
masStabebisa da uflebebis iyo (javaxiSvili 1982: 252). imave azrisaa m. dumbaZec, romlis
mixedviTac, evropisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi Seuvaloba ZiriTadad sagadasaxado
sferoze vrceldeboda da mxolod mogvianebiT, saTavadoebis gaCenisa da gaZlierebis Semdeg,
gvxvdeba xandaxan sasamarTlo Seuvalobac (dumbaZe 1980: 88-89). maTgan gansxvavebiT, g.
jamburiam aCvena, rom qarTuli imuniteti Tavisi SinaarsiT evropuls uaxlovdeboda
(jamburia 2007: 46-64).
15 es ierarqiuli kibe (kldekaris erisTavi, aznauri, msaxuri) erisTavTerisTav liparitis
vasalebis (`yovelni erTgulni~) magaliTze ganxiluli aqvs m. berZniSvils (berZniSvili 1970:
59, 95). 1047 wliT daTariRebuli xelnaweris minawerSi vkiTxulobT: „ufalo, Seiwyalen
yovelni erisTavni da aznaurni, mRdelni da yovelni msaxurni erisTavTa erisTvisa,
makistrozisa liparitisni, da daicven“. aseTive Sinaarsis minaweria 1048 wlis xelnawerzec:
„ufalo iesu qriste, Seiwyalen da daicven yovelni erisTavni da aznaurni, mRdelni da
diakonni, msaxurni da, rasaRa ganvamravlebde sityuaTa, yovelni erTgulni, adiden RmerTman,
Zlierisa erisTavTa erisTvisa da magistrozisa liparitisni“ (silogava, `baRvaSTa
feodaluri saxlis memorialuri wignebi da maTi anderZ-mosaxseneblebi~, Dedicatio: istoriul-
filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2001), 265, 272). liparitis `erTgulni~ misi vasalebi arian.
16 feodalizmis Teoria dRes mZafr kritikas ganicdis zogierTi istorikosis mxridan,
romlebic aRniSnaven, rom aseTi modeli Zalian martivia Sua saukuneebis evropaSi samxedro
valdebulebis yvela aspeqtis axsnisaTvis. marTlac, miwas yovelTvis samxedro samsaxuris
pirobiT ar flobdnen da laSqrad gamosvlas, miwis garda, Tanamdebobac ganapirobebda
(Nicholson 2004: 44-46). feodalizmis koncefciis yvelaze mZafri kritikisaTvis ix. s.
reinoldsis naSromi (Reynolds 1994). miuxedavad amisa, mTeli rigi daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
am etapze feodalizmis tradiciuli Teoria mainc rCeba istorikosis samuSao iaraRad.
18
erTgulebasa da samsaxurs eloda. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs m. dumbaZe, rom
evropis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi vasaliteti gamoixateboda seniorisadmi
erTgul samsaxurSi da, pirvel rigSi, mxedrul samsaxurSi. [dumbaZe 1980: 86.]
vasaluri xelSekrulebis gaformebis (komendaciis) qrestomaTiuli
aqtia IX saukuneSi liparit baRvaSis mier daviT I kurapalatis patronad
gamocxadeba: `Seipyrna liparit queyanani TrialeTisani, aRago cixe
kldekarTa da ipatrona daviT bagratis Ze~ (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 258).
lipariti kurapalatis vasali xdeba dapyrobili miwiT, am aqtSi
gaerTianebulia fiefi (feodi) da vasaloba, rac swored feodalizmisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da Cans vasaluri kavSiris ori mTavari elementi:
`pirovnuli~ (ymobis aRiareba) da `realuri~ (miwa, fiefi).17 vasalis
(liparitis) upirvelesi movaleoba patronis (daviT kurapalati) winaSe
samxedro samsaxuria, rasac is asrulebs kidec, rodesac daviTis mxardamxar
ibrZvis nasras, guaram mamflis Zis, winaaRmdeg. (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 258-9;
jamburia 2007: 26.]
Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi, sadac soflis meurneoba dominirebda,
miwa iyo simdidrisa da Zalauflebis wyaro. miwis, mamulis floba ki
pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli samxedro samsaxurTan, rac kargad aris
gadmocemuli XVII saukunis erT sabuTSi: `mefes mamulic eZlia sadidkaco,
radgan mamulis mqonebels laSqari, piroba da samsaxuri mefisa qoniaT...~
(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1970: 527). miwis nakveTis mflobelidan iaraRiT
samsaxurs elodnen, amitomac, miwis micema-wyaloba uSualod iyo
dakavSirebuli amirspasalaris, umaRlesi samxedro moxelis, saxelosTan:
`amir-spasalari sabatio veziri aris da Tavadi laSqarTa da umisod qveyana
ar gaicemis, arca vin samamulod Seiwyalebis~ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa
1965: 96). giorgi brwyinvalis Zeglis dadebaSi Cans, rom mamulis floba
dakavSirebulia samxedro samsaxurTan da es valdebuleba memkvidres
mamulTan erTad gadaecemoda: Tu siberis gamo `mamas samsaxuri ar SeeZlos...
Svilman mamuliT gumsaxuros~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 409). imave
samarTlis normiT, upatronod darCenili mamulis (`beiTalman partaxtis~)
mimRebs `sajaro da salaSqro~ samsaxuri ekisreboda (qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi 1963: 413).
17 vasaluri kavSiris klasikuri gagebisaTvis ix. Poly, Bournazel 1991: 47.
19
amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom jaris formirebis principi
feodalur sazogadoebaSic ar iyo erTgvarovani da miwis flobis garda, sxva
valdebulebazec iyo dafuZnebuli. ase magaliTad, samxedro valdebulebi
iyvnen da omis dros laSqari gamoyavdaT erTiani qarTuli monarqiis
didmoxeleebs – erisTavebs, romelTac es valdebuleba dakavebuli
Tanamdebobis kvalobaze hqondaT dakisrebuli.18
feodalizmis da masTan dakavSirebuli samxedro valdebulebis zogadi
principebis mimoxilvis Semdeg, ukve SegviZlia gadavideT qarTuli
feodaluri laSqris socialuri Semadgenlobis ganxilvaze.
feodalTa wre: didebuli (Tavadi) da aznauri
sityva „eri“ qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi xalxsac aRniSnavda
da jarsac (javaxiSvili 1982: 192). adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi jari xalxis
farTo masebisagan gamodioda, sadac yoveli mamakaci samxedrovaldebulad
ganixileboda. SemdgomSi, feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
„eri“ jaris mniSvnelobas hkargavs da mis nacvlad „spa“ da „laSqari“
Semodis (javaxiSvili 1982: 193).19 a. bogveraZe samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom
axali terminebis damkvidreba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare Rrma
cvlilebebs asaxavda da eris zeda fenebis socialuri dawinaureba maT
ukeTesi SeiaraRebis saSualebas aZlevda, rac samxedro organizaciaSic
iwvevda cvlilebebs (bogveraZe 1979: 211). adrefeodalur xanaSi Tavisufali
miwismoqmedni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis safuZvels da yvelaze mravalricxovan
nawils warmoadgendnen. feodalur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas moyva maTi
daymeveba da cxenosani laSqris rolis da raodenobis zrda. cxenosani
brZolis taqtikis ganviTareba da SeiaraRebis Semdgomi gaumjobeseba anu
simZimis da, Sesabamisad, fasis zrda sazogadoebis sul ufro mcire nawils
aZlevda misi flobis saSualebas. miwis nakveTis sidide pirdapir iyo
dakavSirebuli misi patronis aRWurvilobis xarisxTan. sazogadoebis zeda
18 Sua saukuneebSi TanamdebobasTan dakavSirebuli samxedro valdebuleba karolingebis
magaliTze aRniSnuli aqvs s. reinoldss (Reynolds 1994: 111-114).
19 sityva „laSqari“ X saukuneSi ukve damkvidrebulia qarTul metyvelebaSi, ris gamoc i.
javaxiSvili mis Semosvlas IX saukunis meore naxevridan varaudobs (javaxiSvili 1962: 213-215).
es diferencirebuli, erisagan gamoyofili spa da laSqari i. javaxiSvils dasavleTevropul
raindobas agonebs (javaxiSvili 1982: 223).
20
fena (didebul-aznaurebi) upirvelesi miwismflobelebi iyvnen, rac
ganapirobebda maT samxedro potencials da valdebulebasac. am wrisaTvis
samxedro saqmianoba ukve profesias warmoadgens.20
Sua saukuneebis evropas xSirad uwodeben `sazogadoebas organizebuls
omisaTvis~, rac imas niSnavda, rom imdroindeli sazogadoebisa da misi
elitisaTvis omi iyo Cveuli, yoveldRiuri saqmianoba (Morillo 1994: 19-20). es
sityvebi Tamamad SegviZlia gavimeoroT qarTul feodalur sazogadoebasTan
mimarTebaSic. aristokratiisaTvis samxedro samsaxuri, movaleobis garda,
privilegiac iyo. aristokratiis wevri aznaurni, Seracxilni21 samefo karze
arian warmodgenilni da `mxedarTa~, meomarTa socialur kategorias
miekuTvnebian. es kargad Cans `mamaTa swavlanSi~, sadac mxedarTa wreSi yofna
aSkara privilegiaa, gansxvavebiT imaTgan, `romeli divansa mefisasa ara
daweriln arn da ricxusa mÃedarTasa ara Seracxil arn~ (mamaTa swavlani
1955: 107; axalaia 1987: 72). laSqarSi yofna, evropis msgavsad, saqarTveloSic
yoveli keTilSobilis sapatio ufleba iyo. dasjis mizniT, damnaSaves am
uflebas CamoarTmevdnen xolme. 1263 wlis saeklesio krebis Zeglisweris
mixedviT, Serisxuli kaci xelisuflebis mier „laSqarTa Sigan ar
SeSuebula“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1970: 163; javaxiSvili 1982: 223-224).
eris dawinaurebul fenas, aristokartias, saqarTveloSi aznauri erqva.
aznauri iranuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs cnobils, warCinebuls
(andronikaSvili 1966: 220-221). aznauris Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba
`Tavisufali~ iyo, rogorc es Cans qarTuli oTxTavisa da bibliis uZveles
teqstebSi (janaSia 1987: 310; bogveraZe 1961: 92-93). droTa ganmavlobaSi aznauri
keTilSobilis mniSvnelobiT mkvidrdeba. leonti mrovelis cnobaSi,
saurmagis mier aznaurTa warCinebulebad gaxdomis Sesaxeb (`warCinebul yvna
aznaurni~) (leonti mroveli 1955: 27) uTuod areklilia TavisufalTa (azatTa)
erTi nawilis gakeTilSobilebis procesi samxedro samsaxuris gziT
(bogveraZe 1961: 95).
aznauris upirvelesi movaleoba samxedro samsaxuri iyo; amitomacaa,
rom vaxuSti aznaurobis mTavar maxasiaTeblad, Camomavlobis (gvaris) Semdeg,
cixes (`simagre raÁme~), cxen-iaraRs (`Zal-edvas gamoslva marqafiTa~) da
20 mebrZolis, rogorc profesionalis Camoyalibeba iwyeba maSin, rodesac misi aRWurvilobis
safasuri sagrZnobi xdeba (Barber 1995a: 4).
21 Seracxilis socialuri SinaarsisaTvis ix. axalaia 1987: 68-73.
21
karavs (`karaviTa da maTiTa gawyobilebiTa~) asaxelebs: „xolo aznaursa
aqunda guari da Camomavloba, da simagre raÁme mTaTa anu barTa, da dabnebni,
da Zal-edvas gamoslva marqafiTa, karaviTa da maTiTa gawyobilebiTa, da
TÂnier amisa ara iwodeboda aznaurad“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 17-18).
vaxuStis mixedviT, aznaurs, sul cota, ori cxeni, sabrZolo da saTadarigo
(marqafa), unda hyoloda. mas mesame cxenic – satvirTo (satalaxe), romelic
aRWurviloba-karvis sazidad iyo aucilebeli, eyoleboda.
mZime aRWurviloba (liTonis muzaradi, abjari da a.S.) aznaurTa wris
damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo. t. axalaiam yuradReba miaqcia, rom oSkis
bibliis (X s.) qarTvelma mTargmnelma mefeTa pirveli wignis berZnul
teqstSi aRweril SeiaraRebul goliaTSi aznauri `amoicno~ da asec Targmna
es monakveTi: „saxeli misi goliad... aznaurad Wurvili jaWÂT CabalaxiTurT~
(I mefeTa, 17.4-5). mkvlevris samarTliani ganmartebiT, `is garemoeba, rom
qarTvelma mTargmnelma `jaWv-Cabalaxosan~ meomarSi socialurad aznauri
Seicno, imis ucilebeli mowmoba unda iyos, rom `jaWv-Cabalaxi~ qarTlis
warCinebulTa socialuri fenis garegnuli `miucilebeli~ niSani iyo da rom
`jaWv-CabalaxSi~ Cajdoma `aznauruli wesiT~ SeWurvas niSnavda~ (axalaia 1992:
54).
aznaurTa fena IX-X saukuneebisaTvis ukve diferencirebulia da maTSi
gamoirCeva `didi aznauri~.22 `didi aznauri~, `didebuli aznauri~ (didebuli)
msxvil feodalur aristokratias warmoadgenda da ekonomikuri SeZlebiT
(didi mamuli) da politikuri gavleniT (Tanamdeboba, cixeebi,
mravalricxovani yma) xasiaTdeboda. memamule, STamomavlobiT aznaurTa
gverdiT arsebobdnen mosakargave aznaurebic, romlebic samefo
xelisuflebidan droebiTi mflobelobis formiT da samsaxuris pirobiT
iRebdnen sakargavs (umravles SemTxvevaSi, miwis nakveTs) (janaSia 1987: 310-311).
XV saukuneSi saqarTveloSi didebulebi TavadTa wodebis saxiT
Camoyalibdnen. XV saukunis Semdeg saTavadoTa sistemaSi moqceuli aznaurTa
fena ganicdis damcrobas da kargavs damoukideblobas. aznauri aRar aris
Tavisi mamulis erTaderTi mesakuTre da iyofs am uflebas batonTan.23 XVI-
22 mxolod `SuSanikis wamebis~ XI s. xelnaweris cnobaze dayrdnobiT, ufro adre, V-VII
saukuneebSi, aznaurTa diferencireba usafuZvlo Cans, ix. bogveraZe 1961: 97-101, 141-142.
23 g. akofaSvili Tvlida, rom kaxeTis samefoSi aznaurebma, gamonaklisis saxiT, ZiriTadad
moaxerxes damoukideblobis SenarCuneba (akofaSvili 1968: 89-103). sawinaaRmdego azri gaaCnia
22
XVII saukuneebSi aznauroba sabolood moeqca mefis, Tavadisa da eklesiis
damokidebulebaSi (janaSia 1987: 311-312). saqme iqamde mivida, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, zog SemTxvevaSi, aznaurebi, msaxurTa msgavsad, msubuqad
daibegrnen kidec gamaspinZlebiT (`puris WamiT~) (kakabaZe 1928a: 13; kakabaZe
1928b: 28; sanaZe 1979: 163.). am droisaTvis vaxtang VI-is samarTali sami xarisxis
aznaurs ganarCevs: did, Sua da calmogv aznaurs, romelTa sisxlis fasi
erTiorad aRemateba ufro dabal safexurze mdgomisas (qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi 1963: 489).
feodalur saqarTveloSi aznaur-didebulTa fena miwis yvelaze did
nakveTebs flobda, rac apirobebda maT finansur keTildReobas da,
Sesabamisad, SeiaraRebis maRal xarisxs. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
aznaurebi da didebulebi (Tavadebi) warmoadgendnen SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
elitas da qarTuli laSqris yvelaze kargad aRWurvil mebrZolebs – mZimed
SeiaraRebul cxenosnebs. sabrZolo wyobaSi isini aravis dauTmobdnen wina
xazze brZolis prestiJs, rasac xels uwyobda maTi saukeTeso TavdacviTi
aRWurvilobac.
msaxuri
didebul-aznaurTa fena sakmaod mcirericxovani iyo da kargi
SeiaraRebisa da elitarulobis miuxedavad, SeuZlebelia damoukideblad
SeesrulebinaT saxelmwifos winaSe mdgomi samxedro amocanebis mTeli
speqtri. metic, isini sakmarisi ar iyvnen armiis, Tundac, mxolod cxenosani
komponentis srulfasovani dakompleqtebisTvis. amisaTvis maT damxmare
esaWiroebodaT. Tavad-aznaurTa garda, vin iyo molaSqre saqarTveloSi, vin
Seadgenda qarTuli feodaluri laSqris yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils?
n. berZeniSvilis azriT, XII saukunemde qarTuli feodaluri laSqris
ZiriTad nawils e.w. mdabior-molaSqreni qmnidnen, romlebic erTis mxriv,
materialuri dovlaTis mwarmoeblebi da piradad Tavisufalni iyvnen, meores
mxriv ki, laSqroba evalebodaT: `mdabior-molaSqris feodaluri movaleobis
Sesrulebis safuZveli srulfuZianoba iyo~. XII saukuneSi gaRaribebul
mdabior-molaSqreTa fena gaqra, is glexobaSi gadavida (berZeniSvili 1973: 55-
am sakiTxze g. jamburias, romelmac daasabuTa, rom kaxeTis samefoSic aznaurebi Tavadebze
iyvnen damokidebulni (jamburia 2007: 153-161).
23
60). mdabior-molaSqreTa Sesaxeb am Sexedulebas iziarebda m. berZniSvili
(berZniSvili 1970: 25, 83).
n. berZeniSvilis mosazreba gaakritika q. CxataraiSvilma, romelmac
mdabior-molaSqres xelovnuri termini uwoda da evropel ministerialebTan
asociaciiT, msaxuri, qveda fenebidan dawinaurebuli cxenze amxedrebuli
mebrZoli, CaTvala qarTuli „laSqris ZiriTad, yvelaze ufro
mravalricxovan masad~ (CxataraiSvili 1979: 32, 107-119). CxataraiSvilis
pozicia gaiziara g. akofaSvilma, romelmac msaxuri miiCnia feodaluri
saqarTvelos molaSqred. misi logikuri argumentiT, mdabior-molaSqreTa
fena, romc arsebuliyo, XII saukuneSi ver gaqreboda, radganac es epoqa xSiri
da warmatebuli laSqrobebis xanaa, rac piriqiT, xels Seuwyobda molaSqreTa
aRmavlobas (rac moxda kidec msaxurTa fenasTan mimarTebaSi) (akofaSvili
1984: 69-71). msaxurTa Sesaxeb igive azris iyo z. ratiani: „msaxurTa institutma
udidesi roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. swored msaxurni ... iyvnen
saqarTvelos samxedro potencialis mTavari Zala“ (ratiani 1974: 152).
n. berZeniSvilis koncefcia daicva e. xoStaria-brosem. qarTuli
wyaroebis `eri~, `wvrili eri~ anu adrefeodaluri xanis Tavisufali
miwismoqmedni man gaaigiva mdabior-molaSqresTan da uaryo am terminis
xelovnuroba. misi azriT, XII saukunemde, „swored „eri“ („wvrili eri“) iyo am
xanis qarTuli laSqris, kerZod, misi „arafeodaluri“ nawilis „ZiriTadi
masa“ (xoStaria-brose 1981: 114, 118; xoStaria-brose 1990: 123-4, 128). e. xoStaria-
brosem eWvi Seitana msaxurTa wris mravalricxovnobaSi da laSqris
socialuri Semadgenlobis ganmsazRvrelad raodenobrivi kriteriumi
Semoitana. mkvlevari Tvlida, rom evropulisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli
laSqari mravalricxovani iyo da aTeulobiT aTas meomars moiTvlida:
„qarTuli laSqris socialur Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas raodenobrivi
mxarec unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. marto msaxurebi, albaT, ver Seqmnidnen
am laSqris „ZiriTad masas“ (xoStaria-brose 1981: 114-115).24
24 avtoris Secdomis saTave gaxlavT mosazreba, rom aRmosavluri armiebi asobiT aTas
meomars iTvlida (xoStaria-brose 1981: 115).
24
berZeniSvilis da CxataraiSvilis poziciebis morigeba scada d.
gogolaZem. misi azriT, berZeniSvilis `mdabior-molaSqre~ igive `msaxur-
molaSqrea~ (gogolaZe 1981: 161).25
rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli feodaluri laSqris Semadgenlobis
dadgenisas, mTavari problema, rasac qarTuli istoriografia awydeba,
gaxlavT molaSqris socialuri Sinaarsis gansazRvra. yvela Tanxmdeba
umaRlesi eSelonis – didebul-aznaurTa Sesaxeb, magram davas iwvevs
molaSqris (msaxuri Tu e.w. mdabior-molaSqre) vinaoba da adgili qarTul
samxedro organizaciaSi. sakiTxis gadasawyvetad jer unda gavarkvioT kamaTis
sagani – Tu ras warmoadgenda molaSqre da Semdeg vimsjeloT mis socialur
Semadgenelze. feodalur saqarTveloSi molaSqre iyo mZimed SeWurvili
cxenosani mebrZoli, romelic ZviradRirebul TavdacviT da SeteviT
aRWurvilobas, cxenebs da brZolis specifikur xerxebs flobda. cxenze
amxedrebuli mZimed SeWurvili mebrZoli ki SeuZlebelia masobrivad
gamodiodes `erisgan~ anu Tavisufali miwismoqmedebisgan, rogorc es miaCndaT
n. berZeniSvils da e. xoStaria-broses. imdroindeli samxedro realiebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisufali miwismoqmedis mier molaSqred gasvla
praqtikulad gamoricxuli iyo ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:
a) VIII saukunidan, uzangis masobrivi gavrcelebis Semdeg, cxenosnis
aRWurviloba damZimda da gaZvirda. SeiraRebis damZimebam da gaumjobesebam
gaxada is Zviri, da, amave dros, Znelad mosaxmaric da kidev ufro gaaZnela
misi floba maTTvis, vinc SeZlebuli ar iyo (Bloch 1961: 290-291). sakmarisia
iTqvas, rom ukve IX saukunis dasawyisSi mZimed SeWurvili mxedris
gamosayvanad saWiro miwis odenoba Crdilo-dasavleT safrangeTSi 12 manss
anu adgilisda mixedviT, 120-216 heqtars udrida (Ganshof 1996: 37). yvelaze ufro
kargad aRWurvilobis siZvire Cans imdroindel sasoflo-sameurneo fasebTan
da rigiTi, Tavisufali miwaTmoqmedis SesaZleblobebTan SedarebiT:
ripuaruli kanonis (Lex Ripuaria) mixedviT VIII saukuneSi frankTa samefoSi
cxenosnis aRWurvilobis fasi 45 solidi iyo, rac 45 Zroxas an TiTqmis 23
xars Seesabameboda (Дельбрюк 2001: 7; Кардини 2000: 298-299; Verbruggen 1997: 23). X
saukunis espaneTSi saSualo xarisxis SeiaraRebis mqone cxenosanic ki 250
solidis Rirebulebis aRWurvilobas atarebda, rac 4 saSualo sididis
25 mkvlevris es mcdeloba ar iTvaliswinebda n. berZeniSvilis mTavar Secdomas, romelic
molaSqres miwismoqmedad miiCnevda (berZeniSvili 1965: 51).
25
mamuls an 250 cxvars Seesabameboda (Кардини 2000: 302). es mravalricxovani
magaliTebi imitom movixmeT, rom TvalnaTliv warmogvedgina, Tu ra Zviri
jdeboda cxenosani molaSqris aRWurva da rogori warmoudgenelia am
simdidris matareblad davsaxoT XI-XII saukuneebis Tavisufali qarTveli
miwaTmoqmedi, meTeme, herovani Tu wvrili erisgani. qarTvel mxedars
movaleobis srulyofilad Sesasruleblad esaWiroeboda sabrZolo da
marqafa cxeni, xmali, Subi, fari, muzaradi, jaWvis perangi, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT qafze, sabarkulze, karavze da sabargo cxenebze (karavi da cxeni
`maTiTa gawyobilebiTa~).26 yovelive es ki did saxsrebs moiTxovda. m. blokis
lakonuri TqmiT, `sabrZolo cxenis yola da TaviT fexebamde aRWurva
SeeZloT mxolod mdidrebs an mdidris daxmarebiT~ (Bloch 1961: 152; Brown 1984:
28-29). SeiaraRebis siZvire qarTuli wyaroebSic Cans. nikorwmidelis
dawerilidan vigebT, rom XI saukuneSi meomarTa fena iZulebulia gayidos
miwa, raTa SeiZinos saWiro aRWurviloba da SeinarCunos profesionalis
statusi: deborianis Ze yidis miwas da glexebs da yidulobs cxens, jaWvis
abjars, qafs da Cabalaxs; aseve, worbeli da vaxtangi miwis sanacvlod or
jaWvs yiduloben; abulaTaÁs Ze venaxis da yanis nacvlad karg anu sabrZolo
cxens yidulobs; farsmanisZeni yanas Tmoben jaWvis abjris sanacvlod;
abulaxtari glexs cvlis cxenebSi da rkinis avSaraSi; sawireSi jaWvs da
Cabalaxs cvlian yanaSi (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40, 42-43). XI-XII
saukuneebSi mZimed SeiaraRebuli qarTveli moymis aRWurviloba daaxl. 37-44
oqro Rirda, rac amave raodenobis Zroxis Rirebulebas Seesabameboda.27
b) aRWurvilobaze ufro Zviri profesionalizmi jdeboda. mxolod
iaraRisa da cxenis floba da masze jdoma ar iyo sakmarisi. mZime
aRWurvilobiT damZimebul mxedars mudmivad unda evarjiSa, rom brZolaSi
cxeni emarTa da unagiridan iaraRi efeqturad gamoeyenebina (Bloch 1961: 152,
184). aseT wvrTnasTan erTad, cxenosans monawileoba unda mieRo sxvadasxva
sportul TamaSobebSi, nadirobaSi da a.S. mZime aRWurvilobis qonasTan
erTad, kargi wvrTnis gavla Sua saukuneebSi mmarTveli klasis socialur
movaleobadac ki iTvleboda (Keen 1984: 226). cxenosan meomrad yofna
gulisxmobda adreuli asakidanve, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Sesabamis
26 damatebiT, molaSqres unda hqonoda cxenis nalebi lursmnebiT, sagzali da sxvadasxva
samzareulo (qvabi da sxv.) da sameurneo (najaxi da sxv.) mowyobiloba (Verbruggen 1997: 26).
27 SeiaraRebis fasebisaTvis ix. wurwumia 2013-2014: 156-159.
26
wvrTnas, cxenosnobisa da iaraRis dauflebas da wyobaSi brZolis aTvisebas
(Brown 1984: 29). xSirad damowmebuli karolinguri andazis mixedviT, `mxedari
ymawvilobidan Tu gaxdebi, Semdgom es SeuZlebelia~ (Bloch 1961: 152). rogorc
cnobili minezingeri hartman fon aue ambobda, `vinc Tormet wlamde
swavlobda da cxeni ar gauWenebia, misgan mxolod mRvdeli Tu dadgeba~ (Bloch
1961: 293-294). cxenosani mebrZoli TiTqmis mTel dros profesiul srulyofaze
xarjavda da mas dro ar rCeboda miwis dasamuSaveblad. gamomdinare, is
aucileblad saWiroebda sxvisi Sromis eqspluatacias.28
rogorc vxedavT, Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa fenas arc SeeZlo tipuri
molaSqris anu mZime cxenosnis gamoyvana; Tavad termini `mdabior-molaSqre~
Seicavs Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobas: mdabiori molaSqre ver iqneboda, mas
amisaTvis saWiro materialuri SeZleba ar hqonda. amrigad, sakiTxis
ganxilvis Semdeg SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom molaSqred Tavisufali ver
gamovidoda da es movaleoba mxolod patronis mier aRWurvil msaxurs
SeeZlo etvirTa.
vin iyo da ras warmoadgenda msaxuri? msaxuri nawarmoebia sityvidan
„sax-l-i“: m-sax-uri anu saxlis kaci da aRniSnavs adamians, romelic
feodalis karze sameurneo, administraciul da samxedro-policiur
saqmianobas eweva (Ciqobava 1942: 147; akofaSvili 1981: 139).29 qarTveli msaxuri
igivea, rac evropeli ministeriali, orive es termini – msaxuri da ministerialis –
erTi Sinaarsis da warmoSobisaa: minister iTargmneba rogorc msaxuri, TanaSemwe
28 amitom aradamakmayofilebelia n. berZeniSvilis poziciis axsnis mcdeloba d. gogolaZis
mier, romelic miiCnevda, rom msaxuri mSvidobianobis periodSi saxlSi Tavis meurneobas
uvlida da rodesac salaSqrod midioda, am saqmes misi ojaxi agrZelebda (gogolaZe 1981: 159-
160). aq ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti, rom profesionali mxedari mSvidobianobis
periodSic wvrTnas saWiroebda da, rac mTavaria, mxolod erTi komlis Semosavali sakmarisi
ar iyo cxenosani meomris Sesanaxad. amisaTvis, sul cota, 8 komlis Semosavals Tvlidnen
saWirod. sxvadasxva qveynebSi 9 saglexo meurneobidan erTi mebrZolis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb ix.
CxataraiSvili 1979: 19-21.
29 b. lominaZis saintereso SedarebiT, msaxuris movaleobas qristianobac msgavsad
ganmartavda: „zecis ierarqiaSi angelozebi iTvlebian „msaxurebad“, romlebic RmerTis
(patronis) „winaSemdgomelni“ da molaSqre-„mxedrebi“ arian“ (lominaZe 1979: 765, Sen. 4).
27
da niSnavs araTavisufal an naxevrad Tavisufal adamians, romelic senioris
karze msaxurobs (akofaSvili 1981: 145).30
msaxurebi adrefeodalur xanaSive Canan diferencirebulni da maTgan
`dawinaurebulia samxedro-administraciuli samsaxuris aRmasrulebel
`msaxurTa~ fena~ (sarjvelaZe 1998: 102). am xanaSi msaxurTa kontingenti
ZiriTadad Tavisufal miwaTmoqmedTa fenidan – „eridan“ gamodioda,
SDemdgomSi ki dawinaurebul glexTa wridan (xoStaria-brose 1981: 112). 1084
wels petriwonis monastrisaTvis Sedgenili grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis
mixedviT, msaxuri is piria, vinc Tan axlavs patrons laSqrobebSi da exmareba
mas yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi (berZniSvili, 1977: 59).
aznaurTa wodeba Sevsebas msaxurebisgan iRebda (gogolaZe 1990: 61;
lominaZe 1979: 766-767). samxedro sarbielze Tavis gamoCena maT socialuri
dawinaurebis saSualebas aZlevda (CxataraiSvili 1979: 75; xoStaria-brose 1988:
184). rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, „saqarTveloSi feodaluri
sazogadoeba kastobamdis arasodes misula da aznaurTa wodebaSi Sesasvleli
arasodes daxSula“ (berZeniSvili 1974: 84).
Tavisi profesiuli movaleobis (molaSqreoba) Sesasruleblad msaxuri
mZime da ZviradRirebul aRWurvilobas saWiroebda. is an batons unda
aReWurva da mudmiv kmayofaze hyoloda (saxleuli, taZreuli) an Tavisi
patronisagan mudmivi Semosavlis wyaro (miwis nakveTi) unda hqonoda.
saqarTveloSi anazRaurebis orive meTodi Cans, Tumca naturaluri
meurneobis siWarbis pirobebSi, miwis nakveTiT dakmayofileba ufro
gavrcelebuli iqneboda.31
1782 wlis vaxtang batoniSvilis ganCineba barisa da mTiurTa adgilTa
garkveviT ambobs, rom msaxurs miwas samsaxuris sanacvlod, beneficiumis
saxiT aZleven, raTa Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba SeZlos: `msaxuri Tavis
mamuls ver gahyidis, amitom rom is mamuli, Cvenis samsaxuris sanuqfoTa aqvs
micemuli~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 452).
30 qarTul istoriografiaSi msaxurTa sakiTxi Seswavlili aqvs q. CxataraiSvils
(CxataraiSvili 1979). germaneli ministerialebis Sesaxeb ix. Arnold 1985. aSkaraa qarTveli
msaxurebis da evropuli ministerialitetis msgavseba warmoSobis, Sesrulebuli rolis da
funqciebis mixedviT, raSic d. gogolaZe evropuli da qarTuli feodalizmis siaxlovis
kidev erT dasturs xedavda (gogolaZe 1981: 153).
31 m. sanaZis azriT, msaxuris karvosnoba mamulis qonaze miuTiTebs (sanaZe 1979: 34). msaxuris
mamulisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 94.
28
XV saukunidan saqarTvelos politikur-ekonomikuri dacemis da
saTavadoTa Camoyalibebis Semdeg, msaxurTa fena daqveiTebas ganicdis. XVI
saukunidan maT, cxeniT samsaxuris garda, garkveul glexur valdebulebebsac
akisreben (ZiriTadad maspinZloba, xandaxan ufro mZime begarac).32 es asaxavs
qveynis gauaresebul ekonomikur mdgomareobas, rodesac patronisaTvis
mxolod salaSqro samsaxuri ar iyo sakmarisi.33 cxadia, dabegrili msaxuri
nakleb dros dauTmobda Tavis profesiul srulyofas da nakleb efeqturi
iqneboda brZolis velze. XVII saukuneSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi msaxurTa
fenis dakninebis gamo mniSvnelobas kargavs msaxurTuxucesis Tanamdebobac.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi es ufro adre, XVI saukuneSi xdeba. gansakuTrebiT
swrafad qveiTdeba msaxurTa fena saqarTveloSi saTavadoebis Camoyalibebis
Semdeg, rodesac isini metad damokidebulni xdebian miwis mepatroneze,
Tavadze (kaxaZe 2004: 27-31).
miuxedavad garkveuli daqveiTebisa, msaxurTa wodeba qarTuli
feodaluri wyobis bolomde arsebobda da, rac mTavaria, bolomde
inarCunebda samxedro funqcias, asrulebda ra profesionali molaSqris
movaleobas. rac Seexeba maT adgils brZolis velze, qarTul sabrZolo
wyobaSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sua saukuneebSi „mebrZolTa“ kategorias,
socialuri statusis garda, maT xelT arsebuli iaraRisa da cxenebis
raodenobac gansazRvravda (Housley 1999: 126). beqas samarTali adgens msaxuris
sisxlis fass da, amave dros, aRwers mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs:
„qoTlosnisa da abjrosnisa, da karvosnisa, da patronTan rom xeli aqvndes
anu hqonebodes, misi sisxli Tormeti aTasi TeTri iyos, amad rome karvosnoba
ese yovelTa wesia, aznauruli sWirs, da romelsa msaxursa isi yvela saqme
sWirs, – isre srulad“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 428).34 qoTlosan-
abjrosan-karvosani msaxuri aznaurTa darad msaxurebs laSqarSi, igi
SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvilia (abjrosani), salaSqrod karavi miaqvs da
32 dasavleT saqarTvelos magaliTisaTvis ix. kakabaZe 1928b: 12-13, 15, 20.
33 aseT ekonomikur viTarebas unda mowmobdes glexTa gadidebuli begarac XVI saukuneSi
(kakabaZe 1928b: 19).
34 feodalur sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda da privilegiebi gaaCnda
meomar fenas. es kargad Cans beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis diferencirebul midgomaSi sxvadasxva
funqciebis mqone msaxurTa mimarT: msaxurTa im nawilis, romelic meomari da molaSqre iyo,
sisxlis fasi 6-12,000 TeTria, sxva saqmianobiT (administraciul-policiuri) dakavebulebis ki
– mxolod 1,000 TeTri (axalaia 1992: 59).
29
ramdenime cxeni, maT Soris qoTali, hyavs. i. doliZis da q. CxataraiSvilis
azriT, qoTali marqafa cxenia (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 768;
CxataraiSvili 1979: 100-101). es termini gamowvlilviT Seiswavla d. gogolaZem,
romelmac daadgina, rom somxur da sparsul enebSi qoTali satvirTo cxens
niSnavs (gogolaZe 1985: 142-143). mkvlevari savsebiT marTalia, rodesac Tvlis,
rom mZimed SeWurvil msaxurs karavis, saWurvelis da sursaTis sazidad
satvirTo cxeni sWirdeboda (gogolaZe 1985: 142). miuxedavad amisa, mainc
migvaCnia, rom qoTali qarTul enaSi samarqafo cxens niSnavda, rogorc aris
is ganmartebuli sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi.35 es mosazreba Sua saukuneebis
samxedro saqmis specifikidan gamomdinareobs. saqme imaSia, rom Sua
saukuneebSi satvirTo cxenis fasi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda marqafa cxenis
fass.36 cxadia, rom beqas samarTalSi kanonmdebeli aqcents ufro Zvir cxenze
gaakeTebda, radganac ubralo satvirTo (`satalaxe~) cxenis floba ar iyo
iseTi privilegia, rom is sabrZolo da samxedro aRWurvilobis
(`abjrosnobis~ da `karvosnobis~) rigSi moexsenebinaT. am mosazrebas isic
amagrebs, rom t. axalaias dakvirvebiT, beqas samarTlis wignis qoTali
vaxuSti batoniSvilis marqafas Seesabameba (axalaia 1992: 55-56). aseT msaxurs
ukve sami cxeni gamoudis: sabrZolo, samarqafo da satvirTo (satalaxe).37
gasakviri ar aris, rom feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis misi mniSvneloba
(sisxlis fasi) aznaurisas eTanadeba.
msaxurTa aRWurvilobaSi sagangebodaa xazgasmuli karvis floba, rac
laSqrobaSi aucilebeli iyo da misi mflobelis privilegirebul
mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs (`karvosnoba aznaurulia~). karavi ukve niSnavs, rom
misi mflobeli marto ar aris salaSqrod wasuli, mas Tan mxleblebic
35 am garemoebaze pirvelad Tavad d. gogolaZem miuTiTa (gogolaZe 1981: 158).
36 nikorwmidelis dawerilis mixedviT, marqafa cxeni 3-jer Zviri iyo (wurwumia 2013-2014: 143).
kidev ufro didi iyo es sxvaoba evropaSi (Davis 1989: 67).
37 d. gogolaZe miiCnevs, rom aseT msaxurs mxolod ori cxeni – sabrZolo da satvirTo
(qoTali) – hyavda da ar gaaCnda marqafa, radganac misi azriT, saTadarigo cxenis brZolaSi
gamoyeneba mebrZols gauWirdeboda (gogolaZe 1985: 143-144). am azrs ver gaviziareb, radganac
samarqafo cxenis arqona niSnavs, rom meomari sabrZolo cxenze amxedrebuli
gadaadgildeboda da brZolaSi ukve daRlili cxeniT Sedioda, rac Zneli warmosadgenia.
amasTan, marqafa cxeni brZolaSi Tavad meomars ki ar mihyavda, aramed mis damxmares. marqafas
midevnebis wesi aRwerilia qarTul cxenis karabadinSic (CxataraiSvili 1979: 196).
30
axlavs.38 am mxriv, karavi pirovnebis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis erTgvari
indikatori iyo. aseTive situaciaa XII saukunis espaneTSi, sadac leonis
mefeebis brZanebiT, srulad aRWurvili da karviani raindis fiskaluri
privilegiebi 8 kacze vrceldeboda, maSin rodesac fariT, SubiT da
muzaradiT aRWurvili, magram ukarvo raindis – mxolod orze (Lourie 1966: 57).
ra Tqma unda, yvela msaxurs ver eyoleboda mxlebeli da arc misi
aRWurviloba iqneboda yovelTvis didebul-aznaurTa aRWurvilobis dari
sisruliTa Tu xarisxiT. msaxurebi Seadgendnen qarTuli cxenosani laSqris
yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils, magram feodalebTan SedarebiT naklebi
SeZleba hqondaT da, Sesabamisad, maTze naklebad iyvnen SeWurvilni (Tumca,
gamonaklisic iqneboda). logikuria vivaraudoT, rom brZolis dros msaxurebi
Tavad-aznaurTa ukan iqnebodnen dawyobilni da cxenosanTa momdevno rigebs
Seqmnidnen.
glexoba da samxedro saqme
Sua saukuneebis cnobili formula, – „samRvdeloeba loculobs,
raindebi omoben, eri muSaobs“, – romelic Semdgom ase aitaces laTinma
saeklesio mwerlebma, pirvelad, IX saukunis bolos, ueseqsis mefe alfred
didma (871-99) Camoayaliba (Barber 1995a: 14). es mocemuloba, romelic srulad
ver asaxavs Sua saukuneebis sinamdviles da klasTa Soris rTul
urTierTobas, SemdgomSi idealad iqna miCneuli.39 am formulis sufTa saxiT
ganxorcieleba Sua saukuneebSi arasodes ar momxdara.40 „sami wodebis“
38 velze aRmarTul karavs, rogorc keTilSobilis droebiT sasaxles, garkveuli socialuri
funqciac hqonda. ufro vrclad ix. axalaia 1992: 52-53.
39 saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi es formula SoTa rusTavelTan gvxvdeba: `raca vis ra bedman
misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdes: muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, meomari gulovnobdes~ (SoTa
rusTaveli 2009: str. 11). am SedarebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 19. mas imeorebs s.
margiSvili, romelic aseT socialur diferenciacias feodaluri samyaros erT-erT mTavar
maxasiaTebladac ki miiCnevs (margiSvili 2008: 36). rusTavelis es striqonebi, garda
sazogadoebis wodebebad dayofisa, maTi SenarCunebis aucileblobazec miuTiTebs. aq
mocemulia Sua saukuneebSi moqmedi kidev erTi debuleba, romelic pavle mociqulis, netari
avgustinesa da tertulianis ideebs efuZneboda da Camoyalibebuli iyo Sarlemanis kanonebSi:
`uklebliv yoveli adamiani unda mihyves Tavis cxovrebiseul daniSnulebas da profesias~
(Duby 2009: 70-71).
40 a. gureviCi aRiarebs, rom `sami wodebis~ mwyobri sqema Zireulad gansxvavdeboda socialuri
cxovrebis prozisagan (Гуревич 2006: 357).
31
socialuri modelis Tanaxmad glexebs unda eSromaT da ar ebrZolaT; magram,
sakmaod xSirad, isini iZulebulni iyvnen ebrZolaT, TavianTi patronis
daZaxilze an Tavis dasacavad (Nicholson 2004a: 59-60).41
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvs am sakiTxze qarTvel istorikosTa erTi
nawils, romlebic, savsebiT marTebulad, miuTiTeben ra molaSqreobis
socialur arsze da mis privilegirebulobaze, Tvlian, rom aseT viTarebaSi
glexs ar SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo feodalur samxedro organizaciaSi da
es krizisis niSnadac ki miaCniaT. glexis laSqarSi monawileobas
feodalizmis TvalTaxedviT „simaxinjes“ uwodebs q. CxataraiSvili
(CxataraiSvili 1979: 23). is kategoriulad acxadebda, rom glexi samxedro
organizaciaSi monawileobas ar Rebulobda (CxataraiSvili 1991: 12).42 aseTive
Sexeduleba aqvs s. margiSvilsac (margiSvili 2008: 35-36). qarTuli samxedro
organizaciis krizisad miiCnevs e. xoStaria-brose „eris“ gaqrobasa da
glexobis monawileobas omSi.43
es mosazrebebi zedmetad maqsimalisturia da ar iTvaliswinebs erT
metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: qveiTTa faqtors Sua saukuneebis armiebSi da,
rac mTavaria, qarTul jarSi qveiTi nawilebis arsebobas da maT socialur
Semadgenlobas. jaris dayofa qveiTebad da cxenosnebad asaxavda maT, rogorc
funqciur, aseve, socialur sxvaobas. aq unda ganvasxvaoT glexis
molaSqreoba da omSi monawileoba. molaSqreoba niSnavda cxenze
amxedrebulad brZolas, omSi monawileoba ki qveiTadac SeiZleboda. qveiTis
iaraRi sakmaod martivi iyo (Subi an mSvildi), ZviradRirebuli cxeni da
abjari aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda (sakmarisi iyo fari, daliandagebuli
qsovilis abjari, SesaZloa – muzaradic), amis SeZleba ki glexTa garkveul
kategorias yovelTvis hqonda. ra Tqma unda, mciremasStabian brZolebSi,
SetakebebSi Tu reidebSi monawile44 mcirericxovani feodaluri razmebis
SemadgenlobaSi, ZiriTadad, swored cxenosani aznaur-msaxurebia sagulisxmo,
41 avtoris xatovani formulirebiT, socialuri Teoriis miuxedavad, Sua saukuneebSi `omSi
yvela da yoveli iyo Cabmuli~ (Nicholson 2004: 65).
42 mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom glexi samxedro saqmianobaSi iSviaTad, mxolod ukiduresi
gasaWiris, TavdacviTi omis dros monawileobda. iqve, 10-11.
43 mkvlevari Tvlis, rom eridan cxenosani gamodioda da misma gadaSenebam laSqris ricxvi
Seamcira (xoStaria-brose 1985: 435; xoStaria-brose 1988: 183.
44 samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom feodaluri epoqis samxedro moqmedebebi xSirad aseTi
gaxldaT.
32
magram qveiTTa gareSe SeuZlebelia cixe-simagreTa alya, romelic Sua
saukuneebSi brZolis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma iyo.45 saalyo moqmedebebis
warmoebisaTvis, sxvadasxva saxis specialistebTan (inJinrebi, mesangreebi)
erTad, sakmao odenobiT rigiTi fexosnebi iyo saWiro. aseve, mniSvnelovani
brZolebis dros, rodesac brZolis velze mravalricxovani laSqari
gamodioda, jaris ZiriTad masas qveiTebi qmnidnen, romlebic mosaxleobis
dabali fenis warmomadgenlebiT kompleqtdebodnen (wvrili eri, glexoba).
glexebze aseTi valdebulebis dakisreba saqarTveloSic moxdeboda. es
bunebrivicaa, radgan XII saukunis Semdeg, batonymobis gamarjvebisa da dabali
fenebis saboloo daymevebis Semdeg, qveiTi jaris gamosayvan wyarod baris
saqarTveloSi mxolod glexi rCeba.46 ufro adre, XI-XII saukuneebSi, Sereuli
iqneboda qveiTTa dakompleqteba feodalTa razmebSi, sadac wvrili eris
garda, glexic moxvdeboda. SesaZloa, es procesi ufro adrec iyo dawyebuli,
X saukunidan mainc, rodesac glexTa ricxvi sagrZnobi gaxda.47 senioris
(patronis) mier mosaxleobis yvela fenis (maT Soris, glexebis) gawvevis
ufleba garkveviT Cans Cvenamde moRweul salaSqro valdebulebebaTa
amsaxvel davTrebSi. samwuxarod, aseTi adreuli wignebi ar mogvepoveba,
magram senioris am uflebas vxedavT gelaTisadmi bagrat mefis 1545 wlis
Sewirulebis wignSi, sadac mefis mier eklesiisaTvis Sewirul glexebs
laSqar-nadiroba mainc evalebaT (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 185).48
45 amisaTvis ix. wurwumia 2012a: 121.
46 aRbuRas samarTali, romelic XIV saukunis Zeglia, icnobs SemTxvevebs, rodesac glexis
ojaxSi abjari inaxeba da memkvidreobiT gadaecema: daqvrivebulis qonebis ganawilebisas
„glexTa ese qnan: ...Tu vaJica darCes, abjari vaJsa, da saqoneli qalsave“ (qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi 1963: 456-457). bunebrivia, samarTali zrunavs, rom abjar-iaraRi glexis vaJs gadaeces,
raTa momavalSi manve gamoiyenos omsa da laSqrobaSi.
47 X-XI ss. xelnawerebSi glexis xsenebisa da misi mniSvnelobisaTvis ix. abulaZe 1959: 169-175;
berZniSvili 1960: 139; bogveraZe 1979: 220-224. qarTuli soflis socialuri suraTis
Seswavlisas d. gogolaZe im daskvnamde midis, rom X saukunis Semdeg, anu XI-XII saukuneebSi
mdabiorTa miwaze mimagreba ZiriTadad dasrulebulia da Tavisufali miwismoqmedi ukve
gaglexebulia. X saukunidan termin glexis gavrcelebac am procesze miuTiTebs (gogolaZe
1992: 51-59).
48 am sabuTSi asaxuli mebegre glexTa salaSqro valdebulebebis Sesaxeb ix. sanaZe 1979: 149.
glexebis salaSqro valdebuleba Cans aleqsandre II-is 1579 wlis sigelSic, romliTac
glexebs araferi ar evalebaT „Tvinier laSqar-nadirobisa“ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi
1965: 201). sxva aseTi sabuTebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 156.
33
gasawvevTa siaSi glexi Cans XIV saukuneSic. giorgi V-is 1339 wlis sigelSi
Salva meabjreTuxucesisadmi vkiTxulobT: `da vinc amisi xarT
aznaurisSvili, msaxuri da glexi, yuelai msaxurebdiT erdgulad da
TavdadebiT. vinc laSqars wagitanos, laSqars wahyeviT, vinca Sina dagagdos,
Sina msaxurebdiT~ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 2013: 39).
glexi yovelTvis monawileobda Sua saukuneebSi mimdinare omebSi,
mxolod misi roli da wili mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda aznaurisagan. ra Tqma
unda, ar unda warmovidginoT, rom omSi glexTa farTo fenebi
monawileobdnen. samxedro saqmianobaSi CarTuli iyo maTi mxolod mcire
nawili, saerTo jamSi, glexTa fenis metad mcire wili.
miuxedavad im uyuradRebobisa, rasac, Cveulebriv, matianeebi iCenen
glexTa mimarT, maTSi gabneuli kanti-kunti cnobebic adasturebs glexTa
monawileobas sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
aRniSnavs, rom didgoris brZolaSi glexebsac ki dautyvevebiaT muslimi
didebulebi: „da rameTu glexTa ixilemca, odes arabTa mefeni mohyvandes
tyued. da sxuaTa goliaTTaTÂs radRa ramca gÂndoda Tqmad“ (daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 341-342). am cnobis safuZvelze g. meliqiSvili
uTiTebda socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgomTa (glexTa)
monawileobas samxedro organizaciaSi (`zogierT SemTxvevaSi mainc~)
(meliqiSvili 1973: 74). taSiskaris brZolis analogiiT, rodesac gaqceul
TaTrebs dedakacebic ki iWerdnen, amis uaryofas Seecada q. CxataraiSvili da
CaTvala, rom „daviTis istorikosis am sityvebidan ... ar Cans, rom glexebi
molaSqreebi iyvnen...“ Tavisi mosazrebis Sesamagreblad, mkvlevarma metad
ucnauri da ararealuri taqtikuri xerxi miawera daviT aRmaSenebels:
„gamoricxuli arc isaa, rom... daviTma laSqarTan erTad glexobac („qudze
kaci“) gamoiyvana da didgoris midamoebSi rezervad daayena“ (CxataraiSvili
1979: 18). saubars aRar gavagrZeleb samxedro TvalsazrisiT „rezervad
dayenebuli“ glexTa masis srul mizanSeuwonelobaze, mxolod vityvi, rom
warmodgenili analogia ver uaryofs mematianis cnobas omSi dabali fenebis
monawileobis Taobaze: daviTis istorikosi garkveviT (da socialuri
statusis erTgvari dapirispirebiT) CamoTvlis qarTuli jaris wevrebs –
glexebs da goliaTebs (raindebs). mematianis es cnoba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs
n. berZeniSvilSi, romelic masze dayrdnobiT pirdapir acxadebs: „aqedan
cxadia, glexi meomarTa rigebSi aris“ (berZeniSvili 1979: 95). metic, mkvlevari
34
iqve ganmartavs, rom es glexi arc Tavisufali miwismoqmedia da arc msaxuri,
aramed socialuri kibis udables safexurze mdgomi, dabegrili da omSi
msubuqi iaraRiT gasuli piri (berZeniSvili 1979: 96). n. berZeniSvils kargad
esmoda, Tu ra formiT monawileobda glexi omSi: „glexis laSqroba martivi
iyo. is qveiTi iyo da batonis uSualo momsaxureobas eweoda...“ (berZeniSvili
1979: 186).49
qarTul jarSi glexebs moixseniebs arabi istorikosi abd al-latif
al-baRdadic (1161/2-1231), romelic 1221 wels monRolebTan brZolaSi
qarTvelTa damarcxebaze mogviTxrobs: `da roca [TaTrebma] qarTvelTa
qveyanas miaRwies, qarTvelebma Sehyares TavianTi jarebi da Sexvdnen maT,
magram damarcxdnen. moikla maTgan [qarTvelTagan] 8 aTasi rCeuli meomari da
didZali qveSevrdomi da glexi (min al-iTba va l-fallahina)“ (jafariZe 1980:
135; jafariZe 2012: 237). rCeuli meomari aq aznaurs Seesatyviseba, qveSevrdomSi
(al-iTba) aznaurulad msaxuri unda vigulisxmoT, al-fallahuna ki
glexebia,50 romlebic brZolis velze dacemulTa Soris moixseniebian.
`istoriani da azmanis~ avtori mogviTxrobs erT SemTxvevaze, rodesac
muslimTa uecari Tavdasxmisagan damarcxebuli giorgi III-is jari mZime
danakargebis gareSe gadarCenila: „ara didebuli, ara aznauri, ara vargi da
sacnauri aznauris ymaca daklebul iqmna maT laSqarTa Sina“ (istoriani da
azmani 1959: 14). am cnobis safuZvelze, n. berZeniSvili CamoTvlis omSi
monawileebs: didebuli, aznauri da aznauris ymebi, romlebic ori kategoriis
iyvnen („vargi da sacnauri“ da Cveulebrivi) (berZeniSvili 1979: 127). Cemi
azriT, es aznauris ymebi misi msaxurebia: 1) „vargi“ – cxenosani da 2)
Cveulebrivi – qveiTi. orive es kategoria dabali fenidanaa gamosuli –
pirvel kategorias cxeniT „aznaurulad“ samsaxuri SeeZlo, meores ki
patronis samsaxuri (karvis gaSla, cxenebis movla, aRWurvilobis movla da
SekeTeba, patronis SeWurva, sakvebis momzadeba, aseve, banakis dacema,
49 marTalia, n. berZeniSvili bevrgan wers, rom glexi molaSqre ar iyo da laSqroba ar
evalebodao, magram aman ar unda Segvacdinos. mkvlevari erTmaneTisagan asxvavebda
molaSqreobas (cxenosnad) da omSi monawileobas (qveiTad): „omSi gasvlas molaSqreoba ar
ewodeboda. omSi yvela SeeZloT gaewviaT. amiT isini molaSqreebi ver xdebodnen... laSqars
wasvla an laSqrad wasvla mÃedr wasvlas gulisxmobda. cxadia, laSqroba da omSi wasvla
erTi da igive araa. laSqroba ki niSnavs omSi wasvlas, magram yoveli meomari molaSqre
araa“ (berZeniSvili 1979: 218).
50 Sdr. z. buniatovi, romelic aseve Targmnis – крестьян. (Буниятов 1982: 162).
35
Txrilebis (`xandakis~) gaTxra, meseris (`sxrtis~) Semovleba, brZolis velis
daTvaliereba, tyveTa mixedva, nadavlis akrefa, daWrili patronis movla da
a.S.51 SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom yvela am „Sav samuSaos“ aznaurulad
mebrZoli msaxuri asrulebda. marTalia, rig SemTxvevebSi aznaurebs
(raindebs) keTilSobilTa ojaxebidan gamosuli axalgazrda meabjre Tu
saWurvelTmtvirTveli emsaxurebodaT,52 magram, es mxolod rCeul da
didgvarovan aznaurTa xvedri iqneboda. aznaur-raindTa ZiriTad masas, iseve
rogorc evropaSi, mdabio warmoSobis damxmare eyoleboda.
Cemi azriT, Tamaris istorikosis frazaSi, – `gaaznaurdes queyanisa
moqmedni~ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 34) – igulisxmeba glexebi (`queyanisa
moqmedni~), romlebic samxedro samsaxuris wyalobiT gaxdnen aznaurni. e.
xoStaria-brose, romelsac eWvi ar epareba, rom am fraziT mematiane samxedro
damsaxurebis Sedegad garkveuli fenis socialur winsvlas aRniSnavs,
`qveynismoqmednSi~ ratomRac Zveli `eris~ warmomadgenlebs (`mdabior-
molaSqreebs~) xedavs da ara glexebs (xoStaria-brose 1981: 117), romlebzec,
rogorc sazogadoebis mwarmoebel (`qveynismoqmed~) nawilze, pirdapir
miuTiTebs wyaro. i. javaxiSvili garkveviT ambobda, rom `queyanis-moqmedi~
glexi iyo: `raki glexebi soflis mudmivi mkvidrni iyvnen da maTi erTaderTi
sacxovrebeli da marCenali miwismoqmedeba iyo, amitomac aris, rom xSirad
maT martivad `queyanisa moqmedni~ ewodebodaT~ (javaxiSvili 1982: 206).
rogorc vxedavT, e. xoStarias mcdari daskvnis mizezi isaa, rom mkvlevari
kategoriulad gamoricxavda XII saukuneSi glexobis omSi monawileobas, da
Sesabamisad, gaaznaurebis saSualebas.
sayuradReboa, rom sabuTebSi, xSirad mxolod cxenosani molaSqreni
gvxvdeba da qveiTad mebrZolni ar arian naxsenebi, TiTqos isini arc
arsebobdnen.53 feodaluri sazogadoebis damokidebuleba mdabio qveiTebisadmi
51 aseT msaxurebs „uCinar adamianebsac“ ki uwodeben, radgan glexi mosamsaxureebis povna Sua
saukuneebis literaturaSic da mxatvrobaSic Zalian Znelia (Brzezinski 2006: 61).
52 ase magaliTad, samcxis aTabagis Svili sargisi `aRzrdil iyo abjrismtÂrTvelad“
(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 207).
53 q. CxataraiSvilma yuradReba miaqcia vaxtang VI-is erT sabuTs, sadac „samcxeTo jarSi“
mxolod „msaxur-aznauriSvilebi“ arian moxseniebulni, maSin rodesac salaSqro davTrebi
zustad asaxaven glexTa masobriv monawileobas imave jarSi (CxataraiSvili 1979: 23).
36
gasakviri ar aris,54 magram ar unda CavTvaloT, rom isini qarTul jarSi
saerTod ar arsebobdnen. qveiTi jari qarTuli feodaluri laSqris
ganviTarebis yvela etapze arsebobda da igi yvelaze dabali fenidan (wvrili
eri, glexoba) gamodioda. glexis sisxlis fasi oTxasi TeTri iyo, magram Tu
mas „patronni icnobden sikeTezeda, misica aTasi TeTri iyos“ (qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 429). iseTi glexis sisxli, romelic patrons axlda
da `msaxurebda~, Cveulebriv glexTan SedarebiT ornaxevarjer Zviri Rirda
(furcelaZe 1979: 40). „sikeTezed cnoba“ patronis sasargeblod glexis
mravalgvar samsaxurs gulisxmobs da, albaT, omSi xlebasac.55
zemoT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, cxadia, baris saqarTvelos exeba,
romelic feodaluri iyo. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mcxovreb
Tavisufal meTemeebs (`herovani~), maTi monawileoba feodalur laSqarSi
garkveuli specifikiT xasiaTdeboda. saqarTvelos mTaSi feodalizmma
bolomde ver SeaRwia (e.w. `protofeodalizmi~),56 sasoflo Temebi ver mospo,
socialuri diferenciacia susti iyo da mosaxleobam Tavisufleba met-
naklebad SeinarCuna.57 mTis laSqari `samxedro demokratiis~ principebze iyo
agebuli, sadac yoveli mamakaci molaSqre iyo. es ganapirobebda mTielTa
laSqris saxalxo xasiaTs da SedarebiT mravalricxovnobas da, amave dros,
qveiT xasiaTsac.
mTielTa monawileobam feodaluri saqarTvelos laSqarSi meti
mniSvneloba SeiZina erTiani monarqiis daSlis Semdeg, rodesac isini
akompleqtebdnen aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos mefeTa mcvel
razmebs: „xolo Semdgomad ganyofilebisa da ganxeTqilebisa samefosaTa
amisa... arRaca iyvnen roqiT spani mefisani, aramed saxasoni aznaurni da
msaxurni glexni ÃeobaTagan iyvnen mcvelni mefisani, da umetes moÃeve-
54 Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom sazogadoebis da armiis maRal fenebze bevrad
meti viciT, vidre ubralo jariskacebze (Nicolle 1994: 5).
55 sayuradReboa, rom m. sanaZis SexedulebiT, `sikeTezed cnobili~ glexi, `Tavisi
valdebulebiTa da mdgomareobiT, uaxlovdeba msaxurs~ (sanaZe 1979: 123). msaxurTan daaxloeba
ki, pirvel rigSi, glexis samxedro saqmianobaSi monawileobas niSnavda.
56 am terminisaTvis ix. meliqiSvili 1976: 169-170.
57 mTielTa samxedro organizaciis Sesaxeb ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 25-31; xoStaria-brose 1984:
97-108, 124-126. Tavis mxriv, mTis kuTxeebic gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan socialuri
ganviTarebis doniT: magaliTad, svaneTSi ufro iyo ganviTarebuli feodaluri
urTierTobebi, vidre aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (xoStaria-brose 1984: 122).
37
mTiulni... xolo imerTa – raWa da sruliad leCxumi, xolo kaxTa – qisiyi“
(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 31).
sabolood, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos samxedro mowyoba ase SeiZleba
warmovidginoT: 1. wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen aznaur-didebulebi, romlebic
cxenze amxedrebulni, mZimed SeWurvilebi gadiodnen brZolaSi; 2. maTi ricxvi
sakmarisi ar iyo omis sawarmoeblad da maT rigebs avsebdnen qveda fenebidan
dawinaurebuli msaxurebi, romlebic aseve cxeniT (aznauruli wesiT)
ibrZodnen; 3. patron-aznaurebs omSi Tan axldnen dabali fenis
warmomadgenlebi („wvrili eri“, glexoba), romlebic patrons emsaxurebodnen
da qveiT jars Seadgendnen; qveiTi jaris ricxvs avsebdnen mTis sxvadasxva
Temidan gamosuli qveiTi molaSqreebic.
samxedro organizacia feodalur saqarTveloSi
Cvenamde moRweuli informaciis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia detalurad
mivadevnoT Tvali saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli samxedro organizaciis
cvlilebebsa da transformacias, Tumca, zogadi suraTis warmoCena savsebiT
SesaZlebelia.
samxedro organizaciis saTaveSi mefe idga. mas emorCileboda samxedro
aparati, romlis ufrosi erTiani monarqiis xanaSi amirspasalari iyo.
amirspasalaris instituts xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnda da misi winamorbedi
adrefeodalur xanaSi iyo spaspeti, Semdeg ki, XI saukuneSi mainc, spasalari
(anTelava 1983: 127-129). amirspasalaris Tanamdebobis SemoReba XII saukunis
pirvel meoTxedSi daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSirdeba (mesxia 1972: 47;
mesxia 1979: 18-20). amirspasalari iyo „Tavadi laSqarTa“ da misi funqcia-
movaleobebi samxedro ministrisa (`laSqrobis veziroba~) da sardlis
(`laSqrobaÁ~) erTgvar nazavs warmoadgenda: „laSqrobaÁ da laSqrobis
veziroba amir-spasalaris ÃelT aris“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).
samefo karis reglamentiT samxedro sakiTxebze TaTbiris dros pirveli
sityva mas ekuTvnoda: „mas winaT aravin ityÂs, raÁ veziroba iyos“ (garigeba
38
Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86). rodesac mefe ar laSqrobda,58 maSin jars
amirspasalari miuZRoda (javaxiSvili 1982: 285; stefnaZe 1985: 168).
amirspasalars eqvemdebarebodnen spasalarebi da erisTavebi. mas
emorCileboda amilaxori,59 romelic uSualod ganagebda sajinibos60 da
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, emorCileboda meabjreTuxucesi Tavisi meabjreebiT,61
amirCqari – malemsrbolTa ufrosi da meremeTuxucesi, romlis movaleoba
cxenebis moSeneba-xedna iyo (anTelava 1983: 64-66). samefo reglamentis
mixedviT weliwadSi erTxel samefo arsenali (zaradxana) amilaxorisa da
meabjreTuxucesis meTvalyureobiT zaradxanis uxucess da mwignobars unda
aRewera (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).
qarTuli feodaluri laSqari ori tipis nawilebisagan Sedgeboda –
mcirericxovani mudmivi nawilebisa (taZreuli, monaspa) da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi Sekrebili feodaluri razmebisagan, romelTac xSirad
moqiravneebic ematebodaT. amaT garda, samefos cixe-qalaqebs maTi
garnizonebi icavda.
1) mefis taZreuli mcirericxovan, magram mudam mefesTan myof rCeul
razms warmoadgenda.62 taZreuli ar emorCileboda amirspasalars da mas
msaxurTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda (anTelava 1983: 132, 143). taZreulis
saSualebiT mefes SeeZlo damoukideblad, sxva feodalTa razmebis mowvevis
gareSe, Caetarebina mcire masStabis samxedro moqmedebebi. is warmoadgenda
laSqris birTvs, romlis garSemo ikribeboda sxvadasxva razmebi.
taZreuli warmodgeba sityvidan taZari da sityvasityviT
`sasaxliseuls~ niSnavs.63 taZreuli (inglisuri houshold, rusuli дружина,
58 saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo praqtikulad yvela misi mefis brZolaSi
monawileoba, risi mTavari mizezic feodaluri organizaciis xasiaTi iyo, sadac winamZRolis
(mefis) pirad magaliTs yovelTvis miesalmebodnen.
59 „amilaxori veziri aris amir-spasalarisa“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).
60 amilaxorisa da mejinibeTuxucesis igiveobisaTvis ix. anTelava 1983: 59-64.
61 „meabjreT-uxucesi da meabjreni, da mesartyleni, da sajinibos Semavalni yovelnive
amilaxoris Ãelisani arian“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 86).
62 „rCeulni Wabukni, romelni samaradisod Tana hyvebodes mefesa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 450;
CxataraiSvili 1979: 50).
63 mefis (feodalis) sasaxles Zvelad „taZari“ an `palati~ ewodeboda (CxataraiSvili 1979: 47;
Меликишвили 1959: 423-424; gogolaZe 1992: 37). am tipis profesional mebrZolTa razmebi, –
palatinebi gavrcelebuli iyo karolingur evropaSi, sadac maT TavianTi saxelic ki
dautoves germaniis erT mxares – palatinati anu pfalci (Nicolle 1984; 7).
39
qarTuli saxleuli) feodalis (mefis, didebulis) samxedro razms
warmoadgenda (akofaSvili 1986: 65, 75), romelic Sedgeboda rogorc
feodaluri saxlis wevrebisagan, aseve msaxurTagan (papuaSvili 1989: 27).
taZreulis wevrebi mciremiwiani an umiwo feodalTa klasis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen, aseve warCinebuli gvarebis umcrosi da axalgazrda wevrebi,
romelTac brZolebSi monawileobiT dawinaurebis kargi Sansi eZleodaT. es
iyo politikuri instituti, romlis wevrebi axlo urTierTobaSi iyvnen
mefesTan (seniorTan);64 saxleulis morali da motivacia maRali iyo da
Tavisi seniorisa da mefis umTavres dasayrdens warmoadgenda. vaxuSti
batoniSvilis mixedviT, `raJams mokudis erisTavi, anu mTavari, anu
Ãelisufalni, anu aznaurni Cinebulni, moarTvian mefesa mis momkudrisa
Ãrmali, cxeni da uxucesi Ze misi... da Ãrmalsa moartymida winaSe mefisa
msaxurTuxucesi Zesa mis momkudrisasa, da daawesian taZreulad anu sxuaTa
samefoTa msaxurebaTa Sina Rirsebisaebr~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 31-32).
Cans, rom mefis taZreulSi umaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebic
iricxebodnen, romelTac mefesTan axlos yofniT da mis winaSe brZolebSi
Tavis gamoCeniT Semdgomi winsvlis saSualeba eZleodaT. cxadia rom,
taZreuli erTgvar samxedro skolas warmoadgenda, sadac axalgazrda
didebul-aznaurni iwvrTnebodnen da samxedro xelovnebas euflebodnen.
taZreulni hyavda mefes da did feodalebsac. magaliTad, monRolebTan
brZolaSi damarcxebulma murvan gurklelma bevri taZreuli dakarga: `Seibnes
Zlierad, sZles TaTarTa da mravali taZreuli aznauri mokles, da ivltodes
gurkleli~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 138). yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maT
ekisrebodaT warmomadgenlobiTi da dacviTi funqciebi, konfliqtebis dros
ki SeiaraRebuli Zalebis birTvs warmoadgendnen (Reuter 1997: 32). maTi
aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofa Tu srulyofa, agreTve, yoveldRiuri rCenac
feodals ekisreboda; senioris movaleoba iyo brZolebSi danakargis
(iaraRisa Tu cxenebis) anazRaurebac (Brown 1989: 36). garkveul fulad sargos
(roWiks) maT saqarTveloSic uxdidnen, rogorc amas `mamaTa swavlanis~ X
saukunis teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `mÃedari, romelman daiweris Tavi TÂsi
64 beqas samarTlis mixedviT, romelic XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnazea dawerili, taZreuli
aznauris sisxlis fasi 20 000 TeTria, rac aRemateba Cveulebrivi aznauris sisxlis fass (12
000 TeTri) da didebulis sisxlis naxevars Seadgens (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 426-
427).
40
divansa Sina mefisasa da mieriTgan wamoiRebn igi ganwesebulsa roWiksa eris
kacTasa, verRa SemZlebeln arn igi TaviT TÂsiT ganTavisuflebad msaxurebisa
misgan~ (mamaTa swavlani 1955: 120). aseTi, `samsaxurisgan TavdauRweveli~
mxedrebi mudmivad mefis karze arian: `maradis mdgomare arn igi winaSe mefisa
SeWurvili saWurveliTa da ganmzadebuli brZolad mterTa mefisaTa Tav-
gawirviT~ (mamaTa swavlani 1955: 120). mudmivad mefis razmSi momsaxure piri
feodalur sazogadoebaSi mxolod mefis taZreulis wevri SeiZleba iyos.65
taZreulis anazRaurebis ra nawils Seadgenda roWiki an rodemde
grZeldeboda es praqtika, cnobili ar aris. amave dros, naTelia rom,
taZreulSi samsaxuris erT-erT mTavari motivi samsaxuris sanacvlod miwis
nakveTis miRebis molodini iqneboda.
taZreulis ricxovnoba sakmaod mcire iyo. qarTuli wyaroebis
monacemebi am ricxvis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva. mefeTa da mTavarTa
saxleuls adre SuasaukuneebSive vxedavT saqarTveloSi.66 VIII saukuneSi
arCil mefe miwebs urigebs da aznaurobas aniWebs Tavis taZreuls (qarTlis
cxovreba 1955: 243). VIII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi xazareTSi wasul nerse
erisTavs Tan axlavs 300 mamakaci (iovane sabanisZe 1982: 127). marTalia g.
akofaSvili, rodesac Tvlis, rom `es 300 kaci nerses mudmivi samxedro
razmia~ (akofaSvili 1981: 140). IX saukunis dasawyisSi arabebisgan ltolvil
aSot kurapalats `eri TÂsi mcired hyva Tana, mkÂdrni misni~, romelTa
meSveobiT faravnis tbasTan is amarcxebs mdevar laSqars (`kninsa mas
laSqarsa missa mosca ZlevaÁ maT zeda~) (sumbat daviTis Ze 1990: 44). aSotis
`mkvidrTa~ ricxovnoba nerses razmis farglebSi unda vivaraudoT.
1048 wels kapetrus brZolis win liparit baRvaSma, romelsac „aqunda
Zali mefobisa naxevar“, `aRricxa aznaurni da monani Tvisni da axovanni... da
ganvles aRricxvaTa Soris SvidasTa did-didTAa aznaurTa, romelni iyvnes
mkvidrni misni“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 32-33). lipariti samefos naxevar
Zalas flobs da misi saxleulic (`mkvidrni misni“) Sesabamisad didia: is 700
mxedars Seadgens.
am raodenobasTan korelaciaSi modis da iribad adasturebs kidec
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnoba mefis taZreulis Sesaxeb.
aRmaSenebels, romelic mTel samefos akontrolebda, liparitis saxleulze
65 roWikis (jamagiris) amReb mxedrebs taZreulad miiCnevs a. bogveraZe (bogveraZe 1961: 104).
66 istoriul wyaroebSi taZreulis moxseniebisaTvis ix. CxataraiSvili 1979: 50.
41
orjer meti taZreuli hyavs. mis dros taZreuli 1 500 kacs moiTvlida (daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 332).
xelmwifis karis garigebis mixedviT, taZreulis SemadgenlobaSi
Sediodnen mefis mcvelebi – „mefis winamwolni“ (mesawoleni), romlebic 700
Subosans Seadgendnen. maTgan 8 glexi iyo, danarCeni ki aznauri („da SÂdasi
saxli mesawole aris; da glexi rva saxlia, da sxva yovelive – aznauri“),
romlebic msaxurTuxucess emoCilebodnen (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 83-
84).67
sainteresoa erisTavis xelqveiT arsebuli razmis ricxovnobac. XIII-XIV
ss. mijnaze cxrazmisxevis erisTavis Salva qvenifnevels saxleuli 72
Subosnisagan Sedgeboda: `amaT JamTa iyo Salva erisTavisa naTesavi
samocdaTormeti Subosani da yovelni morCilebasa queSe quenifnevelisa~
(Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 109).
2) qarTul samxedro organizaciaSi monaspa daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
aris SemoRebuli da misi arseboba XII saukunes ar scildeba.68 q.
CxataraiSvils miaCnia, rom mona-spa Tamaris dros qreba (CxataraiSvili 1966:
164; CxataraiSvili 1979: 62). mas eTanxmeba j. SaraSeniZec (SaraSeniZe 2008: 15). g.
alasania Tvlis, rom monaspis instituti `faqtobrivad mxolod daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros arsebobda~ (alasania 2001: 22). wyaroebSi arsebul
monacemebze dayrdnobiT, giorgi III-is mefobaSi monaspis arsebobas aRniSnavda
n. berZeniSvili (berZeniSvili 1974: 67-69). marTlac, 1161 wels anisTan
brZolisas giorgi III-s Tan axlavs `vazirni, spasalarni, Ãelisufalni da
Tavadni, didebulni da aznaurni, monani da moymeni~ (istoriani da azmani 1959:
10.] monebi Canan misi glovis drosac (istoriani da azmani 1959: 25).
taZreulis msgavsad, arc monaspa emorCileboda amirspasalars da mas
monaTuxucesi xelmZRvanelobda. am tituls vaxuStic icnobs, magram is
mxolod `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvxvdeba (anTelava 1983: 131-132). es ki imaze
miuTiTebs, rom monaspa swored Tamaris epoqaSi unda iyos gauqmebuli.
67 mefis sawoli mis kabinets warmoadgenda (anTelava 1983: 32).
68 ar aris marTebuli mosazreba, romelic miiCnevs, rom monaspa taZreulSi Sedioda da mis
erT nawils Seadgenda (berZeniSvili 1974: 49; gogolaZe 1981: 156). es mosazreba Tavis droze q.
CxataraiSvilmac uaryo (CxataraiSvili 1979: 62). taZreuli da monaspa absoluturad
gansxvavebuli nawilebia, romlebic erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian dakompleqtebis principiT,
pirad wevrTa SemadgenlobiTa da socialuri warmomavlobiT, motivaciiTa da anazRaurebis
meTodebiT.
42
monaspis Seqmna unda ganvixiloT, rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
gvardiuli tipis nawilis Camoyalibebis cda. ar cdeboda n. berZeniSvili,
rodesac monaspas gvardia uwoda (berZeniSvili 1974: 51). mefis istorikosi ase
axasiaTebs monaspas: `monani, romel hyves rCeulni da ganswavlulni Ruawlsa,
viTar xuTaTasi kaci, yovelni qristiane qmnulni, misandoni da gamocdilni
simÃniTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 337). erT winadadebaSi
mematiane axerxebs CamoTvalos yvela is Tviseba, rac gvardias axasiaTebs:
monaspa rCeuli mebrZolebisagan Sedgeba (`rCeulni~), maT kargad ician
samxedro saqme (`ganswavlulni Ruawlsa~), arian brZolebSi nacadni
(`gamocdilni simÃniTa~) da sandoni (`misandoni~). maTi brZolisunarianobis
dasturad gamodgeba 1123 wlis SirvanSi laSqroba, rodesac monaspam sultan
mahmudTan SesaerTeblad mimavali aTabag ay-sonyuris 4 000-iani razmi
daamarcxa: `sultansa winaSe mimavali aTabagi ranisa aRsunRuli, ZaliTa
mravliTa, mosres monaTa mefisaTa viTar oTxi aTasi kaci, da igi oden marto
meoti ZliT mivida sultansa winaSe~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:
344). n. berZeniSvilma SeniSna monaspis damaxasiaTebeli mTavari Tviseba:
`monaspa mudmivi jaria mefis karze~ (berZeniSvili 1974: 263). misi
daniSnulebaa gazardos mefis xelT arsebuli mudmiv mzadyofnaSi myofi
meomrebis ricxvi (margiSvili 2006: 118). aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom
monaspa ar iyo feodaluri sazogadoebis Cveulebrivi wevri da srulyofili
anazRaurebisa da samarTliani mopyrobis pirobebSi, xelisufals SeeZlo
maTze dayrdnoba da urC feodalTa winaaRmdeg gamoyeneba (Golden 1984: 59, 62;
berZeniSvili 1974: 52; margiSvili 2008: 48-49).
g. anCabaZis azriT, monaspa 1111-19 wlebSi iqmneboda sxvadasxva erovnebis
tyveTagan, ZiriTadad oRuz-Turqebisa da, SesaZloa, Crdilokavkasielebisagan
(Анчабадзе 1990: 104). imave azrisaa g. alasaniac, romelic Tvlis, rom monaspa
mTlianad tyveebisagan Sedgeboda (alasania 2001: 22). aseT Tvalsazriss ver
gaviziareb, radgan monebi sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gvian, mxolod yivCaRTa
gadmoyvanis Semdeg Cndebian. daviTis istorikosi monaspas pirvelad 1118 wels,
yivCaRebis gadmoyvanis Semdeg axsenebs da ar uTiTebs, rom monebi sxvadasxva
erovnebisa iyvnen. amasTan, saeWvoa, tyveTa swrafi gaqristianeba:
saqarTveloSi muslimTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli masobrivi prozelitizmis
magaliTebi ar mogvepoveba. saeWvoa, guSindeli mtris, tyvisa da
muslimisaTvis, ase masobrivad endoT mefis pirad razmSi yofna. sxva saqmea
43
yivCaRebi, romelTa ndoba (maRali anazRaurebis pirobebSi) daviT IV-s ufro
advilad SeeZlo. marTali unda iyos i. javaxiSvili, rodesac monaspas
yivCaRebisagan Camoyalibebulad Tvlida (javaxiSvili 1983: 200, 215).
ra tipis gvardias warmoadgenda monaspa? s. margiSvili marTalia,
rodesac aRniSnavda, rom saxelis msgavsebis miuxedavad qarTuli monaspa
aRmosavlur-muslimuri tipis gvardiul SenaerTs (Rulamebi, mamluqebi) ar
unda warmoadgendeso (margiSvili 2008: 51). islamuri samyarosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gvardiuli nawilis Seqmna did dros moiTxovda da mis mona
wevrebs adreuli asakidanve wvrTnidnen, romlis drosac gadiodnen
sxvadasxva ierarqiul safexurebs, rac aucilebeli iyo gvardiuli statusisa
da misi Sesabamisi momzadebuli mebrZolis Camosayalibeblad. qarTul
feodalur sazogadoebaSi monobaze dafuZnebuli aseTi samxedro sistemis
Seqmna praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. garda amisa, daviT IV-s ubralod droc
ar hqonda, aseTi sistemis Seqmnaze rom ezruna da mis mravalwlian Sedegs
dalodeboda; mas monaspa dauyovnebliv esaWiroeboda da is daakompleqta
kidec ukve Camoyalibebuli meomrebis qiravnobis principiT. X saukunidan
amave principze iyo dafuZnebuli varangTa gvardia bizantiaSi da, albaT,
marTalia g. alasania, rodesac miiCnevs, rom monaspis `instituti bizantiidan
iyo nasesxebi~ (alasania 2001: 22).69
monaspis raodenobaze msjelobisas, s. margiSvili savsebiT marTebulad
miiCnevda, rom 5 000 monaspis Sesanax xarjs saqarTvelo ver gaiRebda da misi
`raodenoba unda yofiliyo 5000-ze sagrZnoblad naklebi~ (margiSvili 2006:
120). mkvlevari baRdadSi abaseli gvardielis saSualo xelfass 5 oqrod
angariSobda da amis safuZvelze qarTuli monaspis wliuri jamagirisTvis 300
aTass dinars varaudobda (margiSvili 2006: 120). es Tanxa dazustebas
moiTxovs. at-tabaris da hilal as-sabis monacemebis analizis safuZvelze f.
asadovma daadgina IX saukuneSi abasianTa qveiTi gvardielis xelfasi,
romelic TveSi 4 oqros dinaridan iwyeboda, cxenosani ki orjer mets iRebda
(Асадов 1993: 9-11).70 gamodis, ricxvis meqanikuri gadmotaniTac ki, rasac s.
margiSvili mimarTavs, 5 000-ian monaspas, romelic aucileblad cxenosani
iqneboda, weliwadSi 300 000-ze bevrad meti, – 480 000 oqros dinari
dasWirdeboda. raRa Tqma unda, es warmoudgeneli Tanxaa saqarTvelos
69 qarTuli monaspis bizantiasTan msgavsebas iziarebs s. margiSvilic (margiSvili 2008: 51).
70 abasianTa dros jariskacis xelfasisaTvis damatebiT ix. Ashtor 1976: 133.
44
masStabis qveynisaTvis.71 dResdReobiT SeuZlebelia zustad davadginoT, Tu
ra anazRaureba unda hqonoda daviT IV-is monaspas, magram jamagiri maT
uciloblad oqros fulSi eqnebodaT, miTumetes, Tu imdroindel vercxlis
kriziss gaviTvaliswinebT. zurtaketSi yivCaRis samarxSi napovni oqros
moneta, SesaZlebelia, swored monaspis gasamrjelos amsaxavi iyos.72
arsebobs iribi indikatori, romlis mixedviTac SegviZlia vimsjeloT
monaspis ricxovnobaze: 1123 wels SirvanSi monaspam ay-sonyuris 4 000-iani
razmi daamarcxa, e.i. misi ricxvi 1 500 - 2 000 kacis farglebSi mainc unda
vivaraudoT. es ricxvi daaxloebiT Tanabaria aRmaSeneblis taZreulis (1 500
kaci) da SegviZlia met-naklebad realisturad miviCnioT.73
3) Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli laSqris yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils
samefoSi Sekrebili feodalTa razmebi („samefosa spani“, `spani imerni da
amerni~) Seadgenda. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli
mowyoba teritoriul princips efuZneboda. samefo dayofili iyo istoriul-
geografiul `qveynebad~, romelTac erisTavi ganagebda. saerisTavo samxedro-
administraciuli erTeuli iyo, romelsac erisTavi da misi xelqveiTebi
(xevisuflebi, cixisTavebi da sxv.) ganagebda (xidureli 1977: 269-270; anTelava
1983: 195-202). saerisTavodan vasalTa razmebi sabrZolod erisTavs gamoyavda:74
„xolo sxuani spani iyvnen queyanaTagan da erisTavTa queSe dawesebulni,
romelTa mouwodian Jamad“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18). maT mxolod
periodulad (`Jamad~), saWiroebisda mixedviT da mefis gankargulebis
Tanaxmad uxmobdnen: `queyana da Temi awvivnes brZanebiTa erisTavman da
ganmgebelman~ (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 410). saerisTavos laSqari 71 5 000-iani monaspis Senaxva amaze naklebi namdvilad ar dajdeboda, radgan XII saukuneSi
jariskacis anazRaureba kidev ufro gazrdili iyo. magaliTisaTvis, salah ad-dinis armiaSi
elituri SeWurvili mxedari weliwadSi, sul cota, 120 dinars iRebda (Nicolle 2007c: 81-82). maTi
saSualo xelfasi ki weliwadSi 429 dinars Seadgenda (Ashtor 1976: 236-237).
72 dawvrilebiT ix. wurwumia 2013: 174-183.
73 aleqsi I komnenosis dros varangTa gvardia mxolod 1 400 kacs moiTvlida (Godfrey 1979: 71).
1516 wels osmalebTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi marj dabikTan mamluqTa sultanma yvela resursi
gamoiyena da brZolaSi 5 000 samefo mamluqi gamoiyvana (Irwin 2004: 133). raRa Tqma unda,
imdroindeli mamluqTa egviptis da aRmaSeneblis saqarTvelos resursebis Sedareba yovlad
warmoudgenelia da ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom orive am Zalas erTnairi samefo gvardiis
Senaxva SeeZlo.
74 „erisTavi“ Tavdapirvelad jaris ufross niSnavda. Zvel TargmanebSi, berZnul „strategoss“
da somxur „zoravars“ erismTavari Seesabameba (javaxiSvili 1982: 329).
45
taqtikur erTeuls warmoadgenda da brZolis velze erisTavis meTaurobiT
omobda.
saerisTavoebis garda, saxelmwifo miwebis fonds qmnida msxvil
feodalTa mamulebi, romlebzec erisTavs xeli ar miuwvdeboda da samefo
domeni Tavisi administraciiT. erisTavTa uflebamosilebis gasinjvis Sedegad
irkveva, rom maT eqvemdebareboda saerisTavos farglebSi arsebuli saSualo
da wvril feodalTa mamulebi da ar eqvemdebareboda did feodalTa
samflobeloebi, rogoric iyo Tori, gagi, Tmogvi, anisi, lore, bijnisi da a.S.
(xidureli 1989: 23; baxtaZe 2003: 315-317). am subordinaciidan gamomdinare,
erisTavs emorCileboda da brZolaSi miyveboda saerisTavos farglebSi
arsebuli saSualo da wvril feodalTa razmebi; msxvili vasalebi ki,
rogorc Cans, Tavisi taZreuliTa da spiT damoukideblad gamodiodnen omSi
da erisTavebis razmebis msgavsad, sadroSoSi erTiandebodnen. sadroSoTa
laSqarSi erTiandebodnen da spasalarebs eqvemdebarebodnen erisTavTa
mobilizebuli razmebic.75 Cemi azriT, sworia m. baxtaZis mosazreba
sadroSoTa spasalarebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic amave sadroSos
erisTavTa mier Sekrebil jarebs sardlobdnen (baxtaZe 2003: 272-274, 312-313).
mkvlevris am mosazrebas, romelic samcxis magaliTzea dadgenili da
ganzogadebuli, saqarTveloSi arsebuli samxedro organizaciis logikac
uWers mxars: radganac erisTavTa mier Seyrili vasalTa razmebi mxareTa
mixedviT sadroSoSi erTiandebodnen, bunebrivia, rom ufro msxvili
taqtikuri erTeuli – sadroSos laSqari Tavadac saWiroebda sardals. am
movaleobas, rogorc Cans, spasalari asrulebda. Tavis mxriv, sadroSoebis
spasalarebi amirspasalars emorCilebodnen.
samefo domeni administraciulad ar Sedioda saerisTavos
SemadgenlobaSi da mas calke mmarTveloba hyavda (xidureli 1989: 23; baxtaZe
2003: 314). samefo ojaxisa da mefis piradi mamulebidan gamosuli molaSqreebi
mefis samxedro Zalis safuZvels warmoadgendnen. samefo domenis aznaurebisa
da msaxurebis nawili mefis taZreulSi Sedioda (anTelava 1976: 157;
CxataraiSvili 1966: 162, Sen. 4). nawilic cixe-simagreTa garnizons
75 n. berZeniSvili varaudobs, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma spasalarobis instituti gaaZliera
erisTavebis xarjze (berZeniSvili 1974: 70). am azrs iziarebs m. baxtaZe, romlis mixedviT XII
saukuneSi spasalaroba erisTavobaze didi Tanamdeboba iyo da `spasalarTa aseTi
dawinaureba SeiZleba marTlac daviT aRmaSeneblis dros moxda~ (baxtaZe 2003: 273).
46
akompleqtebda. samefo domenis molaSqreebs msaxurTuxucesi
xelmZRvanelobda: „msaxurTuxucesis Ãelisa iyvnen: salaSkro saWurvelisa da
iaraRisa msaxurni mefisani da cixe-qalaqTa mcvelni spani mefisani“ (vaxuSti
batoniSvili 1973: 20). samefo cixeebisa da qalaqebis garnizonebs (`qalaqTa da
cixeTa Sina mdgomad da damWirvelad~) (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:
335). domenidan gamosuli aznaur-msaxurebi Seadgendnen. mecixovneTa razms anu
cixis garnizons cixisTavi meTaurobda. cixis Sesanaxad Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi dawesebuli iyo sagangebo gamosaRebi, romelsac `cixis begara~
ewodeboda da romelsac SromiTi valdebulebiT an naturaluri produqtiTa
da fuliT ixdidnen. aseTi iyo cxeverelTa `cixisa begari~, `atenis cixis
saTxovari~ da `sacixisTvo~ gadasaxadi, romlebic xSirad gvxvdeba sabuTebSi
(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 6, 10, 21, 67, 185).76
calke gansaxilvelia domenis im molaSqreTa sakiTxi, romlebic
taZreulSi an garnizonebSi ver xvdebodnen. sad grovdebodnen an vis
xelqveiT ibrZodnen isini? mefis mamulebi mTel saxelmwifoSi iyo gafantuli
da samxedro TvalsazrisiT TiTqosda mizanSewonili unda yofiliyo maTi
CarTva adgilobrivi erisTavebis laSqarSi. is cnoba, rom zemo qarTlis
sadroSoSi saufliswulo mamulidan gamosuli laSqari omis dros
amilaxvrebis sardlobis qveS iyo (gvritiSvili 1950: 54), am mosazrebis
sasargeblod metyvelebs. meores mxriv, viciT, rom mTel qarTlSi
mimofantuli sakaTalikoso mamulebidan mcxeTis sasardlos molaSqreebi
omSi adgilobriv sardlebs ar miyvebodnen da yovelTvis kaTalikosis
garSemo ikribebodnen (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 191, 334, 398). SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom aqac iseTive situacia iqneboda, rogorc didi da mcire
feodalebis razmebis SemTxvevaSi: vrceli samefo mamulidan (mag.,
javaxeTidan) Sekrebili SedarebiT mravalricxovani razmi erisTavs ar
daemorCileboda; domenis mcire mamuli da mcirericxovani razmi ki omis
dros erisTaAvs daeqvemdebareboda.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, erTianobis xanaSi saqarTveloSi oTxi
sadroSo arsebobda: „iyo yoveli iveria anu giorgia oTx sadroSod
ganyofili, rameTu winambrZolni iyvnen Torelni, cixisjuarelni da
axalcixelni, da mimyolni maTni sruliad mesxni da klarjni, da somxiTisa,
romelni epyraT; xolo memarjune mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad lixT-iqiTi
76 sacixo gadasaxadisaTvis ix. ZiZiguri 1983: 80-81.
47
afxaz-jiqiTurT; memarcxeneT mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad her-kaxni; xolo
mefisa almisa mpyrobelni qarTvelni da romelni roqiT spani epyrnes mefesa~
(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 30). ra Tqma unda, es garkveulad „idealuri
wyobaa“, romlis mixedviT ganlageba yovelTvis ar moxerxdeboda da arc jari
Seikribeboda ase srulad, magram ZiriTadi principi „laSqris mowyoba –
brZolaSi dawyobisa“ garkveviTaa warmodgenili.
vaxuStis mier aRwerili oTx sadroSod dayofili samxedro
organizacia, Tavis mxriv, saerisTavoebad dayofaze iyo dafuZnebuli.
saerisTavos jarebi, romlebic taqtikuri erTeulebi iyvnen, msxvil
feodalTa razmebTan erTad Seadgendnen sadroSos teritoriul laSqars,
romelsac spasalari meTaurobda. sadroSoebis SemadgenlobaSi met-naklebad
erTnairi raodenobis laSqari iyrida Tavs. am mosazrebas adasturebs
monRolur dumnebad saqarTvelos dayofa. cnobilia, rom monRolebma umefod
darCenili qveyana 7 dumnad dayves: kaxeT-hereTi, somxuri miwebi, somxiTi,
qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi, 2 dumeni dasavleT saqarTveloSi.77 am dayofas
safuZvlad edo adgilobrivi, ukve arsebuli tradiciuli administraciuli
sistema (lorTqifaniZe 1964: 319; kiknaZe 1983: 95).78 dumnebis es CamonaTvali
zedmiwevniT emTxveva Tamaris laSqarSi Semaval teritoriul erTeulebs,
sadac Crdilo kavkasieli mokavSireebisa da somxuri regionebidan gamosuli
laSqaris gamoklebiT, sakuTriv qarTuli erTeulebi 6 did jgufadaa (kaxeT-
77 `da ganaCines TaTarTa bevrisa mTavarni, romelTa dumnisa Tavad uwodes. da gamoarCies
mTavarni, pirvelad egarslan bakurcixeli, kaci Rrmad moubari, xolo ara niWTa mqonebeli
samÃedroTa, da mas ÃelT-udves spa hereTisa da kaxeTisa da kambeCianisa tfilisiTgan da
aRmarT viTar mTamde Samaxiisa. da SanSes ÃelT udves mamuli misi da avagisi; varams ÃelT-
udves yoveli somxiTi; grigol suramels - qarTli, gamrekelsa Torelsa, msgavssave
egarslanisasa saWabukoTa Sina, ÃelT udva javaxeTi, samcxe da aRmarT vidre
karnuqalaqadmde; xolo cotne dadiansa da raWis erisTavsa yoveli imeri samefo~
(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 90-91).
78 Tumca, dumnebis raodenobis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriografiaSi gansxvavebuli azri
arsebobs. i. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi 8 dumeni arsebobda, p. ingoroyva da r.
kiknaZe ki 9 dumens iTvlian. am mosazrebebisa da maTi kritikis Sesaxeb, ix. nafiSvili 1987:
146-152. g. nafiSvilis azriT, monRolebma saqarTveloSi mxolod 7 dumeni Seqmnes (iqve: 152).
Cemi azriTac, saqarTvelodan 7 dumeni gamodioda: radgan monRolebma dumnebis sistema
umefod darCenil saqarTveloSi jaris gamoyvanis gasaadvileblad Seqmnes, bunebrivia, rom is
manamde arsebul administraciul-teritoriul sistemas dayrdnoboda.
48
hereTi, qarTli, mesxeTi, somxiTi, 2 dasavleT saqarTvelodan) warmodgenili.79
qarTuli administraciuli erTeulebis dumnebad gardaqmna TavisTavad
Tanabarzomieri samobilizacio SesaZleblobebis mqone erTeulebis arsebobas
gulisxmobda da ramdenime aTasi meomriT Semoifargleboda. rogorc Cans,
qarTuli teritoriuli erTeulebic dumnis Sesaferis potencials flobdnen
da maTi samobilizacio SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTisagan bevrad ar
gansxvavdeboda, rac taqtikur urTierTqmedebas aadvilebda.
qarTul samxedro organizaciaSi mewinave yovelTvis is sadroSo iyo,
romelic mtris mxares iyo ganlagebuli (SaraSeniZe 2008: 18; anCabaZe 2010: 112-
114). es bunebrivicaa, radgan mewinave sadroSo mtris uSualo mezobelia,
kargad icnobs mas da xSir saomar kontaqtSia wvrilmani Setakebebisa Tu
marbieli reidebis dros. erTiani monarqiis dros mewinave sadroSos
SemadgenlobaSi qveynis samxreTi provinciebi Sediodnen, radganac mteri
samxreTiT iyo. saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg mewinave sadroSoebis mdebareoba
Seicvala, magram ZiriTadi principi igive darCa. amis qrestomaTiul magaliTs
warmoadgens arqanjelo lambertis mier aRwerili samegrelos laSqris wyoba
imereTTan da afxazeTTan omSi: `jari rom Seikribeba, mterTa qveynisaken
gaudgeba da midis im wesiT dawyobili, rogorc mosaxleoba aris
dalagebuli, magaliTad: Tu imereTis sazRvars unda daecnen Tavs, isini, vinc
imereTis sazRvrad cxovroben, Seadgenen mowinave jars; vinc Sua odiSSi
cxovroben – Sua jars, da vinc afxazeTisaken – zurgis jars. sul winaaRmdeg
arian dawyobilni, roca jari an ukan brundeba da an saomrad afxazeTze
midis: am SemTxvevaSi mowinave jari gadaiqceva zurgis jarad da zurgisa –
mowinaved~ (lamberti 1991: 84).
samxedro xelovnebis principebze dakvirveba da maTi gamoyeneba
saintereso Sedegs gvaZlevs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris mowyobis
Seswavlis mxriv da saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT rigi kanonzomierebebi.
antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi laSqris marjvena flangi ufro Zlieri
79 „miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni axalni; da Semdgomad amisa herni da kaxni, Semdgomad
qarTvelni; da Semdgomad mesxni da Torelni, SavS-klarj-taoelni; Semdgomad somxiTarni;
Semdgomad afxazni da suan-megrel-gurielni Tana raWa-Takuer-margueliTurT“ (istoriani da
azmani 1959: 65).
49
iyo, vidre marcxena.80 mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze marjvena flangs
yovelTvis Semtevi funqciebi ekisreboda, marcxenas ki dacviTi roli hqonda
(Nicolle 1998b: 32).81
gamonaklisi monRolebi iyvnen, romlebic survilisamebr,
epaminondis msgavsad, Zlieri marcxena flangis taqtikas iyenebdnen, Tumca am
azramde damoukideblad mividnen.82
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari tradiciuli Zlieri marjvena
flangis principiT ewyoboda. monRolebis reformamdeli qarTuli jaris
mowyobis Sedareba monRolur dumnebad dayofil saqarTvelos mxareebTan
saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT, Tu ra proporciiT iyo ganawilebuli
taqtikuri erTeulebi qarTul sabrZolo wyobaSi. yvelaze mravalricxovani
winambrZoli iyo, radganac cxenosanTa Setevis dros pirveli dartymis
siZlieres gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda: 7 dumnidan winambrZolis anu
mewinave sadroSos SemadgenlobaSi 3 dumeni Sedioda (samcxe-javaxeTi,
somxiTis da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxuri miwebis laSqari),
Zlier marjvena flangs qmnida dasavleT saqarTvelos 2 dumeni, marcxenas
kaxeT-hereTis 1 dumeni, rezervs (mefis droSas) ki qarTlis 1 dumeni
Seadgenda (sur. 1). marcxena flangis SedarebiT sisustes mowmobs qarTuli
wyoba basianis brZolaSi: „daawyues razmi, sada-igi winambrZolad iyo zaqaria
80 es garemoeba iaraRis xmarebis principidan gamomdinareobda, radganac mebrZols marcxniv
fari eWira da marjvenaTi iaraRs xmarobda, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebda marjvena mxaris
ufro „moxerxebulobas“ brZolisas. antikur xanaSi falangaSi mdgomi meomrebi Tavis
dasacavad instiqturad iwevdnen marjvniv myofi mezoblis farisken da cdilobdnen
mowinaaRmdegis fariT daucvel marjvena mxares dasxmodnen Tavs; Sedegad wyoba marjvniv
miijreboda, marcxena flangi bunebrivad iwevda ukan da orive falanga saaTis isris
sawinaaRmdegod moZraobda. aseT brZolaSi Cveulebriv marjvena flangi imarjvebda.
epaminondma pirvelma SemoiRo Zlieri marcxena flangis taqtika, romlis mTavari idea ara
mxolod mowinaRmdegis romelime flangis, aramed swored Zlieri flangis damarcxebaa, rac
brZolis beds wyvetda. man gaZlierebuli marcxena flangi daupirispira spartelTa uZlieres
marjvena flangs da orjer, levktrasTan (Zv.w. 371) da mantineasTan (Zv.w. 362) daamarcxa isini
(Дельбрюк, 1994: 100, 129-130; Connolly 1981: 51).
81 Sua saukuneebis samxedro traqtatebSi muslim cxenosan moisreebs sagangebod urCevdnen
yovelTvis marcxniv hyoloda mteri (anu Tavad marjvniv yofiliyo) (Nicolle 1998a: 158).
82 monRolTa am taqtikis Sesaxeb JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs. qose daRis brZolis win
`TaTarTa ganawyves razmi da urCeulesi maTi marcxenasa mxarsa daawesnes. esreT aqunda
wesad, umjobesTa vidreme marcxenasa kerZosa daawesebdian amis ZaliTa, romel sxuani
naTesavni yovelni umjobesTa da umÃneTa marjueniT aqunda dawesebiTa, raTa urCeulesni
urCeulesTa SeemTxÂvnen~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 76-77).
50
mÃargrZeli amirspasalari da axalcixeli Salva da ivane, da sxuani
Torelni; da erTkerZo afxazni da imerni, erT-kerZo amerni da her-kaxni“
(istoriani da azmani 1959: 96). basianSi qarTvelebma mowinaaRmdegis ormxrivi
Semovla ganaxorcieles, risTvisac hereT-kaxeTis flangs `amerni~ daumates
da marcxena flangi gaaZlieres, raTa marjvenis msgavsad, masac Semovla
SeZleboda. es gaZliereba rezervis xarjze moxda, radgan `amerni~ qarTlis
sadroSodan arian. dasavleT saqarTvelos laSqris sapatio adgilze,
marjvena flangze dawesebis tradicia daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan (an kidev
ufro adre) unda modiodes, rodesac afxazTa samefos laSqari wamyvan rols
TamaSobda.
erTiani saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnil qarTlis, kaxeTis da
imereTis samefoebSi sadroSoTa sistema Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro
mowyobis msgavsi iyo (klimiaSvili 1964: 121-123): „iyvnen oTx sadroSodve
kualadca, viTarca aRvswereT qarTli, imereTi da kaxeTi~ (vaxuSti
batoniSvili 1973: 31). Cans, oTx sadroSod dayofili sistema gamarTlebulad
iTvleboda da alternativac ar gaaCnda. saerisTavoebis daSlis Sedegad
Camoyalibebuli ufro wvrili saTavadoebi daaxloebiT adrefeodaluri
xevebis teritorias moicavdnen da sadroSos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen.
sadroSoebi samxedro-organizaciul da administraciul erTeulebs
warmoadgendnen (klimiaSvili 1964: 126-127). sadroSos ufrosi sardali iyo,
romelic Zveli erisTavebis samxedro movaleobas asrulebda. sardlis
movaleobas Seadgenda mefis brZanebis Tanaxmad mobilizaciis Catareba da
jaris gamoyvana, cixe-simagreebis, koSkebis, xidebis movla, dacva da
sabrZolo mzadyofnis kontroli (gvritiSvili 1950: 57; papuaSvili 1969: 170-
172).
qarTl-kaxeTis samxedro reorganizacia – maTi sadroSoebad dayofa XV
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi xdeba (klimiaSvili 1964: 122-123; akofaSvili 1976: 343).83
kaxeTSi samxedro-administraciuli reformis Sedegad Svidi saerisTavos
nacvlad 40-mde samouravo Seqmnes: mcire teritoriis mmarTvel mouravebs
centraluri xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod saWiro Zala ar gaaCndaT.
sadroSoebis sardloba Tavadebis nacvlad (rogorc es qarTlsa da imereTSi
iyo) episkoposebs Caabares, radgan episkoposis Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiTi ar
83 qarTl-kaxeTis sadroSoebad dayofisaTvis da sazRvrebisaTvis ix. cincaZe 1973: 56-71.
51
iyo. yovelive aman mTeli XVI saukunis manZilze kaxeTis centraluri
xelisuflebis siZliere ganapiroba (berZeniSvili 1973: 164; gogolaZe 1988: 63).
XV saukunidan imereTis samxedro organizaciac oTxad aris dayofili,84
magram aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, mas cixisTavebi
xelmZRvaneloben. cixisTavi tradiciulad iTavsebda samxedro-
administraciul funqciebs da yvela sruliad imereTis cixisTavs (oTxTagan
erTs) emorCileboda. cixisTavis institutis aseTi dawinaureba,
garkveulwilad, pasiuri TavdacviTi sistemis gabatonebul mdgomareobaze
unda miuTiTebdes. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi imereTSi cixisTavebs
sabolood anacvlebs sardali da sasardloebi (kaxaZe 1976: 67-71).
erTiani saqarTvelos xanaSi vxedavT qveynis samxreT regionebSi
arsebul sasazRvro (sanapiro) olqebis sistemas, romelTac didi mniSvneloba
eniWebodaT saerTo-samxedro organizaciaSi. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT
sanapiro olqebis funqcia iyo saxelmwifos sazRvris dacva da misi
gafarToeba, rac taqtikur doneze mtris qmedebebze droul reagirebas da
mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze mudmiv zemoqmedebas gulisxmobda, es ki
aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi saxelmwifos pirobebSi misi teritoriis ganuxrel
zrdas iwvevda. monapireTa qmedeba (`anu cixe asaRebeli, anu Turqmani
Semodgomili, anu qalaqi gansatexeli, anu queyana mosarbeveli~)
centralizebuli iyo (`moaÃsenian Tamars da man gasinjis saqme igi da
gamoikiTxis~) da yoveli iseTi amocanis Sesruleba, romelic mniSvnelovan
resurss moiTxovda, samefo karis daxmarebiT xorcieldeboda (`ukeTu Rirs
iyvis Seyrasa laSqarTasa... TÂT daviT mefe wavidis~); Tumca, Tavad
monapireebic damoukideblad da adgilobrivi ZalebiT sakmaod bevrs
aRwevdnen (monapire zaqaria aspaanis Ze `martod iqmoda mravalTa da didTa
saqmeTa~) (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 130). basili ezosmoZRvari qveynis
samxreT nawilSi koncentrirebul eqvs sanapiro olqs asaxelebs: esenia gagis,
taSir-Zorakertis, javaxeTis, artaanis, SavSeT-sperisa da hereTis sanapiroebi
(basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 129-130). savsebiT marTebulad, m. berZniSvili am
sias meSvide sanapirosac amatebs, romelic yarsis aRebis Semdeg Camoyalibda
(berZniSvili 1970: 128).85
84 imereTis samxedro-administraciuli dayofisaTvis ix. cincaZe 1988: 119.
85 am mosazrebas eTanxmeba j. stefnaZe da m. baxtaZe (stefnaZe 1985: 184; baxtaZe 2003: 294).
52
qarTul istoriografiaSi i. javaxiSvilma daayena sakiTxi marzpanisa da
monapiris igiveobis Sesaxeb (baxtaZe 2003: 295-295). es idea ganaviTara S.
mesxiam, romelmac monapire daukavSira marzpans da miiCnia is aRmaSeneblis
mier Seqmnili sasazRvro olqebis gamgeblad, romelsac mxolod saxeli
Seecvala Tamaris dros (mesxia 1972: 31-32). monapireTa instituts daviTis
dros Seqmnilad Tvlis n. berZeniSvilic (berZeniSvili 1974: 30, 227). i.
anTelava aRniSnavs, rom marzpani parTuli terminia da sazRvris mcvelis,
markgrafis mniSvneloba aqvs.86 misi azriT, monapireoba daviT
aRmaSeneblamdec arsebobda, radgan marzpanis instituti dadasturebulia XI
s. pirvel naxevarSi: marzpani gvxvdeba 1022 wlis vanana-vanqis qarTul
warweraSi da saxarebis 1053 wlis minawerSi (anTelava 1983: 203-204). k.
grigolias azriT, monapire erisTavebi jer kidev iberiis samefoSi
arsebobdnen. am mosazrebas kategoriulad, da samarTlianadac, uaryofs m.
baxtaZe, romelic mxolod sazRvrispira mdebareobas ar miiCnevs sakmarisad
monapireTa arsebobisaTvis (baxtaZe 2003: 24). j. stefnaZec mijnavs marzpans da
monapires da Tvlis, rom monapire raionebi arsebuli saxiT mxolod Tamaris
dros Camoyalibda, radgan manamde mteri qveynis centralur raionebSi ijda.
manve gamoTqva sayuradRebo mosazreba monapirisa da erisTaAvis saxelos
sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb, Tumca SesaZlebelad miiCnia maTi SeTavseba – erTi
pirovnebis mier ori saxelos floba (stefnaZe 1985: 184-185). stefnaZis
mosazrebas iziarebs m. baxtaZe, romelmac sagangebod ganixila monapirisa da
erisTavis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da daadgina, rom isini sxvadasxva
Tanamdebobebi iyo da rom, sanapiro SeiZleba saerisTavoc yofiliyo da
mamulic (baxtaZe 2003: 293-295). misi azriT, monapireobis `institutis
Camoyalibeba im saxiT, ra saxiTac is daculia basili ezosmoZRvarTan, unda
momxdariyo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros~ (baxtaZe 2003: 296).
miuxedavad marzpanis arsebobisa XI saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi,
arsad ar Cans, rom am instituts iseTive saxe da funqciebi hqonda, rogorc
monapires. marTalia s. margiSvili, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom sasazRvro
regionebSi samxedro olqebi maSin yalibdeba, rodesac mxareebs Soris
samxedro dapirispireba xangrZlivi da intensiuria. aseTi iyo islamisa da
86 monapire frankTa sasazRvro olqis (markis) mmarTvels, markgrafs q. CxataraiSvilma
Seadara (CxataraiSvili 1966: 176).
53
qristianobis sakontaqto zona (margiSvili 2008: 155).87 sanapiroebis Seqmnis
aucilebloba maSin gaCnda, rodesac saqarTvelos samxreTiT islamuri
saxelmwifoebi da islamizebuli momTabare TurqmenTa tomebi daumezobldnen,
amis SesaZlebloba ki mxolod daviTis epoqidan unda vigulisxmoT. Tamaris
xanaSi sanapiroTa sistema ukve Camoyalibebuli saxiT arsebobs. dRes, albaT,
SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu pirvelad rodis miiRo sanapirom aseTi saxe.
amave dros, safiqrebelia, rom monapireTa sistemis formireba daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros daiwyo. daviTis istorikosis erTi fraza, – `kideTa
pyrobani, napirTa Wirvani~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 351),
SesaZloa, swored am process gadmogvcemdes da masSi igulisxmebodes
sazRvrispira administraciis (monapireTa) Seqmna (`napirTa Wirvani~) da maT
mier warmoebuli marbieli laSqrobani (`kideTa pyrobani~).
4) qarTul jarSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebis nebismier armiaSi,
Tavis rols TamaSobdnen moqiravneebi, romelTac roqis-spas uwodebdnen.88
roqis-spa garkveuli anazRaurebis safasurad ucxotomelTagan daqiravebul
jaris nawils warmoadgenda. is amirspasalars eqvemdebareboda (anTelava 1983:
132). sxvadasxva dros qarTuli armiis rigebSi vxedavT daqiravebul varangebs
(vikingebs), frankebs, muslimebs, magram umTavresad moqiravneebi, – alanebi,
yivCaRebi, Cerqezebi, lekebi, – Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmohyavdaT, romelic
saqarTvelosTvis aseTi razmebis tradiciul wyaros warmoadgenda.
Tavi II. qarTuli laSqris taqtika Sua saukuneebSi
Sua saukuneebSi yvelaze dinamiurad sazogadoebis privilegirebuli
nawilis SeiaraReba viTardeboda. mZimed SeiaraRebuli cxenosnis
aRWurvilobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT misi drois samxedro saqmis
doneze da gamovavlinoT ganviTarebis tendenciebi (Измайлов 2000: 260).
sxvadasxva iaraRis evoluciis procesi upirvelesad mZimed SeiaraRebuli
mebrZolis aRWurvilobaze aisaxeboda, rac metyvelebs mis gadamwyvet rolze
samxedro saqmis ganviTarebaSi (Худяков 1980: 131). mZimed SeWurvili mxedrebi
87 isic miiCnevs, rom sanapiroebis sistemis Seqmna daviT aRmaSenebelma daiwyo (margiSvili
2008: 155).
88 bizantiaSi yovelwliur sargos „roga“ erqva, romelsac SemdgomSi qarTulad „roqi“ ewoda
(javaxiSvili 1996: 273).
54
wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen Sua saukuneebis qarTul samxedro saqmeSic, ris
gamoc maTi sabrZolo taqtika gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagans
warmoadgens.
saukuneebis manZilze cxenosani Subs ramdenime xerxiT iyenebda: isroda
mas saTxediviT, eWira is ori xeliT89 an xelis Zalis gamoyenebiT aZgerebda
pirdapir90 anda zemodan.91 sanam cxenosani Subis saZgereblad mxolod
mklavis Zalas iyenebda, cxeni martooden sabrZolo platformis rols
asrulebda da Setevisas misi Zala an siCqare srulad ar gamoiyeneboda.
cxenis potencialis sruli gamoyeneba brZolis axali wesis SemoRebis Semdeg
gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac Sua saukuneebis cxenosanma Subi mklavqveS
uZravad amoido. Sedegad, Subi, mxedari da mowinaaRmdegisaken mqrolavi cxeni
erTad ganapirobebda dartymis Zalas, romelic bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo,
vidre mxolod xeliT moqnevisas (DeVries 1992: 12). aseTi dartymis dros
adamianisa da cxenis energia Subis wverzea koncentrirebuli (France 1996: 166).
mklavqveS mxolod Subis bolo hqondaT amodebuli, ris gamoc misi wveri
ufro metad iyo win mimarTuli („wagrZelebuli“), vidre sxva stiliT
brZolisas.92 swored Subis Wera simZimis centris ukan ganapirobebda mis
`dagrZelebas~, rac am stils garkveul upiratesobas aniWebda. brZolis
axali wesis saxelwodebac (couched lance) am TaviseburebiT aris ganpirobebuli:
couched niSnavs wagrZelebuls, gaSverils (Nicholson 2004a: 102). qarTulad mas
Seesabameba wagrZelebuli Subi.
rogorc iTqva, Subi am dros mWidrodaa moTavsebuli mklavsa da tans
Soris, dartymis siZliere ki cxenis moZraobiTaa gamowveuli (Nicolle 1999a: 30).
mxedars mxolod Subis sworad damizneba da taris mtkiced, uZravad Wera
rCeboda (Кирпичников 1971: 68). mizanSi amoReba cxenis saSualebiT da cxenosnis
89 am dros orive xeli dakavebuli iyo, rac faris gamoyenebas SeuZlebels xdida (Coulston 2002:
15). orive xeliT Subis Werisas sadaveebiT cxenis marTvis efeqturobac klebulobda (Gillmor
1983: 200).
90 am dros Subi barZayTan uWiravT ceriT win (Алексинский, Жуков, Бутягин, Коровкин 2005: 18).
91 am SemTxvevaSi Subis wveri nekis mxaresaa, ceri ki ukanaa (Алексинский, Жуков, Бутягин, Коровкин
2005: 18).
92 grZeli Subi mZime da sakmaod uxerxuli mosaxmari iyo da wonasworobis dacvas misi
sigrZis didi nawili ewireboda. rodesac grZeli, 12-futiani Subi Zveli meTodiT eWiraT,
Subi win mxolod 6 futiT iyo gaSverili, iRliis qveS amodebuli ki mTeli 9 futiT iyo win
mimarTuli (Ross 1963: 128, 131; Hyland 1994: 57).
55
sxeulis trialiT xdeboda. Subis wonas da dartymis Zalas mxedris
wonasworoba rom ar daerRvia, Subis wveri cxenis Tavis marcxniv iyo
mimarTuli, bolo ki mxedars marjvena iRliis qveS hqonda amodebuli (Davis
1989: 21). aqedan gamomdinareobda wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis erTi naklic,
kerZod, Subis mxolod win mimarTva SeiZleboda da arc ise didi radiusis
farglebSi (Nicolle 2007b: 70-71; Nicolle 1980: pl. IIIf).
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZola, rogorc Cans, XI saukunis meore
naxevridan mkvidrdeba evropaSi.93 rac ar unda iyos am teqnikis SemoRebis
zusti TariRi, XII saukunis SuaxanebSi wagrZelebuli Subi ukve
gabatonebulia brZolis velze da ase rCeba Sua saukuneebis bolomde (DeVries
1992: 14). j. fransis azriT, wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis ganviTarebaSi
kritikul etaps warmoadgens pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba, roca
disciplinirebuli sabrZolo erTeulebi am stils masobrivad iyeneben (France
1994: 71). wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi ganapirobebs yvelaze Zlier
dartymas, rac ki cxenosanma SeiZleba miayenos mowinaaRmdeges. wagrZelebuli
Subis dartyma mowinaaRmdeges unagiridan agdebda, metic, zogjer cxenianad
ayiravebda mas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom aRmosavleTSi, sadac tradiciulad
SubiT brZolis mravalferovani wesebi arsebobda, am wess sakmao pativs
scemdnen.94 XII saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mxedari, arabi usama ibn
munkizi,95 Tavisi mdidari gamocdilebis safuZvelze, yvelaze efeqturad
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis xerxs miiCnevda, rodesac Subiani xeli da
idayvi mWidrodaa gverdze miWerili da dartymis Zalas cxenis moZraoba
93 baios gobelenze, romelic 1066 wels inglisis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavadaa Seqmnili, swored
es gardamavali periodia asaxuli; 35 figuridan, romelic Subs flobs, mxolod 5-s uWiravs
is iRliis qveS, gamarTulad (Bachrach 1985: 744). wagrZelebuli Subis SemoRebis TariRTan
dakavSirebuli diskusiis Sesaxeb ix. DeVries 1992: 13-14.
94 arabuli samxedro traqtatis „nihaiaT al-su’lis“ mixedviT, maxlobel aRmosavleTSi
cxenosnis mier Subis gamoyenebis sami ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobda: „xorasnuli stili“,
rodesac mxedari Subs cali xeliT iyenebda („atrialebda“), Subis ori xeliT gamoyenebis
Zveli meTodi da „siriuli Seteva“, romelsac aseve „bizantiuri stili“ ewodeboda da
romelic wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolas gulisxmobda (Nicolle 2007c: 155).
95 Turq-selCukTagan gansxvavebiT, arab cxenosanTa umTavresi iaraRi Subi iyo. sxvaTa Soris,
es rusTavelsac kargad moexseneboda: `arabTa icis yvelaman, maTi abjari Subia~ (SoTa
rusTaveli 2009: str. 1612).
56
ganapirobebs. jvarosnebTan erT SetakebaSi, usamam aseTi dartymiT franki
raindis jaWvis ori fena gaglija (Usamah Ibn-Munqidh 2000: 68-70).
brZolis velze wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba maqsimalur efeqts maSin
iZleva, rodesac adamianebi da cxenebi erTad axorcieleben koordinirebul
Setevas, rac, Tavis mxriv, sabrZolo erTeulis disciplinaze da
organizaciazea damyarebuli (France 1997: 167). discipliniT ganTqmuli
tamplierebisTvisac ki cxenosanTa masirebuli Setevis sworad ganxorcieleba
iseTi rTuli iyo, rom detalurad hqondaT aRwerili TavianT wesdebaSi
(France 1994: 372). mZime cxenosanTa warmatebuli Seteva warmoadgens mWidrod
dawyobili SubgamarTuli razmis Sejaxebas mowinaaRmdegis sabrZolo
rigebTan, rasac Sedegad rigebis garRveva da mtris wyobis daSla moyveba.96
es TiToeuli mebrZolisa da misi cxenis erTnairi siCqariT da mimarTulebiT
SeTanxmebul qmedebas moiTxovs. yovelive es ki, xangrZliv momzadebasa da
praqtikas saWiroebda. idealur SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRvevis
Semdeg, razmi unda gadawyobiliyo da isev Seetia,97 Tumca es Zalian Zneli
iyo da amis ganxorcieleba mxolod uaRresad disciplinirebul armias
SeeZlo, romelsac hyavda gamocdili meTaurebi, medroSeebi, mesignaleebi da
a.S.
wagrZelebuli SubiT ganxorcielebuli brZolis am saxes Tanamedrove
istorikosebi „cxenosanTa Sokur dartymas“ (mounted shock combat) uwodeben, rac
sworad asaxavs aseTi Setevis Zalas. cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva iseTi
Semzaravi sanaxavi iyo, rom xSirad mowinaaRmdege Sejaxebamde garboda
brZolis velidan (White 1962: 29-33; DeVries 1992: 12). sworad ganxorcielebul
aseT Setevas Znelad Tu vinme daudgeboda win. wagrZelebuli Subi
gansakuTrebiT efeqturi kavaleriis winaaRmdeg iyo (Bennett 1995: 34). r. smeilis
azriT, dasavleTevropel cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT
yvelaze mZlavri taqtikuri iaraRi iyo, romlis Zala samxedro SenaerTis
saerTo, koleqtiur wonas emyareboda (Smail 1995: 113-115). mas kvers ukravs k.
marSali, romelic Tvlis, rom wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebisas, Setevis
96 Semdgom, warmatebis gansaviTareblad, garRvevis adgilas sxva razmebs CarTavdnen.
97 „franguli bruni“ (tor Franceis) ewodeboda iseT taqtikur xerxs, rodesac pirveli Setakebisa
da mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi SeWris Semdeg, mxedari brundeba ukan Tavisi droSis
mimarTulebiT, ayenebs meore dartymas da ukana gzaze isev gaivlis mtris rigebs (Bennett 2003:
55).
57
saerTo simZime Sua saukuneebis armiis yvelaze mZlavri iaraRi iyo (Marshall
1992a: 222; Marshall 1992b: 158).
fiqroben, rom wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stili dasavleTma evropam
bizantiisagan gadaiRo da Tvlian, rom swored bizantiaSi miaRwia am stilma
srul ganviTarebas X saukuneSi. igi, TiTqosda, SemoiRo imperator nikifore
fokas mZime kavaleriam (Nicolle 1999a: 78). d. nikolis azriT, garda
wagrZelebuli Subisa, nikifore fokas bizantiuri mZime kavaleria iseTive
Sokur dartymiT taqtikas iyenebda, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo momdevno
xanis dasavleTevropuli rainduli armiebisaTvis (Nicolle 1998b: 70). am
Tvalsazriss ver gaviziareb. nikifore foka rom dartymiTi taqtikis
damnergavi yofiliyo, is sakuTari kavaleriis Setevis pirvel xazze
Subosnebs daayenebda da ara xmal-laxtiT SeiaraRebulebs. rogorc Cans,
bizantielebi flobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis xelovnebas, magram
ara Sokur taqtikas, romelsac Semdgom am wesiT mebrZoli evropuli
kavaleria iyenebda. nikifore fokas dros, X saukuneSi, mZimed SeiaraRebuli
bizantieli mxedris, katafraqtis upirvelesi iaraRi laxtia da ara Subi
(Никифор Фока 2005: 23-24, 76-77; McGeer 1995: 37, 216). SubiT SeiaraRebuli
katafraqtebi sabrZolo wyobaSi mxolod mexuTe rigidan Cndebian, isic
flangebze, umniSvnelo ricxvs Seadgenen da raime arsebiTi rolis Sesruleba
ar SeuZliaT (Никифор Фока 2005: 24, 77; McGeer 1995: 37). SeiaraRebidan
gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia visaubroT kavaleriis iseT dartymiT taqtikaze,
rogorsac SubiT aRWurvili evropeli mxedari axorcielebda. metic,
nikifore fokas 504 (an 384) katafraqtidan 150 (an 80) mSvildiT iyo
SeiaraRebuli da ukana rigebidan sroliT mxars uWerda axlo brZolis
iaraRiT aRWurvil sxva katafraqtebs (Никифор Фока 2005: 23, 76-77; McGeer 1995:
37). brZolis aseTi wess araferi aqvs saerTo cxenosanTa dartymiT
taqtikasTan.
TavisTavad, wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba sulac ar ukavSirdeba
pirdapir Sokuri brZolis wess (France 1999: 160). wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis
wess flobda arabi usama da bizantielebic, magram es ar gadazrdila
kavaleriis dartymiT taqtikaSi da miTY umetes, masobrivad mis gamoyenebaSi.
Cans, aRmosavleTSi icnobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stils, magram
ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom is iseTive dominanturi da efeqturi iyo,
rogorc evropaSi XI saukunis bolodan. unda gvaxsovdes, rom raime
58
taqtikuri xerxis an teqnologiuri miRwevis danergva wlebis ganmavlobaSi
xdeba da saTanado efeqti xSirad mxolod amis Semdeg miiRweva.98 rogorc
Cans, wagrZelebuli SubiT Setevis xerxi didi xania arsebobda, magram Tavad
Sokuri Seteva xangrZlivi drois manZilze yalibdeboda da metad efeqturi
XII saukuneSi gaxda (Strickland 1996a: 361-366).
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess qarTvelebi X saukuneSi mainc unda
gascnobodnen bizantiisagan, romelTan kavSiri da samxedro TanamSromloba
Zalze intensiuri iyo.99 ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es moxda swored nikifore
fokas epoqaSi arabTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolebis dros. qarTvelebi,
rogorc mokavSireebi, monawileobas iRebdnen nikifore fokas kampaniaSi
kilikiaSi 964 wels (kopaliani 1969: 23). Cveni mosazrebis sailustraciod
SeiZleba moviyvanoT martvilis taZris X saukunis reliefi, romelzec wminda
evstaTe plakidaa gamosaxuli100 (sur. 2). wmindans Subi (3-3.5 m sigrZis,
reliefis proporciebiT rom vimsjeloT) simZimis centris ukan,
dagrZelebulad uWiravs, raTa maqsimalurad gamoiyenos misi sigrZe.
sainteresoa, rom wm. evstaTe, romelsac saqarTveloSi Cveulebriv mSvildiT
gamosaxavdnen, aq SubiTaa aRWurvili.101 es metyvelebs Subis gazrdil
mniSvnelobaze, romelmac tradiciul kompoziciaSi mSvildi Caanacvla.
Cven gvaqvs cnoba, romelic naTels hfens XI saukunis saqarTveloSi
rainduli taqtikis TandaTanobiT formirebas. stefanos orbeliani agviwers
liparit baRvaSis Setevas Turq-selCukebis laSqarze kapetrus brZolaSi 1048
98 SedarebisTvis aviRoT grZeli mSvildi: es iaraRi saukuneebis manZilze arsebobda, magram
taqtikuri mniSvneloba da efeqti mxolod ingliselebis mier aswlian omSi masobrivi
gamoyenebis Semdeg SeiZina (Whetham 2008: 213-232; Ayton 1999: 203).
99 magaliTad, bagrat magistrosi monawileobda ioane kurkuasis 930-31 wlebis laSqrobaSi,
romelic Teodosiupolis aRebiT dasrulda (Constantine Porphyrogenitus 1967: 45.145).
100 gamosaxuleba aSkarad X da ara VII saukunisaa, rogorc es miCneulia qarTul
xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi (Аладашвили 1977: илл. 51). wmindanis uzangi erTmniSvnelovnad gviandel
TariRs mianiSnebs. cnobilia, rom uzangs sasanuri irani saerTod ar iyenebda, arabebma ki is
mxolod VIII saukuneSi aiTvises. uzangis uadresi gamosaxuleba islamur samyaroSi
daaxloebiT 730 wlidan gvaqvs, palmirasTan mdebare omaianTa sasaxlidan (White 1975: 99). amis
gamo martvilis reliefi verafriT iqneba VII saukunis.
101 cxenze amxedrebuli evstaTes gamosaxuleba, romelic mSvildiTaa SeiaraRebuli, adridanve
mkvidrdeba saqarTveloSi da sasanuri ikonografiis gavlenaze mianiSnebs. amiT is
gansxvavdeba kapadokiuri gamosaxulebebisagan, sadac wmindani Tavidanve SubiT iyo
aRWurvili (Grotowski 2010: 82-85).
59
wels: „liparit... Sevidodis da ganvidodis... da ganhxeTqda razmTa maTTa da
ganvlida“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 35). liparitis brZolis stili Zalian
hgavs rainduls, romlis mTavar mizans mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRveva da
brZoliT gavla warmoadgens: stefanosi orjer aRniSnavs, rom lipariti
mtris razmSi „Sevidodis da ganvidodis“ da „ganhxeTqda razmTa maTTa da
ganvlida“. wagrZelebuli Subis popularizacias, rasakvirvelia, xels
Seuwyobda bizantiis aRmosavlur provinciebSi myofi dasavleTevropeli
moqiravneebic. XI saukuneSi bizantiis imperiaSi mravali franki meomari
msaxurobda; normanTa kontingentebi krespinis, rusel baileis Tu erve
frankopulos meTaurobiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen bizantielTa
laSqrobebSi (Richard 1952: 171). rusel baileis 3,000-mde mZime cxenosani
imperiis mTavar damrtymel Zalas warmoadgens aRmosavleTSi, 1057 wels
frankebi bizantiis somxeTSi damoukidebeli samTavros Seqmnas cdiloben, 1071
wels ki edesaSi aTasi frankia Tavmoyrili (White, 1975: 99).102
metic, nikifore
brienosis mowmobiT, manaskertTan damarcxebis Semdeg bizantielebma scades
evropuli stiliT mebrZoli cxenosanTa nawilis Seqmna, risTvisac mxedrebs
sagangebod, blagvi SubiT avarjiSebdnen (Shepard 1993: 293).103 eWvs gareSea,
qarTvelebs eqnebodaT garkveuli urTierToba aRmosavleTSi myof frank
moqiravneebTan da informaciac maTi taqtikisa da bizantiis imperiaSi
mimdinare eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb.104
saqarTveloSi wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis da cxenosanTa
dartymiTi taqtikis sabolood danergva, albaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi
moxda. frankebis Tavbrudamxvevi warmateba pirvel jvarosnul laSqrobaSi
damatebiT stimuls miscemda am stilis SemoRebas. jvarosnebis mier
cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis warmatebiT gamoyenebaze FdaviT IV-s
informacias miawvdidnen is qarTvelebic, romlebic Tan axldnen pirvel
102 bizantiaSi frank moqiravneTa Sesaxeb ix. Kazhdan 2001: 83-100, gans. 92-4 da 98.
103 es faqti kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom bizantiuri kavaleria nikifore fokas drosac ar
iyenebda Sokur dartymiT taqtikas.
104 XII saukunis selCukTa istorikosis sadr ad-din al-husainis (marTalia, gviandeli) cnobiT,
1067 wels bagrat IV-is armiaSi franki meomrebi imyofebodnen (ал-Хусайни 1980: 55). am cnobis
winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisaTvis ix. Minorsky 1953: 65n1.
60
jvarosnul laSqrobas (Fulcher of Chartres 1973: 88).105
amas xels Seuwyobda
daviTis laSqarSi myofi 100 Tu 200 franki jvarosanic (Matthew of Edessa 1993:
227; Walter the Chancellor 1999: 169).106 amis arapirdapiri mowmoba gvaqvs didgoris
cnobil brZolaSi, sadac 1121 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma il-Razis
koaliciuri laSqari daamarcxa. daviT mefis istorikosi gvaZlevs or, erTi
SexedviT, TiTqosda SeuTavsebel informacias: misi cnobiT, mterma pirvelive
Setevas ver gauZlo (`pirvelsave omsa iota banaki maTi~ da `verca pirvelsa
kueTebasa SeuZles winadadgomad~) da amave dros, misive TqmiT, brZola
gagrZelda 3 saaTs (`xolo mefisa daviTisi eseodenTa mimarT winaganwyoba sam
Jamadmde iyo~), rac sakmaod didi droa im epoqisaTvis (daviT aRmaSeneblis
istorikosi 1955: 341-342). am ori, TiTqosda winaaRmdegobrivi cnobis SeTavseba
advilad SeiZleba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTuli laSqari iyenebda
cxenosanTa dartymiT taqtikas. brZolis velze ganviTarebuli movlenebis
zogadi rekonstruqcia asea SesaZlebeli: radganac brZola sami saaTi
gagrZelda da gamarjvebis misaRwevad qarTvelTa pirvelive Setevac sakmarisi
aRmoCnda, bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom es ieriSi brZolis miwuruls
ganxorcielda, manamde ki daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavs icavda dAa xelsayrel
dros elodeboda. pirveli 2-2,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Turqmen cxenosan
moisarTa talRebi awydeba qarTvelTa rigebs107 („Zlieri yiJiniT, cxenisa da
iaraRis xmauriT, zardamcemi bairaRebiT“), romlebic uryevad dgas da Tavs
icavs („daviT mefe amxnevebs Tavisianebs“) (Walter the Chancellor 1999: 169-170).
SetevisaTvis swori momentis SerCevis Semdeg, qarTuli rainduli kavaleriis
Sokuri dartyma muslimTa mTavar birTvs, il-Razis droSas swvdeba108 (amis
105 Tuki fulxeriusis Iberi aq marTlac qarTvelebs gulisxmobs, es jgufi, romelic
mravalricxovani ar iqneboda, SesaZloa jvarosnebs wamohyva konstantinopolidan, sadac
qarTuli kolonia arsebobda.
106 smbat sparapeti 500 franksac ki asaxelebs daviTis laSqarSi (Смбат Спарапет 1974: 83).
107 TurqmenTa taqtika gulisxmobda mowinaaRmdegis rigebTan axlos misvlas, maTi isrebiT
dacxrilvas, ukan Semoqcevas da Tavidan Setevas; Sedegad mteri sagrZnoblad sustdeboda an
isrebiT Sewuxebuli moumzadebel ieriSs iwyebda da iolad marcxdeboda.
108 mZime cxenosanTa Semzaravi dartymis asarideblad muslim cxenosnebs SeeZloT
gafantuliyvnen, Tavidan aecilebinaT Setevis pirveli Zala, Semdeg motrialebodnen
wyobadaSlil mowinaaRmdeges da flanguri an uknidan dartymiT daemarcxebinaT isini.
swored amitom, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setevis sizustes da sworad SerCeul dros, rom
dartyma muslimTa mTavar dajgufebas miswvdomoda, ise rom, maT Tavi ver daeRwiaT
61
utyuari indikatori il-Razis TavSi daWraa) (Walter the Chancellor 1999: 170). es
sworad SerCeuli, droulad da mTeli simZimiT ganxorcielebuli pirvelive
dartyma (romelsac ueWvelad qarTvelTa yvelaze disciplinirebuli da
gamocdili moymeebi ganaxorcielebdnen) sakmarisi aRmoCnda il-Razis armiis
ZiriTadi birTvis gasanadgureblad, rasac xelmZRvanelobis da Sedegad,
mTeli am uzarmazari armiis moSla da gaqceva mohyva. am erTaderTi Setevis
xasiaTi da Sedegi metyvelebs mis arsze da maRali albaTobiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saqme gvaqvs didi ostatobiT ganxorcielebul cxenosanTa Sokur
dartymasTan.
Tuki aqamde bevr rames varaudis doneze varkvevdiT, XII-XIII saukuneebis
mijnaze Tamaris pirveli istorikosi gadmogvcems faqts, romlis
mniSvnelobac Znelia gadaameto. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~
mogviTxrobs, rom 1209 wels sparseTSi laSqrobisas zaqaria amirspasalarma
xuTasi rCeuli mxedari („rCeuli didebuli da aznauri“) Tayaiadin Tmogvelis
sardlobiT avangardSi ganawesa. maT Tavs daesxaT ricxobrivi upiratesobiT
gaTamamebuli marandelebi, romlebic sastikad damarcxdnen. rodesac
ZiriTadma laSqarma brZolis veli daaTvaliera, Tvalebs ar daujera:
„ixiles naomari adgili mkudriTa kaciTa da cxeniTa savse, da qarTvelTa
kaci arca erTi ipoeboda. esodeni Zleva moeca RmerTsa, romel xuTasi Subi
xuTassa kacsa da cxensa zeda esua“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 105). mematiane,
romelic samxedro saqmeSi Caxeduli kaci Cans, aRfrTovanebas ver ikavebs da
oriode striqonis Semdeg, isev imeorebs: „aseTi Zleva miscemoda, romel
xuTasi Subi xuTassave kacsa xuTasisa cxenisa da kacisaTvis Seeca da
xuTassa zeda dasobili ixiles~ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 105). es gaxlavT
saukeTeso argumenti qarTvelTa mier wagrZelebuli SubiT ganxorcielebuli
cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis sasargeblod: nebismieri sxva brZolis wesiT
msgavsi Sedegis miRweva warmoudgenelia! mematianes udavod kargad esmis, Tu
ra ostatobas moiTxovs ase uzadod ganxorcielebuli cxenosanTa Seteva da
swored amitom uTmobs am epizods, sxva brZolebTan SedarebiT, ase did
adgils. momxdaris gaazrebaSi dagvexmareba cnobili arabi mxedari usama ibn
SejaxebisaTvis, sadac upiratesobas xelCarTul brZolaSi ukve mZimed SeWurvili Subosani
flobda. muslimTa mobilur taqtikasTan brZolisas, mTavari problema swored pirvel
etapze gaZleba da SetevisaTvis drois da miznis swori SerCevaa (Smail 1995: 77-83, 112-115;
Marshall 1992b: 35, 158-161; Richard 1952: 169-171; Kedar 1992: 203, 206).
62
munkizi, romelic siamayiT agviwers mis mier gadaxdil erT brZolas,
rodesac Teqvsmetma muslimma Setevisas Teqvsmeti franki gangmira SubiT
(Usamah Ibn-Munqidh 2000: 86). legendarul muslim rainds sruli safuZveli aqvs
am faqtiT iamayos. amave dros, Tuki SevadarebT usamas gmirobis da mardinis
epizodis masStabs, kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT ukanasknelis mniSvnelobaSi;
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi Setevis analogis moZieba evropul
analebSic gaWirdeba.
j. fransi aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleTSi, TurqTa winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad jvarosnebi cxenosanTa Sokur Setevas bevrad ufro
masirebulad iyenebdnen, vidre amas adgili hqonda dasavleT evropaSi.
masirebuli Setevis ganxorcieleba mxolod disciplinirebul da kargad
Sewyobil armias SeeZlo (France 2000: 60-61). radganac aseTi Seteva masobrivad,
erTiani frontaluri xaziT Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, evropaSi mas ufro
patara taqtikuri erTeulebiT (konstabularia an konrua, romlebic 10-40
raindisgan formirdeboda), erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT asrulebdnen. sparseTSi
laSqrobisas 500 mebrZolis mier erTdroulad Subis gamoyeneba miuTiTebs,
rom adgili hqonda erTian, masobriv Setevas, rac imdroindeli qarTuli
armiis maRal taqtikur ostatobaze metyvelebs. Tamar mefis istorikosis sxva
cnobidan Cans, rom erTiani, masirebuli Seteva qarTuli armiis Cveul
taqtikur xerxs warmoadgenda. 1195 wels Samqoris brZolaSi `Seiqmna omi da
kueTeba araTu srulobiT warmoRuriTa razmisaTa, garna winamsrbolTagan~
(istoriani da azmani 1959: 70). mematiane sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom amjerad
adgili ar hqonia erTian Setevas (anu `razmebis srul warmoRuras~), aramed
mxolod calkeul mowinave nawilTa Setakebas.
brZolisas, wyoba naadrevad rom ar daerRvia, qarTuli mxedroba
(rainduli kavaleriis msgavsad) jer neli tempiT uaxlovdeboda mters da
mxolod uSualod Setakebis win cota aCqardeboda (gadadioda CorTiT
svlaze).109 am wesis dacviT ganxorcielebuli Seteva, rodesac mowinaaRmdeges
cxenosanTa erTiani masa aRwevs, metad Zneli mosageriebelia. qarTvelTa mier
ganxorcielebul amgvar Setevas agviweren wyaroebi 1202 wels basianis velze
109 jer kidev VI saukuneSi imperator mavrikioss kargad esmoda cxenosanTa mwyobris
SenarCunebis mniSvneloba Setevis warmatebisaTvis da mterTan CorTiT miaxloebas urCevda
maT (Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 38). am sakiTxze ufro vrceli msjelobisaTvis ix. Bennett 1992: 184-
185.
63
rumis sasulTnos armiis damarcxebisas. brZolis win qarTvelebma „daawyues
razmi“ (anu ganalages winambrZoli da sxva nawilebi) da „esreT wynarad
vidodes“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 96); „viTar ixiles sultani, cotad cxenni
aaCqarnes da mimarTes“ (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 137). `cotad aaCqares~, raTa
cxenosanTa sabrZolo wyoba droze adre (Setakebamde) ar daSlodaT, rac
dartymas Zalas daakargvinebda.
amave epoqaSi dawerili `vefxistyaosani~ damatebiT detalebs gvawvdis
Cveni versiis sasargeblod:
„Subi vsTxove, xeli Cavyav muzaradis dasarqmelad;
saomarad atexili viyav maTad gamtexelad;
erTsa wavswydi utevansa, wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad.
maT uricxvi razmi ewyo, wynarad dges da auSlelad...
kacs Subi vhkar, cxeni davec, marT ornive mihxdes mzesa,
Subi gatyda, xeli Cavyav, vaqeb, xrmalo, vinca glesa!“ (SoTa rusTaveli
2009: str. 446-447).
rusTavelis mier aRwerili ieriSi evropeli raindis mier Catarebul
tipur brZolas hgavs: Setakebis win meabjre tariels Subs awvdis, mZime
muzarads ki cxenze an abjarze damagrebuls atarebs da bolo wuTs
ixuravs;110 saocrad poeturadaa aRwerili Setevisas Subis vertikaluri
mdgomareobidan horizontalurSi gadayvana, rodesac mxedris silueti Subis
xarjze grZeldeba – „wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad“, Semdgom Setakeba,
rodesac Subi imsxvreva da raindi brZolas xmliT agrZelebs. cxadia, rom
Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT xdeba da ara raime sxva xerxiT. aseTi Setevisas
Subi eWiraT marjvena xelis majiT, misi bolo ki iRliaSi hqondaT
amodebuli. majaze didi datvirTvis gamo aseTi mdgomareobis SenarCuneba
Znelia, ris gamoc Subi vertikalurad zeaRmarTuli eWiraT da mxolod
Setevisas, bolo momentSi daxridnen, anu Subi gadahyavdaT horizontalur
poziciaSi (Davis 1989: 19-21). swored es procesi aqvs SoTa rusTavels lamazad
aRwerili.
110 zustad ase, bolo momentSi, uSualod brZolis dawyebis win ixuravs muzarads evropeli
raindi. amis sailustraciod cnobili magaliTic kmara, rodesac 1217 wels linkolnTan
brZolaSi uiliam marSals skvairma bolo wams Seaxsena, rom ukve muzaradis daxurvis dro
iyo (Prestwich 1995: 205-206).
64
XII da Semdgomi saukuneebis wyaroebSi aRniSnuli Subis dalewvis
gaxSirebuli faqtebi miuTiTebs dartymis did Zalaze da wagrZelebuli
SubiT brZolaze (Кирпичников 1971: 68). amis maniSnebelia, agreTve, brZolisas
cxenidan kacis Camogdebac. SubiT Zlieri dartyma, romelic mowinaaRmdeges
cxenidan agdebs, mianiSnebs wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze (Bachrach 1988:
194).111
mose xonelis `amirandarejanianSi~, romelic XII-XIII ss. sagmiro-
saraindo romania, mravlad vxvdebiT Subis dalewvis („Semoutiva man kacman
da Subni Semoalewna“) (mose xoneli 1967: 39-40). da cxenidan Camoyris faqtebs:
„Seekazma da orolni ÃelTa aixuna. equsTave Seutives, ÃelTa orolebi
hqonda. Seutiva, viTamca cotani ymani yofil iyvnes, egre uWirvelad
Camoyarna“ (mose xoneli 1967: 610-611). es epizodi SesaZloa, mxatvruli
gazviadebaa, magram naTlad aRwers SubiT brZolis raindul wess.112
sainteresoa, rom msgavsi taqtikuri xerxis da brZolis stilis
gamoyeneba sxva donezec iwvevs msgavsebas. erTnairi wesiT mebrZolebs
erTnairi morali uyalibdebaT, iqneba es franki raindi Tu qarTveli moyme:
orive erTnairad aqebs xelCarTul brZolas da aZagebs distanciurs, anu
isris gamoyenebas. `amirandarejanianSi~, romelic imdroindeli samxedro
wreebis Sexedulebebs da miswrafebebs gadmogvcems, orjer Tu vxvdebiT
orTabrZolaSi isris gamoyenebas, rac orjerve dagmobilia. mSvildiT
brZola iseT augad iTvleba, rom mas Tavisianebic ki kicxaven! rodesac
xosro xazarTa mefem isriT mokla mowinaaRmdege, misma laSqarmac ki `magra
111 termini Pleine sa hanste mianiSnebs SubiT gangmirulis gadmovardnas cxenidan, roca igi
yiravdeba kudisaken Subis mTel sigrZeze da wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis indikatoria
(Ross 1963: 127, n3; Bennett 2003: 53; Bachrach 1985: 745-746).
112 s. margiSvili erTmaneTTan aigivebs horols da xelSubs da `werilobiT wyaroebSi
horolis (xelSubis) sakmaod xSiri moxseniebis~ safuZvelze, XII saukunis qarTul armiaSi
varaudobs msubuqi cxenosani `xelSubosnebis danayofebis arsebobasac~ (margiSvili 2006: 190).
raime monacemi, romlis mixedviTac XII saukunis qarTveli mxedari brZolaSi xelSubs
iyenebda, ar arsebobs. rac mTavaria, horoli xelSubi ar aris, igi grZeli Subia. sulxan-
sabas aRwerilobiT, `oroli ars, laxvari or-piri da bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1991: 409). i. SaiSmelaSvilic, romelic erTgan Tavad miuTiTebs, rom horoli targrZeli
Subia, novgorodeli qveiTis da romaeli legioneris analogiiT (?!) miiCnevs, rom meomars
ramdenime horoli SeiZleba etarebina; Cans, horoli masac xelSubi hgonia (SaiSmelaSvili
1981: 20, 76). aseT Secdomebze sxva dros iqneb yuradReba arc gagvemaxvilebina, magram Sua
saukuneebSi qarTvelTa brZolis wesis ganxilvisas, xelSubisa da Subis (horolis) aRreva
dauSvebelia da isini erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT.
65
augad daudves mSuildiTa Sebma“ (mose xoneli 1967: 233-234). naTlad Cans, rom
mSvilds raindis Sesaferis iaraRad ar Tvlidnen da orTabrZolaSi mis
gamoyenebas eridebodnen: „winasve Tques mSuildisa ara aReba, yovelsave
SubiTa, ÃrmliTa da laxtiTa ibrZodes“ (mose xoneli 1967: 472-473). rodesac
orTabrZolis erTi monawile wess arRvevs da mSvilds mainc iyenebs, mas ase
amunaTeben: „muxTlad lamobdi sikudilsa Cemsa, wyeulmca xar! ara ars
kargisa Wabukisa Ãeli egeTi muxTloba“ (mose xoneli 1967: 249-250). cxadia,
rom raindul SerkinebaSi mSvildiT brZola muxTlobad iTvleba, romelic
ar Seefereba karg Wabuks (rainds).
avtori, romelic TiTqosda Sua saukuneebis yvela erovnebis raindis
piriT laparakobs, martivad gvixsnis, Tu ratom ar uyvardaT mSvildis
gamoyeneba orTabrZolaSi: „omSi yuela gumarjuia, gana isari Sors mohklavs
kacsa da Wabukoba ara gamoCndebis“ (mose xoneli 1967: 607). aq aRiarebulia
omSi mSvild-isris roli, magram zemoqmedebis distanciuri xasiaTis gamo, mas
ar Tvlian raindis Sesafer iaraRad; `Wabukobad~, vaJkacobad iTvleba
xelCarTuli brZola mZimed SeWurvili mebrZolis monawileobiT.113 metad
niSandoblivia aseTi moralis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi, rodesac
garemomcvel islamur samyaroSi mSvildi yovelTvis prestiJul iaraRad
iTvleboda.
qarTvel da dasavlel raindTa msgavsi brZolis stili sabrZolo
wyobis msgavsebaSic gamovlinda. oTx sadroSod dayofili saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobisa da XII-XIII saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mier
gadaxdili brZolebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia qarTuli
laSqris wyobis rekonstruqcia: pirvel xazs qmnis win waweuli winambrZoli,
romelic yvelaze mravalricxovani Cans da ganapirobebs pirveli dartymis
siZlieres; meore xazs – marjvena da marcxena ukan daweuli flangebi; kidev
ufro ukan, rezervSi, mesame xazSi dgas mefe (an mTavarsardali).114
113 Soridan isriT kvlas dasavleli raindebic samarcxvinod Tvlidnen (Nicholson 2004: 99).
vrclad, mSvildosnobis mimarT raindTa kastis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix. Hatto 1940: 40-54.
114 ra Tqma unda, viTarebidan gamomdinare, sardals SeeZlo romelime mxare gaeZlierebina da
oTxis nacvlad sam nawilad daelagebina armia, rogorc amas vaxuStic miuTiTebs: `garna
odesme samad mimsvlelad anu sxuarig miiyvandian, viTar amjobinis mefe anu spasalari“
(vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 30). qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba da misi upiratesobebi
kargad aqvs gaanalizebuli g. anCabaZes (anCabaZe 1984: 94-96), magram igi cdeba, rodesac Tvlis,
rom aseTi wyoba qarTvelebs dasavleTevropelebze bevrad adre gvqonda. aSkaraa, rom jer
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amgvar wyobas bevri upiratesoba hqonda: Rrma, samxaziani wyobis Seqmnas
molaSqreTa SedarebiT mcire raodenoba sWirdeboda, vidre erTmaneTis ukan
dgomis dros; marcxena da marjvena flangi agrZelebda frontis xazs, utevda
mters frontalurad an flangurad da icavda sakuTar flangebs; anu
winambrZolis Setevis Semdeg meore xazis razmebi an mowinaaRmdegis manevrs
aneitraleben da flangebs icaven, an Tavad uteven mtris flangs. rezervi
brZolaSi yvelaze bolos, kritikul momentSi erTveba, uzrunvelyofs
damarcxebuli mtris devnas an faravs ukandaxevas.
sayuradReboa, rom zustad aseT samxazian wyobas xSirad iyenebdnen
jvarosnebic. amis faqtebi moipoveba sarminis (1115 weli), aTaribis (1119 weli),
habis (1119 weli) da filipopolisis (1208 weli) brZolebSi (Verbruggen 1997: 210).
es samxaziani, oTxelementiani wyoba iseTi efeqturi iyo, rom XV saukuneSi
saqarTvelos daSlis Semdegac gamoiyeneboda qarTul samefoebSi (vaxuSti
batoniSvili 1973: 31; klimiaSvili 1964: 121-127). qarTvelebi mas XVIII saukuneSi,
cecxlsasroli iaraRis epoqaSic ki iyenebdnen (Teimuraz II 1939: 86-87).
XIII saukunis meore mesamedidan, monRoluri zegavlenis Sedegad,
qarTvelTa aRWurviloba da brZolis stili sagrZnob transformacias
ganicdis: SeiaraRebaSi Cndeba mSvildi, romelic iaraRis savaldebulo
CamonaTvals emateba. amisda miuxedavad, ZiriTad iaraRad isev Subi rCeba,
romelic mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi kargavs Zvel mniSvnelobas
(wurwumia 2013b: 333-334). aqve unda iTqvas, rom wagrZelebuli Subis garda,
ramdenime gviandel miniaturaze Cven gvxvdeba Subis Weris sxva xerxebic: ori
xeliT da biliardis kiis msgavsad. gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneva aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, romelic iranelTa didi zegavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wagrZelebul Subs, albaT, sxva stiliT Subis
gamoyenebac enacvleboda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxenosanTa Setevis stili
ar icvleba da Sokuri Seteva qarTvelTa usayvarles taqtikur iaraRad rCeba.
JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi TurqebTan
brZolaze, sadac mandaturTuxucesi SanSe horoliT klavs Turqs: „viTar
mieaxlnes, daawyves razmi da mietevnes. xolo SanSe upirates yovelTasa
mieteva, romelman horoliTa gangumira saxelovani Turqi“ (JamTaaRmwereli
1987: 95). 1260 wels, monRolebTan brZolisas qarTvelebi SubebiT uteven da
kidev XII saukunis dasawyisSi jvarosnebi aseT wyobas intensiurad iyenebdnen (Verbruggen 1997:
209-210).
67
samcxis spasalari horoliT cxenidan agdebs monRolTa rCeul mebrZols:
„viTar daeaxlnes urTierTas, zedamietevnes mesxni ganlaRebulni. xolo
sargis jayeli upirveles yovelTasa miuÃda razmsa da umÃnesi maTi, Cin-
baaduri, horoliTa cxenisagan queyanad dasca~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 124).
saintereso informacia gagvaCnia XIV saukunis bolosaTvis: Temur-
lengTan brZolaSi „eseodeni simÃne aCuenes spaTa saqarTvelosaTa, viTarmed,
SehÃdian kiskasad Suasa Sina razmTa maTTasa, da egreT maxÂl-wvdilni
srvides, da ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde, da kualad maTgan uvnebelad
ukmoiqceodian Soris banakisa mis ismaitelTasa. da esreT saxelovnad
gamarjuebulni movidian RvTiv-gÂrgÂnosnisa mefisa giorgis winaSe da
moulocevdian ganmarjuebasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 462). aq aRwerili
Seteva hgavs rainduls, romlis mTavari niSania mowinaaRmdegis razmis
rigebis garRveva („ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde“) da isev ukan gamovla
brZoliT sakuTar rigebamde („kualad maTgan uvnebelad ukmoiqceodian“),
Semdgom gadajgufeba („movidian RvTiv-gÂrgÂnosnisa mefisa giorgis winaSe“)
da xelaxali ieriSi; Cans qarTvel moymeTa disciplinac, rodesac ieriSis
Semdeg gadasajgufeblad ukan brundebian mefis droSasTan.
eWvmiutaneli informacia wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs
1483 wels aradeTis brZolaSi, sadac SalikaSvili da maCabeli Seebnen
erTmaneTs: „Semosca Subi SalikaSvilman da gauxeTqa kubo farisa da ganavlo
mÃarsa Sigan da gardmoagdo cxenidama“ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 347). Tu ara
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi, sxvanairad warmoudgenelia iseTi Zalis
dartyma, romelic fars gaxeTqavs da mxarSi moxvedrili cxenidan
gadmoagdebs mowinaaRmdeges.
XVI saukuneSi, qarTlis mefeebis, luarsab I-is da svimon I-is
monawileobiT mimdinare brZolebis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo detalebi
Semonaxulia `axal qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da farsadan gorgijaniZesTan. 1556
wels garisis brZolaSi luarsab mefem „TaTarni dainaxa, meabjres Subi
gamoarTva da win miegeba da cxens dauZra“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 217).
1569 wels farcxisis brZolaSi svimon mefe iranelebs „saomraT win moegeba.
mefe svimon Subi ÃelT... TaTarT laSqarSi gamoeria... SubiT mravali TaTarni
gardmohyara... mefes Subi gautyda“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 219). imave
brZolaSi qarTlis mefe SubiT utevs da cxenidan agdebs yizilbaSs: „mouÃda
mefe svimon erTsa Wurvilsa yizilbaSsa, sca Zlierad oroliTa da daanarcxa
68
miwasa zeda, da mokla igi“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 514). dadianTan wagebul
omSi gasaqcevad gamzadebul simon mefes misma erTma „Sezrdilma“, saam
TurqestaniSvilma, uTxra: „aqedam Submouqneveli ar wavalo. Seutiva da
Camoagdo kaci da iyo gulsrulad damarcxebuls omSi TurqistaniSvili“
(beri egnataSvili 1959: 377). kvlav gvxvdeba Subis dartymiT cxenidan kacis
Camogdeba: „Seiswrafa razmTa Sina, sca oroliTa da gardaagdo kaci“
(qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 534). 1599 wels naxidurTan brZolaSi aRwerilia
simon mefis Seteva osmalebze: „mefem cxens dauZra da qarTvelni
SubdagrZelebulni cxenWenebiT mietivnes anazdeul, viTac Cqafis wvima
setyvis Rvarni mTisgan. gapes razmi urumTa da gardmoyares mravalni da
gaiares Siga yvelam... urumni gakvirvebul iyvnen amaTs mamacobasa, rom visac
gardmoagdebden, gascildian sxvazed da TiTos qarTvels oTxi Tu xuTi
urumi cxenidam gardmoegdo da mefe ÃelSubiani115 romels Toysa da droSas
Seutevdis, moSlidis“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 223).
am epizodebSi… vxedavT SubiT brZolas da mis msxvrevas, meabjres,
romlis movaleobac Subis miwodebaa (evropelis msgavsad, igi qarTveli
raindis ganuyreli mxlebelia), mtris cxenidan Camogdebas da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania naxidurTan brZolis aRwera, romelic
klasikuri rainduli Setevis gansaxierebaa da kidev erTxel mianiSnebs
wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze (`qarTvelni SubdagrZelebulni~).
XIV-XV saukuneebis Sesaxeb damatebiT mogveZeveba gamomsaxvelobiTi
masalac, romelic garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis monRolur-nomaduri
zegavlenis Sedegad transformirebul qarTul mxedrobaze, romlis mTavari
sabrZolo xerxi kvlavindeburad wagrZelebuli Subia. XIV saukunis meore
naxevris daviTnSi, romelic informacias gvawvdis Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg
mebrZol qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaze, brZolis erT scenaSi vxedavT
wagrZelebuli SubiT ieriSs da gangmirul mowinaaRmdeges (sur. 3). miuxedavad
im konservatizmisa, rasac qarTuli ikonografia wminda giorgis gamosaxvaSi
iCens, wagrZelebuli Subis gamosaxulebam aqac SeaRwia. SemorCenilia XV
saukunis ramdenime Weduri xati, romelzec wmindani wagrZelebuli SubiT
gmiravs gveleSaps. amgvar, metad iSviaT, kompozicias vxedavT Jibianis,
gulekaris da Tbilisis sionis xatebze, bodornis sawinamZRvro jvarze
(Чубинашвили 1959: 336). miuxedavad nomaduri zegavlenisa, rac, upirveles
115 igulisxmeba, rom mefes xelT Subi epyra da ara „xelSubi“.
69
yovlisa, SeiaraRebaSi mSvildis arsebobiT gamoixateba, mxedari mainc
rainduli wesiT ibrZvis (sur. 4).
gansakuTrebiT mdidari naratiuli masala gagvaCnia XVII saukunis
brZolebis Sesaxeb. am saukunis meore naxevris Tbileli mitropoliti ioseb
saakaZe istoriul poemaSi `didmouraviani~ metad sayuradRebo cnobebs
gvawvdis 1609 wlis taSiskaris brZolaze. erTgan, giorgi saakaZe Zlivs
akavebs mterze naadrevi Setevis msurvelebs: `me sadaveni Sevtaci, vin Subi
waigrZelao“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 9). mSvenivrad Cans, rom Setevaze gadasvlas
qarTvelebi wagrZelebuli SubebiT apireben! sasuliero pirsac ki, romelic
Cveni avtoria, kargad esmis, rom `Subis wagrZeleba~ Setevaze gadasvlas
niSnavs. es striqonebi sainteresoa, rogorc rusTavelis erTgvari gamoZaxili
(„wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad“) da kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom tarielis
„wagrZeleba“ sworedac rom Subis saSualebiT xdeba. taSiskarTan brZolaSi
saakaZes sami Subi Semoatyda („ficiT Segkadro, mefeo, sami gavstexe Subia“)
(ioseb tfileli 1939: 14), ris Semdegac laxts da xmals iyenebs, – TiTqosda
evropeli raindis brZolis aRwerilobas vkiTxulobdeT. „Cveni brZola SubiT
aris, maTi far-xmal isaria“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 14) – ioseb Tbilelis es
sityvebi epigrafadac ki SeiZleba gamodges, ise mokled da mkafiod
gamoxatavs gansxvavebas qarTul (anu evropul) da TaTrul (anu nomadur)
brZolis stils Soris!
unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlel mezoblebTan SedarebiT qarTvelebi
yovelTvis grZnobdnen TavianT upiratesobas SubiT brZolaSi. 1625 wels
marabdis omis win samxedro TaTbirze giorgi saakaZe darwmunebulia, rom
iranelebi „Subis omsao Cven ver gagviZlebeno“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925:
234). farsadan gorgijaniZe zedmiwevniT zustad aRgviwers qarTvelTa mier
ganxorcielebul ieriSs marabdis brZolaSi, romelic klasikuri evropuli
rainduli Setevaa: cxenosnebma jer „nelad iares, merme farebi daifares da
Subebi waigrZeles da cxenWenebiT miuxdnen“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 234).
imave marabdis brZolaSi Teimuraz mefe utevs mowinaaRmdeges: „Subi Sesca da
iman fari daxuedra, fari gautexa da Ãelnavic gauxeTqa da mklavic mostexa,
Subic Seamtvria, cxenidam gardmoagdo“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 234). aseTi
Zalis dartyma, romelmac fari gaglija, samklave gaxeTqa, mklavi motexa da
Subic daamsxvria, mxolod wagrZelebuli SubiTaa SesaZlebeli.
70
1626 wels bazaleTis brZolaSi saakaZis da mefed gadacmuli ediSa
vaCnaZis orTabrZola evropis SuagulSi gamarTuli rainduli turniri
gegoneba – orive farze amsxvrevs Subs: „movravman fari daxvedra da Subi
Seimtvria da gascilda. movravman cxeni daibruna da Subi Sesca. amanc
farzed Seamtvria“ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 237).
XVII saukuneSi kidev mravlad gvaqvs Subis msxvrevisa Tu gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi, romlebic moxseniebis Rirsia. arCil mefe (1647-1713) aRgviwers 1614
wels JaleTTan Teimuraz I-is Setakebas iranelebTan: „mivaxlovdiT,
Semogvebnes, Cvenic wina miegeba, davamsxvriveT zed Subebi“ (arCili 1937: 54).
amave saukunis miwuruls iranelebTan brZolaSi giorgi mefis Zmiswulma
„vaxtang sca oroli sparssa“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 471). vaxuSti
batoniSvilis erTi cnobiT, sabaraTianos sardali zaza ciciSvili brZolaSi
xuT (!) Subs amsxvrevs: „ekueTnen Zlierad da Semusra brZoliTa zazam Subi
xuTi“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 452). es aSkarad brZolis stilze
metyvelebs, mxolod xeliT moqnevis da Zgerebisas warmoudgenelia amdeni
Subis damtvreva.
XVII saukunis literaturuli wyaroebic mxars umagrebs faqtobriv
monacemebs. saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis mouravma, cnobilma sardalma
qaixosro ColoyaSvilma prozad dawera `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZeleba –
`omainiani~. aq orTabrZola isea aRwerili, erTi SexedviT tipuri
dasavleTevropuli turniri gegoneba, Tumca viciT, rom avtori qarTvelia da
qarTul realobas gadmogvcems: „gulmesisxled da cxengaficxebiT
erTmanerTsa Seuties. pirvelsave misvlasa Subni erTmanerTsa Sealewnes;
sxvani Subni aixvnes da igica dalewnes da merme indourni foladni xrmalni
daiwvadnes da erTmanerTsa dauSines, rome muzaradsa zeda cemiTa xrmalni
joxiviTa upirod daxdes. merme laxtebi daiwvades da asre medgrad
erTmanerTsa ecemebodes“ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 104).
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qaixosro ColoyaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli
erTi hiperbola: „aw gafrTxildi, rome Cemsa Subsa qvitkirica ver daudgams!“
Subi cxensa yurTa Sua gamowona da frinveliviTa wamovida, rome misis
cxenisa ferxTa mtveri camdis aamaRla~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 105). igi
exmaureba ana komnenas mier evropel raindebze ramdenime saukuniT adre
naTqvams: „franki mxedari babilonis galavans gaxvretso“ (Anna Komnene 2009:
71
378). aqac SubiT kedlis gaxvretazea saubari; aseTi Zalis dartymis
warmodgena mxolod wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis dros aris SesaZlebeli.
XVI-XVII saukuneebis anonimuri Txzuleba `rusudaniani~ savsea
orTabrZolebiT, romlebic Subis dalewviT iwyeba da Semdgom xmliT da
laxtiT grZeldeba: „Seibnes. pirvel SubiT Seuties da Sealewes erTmanerTsa.
merme xrmlebi daiwodes da gulmesisxled dalewes... merme gurzebs mihyves
xeli da medgrad icemebodes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 284); „Seuties erTmanerTsa,
Subebi Sealewes, merme xlmiTa dauSines erTmanerTsa da isic daalewes. merme
laxtebi gamoiRes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 293); „pirvelsave misvlasa Subebi
erTmanerTs Sealewes da merme... laxtebi daiwodes da dauwyes erTmanerTsa
cema“ (rusudaniani 1957: 378). „Sealewes Subebi erTmanerTsa, dalewes laxtebi
da daiwodes xlmebi“ (rusudaniani 1957: 379). aq aRwerili Setakebebi
TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs dasavluri, rainduli tipis brZolis stilze,
romelic gabatonebuli iyo imdroindel saqarTveloSi.
XVII saukunis masalas mxars umagrebs `vefxistyaosnis~ erTi
ilustracia. mamuka TavaqaraSvilma, imereTis mefis mdivanma, samegreloSi,
levan II dadianis karze tyveobaSi yofnisas 1646 wels gadawera
„vefxistyaosani“. am xelnaweris ilustraciebi unikaluria imiT, rom
eriskacis mier aris daxatuli da ar aris SezRuduli ikonografiuli
CarCoebiT, ris gamoc garemomcveli sinamdvile adekvaturadaa asaxuli: 138-e
gverdze vxedavT raindTa jgufs, romlebic wagrZelebuli SubebiT gadadian
ieriSze (sur. 5).
rogorc vxedavT, X-XII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi formirdeba da
dasrulebul saxes iRebs SubiT brZolis rainduli wesi. X-XI ss. xdeba
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis SemoReba da damkvidreba, XII saukuneSi
ki sabolood inergeba cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtika. miuxedavad nomadur-
aRmosavluri zegavlenisa, rasac momdevno saukuneebSi mudmivad gancdis
qarTuli samxedro saqme, brZolis am wess qarTuli laSqari XVIII saukunis
Suaxanebamdec ki misdevs.
XII saukunis manZilze qarTuli laSqris warmatebebis seria muslimur
armiebTan brZolaSi cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis maRali efeqturobis
pirdapiri maCvenebelia. XIII saukuneSi juveini wers, rom siriisa da rumis
Zlevamosili mmarTvelebi ufrTxodnen da gaurbodnen `brZolaSi qarTvelTa
mZvinvarebas~ (Джувейни 2004: 318). es `mZvinvareba~ mniSvnelovanwilad brZolis
72
stiliTaa ganpirobebuli da asocirdeba SubgamarTul momqrolav mxedarTan,
romlis ieriSi marTlac rom sazarelia.116 aseTi warmodgenis CamoyalibebaSi
lomis wili miuZRvis wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess da cxenosanTa
dartymiT taqtikas, romlebic mniSvnelovanwilad apirobebdnen qarTvelTa
warmatebebs muslimur armiebTan brZolaSi.
iaraRi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
qarTul enaSi sabrZolo iaraRis zogadi saxeli Tavdapirvelad
WurWeli da Wuri iyo, romelic saWurvelma Caanacvla. Tavis mxriv, XII
saukunis meore naxevarSi saWurveli abjarma Secvala (gasitaSvili 1957: 80,
Sen. 5; javaxiSvili 1962: 203-205).117 iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, termini iaraRi
(Tavisi farTo mniSvnelobiT) XV saukuneSi Semodis Turqulidan da XBVI
saukunidan TandaTanobiT anacvlebs abjars (javaxiSvili 1962: 211-213). g.
gasitaSvilis dakvirvebiT, termini iaraRi abjris gverdiT ukve XIII-XIV
saukuneebSi Cndeba (gasitaSvili 1957: 81).
SeiaraRebis mTlian kopleqss, romelSic Semtevi iaraRic Sedis, sruli
abjari (tani abjari)118 ewodeboda (javaxiSvili 1962: 220-221). sruli anu erTi
tani abjari mravalgvar TAavdacviT da Semtev iaraRs moicavda (jaWvis
perangi, muzaradi, qafi, sabarkuli, xmali da sxv.). es terminebi pirvelad
„vefxistyaosanSi“ moixsenieba: `sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa, sabarkuliTa“
(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „kidobani gaxsnes, poves mun abjari sami
tani... jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi, sabarkuli maTi gvani~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009:
str. 1370). igive termins vxvdebiT XV saukunis meore naxevris sabuTSi: `aTi
tani abjari misiTa iaraRiTa~ (kakabaZe, 1924: 45). dReisaTvis, abjris farTo
mniSvneloba daviwrovebulia da is mxolod sxeulis damfaravi TavdacviTi
saSualebis (mag. jaWvis perangis) aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
116 wagrZelebuli SubiT Sokuri Seteva erTnair STabeWdilebas tovebs mnaxvelze: aseTive
`mZvinvare~ da `SeuCerebeli~ Cans jvarosanTa Setevac (Anna Komnene 2009: 378).
117 abjari, saWurvelTan erTad, ukve gvxvdeba IX-X saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi
(javaxiSvili 1962: 206).
118 `sruli – gasrulebuls hqvian unaklulosa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 109).
73
zogadad, iaraRs axasiaTebs aqtiuri teqnikuri progresi da axali
nimuSebis Seqmna mebrZolis SeteviTi da dacviTi SesaZleblobebis
gasazrdelad, swrafi gavrceleba uzarmazar teritoriebze da maRali fasi
(Кирпичников 2006: 41). iaraRis industria warmoebis yvelaze ganviTarebul da
mowinave dargs warmoadgens saxelmwifoSi; masSi aisaxeba Tanadrouli epoqis
teqnologiuri da materialuri ganviTarebis done.119 uaxles teqnikur
miRwevebs, pirvel rigSi, iaraRisa da samxedro aRWurvilobis damzadebis
dros iyenebdnen (Кочкаров 2008: 173-174).
vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT, qarTvelebi iyvnen „salaSkroTa Sina axovanni,
saWurvelT moyuareni“, aseve „[kargad] uwyvian yovelTave samamacoTa
saWurvelTa keTebani“ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 44-45). saxelmwifos mesveurni
yovelTvis cdilobdnen ganeviTarebinaT meiaraReoba, risTvisac ucxoeTidanac
iwvevdnen ostatebs da adgilobriv xelosnebsac uwyobdnen xels. vaxtang VI-
is samarTlis wignTa krebulidan vigebT, rom iaraRis mkeTeblebi
privilegiur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen da ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen samefo
movaleobebisagan: „vincavin xmals akeTebdes an farsa, an Subsa, gina isarsa
da sxvasa eseviTarTa iaraRsa, samefos muSaobaSi eseni ar gaiyuanebian“
(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1963: 191).
naSromSi warmodgenili SeiaraReba zogadad or did jgufad iyofa
(TavdacviTi da SeteviTi),120 romlebic Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxeobebisagan
Sedgeba:
119 sxva nivTebTan SedarebiT, iaraRi yvelaze metadaa Sinaarsobrivad determinebuli,
radganac mflobelis sicocxle brZolaSi amazea damokidebuli. nebismieri funqciuri
Seusabamoba mflobels daRupvas uqadda da aseTi iaraRi ufro srulyofiliT idevneboda
(Худяков 1995: 151).
120 istoriis manZilze iaraRi da abjari yovelTvis ejibreboda erTmaneTs: axali tipis iaraRi
TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis axal tips warmoSobs, da piriqiT (Гордеев 1954: 63). m. goreliks
ekuTvnis saintereso da marTebuli dakvirveba, rom SeteviTi iaraRi Tavisi kompaqturobis
gamo ufro advili dasamzadebelia, misi forma mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli daniSnulebasTan,
moiTxovs maRal xarisxs da nakleb adgils tovebs individualuri SemoqmedebisaTvis,
advilad vrceldeba did sivrceze. misda sapirispirod, TavdacviTi aRWurviloba ufro
individualuri da aqedan gamomdinare, ufro lokaluria, metadaa dakavSirebuli eTnosTan
da teritoriasTan da met monacemebs gvawvdis eTno-istoriul konteqstSi (Горелик 2003: 11).
74
TavdacviTi aRWurviloba: muzaradi, sxeulis abjari (qerclovani,
lamelaruli, laminaruli, jaWvi, begTari, Car-aina), kidurebis dacviTi
saSualebebi (sabarkuli, samuxle, sawvive, qafi, samklave, TaTmani), fari;
SeteviTi iaraRi: xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRi – saZgerebeli (Subi),
mkveTeli (xmali, culi), umkveTelo-dasartymeli (laxti), distanciuri –
sasroli (mSvild-isari), satyorcni (Surduli).
Tavi III. TavdacviTi saWurveli
TavdacviTi saWurveli mebrZolis panopliis umniSvnelovanesi
Semadgeneli nawilia da misi ganviTarebis doniTa da formiT SesaZlebelia
sazogadoebis samxedro, ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikur cxovrebis
mraval faqtorze msjeloba (Горелик 1987: 163).
pirveli abjari jer kidev neoliTis xanaSi dasturdeba (Горелик 2003:
114). miuxedavad imisa, rom abjari arasodes yofila dacvis absoluturi
saSualeba, is asustebda dartymas da sasikvdilo Wriloba SeeZlo ubralo
Wrilobad eqcia (Stephenson 2006: 65). Tavdacvis individualuri saSualebebi,
adamianis sxeulis uSualo dacvis garda, keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens
mflobelis moralze, ufro Tavdajerebuls da uSiSars xdis mas (Keen 1984:
220). cnobilia, rom raindTa TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis sikeTe didad
ganapirobebda brZolis velze maT simamaces (Verbruggen 1997: 61). maRali
xarisxis dacviT aRWurvilobas araerTgzis uxsnia patroni sikvdilisagan:
1578 wels, lala faSas Semosevisas arCil muxranbatonis Zis ereklesaTvis
„cxeni queS gamoeklaT misTÂs, Tequsmeti muzarads hqonda nakravi isari,
ormocamdi agreve jaWus. da verc jaWÂ da verc muzaradi ver gaekueTa, erTi
Ãrmali xanjars scemoda, xanjris tari zed daeWra~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959:
523).
muzaradi
muzaradi liTonis121 Tavsarqmelia, romelic Tavis dasacavad aris
gankuTvnili. is mebrZolis TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis umniSvnelovanesi
121 tyavis, xis da sxv. masalisagan damzadebuli muzaradi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneboda da amitom, maT arc ganvixilav.
75
elementi iyo, romelic saukuneebis manZilze mudmiv cvlilebasa da
srulyofas ganicdida.
brZolaSi Tavis dasacavi saSualebebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad
zrdida mebrZolis daculobas da misi gadarCenis Sanss. rkinis muzaradi did
Rirebulebas warmoadgenda yoveli mebrZolisaTvis (Худяков, Табалдиев,
Солтобаев 2004: 235). arCili pirdapir wers, rom `umuzaradoT oms Sesvla
kargTa kacTagan avia~ (arCili 1937: 80). umeteswilad muzaradi uZlebda da
isxletda xmals an isars, Tumca naklebad medegi iyo dasartymeli iaraRis
(laxtis) winaaRmdeg (Kolias 1988: 85).
sulxan-saba orbeliani gvaZlevs muzaradis (zuCis) sxvadasxva tipebis
mkafio aRwerilobas: `zuCnica arian xuTgvarni: romelsa Tavsa dasarqmeli
rkina aqvs, romelsa kvercxad saxelsdeben, da zaradi wina da ukaniT
grZ(e)lad, igi ars zuCi, romelime muzaradad uÃmoben; ars msgavsi CuCisa
Tavs dasarqmeli, sacxvire grZeli da ara zarad vlebuli, igi ars Cafxuti;
da ars Txemsa zeda mcire polotiki da zaradi kisris kerZoTa da pirsa
arara, igi ars CaCqani, da sxva ars romelsa polotiki ara aqvs, Tav(s)
saxuravi litoni jaWvia, igi ars Cabalaxi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 289-
290). rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi kvercxi ewodeboda liTonis yvelaze
martiv, primitiul muzarads; srulyofil muzarads (zuCs) winac da ukanac
jaWvi anu zaradi gaaCnda (mas sacxvirec eqneboda); Cafxuti uzarado rkinis
Tavsarqmelia grZeli sacxvireTi; CaCqani aris rkinis patara, jamis formis
liTonis firfita jaWvis zaradiT; mxolod jaWvis Tavsarqmels ki Cabalaxi
erqva. saTvale, romelsac `uwodeben zuCis Tvalis saxedvelsa~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 30), SeiZleba yofiliyo Wrilebi saxeze Camofarebul jaWvis
zaradze an liTonis muzaradis warbzeda naxevarkaliseburi Wrilebi.
qarTuli muzaradis ganviTareba ZiriTadad misdevda misi mezobeli
regionebis sabrZolo Tavsarqmelebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas da
evropisagan gansxvavebiT, daculobaze win ayenebda mxedvelobasa da
komfortulobas. evropuli daxuruli muzaradebisagan gansxvavebiT, Ria
muzaradi sunTqvas ar aferxebda da ar zRudavda mxedvelobis ares, Tumca,
daxurulTan SedarebiT, daculobis SedarebiT naklebi xarisxi gaaCnda.
muzaradebis mxriv qarTuli arqeologia friad Raribia da ZiriTadad
ikonografiul masalas unda daveyrdnoT. marTalia, mravalricxovan xatebze,
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, wmindanebs Tavze zuCis nacvlad Saravandi
76
adgaT, magram saxarebiseuli Tu sxva siuJetebis gadmocemisas,
meorexarisxovani figurebis muzaradebi saintereso masalas iZleva
SeswavlisaTvis.
sferokonusuri muzaradi
XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi axali tipis – mTlianWedili
sferokonusuri muzaradebi mkvidrdeba da anacvlebs Zvel, segmentur da
konusur muzaradebs. sferokonusuri formis muzaradSi momrgvalebuli
gumbaTi konusur daboloebaSi gadadis.122 konusuri muzaradi, romelic
dasavleT evropaSi XIV saukunemde iyo gavrcelebuli, ruseTsa da
aRmosavleTSi ufro adre gamodevna mowinave formis sferokonusurma
muzaradma, romelic ukeTesad isxletda dartymas (Кирпичников 1971: 25).
X saukunis wm. giorgis xatze faraxeTidan (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 43)
damarcxebuli bizantieli imperatoris Tavidan gadavardnili konusuri
muzaradia gamosaxuli uZravi sacxviriT, Tvalzeda WrilebiT, zaradiT da
nikapze Sesakravi TasmebiT. erTi SexedviT zaradi TiTqos qerclovani
firfitebisagan unda iyos Sedgenili, Tumca, jaWvic ar aris gamoricxuli.
SesaZloa, rkinis zedapirze muSaobis sirTulis gamo ostatma gamartivebuli
saxiT gadmogvca jaWvis struqtura. jaWvis zaradis sasargeblod metyvelebs
is garemoeba, rom muzaradze Tvalzeda Wrilebi SeiniSneba. aseTi Wrilebi ki
xSirad gvxvdeba jaWvis zaradTan erTad, rogorc es gvaqvs TaR-i-bostanis
reliefze qvaSi gamokveTil (620 w.) xosro II-is muzaradze da nomadur-iranul
gavlenaze miuTiTebs. muzaradis sacxvire hgavs axlaxans, stambulSi
Teodosiusis navsadguris gaTxrisas napovn sacxvires, romelsac
momrgvalebuli Tvalis Wrili emCneva (D’Amato 2012: 52).
XI saukuneSi konusuri muzaradi TandaTanobiT gadadis
sferokonusurSi. XI saukunis Semoqmedis xatze gamosaxul sam meomars
axuravs erTi naWrisagan gamoWedili muzaradebi: isini ukve sakmaod
momrgvalebulia, Tumca jer kidev inarCuneben konusur formas (sur. 6).
122 sferokonusuri muzaradi Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi Cndeba mesopotamiaSi;
misi forma sabolood yalibdeba meore aTaswleulis SUua xanebisaTvis siria-palestinis
regionSi (Горелик 2003: 135-136). m. goreliki aRniSnavs, rom axlo aRmosavleTTan ase Tu ise
dakavSirebuli teritoriebidan, Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan liTonis muzaradebis
arseboba mxolod amierkavkasiaSi aRiniSneba (Горелик 2003: 139).
77
muzarads aqvs ukana, CamogrZelebuli nawili, romelic kefas da kisris zeda
nawils faravs da, romelic ufro gviandeli muzaradisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. aseTive yursafari aqvT XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis
111r miniaturaze gamosaxul mebrZolebsac. mTlianWedili sferokonusuri
muzaradebi ukve mravlad gvxvdeba XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis 111r,
118r da 186v miniaturebzec. 186v miniaturaze mebrZolebs axuravT mTliani da
ramdenime naWrisagan SeWedili sferokonusuri zaradiani muzaradebi,
romelTac garSemo wvrili salte SemouyvebaT; zuCis gumbaTi rozetiT da
mrgvali burTuliT bolovdeba (sur. 7).
Tuki XII saukuneSi segmenturi muzaradebi raodenobrivad jer kidev
sWarbobs mTlianWedils, rogorc es SeiZleba vimsjeloT jruWis II oTxTavis
miniaturebis mixedviT, mogvianebiT mdgomareoba icvleba. XIV saukunis meore
naxevris H1665 daviTnSi ramdenime segmentisagan Semdgari muzaradi ukve
iSviaTad gvxvdeba (miniaturebi 190r, 213v) da masSi ZiriTadad mTliani,
liTonis erTi naWrisagan gamoWedili sferokonusuri muzaradebia.123
mTlianWedili sferokonusuri muzaradebis arseboba saqarTveloSi
materialuradac dasturdeba. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi inaxeba e.w.
„jalal ad-dinis muzaradi“, romelic 1401-15 wlebis „amirejibTa
gvarovnobiTi sigelis“ gadmocemiT XIII saukuneSi Tavad damarcxebul jalal
ad-dins waarTves da Semdgom mravalZalis monasters Seswires.124 miuxedavad
imisa, rom es ambavi simarTles ar Seesabameba,125 mravalZlis monasterSi
marTlac inaxeboda muzaradi, romelmac dRemde moaRwia (sur. 8). e.w. jalal
ad-dinis muzarads aqvs moqlonebiT damagrebuli farTo gvirgvini, romlis
zeda nawili kbilanebis formisaa; zaradis damagrebis sistema iseTivea,
rogorc vavelis muzaradze, – sakid kavebSi liTonis wnelia gayrili.
muzaradi dazianebuli da deformirebulia, magram mainc SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, rom mas saTvalis Wrili da sacxvire ar hqonda. gumbaTis Tavi
123 d. nikolic aRniSnavs, rom XIV saukunidan aRmosavleTSi muzaradebi ukve erTi mTliani
naWrisagan mzaddeboda (Nicolle 1990a: 41).
124 `odes wargÂCina TÂT da amisad rusudan mefeman laSqarsa sparsisasa da gaguÀmarjua;
mindors SevibeniT da amovswyÂdeT. movarTÂT droSa da Taji TÂTvan maRlis sulTnisa da
gÂyo wyaloba da gÂboZa jildod, rac viajeT... da droSaca SevswireT mexoiSnesa CuÀnsa, da
Taji mravalZalsa~ (qronikebi 1892: 210-211).
125 qarTvelebs Tavad jalal ad-dini arc erT brZolaSi ar daumarcxebiaT, da cxadia, arc
muzaradi waurTmeviaT.
78
dazianebulia da ar Cans, Tu rogor bolovdeboda. amJamindel mdgomareobaSi
muzaradi 964 grams iwonis, Tavdapirveli wona ki 1 kg-ze cota metic iqneboda
(zaradis gareSe). misi diametri 21 sm, simaRle ki 13.8 sm-ia, Tumca
Tavdapirveli simaRle 17-18 sm mainc iqneboda.
miuxedavad muzaradis dRevandeli mdgomareobisa, mainc SeiZleba
garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana. misi gumbaTi sakmaod kargadaa gamoWedili,
rac arsebuli tradiciis mimaniSnebeli unda iyos; samagierod, rigi niSnebisa,
rogoricaa gvirgvinis arcTu akuratuli mimagreba gumbaTTan, gvirgvinis
moqlonebis araswori rigebi, miuTiTebs Sesrulebis arc ise maRal xarisxze.
gvirgvins jer kidev ara aqvs miRebuli is daxvewili forma, romelic XIV
saukunisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es ki SeiZleba mianiSnebdes saqarTveloSi
farTo tipis gvirgvinis gavrcelebis sawyis stadiaze. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom saqme gvqondes XIII saukunis meore naxevris adgilobriv, provinciul
xelobasTan.
rogorc vxedavT, jalal ad-dinis muzaradze adgilobriv, regionSi
ukve damkvidrebul niSnebTan (mTlianWedili gumbaTi, jaWvis zaradi) erTad
SeiniSneba axali motivic – XII saukuneSi arsebuli gumbaTs Semoyolebuli
wvrili saltis nacvlad farTo gvirgvini.126 SedarebisaTvis, vavelis
muzarads gvirgvinis kbilanebis nacvlad xSiri samyura ornamenti amSvenebs;
misi gvirgvinic bevrad dabalia. Tuki amis mixedviT vimsjelebT, gardamaval
formad SeiZleba miviCnioT bayaTaris muzaradi, romelzec ukve vxedavT
gvirgvinis zeda nawilis mosarTavad gamoyenebul samyura ornaments, Tumca
ufro iSviaTs, vidre vavelis da ermitaJis muzaradebze (Горелик 1983: 263).
misi gvirgvini jer kidev maRalia da amJRavnebs naTesaobas jalal ad-dinis
tipis muzaradebTan.
evoluciis procesSi jalal ad-dinis muzaradis Semdgomi safexuria e.w.
„bayaTaris muzaradi“. d. nikolis azriT, am zuCis „konstruqcia avlens
mniSvnelovan metalurgiul codnas da liTonis mozrdili furclebis
126 jalal ad-dinis muzaradis msgavsi gvirgvinis kbilanebi SeimCneva svaneTSi, CaJaSis
macxovris eklesiis gareTa, CrdiloeT fasadze gamoxatul amirandarejanianis siuJetze (sur.
9). aq gamosaxuli badris muzaradi bolovdeba rozetiT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom grZeli
zoli, romelic zemodan gadadis gvirgvinze, mouxeSavad daxatuli zeviT aweuli moZravi
sacxvire iyos. es rom segmenturi muzaradis gamyofi zoli iyos, gvirgvinis qvemoT unda
imalebodes.
79
damuSavebis unars“ (Nicolle 1999b: 240). jer kidev XIX saukuneSi rekomSi, osur
salocavSi inaxeboda muzaradi, romelic gadmocemiT legendarul os gmirs,
bayaTars, ekuTvnoda.127 mogzaurTa (v. pfafi, a. mileri) aRweriT, romelTac
Canaxatebic dagvitoves, es iyo foladis zuCi moZravi sacxviriT da jaWvis
zaradiT (Кузнецов 1990: 37). ukanasknel xans a. darCievma moiZia da xelaxla
gamoaqveyna qarTveli arqeologis g. nioraZis mier XX saukunis dasawyisSi
gadaRebuli rekomis relikviebis unikaluri foto, romelzec bayaTaris
muzaradicaa aRbeWdili (Дарчиев 2012: 2-3)128 (sur. 10). v. kuznecovis azriT,
romelmac gamokvlevac miuZRvna rekoms, saqme exeba istoriul pirovnebas,
romelic realurad arsebobda da XIII-XIV saukuneebis mijnaze cxovrobda da
ibrZoda saqarTveloSi (Кузнецов 1990: 37). marTlac, qarTveli mematiane
gviambobs XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi oseTidan oqros urdos mier
gamoZevebuli ojaxis istorias, romlis mcirewlovani vaJebi, farejani da
bayaTari, saqarTveloSi dasaxldnen (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 136). SemdgomSi,
bayaTari gvevlineba saqarTveloSi myof osTa mTavrad da sakmaod did
Zalauflebasac ixveWs. is intensiurad monawileobs saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mimdinare brZolebSi, rasac ewireba kidec 1306 Tu 1307 wels
Zamis cixesTan (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 198, 210-212). rogorc Cans, sikvdilis
Semdeg bayaTari gadaasvenes oseTSi, sagvareulo akldamaSi, misi
aRWurviloba (zuCi, Subi da kaparWi)129 ki rekomis salocavs Sewires (Кузнецов
1990: 40). bayaTaris muzaradis XIV saukunis SuaxanebiT an meore naxevriT
daTariReba (Горелик 1983: 263; Nicolle 1999b: 240).130 xelovnuri meCveneba. XIII-XIV
saukuneebis mijnaze ukve arsebobs bayaTaris zuCisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
yvela niSani: mTlianWedili sferokonusuri gumbaTi,131 saTvaleebi,132 moZravi
127 am salocavis saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSiris da iq Senaxuli qarTuli nivTebis Sesaxeb
ix. wurwumia 2010b: 40.
128 g. nioraZis foto pirvelad germaniaSi gamocemul mis wignSi gamoqveynda (Nioradze 1923: 42,
Taf. 12).
129 zogierTi cnobebiT, aseve, samklave da laxtic (Нарожный 2003: 116).
130 d. nikoli Tavadve „metad saeWvos“ uwodebs sakuTar daTariRebas, romelic realurad
marTlac arafers emyareba.
131 ix. XI-XII saukuneebis muzaradebis qarTuli gamosaxulebebi.
132 muzaradis warbzeda rkaliseburi Wrilebi jer kidev meore aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan
SeiniSneba siria-palestinaSi (Горелик 2003: 137). SemdgomSi muzaradis es damaxasiaTebeli
detali evraziis mTel kontinentze vrceldeba da XVII saukuneSic gamoiyeneba.
80
sacxvire.133 aRsaniSnavia, rom bayaTaris muzaradis XIII saukunis meore
naxevriT daTariRebas eTanxmeba rusuli saWurvlis cnobili mkvlevari a.
kirpiCnikovic (Кузнецов 1990: 39). Crdilokavkasiuri SeiaraRebis mkvlevari e.
naroJnic uSvebs, rom rekomSi marTlac bayaTaris saWurveli inaxeboda da
muzaradic mis Tanamedrove epoqas ekuTvnoda (Нарожный 2003: 118). Cemi azriTac,
rekomSi arsebuli saWurveli da muzaradi osebis mTavars bayaTars
ekuTvnoda. bunebrivia rom, es SeiaraReba mas saqarTveloSi eSova (SeeZina an
moepovebina). CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saWurvelis gavrcelebas saqarTvelodan ar
gamoricxavs a. salnikovic, Tumca mas Tvlis monRoluri iranis SeiaraRebis
zegavlenis qveS myof teritoriad (Сальников 2008: 68, 104).
bayaTaris muzaradi mciredi saxecvlilebebis Semdeg (gumbaTi
sabolood ixveweba, gvirgvini dabldeba, samyura ornamenti ufro xSiria da
saTiTaod mimagrebuli, Cndeba rozeti) XIV saukuneSi transformirdeba
vavelis tipis muzaradad, romelzec detalurad SevCerdebi.134 poloneTSi,
krakovSi, vavelis sasaxlis muzeumSi 1946 wlidan inaxeba muzaradi, romelic
Tavdapirvelad Tavadi krasinskebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda (Zygulski 1982: 219)
(sur. 11). poloneli da ucxoeli avtorebi mas saukeTeso iranul nakeTobad
miiCneven da XIV saukuniT aTariReben (Robinson 1967: 27-28; Zygulski 1986: 62; Горелик
1987: 192; Chodynski 2000: 32; Kobylinski 2000: 69). vavelis sferokonusur muzarads
amSvenebs dabali gvirgvini samyura ornamentiT; aqvs saTvalis Wrilebi
dekoratiuli „warbebis“ kvaliT, romlebic amJamad dakargulia. saTvalis
Wrilebs Soris budea, romelSic brtyeli sacxvire srialebda, Tavad
sacxvire ki dakargulia. muzaradis gumbaTis qveda kideze, saTiTaod
moqloniT damagrebuli, jaWvis zaradis sakidi kavebia. am kavebSi gayrilia
liTonis wneli, romelzec zaradis jaWvis zeda rgolebi iyo dakidebuli.
grZeli zaradi, romelic aseve dakargulia, viwro saTvale xvrelebis garda
faravda mTel saxes, eSveboda qvemoT da icavda mxrebsac. muzaradis Tavze
samyura ornamentiT Sedgenili rozetia warweriT da patara naxvretiT,
133 muzaradze mosriale sacxvire, romlis aweva-dawevac SeiZleboda, mSvildidan srolis
gasaadvileblad SemoiRes, sabeli sacxvires rom ar gamodeboda (Nicolle 1993b: 10). moZrav
sacxvires pirvelad danamdvilebiT vxvdebiT XIII saukunis bolos zuCze, romelic mamluqTa
sulTans muhamed ibn kalauns ekuTvnoda (Nicolle 1976: 42, fig. 134).
134 vavelis muzaradis da misi qarTuli atribuciis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. wurwumia 2010b: 29-57.
81
romelSic albaT, burTula magrdeboda.135 zuCis wona 985 gramia, simaRle – 20
sm, diametri ki 21.5 sm.136
vavelis muzaradis warmoSobisa da istoriis dasadgenad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs masze datanil warweras (sur. 12). didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am
warweris warmomavlobac ki ucnobi iyo poloneli avtorebisTvisac, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT Sinaarsze, romelic dRemde gaugebari rCeboda. zdislav
Jigulski Tavisi naSromebis (Stara Bron w Polskich Zbiorach, 1982; Bron Wschodnia, 1983)
mxolod meore gamocemebSi (1984 da 1986) ambobs, rom warwera qarTulia da
mas mogvianebiT datanilad miiCnevs.137 aqedanve unda iTqvas, rom misi varaudi
sworia da warwera mogvianebiT, XVII saukuneSia Sesrulebuli. muzaradis
warwera marTlac qarTulia, misi pirveli naxevari (RmerTisa da wminda
giorgisadmi mimarTva) Tavisuflad ikiTxeba, meore nawili ki daRvlarWnili
da sakmaod Zneli gasaSifria. Cemi TxovniT, is amoikiTxa da meCvidmete
saukuniT daaTariRa profesorma valeri silogavam, risTvisac mas did
madlobas movaxseneb. warweris Sinaarsi aseTia: RmerTo da mxneo mxedaro,
dido wmind(a)o giorgio, g(a)umarjve Cij(a)vaZes sazv(e)rels. rogorc vxedavT,
vavelis muzaradis qarTuli warwera sakmao informaciis Semcvelia da
gvawvdis zust cnobas misi patronis vinaobis Sesaxeb.
CijavaZeebi imereTis Zlier feodalur gvars warmoadgendnen (vaxuSti
batoniSvili 1973: 36) da maT xsenebas matianeSi sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT. XVII
saukunis saqarTvelos istoria or sazverel CijavaZes icnobs.138 pirvelma,
1619 wels, imereTSi gaZevebuli yofili aragvis erisTavi baaduri mokla da
coli wahgvara. baaduris Zma, cnobili zurab erisTavi Tavs daesxa CijavaZes,
mokla da Tavi mokveTa mas (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 428-429). meore sazverel
CijavaZe 1679 wels imereTSi mimdinare SinaomSi monawileobda da raWaSi
135 Tuki vimsjelebT naxvretis zomiT da garkveuli analogiebiT.
136 minda madloba gadavuxado vavelis muzeumis samxedro departamentis kurators, baton
krJiStof CiJevskis da amave muzeumis fotografiis departamentis TanamSromels, qalbaton
marta golik-griglass, maT mier gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis da mowodebuli fotoebisaTvis.
137 muzaradis „rozeti mogvianebiT damatebuli religiuri Sinaarsis qarTuli warweriT“
(Zygulski 1982: 219); zuCis „Tavze spilenZis firfitaa, albaT mogvianebiT datanili, qarTuli
warweriT“ (Zygulski 1986: 62).
138 `sazvereli~ CijavaZeTa sagvareulo saxelia da sabaJos Zvel saxelwodebasTan – `sazuere~-
sTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli (berZeniSvili 1964: 188-192). sazuerel CijavaZe pirvelad 1401-07
wlis sabuTSi gvxvdeba (qronikebi 1897: 213).
82
daiRupa brZolisas (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 843). rogorc vxedavT, orive
CijavaZe XVII saukuneSi cxovrobda da moqmedebda. muzaradze warwera
romelime maTganis mflobelobis periodSi unda amoetvifraT. es ki niSnavs,
rom XIV saukuneSi gamoWedili zuCi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, sul cota, sam
saukuneze met xans139 da mas bolomde aqtiurad, Tavisi daniSnulebiT
iyenebdnen.140
vavelis muzarads hgavs sankt-peterburgSi, ermitaJSi daculi
idealurad naWedi foladis muzaradic, romelic udavod vavelis tips
miekuTvneba da misgan mxolod umniSvnelo detalebiT gansxvavdeba: samyura
ornamenti aq zemodanacaa mozRuduli, gumbaTi cotaTi dabali da sferulia
da rozetis nacvlad ufro martivi konusiT bolovdeba.141 erTnairia am
muzaradebis sacxvire, saTvalis Wrili da warbebi, samyura ornamenti,
zaradis damagrebis sistema da moqloniT saTiTaod damagrebuli sakidi
kavebic.142 ermitaJis muzaradis wona 1456 gramia, simaRle – 18.2 sm, diametri ki
20.6 sm (sur. 13). rogorc vxedavT, ermitaJis da vavelis muzaradebis msgavseba
ise didia, rom SeiZleba gvefiqra maTi erTi saxelosnosTvis mikuTvnebazec;
magram aseTi daskvnis gamotanisagan Tavs, pirvel rigSi, maTi wonaSi didi
sxvaobis gamo vikaveb: odnav patara zomebis miuxedavad, ermitaJis muzaradi
wonaSi TiTqmis naxevari kiloTi aRemateba Tavis tyupiscals. Tumca, imis
varauds versad wavuvalT, rom orive es muzaradi gverdigverd, erT regionSi
da epoqaSia damzadebuli.
am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel muzaradebis gamosaxulebebs mravlad
vpoulobT XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnSi (sur. 14). daviTnis
139 CijavaZis muzaradi poloneTSi unda moxvedriliyo XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi,
rodesdac aRmosavluri modiT gatacebuli poloneli mefeebi Tu aristokratia qarTul-
Cerqezulad imoseboda da ikazmeboda.
140 amas mowmobs mravalricxovani sabrZolo dazianebebis kvalic, romelic kargad etyoba
muzarads.
141 e. lenci, ratomRac, miuTiTebs ermitaJis muzaradis gumbaTze arsebul XV-XVI saukuneebis
evropul ornamentze (Ленц 1908: 134). m. gorelikic imaves imeorebs (Горелик 1983: 265).
ermitaJidan gamogzavnili maRali xarisxis cifruli fotoebis daTvalierebisas davrwmundi,
rom muzaradi ar aris dafaruli ornamentiT.
142 isini garkveulwilad erTmaneTs avseben: ermitaJis muzards SemorCenili dekoratiuli
`warbebi~ warmodgenas gviqmnis vavelis muzaradis dakargul warbebze, vavelis SemorCenili
sacxviris bude ki zustad `avsebs~ mis adgilze darCenil ermitaJis muzaradis naxvretebs.
yovelive es iZleva Zvirfas monacemebs rekonstruqciisaTvis.
83
muzaradebi, gansakuTrebiT maTi gumbaTis forma, Zalian hgavs vavelis
muzarads. isini gansxvavdebian mxolod zaradis formiT da sacxviriT, Tumca
axsna amasac SeiZleba moeZebnos. daviTnis miniaturebze saxis dasafaravi
zaradis da sacxviris ararseboba saeklesio mxatvrobis damkvidrebuli
tradiciiT unda aixsnas. cnobilia, rom marTlmadidebluri ikonografiuli
tradiciisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianis gamosaxva dafaruli saxiT
(Жуков 2005: 26). miniaturebze xSirad ar gamosaxavdnen moZrav sacxviresac
(Бобров, Худяков 2002: 131). aseve, iSviaTad gamosaxavdnen sacxvires iranul
miniaturebSic (Robinson 1967: 28). amasve mowmobs daviTis da goliaTis brZolis
amsaxveli H1665 daviTnis ori miniatura, romlebic daxuruli da moxdili
muzaradis Sedarebis unikalur SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs: 230r miniaturaze
sabrZolod aRWurvili goliaTia gamosaxuli, romlis muzaradze sacxvire ar
Cans (sur. 15); 230v miniatura ki gviCvenebs damarcxebuli, TavmokveTili
goliaTis gverdiT dagdebul misive muzarads, romelzec ukve mkafiod Cans
sacxvire, gansakuTrebiT misi qveda nawili (sur. 16). ra Tqma unda, Ria tipis,
zaradiT saxedauburavi muzaradebic iarsebebdnen, magram daviTnis
absoluturad yvela muzaradis Ria forma, albaT, mainc mxatvars unda
„davabraloT“.
vavelis tipis muzaradi saqarTveloSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda
da mas mciredi saxecvlilebiT sami-oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, praqtikulad
feodaluri epoqis dasasrulamde, iyenebdnen. am faqts, erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad, erTdroulad da erTnairad, gadmogvcems ori wyaro,
romlebSic XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTveloa aRwerili: mamuka
TavaqaraSvilis „vefxistyaosnis“ miniaturebi da kristoforo kastelis
albomebi.
mamuka TavaqaraSvilma, imereTis mefis mdivanma, samegreloSi, levan II
dadianis karze tyveobaSi yofnisas 1646 wels gadawera „vefxistyaosani“. mis
miniaturebSi ori tipis muzarads vxvdebiT: Calmisebur muzarads (SedarebiT
iSviaTad) da vavelis muzarads mciredi modifikaciiT, romelic, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTad Tavis dasacav saSualebas warmoadgenda. 255-e miniaturaze
avTandilis unagiris taxtaze damagrebulia zuCi, romelic vavelis
muzaradis analogiuria: igivea gumbaTis forma, dekoratiuli warbebi,
zaradi, rozeti gumbaTis wveroze, gvirgvinis forma, romlis zeda kide
zustad imeorebs vavelis muzaradis ornaments (sur. 17). miniaturebis mTel
84
jgufze (138, 187, 199, 319, 341 da 429) gamosaxul mebrZolebs aseTive muzaradebi
axuravT. mciredi modifikacia Seexo zuCis ukana mxares, romlis liTonis
nawilic CamogrZelebulia da mTlianad faravs kefas, kisris zeda nawils da
yurebs.143 calkeul SemTxvevebSi muzaradis Tavs burTulis nacvlad patara
alami amSvenebs, romelic gvian SuasaukuneebSi iyo popularuli.
italieli misioneri don kristoforo de kasteli 1628-54 wlebSi
moRvaweobda saqarTveloSi. kastelis albomSi gamosaxuli qarTvel meomarTa
zuCebi metad hgavs vavelis muzarads da praqtikulad imeorebs
TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebs (kasteli 1976: sur. 43, 44, 48) (sur. 18 da 19).
TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebis msgavsad, kastelis mier daxatuli qarTuli
zuCebi atareben gviani modifikaciis kvals da CamogrZelebuli kisris
safariT xasiaTdebian. aseve, muzaradebze damatebiT vxedavT alams da jiRas.
sxva mxriv, kastelis naxatebi saocar msgavsebas amJRavnebs gansaxilvel
muzaradTan.
am ori wyaros monacemebi erTi garemoebiTac aris metad sayuradRebo:
kasteli metwilad dasavleT saqarTvelos aRwers da TavaqaraSvilic am
mxareSi moRvaweobda. ase rom, oriveni ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos
realiebs asaxaven TavianT naSromebSi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan
gansxvavebiT, dasavleTs ar ganucdia monRolur-iranuli zegavlena. is faqti,
rom vavelis tipis muzaradi dasavleT saqarTveloSia yvelaze
ganviTarebuli, ver aixsneba muzaradis SesaZlo monRolur-iranuli
warmoSobiT da iranuli gavleniT.
amasTanave, vavelis muzaradi islamuri nimuSebisagan naklebi, TiTqosda
evropuli stilis ornametulobiT gamoirCeva; ar SeimCneva ornamenti,
romelic muzaradis gumbaTs mTlianad an nawilobriv mainc faravs; ar aqvs
warwerebi sparsul an arabul enaze yuranidan. muzaradis gumbaTis forma
adgilobrivi, kavkasiuri tradiciis gagrZeleba ufroa, vidre monRolur-
iranulis;144 rozeti da mrgvali burTula muzaradis wveroze, aseve, sruli
143 anu qarTulma muzaradma ganicada igive saxecvlileba, rac XIV saukuneSi evropulma
bascinetma, romelic 1330 wlis Semdeg grZeldeba qvemoT da faravs yurebs da kisers (Blair
1958: 67).
144 muzaradis msgavsi mTlianWedili gumbaTi mravalgzis dadasturebulia XII saukunis
jruWis miniaturaSi da XIV saukunis qarTul daviTnSi.
85
zaradi monRolebis gamoCenamde iyo gavrcelebuli.145 vavelis winamorbedi
muzaradis mflobeli bayaTari saqarTveloSi cxovrobda, ibrZoda da aqve
aResrula; vavelis tipis modificirebuli muzaradebi gvxvdeba XVII saukunis
saqarTveloSi; jalal ad-dinis, bayaTaris, vavelis da TavaqaraSvili-
kastelis muzaradebi warmodgenas gviqmnian evoluciis xazze, romlis yvela
komponentic, pirdapir Tu iribad, saqarTvelosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
aqedan gamomdinare, marTebuli unda iyos mtkiceba vavelis muzaradis
qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb, agreTve, mosazrebac evoluciis uwyvet
procesze, romelsac am tipis muzaradi ganicdida saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
TavaqaraSvilis da kastelis namuSevrebis ganxilvis Semdeg, ukve
erTmniSvnelovnad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom vavelis tipis zuCebi myarad iyo
fexmokidebuli saqarTveloSi da mas sxvadasxva variaciebiT da
modifikaciebiT amzadebdnen da iyenebdnen.
ase rom, sferokonusuri muzaradis ganviTarebis sakuTriv qarTul
gzaze, romelic dasrulebuli saxiT XVII saukuneSia warmodgenili,
mniSvnelovania Semoqmedis, jruWis, jalal ad-dinis, bayaTaris da vavelis
muzaradebi; am gzis damagvirgvinebeli etapia kastelis da TavaqaraSvilis
mier aRwerili zuCebi (sur. 20).
Cabalaxi
Cabalaxi `ars Tavsaxuravi saomari, gina wvimaSi Tavs Camosacmeli rame;
jaWvis qudi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 313). sabas ganmartebiT, Cabalaxi
mxolod jaWvisagan damzadebul Tavsaburavs warmoadgens: `romelsa
polotiki ara aqvs, Tav(s) saxuravi litoni jaWvia, igi ars Cabalaxi~
(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 290).
damoukidebel146 jaWvis quds evropaSi XI saukunidan iyenebdnen. maTi
ori tipi arsebobda: jaWvis perangTan gaerTianebuli da damoukidebeli.
145 muzaradis rozetiseburi daboloeba specifikur, mxolod monRoluri xanisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel da aziis dasavleTi nawilisaTvis ucnob detalad iTvleboda (Горелик 1987:
189). muzaradis rozetiseburi daboloeba ramdenjerme gvxvdeba jruWis meore oTxTavis 186v
miniaturaze, romelic XII saukuneSia Sesrulebuli. burTulovani daboloeba aqvT favnisis
XII saukunis freskaze meomarTa muzaradebs, aseve, XII saukunis jruWis meore oTxTavis 186v,
231r da 236r miniaturebze gamosaxul mebrZolebsac, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom zuCis
gaformebis es tradicia saqarTveloSi monRolebis gamoCenamde arsebobda.
146 anu romelic jaWvis perangTan ar iyo integrirebuli.
86
mxolod jaWvis Cabalaxi arasakmaris dacvas warmoadgenda, romlis daZlevac
mravalgvar iaraRs SeeZlo. rogorc wesi, Cabalaxs sadebis gareSe ar
atarebdnen (Hellman 1995). Cabalaxi kargad icavda mebrZolis kisers da yurebs
(Sidnell 2006: 319). XIII saukunis SuaxanebisTvis Cabalaxi evropaSi sayovelTaodaa
gavrcelebuli (Wise 1978: 15). XIV saukuneSi evropaSi jaWvis qudi Secvala
zuCze damagrebulma zaradma (Nicolle 1996: 47). Cabalaxi cnobili iyo
aRmosavleTSic, magram ufro popularuli zuCze damagrebuli jaWvis zaradi
iyo (Nicolle 1994: 31). fiqroben, rom Cabalaxi bizantiaSi avarebma Seitanes an
Tavad romaelebma Seqmnes, parTul-sasanuri muzaradis jaWvis zaradis
safuZvelze (Stephenson 2006: 26-27). damoukidebel jaWvis quds bizantiurad
skaplia (skaplioni) ewodeboda (Kolias 1988: 43, 79; D’Amato 2006: 16). mavrikiosis
strategikonSi gvxvdeba damoukidebeli jaWvis qudis xseneba. traqtatis
avtoris rCeviT, im jarikacebs, romelTac jaWvis abjari ar hqondaT, jaWvis
Cabalaxi mainc unda daexuraT mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad (Maurices’s
Strategikon 1984: 106).
XVII saukuneSi, rodesac sulxan-saba iZleva Cabalaxis ganmartebas, is
jaWvis Tavsarqmelia. Tuki mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Cabalaxis xSir xsenebas XI-
XIII saukuneebis werilobiT ZeglebSi da, amavdroulad, mis erTeul
gamosaxulebebs, SesaZlebelia davsvaT kiTxva: Cabalaxi yovelTvis jaWvis
qudi iyo, Tu Tavdapirvelad muzarads aRniSnavda zogadad? juanSeris mier
aRweril `cxen-Tornosan da jaWu-Cabalaxosan~ mxedrobaSi (juanSeri 1955: 155).
TiTqosda, Cabalaxi muzarads Seesabameba. `vefxistyaosanSi~, qajeTis cixis
saieriSod mzadebisas Cabalaxi da muzaradi isea naxsenebi, rom SesaZlebelia
maTi rogorc cal-calke, ise urTierTmonacvle terminebad arseboba:
„cxenebsa Sesxdes, aiRes maT maTi Cabalaxebi“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str.
1408), da cota xnis Semdeg – „midges gareT, muzaradni daixurnes Jamierad“
(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1413). SesaZloa, gmirebma jer Cabalaxebi aiRes da
rodesac cixes miuaxlovdnen, muzaradebic daixures. amave dros, SeiZleba
Cabalaxi ubralod muzarads niSnavdes da maT monacvleobiT iyenebdes
avtori. sxva epizodSi, rusTaveli, TiTqosda, asxvavebs Cabalaxsa da
muzarads erTmaneTisagan: „maTi mesma dapireba, CabalaxTa Camoburva“ (SoTa
rusTaveli 2009: str. 615). Cabalaxis Camoburva ufro jaWvis Tavsaburavs
Seefereba, vidre muzarads, miT umetes, rom muzaradis jaWvs rusTaveli
zaradiT aRniSnavs.
87
`amirandarejanianis~ monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs meti sicxade
SevitanoT am sakiTxSi. orTabrZolebis aRwerisas vkiTxulobT: „aidgna
ferÃni avJandaTa zeda da hkra Ãrmali Cabalaxsa zeda, gaakueTina orni
polotikni rkinisani, Cabalaxi da Tavsa didi SehkueTa~ (mose xoneli 1967:
478-479); `hkra Ãrmali imarindoman, polotikni rkinisani gaakueTina da
Cabalaxi gaukueTa da Tavsa didi SehkueTa~ (mose xoneli 1967: 560-561). orive
epizodSi Cans, rom xmalma gakveTa rkinis muzaradis firfitebi (polotikni)
da muzaradis qveS darqmeuli Cabalaxi, romelic mxolod jaWvis SeiZleba
yofiliyo. rkinis muzaradis daxurva jaWvis Cabalaxze Cveuli praqtika iyo
Sua saukuneebSi. sxvagan, asparezobis monawiles `Cabalaxi moeSala~, rac misi
sikvdilis mizezi gaxda (mose xoneli 1967: 547). gamoyenebuli termini
`moeSala~, jaWvis CamoSlaze unda miuTiTebdes. dabolos,
`amirandarejanianSi~ aRwerili cxenis abjari pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom
Cabalaxi jaWvia: `Cabalaxi gardaekidnes egreve cxenisa mkerdsa, Tavsa da
ferdsa“ (mose xoneli 1967: 475).
JamTaaRmwerelis monaTxrobic mowmobs, rom Cabalaxi jaWvis
Tavsaburavia: `maSin waravlines mociquli winaSe didisa yaenisa... da auwyes
aReba sparseTisa, saqarTvelosa, saberZneTisa, da yovelTa TemTa qudi da
abjari da tanisamisi gaugzavnes da wesi miumcnes... da viTar ixila mociquli
[mangu yaenma], ganixara da Cabalaxisa xilvasa zeda gankÂrda~ (JamTaaRmwereli
1987: 79-80). monRolebs rkinis muzaradi ver gaakvirebdaT, maTi gaoceba
mxolod Cabalaxs, jaWvis quds, SeeZlo gamoewvia. rogorc Cans, XII-XIII
saukuneebSi mainc, Cabalaxi ukve jaWvis quds aRniSnavda.
XI saukunis saqarTveloSi cnobili yofila „Cabalaxi gudamayruli“,
romelsac miwis sasyidlad iyeneben (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40).
Cabalaxiani qveiTi meomaria gamosaxuli jruWis II oTxTavis 70v miniaturaze.
CaCqani
sabas mixedviT, CaCqani rkinis patara, jamis formis Tavsarqmelia jaWvis
zaradiT, romelic ukan, kiserze bolomdea CamoSvebuli, win ki saxes ar
faravs.147 Tumca, rogorc eTnografiuli sinamdvilidan vrwmundebiT,
xevsuruli CaCqanis zaradi saxesac faravda. k. ColoyaSvili CaCqanis orgvar
147 `da ars Txemsa zeda mcire polotiki da zaradi kisris kerZoTa da pirsa arara, igi ars
CaCqani~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 290).
88
zarads aRniSnavs: amoWril saTvaleebiani grZeli pirbade da mokle pirbade,
romelic win ki mxolod Subls faravs, ukan da gverdebze ki CamogrZelebuli
iyo (ColoyaSvili 1957: 339).
CaCqani warmoadgens liTonis jams, romelsac kideze naxvretebi aqvs
Semoyolebuli zaradis jaWvisaTvis. ruseTSi mas misurkas eZaxdnen, arabulis
sityvidan `misri~, rac egviptes niSnavda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi
mkvlevari Tvlis, rom CaCqani mamluquri egviptidan gavrcelda (Аствацатурян
2002: 65). sazogadod, kavkasiuri CaCqani SedarebiT ufro brtyelia, vidre
osmaluri an iranuli (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 81). k. ColoyaSvilic aRniSnavs, rom
SemorCenili qarTuli CaCqanebi aris mrgvali da dabali, jamiseburi
TaqvsarqmeliT da sacxviris gareSe (ColoyaSvili 1957: 339). saqarTveloSi
(xevsureTSi) CaCqans foladis, rkinisa da spilenZisagan amzadebdnen.
Semonaxulia qarTuli CaCqani, romlis jams Camobmuli aqvs ybis qveS
amosadebi tyavis dawnuli Tasma, romliTac is Tavze magrdeboda
(ColoyaSvili 1957: 335-336).
gavazSi napovnia CaCqani, romelic warmoadgens jamis formis rkinas
daCvretil kideebze mimagrebuli zaradis jaWviT. CaCqanis jamze oTxi
samsWvaliT aris damoqlonebuli mcenareuli ornamentiT morTuli vercxlis
firfita centraluri rgoliT. jamze SemorCenilia nabdis naWeri (WilaSvili
1975: 92-93). es Zvirfasi aRmoCenaa, romelic cxadyofs, rom muzaradis sadebad
nabdis naWers iyenebdnen.
rkinis qudi
XIII saukunis dasawyisis timoTesubnis mxatvrobaSi qveiTi meomris ori
gamosaxulebaa (Привалова 1980: 73-75, рис. 27-28). damaxasiaTebeli farflebiani
rkinis qudiT (chapel de fer). evropaSi is XII saukunis bolos Cndeba da XIII
saukunis ganmavlobaSi popularuli xdeba jaris yvela saxeobaSi (Wise 1978:
29). aRsaniSnavia, rom farflebiani rkinis qudis gamosaxuleba pirvelad XI
saukunis dasawyisis bizantiaSi gvxvdeba (Nicolle 1997: 20). aseTi muzaradi
kargad icavda meomars zemodan wamosuli dartymisa da nasroli isrisagan,
rasac gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda cixe-simagreebis ieriSisas
(Gravett 1997: 45). misi Ria forma ki yovelmxriv xedvis saSualebas iZleoda. XIV
saukunis dasawyisidan rkinis qudis adreuli segmenturi forma mTlianma,
erT-naWrianma konstruqciam Secvala (Nicolle 1996: 51). timoTesubanis freskze,
89
TiTqosda, mTlianWedili sabrZolo qudi Cans, rac aseTi ganviTarebuli
modelis adreuli warmomadgeneli unda iyos.
rkinis sabrZolo qudi Cans XVI saukunis alaverdis Wedur xatzec
(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 554), rac sabolood metyvelebs, rom am tipis muzarads
SezRudulad, magram mainc iyenebdnen saqarTveloSi.148
sxeulis abjari
aTaswleulebis manZilze evraziis vrcel kontinentze ramdenime
ZiriTadi tipis sxeulis abjari Camoyalibda, romlebic liTonisa da
cxoveluri Tu mcenareuli warmoSobis organuli masalisagan (rqa, tyavi,
qsovili) mzaddeboda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebuli Tavdasacavi
aRWurvilobidan aRsaniSnavia jaWvis da sxvadasxva zomis firfitebisagan
Semdgari abjari. jaWvis abjari liTonis patara rgolebisagan mzaddeboda;
patara firfitebisagan iwyoboda qerclovani da lamelaruli abjari, saltis
formis firfitebisagan – laminari, didi firfitebisagan ki – polotiki da
Car-aina. gavrcelebuli iyo kombinirebuli abjaric, romelic jaWvSi
integrirebul rkinis firfitebs warmoadgenda. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia
sagangebod damzadebuli (daliandagebuli) qsovilis abjari, romelsac
damoukideblad da liTonis abjarTan kombinaciaSic iyenebdnen.
qerclovani, lamelaruli, laminaruli abjari
liTonis patara firfitebisagan Sedgenil sxeulis abjars didi xnis
istoria aqvs. Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, wina aziasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi ukve gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva saxis firfitovani
(qerclovani da lamelaruli) abjari. aRsaniSnavia, rom am regionSi adreuli
lamelari, aqemeniduri epoqidan dawyebuli mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze,
qerclovanma abjarma Caanacvla, centralur da aRmosavleT aziaSi ki
lamelari batonobda (Хазанов 2008: 124-133; Горелик 2003: 83-112).149
148 sainteresoa, rom p. grotovskis dakvirvebiT, moskovis kremlSi daculi XIII-XIV ss.
bizantiuri rkinis qudis (chapel de fer) forma qarTuli sakurTxevliswina jvrebis quds hgavs
(Grotowski 2010: 26, n34).
149 orive saxis firfitovan abjars (qerclovans da lamelaruls) Tavisi Rirseba da nakli
gaaCnda, amitomac gvxvdeba xandaxan maTi kombinacia abjris erT kompleqtSi, sadac
SesaZlebeli iyo lamelaruli kirasis da qerclovani qvedatanis SeTavseba (Лупиненко 2006:
90
aziidan daZruli momTabare tomebis gamoCenis Semdeg, bizantiis
imperiasa da mis mimdebare regionebSi sawinaaRmdego procesi iwyeba. VII-IX
saukuneebSi avarebis, xazarebis, ungrelebis da stepis sxva nomadebis
gavleniT lamelaruli abjari fexs ikidebs bizantiaSi (Haldon 1999: 129), sadac
gansakuTrebiT farTod X saukuneSi vrceldeba.
qerclovani abjari
axlo aRmosavleTSi qerclovani abjari Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis
Suaxanebidan vrceldeba. iyenebdnen ra aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi,
qerclovani abjari iTvleba erT-erT niSansvetad sabrZolo xelovnebis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi (Cernenko 1983: 7; Горелик 2003: 90-92).
qerclovani abjari warmoadgens tyavze an raime qsovilze
kramitiseburad150 damagrebul liTonis firfitebs. xSirad mis firfitebs U-
forma aqvT (Nickel 2002: 109). abjris firfitebi yovelTvis (!) qvemoTaa
mimarTuli, rac mis damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens. qerclovani abjris
rigebi 1/3-ze gadafaraven erTmaneTs151 da cotaTi Secilebuli arian, rac
Tevzis qerclis msgavs mravalfenian zedapirs warmoqmnis. firfitebis
formac Sesabamisia, – erTi mxare momrgvalebul-wagrZelebuli, meore ki
swori (Соловьев 1987: 52).
lamelarTan SedarebiT qerclovani abjari ufro elastiuria, radgan
misi firfitebi sami mxridan Tavisufalia (Кирпичников 1971: 18; Кирпичников
1976: 35). qerclovanze ufro moqnili mxolod jaWvis abjaria (Cernenko 1983: 7).
Tanamedrove rekonstruqtorebis monacemebic mowmoben, rom sworad
damzadebuli qerclovani abjari TiTqmis jaWviviT moqnilia da masaviT
grZeli saxeloebi da qvedabolo SeiZleba hqondes (Dawson 2002: 86).152
117; Кирпичников 1971: 19). kombinirebuli abjris magaliTia boWormis xatze gamosaxuli wm.
giorgis saWurveli, romelsac lamelaruli kirasa da qerclovani qvedatani acvia
(CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 50-51).
150 xandaxan, qerclebi zustad erTmaneTis qvemoTac iyo moTavsebuli (Robinson 1967: 3).
151 an ufro metad, naxevarze mainc (Деревянко 1987: 28).
152 Tumca aseTi modeli sakmaod iSviaTi unda yofiliyo. skviTuri SeiaraRebidan
grZelmklavebiani qerclovani abjris mxolod ramdenime nimuSi Tu mogvepoveba, isini
ZiriTadad moklemklavebiania (Cernenko 1983: 7).
91
mravali dadebiTi Tvisebis miuxedavad (moqniloba, dacvis kargi
xarisxi, teqnologiuroba) qerclovan abjars naklic gaaCnda. moZraobisas
qerclovani abjris firfitebi wamoiweoda xolme, rac mas saZgerebeli
iaraRis winaSe daucvels xdida (Лупиненко 2006: 117).153 qerclovani
abjrisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mgmiravi dartymebi qvemodan (Горелик 2003:
116). es metad mniSvnelovania cxenosani mebrZolisaTvis, romlis qerclovani
abjrisaTvis qveiTis Subi yovelTvis qvemodan mimarTuli da, Sesabamisad,
saxifaToc iyo.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze qerclovani abjris arseboba dabejiTebiT
ukve Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan SeiZleba vamtkicoT mopovebuli
arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze (vanisa da sairxis qerclovani
firfitebi), Tumca antikur epoqaSi maTi farTod gavrceleba saeWvoa
(gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 142-143).
Sua saukuneebis qerclovani grZeli abjari SesaniSnavadaa
detalizebuli jumaTis wm. giorgis xatze (erisTav vardan vardanisZis
Sewiruloba) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 151). abjris SemadgenlobaSi erTmaneTs
morigeobiT enacvleba Cveulebrivi, boloebmomrgvalebuli mogrZo qerclebi
da aseTive qerclebi SuaSi vertikaluri ZgidiT. aseTi firfitebi
momrgvalebuli qveda kidiT da SuaSi vertikaluri ZgidiT napovnia qvemo
donze, volgispireTSi, yubanSi. isini miCneuli arian romauli qerclovani
abjris nairsaxeobad – lorica plumata (Симоненко 2010: 111-112). lorica plumata aris
qerclovani abjari, romlis qerclis firfitebs centraluri Zgide gasdevs
(D’Amato 2009: 142; Dawson 2013: 30). jumaTis cnobil xatzec saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli lorica plumata aris gamosaxuli.
t. dousonis azriT, saqarTveloSi arsebobda qerclovani abjris
gansakuTrebuli saxeoba, romlis wvril firfitebs ori Rrmuli hqonda
(Dawson 2013: 44, fig. 10). mkvlevari am mosazrebas lamelarul da qerclovan
abjarze Cem statiaSi gamoqveynebuli CixareSis wm. giorgis xatis, wm.
prokofis (eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire svinaqsaridan, xelnaweri A648) da sxva
gamosaxulebebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gamoTqvams (Dawson 2013: 110, n71).
samwuxarod, dousonis es mosazreba realobas ar Seesabameba. zemoCamoTvlil
153 xandaxan, qerclovani abjris firfitebs qveda nawilze damatebiT naxvrets swored im
mizniT ukeTebdnen, rom misi bolo daemagrebinaT da xeli SeeSalaT moZraobisas firfitis
zemoT awevisaTvis, sadac Semdgom iaraRs SeeZlo SeeRwia (Черненко 1968: 30-31).
92
wmindanTa abjris firfitebze gamosaxulia moqlonebi firfitis kideebze da
ara Rrmulebi firfitis centrisaken, rogorc es rekonstruirebuli aqvs
dousons. rogorc adrec vuTiTebdi, zustad aseTi abjris firfitebi,
kideebze ori moqloniT, napovnia dasavleT cimbirSi (Соловьев 1987: 51, таб. X, 5).
lamelaruli abjari154
am abjris pirveli brinjaos nimuSebi napovnia egvipteSi, siria-
palestinaSi, mesopotamiasa da anatoliaSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi.155 lamelari
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aziaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis centralur da
aRmosavleT nawilSi da XIX saukunemdec ki moaRwia (Горелик 1987: 165; Горелик
2003: 108-109).
lamelaruli abjari Sedgeba marTkuTxa formis firfitebisagan,156
romlebic erTmaneTTan jer horizontalur rigebad, Semdeg ki vertikalurad
arian dakavSirebulni naxvretebSi gayrili TasmebiT. qerclovani abjrisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlis firfitebi erT mTlian substratzea damagrebuli,
lamelari jer rigebadaa damagrebuli da Semdeg erTmaneTTan SekavSirebuli
(Dawson 2009: 10).
lamelaruli firfitebis forma, naxvretebis raodenoba da aqedan
gamomdinare, maTi dakavSirebis meTodebi sxvadasxvagvaria.157 saukuneebis
manZilze, aziis uzarmazar kontinentze igi mudmiv ganviTarebas da
evolucias ganicdida, Tumca ZiriTadi principi, firfitebis TasmebiT
dakavSirebisa, ucvleli rCeboda.
154 saqarTveloSi lamelars „javSani“ Seesatyviseboda. termini javSani sparsuli
warmoSobisaa da sxeulis, mkerdis abjars niSnavs. javSani, Cveulebriv, lamelaruli
konstruqciis kirasas aRniSnavda. misi erT-erTi uadresi xseneba gvxvdeba IX saukunis arabi
istorikosis al-balazuris naSromSi, romelic arab-sasanelTa brZolebs aRwers. miuxedavad
terminis sparsulobisa, lamelaruli javSani iranSi centraluri aziidan Sesuli Cans
(Nicolle 2002a: 191). udavoa, rom qarTuli „javSanic“ swored aqedan momdinareobs (Nicolle 1986: 23;
Nicolle 1998b: 166).
155 Zv.w. VII saukuneSi rkinis firfitebma sabolood gamodevnes brinjao (Горелик 2003: 101-107).
156 firfitebi SeiZleba iyos liTonis, rqis, gamagrebuli tyavis da raime sxva masalis.
saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba tyavis lamelaruli kirasa da es arc aris gasakviri:
liTonisa da rkinis madnis naklebobas qveyana arasodes ganicdida.
157 miuxedavad SekavSirebis xerxebisa, lamelaris firfitebs sxeulze yovelTvis vertikaluri
mdgomareoba ekavaT (Соловьев 1987: 51).
93
qerclovan abjarTan SedarebiT, lamelaris firfitebi ufro didia
(Dawson 1998: 48). isini ufro mogrZo formisaa, yovel maTganze meti samagri
naxvretia, romlebic praqtikulad erTnairad, firfitis mTel zedapirzea
ganlagebuli. am naxvretebisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia Sewyvilebuli
ganlageba (Соловьев 1987: 50; Горелик 2003: 89). lamelaris firfitebis nawili
amozneqili iyo. aseTi formis firfita ukeTesad igeriebda da asustebda
isris, Subis Tu sxva iaraRis dartymas (Медведев 1959: 177-178.]
firfitovani (lamelaruli da qerclovani) abjris damzadeba sakmaod
Sromatevadi iyo, magram teqnologiurad sirTules ar warmoadgenda
(Лупиненко 2006: 116).158 qerclovani da lamelaruli abjris wona TiTqmis
erTnairia (Горелик 2003: 116). 1-1,5 mm sisqis firfitebiani abjris sruli
kompleqtis wona 14-16 kg-ia.159 misi firfitebi ramdenime fenadaa dalagebuli
da dacviTi TvisebebiT jaWvs aRemateba. 1,5 mm firfitebisagan gakeTebuli
lamelaruli kirasa 5 kg-s iwonis. aseTi abjari kargad uZlebs saZgerebel
iaraRs (Горелик 1987: 186-187). lamelari aseve kargad icavs isrebisagan, ris
gamoc didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Zalian popularuli iyo rogorc evraziis
momTabareebSi, ise maT mezoblebSi (Лупиненко 2006: 118).160 dasartymeli iaraRis
(laxti, gurzi) Zala „ifanteboda“ lamelaruli abjris firfitebze da
mebrZolis sxeuli ar ziandeboda. xmlis dartymam, Tasmebis gawyvetis
Sedegad, SeiZleba gamoiwvios Cveulebrivi tipis lamelaruli abjris
dazianeba (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 218). rekonstruirebuli lamelari
Zalian medegia praqtikulad yvela saxis dartymis mimarT da mowmobs am saxis
abjris gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs (Dawson 1998: 45).
Cveulebriv, lamelaruli javSanis firfitebi erTmaneTs
horizontalurad gadafaraven. t. dousonis dakvirvebiT, bizantiaSi X
saukunis bolodan Cndeba da XI-dan mkvidrdeba axali tipis lamelari,
romlis firfitebi erTmaneTs ar faravs, mxolod ekvris gverdigverd da
damagrebulia tyavze (Dawson 2002: 85).
158 Tumca, jaWvTan SedarebiT, adreuli firfitovani abjari gacilebiT naklebad Sromatevadi
iyo.
159 is 1,5-2-jer mZimea jaWvis abjarze (Горелик 1987: 186).
160 radganac cxenosani momTabareebis upirvelesi iaraRi mSvildi iyo, lamelaris firfitebi
erTmaneTs gadafaravdnen marjvnidan marcxniv, raTa maT mSvildis sabeli ar gamodeboda
(Nickel 2002: 109).
94
bizantiur gamosaxulebebSi vxvdebiT lamelars, romlis rigebi viwro
zolebiTaa dayofili.161 t. dousonis varaudiT, es aris firfitebis rigebs
Soris moTavsebuli tyavis zoli, romelic aSorebs firfitebs da
aneitralebs maTi moZraobiT gamowveul makratlis efeqts, rasac Tasmebis
gadaWra SeuZlia (Dawson 1992: 16). SemdgomSi dousonma ganaviTara Tavisi
dakvirveba da im daskvnamde mivida, rom bizantiur lamelarul abjarSi
firfitebs Soris Cafenilia ara tyavis viwro zoli, aramed farTo tyavi,
romelic mTlianad aris amofenili gverdigverd moTavsebuli firfitebis
ukan. aseTi abjari horizontalurad ufro moqnilia162 da advilia
dasamzadeblad. SemdgomSi damzadeba ufro gaadviles firfitebis tyavze
damoqlonebiT (TasmiT damagrebis nacvlad).163 dousoni Tvlis, rom
bizantiaSi lamelaris damoqloneba XI saukuneSi Semovida (Dawson 1998: 44-45).
XI-XII saukuneebSi, damoqlonebulis garda, Cndeba „amobrunebuli“
lamelaric: abjris mklavebi da qvedabolo „amobrunebuli“ anu zemodan
qvemoT mimarTuli lamelaris firfitebiT kompleqtdeba. Cveulebriv,
lamelaris firfitebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven qvemodan zemoT, radganac ase
saukeTesod ifaraven sxeuls gamgmiravi dartymebisagan, romlebic, rogorc
wesi, zeviTaa mimarTuli. samagierod, sxeulis kidurebs dartyma zemodan
xvdebaT. „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT dacul kidurebze dartyma qvemoT
curavs da nakleb zians ayenebs (Dawson 1998: 46-47; Dawson, 2002: 89).
dousonis dakvirvebas XI saukunidan zoliani lamelaris gamoCenaze
eTanxmeba qarTuli monacemebic: X saukunis gamosaxulebebze Cveulebrivi
lamelaria, XI-dan ki zoliani Cndeba. sainteresoa, rom es movlena
xelovnebaTmcodneebsac ar gamorCaT saqarTveloSi (romlis axsnac aSkarad
161 mkvlevrebi SeniSnaven, rom zoliani lamelaris adreuli gamosaxulebebi centralur
aziaSi jer kidev VIII-IX saukuneebSi gvxvdeba (Haldon 2002: 79). magram es ar aris is
konstruqcia, romelic bizantiur-qarTul lamelarSi gvxvdeba (Tuki is saerTod liTonisaa).
aq saqme gvaqvs aziisaTvis tradiciul, abjris firfitebis kideebze Semofenil, tyavis
zolTan. Tumca, lamelarSi liTonis firfitebisa da tyavis SeTavsebis ZiriTadi idea,
swored centraluri aziidan iqneba Semosuli Cvens regionSi.
162 Tumca, Cemi azriT, firfitebis horizontaluri gadafarvis ararsebobis gamo, ufro
sustic. samagierod, dakidebuli lamelaris rigebi TiTqmis naxevramde gadafaraven erTmaneTs
vertikalurad, rac niSnavs rom sxeulSi SesaRwevad iaraRma abjris ori fena unda gaiaros
(Dawson 1998: 45).
163 gamosaxulebebze moqloni mrgvali, msxvili wertiliT aris gadmocemuli.
95
scildeboda maTi kompetenciis farglebs). t. Seviakova jer kidev gasuli
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi werda, rom abjris firfitebs Soris wvrili zolebis
gamoCena saqarTveloSi XI saukunidan SeiniSneboda (Шевякова 1983: 23).
bizantiur da qarTul lamelaris gamosaxulebebze guldasmiT
dakvirvebam164 im daskvnamde mimiyvana, rom erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT
e.w. zoliani165 da xaziani166 abjrebi. radgan am ori tipis abjris gamoCena
erTmaneTisagan droSic gamijnulia (zoliani lamelari mxolod XI saukuneSi
Cndeba, xaziani ki mravlad gvaqvs ukve X saukuneSi), Znelia maT Soris
gansxvaveba mTlianad SemsrulebelTa interpretacias da warmosaxvas
davabraloT. umjobesi iqneba, Tuki miviCnevT, rom maT Soris arsebobda
garkveuli konstruqciuli sxvaoba da am sxvaobis dadgenas SevecdebiT. Cemi
varaudiT, firfitebs Soris erTi xazi Cans im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
firfitebis rigs tyavi mxolod ukan aqvs dafenili;167 zoliani abjris
SemTxvevaSi ki tyavi dafenilia firfitebis ukan da amave dros amofenilia
mis qveda nawilzec (sur. 21g).
firfitebis tyavis am meTodiT Semosvamde misvla Zneli ar unda
yofiliyo. praqtikulad, is Tavis TavSi aerTianebs aziis kontinentze
gavrcelebul lamelaruli konstruqciis Zvel meTods (rodesac tyavis zoli
Semofenilia firfitebis kideze)168 da SedarebiT axals (firfitebis ukan
164 arqeologiuri masalis simwiris gamo iZulebuli varT mxolod xelovnebis nimuSebze
dakvirvebiT SemovifargloT. me kargad mesmis, Tu ra problemebTanaa aseTi midgoma
dakavSirebuli da isic, rom saboloo daskvnis gamotanis saSualeba mxolod damatebiTi
arqeologiuri monacemebis gamoCenis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. samwuxarod, aseT siZneles
awydeba am periodis bizantiis Tu aRmosavleTis yvela mkvlevari. bizantiis kvlevasTan
dakavSirebul am siZneleebze ix. Parani 2003: 101-102.
165 rodesac abjris firfitebs Soris arsebuli zoli ori mkafio, zeda da qveda, xazisagan
iqmneba. aseTia ifaris, Sodais, labeWinis, sufis wm. giorgis xatebi, ifraris, lagurkis da
nakifaris wminda meomrebis freskebi da mravali sxva.
166 rodesac abjris firfitebs Soris mxolod erTi xazi Cans. aseTia Cukulis xatze
gamosaxuli wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore, mravalZlis xatze wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore,
faraxeTis wm. giorgis xati da sxva.
167 dousonis meTodiT Cven swored aseT abjars vRebulobT: mxolod firfitis ukan
moTavsebuli tyavis safeni zols ar iZleva.
168 lamelaruli rigebis perimetrze amagrebdnen tyavis zols, romelic orive mxridan
ertymoda firfitis kides. is aZlierebda konstruqcias da icavda travmebisagan, romelic
abjris mWrel kides SeeZlo gamoewvia. aseTia ust-iSimSi napovni X-XII saukuneebis lamelaris
96
tyavis dafenas) (sur. 21). am ori meTodis kombinireba iZleva zolian
lamelars, rodesac zoli mkafiod Cans (zeda firfitaze Semofenili tyavis
kide qmnis zolis zeda xazs, qveda firfitis qveS dafenili tyavis zeda kide
ki zolis qveda xazs). am dros Tasmebi maqsimaluradaa daculi
firfitebisagan, ar ziandeba abjrisqveSa samosic; ganieri tyavi, romelic
winidanac gadafaravs lamelaris firfitebs, abjris met medegobas da
SekavSirebas uzrunvelyofs. aRsaniSnavia, rom lamelaruli firfitebis sul
qveda rigi, romelic kremasmatas esazRvreba, ZirSi zoliTaa naCvenebi, rac
firfitis wina zedapirze amofenil tyavs unda gadmocemdes.169
aqedanve unda iTqvas, rom qarTul masalaze dakvirveba saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT firfitovani abjris evolucias, mis garkveul
stadiebs da mravalricxovan eqsperimentebs, romlebsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
X saukuneSi saqarTveloSi erTdroulad SeiniSneba ramdenime saxis
eqsperimenti (uaris Tqma firfitebis horizontalur gadafarvaze, tyavis
safenis da moqlonebis SemoReba), romlebic warmoadgendnen pirvel nabijebs
firfitovani abjris evoluciaSi. ar aris gamoricxuli am eqsperimentebis
ufro adreuli TariRic, magram gadaWriT SegviZlia visaubroT mxolod X
saukuneze, rodesac maTi asaxva ukve mtkiced ikidebs fexs xelovnebis
nimuSebSi.
lamelaruli firfitebis rigebs qveS tyavis safenis SemoReba garkveviT
Cans Cukulis eklesiaSi dacul X saukunis RvTismSoblis triptiqze
gamosaxul wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores abjarze (Чубинашвили 1959: 409-410, таб.
46; axalaSvili 1987: 8) (sur. 23). Cveulebrivi, Tasmebiani lamelaris firfitebi
tyavis safenzea damagrebuli, firfitebi horizontalurad erTmaneTs ar
narCenebi (Соловьев 1987: 51, таб. XI, 5). meore ilustraciaze kargad Cans firfitebis kidis
gayolebiT Semokecili tyavi. TiTqmis aseTivea v. radlovis mier berelSi napovni IV-V
saukunis abjris firfitebi (Гаврилова 1965: 55, рис. 4.13) (sur. 22). ramdenime saukuniT
daSorebuli abjris firfitebis es msgavseba SeiZleba imis maCvenebeli iyos, rom aziis didi
nawilSi lamelaris konstruqcia ar ganicdida sagrZnob cvlilebas da rom, X saukuneSi
bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi dawyebuli lamelaris evolucia SedarebiT izolirebuli
movlena unda iyos. aRsaniSnavia, rom aziuri tipis lamelaris firfitebi napovnia
viminaciumSi VI saukunis SreebSi, rac niSnavs rom aseT konstruqcias bizantielebic kargad
icnobdnen (Bugarski 2005: 168, 171).
169 es kargad Cans nakifaris wm. Tevdores da wm. giorgis freskebze, adiSis meomari wmindanis
freskaze, labeWinis qveiTi wm. giorgis xatze da a.S.
97
faraven da gverdigverd ekvrian. aseTi meTodiT damzadebuli lamelari ufro
moqnilia, advili dasamzadebelia, izogeba masalis 15-20% da Sesabamisad,
abjaric wonaSi msubuqdeba (Dawson 1998: 44).
X saukuneSive dasturdeba moqlonebis SemoReba, romlebic, rogorc
Cans, orive tipis (qerclovan da lamelarul) firfitovan abjarSi
gamoiyeneboda.
CixareSis RvTismSoblis triptiqze wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore170 (sur.
24) da saydaris jvarze gamosaxuli ori wm. Tevdore171 aRWurvilni arian or
(zeda-qveda) moqloniani firfitovani abjriT. savaraudod, es qerclovani
abjaria, radganac mas gaaCnia grZeli saxeloebi, romelic lamelars ar
aqvs.172
nakuraleSis wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 339-341, таб. 42) (sur. 25)
ki or (zeda-qveda) moqlonian firfitebs ukve lamelaruli abjris saxiT
gviCvenebs, sadac mwkrivebi erTmaneTs qvemodan zemoT gadafaraven. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom rigebis sakidi Tasmebi uknidan pirdapir emagreba
firfitebis qveda kideze ganlagebul samagr Tasmebs.173 Tumca ufro martivi
axsnac SeiZleba moiZebnos, Tuki vivaraudebT, rom firfitebi cota
gamartivebuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli Wedur xatebSi da maT akliaT sakidi
Tasmebi. aseTi tipis firfitebs vxedavT konstantinopolSi 1030 wels
gadaweril eqvTime mTawmindelis mcire svinaqsaris174 60r miniaturaze (sur. 26).
mxolod, wm. prokofis abjris firfitebze ukve ganirCeva centraluri xazebi,
romlebic SegviZlia sakid Tasmad CavTvaloT da romlebic, albaT, aklia
gamosaxulebebs Wedur xatebze.
170 CixareSis eklesiaSi daculi RvTismSoblis triptiqi, amJamad dakargulia; vmsjelobT
ermakovis mier gadaRebuli fotos (N16879) mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 411-412, таб. 47;
axalaSvili 1987: 9-10).
171 sakurTxevliswina jvari, romelic aRmarTuli iyo sof. saydaris wm. giorgis eklesiaSi,
amJamad mTlianad SemoZarculia; vmsjelobT ermakovis mier gadaRebuli fotoebis (N16833 da
N16847) mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 341; axalaSvili 1987: 13).
172 Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom aseTi firfitebiT qerclovani mklavis warmodgenac
problemuria.
173 aseTi damagrebis sistemas adgili aqvs TvaliT „uxilavi“ Tasmebis SemTxvevaSi (Макушников,
Лупиненко 2003: 216).
174 A648 xelnaweri, romelic xelnawerTa erovnuli centrSia daculi (Жордания 1902: 132).
98
moqloniani abjris es tipebi SeiZleba xelovnis fantaziisa an mcdari
gamosaxvisaTvisac migvewera, rom ara erTi garemoeba: am tipis moqloniani
firfitebis arseboba dasturdeba rusi arqeologebis mier CrdiloeT aziaSi,
dasavleT cimbiris velze mopovebuli I-II aTaswleulebis mijnis masaliT.
irkveva, rom abjris firfitebis zeda-qveda moqlonebiT tyavze damagreba
miRebuli meTodi iyo. am wess iyenebdnen eniseeli yirgizebic (Соловьев 1987: 51,
таб. X, 5) (sur. 27).
am saukuneSi mimdinare eqsperimentebis erTgvar Semajamebel nimuSad
unda CaiTvalos ori xati, romelnic evoluciis mraval niSans aerTianeben. X
saukunis meore naxevris mravalZlis xatze wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores
gamosaxuleba175 (sur. 28) da X saukunis dasasrulis faraxeTis wm. giorgis
xati176 (sur. 29) gviCvenebs lamelarul firfitebs ormagi moqloniT da
ormagi sakidiT tyavis safenze; firfitebi erTmaneTs ar faraven, gverdigverd
ekvrian. praqtikulad aq ukve dasrulebuli saxiT warmodgenilia
lamelaruli abjris evoluciis yvela ZiriTadi komponenti; ar Cans mxolod
lamelaris farTo zoli, ris gamoc es abjrebi xaziani lamelaris
kategorias miekuTvnebian.
XI saukuneSi „idealuri firfitovani abjris“ Zieba kidev ufro
intensiuri da mravalferovani xdeba: Cndeba zoliani lamelari, mkvidrdeba
lamelaris firfitebis qvemoTken gadafarva – e.w. „amobrunebuli lamelari“,
icvleba sakidi Tasmebis raodenoba; mravldeba rTuli, mdidruli, saaRlumo
abjarTa ricxvic.
XI saukunis pirvel wlebSi Sesrulebuli nakifaris wm. giorgis xati177
(sur. 30) da amave saukunis pirveli naxevris samTavisis sakurTxevliswina
jvarze gamosaxuli wm. giorgi (Чубинашвили 1959: 493-499, таб. 284). gviCvenebs
ormagmoqlonian srul „amobrunebul“ lamelars: qvemoT mimarTuli
firfitebiTaa Sedgenili kirasa (klibanion)178, qvedatani (kremasmata)179 da saxelo 175 inaxeboda mravalZlis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi, amJamad dakargulia, vmsjelobT e.
TayaiSvilis 1919 wlis raWis eqspediciis dros T. kiunes mier gadaRebuli fotos mixedviT
(Чубинашвили 1959: 406-409, таб. 36).
176 faraxeTidan mravalZalSi gadatanili, vmsjelobT e. TayaiSvilis 1919 wlis raWis
eqspediciis dros T. kiunes mier gadaRebuli fotos mixedviT (Чубинашвили 1959: 342-343, таб. 43).
177 asan gvazavaisZis axalgazrduli namuSevari (Чубинашвили 1959: 363-367; axalaSvili 1987: 21-22).
178 klibanioni – lamelaruli an qerclovani konstruqciis kirasa (Kolias 1988: 45-47).
179 kremasmata – daliandagebuli qvedatani, xSirad liTonis firfitebiT gaZlierebuli.
99
(manikia)180. meomrebis abjrebi mxolod sakidi Tasmebis raodenobiT
gansxvavdebian.
XI saukunis dasawyisSive gvxvdeba zoliani lamelaris pirveli nimuSebi.
sainteresoa, rom XI saukunis I meoTxedis ifaris wm. giorgis xati181 (sur. 31)
zolian lamelars warmogvidgens umoqlono firfitebiT. es xati, aseve
labeWinis qveiTi wm. giorgis (Чубинашвили 1959: 261, таб. 56) da Sodais wm.
giorgis xatebi182 cxadyofen, rom moqloniani lamelari jer kidev ar aris
sabolood damkvidrebuli.
zoliani da moqloniani lamelaris Serwymis erT saintereso cdas
gviCvenebs labeWinis mxedari wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 326-330, таб.
181) (sur. 32), romelic XI saukunis meore aTeuls miekuTvneba. aq, kirasis
lamelaris zolebSi (da kremasmatazec) vxedavT adreuli tipis (zeda-qveda)
moqlonian firfitebs, romelic SemdgomSi mTlianad Caanacvla firfitebma
moqloniT zeda nawilSi.
sof. farSi daculi XI saukunis sufis wm. giorgis cxenosani xati
(Чубинашвили 1959: 443) (sur. 33) ki gviCvenebs zolian lamelars ukve tipuri
moqloniani firfitebiT. lamelari mTlianad (kirasa, qvedatani, manikia)
„amobrunebulia“, rac niSnavs, rom qvemoT mimarTuli firfitebis eqsperimenti
zolian abjarzec gagrZelda.
da bolos, mravali freska Tu Weduri xelovnebis nimuSi gviCvenebs ukve
Camoyalibebul lamelaruli abjris tips, romelic yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebulia XI-XII saukuneebSi da Semdgom epoqaSi. misi zoliani kirasa
Sedgeba zemoT mimarTuli moqloniani firfitebisgan, kremasmata da manikia ki
„amobrunebuli“, qvemoT mimarTuli lamelaris firfitebiTaa
dakompleqtebuli. aseTia sufis qveiTi wm. giorgis xati (Чубинашвили 1959: 563;
axalaSvili 1987: 40) (sur. 34), adiSis wm. giorgis (jgrag) eklesiaSi
gamosaxuli wm. giorgis da sxva wminda meomrebis freskebi (sur. 35)
aRWurvili tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelariT.
zemoT warmodgenili nimuSebiT lamelaruli abjris evolucia
dasrulebulad SeiZleba miviCnioT (sur. 36). SemdgomSi, Cven ukve veRar
vxvdebiT firfitovani abjris aseT mravalferovnebas. miuxedavad amisa,
180 manikia mxars idayvamde icavda.
181 asanis xeloba maruSis SekveTiT (Чубинашвили 1959: 358-363, таб. 184; axalaSvili 1987: 17-18).
182 inaxeboda sof. RebSi mezobeli Sodis wm. giorgis eklesiidan (Чубинашвили 1959: 367, таб. 95).
100
rogorc Cans, calkeul eqsperimentebs mainc hqondaT adgili. am mxriv
sainteresoa daviT-garejas udabnos xarebis eklesiaSi XIII saukuneSi
gamosaxuli wm. Tevdores freska sammagmoqloniani firfitebisagan Semdgari
lamelaruli abjris qvedaboloTi (daviT garejis monastrebi 2008: 116).
bizantiur-qarTuli abjris siaxlovisa da msgavsebisaTvis saintereso
masalas iZleva erTi tipis lamelaris Sedarebac. XII saukuneSi kastoriis wm.
nikolozis eklesiaSi gamosaxul wm. nestoris freskaze wmindani aRWurvilia
lamelariT, romelic marTkuTxa Tav-moumrgvalebeli firfitebiTaa
Sedgenili. aseTi formis marTkuTxa lamelaris firfitebi masalis did
ekonomias ar iZleva, samagierod sagrZnoblad zogavs abjris damzadebis
dros (Dawson 1998: 48). am tipis bizantiur abjarsac SeiZleba bevri qarTuli
analogi movuZebnoT: X saukunis dasasrulis sakaos xatze wm. giorgis
(Чубинашвили 1959: 344-348; CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 98). praqtikulad igive,183
moqlonian-Tasmiani firfitebisgan Sedgenili xaziani lamelari acvia.
marTkuTxa formis, bolo-moumrgvalebeli firfitebiTaa Sedgenili, agreTve,
adiSis wm. giorgis eklesiis fasadze gamosaxuli wm. Tevdore da wm. giorgis
abjrebi (sur. 37), XI saukunis lanCvalis (Чубинашвили 1959: 333-334, таб. 190) da
setis (Чубинашвили 1959: 330-333, таб. 182) xatebis wm. giorgis abjrebic.
lamelaruli abjris kidev erTi, metad saintereso, nairsaxeoba aris
asaxuli qarTul Wedur xatebSi da miniaturebSi. es gaxlavT zoliani
lamelari, romlis firfitovani rigebi ostatebs wvrili, swori xazebiT aqvT
gadmocemuli. erTi SexedviT, aseTi abjari advilad SegviZlia miviCnioT
xelovnis Secdomad, romelmac lamelaris firfitebis zust gadmocemaze Tavi
ar Seiwuxa da isini gamartivebuli saxiT Seasrula. sabednierod,
arqeologiuri masala belorusiidan aseTi daskvnis uflebas ar gvaZlevs da
kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom Zveli ostatebi imaze ufro xSirad asaxavdnen
sinamdviles, vidre es aqamde warmogvedgina.
gomelSi, o. makuSnikovis xelmZRvanelobiT, gaiTxara XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi damwvari meiaraRis saxelosno, sadac aRmoCnda 1500 cali
lamelaruli abjris firfita (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 214). am masalis
safuZvelze moxerxda ramdenime tipis lamelaris rekonstruqcia, romlebic
gansxvavdebian tipuri abjrisagan. rogorc cnobilia, lamelaruli abjari
183 gansxvaveba mxolod moqlonebis ricxvSia: wm. giorgis lamelaris firfitebze ori
moqlonia, wm. nestoris ki – erTi.
101
kargad uZlebs nebismieri iaraRs, magram xmlis dartyma azianebs mis Tasmebs.
rogorc Cans, ostatebi mudam eZebdnen sakidi Tasmebis dacvis meTods, rac
ganaxorcieles kidec abjris firfitebis formis Secvlis gziT (Лупиненко
2006: 117). gomelSi napovni firfitebisgan rekonstruirebuli lamelarisaTvis
xmlis dartymebi sulac ar aris saSiSi, radganac firfitebis zedapirze
Tasmebi praqtikulad ar gamodis (Макушников, Лупиненко 2003: 218, рис. 2.5, 9)
(sur. 38).
rogorc ukve vTqviT, am tipis Tasmadamalul lamelarul abjars arcTu
iSviaTad vxvdebiT qarTul xelovnebis nimuSebSi. aseTi lamelari acvia wm.
giorgis XI saukunis jaxunderis xatze184 (sur. 39), XII saukunis jruWis II
oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxul cixis mcvels, mTavarangelozs
labsyaldis xatze, romelic XIII saukunis unda iyos (axalaSvili 1987: 72-3,
sur. 71).
qarTuli zegavlena bizantiur aRWurvilobaze naTlad Cans erTi tipis
(protuberanculi) firfitovani abjris magaliTze, romelic, albaT, marTlac
saaRlumod iyo gankuTvnili.185 m. parani aRniSnavs XII saukunis bizantiaSi
axali tipis qerclovani abjris gamoCenas, romelic xasiaTdeba firfitebis
qveda boloze patara centraluri gamonazardiT, protuberanciT. aseTi tipis
qerclebi ar Cans ufro adre bizantiaSi da arc centralur da aRmosavleT
evropasa Tu dasavleT aziaSi. m. paranis varaudiT, SesaZloa msgavsi abjari
saqarTvelodan iyos bizantiaSi Sesuli,186 ris safuZvelsac mas XI saukunis
sami qarTuli Weduri xati aZlevs. marTlac, xidisTavis, sujunis da
boWormis wm. giorgis xatebze wmindanebis abjari aseTive, protuberanculi,
qerclebiT aris gamosaxuli.
m. paranis mosazrebis gansamtkiceblad, Cven vapirebT kidev ufro meti
magaliTis moxmobas qarTuli sinamdvilidan, romlebic cxadyofs, rom abjris
protuberanculi firfitebi ufro metad iyo gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi da droSi win uswrebda bizantias. amave dros, erTi sakiTxic
184 ekuTvnoda sof. jaxunderis wm. giorgis eklesias, amJamad dakargulia; vmsjelobT
ermakovis fotos mixedviT, N16874 (Чубинашвили 1959: 352-354, таб. 188; axalaSvili 1987: 26).
185 protuberanculi abjris sagangebod mokazmuli, saaRlumo xasiaTi SemCneuli aqvs m.
paranis (Parani 2003: 110).
186 Tumca, konkretuli mtkicebulebebis uqonlobis gamo, sakiTxs mainc Riad tovebs (Parani 2003:
111).
102
moiTxovs dazustebas: Cemi azriT, paranis mier aRweril kastoriis freskaze
wm. dimitris (Parani 2003: pl. 123). lamelari acvia da ara qerclovani abjari.
amis Tqmis uflebas abjris konstruqcia gvaZlevs: protuberanculi
firfitebi mijrilia da ar faravs erTmaneTs horizontalurad, Cans Tasmebi,
moqlonebi, tyavdafenili lamelaris rigebi, kirasac umklavoa. Tumca es ar
cvlis sakiTxis arss, – rogorc davrwmundebiT, protuberanculi firfitebi
saqarTveloSi orive tipis abjarSi dasturdeba da misi pirvelobis sakiTxi
eWvs ar iwvevs.
wm. dimitris msgavsad, XI saukunis boWormis qveiTi wm. giorgis
(Чубинашвили 1959: 429-444; CubinaSvili 1957: 21, tab. 50) da sujunis qveiTi wm.
giorgis (Чубинашвили 1959: 568; CubinaSvili 1957: 22, tab. 64) abjrebi
warmoadgenen qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi firfitebisagan Sedgenil
lamelaris kirasas. didi zomis gamosaxulebebze (CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 50, 64).
abjris firfitebis yuradRebiT daTvalierebisas vrwmundebiT, rom boWormis
da sujunis xatebze gamosaxulia ara qerclovani, aramed lamelaruli
abjari: garkveviT Cans Tasmebi, romlebic firfitebs mTel sigrZeze dauyveba,
rac swored lamelarisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; firfitebi aqac ar faraven
erTmaneTs horizontalurad da orive kirasa umklavoa.
rac Seexeba XI saukunis pirvel mesamedSi Sesrulebul xidisTavis wm.
giorgis xats (Чубинашвили 1959: 256-259, таб. 153; CubinaSvili 1957: 22, tab. 53).
(sur. 40), misi kremasmata da manikia namdvilad protuberanculi qerclovani
firfitebiT aris Sedgenili, kirasa ki cota ar iyos gaurkvevelia da
SeiZleba, rogorc lamelari, aseve qerclovani abjaric iyos.
qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi firfitebisagan Semdgari kremasmata
acvia 1096 wels ifraris eklesiaSi Tevdores mier daxatul mTavarangeloz
miqaels (Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская 1983: таб. 25).
XII saukunis favnisis wm. meomris abjari zemoT mimarTuli Tasmebiani
protuberanculi firfitebisagan aris Sedgenili (Привалова 1977: таб. XV) (sur.
41). zemoT mimarTuli firfitebi sabolood cxadyofs, rom am tipis
lamelaric arsebobda da (sxva SemTxvevebSic) saqme ar gvaqvs qerclovani
abjris mxatvriseul interpretaciasTan.
qvemoT mimarTuli Tasmebiani protuberanculi firfitebisagan
Sedgenili lamelaris kirasiTaa aRWurvili XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze
timoTesubanSi gamosaxuli wminda meomaric (sur. 42).
103
protuberanculi tipis abjrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia firfitebs Soris
Sveuli xazebi, romlebic sruliad gaugebaria racionaluri konstruqciis
TvalsazrisiT. Tuki aseTi konstruqcia marTlac arsebobda da xelovanTa
warmosaxvis nayofi ar aris, is zedmetad rTuli, dekoratiuli da mdidruli
saaRlumo abjris nimuSad unda miviCnioT.
ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT zemoT moxmobili abjris nimuSebidan?
advilad SesaZlebelia, firfitovani abjris is mravalferovneba, romelic
warmovadgineT, sinamdviles ar Seesabamebodes da saqme xSir SemTxvevaSi
ostatis fantaziasTan gvqondes. amisda miuxedavad, gadaWriT unda iTqvas,
rom aseTi mravalferovnebis asaxsnelad mxolod ostatis Secdomebi ver
ikmarebs da rom didi nawili aq warmodgenili abjrisa marTlac arsebobda.
aseve, marTebuli iqneba, Tu davsvamT kiTxvas: xom ar iqonia
saqarTvelom gavlena bizantiuri lamelaruli abjris SemuSavebaze?
marTlac, Znelia ipovo iseTi bizantiuri abjari, romlis Sesatyvisic
saqarTveloSi ar moipovebodes, piriqiT ki cota gansxvavebul suraTTan
gvaqvs saqme. bizantiaSi ar Cans an droSi CamorCeba sxvadasxva tipis abjari:
zeda-qveda moqloniani lamelari; firfitebs Soris moqloniani;
Tasmadamaluli lamelari; mTlianad qvemoT mimarTuli lamelari; erTeulia
protuberanculi abjari; X saukunis bizantiur gamosaxulebebze ar gvxvdeba
moqloniani firfitebi da arc marTkuTxa, bolo-moumrgvalebeli lamelari.
am gadasaxedidan sainteresoa bizantiis da misi kavkasieli mezoblebis
(kerZod, saqarTvelos) urTierTmimarTeba SeiaraRebis sakiTxebSi.
upirvelesad, aRniSvnis Rirsia maTi sakmaod mWidro urTierToba, rac
samxedro teqnologiebis mimocvlas Seuwyobda xels. udavoa, rom bizantiuri
samxedro manqana did gavlenas axdenda mis mezoblebze,187 magram
sawinaaRmdego xasiaTis movlenac SeiniSneba. saqarTvelos, Tavisi mdebareobis
wyalobiT, bizantiaze ufro adre hqonda Sexeba CrdiloeT kavkasiisa Tu
centraluri aziis nomadebTan, romelTa SeiaraRebis siaxleebi, pirdapir Tu
transformirebuli, swored saqarTvelos gavliT SeiZleba moxvedriliyo
bizantiaSi.188 mdidari da mravalricxovani qarTuli feodaluri klasic
187 miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli samxedro terminologia ufro sparsul-arabulis gavlenas
ganicdis.
188 magaliTisaTvis, d. nikolis azriT, lamelari centraluri aziidan gavrcelda iranSi,
Semdgom kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi (Nicolle 1982: 173).
104
waaxalisebda individualur eqsperimentebs iaraRTan, gansxvavebiT
bizantiisagan, sadac SeiaraRebis sistema saxelmwifo niadagze idga da
standartizaciis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeoda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arqeologiuri mtkicebulebebis ararsebobis da
mxolod ikonografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze, gadaWriT raimes mtkiceba
Znelia. amave dros, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom firfitovani abjris
warmoebis da inovaciebis erT-erT msxvil centrad saqarTvelo Cans da
bizantiis imperiaSi gavrcelebuli abjris tipebidan zogierTi, SesaZloa,
swored aq iRebdes dasabams.
XV saukunis bolodan axlo aRmosavleTSi lamelaruli abjari qreba
(Gorelik 1979: 50; Nicolle 1990a: 39). is Caanacvla jaWv-firfitovanma kombinirebulma
abjarma. aseTive viTarebaa saqarTveloSic. XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665
daviTnis miniaturebze firfitovani abjari bevrad iSviaTad gvxvdeba, vidre
jaWvi (Шервашидзе 1964: 56).
laminaruli abjari
laminaruli abjari Seqmnilia horizontalurad ganlagebuli grZivi
liTonis an tyavis firfitebiT (salteebiT), romlebic erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia naxvretebSi vertikalurad gayrili TasmebiT (Горелик 1993: 151;
Горелик 2003: 112). SejavSnis es meTodi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli da
gansakuTrebiT gamoiyeneboda abjris calkeul nawilebSi (kidurebis, mxris
Tu sxeulis sxva nawilis dasafarad). karg TavdacviT TvisebebTan erTad,189
iyo sakmaod moZravi da moqnili. laminaris wona sxva firfitovani
(qerclovani, lamelari) abjris wonis Sesabamisia, is ar zRudavs xelisa da
fexis moZraobas, Tumca xmlis dartymas misi Tasmebis dazianeba da abjris
daSla SeeZlo gamoewvia (Горелик 1987: 187).
antikur xanaSi laminarul abjars romaeli legionerebi atarebdnen da
mas lorica segmentata ewodeboda. laminars iyenebdnen Zveli berZnebic cxenosnis
kidurebis dasacavad (Robinson 1967: 12). grZeli laminari cnobilia centraluri
aziidan da VI-VII da VII-VIII saukuneebs miekuTvneba (Горончаровский, Никоноров
1987: 205). Cveulebriv, laminaruli abjari kirasas warmoadgenda, romelic
189 laminaruli javSnis mdgradobas isris mimarT arqeologiuri masalac adasturebs: Sapkas
samarxSi aRmoCenili laminaruli muzaradis erTi firfita isars gatanili aqvs, magram
meoris daZleva veRar SeZlo (Нестеров, Слюсаренко 1993: 196).
105
gverdze da mxarze ikvreboda (iSviaTad zurgze) (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 111). XV
saukunis dasawyisSi iranSi scades laminaris medegobis gaumjobeseba da
laminaris zolebis SekavSireba Tasmebis nacvlad tyavze damoqlonebiT
daiwyes (Горелик 1983: 255; Бобров, Худяков 2002: 111; Бобров, Худяков 2008: 390).
laminaruli abjari saqarTveloSi naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli. is
mxolod e.w. `eqsperimentul“ periodSi gvxvdeba (XIV s. meore naxevari – XV s.
dasawyisi), rodesac dacvis gaZlierebis axal gzebs eZebdnen da sxvadasxva
tipis firfitovan javSans cdidnen. laminaruli abjari gamosaxulia XIV
saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnis 204r miniaturaze, sadac vxedavT or
mebrZols saltiseburi firfitovani abjriT. aRWurvilobisa da muzaradis
mixedviT es mebrZolebi aSkarad centraluri figurebia da winamZRolebs an
didebulebs warmoadgenen. 1330-ian wlebSi TavrizSi Sesrulebul Sah-names
miniaturebze gamosaxul laminarul abjars mkvlevrebi tyavisagan
damzadebulad miiCneven (Горелик 1987: 173-175; Swietoslawski 1999: 26). daviTnSi
gamosaxuli qarTuli laminaruli abjaric XIV saukunes ekuTvnis da
garegnulad msgavsia, Tumca maT, rogorc Cans, liTonisganac amzadebdnen: 204r
miniaturaze gamosaxuli erTi laminaruli abjari ori feris, oqrosferis da
ruxi-nacrisferis, monacvleobiT aris warmodgenili, sadac nacrisferi
ueWvelad liTons gamosaxavs, radganac jaWvis abjris da saerTod rkinis
aRWurvilobis gadmosacemad mxatvari am fers iyenebs.
jaWvis abjari
jaWvi erTmaneTSi gadabmuli liTonis rgolebisagan moqsovili abjaria.
h. robinsoni jaWvs miiCnevs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul abjrad istoriaSi
(Robinson 1967: 11). jaWvis abjari evropeli keltebis gamogonebaa, romelic Zv.w.
III saukunidan gavrcelda romaul samyaroSi da Semdeg, mis farglebs gareTac
(Connolly 1981: 124; Coulston 2002: 20; Bishop, Coulston 2006: 63).190
jaWvis abjris damzadeba teqnikurad arc ise rTuli, magram uaRresad
Sromatevadi samuSao iyo. muxlamde sigrZis jaWvis perangi daaxloebiT 30 000
rgols moicavda. rac ufro pataraa rgoli, miT ukeTesia abjari, magram aseT
SemTxvevaSi izrdeba rgolebis raodenoba da daxarjuli Sroma (Williams 2002:
190 yvelaze Zveli jaWvis abjari napovnia kelti beladis Zv.w. III saukunis samarxSi kiumeStSi
(rumineTi) (Williams 1980: 105; Симоненко 2010: 128-129).
106
51).191
sruli jaWvis abjris damzadebas, jaWvisve sabarkuliT, ramdenime kviris
Sroma sWirdeboda (Nicolle 1996: 31). muxlamde sigrZis jaWvi 12-14 kg iwonida da
mTel simdidres warmoadgenda Sua saukuneebSi.
jaWvis rgolebisaTvis saWiro mavTuls iRebdnen rkinis mogrZo naWris
gatarebiT sxvadasxva zomis naxvretebSi, romelTa diametri TandaTan
mcirdeboda. es sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSao iyo: 5 mm ganivkveTis rkinidan 2
mm mavTuli rom mieRoT, mas TanmimdevrobiT atarebdnen 30 naxvretSi (Гордеев
1954: 64).192 mrgvali ganivkveTis rgolebis garda, jaWvis abjarSi brtyeli
rgolebic gamoiyeneboda. brtyeli rgolebi wonis gazrdis gareSe 1.5-2-jer
adidebs abjris farTobs (Кирпичников 1971: 14). aseTi rgolebis brtyel
zedapirs xSirad iyenebdnen sxvadasxva ornamentisa da warwerebisaTvis
(Гордеев 1954: 95).
jaWvis rgolis SeerTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs: fareSovani,
eklisebri,193 daduRebuli da Tavmidebuli. fareSiT (moqloniT) damagrebisas
rgolis orive bolos abrtyelebdnen, xvretdnen, fareSs (WanWiks) uyridnen da
kvlav abrtyelebdnen. eklisebri damagrebisas, fareSis nacvlad iyenebdnen
konusur qims (ekals), romelzec rgolis jer erT bolos amagrebdnen, Semdeg
meore bolos Camoacvamdnen da qims abrtyelebdnen. Sedegad, Semsxvileba
rgolis mxolod erT mxares warmoiqmneba da aseTi jaWvi, fareSianTan
SedarebiT, naklebad azianebs samoss;194 jaWvis rgolebic ufro patara da
msubuqia (Аствацатурян 2002: 68). fareSianTan SedarebiT, ekliseburi rgolebi
ufro advilad da swrafad mzaddeba, Tumca rgoli naklebad mtkicea (Гордеев
1954: 79). kidev ufro advili iyo iseTi rgolebis damzadeba, romlis mavTulis
Tavebi erTmaneTs mxolod edeboda da arafriT ukavSirdeboda. aseTi
191 rac ufro meti rgoli xvdeba iaraRis pirs, miT naklebia Sansi maTi da sxeulis
dazianebisa (Peirce 1986: 158). ramdenadac patara iyo jaWvis rgoli, miT ufro meti iyo maTi
raodenoba da Sesabamisad, daculobis xarisxic da abjris wonac (Макушников, Лупиненко 2006:
3-4).
192 jaWvis rgolebis dasamzadebeli liTonis mavTuli sxvadasxva sisqis iyo, rac
ganapirobebda garegnulad erTnairi abjris sxvadaxva wonas (Lachaud 1998: 354-355).
193 sabas terminologiiT – `eklebrivi~, `ekalTa msgavsi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 450, 453).
194 jaWvis rgolis Semsxvileba (fareSiani Tu daduRebuli) meomars gareT, mowinaaRmdegis
iaraRis mxares hqonda miqceuli, jaWvqveS sacmelze ki rgolis swori mxare xvdeboda, raTa
samosis dazianeba Tavidan aecilebina (ColoyaSvili 1956: 284). aseve icmevdnen jaWvs
dasavleli raindebic (Nicolle 1996: 47).
107
konstruqcia gacilebiT susti iyo da ver akavebda mCxvletavi iaraRis
dartymas (Bivar 1972: 276). yvelaze Zlierad DSeduRebuli jaWvis rgoli
iTvleboda.195
jaWvis abjari Zalian moqnili da moxerxebuli iyo. igi urigod ar
icavda da misi moqnilobis gamo, mflobeli maqsimalurad mobiluri iyo
(Peirce 1987: 239-240). rgolebisagan Semdgari jaWvi kargad niavdeboda da
naklebad cxeldeboda (Farrokh 2005: 17). SedarebiT ioli iyo jaWvis zomaze
morgeba an gadakeTeba. aseve ioli iyo misi Cacma da gaxda (Ascherl 1988: 264).196
daliandagebul samosze Cacmuli jaWvi kargad uZlebs mCexav dartymebs.
Tumca, Subs an isars SeeZlo misi garRveva. iaraRis wverze koncentrirebuli
energiis wyalobiT, maT SeeZloT jaWvis rgolis gagleja (Макушников,
Лупиненко 2006: 4). axlo manZilidan nasrol isars jaWvi kargad ver uZlebda,
raSic mas lamelaruli abjari sjobda (Nicolle 1996: 31). jaWvis rgolebi ver
STanTqavda da verc fantavda dartymis Zalas, romelic masSi aRwevda (Short
2009: 61). amitomac, jaWvis perangis qveS aucilebeli iyo daliandagebuli an
raime sqeli samosis Cacma, raTa Zlieri dartymis Sedegad jaWvis rgolebi
sxeulSi ar CaWediliyo da Zvlebi ar damsxvreuliyo (Nicolle 1999a: 135). jaWvis
abjars saTanado movlac undoda,197 misi rgolebi SeiZleba gamwydariyo da
Zneli iyo misi wmenda da Jangisagan dacva (Barber 1995b: 231).198
marTalia, jaWvi
ramdenadme CamorCeboda lamelarul abjars daculobis xarisxiT, magram
ufro moqnili da grili iyo, ukeTesad icavda SeerTebebs da moxrilobebs.
195 xevsurebi daduRebul rgolebian jaWvs yvelaze Zvirad – xuT Zroxad afasebdnen,
fareSiani rgoliT naqsovs – oTx Zroxad, xolo ufareSoSi mxolod sam Zroxas iZleodnen
(ColoyaSvili 1956: 284).
196 nantis grafi, romelic cnobili mebrZoli iyo, jer cxens moaxteboda da mxolod Semdeg
icvamda jaWvis perangs, raTa yovelgvar moulodnelobas yovelTvis cxenze mjdomi da
yovelmxriv momzadebuli Sexvedroda (Strickland 1996b: 168). es ki SesaZlebeli jaWvis
moqnilobis gamo iyo. liTonis sxva abjars cxenze mjdomi adamiani damoukideblad ver
Caicvams.
197 laSqrobisas jaWvis abjars tyavis abgaSi inaxavdnen (Nicholson 2004b: 31). abjris Casadeb
budes taliki ewodeboda. `taliki – abjris STasadebeli, abjris bude~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 132.)
198 cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi jaWvis abjars Jangisagan kasrSi Cayril qviSasa da ZmarSi
trialiT wmendnen (Gravett 2002: 18). saxalxo mTqmelis adua arabulis mixedviT: `wamiRo Cemma
patronma, Walas gamxexa qviSiTa~ (ColoyaSvili 1956: 286).
108
jaWvs gaaCnda is upiratesoba, rom misi tareba SesaZlebeli iyo sxva tipis,
igive lamelarul, abjarTan erTad (Bivar 1972: 277-278). amasTanave, lamelarul
abjarTan SedarebiT, jaWvis perangi advilad faravda sxeulis zedapiris met
farTobs da ar hqonda susti da Ria SeerTebis adgilebi.
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi jaWvis abjari dedoflis goris sasaxleSia
napovni da Cv. w. I saukuniT TariRdeba. mis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi i.
gagoSiZe romaelebis gamoCenas ukavSirebs (gagoSiZe 2005: 131). Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli arqeologia jaWvis ramdenime abjars icnobs: esenia urbnisSi (VI s.),
zurtaketSi (XII s.) da dmanisSi (XII-XIII ss.) napovni jaWvis fragmentebi
(WilaSvili 1964: 94-96, sur. 41). samwuxarod, es fragmentebi Zalian
dazianebulia, rac maT srulfasovan Seswavlas gamoricxavs. maT fonze
sasiamovno gamonakliss warmoadgens aTonis mTis iverTa monasterSi daculi
Tornike erisTavis jaWvis perangi, romlis amJamindeli mdgomareoba
mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. SemorCenili nawilebis
mixedviT rom vimsjeloT, Tornike erisTavis jaWvi grZelmklaviania; Cvenamde
moRweuli yvelaze grZeli nawilis zoma 80 sm-ia, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom
jaWvi muxlamde sigrZis iyo.199 misi publikatoris, r. d’amatos mixedviT,
jaWvis rgolebi aris 1 sm diametris, moqloniani, 4-1 (yoveli rgoli oTx sxva
rgolSia gayrili) qsoviT; rgolebze darCenilia oqros naSTi, ris
mixedviTac d’amato askvnis, rom jaWvi mTlianad iyo mooqruli (D’Amato 2012:
54).200
es uaRresad mniSvnelovani cnoba qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiis
maRal statusze da did resursebze metyvelebs.
sulxan-saba orbelians dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili jaWvis abjris xuTi
tipi, romlebic saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli: `javSani ars abjari
rkinisa, tanssacvami jaWvi. xolo ama javSanTa gvarni arian xuT: samanqani,
zeidali, xosroani, qirafqa da jabala.201 samanqani ars jaWvis-Tvali
mgrgvali, sam-fareSosani, SigniT nikartovani, rbili da gardagrexiT Zniad
gasatexeli; zeidali ars msgavsi samanqanisa da TviTo rigi jaWvis-Tvali 199 madlobas vuxdi r. d’amatos am jaWvis Sesaxeb fotoebisa da informaciis mowodebisaTvis.
200 unda iTqvas, rom publikaciisas r. d’amatom dauSva Secdoma da abjari bizantiel sardal
leon Tornikes miakuTvna. pirad saubarSi man damarwmuna, rom es Secdoma uneblie iyo da mas
aucileblad gaasworebda.
201 1503 wlis sabuTSi „wigni aleqsandre mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos gadaxdaze“
dadasturebulia sabas mier naxsenebi jaWvis abjris tipebi: „samasi samanqanuri da zedaluri
abjari“ (svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi 1986: 115).
109
mTeli, ufareSo da TiTo Tvali fareSosani; xosrovani ars msgavsi zeidlisa
da qveda piri RarRarovani; qirafqa ars mobrtye jaWvis-Tvali fareSovani,
rbil-basri da ufrore basri, gardagrexiT advilad gasatexeli; jabala ars
msgavsi qirafqisa, jaWvisTval-mgrgvali, romlisame fareSi mgrgvali da
romlisame eklebrivi. ese xuTni abjarnica sxvadasxva gvarni iqmnebian,
romelime Tval-grZeli, romelime Tval-farTo, romlisame fareSiT
sxvadasxvaoba da jvaredi, aramed amave xuTTaganni arian. aramed javSanTa
sisrule da sikeTe ese ars, romlisaganca iyos: grZeli da farTo iyos,
jaWvis-Tvali razmad dawyobili iyos fareS-Svenieri da Znelad gasaÃsneli,
notiobaSi gvian dagesldes,202 yrili203 ara hqondes, kalTidam SedevnebiT
usxo da usxosi iyos, mkerdTa, beWTa da RliaTa uzrqelesi da miyrili iyos.
qirafqis Tvali ÃrmalsaviT izevdes da samanqnisa mraval-sagrexi iyos,
romelsac nikarti hqondes gvariani da romelsac Rari – moÃdomilad. erTisa
da oris klebisaTvis nu aZagebT, sruli Znelia~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:
450). rogorc vxedavT, sabas mixedviT, kargi jaWvi grZeli da farTo iyo,
rgolebi mijriT hqonda Camwkrivebuli, rgolis fareSi kargi xarisxis iyo da
advilad ar ixsneboda, nestSi gvian Jangdeboda, ar hqonda amovardnili an
gaxsnili rgoli, mkerdze, beWebsa da iRliebSi sqeli da mWidro naqsovi
iyo.204
zemoT aRwerili jaWvis tipebis da maTi niSnebis dadgena sakmaod
Znelia. zeidalis tipis jaWvi rigrigobiT monacvle moqloniani
(`fareSosani~) da daduRebuli (`jaWvis-Tvali mTeli, ufareSo~) rgolebis
rigebisagan Sedgeboda. fareSiani da SeduRebuli rgolebis rigebis
monacvleobiT ostati dros zogavda (Peirce 1987: 237-238). zeidalis msgavsi
jaWvi saukeTesod iTvleboda mTel aRmosavleTSi (Nicolle 1994: 50). evropaSic
umTavresad mas xmarobdnen (Peirce 1986: 155; Nicolle 1996: 47).205
aseTi jaWvis
nimuSebi, sul cota, Zv. w-is I saukunidan arsebobs (Gilmour 1997: 27-34).
202 `Jangi – rkinis gesli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 634).
203 `yrili – jaWvis Tvali akldes; sada jaWvis Tvali jaWvTa gamoyrili hqondes kvalad
yrili iTqmis~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 271).
204 cnobilia, rom mxrebs da mkerds xSirad xvdeboda mtris iaraRi, ris gamoc jaWvis es
adgilebi ufro gaZlierebuli iyo (Гордеев 1954: 70).
205 monRolebamdeli periodisaTvis mas tipurad miiCnevs a. kirpiCnikovic (Кирпичников 1971: 9).
110
jabalas tipis jaWvSi vxvdebiT rgolis damagrebis ori xerxs:
moqloniT (`romlisame fareSi mgrgvali~) da qimiT (`da romlisame
eklebrivi~). gacilebiT Znelia samanqanis tipis jaWvis rgolis konstruqciis
gageba, romelic sam-fareSosania. Tu es aRweriloba sworia, sam-fareSosani
unda niSnavdes ara rgols sami fareSiT, risi damzadebac warmoudgenlad
rTulia, aramed erT, sam-Tavian eklisebr fareSs, romelsac 3 qimi aqvs. es
uaRresad rTuli teqnologia iqneboda, romelic rgolis gadabmis did
simtkices uzrunvelyofda. cnobilia or-Taviani fareSis magaliTebi (Nicolle
1999a: 288), Tumca is sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdeba (Гордеев 1954: 65). miuxedavad am
ganmartebisa, sam-qimiani ekliseburi fareSis konstruqcia, mainc zedmetad
rTulad meCveneba.
qirafqa brtyeli moqloniani rgolebisagan Sedgeboda da umTavresad
foladisagan iyo damzadebuli (`rbil-basri da ufrore basri~). basri
folads aRniSnavda.206 foladis rgolebisagan damzadebuli jaWvi farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. erovnul muzeumSi daculi jaWvis
perangebi umetesad foladisaa. k. ColoyaSvilis mixedviT, „foladisagan
damzadebuli rgoli umjobesia, radgan foladis rgoli gadagrexis Semdeg
kvlav Tavis Zvel formas ubrundeba. rkinis rgols ki mrgvali formis
SenarCuneba uWirs“ (ColoyaSvili 1956: 284-285). jabalac foladis unda iyos
(`ars msgavsi qirafqisa~), magram brtyelis nacvlad mrgvali ganivkveTis
mavTulisagan (`jaWvisTval-mgrgvali~) damzadebuli moqloniani da qimiani
rgolebisagan Sedgeboda (`romlisame fareSi mgrgvali da romlisame
eklebrivi~).
wyaroebis monacemebiT ramdenime saxelganTqmuli qarTuli jaWvi aris
cnobili. xelmwifis karis garigebidan viciT, rom arsebobda jaWvi, romelic
„giorgi mefes, Tamaris mamas, TviT vercxlisa Seuqnia salamasuris saxesa
zeda da mas Caicmiden“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 81). S. mesxias azriT,
giorgi III-m iranis oqromWedlobiT ganTqmul qalaq salmasSi damzadebuli
abjris msgavsi vercxlis jaWvi gaakeTebina (mesxia 1982: 115). es mosazreba
uTuod angariSgasawevia, Tumca, sxva varianticaa SesaZlebeli: al-qindi, IX
saukunis arabi avtori, romelmac xalifa muTasimisaTvis (833-42) dawera
traqtati `xmlebze da maT nairgvarobaze~, axsenebs ganTqmul salmanur
folads. mogvianebiT, 1187 wels, mis recepts aRwers at-tarsusi
206 `basri – foladi rkina~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 97).
111
saladinisaTvis daweril naSromSi. mecnierTa azriT salmanur folads
centralur aziaSi, maveranahrSi an ferganaSi adnobdnen da iranSi da ufro
dasavleTiTac gahqondaT (Kindi 2006: 19, 65-69). SesaZloa, giorgi III-m qarTuli
jaWvis perangic am saxelganTqmuli foladisagan daamzadebina da saxelic
Sesabamisi uwoda – salma[n]suri. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom salmasurs
brZolebSic iyenebdnen, is foladisagan unda iyos damzadebuli da ara
vercxlisagan, romelsac mxolod saaRlumo-dekoratiuli funqcia eqneboda.
am jaWvs axsenebs JamTaaRmwerelic, rodesac laSas da rusudanis ZeTa mier
samefo ganZis gayofas aRwers: „xolo jaWvi igi saxeldebuli, salmasuri [...]
rusudanis Zesa daviTs mixuda“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 126). JamTaaRmwereli
saxelovani jaWvis Semdgom bedzec mogviTxrobs: 1289 wels arRun yaenis
brZanebiT demetre II-m darubandze miitana ieriSi da cixe aiRo: „yovelsa
xedvida yaeni. TÂT mefisa aqunda mteroba, sTxova jaWÂ saxelovani da
mswrafl mianiWa mefeman...“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 177-178). qarTvelTa mefis
saxelovani jaWvi, romelic TviT monRolTa yaens moewona, is salmasuri unda
iyos, romelic memkvidreobiT gadadioda samefo ojaxSi.
1387 wels Temurlengma Tbilisi aiRo. sami sxvadasxva sparsulenovani
wyaros (Seref ad-din ali iezdi, fasihi xafi, buday yazvini) mixedviT,
datyvevebulma bagrat V-m mas saucxoo abjari, TiTqosda, Tavad daviT
winaswarmetyvelis mier naWedi jaWvis perangi miarTva (kacitaZe 1975: 137-138).
saCuqari Temurlengs metad moswonebia da mas brZolebSic iyenebda, rasac
Tavad gvamcnobs maRalfardovnad, sxva dros saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
salaSqrod daZruli: „Tavze foladis muzaradiT, daviTis abjriT dafaruli
mkerdiT da welze egvipturi xmliT omis taxtze avedi“ (Тамерлан 2005: 329;
tabataZe 1974: 41). es faqti qarTveli istorikosebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili,
magram aravis gaumaxvilebia yuradReba, Tu ratom iyo legendaruli mefis
mier damzadebuli jaWvi ase mniSvnelovani muslimi mbrZaneblisaTvis. saqme
imaSia, rom daviT mefe yuranis mier jaWvis abjris gamomgonebladaa
Seracxuli, romelsac TviT alahma (!) aswavla jaWvis perangis keTeba (Nicolle
1993a: 3; Аствацатурян 2002: 40).
es SemTxvevebi mowmobs, rom saqarTveloSi maRali donis jaWvis abjars
amzadebdnen. am mosazrebas ucxoelebic iziareben: d. nikoli wers, rom
saqarTvelo ganTqmuli iyo Cinebuli jaWviT (Nicolle 1990a: 37-38). saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT XIV saukunemde, ZiriTadad, grZelmklaviani jaWvi iyo
112
gavrcelebuli. qarTuli jaWvis sigrZe (majamde) SemCneuli aqvs m. goreliks,
rac mas adgilobriv Taviseburebad miaCnia (Gorelik 1979: 35). gamosaxulebebze
grZeli jaWvis kalTa SuaSi CaWrili an samkuTxad amoWrilia, rac moZraobas
da cxenze jdomas aadvilebda (Шервашидзе 1964: 56; Бобров, Худяков 2002: 123). XIV
saukuneSi, samklavis SemoRebis kvaldakval, farTod vrceldeba
moklemklaviani jaWvi (Nicolle 1996: 47). es tendencia saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba.
moklemklavian abjars sakurtake jaWvi ewodeboda.207 iranSi jaWvis mklavi
mxolod XVIII saukuneSi grZeldeba, saidanac vrceldeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
XVIII saukunis meore meoTxedSi nadir Sahis laSqrobebis Sedegad (Кулешов
2008: 98). gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi grZelmklavebiani jaWvi farTod aris
gavrcelebuli XVII saukuneSic, rasac mowmobs TavaqaraSviliseuli
`vefxistyaosnis~ miniaturebi. XVII saukunis `leqsad Tqmuli wm. giorgis
cxovrebis~ miniaturebzec wmindans grZelmklavebiani, sayeloiani jaWvis
abjari acvia, romelic muxlamde Camodis (moxatuli wignebi 2011: 67-68, 77-78,
sur. 8.8, 8.13).
imereTis mefis aleqsandre III-is (1639-60) elCebma 1659 wels ruseTis mefe
aleqsei mixeilis Zes miarTves jaWvis perangi, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos
erovnul muzeumSi inaxeba. es aris sayeloiani, gverdebCaxsnili, wiTeli
satiniT dasarCulebuli Zvirfasi, saaRlumo abjari. misi patara rgolebi
moqloniania, amSvenebs 47 brinjaos firfita Sig Casmuli xelovnuri feradi
TvlebiT, 3 wyvili brinjaos sakinZe, marjvniv da marcxniv ki – mzis da
mTvaris gamosaxulebebi (Опись Оружейной палаты 1884: 81-82; ColoyaSvili 1956:
282). aseTi morTuloba gviandeli osmaluri abjrebisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. osmaleTis gavlena tradiciulad Zlieri iyo gviani
Suasaukuneebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
begTari
jaWvis rgolebis da liTonis firfitebis SeerTebis pirveli cdebi
SeiniSneba XIV saukunis miwuruls – XV saukunis dasawyisSi. jaWv-
firfitovani abjris samSoblod axlo aRmosavleTi iTvleba, Tumca
firfitebs jaWvis rgolebiT pouloben XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnis oqros
207 sakurtake jaWvi – mebrZolTa Casacmeli mokle da sax[e]leb mokle (Teimuraz bagrationi
1979: 112). sakurtake jaWvi `vefxistyaosanSic gvxvdeba: `cxensa Sevje, wamo-ca-ve; jaWvi mecva
sakurtake~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 559).
113
urdos mebrZolTa samarxebSic (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120). jaWv-firfitovani
abjris yvelaze adreuli gamosaxulebebi XIV saukunis 70-iani wlebis
jalairianTa iranidan gvaqvs, Tavad abjris naSTebi ki napovnia oqros urdos
teritoriaze, novo-kumakskis XIV saukunis Suaxanebis samarxSi da ust-
labinskaias XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnis yorRanSi (Горелик 1983: 247, рис. 1.4;
Горелик “Ранний монгольский доспех,” 186.] kidev ufro adrindeli SeiZleba iyos
bartimSi (permis mxare) aRmoCenili jaWv-firfitovani abjari, romelic XIII s.
meore naxevriT – XIV s. pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba (Пастушенко 2010: 150-152).
XV saukuneSi jaWv-firfitovani abjari saboloo saxiT yalibdeba
iransa da osmaleTSi, saidanac vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropasa da Sua
aziaSi (Бобров, Худяков 2008: 390). jaWv-firfitovani abjari evraziis aRmosavleT
nawilSi TavdacviTi saWurvelis ganviTarebis umaRles safexurad iTvleba.
masSi firfitovani abjris maRali dacviTi Tvisebebi SeerTebulia jaWvis
simsubuqesa da moqnilobasTan (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120). amave dros, rkinis
firfitebis Camateba aCqarebda abjris damzadebasac, radgan jaWvis qsova
yovelTvis xangrZlivi procesi iyo (Robinson 1967: 11).208
rusuli samxedro terminologia ganasxvavebs jaWv-firfitovani abjris
sxvadasxva saxeebs: бехтерец (begTari) warmodgeba sparsuli sityvisagan
begTer, юшман ki sparsuli sityvisagan javSan (Кирпичников 1976: 38-39; Бобров,
Худяков 2002: 120).209 begTari da iuSmani erTmaneTisagan firfitebis zomiT
gansxvavdebian. maTi uadresi nimuSebi gvxvdeba 1370-80 wlebis Tavrizul da
XIV saukunis damlevis baRdadur miniaturebze (Аствацатурян 2002: 72). begTari
warmoadgens jaWvis rgolebiT SeerTebul, erTmaneTis gadafarviT
vertikalur zolebad awyobil patara zomis marTkuTxa firfitebs; es
zolebi, Tavis mxriv, jaWviT iyo SeerTebuli. iuSmani SuaSi gaxsnili jaWvis
abjaria, romelic mkerdis areSi gaZlierebuli iyo didi zomis marTkuTxa
firfitebiT, zurgi ki begTaris tipis patara firfitebiT hqonda awyobili.
orive es abjari Zvirad fasobda da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli islamur
samyarosa da axlo aRmosavleTSi (Бобров, Худяков 2002: 120).
begTari qarTul enaSic jaWv-firfitovan abjars aRniSnavs da ara
mTlianfirfitovan abjars, rogorc es xSirad eSlebaT xolme. begTari sabas 208 jaWvTan SedarebiT jaWv-firfitovani abjris damzadebas orjer naklebi dros sWirdeboda
(Гордеев 1954: 96).
209 gamoricxuli ar aris begTaris monRoluri warmomavlobac (Зайцев 2010: 126).
114
mixedviT „morkinuli sacmelia saomari“ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 100).
marTalia, avtori ar ganmartavs, Tu rogoria es „morkinuli sacmeli~, magram
cxadia, rom saba ar gulisxmobs mTliani rkinis furclebisagan Sedgenil
abjars (sacmels), aramed mxolod nawilobriv rkinis furclovans anu
morkinuls. sabasTvis (da im epoqisaTvis) upirvelesi saomari sacmeli jaWvi
iyo anu sabasive terminologiiT rom visargebloT, begTari „morkinuli“
jaWvia; anu, begTari kombinirebuli abjaria – jaWvis perangi, romelic
mowyvlad adgilebSi (mkerdi, zurgi) gaZlierebulia (morkinulia) brtyeli
rkinis firfitebiT (polotikiT). begTari rom jaWvTan kombinirebuli
firfitovani abjaria da ara mTliani rkinis kirasa, naTlad Cans „Sahnames“
qarTuli Targmanidan, sadac begTari jaWvis abjris saxeobad aris
warmodgenili: „jaWvi begTari dev-qajTa mas dResa daixevisa“ (Sah-name 1916:
str. 1513). igive konstruqcia gvaqvs xalxur poeziaSic: `jaWvi dawyvita,
beqTari, rogorc gudai Svlisao~ (qarTuli leqsikoni 2008: 1001). cxadia, rom
qarTuli begTari Seesabameba sparsul begTers, rusul bexterecs da
warmoadgens jaWv-firfitovan abjars. Cans, saqarTveloSi begTars da iuSmans
ar ganasxvavebdnen.
begTarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli jaWv-firfitovani damagrebis nimuSebi
ukve gvxvdeba XIV saukunis meore naxevris H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze –
samuxle integrirebulia jaWvis sabarkulSi, jaWvis rgolebiTaa damagrebuli
abjarze firfitovani qvedabolo da qafis firfitaze – abjris saxelo
(manikia). jaWv-firfitovani abjari XV saukunis meore naxevarSi mainc
danamdvilebiT eqnebodaT saqarTveloSi. josafat barbaro, romelic 1474-78
wlebSi imyofeboda iranSi, aRwers ay-yoiunlus armiis cxenis abjars,
romelic oqro-vercxliT movarayebuli firfitebisagan Sedgeboda da
erTmaneTTan jaWvis rgolebiT iyo dakavSirebuli (Josafa Barbaro 2009: 66).
eWvgareSea, rom barbaro jaWv-firfitovan abjars aRwers. amave dros,
cnobilia, rom qarTvelebic iyvnen uzun hasanis mokavSireebi da
monawileobdnen osmalebTan 1473 wlis omSi (Caterino Zeno 2009: 24, 27). cxadia,
rom am droisaTvis jaWv-firfitovani abjari qarTvelebsac eqnebodaT. miT
umetes, rom ay-yoiunlus armias aseTi abjrebiT kavkasiidan amaragebdnen.
barbaros mowmobiT, jaWv-firfitovan abjars akeTebdnen besTenSi, romelic
minorskis mixedviT daRestnuri sofeli yubaCia (Alexander 1984: 99).
115
jaWv-firfitovani abjris gamosaxulebas vxedavT XV s. II naxevris – XVI
s. dasawyisis bugeulis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis samxreT-dasavleT kedelze
– wminda Tevdores abjari liTonis patara, erTmaneTis gadafarviT, zolebad
Sedgenil firfitebs warmoadgens, romlebic erTmaneTTan jaWvis rgolebiT
unda iyvnen SeerTebuli (rgolebi freskaze garkveviT ar ikiTxeba) (raWa 2008:
120-121). aseTi wyobis abjari ar aris ikonografiulad kanonikuri,
praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba qarTul xatweraSi da axali saxis (jaWv-
firfitovani) abjris saqarTveloSi Semosvlas unda aRniSnavdes.
Car-aina
polotiki, romelic Tavdapirvelad sxeulis dasacavi liTonis firfita
iyo, SemdgomSi ganviTarda kirasis tipis abjarSi, romelic oTxi (an xuTi)
firfitisagan Sedgeboda. oTxi firfitisagan Sedgenil sxeulis abjars
sparsulad Car-aina anu oTxi sarke ewodeba.210 is Sedgeba mkerdis, zurgis da
gverdebis dasacavi oTxi mozrdili, marTkuTxa firfitisagan (Alexander 2002:
229). Car-aina Cndeba XVI saukunis dasawyisSi. rogorc wesi, mas jaWvze
icvamdnen (Zaky 1963: 73; Nicolle 1990a: 39; Allan, Gilmour 2000: 133; Alexander 2002: 229).
Car-ainas liTonis naWrebi erTmaneTs anjamebiT an abzindebSi gayrili
RvedebiT ukavSirdeba (Khorasani 2006: 281-282). anjamebiT dakavSirebuli Car-aina
ufro didi zomisaa, raTa mTeli sxeuli moecva da misi mkerdis firfita
xSirad orad aris gayofili, rac ukve 5-naWrian abjars warmoqmnis (Robinson
1967: 39). Car-ainas firfitebi odnav gamrudebulia, rom ukeT Seesabamebodes
sxeulis moxazulobas (Paul 2004: 115). amave mizniT, gverdis firfitebi, xSirad,
iRliebSia amoRebuli, raTa maqsimalurad gaadvilos xelis moZraoba.
didi zomis foladis firfitebisagan damzadebuli Car-aina yvelaze
axlos idga evropul mTlianfirfitovan abjarTan da, Sesabamisad, yvelaze
ufro maRali xarisxis dacvas (jaWvTan kombinaciaSi) ganapirobebda
aRmosavleTSi. amave dros, k. rivkini da o. pinCo Tvlian, rom Car-aina
kavkasiaSi ar gamoiyeneboda (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 80). am mosazrebas ver
gaviziarebT. sxvadasxva monacemebidan utyuarad SegviZlia davadginoT, rom
Car-aina saqarTveloSi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli: aleqsandre arCilis Zes
(1674-1711), ruseTis armiis pirveli general-feldceixmaisters, ucnobi 210 am tipis abjars rusuladac зерцало ewodeba, rac aseve sarkes niSnavs (Гордеев 1954: 105;
Gorelik 1979: 38).
116
avtoris mier 1696 wels Sesrulebul portretze aRmosavluri, mdidrulad
ornamentirebuli Car-aina uCans samosis qveS (sur. 43). 1910 wels bremenSi
gamocemul wignSi Konstantinopel – Schwarzes Meer: Eine Reise in Bildern, sadac Savi
zRvis regionSi mogzauroba suraTebiT aris gadmocemuli, erT-erT fotoze
vxedavT xevsur meomars saomari aRWurvilobiT, sadac mas oTxnaWriani Car-
aina acvia (sur. 44). is faqti, rom Car-ainam saqarTvelos mTaSic ki aaRwia,
niSnavs imas, rom is sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli imdroindel saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia iranuli warmoSobis 5-
naWriani Car-aina (eqsponati 813). XIX saukuneSi kavkasiis muzeumis direqtoris
g. rades mixedviT, is ekuTvnoda erekle II-is sardals ivane muxranbatons
(ColoyaSvili 1956: 281-282). (sur. 45). abjari Sedgeba xuTi – ori samkerde,
marcxena da marjvena sagverde da sazurge – firfitisagan.211 foladis
firfitebi morTulia vazis da Citis gamosaxulebiani oqros ornamentiT.
abjris yovel naWerze oqrocurvili sparsuli warwerebi arSias qmnian. Car-
aina dasarCulebulia bambiT da abreSumiT (ColoyaSvili 1956: 282). 5-naWriani
Car-ainas samkerde ficrebi anjamebiT mkvidrad erTdeboda, ise rom SeerTebis
adgilSi Zlier dartymasac gauZlebda. sazurge da samkerde mxareebi
erTmaneTs abzindebSi gayrili da mxarze gadagdebuli ori Rvedis
saSualebiT ukavSirdebian. mkerdis firfitis (SeerTebuli) zomaa – 40X60 sm,
zurgis – 33X32.5 sm, gverdebis ki – 25X19 sm. samkerde da sazurge firfitebi
damSvenebulia Citis Tavis or-ori figuriT.
ivane muxranbatonis Car-aina Zalian hgavs (gansakuTrebiT sazurgis
formiT, ornamentiT da Citis Tavis figurebiT) niu-iorkis metropolitenis
muzeumSi da iranSi, bandar anzalis samxedro muzeumSi dacul abjrebs,
romlebsac XVII saukuniT aTariReben (Grancsay 1958: 245; Khorasani 2006: cat. 400).
Citis TavebiT damSvenebuli Car-ainebi inaxeba Teiranisa da Sirazis samxedro
muzeumebSi. yvela isini sefianTa periods da XVII saukunes ekuTvnis (Khorasani
2006: cat. 397, 399, 402). Sesabamisad, ivane muxranbatonis abjaric XVII saukunis
nakeToba unda iyos.
rogorc SemorCenili eqsponatebidan da sxva monacemebidan irkveva,
saqarTveloSi gamoyenebuli Car-ainas umTavres wyaros eqsporti warmoadgenda
da abjris es saxeoba ucxoeTidan, ZiriTadad ki iranidan Semodioda. jaWvze
211 k. ColoyaSvili SecdomiT miiCnevs abjris sazurges mis wina mxared – saguled
(ColoyaSvili 1956: 282).
117
Cacmuli Car-aina, gansakuTrebiT misi 5-nawiliani saxeoba, mTlianobaSi
daculobis uaRresad maRal dones ganapirobebda. cxadia, rom aseTi abjari,
umTavresad, feodaluri wreebis zeda fenebis kuTvnileba iqneboda.
kidurebis dacviTi saSualebebi
sabarkuli
sabarkuli, sabas mixedviT, sawvive abjaria (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:
19), jaWvis rgolebisagan Sedgenili.212 sabarkuli, TiTqos, mxolod wvivis (da
ara barklis) safar abjars niSnavs.213 magram, saqme imaSia, rom sawvive
mxolod anatomiur wvivs ar gulisxmobda da igi ufro farTo – fexis
damfaravi samosis – mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. wels qvemoTa samoseli
uZveles naTargmn ZeglebSi moixsenieba, rogorc sabarkuli, sawvive
(javaxiSvili 1962: 92), rac dasturdeba Semdgomi sabaseuli ganmartebidanac:
`wvivsacmeli – ewodebis yovelTa sxvilbarkalTa samoselsa~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 389). es garemoeba SeumCneveli ar darCenia i. javaxiSvilsac,
romelic askvnis rom „termini sawvive tanis wvivze ufro zeviTi nawilis
dasafaravad gankuTvnili samoslis aRmniSvneli yofila~ (javaxiSvili 1962:
93).214 maSasadame, sabarkuli niSnavs jaWvis samoss, romelsac wvividan
amoicvamdnen215 da faravda fex(eb)s.216
sabarkuls vxedavT XI s. dasawyisis nikorwmindis reliefebze: wm.
giorgis abjris kalTasa da mogvs Soris jaWvis ori zoli Cans, wm. Tevdores
ki – erTi zoli, romlebic, eWvgareSea, rom jaWvis sabarkuls aRniSnaven.
sabarkuli moxseniebulia „vefxistyaosanSi~: „sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa,
sabarkuliTa“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „jaWvi, xrmali, muzaradi,
212 [`sawvive – paiWi da misTana jaWvisa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 70). `paiWi – fe(r)xis
samosi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 613.)
213 sabarkuls, xSirad, SecdomiT miiCneven barklis damcav liTonis firfitad, romelic
aRmosavleTSi Sua saukuneebSi arc gamoiyeneboda.
214 eTnografiuli masaliTac irkveva, rom sabarkuli (barkulai) muxlebamde sacvals
aRniSnavda (qarTuli eTnologiuri leqsikoni 2009: 112).
215 Sarvali sabasTvis wvivsacmelia: `perikami – sawmarTuli, Salvari, wvivsacmeli~ (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1991: 620).
216 sxvaTa Soris, d. nikolic Tvlis, rom sabarkuli jaWvisa iyo da evropul jaWvis Sarvals
– Sosis Seesatyviseboda (Nicolle 1998b: 167).
118
sabarkuli maTi gvani“ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1370). is gvxvdeba
xelmwifis karis garigebaSic: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali, qafa, sabarkuli“
(garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).
adreuli jaWvis sabarkuli mTliani iyo anu Sarvlis totiviT srulad
moicavda, faravda fexis wina da ukana nawilsac. H1665 daviTnSi
Semsubuqebuli saxis sabarkuls vxedavT, romelic fexis wina mxares da
gverdebs icavda da ukan TasmebiT ikvreboda. sabarkulis Semsubuqeba,
SesaZloa, sawvivis gamoCenamac ganapiroba, ramac saimedod daicva fexis qvemo
nawili. XVI-XVII ss. sruli sabarkuli kvlav popularulia da mas vxvdebiT
XVI saukunis iloris kared xatze wm. giorgis aRWurvilobaSi (sayvareliZe,
alibegaSvili 1980), 16, sur. 43). da XVII s. TavaqaraSviliseul
`vefxistyaosnis~ miniaturebSi. sainteresoa, rom aq aRar Cans liTonis
sawviveebi, rac, albaT, imaze miuTiTebs, rom sawvivesTan erTad srul
sabarkuls ar iyenebdnen, sawvivis gareSe ki sruli sabarkuli iyo
`rekomendebuli~.
samuxle (sayirmuza)
sabas mixedviT, sayirmuza samuxle polotikia (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1993: 63). sayirmuza iranuli warmoSobis terminia (saq al-muza) da aRniSnavs
sqel gamaSebs, romlebzec muxlis dasacavi rkinis diskoa damagrebuli
(Gorelik 1979: 32). XIV saukunis iranul miniaturebze Cans jaWvze damagrebuli
firfita, romelic muxls icavs. muxlis daculobas didi mniSvneloba hqonda
aRmosavleli mxedrisaTvis, romelic, evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, mokle
uzangs iyenebda da amitomac, muxli win hqonda gamoziduli da advilad
misawvdomi mowinaaRmdegisaTvis (Robinson 1967: 11).
muxlis dacvis am saSualebas saqarTveloSi XIV saukuneSi vxvdebiT.
rozetismagvari sayirmuzis gamosaxulebebi uxvadaa H1665 daviTnis
miniaturebze (193v, 198r, 205v, 208v, 222r, 229r da sxv.). ZiriTadad, mas gamosaxaven,
rogorc jaWvis sabarkulSi integrirebul liTonis firfitas. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa miniatura abimeliqis sikvdilis sceniT (199v), sadac sayirmuza
sabarkulis gareSea gamosaxuli da muxlebze Camocmul gamaSebzea
damagrebuli.
119
sawvive
sawvive (wvivsafari)217 farTod iyo gavrcelebuli antikuri xanis
berZnul-romaul samyaroSi, sadac mas knemidebad moixseniebdnen. bizantiuri
wvivsafari, romelTac X saukunidan xalkotuba (an podopsela) ewodeba,
icavda wvivs muxlidan koWamde (Grotowski 2010: 187-188). mavrikiosis
strategikonis mixedviT, sawviveebi xis an liTonis iyo da isini wyobaSi or
mwkrivs mainc unda scmoda (Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 139). imperator leo VIU-is
mixedviT, maT xaris tyavisgan amzadebdnen (Grotowski 2010: 189). adre
Suasaukuneebis aRWurvilobis es detali, rogorc Cans, srulyofili
konstruqciiT ar gamoirCeoda da arc farTod iyo gavrcelebuli.
gamagrebuli tyavisagan damzadebuli wvivsacavi acvia wm. giorgis XI saukunis
laSTxveris xatze218 da mTavarangelozebs miqaels da gabriels wvirmis da
Cukulis xatebze (Чубинашвили 1959: 276-278, таб. 169; CubinaSvili 1957: tab. 87, 88).
am tipis sawvive saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli ar Cans. amis erT-erTi
mizezi jaWvis sabarkuli iqneboda, romelic ufro moxerxebuli da
popularulic iyo.
srulyofili konstruqciis liTonis sawvive dasavleT evropaSi XIII
saukunis SuaxanebisTvis Cndeba (Кирпичников 1971: 20). don bernaldo gilen de
entencas saflavze (1237) gamosaxulia, albaT, uadresi sawvive, romelic im
dros mxolod warCinebulebs Tu eqnebodaT (Wise 1978: 14). m. goreliki Tvlis,
rom sawviveebi monRolebma gaavrceles XIII saukuneSi (Горелик 1983: 259), Tumca,
i. zelenski marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom sawvive ar aris aRmoCenili
centralur aziaSi (Зеленский 2008: 117). marTlac, ori nawilisagan Semdgari
sawvivis gamosaxulebebi mxolod XIV saukunis bolo mesamedSi Cndeba iranul
miniaturebze (Горелик 1983: 259). oqros urdos teritoriaze, dmitrievskaias I
yorRanis II samarxSi, romelic XIII saukunis II naxevari – XIV saukuniT
TariRdeba, napovnia sawvive, romelic samuxlesTan jaWvis rgolebiTaa
dakavSirebuli (Зеленский 2008: 116-117). Cveulebriv, wvivis damcavi liTonis
217 sawvives aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi saCerne ewodeboda, rac aRniSnavda abjars,
romelic Cerans (wvivs) faravda. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, arnold Ciqobavas
redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1986), 400.
218 niSandoblivia, rom am xatis msgavseba vatopedis cnobil wm. giorgis xatTan, romelic
xSirad mohyavT bizantiuri sawvivis nimuSad, jer kidev n. kondakovma da g. CubinaSvilma
SeniSna. gansakuTrebiT didia msgavseba fexsamosTan (Чубинашвили 1959: 260-262, таб. 152).
120
firfitebi anjamebiT an tyavis RvedebiT iyo SeerTebuli (Бобров, Худяков 2002:
134).
liTonis ori firfitisagan Sedgenili sawvive saqarTveloSi XIV
saukunis meore naxevarSi Cans. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze xSiradaa
gamosaxuli liTonis sawviveeebi (193v, 198r, 205v, 208v, 222r, 229r da sxv.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom miniaturebze mebrZolTa zeda kidurebi metad Cans,
daviTnSi sawvive mainc ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre samklave. am
miniaturebze gamosaxuli sawvive ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romlebic
anjamebiT unda iyvnen SeerTebulni.
qafi
sabas mixedviT qafi aris „javSanT samxariRlie~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1993: 217). leqsikografi qafis qveS gulisxmobda samxariRlies – mxridan
iRliisaken iribad gadaWeril Rveds, razec iqve garkveviT miuTiTebs: „qafi
ars abjarTa SemosaWirebelni (Semosakravni) zornebi“ (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1993: 217). am SemTxvevaSi sulxan-saba cdeba (mis dros qafi ukve aRar
gamoiyeneboda): igi am daskvnas „vefxistyaosnis“ informaciis safuZvelze
axdens,219 sadac arsad ar weria, rom qafi abjris SemosaWeri Rvedia, Tumca
Tavad qafs ki RvedebiT imagrebdnen.220
sinamdvileSi, qafi warmoadgens mxris damcav, momrgvalebuli formis
liTonis firfitas, romlis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT bizantiur
ikonografiaSi.221 XII saukunis lanCvanis sakurTxevliswina jvarze gamosaxul
wminda meomrebs momrgvalebuli formis qafi icavT (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 470).
am formas qarTuli qafi saukuneebis manZilze inarCunebs.222
d. nikolis mixedviT, qarTuli qafi warmodgeba arabuli sityvisagan
kaff, romelic aseve mxris dasacav saSualebas aRniSnavda (Nicolle 1982: 204;
219 „vefxistyaosanSi“ sweria...~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 217).
220 saba Secdomas isic cxadyofs, rom mas qaSqani zustad iseve aqvs ganmartebuli, rogorc
qafi – „javSnis samxarRlie~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 218).
221 ix. qafis gamosaxuleba X saukunis spilos Zvlis wm. dimitris xatze (Evans, Holcomb, Hallman
2001: 50).
222 ix. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebi.
121
Nicolle 1986: 23; Nicolle 1999b: 515).223
qafi VIII saukunis dasawyisSi moixsenieba
omaianTa saxalifoSi: at-tabari aRniSnavs liTonis qafs, romelsac sirieli
muslimi meomari atarebs (Nicolle 1982: 204-205). VIII saukuneSi momrgvalo formis
liTonis firfitovani qafi xazarebSic vrceldeba, romelsac m. goreliki
aRmosavleT Turqestanidan Semosulad miiCnevs (Gorelik 2002: 135, figs. XI-5.20,21).
VIII saukuneSi xazareTsa da xalifatSi gavrcelebuli qafis samSoblo,
SesaZloa, marTlac Sua azia iyos.
saqarTveloSi qafi pirvelad XI saukunis `nikorwmidelis dawerilSi~
moixsenieba – „qafi jaWÂsaÁ a“ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 40).
vefxistyaosanSi qafi mravalgzisaa naxsenebi, rac XII saukuneSi mis farTod
gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs: „davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-qafiTa“ (SoTa
rusTaveli 2009: str. 442); „sruli abjari sakaco qafiTa, sabarkuliTa“ (SoTa
rusTaveli 2009: str. 1020); „abjarsa frewdis, gacudda simagre javSan-qafisa“
(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1417). qafi, Tavis mniSvnelobas inarCunebs XIV
saukunis saqarTveloSic. is, rogorc TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis Semadgeneli
elementi, moixsenieba xelmwifis karis garigebaSi: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali,
qafa, sabarkuli...“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87).
am mowmobebidan cxadia, rom qafi TavdacviTi aRkazmulobis
damoukidebeli nawilia, romelsac abjarTan erTad iyenebdnen. mas
imagrebdnen rogorc jaWvze (qafi jaWÂsaÁ), ise lamelarul abjarze (javSan-
qafi). qafs abjarze RvedebiT imagrebdnen (`moqafva~): „jaWvni avad moeqafnes~
(SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 655). jaWvis moqafva Tasmebis SemoWeras unda
niSnavdes. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia, rom XIV saukunis bolosaTvis, rodesac
jaWv-firfitovani abjris pirveli nimuSebi Cndeba, qafis firfita jaWvis
perangSi yofiliyo integrirebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am periodis H1665
daviTnis miniaturebze (201v, 204r, 208v, 212r, 222r da sxv.) gamosaxul qafis
firfitaze jaWvis rgolebiT aris damagrebuli abjris saxelo (manikia).
Tavisi mniSvneloba qafma, albaT, XV saukunis miwuruls dakarga,
rodesac kombinirebulma jaWv-firfitovanma abjarma moikida fexi.
223 amave dros, ver gaviziareb mkvlevris mosazrebas, rom qarTuli qafi lamelarul samxres
warmoadgenda (Nicolle 1982: 204).
122
samklave
liTonis firfitebisagan Sedgenil mklavis dasacav saSualebas Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi samklave, igive xelnavi erqva (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 39, 440). xelnavi samklaves Tavisi mogrZo, naviseburi
moyvanilobis gamo ewoda.
samklave saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli Cans XIV saukunis meore
naxevarSi, rasac mowmobs H1665 daviTnis miniaturebi. am miniaturebze
gamosaxulia firfitovani abjris samklaveebi, romlebic ori nawilisagan
Sedgeba da anjamebiT aris Sesaxsruli. wyaroebSi samklavis moxsenieba XV
saukunidan gvxvdeba. 1483 wels aradeTTan brZolis Semdeg yvaryvare aTabags
`moaÃsena amilaxorman: me erTsa kacsa Ãrmali Semovkar da samklaviani Ãeli
gavagdebineo, da Tu ginda, wamodiT da giCvenebo~. warmovidnen da naxes,
samklaviani Ãeli ZeZvSi egdo“ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 347). Cans, amilaxvaris
mowinaaRmdeges, romlesac xmali idayvze odnav zemoT moxvda, samklave ekeTa
da moklemklaviani jaWvi ecva. xelis mokveTAa grZelmklaviani jaWvis dros
SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
winamxris pasiuri dacvis garda, samklavis aqtiurad gamoyenebac
SeiZleboda, rac gulisxmobs moqneuli xmlis mogeriebas samklavis SegebebiT.
XIV saukuneSi dasawyisSi muslimi samxedro Teoretikosi al-aqsarai aRwers
xmlis samklaviT mogeriebis meTods (Nicolle 1982: 203). am meTods
saqarTveloSic iyenebdnen, rogorc es xevsurul leqsSia damowmebuli:
`TorRvav, ra gqonda farada?
samklaven uÃmarebian,
dana xqonia Ãmalada~. (gogoWuri 1977: 104).
am epizodSi aRweril viTarebaSi, gaWirvebis Jams gmiri xmlis nacvlad
danas sjerdeba, faris nacvlad ki rkinis samklaves iyenebs. Cans,
mowinaaRmdegis civi iaraRis dartymis mosagerieblad samklavis gamoyeneba,
rogorc es leqsis avtors aqvs aRwerili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli ileTi iyo.
l. kobulinski ganarCevs samklavis foladis firfitebis erTmaneTTan
SeerTebis or meTods: jaWviT da anjamebiT (Sesaxsruli) da pirvels
iranulad miiCnevs, meores ki indurad (Kobylinski 2000: 69). mas imeorebs m.
xorasanic, romelsac damatebiT mohyavs iranuli nimuSebi, romelTa
firfitebi Rvedebis saSualebiT erTdeba (Khorasani 2006: 283). warmomavlobis
mixedviT samklaveebis aseTi klasifikacia bolomde marTebuli ar unda iyos.
123
ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom samklavis firfitebis SeerTebis es ori
meTodi, umTavresad drois mixedviT gairCeva: samklavis Tavdapirveli (XIII-XV
ss.) nimuSebi anjamebiT iyo Sesaxsruli, mogvianebiT ki gavrcelda jaWvis
rgolebiT gadabma, romelic ufro martiv konstruqcias warmoadgens.
amasTanave, indoeTis kontinentze anjamebiT Sesaxsrul samklaveebs ufro
xangrZlivad iyenebdnen.
did teritoriebze gavrcelebuli erTi tipis iaraRis warmomavlobis
dadgena sakmaod rTulia. es debuleba zedmiwevniT marTalia samklaveebis
(iranuli bazubandi, induri dastana, Turquli koluki, qarTuli xelnavi da
samklave) mimarT, romelTac SedarebiT martivi konstruqcia da
erTgvarovneba axasiaTebT. Tu maTSi didi jgufebis gamoyofa (iranuli,
induri, Turquli) ufro advilad xerxdeba, SedarebiT Znelia samklaveebis
amierkavkasiuri Tu Crdilokavkasiuri kuTvnilebis dadgena da eTnografiuli
jgufebis (Cerqezuli, qarTuli) gamoyofa.
e. astvacaturiani uTuod marTalia, rodesac iaraRis warmomavlobis
dasadgenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs masze gamosaxul ornaments (Аствацатурян
2004: 37). saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi dacul qarTul samklaveebze
dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom ornamentis garda, SesaZlebelia daveyrdnoT sxva,
ufro arsebiT niSnebsac.
qarTuli samklavisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia firfitebis originaluri
gadabmis sistema: 1. mozrdili rgolebiT da 2. rgolebSi gayrili wkiriT (e.w.
gareT gamotanili anjamiT). SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba anjamebiT da, kidev
ufro iSviaTad, jaWvis rgolebiT gadabma. gareT gamotanili anjamiT
gadabmuli firfitebi sxvagan arsad SeiniSneba da aseTi samklaveebi SeiZleba
Seumcdarad amovicnoT rogorc qarTuli produqti.
qarTuli samklaveebisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia rkinis firfitebis
kideebze TiTberiT an zedapirze vercxliT morTva, spilenZis moqlonebis
gamoyeneba. gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa gamoyenebuli TiTberi xevsuruli
samklaveebis liTonis firfitebis damagreba-gaformebaSi.
vercxlis furclebiTaa dekoratiulad morTuli samklave, romelic
1659 wels imereTis mefem aleqsandrem III-em (1639-60) gaugzavna ruseTis mefe
aleqsei mixeilis Zes (1645-76). samklavis rkinis firfitas kideebze vercxlis
moqlonebiT damagrebuli vercxlis furceli Semouyveboda. samklaves
124
TaTmani 11 vercxlis rgoliT emagreboda da vercxlisve abzindebi gaaCnda
(Опись Оружейной палаты 1884: 156-157).
saqarTvelos qalaqebSi, iaraRis warmoebis centrebSi umaRlesi
aristokratiisaTvis daxvewili samklaveebi mzaddeboda, risi magaliTicaa
ermitaJSi daculi XVII saukuniT daTariRebuli SesaniSnavi qarTuli
samklave, romelic iranuli stilis wabaZviTaa Seqmnili, oqros zarniSiTaa
morTuli da majis orive mxares qarTulad or nawilad aweria kosta + ntine.
fiqroben, rom es ostatis saxelia (Miller 2000: 122, fig. 1). didi firfitis sigrZe
31.6 sm-ia. samklavis firfitebi damaxasiaTebeli qarTuli gadabmiT –
rgolebSi gayrili wkiriT – aris SekavSirebuli.
xelTaTmani
qarTuli ena ganarCevs TiTebian da uTiTo xelTaTmans. TiTebian
xelTaTmans sabuxari (safuxari) erqva, uTiTos, windis magvars ki – TaTmani.224
abjris sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT, jaWvis xelTaTmani ufro gvian
gaCnda. 1170 wlis vinCesteris bibliis miniaturebSi xelTaTmanis SemuSavebis
pirveli stadia aris asaxuli: jaWvis hauberkis (perangis) mklavis gagrZeleba
faravs xelis zurgs, magram ar gadadis TiTebze (Blair 1958: 29). pirveli
TaTmani Cans 1195 wlis dokumentze dartymul riCard lomgulis beWedze.
TaTmani aq calke elementi ki ar aris, aramed hauberkis mklavis gagrZelebas
warmoadgens da erTgvari CanTaa, romelsac mxolod cera TiTi aqvs. XIV
saukuneSi xelTaTmani ukve gamoeyo ZiriTad abjars (Thordeman 1939: 232).
moxrili xmlis da swrafi farikaobis gavrcelebam xelis mtevnis
dacvis aucilebloba saqarTveloSic Seqmna. saqarTveloSi firfitovani
abjris xelTaTmani dadasturebuli ar aris. rac Seexeba jaWvis xelTaTmans,
is ori saxis gvxvdeba: damoukidebeli, srulfasovani jaWvis xelTaTmani da
samklavis gagrZeleba, romelic tyavis an qsovilis TaTmanze zurgidan
dakrul jaWvs warmoadgens.225 samklavis TaTmans mxolod cera TiTi hqonda
224 sabuÃari – safuÃari, Ãelsacvami (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 22). sabuÃari ars jirisa
calis Ãelis gawyobili, TiTebiani, xolo TaTmani – windurad naqso(v)i (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 240). jiri or-pirad moqnili tyavia (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 458).
225 zemodan akravdnen jaWvs Coxis saxelosac. `zog SemTxvevaSi safuxres rols Coxis
saxelos eniseburi gagrZeleba – yoSi asrulebda... igi icavda majas – metadre maSin, rodesac
masze jaWvi iyo dakerebuli~ (ColoyaSvili 1991: 9).
125
gancalkevebuli, damoukidebeli xelTaTmani ki mTlianad (zurgisa da
xelisgulis mxridan) jaWvisagan iyo moqsovili da gancalkevebuli SeiZleba
hqonoda rogorc cera (TaTmani), aseve yvela TiTic (safuxre).
fari
sabas ganmartebiT, fari aris `dasafarebeli saWurveli~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 184). is yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli individualuri
dacviTi saSualebaa, romelic icavda mflobels distanciuri da
xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRisagan. fars gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda
qveiTTaTvis, romelTa upirvelesi da xSirad erTaderTi Tavdasacavi
saSualeba iyo. faris forma mudmivad icvleboda taqtikisa da brZolis
meTodebis cvlilebis kvaldakval (Grotowski 2010: 208). gansxvavdeboda masalac,
romlisganac farebi mzaddeboda.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli, albaT, xis fari iyo. Sua saukuneebis
tipuri xis fari Sedgeboda xis ficrebisagan, romelzec tyavi iyo
gadakruli, centrSi liTonis umboniT226 da, xSirad, kideebze liTonis
saltiT. zurgze mas damagrebuli hqonda satarebeli Rvedebi – xelSi
saWerad da mxarze sakidad.227
umboni faris simZimis centrSi magrdeboda (Рабинович 1947: 69). qarTulad
umbons faris kubo ewodeboda: „gauxeTqa kubo farisa“ (beri egnataSvili 1959:
347).228 VI saukunis bizantiuri traqtatis Peri strategias mixedviT, qveiTTa wyobis
pirvel rigSi mdgomebis farebi 8 sm-iani wvetiani umbonebiT unda yofiliyo
aRWurvili. Semdgom saukuneebSi umbonma es wveti dakarga da p. grotovski
gamonaklisis saxiT mxolod X saukunis mravalZalis xatze gamosaxul wm.
giorgis fars asaxelebs wvetiani umboniT (Grotowski 2010: 218-219, n354). kargad
gamokveTili grZeli umboni aqvs fexosani wm. giorgis fars d. ermakovis 5450-
e fotozec. rogorc Cans, raRac etapze adre SuasaukuneebSi aseT farebs
marTlac iyenebda qarTveli qveiTi.
226 umboni faris centrSi damagrebuli liTonis firfitaa, romelic dartymis mosagerieblad
da xelis mtevnis dasacavad iyo gankuTvnili (Кирпичников 1971: 34-35).
227 faris xelSi saWer, CasaWid Rvedebs sabRuji ewodeba.
228 sabas ganmartebiT `msoflioni kubod uÃmoben... mcireT(a) konqTa~, konqi ki kamaraa (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1991: 383, 392). gamodis, rom faris kubo umbonia, mas xom konqis anu kamaris
forma aqvs.
126
laSqrobis dros fars sakidi RvediT ukan ikidebdnen (Kolias 1988: 121).
faris gadakidebas RvediT jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis armiaSi
iyenebdnen (Grotowski 2010: 221). es mebrZols xelebs uTavisuflebda, rac
erTnairad mniSvnelovani iyo qveiTisa da cxenosnisaTvis. qarTul werilobiT
da ikonografiul wyaroebSi faris Camokidebis es xerxi xSiradaa aRwerili.
1049 wels TurqebTan brZolaSi lipariti „amxedrda cxensa, gardaigdo oqroT
moWedili fari beWsa zeda“ (stefanos orbeliani 1978: 33-34). cxadia, rom
liparitma mdidruli fari („oqroT moWedili“)229 sakidi RvediT beWze
moigdo. `beWsa zeda~ atarebs fars wm. giorgi setis da jaxunderis xatebze
da walenjixis samxreTi kedlis freskaze (CofikaSvili 1964: 59-60). RvediT
dakidebas niSnavs faris yelze Camokidebac: „Sejda cxensa, fari yels
Camoikida“ (rusudaniani 1957: 291). kiserze aqvs Camokidebuli kalkani
avTandils TavaqaraSviliseuli `vefxistyaosnis“ 319-e miniaturaze.
saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mrgvali formis fari iyo. Tavis
droze, romaelebma germanelebis zegavleniT ovaluri fari mrgvaliT
Secvales (Coulston 2002: 22). mrgvali formis fars cxenosani ufro advilad
moixmars orive mxares (gasitaSvili 1957: 101). mrgvali farebi iyo didi da
patara zomisac. gviandeli patara zomis mrgvali fari ufro dartymis
mosagerieblad iyo gamiznuli, vidre sxeulis dasafarad da farikaobis
swrafi stilis gaCenis indikatoria (Babuin 2002: 99). sxva formis farebTan
SedarebiT mrgvali fari ufro msubuqi da manevruli iyo, Tumca is
gacilebiT nakleb farTobs faravda vidre nuSiseburi fari.
XI saukuneSi evropasa da aRmosavleTSi farTod vrceldeba nuSiseburi
fari. misi Tavi momrgvalebulia, gverdebi ki Zirisken viwrovdeba da nuSis
msgavsi damaxasiaTebeli forma aqvs. nuSisebur fars mrgvalisagan
memkvidreobiT ergo umboni, sadac is faravda naxvrets, sadac xelis sabRuji
iyo damagrebuli. nuSiseburi faris umbons Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia
dakarguli hqonda (Gravett 1997: 44), Tumca mtris iaraRis asasxletad mainc
gamoiyeneboda. XII saukunidan SemorCenili nuSiseburi fari ciurixis
muzeumidan 15 mm sisqisaa. mrgval farTan SedarebiT is grZeli, sqeli da
ufro mZime iyo (Stephenson 2007: 77-79). grZeli nuSiseburi fari zedmiwevniT
kargi iyo cxenosnisaTvis, radganac mTel sigrZeze faravda mis tans da
229 SesaZloa, saqme gvaqvs mooqrovili spilenZiT dafarul xis farTan.
127
marcxena fexs, horizontalur mdgomareobaSi ki cxensac ifaravda gverdidan
(Gravett 2000: 22).230
nuSiseburi fari cxenosans ganieri tyavis RvediT hqonda
mxarze Camokidebuli, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi marcxena xels
uTavisuflebda sadavisaTvis (Peirce 1987: 244).
nuSiseburi fari, romelsac xSirad „normanuls“ uwodeben (Nickel 2002:
115) da dasavleTevropuli hgoniaT, albaT, swored bizantiidan gavrcelda
evropaSi da, maT Soris, normandiaSic (Heath 1979: 8; Haldon 2002: 77). t. koliasi
varaudobs, rom es X saukunis miwuruls an XI saukunis dasawyisSi unda
momxdariyo (Kolias 1988: 108). ilustraciebis mixedviT nuSiseburi fari X
saukunis SuaxanebSi Cndeba bizantiaSi, XI saukuneSi ki wamyvani adgili ukavia
cxenosanTa da qveiTTa SeiaraRebaSi (Heath 1979: 8). XI saukunis pirveli
naxevridan nuSiseburi fari saqarTveloSic gvxvdeba xidisTavisa da
boWormis wm. giorgis xatebze, adiSis jgragis eklesiis dasavleTi kedlis da
favnisis dasavleTi kedlis wm. meomrebis freskebze (CofikaSvili 1964: 59).
nuSisebur farebs vxedavT daviT garejis udabnos winamZRvris samlocveloSi
XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze gamosaxuli ori wminda meomris SeiaraRebaSic
(daviT garejis monastrebi 2008: 99). nuSiseburi fari aqvs wm. giorgis varZiis
samxreT kedelze (XII s.) (Vardzia 1975: pl. 124). aseTi fari, wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZolis stilTan erTad, bizantiidan Semosuli Cans.231
XIV saukunis saqarTveloSi nuSisebur fars ukve aRar iyeneben. H1665
daviTnis miniaturebze ZiriTadad mrgvali farebia gamosaxuli (orgvari:
sakmaod didi diametris da ufro momcro); Tumca, ramdenime miniaturaze
nuSiseburi faric gvxvdeba. sayuradReboa, rom yvelgan, sadac ki qmedeba an
brZolaa gadmocemuli – mrgval fars vxvdebiT, nuSiseburi ki mxolod
ritualur scenebSia gamoyenebuli. marTebulia l. ServaSiZis daskvna, rom am
droisaTvis nuSisebur fars funqcia aqvs dakarguli da mrgvaliTaa 230 devisis azriT, nuSiseburi fari imdenad fexs ar faravda, ramdenadac cxens icavda (Davis
1989: 16). Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebebs Tu davakvirdebiT, misi azris safuZvlianobaSi
davrwmundebiT.
231 samxedro aRWurvilobis dargSi qarTul-bizantiuri kavSirebisaTvis ix. Tsurtsumia 2011a: 65-
99; Tsurtsumia 2012b: 415-422. Cven gagvaCnia mowmoba, rom es ori maxlobeli kultura erTmaneTze
gavlenas meomris panopliis iseT nawilzec axdenda, rogoric fari iyo. p. grotovskis azriT,
X saukunis svidas bizantiur enciklopediaSi moxseniebuli faris tipi euforos, rac iolad
satarebels niSnavs, qarTuli msubuqi faridan iRebs saTaves (Grotowski 2010: 213, n331).
bizantiur-qarTuli farebis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. wurwumia 2012-2103: 253-270.
128
Canacvlebuli (Шервашидзе 1964: 60-61). abjris gaZlierebasTan erTad, am
movlenas moxrili xmlis da xelCarTuli brZolis swrafi maneris
gavrceleba gamoiwvevda, rodesac xmlis mogerieba faris swrafi SegebebiT
gaxda aucilebeli.
cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebam liTonis farebis gavrceleba
ganapiroba (Nicolle 1993b: 45). iranSi foladis fari XVI saukuneSi iyo cnobili
(Allan, Gilmour 2000: 140). Cveulebriv farTan SedarebiT, liTonis fari mZime da
Zviri iyo, magram ufro gamZlec. Sua saukuneebis bolosaTvis liTonis
farebis gamoyeneba saqarTveloSic dasturdeba, sadac adgilobrivi
produqciis garda iranuli rkinis farebic iyo gavrcelebuli. e. TayaiSvils
liTonis ramdenime fari aqvs aRricxuli svaneTis eklesiebSi, rogoricaa
spilenZis mrgvali fari murymeris wm. barbares eklesiaSi, spilenZis mrgvali
fari oqroTi gamoyvanili doqis da vazis saxeebiT da arabuli warwerebiT
JamuSis macxovris eklesiaSi da fari arabuli warwerebiT setis wm. giorgis
eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 177, 259, 279).
liTonis farebis garda, saqarTveloSi tyavis didi iranuli farebic
gvxvdeba. sefianTa periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo tyavis farebi liTonis
oTxi patara kopiT. kopebi faravda rgolebis samagr moqlonebs; am rgolebSi
tyavis sabRuji Rvedebi eyreboda. xelis dasacavad rgolebs Soris baliSi
iyo mimagrebuli. ufro did, 50-65 sm diametris farebs eqvsi kopi da
damatebiT, sakidi Rvedic gaaCndaT (Khorasani 2006: 271-273). iranuli tipisaa
saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi vaxtang VI-is tyavis did fari. is
odnav deformirebulia da misi garSemoweriloba 51-53 sm-ia. fars dakarguli
aqvs oTxi centraluri da ramdenime periferiuli kopi. tyavis galaqul
zedapirze gamosaxuli qristianul-bibliuri siuJetebi (centrSi golgoTis
jvari, aRsaydrebuli macxovari, mTavarangelozi miqaeli, wm. giorgi da isu
nave) gvafiqrebinebs, rom fari saqarTveloSi unda iyos damzadebuli.
iranuli didi zomis farebis garda, saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT mis
mTianeTSi, ufro patara adgilobrivi mrgvali farebi iyo gavrcelebuli. k.
ColoyaSvili aseTi faris 3 tips gamoyofs: tyavgadakrul xis fars, liToniT
SeWedil tyavis fars da liToniT SeWedil liTonis fars (ColoyaSvili 1954:
227). faris Semkvreli rkinis koncentruli rkalebis (girgoli) raodenobis
mixedviT sami tipis fars ganarCeven: erT-, or- da samgirgolians (gasitaSvili
1957: 104; ColoyaSvili 1954: 228). rkinis xevsurul fars, romelsac sabRuji
129
(saxeluri) da sakidi aqvs, xevsureTSive Wedavdnen (makalaTia 1984: 146). faris
dasamzadeblad xevsurebi xaris tyavs iyenebdnen, xolo saukeTesod kameCis
tyavi iyo miCneuli. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi raWuli farebis
masalad ki Roris tyavia gamoyenebuli (ColoyaSvili 1954: 230-231).
mTaSi damzadebul farebs Sav fers WvartliT aZlevdnen, ris gamoc
aragvis xeobis mosaxleobas muslimebi yarayalRanebs (Savfarosnebs)
uwodebdnen (gasitaSvili 1957: 101-102; ColoyaSvili 1954: 252). mTielTa Savi
farebi qarTul literaturaSic aisaxa: „medgrad morTulTa mTiulTa fari
ekida Savia“ (feSangi 1935: 10);
`yuelgniT movida laSqari, mTiuli, ginda barisa;
SeWurvil iyunes rkiniTa, siSave mosCans farisa,
tansac SaviTa mosilni, saomrad kldisa myarisa.
miqceul iyunes sacemrad, mnaxavTa Sesazarisa~ (feSangi 1935: 116). Cans,
mTielebi Sav sabrZolo samosSi da Savi farebiT gamowyobilni gadiodnen
saomrad, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi – „mnaxavTa Sesazari“ – sanaxaoba yofila.
Tavi. IV. SeteviTi iaraRi
SeteviTi iaraRi gamiznulia mowinaaRmdegis dasazianeblad Sor da
axlo manZilze da xelCarTul brZolaSi.232 is aerTianebs polifunqciur
iaraRs mkveTavi (mCexavi, mWreli da mCexav-mWreli) da mCxvletavi dazianebiT
(maxvili, palaSi, moxrili xmali), monofunqciur iaraRs mCexavi (culi),
mCxvletavi (Subi) da dartymiTi (laxti) dazianebiT (Худяков 1980: 27) da
distanciur (sasrol da satyorcn) iaraRs.
Sua saukuneebSi mebrZolebi mravalgvar Semtev iaraRs iyenebdnen. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT cxenosnebi gamoirCeodnen, romlebic Subisa da mSvildis
garda, laxts da xmals (xandaxan orsac) atarebdnen Tan. es sulac araa
gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mxedars fexosaniviT iolad ar SeeZlo
xelidan gavardnili iaraRis aReba (Dawson 2002: 86). cxenis wyalobiT, is
Tavisuflad atarebda mravalferovan, mZime da grZel iaraRs. mZimed
232 cecxlsasroli iaraRis SemoRebamde, SeteviTi iaraRi adamianis kunTis Zalas iyenebda da
mas civ iaraRsac uwodeben. civi iaraRi sxeulis dazianebis mizniT sagangebod damzadebuli
sagania, romelic gankuTvnilia brZolaSi Sesatevad da dasacavad (Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе
1994: 6).
130
SeWurvili cxenosani Sua saukuneebis yvelaze srulyofilad SeiaraRebul
mebrZols warmoadgenda.
xelCarTuli brZolis saSualebebi
saZgerebeli iaraRi
saZgerebeli iaraRis saerTo saxeli aris laxvari, romelic, sulxan-
saba orbelianis mixedviT, aerTianebs Semdeg jgufebs: horoli, Subi,233 gmuri,
geoni, xiSti, saTxedi da zufani (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). mokle
manZilze zogierTi saZgerebeli iaraRis srolac SeiZleboda,234 rac brZolis
stilze da iaraRis zomaze iyo damokidebuli. iv. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom
laxvari qarTuli sityvaa, romelic `Sedgeba „la“ TavsarTisa da „xvra“
zmnisagan, romelic igivea rac xvreta, e.i. laxvari iaraRia, romelic
xvretda~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 232). misi dakvirvebiT, qarTveli laxvars imdenad
mrisxane iaraRad miiCnevda, rom misgan „zmna dalaxvra da gamonaTqvami
dalaxvros RmerTma-c ki uwarmoebia~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 232).
Subi warmoadgens axlo manZilze sabrZol xistarian saZgerebel iaraRs
liTonis piriT da boloTi. misi wveri CxvletisaTvisaa gamiznuli, tari ki
dartymas mimarTavs (Худяков 1980: 50-51). uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, Subi
aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli da metad efeqturi sabrZolo saSualeba,
romelic iafi da teqnologiurad advili dasamzadebelia.
Subosani mebrZoli mTel rig upiratesobas flobda sxvasTan SedarebiT:
Subi warmoadgenda xelCarTuli brZolis yvelaze grZel iaraRs, romelic
Soridan wvdeboda mowinaaRmdeges, xolo SubiT Cxvleta dazianebis yvelaze
ioli da qmediTi xerxi iyo. Sua saukuneebSi Subi iyo pirveli Setevis
yvelaze efeqturi iaraRi (Кирпичников 1966a: 22). marTlac, xmalTan SedarebiT,
Subi ufro Sors wvdeboda da ufro adviladac aRwevda javSanSi, rac
brZolis sawyis etapze gadamwyvet upiratesobas (maT Soris, fsiqologiurs)
aniWebda Subosans.
saqarTveloSi Subi yovelTvis ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs
ganekuTvneboda. misi pirveli nimuSebi aq Zv.w. III aTaswleulidanaa aRmoCenili
233 dRevandel qarTulSi Subi laxvris yvela tips aerTianebs, Sua saukuneebSi ki mxolod
laxvris erT konkretul tips aRniSnavda.
234 es saTxedisa da zufanis pirdapiri daniSnulebac iyo.
131
(Горелик 2003: 54). amasve mowmobs antikuri periodis arqeologiuri masala da
werilobiTi wyaroebi: „sadac ki qarTveluri mosaxleobis SeiaraRebis
xsenebaa, yvelgan figurirebs Subi“ (gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 127).
Sua saukuneebSi, cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis damkvidrebis Semdeg, Subis
roli kidev ufro gaizarda da mas wamyvani adgili eWira qarTvel mxedarTa
SeiaraRebaSi.235
rogorc aRiniSna, Sua saukuneebSi tipuri saZgerebeli iaraRis
Semadgeneli nawilebia Subispiri, xis buni (tari)236 da dibligi – Subis
bolo (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 220). Subispiris formasa da zomas misi
daniSnuleba gansazRvravda, amitomac, maTi mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT
Subis daniSnulebasa da gamoyenebis xerxebze (Медведев 1959: 127). rac Seexeba
buns, Sua saukuneebSi upiratesobas aniWebdnen ifnis xisagan gakeTebul Subis
tars, radganac igi grZeli, gamZle da moqnili iyo (Nicholson 2004b: 29). aseve,
iyenebdnen vaSlis da naZvis (an fiWvis) xes (Nicolle 1996: 53).237
gviandel
saqarTveloSi vxvdebiT raWis eklesiebSi gamosaxul bambukis Tu lerwmis
tarian Subs,238 romelic friad gavrcelebuli gaxldaT xmelTaSua zRvis
regionSi: bugeulis mTavarangelozTa eklesiis XV-XVI saukuneebis
mxatvrobaze vxedavT fexosan wminda Tevdores lerwmis SubiT (raWa 2008: 121);
XV-XVI ss. faraxeTis eklesiis CrdiloeTis kedelze cxenosani wminda giorgi
lerwmis SubiT gmiravs gveleSaps (raWa 2008: 187). erT raionSi, erT epoqaSi
Seqmnili lerwmis Subis gamosaxulebebi raime specifikuri mizeziT unda
iyos nasazrdoebi239 da gamonaklis SemTxvevas warmoadgens saqarTvelos
sinamdvileSi.
235 XIV saukunis `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT, Subi erT-erTi is regaliaa, romelsac axlad
daniSnul erisTavs gadascemen misi xeldasmisas (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 104; akofaSvili 1992:
59).
236 `buni – Subis tari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 120); `tarad uwoden SubTa, celTa da
misTanaTa bunsa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 133).
237 Tumca, Sejaxebisas wiwvovani xe imsxvreva grZel nafotebad, romelTac cxenisa da kacis
dazianeba SeuZliaT (Sidnell 2006: 264).
238 saqarTveloSi lerwmis tari ufro savaraudoa. aq gavrcelebuli giganturi lerwami Arundo
donax 5 m-mde sigrZis da 4 sm sisqis izrdeba (qimeriZe 1983: 199).
239 kolxeTis dablobze gavrcelebuli lerwami advilad xelmisawvdomi unda yofiliyo
raWaSic.
132
XII saukuneSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, jvarosnul
saxelmwifoebsa da saqarTveloSi axali – wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis
stili ikidebs fexs. dartymis Zalis da, Sesabamisad, Subze datvirTvis
gazrdam gamoiwvia misi taris gaZliereba da gamsxvileba.240 wyaroebi xSirad
aRniSnaven qarTvelTa msxvil Subebs. juveinis Tanaxmad, jalal ad-dinTan
orTabrZolisas qarTvelis aznaurs `boZis simsxo Subi eWira xelSi~ (juveini
1974: 36). saomrad SeWurvil mefe vaxtang V-s (1658-1675) „Subi uWiravs wuer
basri, tarsa simsxo aqus sarisa“ (feSangi 1935: 181). qaixosro ColoyaSvilic
sagangebod aRniSnavs Subis sisqes: `kaci da cxeni Savi rkiniTa ese SeWedili
iyvnes, rom bewvi kacs ar uCnda. msxvilni Subni xelTa hqondes, metad grZeli
xrmali ertya, spilosa saxe laxti welTa erWva~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979:
166-167).
Sua saukuneebis Subi liTonis blagvi garsacmiT bolovdeboda,241
romelsac dibligi ewodeba. dibligi xis tars dazianebisagan icavda da Subs
awonasworebda. is manWvliT magrdeboda xis tarze. Subs miwaSi dibligiT
asobdnen, ise rom, banakad yofnisas is mudam xelT hqonodaT.242 vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi myofi Subis gamoyeneba ufro swrafad da advilad
SeiLZleboda, vidre miwaze dadebulis, romelic isvreboda da cud amindSi
Zneli gamosayenebeli iyo. meomari Subis liTonis bolos xelCarTul
brZolaSic iyenebda (Медведев 1959: 130). dibligis gamoyeneba wyaroebSic aris
asaxuli. ioseb Tbileli mogviTxrobs, rom saakaZem mowinaaRmdege
(kolotauri) daindo da Subis boloTi – dibligiT Camoagdo cxenidan:
„davbrundi, cxeni Sevhqusle, ara vhkar Subis piria!
igi dibligiT gardvagde, varqvi: „Tavs uyav Wiria!“ (ioseb tfileli 1939:
25). dibligiT cxenidan Camogdeba gvxvdeba `omainianSic~: `kacsa zogsa
maTraxiTa da zogsa Subis tariTa Camovhyridi~ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979:
168).
240 2.5 sm sisqis tari, romelic X saukunisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, 3.5 sm-mde msxvildeba XII-
XIII saukuneebSi (Кирпичников 1966a: 20). TavisTavad, Subis sisqe da sigrZe misi mflobelis
Zalazec iyo damokidebuli (Nicholson 2004a: 102).
241 umeteswilad blagvi iyo bizantiuri Subebis boloc (Grotowski 2010: 314). amiT Sua
saukuneebis Subi gansxvavdeboda antikuri Subis wvetiani bolosagan.
242 cxenze jdomisas grZeli Subi uzangze hqondaT Camoyrdnobili (Bloch 1961: 291).
133
dibligi kargad Cans XV saukunis wm. giorgis minanqris or xatze,
saidanac irkveva, rom qarTuli Subis dibligi sakmaod grZeli iyo.
miuxedavad blagvi dibligis siWarbisa, gvxvdeba wvetiani Subis bolos
nimuSebic. wvetiani dibligiT daboloebuli Subebi aqvT X saukunis Cukulis
RvTismSoblis xatis karebze gamosaxul wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores
(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 46; axalaSvili 1987: 8). 1799 wels giorgi XII-is mier
Tbilisis wm. evstates eklesiis ymebisaTvis micemul siTarxnis wignis
ganaxlebis sabuTSi cxenze amxedrebul SeWurvil mxedars wvetiani dibligi
uCans (moxatuli dokumentebi 2011: 136-137, fer. tab. 11).
X saukuneSi qarTuli Subispiris yelze Cndeba mrgvali Semsxvileba,
romelic farTod vrceldeba XI saukuneSi da romlidanac, ufro mogvianebiT,
XIV saukuneSi e.w `vaSli~ ganviTarda.243 Subis `vaSli~ imave funqcias
asrulebda rac karolinguri Subis e.w. `frTebi~,244 romelic msxverplis
sxeulSi Subis Rrmad SeRwevas uSlida xels da aadvilebda mis amoZrobas.
SesaZloa, CvenTan centraluri aziidanaa Semosuli, radgan aseTi „vaSlis“
gamosaxuleba gvaqvs VIII-IX ss. aRmosavleT TurqestanSi (Nicolle 1983: 66).
Subispirze mrgvali SemsxvilebiTaa gamosaxuli mravalZlis xatze wm.
Tevdore (X s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 37), wm. giorgi jumaTis (XI s. dasawyisi)
(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 151), sujunis (XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 156), boWormis
(XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 162), setis (XI s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 182), da
nakifaris (XI s.) xatebze (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 184) da wm. giorgi XIII s.-is
droSis Tavze (axalaSvili 1987: 62-64, sur. 65). TianeTis samxareo muzeumSi
daculia Subispirebi aseTi mrgvali SemsxvilebiT masraze (Артилаква 1976: таб.
66.1.3). l. ServaSiZe miuTiTebs H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze, sadac
gamosaxulia Subebi vaSliT.245 marTlac, daviTnis 191r, 191v, 194r, 213v, 222r, 224r
da 224v miniaturebze ukve Camoyalibebul, msxvil `vaSlebs~ vxedavT.
karolingur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Subi eleganturi formis e.w.
„SroSaniT“, romelsac igive funqcia hqonda da sxeulSi SeRwevas uSlida
xels (Кардини 2000: 276). Subis am detalze karg warmodgenas qmnis yazanis
muzeumSi daculi Subispiri, romlis mxrebi masrasTan SeerTebis adgilze
243 msgavsi procesis Sesaxeb ruseTSi ix. (Кирпичников 1966a: 16).
244 aseTi `frTebi~ Cans wmindanis Subze XVII saukunis `leqsad Tqmuli wm. giorgis cxovrebis~
miniaturaze (moxatuli wignebi 2011: 73-74, sur. 8.11).
245 Subis tari Cveulebriv wiTlad an TeTradaa SeRebili (Шервашидзе 1964: 67).
134
wagrZelebuli da qvemoTken daxrilia da SroSanisebur xveuls qmnis (Гасимов
2003), 45). qarTul ikonografiaSi mravlad vxvdebiT wmindanTa Subebze
gamosaxul SroSanis msgavs warmonaqmns. Subispirze SroSaniTaa gamosaxuli
wm. Tevdore Cukulis triptiqze (X s.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 45-46), wm. giorgi
beCos sakurTxevliswina jvarze (XII-XIII ss.) (Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 463), wm.
giorgi sufis xatze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 46-48, sur. 46), wm. giorgi
da wm. Tevdore ienaSis xatze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 50-51, sur. 52) da
mTavarangelozi fxotreris Cardaxze (XIII-XIV ss.) (axalaSvili 1987: 52, sur.
57).
msxverplis sxeulSi Subis SeRwevas xels uSlida, agreTve, Subispiris
qveS damagrebuli alami (White 1962: 8) da cxenis kudi – TuRi anu bunCuki,
romelic farTod monRolebma gaavrceles. orive maTgans vxvdebiT qarTul
Subebze: alami Cans H1665 daviTnis 191r, 191v, 198r da TavaqaraSviliseuli
`vefxistyaosnis~ 255-e miniaturebze, TuRi ki – H1665 daviTnis 191r, 191v, 198v
miniaturebze da giorgi XII-is sigelis Subze.
horoli (oroli), sulxan-sabas aRwerilobiT, aris `laxvari or-piri da
bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). iv. javaxiSvilis mowmobiT,
„saZgerebeli saWurvlis saxelTagan qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi
yvelaze xSirad horoli gvxvdeba“, sadac is laTinuri lancea da berZnuli
kontosis Sesatyvisia (javaxiSvili 1962: 224). orive maTgani kavaleristis
grZeli Subia da aseTivea qarTuli horoli, romelsac orlesuli piri (`or-
piri~) da xis grZeli tari (`bun-grZeli~) aqvs.
Subi, sabas mixedviT, `ars laxvari sam-Zgide da bun-grZeli~ (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1991: 409), rac niSnavs, rom misi piri ganivkveTSi samkuTxeds
warmoadgens. termini Subi sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli XII saukunis meore
naxevris ZeglebSi, sadac is ukve horolsac anacvlebs (javaxiSvili 1962: 228).
sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es cvlileba mxolod terminologiuria Tu
tipologiuric da iaraRis tipis cvlilebas Tu iTvaliswinebs. horolis
SubiT Canacvlebisas, marTlacda tipologiur cvlilebasTan unda gvqondes
saqme, rodesac adreuli saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ufro farTo,
orlesulpiriani horoli samZgidianma, viwropirianma Subma Caanacvla. es
movlena sayovelTaoa da is abjris gaZlierebam gamoiwvia. Subis piris
daviwroeba kargad asaxavs SeteviT da TavdacviT iaraRs Soris brZolas,
rodesac abjris gaZlierebam ufro mZlavri da viwropiriani Subi Sva,
135
romelsac abjari unda gaexvrita, gansxvavebiT adreuli pirisagan, romelic
farTo Wrilobis misayeneblad iyo gankuTvnili (Nicolle 2007b: 83). XII saukuneSi
ukve sayovelTaod Cndeba „taranuli tipis“ Subebi (Кирпичников 1976: 20),
romlebic Tavisi formiT javSangamtania da liTonis abjarSi SeRwevas
emsaxureba (Медведев 1959: 130; Кирпичников 1966a: 16).
gmuri brtyelpiriani da grZeltariani laxvaria (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1991: 409). farTopiriani iaraRi gvxvdeba aziur armiebSi, sadac mas
mravalnairad iyenebdnen da piriT xmlis msgavsad farikaobdnen. gmuri ar iyo
taranuli dartymebisaTvis gankuTvnili da is arc Cans saqarTveloSi
qarTuli istoriuli da literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT (javaxiSvili
1962: 241).
geoni, sabas mixedviT, `ars laxvari mowlo246 da samZgide, bunzomieri,
mcired kacisa umaRlesi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). am aRwerilobiT,
geoni SedarebiT wvriltariani (`mowlo~) da 2 m simaRlis (`mcired kacisa
umaRlesi~) Subia. aseTi sigrZis Subi qveiTTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. iv.
javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, geoni mxolod bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi
gvxvdeba (javaxiSvili 1962: 242).
xiSti `ars laxvari pirgrZeli, Zgidemaxvili, tarkota~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1991: 409). misi liTonis piri Cveulebriv Subze ufro grZeli Cans.
xiSti Cndeba XI-XII saukuneebis TxzulebebSi (javaxiSvili 1962: 235).
`amirandarejanianis~ mixedviT, is Subis tipis iaraRia, romelsac safalavno
orTabrZolebSic iyenebdnen: `winasve Tques mSuildisa ara aReba, yovelsave
SubiTa, ÃrmliTa da laxtiTa ibrZodes~ (mose xoneli 1967: 472-473). xiSti
msxviltariani iaraRi iyo, rogoradac aRwers mas qarTulad galeqsili
„Sahnames“ strofebi: „ÃelTa aqus xiSti pir-basri, sakuirvelia sisqeda“,
„javriT feri wauvida, xelT aiRo xiSti sxvili~ (javaxiSvili 1962: 235-236).
da `rusudaniani~: „xelT pirbasri xiSti uWiravs, rom misi usqesi ar iqneba“
(rusudaniani 1957: 289).
kineni. Tavis leqsikonSi saba aRwers kidev erT bunian iaraRs, kinens,
romelic `sabrZolelia bumberazTa, msgavsi Subis tarisa, sxvili, Sesayarad
da asazevelad (asazidlad). vieTni Subis pirsac daasxmides~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1991: 374). `amirandarejanianis~ is adgilebi, sadac kineniT
moqmedebaa aRwerili, ueWveli gazviadebis kvals atarebs (`aiRo kaci 246 `mowlo – cotad wvrili~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 514).
136
unagirisagan kineniTa~, `Seuyarna kineni, aiRo unagirTagan~, `Seuyara kineni...
aiRo unagirTagan~) (mose xoneli 1967: 139, 151, 373) da metad aZnelebs am
iaraRis identifikacias. SesaZloa, kineni iyo Subis tipis saturniro iaraRi,
evropulis msgavsad blagvTaviani, romelic Zgerebisas mowinaaRmdeges
unagiridan agdebda da, romelsac, zogjer, sabrZolo (Subis) pirsac
ukeTebdnen.
satyorcn-saZgerebel iaraRs miekuTvneba saTxedi (xelSubi) da zufani.
sulxan-sabas daxasiaTebiT, `saTxedi ars laxvari pir-brtyeli da bun-
zomieri, vieTni ÃelSubas uÃmoben~, xolo `zufani ars laxvari msgavsi
geonisa, bun-wyrTeuli SoriT sasroli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409).
zufanis saxelwodeba sparsuli „Jufin“-idan modis (javaxiSvili 1962: 240).247
orive maTgani mokle Subs warmoadgenda, romelsac satyorcnad iyenebdnen.
arc erTi es iaraRi ar iyo farTod gavrcelebuli Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, saTxedi mxolod qarTuli
`visramianis~ nadirobis epizodSi gvxvdeba, zufani ki qarTulad galeqsili
`Sahnames~ garda arsad Cans (javaxiSvili 1962: 241). marTalia, zufani (zufini)
kidev gvxdeba literaturul ZeglebSi (erTgan „amirandarejanianis“ gviandel
variantSi da orjer `rusudanianSi~) (mose xoneli 1967: 487; rusudaniani 1957:
268, 463), magram es saerTo suraTs ar cvlis. qarTul wyaroebSi satyorcni
Subis (xelSubis)248 xmareba gvxvdeba iSviaTad da ZiriTadad, brZolis
specifikur, mTagorian pirobebSi gamoiyeneba qveiT mTielTa mier: „daasxes
qvaÁ da Subi, msgavsi wÂmisaÁ~ (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 108).
wyaroebis mixedviT Cans, rom qarTveli mxedrebi ZiriATadad mxolod
viwropirian saZgerebel iaraRs – horols, Subs da xiSts – iyenebdnen,
farTopirian (gmuri) da satyorcn (saTxedi, zufani) iaraRs ki ar wyalobdnen,
rac erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs brZolis Sokur stilze.
buniani iaraRi. saqarTveloSi dasturdeba grZeltariani alebardis
msgavsi sxvadasxva buniani iaraRis arsebobac, romelsac brZolaSi qveiTebi
iyenebdnen.249 aseTi iaraRi kombinirebulia da grZel bunze damagrebuli aqvs
247 zufans jer kidev aqemenur iranSi xmarobdnen (Khorasani 2006: 250).
248 `ÃelSuba – mokle Subi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 440).
249 sulxan-saba orbeliani libandaks da libardas, cota ar iyos, gaugebrad ganmartavs: maT
xan mokle, sasrol Subad da xan israd moixseniebs (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 414). magram,
rac mTavaria, iaraRis monacemebs gvawvdis: `libandaki ars Subisa ugrZe da usxo buniTa~
137
farTo an culismagvari piri, rac mas, saCxvletis garda, damatebiT, mkveTel
Tvisebebs aniWebs.
sabas moxseniebuli aqvs ori buniani iaraRi – afTi da waTi. `afTi
maxvilia brtyeli da targrZeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 72) anu is
warmoadgens bunian iaraRs grZeli tariT da farTo, brtyeli piriT. afTi
gvxvdeba JamTaaRwerelTan: „memnas sparsman vinme afTiTa Zlier dauxeTqa
umuzaradosa Tavsa, ganupo, da myis daeca da mokuda“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987:
59); is naxsenebia `didmouravianSi~ („xmal, laxt, afT da najaxebi“) (ioseb
tfileli 1939: 25) da `rusudanianSi~ („laxtis, xlmisa da afTisa cema
saSineli iyo“) (rusudaniani 1957: 292). SesaZloa, afTi gamosaxulia jruWis II
oTxTavis 64r miniaturaze, sadac ori grZeltariani da celismagvarpiriani
iaraRia gamosaxuli.
waTi aris `afT-Suba, didi afTi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 362). saba
mas did afTs uwodebs, rac niSnavs, rom afTTan SedarebiT, waTi kidev ufro
didi iaraRia, romelic Subis da afTis Tvisebebs aerTianebda. Tamaris
epoqaSi waTs brZolaSi iyeneben: „aRiRes maxÂlebi da waTebi“ (istoriani da
azmani 1959: 50).250
`rostomianis~ XVII saukunis S1580 xelnaweris 137v da 140r miniaturebze
Subebis rigSi vxvdebiT alebardis tipis culispirian iaraRs. alebardis
formis rkinis culi iyo daculi svaneTSi, Jibianis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi
(TayaiSvili 1937: 149).
sainteresoa, agreTve, sadr ad-din al-husainis cnoba, romelic XII
saukunis qarTuli laSqris SeiaraRebaSi samwvera Subebs asaxelebs (ал-
Хусайни 1980: 140; Tofuria 1985: 114). rogorc Cans, mematiane mogviTxrobs
samkapis tipis qveiTTa bunian iaraRze, romelic mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeoda xolme. samwvera Subi dadasturebulia xevsureTis sinamdvileSi,
sadac fexosnis am iaraRma eTnografiul Tanamedroveobamde moaRwia
(gasitaSvili 1957: 92).
(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409). es niSnavs, rom libandakis tari Subze ufro msxvili da
grZelia da is verafriT iqneba sasroli Subi an isari. marTali unda iyos i. javaxiSvili,
rodesac fiqrobs, rom libandaki libardasagan anu alebardisagan warmodgeba (javaxiSvili
1962: 234).
250 i. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac Tvlis, rom waTi mxolod uZveles ZeglebSi gvxvdeba
(javaxiSvili 1962: 235).
138
mkveTeli iaraRi
mkveTeli iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba xmali da culi. xmali piriani
iaraRia, culi ki – tariani. qarTuli termini xmali aerTianebs iaraRis iseT
saxeobebs, rogoricaa maxvili, palaSi da moxrili xmali. istoriulad,
maxvili da xmali sinonimuri cnebebia da isini sinqronulad Cans bibliis
uZveles qarTul TargmanebSi (javaxiSvili 1962: 248). qarTuli ena ar asxvavebs
maxvils da xmals da ar gulisxmobs, rom pirveli orlesulia, meore ki –
moxrili calpira iaraRi. sanam maxvili iyo gabatonebuli iaraRi, xmali
maxvilsac aRniSnavda; moxrili xmlis damkvidrebisa da maxvilis
SeiaraRebidan amosvlis Semdeg ki, xmali sakuTriv moxril xmals da palaSs
aRniSnavda. Tavis mxriv, maxvili da palaSi saCexi iaraRia, romliTac
Cxvletac SeiZleba; zogierTi moxrili xmliT ki, Cexisa da Wris garda,
Cxvletac SeiZleba.251
Sua saukuneebSi xmali yovelTvis prestiJul iaraRad iTvleboda da is
Zviri Rirda. xarisxiani xmlis damzadebas saWiro codna da sakmao dro
sWirdeboda.252
arqeologiur literaturaSi miRebulia sigrZis mixedviT xmlebis
dayofa sam kategoriad: mokle (50 sm-mde), saSualo (50-70 sm) da grZeli (70 sm-
ze meti) (Деревянко 1987: 94). xmlis piris sigrZes ganapirobebs Setevisa da
dacvis moTxovnebi da dasaSvebi wona. taris TavzemoT Weris SemTxvevaSi,
mxedars xmliT unda daefara sxeuli, Setevisas ki miwaze dawolil mtersac
miwvdomoda (Федоров 1905: 20).
xmali (maxvilic da moxrilic) Sedgeba pirisa da tarisagan. piris
(xmlis sxeulis) nawilebia wveri, Rari, fxa, yua. wveri piris mCxvleti
daboloebaa, wertili, sadac civi iaraRis orive piri (fxa da yua) erTdeba
(Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе 1994: 11). Rari253 CaRrmavebaa, romelic sigrZeze
misdevs xmlis pirs. fxa254 xmlis mWreli piria, yua255 ki – misi blagvi mxare.
251 xmlis mcire moxriloba da misi orlesuli wveri aCvenebs, rom is saCxvletadac iyo
gamiznuli (Кирпичников 1971: 68).
252 evropuli maxvilis srulad damzadebas anu misi piris gamoWedvas, vadis, tarisa da qudis
damzadebas da morgebas daaxloebiT 200 saaTi sWirdeboda (Peirce 1986: 155).
253 `Ãrmali... gamoferdili, anu Rarosani~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 443).
254 `fxad iTqmis maxvilispirTa mlesvelobaca~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 208).
139
xmlis taris safuZvelia yunwi, romelic piris gagrZelebas warmoadgens.
tari xmlis saxeluria da moicavs Semdeg nawilebs: vada – vadajvari, xmlis
jvaredi, romelic xels icavs; kota – taris nawili vadidan qudamde; qudi –
taris bolo, zeda nawili, momrgvalo an sxva formis.
v. zablockis mixedviT, xmlis taris daniSnulebaa Setevisas piris
moZraobaSi moyvana da mogeriebisas – mowinaaRmdegis iaraRis zemoqmedebis
amortizeba (Квасневич 2005: 14-15).256 maxvilis qudi saSualebas ar aZlevda
xels Camosrialebuliyo taridan da piris gamawonasworebelic iyo (Kolias
1988: 140); moxrili xmlis quds ki mxolod taris damasrulebelis da xelis
momzRudavis funqcia hqonda (North 1993: 136). is ufro dekoratiuli iyo da
icavda taris xis detalebs meqanikuri da klimaturi zemoqmedebisagan
(Кочкаров 2008: 28). quds hqonda naxvreti, romelSic Tasma (bildirga) iyo
gayrili. Turquli warmoSobis bildirga Tasmas aRniSnavda, romelsac majaze
wamoicvamdnen, xmali rom brZolaSi ar daekargaT (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1991: 104). moxrili xmlis quds jvaredTan, zogjer, wvrili jaWvi aerTebda. am
dekoratiuli elementis saSualebiT, romelic xelis sust dacvasac
ganapirobebda, xmals majaze ikidebdnen (Квасневич 2005: 28).257
maxvili
maxvili xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRia swori (Sveti)258 orlesuli
piriT da swori tariT, romliTac SesaZlebelia Cexac da Cxvletac (Горелик
2003: 25; Худяков 1980: 27; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 93). maxvilis samSoblod
miCneulia anatolia, sadac napovnia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevris 70
sm-iani xmali, romelic faqtobrivad dagrZelebuli xanjalia. is unda
yofiliyo prototipi namdvili grZeli maxvilisaTvis, romelic kretaze
gamoCnda Zv.w. XVII saukuneSi (Горелик 2003: 26).
adre da ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi maxvils
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava da SubTan erTad mebrZolis umTavres iaraRs
warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia orlesuli maxvili,
255 `maxvilis zurgi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 272).
256 Sdr. `kota – xrmlis saxeluri, romliTac rom xrmalsa daiWers Semosakvrelad (Teimuraz
bagrationi 1979: 71).
257 aseTi jaWvi xevsurul xmlebze SeiniSneba.
258 `Sueti – swore gauxreli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 309).
140
romelic xevsureTidan aris muzeumSi Camotanili (WilaSvili 1990: 22) (sur.
46). misi sruli sigrZe qudiT 102.2 sm-ia, taris sigrZe ki – 14.3 sm. maxvili 969
grams iwonis. maxvilis piris sigane vadasTan 4.8 sm-ia da bolosken Tanabrad
mcired viwrovdeba, wveri ar aris gamoxatuli. piri gadatexilSi 0.45 sm
sisqis (centrSi) da linziseburi formisaa. liTonis tari sami samagriT iyo
damagrebuli maxvilis yunwze, razec darCenili naxvretebi metyvelebs.259
maxvilis tars dakarguli aqvs xis `Semavsebeli~ (xetari), romelzec
emagreboda (Camocmuli iyo) taris liTonis qveda da zeda nawili. tari da
vada cali (saCino) mxridan dafarulia martivi ornamentiT, tari bolovdeba
mcire zomis sferuli formis qudiT. vadis sigane 8.9 sm-ia da igi maxvilis
piriskenaa moxrili. vadis orive bolo momrgvalo SemsxvilebiT bolovdeba.
maxvilis vadas orive mxridan hqonda langeti,260 romelic erT mxares
momtvreuli da dakargulia.
xmlis warmomavlobis garkvevisaTvis mis tars didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
taris konstruqcia da gaformeba axasiaTebs mis Semqmnel ers da
sazogadoebas. v. zablockis mixedviT, iaraRis funqciuri analizisaTvis
xmlis tars pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba gaaCnia. xmlis tipis an eTnikuri
warmoSobis gansazRvra mxolod piris safuZvelze arasworia (Квасневич 2005:
14-15).261
xmlisa da misi gamosaxulebebis Seswavlisas, tradiciulad,
klasifikaciisaTvis vadis forma gamoiyeneba. isini yovelTvis ufro
mravalferovani da advilad amosacnobia, vidre xmlis piri (Кирпичников 1966b:
19; Nicolle 1983: 63).262
v. iotovis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `xmlebis tipologia
xSirad maTi vadebis tipologiaa~ (Yotov 2011: 115).
259 marTebuli ar aris am maxvilis taris rekonstruqcia mxolod ori naxvretiT, rac mis
erTgvar `damoklebas~ iwvevs. ix. baqraZe 2011: sur. 5, tab. III.1.
260 langeti vadis wanazardia, romelic am SemTxvevaSi xmlis piriskenaa daSvebuli, mkvidrad
afiqsirebs iaraRs qarqaSis pirSi da icavs mas uneblie gaSiSvlebisagan. langeti warmoiSva
samkuTxa formis vadisagan, romelic induri warmomavlobisaa da VII-X saukuneebSi
gavrcelda islamur qveynebSi da bizantiaSi, romelTa gavliT evropasac miaRwia (Nicolle 1983:
64; Nickel 2002: 120).
261 v. kvasneviCic eTanxmeba am mosazrebas da xmlis warmoSobis gansazRvrisaTvis mis
Semadgenel nawilebs mniSvnelobis mixedviT Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavs: tari – piri
– qarqaSi (Квасневич 2005: 13-14).
262 amave dros, unda gvaxsovdes, rom iaraRis saxeoba (mag. maxvili Tu moxrili xmali) piris
formis mixedviT irkveva, tariT ki mis tips adgenen (Мерперт 1955: 134).
141
Cven SemTxvevaSic ZiriTadi aqcenti taris kvlevaze unda gakeTdes.
xevsureTidan Camotanili maxvilis tari liTonisagan aris damzadebuli da
xiT (xetariT) dakavSirebul-gamagrebuli.263 aseTi kombinirebuli tari kargad
Cans atenis sionis freskaze wm. evstaTes maxvilze, sadac taris zeda da
qveda liTonis nawilebi yavisferi zolebiT mkafiod aris gamoyofili maTi
SemakavSirebeli xis tarisagan (sur. 47). Sua xis nawili zogjer Txeli
(SesaZloa, Zvirfasi) liTonis firfitiT ifareboda, rogorc amas vxedavT
macxvariSis freskaze wm. giorgis maxvilis tarze264 (sur. 48).
zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, mTliani an nawilobrivi liTonis tari
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli Sua saukuneebis evropuli maxvilebisaTvis.
samagierod, is damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavluri da islamuri iaraRisaTvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki adreuli arabuli maxvilebisaTvis (Nicolle 2002b: 174-178).265
maxvilis kombinirebuli tari farTod vrceldeba da gansakuTrebul
popularobas iZens bizantiis imperiaSi. qarTuli maxvilis kombinirebuli
tari islamur da bizantiur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli teqnologiis Sedegad
aris Seqmnili.
bizantiurma grZelma maxvilma spaTam romauli mokle maxvilis
gladiusisgan memkvidreobiT miiRo umniSvnelo sididis vada, romelmac
TandaTanobiT moimata zomaSi. adreul bizantiur gamosaxulebebze mxolod
mcire zomis vada SeiniSneba, romelic IX-X saukuneSi odnav SesamCnevad Tu
scdeba maxvilis kideebs. mxolod X-XI saukunidan moyolebuli SeimCneva
SedarebiT gamokveTili vada (Kolias 1988: 143). daxrili vada xSirad gvxvdeba
bizantiis xelovnebaSi X-XII saukuneebSi (Hoffmeyer 1966: 103). daxrili vadis
samSoblo centraluri azia unda iyos, romelmac dasavleTiT gavrcelebisas
bizantiasac miaRwia (Hoffmeyer 1961: 64; Hoffmeyer 1966: 105).266 sferulqudiani da
daSvebulvadiani maxvilebis winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT parizis
nacionaluri biblioTekis IX s. spilos Zvlis Wadrakis figuraze gamosaxuli
cxenosnis maxvili islamuri sindidan Tu aRmosavleT iranidan, bostonis
263 kombinirebuli liTonis-da-xis konstruqciis taris Sesaxeb ix. Aleksić 2010: 127.
264 qudsa da vadas Soris moCuqurTmebuli vercxlis firfitiT dafaruli tari Cvenamde
moRweul maxvilze ix. Mohamed 2008: 37, fig. 8.
265 IX-X ss. islamuri maxvilis liTonis qudebi, vadebi da maTi dasamzadebeli matrica ix.
Mohamed 2008: 106-109, fig. 68-70, 72-76.
266 am mosazrebas t. koliasi da d. nikolic iziarebs (Kolias 1988: 143, n70; Nicolle 1976: 122).
142
saxviTi xelovnebis IX-X ss. erayul moWiqul Tasze mebrZolis maxvili da
londonSi, viqtorias da albertis muzeumSi dacul IX-X ss. niSapuris
(xorasani) Tasze gamosaxuli maxvili, romelsac ukve boloebSemsxvilebuli,
daxrili vada da masiuri qudi aqvs (Nicolle 2002b: 168, figs. 53-5) (sur. 49).
aseT maxvilebs vxvdebiT bizantiur da somxur Zeglebzec. pirisken
daxrili vada aqvs goliaTis maxvils X saukunis dasawyisis reliefze
aRTamaris eklesiidan. msgavsi maxvilebia X saukunis boredeilis, XI saukunis
arbavilis da vatikanis muzeumis X-XI saukuneebis bizantiur spilos Zvlis
triptiqebze (Grotowski 2010: 352, figs. 20-22). aq gamosaxul maxvilebs aqvT didi
zomis sferuli formis qudi da moxrili vada, zogan – langetic.
Zirs daSvebuli vadebi moxril xmlebzec iyo gavrcelebuli. a.
kirpiCnikovis ganmartebiT, Cexis dros aseTi vada xelisaTvis ufro
komfortuli iyo. misive klasifikaciiT, aseTia moxrili xmlis vada tipi Iа –
naxevarmTvariseburi, langetis gareSe, boloSi burTulebiT, romelic
aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi X-XI saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli (Кирпичников
1966b: 63, 68).267
zemoT CamoTvlili gamosaxulebebi naTlad metyvelebs im did
geografiul areze, sadac daSvebulvadiani iaraRi iyo gavrcelebuli.
iranul-xorasnuli tipis maxvilebi Tavis ganviTarebas hpoveben
saqarTveloSic. maT uCndebaT langeti, maxvilis qudi ki pataravdeba da
mxolod simbolur formas inarCunebs. igi ar awonasworebs maxvilis pirs,
mxolod xelis mtevnis momzRudvelia da saSualebas ar aZlevs xels taridan
Camosrialdes. evoluciis am procesze swori warmodgena rom gvqondes,
imdroindeli maxvilis funqcia unda ganvixiloT. igi orlesuli mZime iaraRi
iyo, romelsac ZiriTadad saCexad xmarobdnen. brZolaSi misi gamoyeneba
gansxvavdeboda gviandeli epoqis farikaobisgan ufro msubuqi calpira
xmlebiT. mZime maxviliT Cexisas mniSvneloba eniWeboda moqnevis Zalas da ara
siswrafes da moqnevis sixSires. aseT dros erTi, zustad mozomili moqnevac
ki sakmarisi iyo mowinaaRmdegis mosaklavad an mwyobridan gamosayvanad.
swored dartymis Zalis gazrdas emsaxureba qudis zomis Semcireba. rac ufro
patara da msubuqia maxvilis qudi, miT ufro win aris misi simZimis centri.
267 moxrili xmlebi daSvebuli vadiT da burTulovani boloebiT napovnia bulgareTSic (Йотов
2004: обр. 31, таб. XXXIX).
143
aseTi maxvili naklebad manevrulia, magram Zlier dartymas ganapirobebs
(Basista 2007: 50).
am tipis, Cexaze gaTvlili qarTuli maxvilis ganviTarebis gzaze sami
etapi SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1) X saukunis xatebze maxvils swori vada aqvs; 2) XI
saukuneSi vada ukve daxrilia; 3) XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze ki yalibdeba
boloebSemsxvilebuli da daxrilvadiani maxvili sferuli qurdiT, romlis
erTma egzemplarmac Cvenamde moaRwia268 (sur. 50). ra Tqma unda, es etapebi
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar mimdinareobda da maTi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi erTmaneTs erwymoda, magram zogadi suraTisaTvis es sqema
gamosadegia.
maxvili langetiT, swori vadiT da momrgvalebuli boloebiT mravlad
moiZebneba X saukunis gamosaxulebebze. aseTia wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores
maxvilebi X saukunis meore naxevris mravalZalis xatze (Чубинашвили 1959:
406-409, Таб. 36, 37), X saukunis dasasrulis faraxeTis xatze wm. giorgis
maxvili (Чубинашвили 1959: 342-343, Таб. 43), Cukulis eklesiaSi dacul X
saukunis RvTismSoblis triptiqze gamosaxuli wm. giorgis da wm. Tevdores
maxvilebi (Чубинашвили 1959: 409-410, Таб. 46).
XI saukunis dasawyisSi (1010-14) nikorwmindis dasavleTis portalis
timpanis reliefze gamosaxuli wm. giorgis maxvili gviCvenebs ganviTarebis
Semdgom etaps, rodesac vada ukve daxrilia, misi boloebi Zirsaa daSvebuli,
Cans patara langetic, Tumca maxvilis qudi isev didi zomisaa (aladaSvili
1957: tab. 192). atenis sionis samxreTis mklavis XI saukunis freskaze wm.
evstaTes maxvilis vada, romelsac patara langeti aqvs, odnav aris daxrili,
rac II etapis niSania (atenis sionis 1984: 157, tab. 94). ZirsdaSvebuli vada da
didi qudi aqvs XI saukunis laRamis wm. giorgis maxvilsac (Чубинашвили 1959:
355, Таб. 241).
XI saukunis dasasrulisTvis maxvilis forma ukve Camoyalibebulia da
is xSirad gvxvdeba XII saukunis gamosaxulebebze. ifraris mTavarangelozTa
(`Taringzel~) eklesiaSi, CrdiloeTis kedelze vxedavT 1096 wels mefis
mxatvar Tevdores mier Sesrulebul miqael mTavarangelozs. mis maxvils ukve
268 adreuli gamosaxulebebis miuxedavad, XII saukunidan moxrilvadiani maxvili sul ufro
iSviaTia bizantiur ikonografiaSi da igi swori vadajvriT icvleba (Grotowski 2010: 353).
swored am dros moxrilvadiani maxvili ganviTarebis piks aRwevs saqarTveloSi, rac
qarTuli `gzis~ garkveul damoukideblobaze miuTiTebs.
144
Camoyalibebuli vada aqvs, piri odnav wawvetebulia, centraluri RariT Tu
ZgidiT (zemo svaneTi 2010: 61). aseTive maxvili gvxvdeba wm. ivlitas
TaviskveTis scenaSi lagurkas wm. kvirikesa da wm. ivlitas eklesiis
samxreTis kedelze, romelic 1111 welsaa Sesrulebuli (zemo svaneTi 2010: 72).
dasrulebuli evoluciis maxvilebiTaa warmodgenili wm. Tevdore nakifaris
wm. giorgis eklesiis CrdiloeTis kedelze (mefis mxatvari Tevdore, 1130 w.)
(zemo svaneTi 2010: 93) da wm. giorgi macxvariSis dasavleT kedelze (mxatvari
miqel maRlakeli, 1140 w.) (zemo svaneTi 2010: 112).
rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelosa da mis momijnave teritoriebze
arsebuli masalis ganxilvam saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina Cvens xelT
arsebuli maxvilis mier gavlili evoluciis etapebi. eWvgareSea, rom is XI
saukunis miwuruls Camoyalibebuli da XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
gavrcelebuli qarTuli maxvilis tipur nimuSs warmoadgens.
XIII saukuneSi monRolTa batonobis damyarebam da maTma gavlenam
qarTul samxedro saqmeze ganapiroba maxvilis TandaTanobiTi Canacvleba
moxrili xmliT. es procesi sabolood dasrulebuli Cans XIV saukuneSi.
calpira swori xmali (palaSi)
swor calpirlesul maxvils palaSi ewodeba.269 palaSi mCexav-mCxvletavi
iaraRia calpira swori piriT da swori an daxrili tariT (Худяков 1980: 33;
Худяков 1981: 116; Соловьев 1987: 65; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 94).270
palaSi maxvilze
msubuqi iyo, radganac ar gaaCnda meore piri da ufro viwro iyo (Овчинникова
1981: 139). rogorc Cans, Suasaukuneebis dasawyisSi palaSi momTabareebma
gadmoiRes CineTidan da koreidan, romelTac es iaraRi ukve antikuri
periodis bolos gaaCndaT (Swietoslawski 1999: 44). calpira iaraRi, romlis piric
jer kidev sworia, maxvilidan xmalze gardamaval formadaa miCneuli (Мерперт
269 sityva palaSi ungruli enidan momdinareobs, romelSic XVI saukuneSi pallos maxvils
niSnavda. aqedanaa warmoSobili polonuri palasz da germanuli pallasch. TavisTavad, ungruli
sityvac nasesxebia Turqulisagan, sadac pala xmals niSnavda (Квасневич 2005: 49). sxva sakiTxia,
Tu ramdenad marTebulia aseT iaraRs vuwodoT palaSi, termini, romelic mxolod XVI
saukuneSi Cndeba (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).
270 maxvilis tari yovelTvis pirdapiria, palaSis vada ki iaraRis piriskenac SeiZleba iyos
daxrili. e. astvacaturianis mixedviT, palaSi orlesulic SeiZleba iyos (Аствацатурян 2002:
83).
145
1955: 160). swor, calpira xmals, romelic moxrili xmlis winamorbedad
iTvleba, d. nikoli „proto-seibrs“ uwodebs (Nicolle 1995: 303). miuxedavad imisa,
rom aseTi xmali warmoadgens sawyis etaps moxrili xmlis evoluciaSi, is
didxans ganagrZobda moxrilis gverdze arsebobas (Фёдоров-Давыдов 1966: 24). IV-
V ss.-Si palaSi napovnia volgispireTSi, V-VI ss.-Si ki swrafad vrceldeba
ruseTis stepebSi (Мерперт 1955: 160). VII saukuneSi palaSi Cndeba CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi (uadresi nimuSebi VII s. meore naxevriT TariRdeba), sadac is
farTod ar gavrcelebula (Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 61). momTabareebSi
palaSi xSirad gvxvdeba IX-XIII saukuneebSi, SemdgomSi ki ufro iSviaTad,
radganac is moxrilma xmalma Caanacvla (Swietoslawski 1999: 47).
qarTuli palaSis Sesaxeb cnobebi ufro gviani periodisaTvis
mogvepoveba. Sardeni XVII saukunis megrelTa iaraRis CamoTvlisas ambobs,
rom maT aqvT „mouxreli swori xmali“, romelic palaSis tipis unda iyos anu
swori da calpira (Sardeni 1975: 119).
calpira swori xmlebi unda iyos gamosaxuli XVII saukunis freskebze
ananuris RmrTismSoblis eklesiis samxreTi burjis wm. meomrebis
SeiaraRebaSi (ananuri 2012: 105, 107). freskaze vxedavT qarqaSSi Cagebul swor
xmlebs gviani saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli taris formiT, romelic
mcired daxrilia. gamarTuli qarqaSi swor pirze miuTiTebs, daxrili tari
ki mis callesulobaze, rac niSnavs, rom gamosaxuleba asaxavs mTaSi
gavrcelebul xevsurul palaSs.271
calpira swori xmali aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. xevsurebi palaSs eTnografiul
Tanamedroveobamde atarebdnen. sulxan-saba orbeliani moixseniebs xmlis
tips, romelsac kaldimi ewodeba (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 349). rogorc
Cans, kaldimi palaSis tipis maxvilia, romelic xevsurebma CeCneTSic ki
gaavrceles. CeCnuri iaraRis mkvlevari i. asxabovi fiqrobs, rom palaSi nisa-
turi (swori xmali) aris kaldami. CeCneTSi is umTavresad gvxvdeba
maRalmTian TemebSi, romlebic xevsurebis mezoblebi iyvnen. am swori,
calpira iaraRis pirze, gurdas damRasTan erTad, Tavidanve jvari iyo
gamosaxuli (Асхабов 2001: 76-77).
271 xevsurul swor xmals franguls uwodeben (makalaTia 1984: 145).
146
qarTuli palaSis erTi saxeobaa kabiani xmali, romelic dasavleT
saqarTveloSi da, gansakuTrebiT, imereTSi iyo gavrcelebuli. am iaraRs aqvs
swori, callesuli piri damaxasiaTebeli wveriT da uvado, SaSkis tipis
tari, romelic pirisakenaa daxrili da niskartiseburi Tavi aqvs.272 Jak
fransua gambas, romelmac XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi imogzaura
saqarTveloSi, Tavis CanaxatebSi mocemuli aqvs kabiani xmali, romelsac
imeruls uwodebs (sabre immiretien) (Gamba 1826: pl. 29). iaraRs saxeli ewoda
gansakuTrebuli, kabis formis, qvemoTken gafarToebuli qarqaSis gamo. e.
lenci fiqrobs, rom kaba icavda qarqaSs gacveTisagan, unagirTan da uzangTan
xaxunis dros. e. denisovia azriT ki, romelsac e. astvacaturianic eTanxmeba,
dacvas saWiroebda mxolod mdidruli, saaRlumo iaraRi, Cveulebrivi tyavis
qarqaSis dacvas ki azri ar hqonda (Аствацатурян 2004: 336). kabiani qarqaSi
iaraRis dasamSveneblad da Tavis gamosaCenad unda iyos SemoRebuli.
cnobilia umaRlesi aristokratiis (dadianis, ciciSvilis) kabiani xmlebi
(Ривкин 2012: 40).
moxrili xmali
moxrili xmali xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRia callesuli moxrili
piriT da, rogorc wesi, fxisken daxrili tariT, romelsac SeuZlia Cexa, Wra
da Cxvletac (Худяков 1980: 39; Худяков 1981: 118; Худяков, Плотников 1995: 95).
moxrili xmlis piris ganivkveTi, Cveulebriv, xuTkuTxa an samkuTxaa (Чики
2010: 208).
moxril xmals SeiZleba hqondes SaSari (saSari) – orlesuli wveri.273
qarTuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom SaSari igive nestaria (`naStar~), romelic
cxovelebsac aqvT da `sisxlis gamosaSveb maxvilsac~ warmoadgens (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1993: 281, 579) es ki SaSaris orlesulobaze da simaxvileze
miuTiTebs, rac `Sah-names~ TargmaniTac dasturdeba: `TeimurTaSma moqneulsa
xmals fari miageba, xmali farsa ekveTa da xmlisa SaSari TemurTaSsa warbsa
ekveTa da ara mcired dakoda~ (Sah-name 1974: 393). cxadia, rom SaSari xmlis
orlesuli wveria da Seesabameba elmans. Turqulad elmani (yalman) xmlis
(da, saerTod, iaraRis) wvers niSnavs (Furat 1998: 319). Tumca, xSirad da
272 kabiani xmali gvxvdeba moxrili piriTac.
273 i. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac SaSars xmlis Rarad miiCnevs: „xmlebs SaSriani an uSaSro
ewodebodaT, radgan Rars SaSari erqva“ (javaxiSvili 1962: 252).
147
arasworad, elmans xmlis piris gafarToebul bolos uwodeben. etyoba, xmlis
wveris gafarToebas specialuri terminiT arc aRniSnavdnen, xolo SaSari
(elmani) miuTiTebs wveris orlesulobas, mis yvelaze mniSvnelovan niSans,
romelic SeiZleba gafarToebulic yofiliyo.
moxril xmals gaaCnia rombiseburi vadajvari, romelic orive mxridan
mWidrod emagreba tars da iaraRs did simtkices aniWebs. misi langeti xels
icavs xmlis pirze dacurebuli dartymisagan, ganivi grZeli boloebi ki –
Semxvedri dartymisagan. aseTi jvaredi xels oTxive mxridan icavs,274 aris
mcire zomis da msubuqi, ar arRvevs iaraRis simetrias da saimedod
afiqsirebs xmals qarqaSSi (Кирпичников 1966b: 69-70; Аствацатурян 2002: 84; Гасимов
2003: 23).275
dRemde moRweul uadres moxril xmlebad iTvleba ori nimuSi CineTidan
(VII s.) da erTic – iaponiidan (VIII s.). msgavsi egzemplarebi moipoveba
momTabareTa samarxebSi ungreTidan altaimde. islamur samyaroSi moxrili
xmali centraluri aziis Turqma momTabareebma Seitanes IX saukuneSi
(Alexander 2001: 205-217). iranis teritoriaze uadresi moxrili xmali napovnia
niSapurSi IX saukunis SreebSi (Kindi 2006: 60, fig. 13). aRmosavleT evropis
stepebSi VII saukuneSi palaSia gavrcelebuli, moxrili xmlebi ki VIII
saukuneSi Cndeba (Чики 2010: 211). VIII saukuneSi moxrili xmali CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSic Cndeba, sadac farTod vrceldeba X saukuneSi. misi uadresi
nimuSi aRmoCenilia VIII s. dasawyisis galiaTis samarxSi (Мерперт 1955: 160-161;
Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 61-62).
moxrili xmali ganviTarda swori calpira maxvilidan, romlis taric
mWreli pirisaken iyo daxrili, SemdgomSi ki misi piric moixara (Gorelik 2002:
129). miuxedavad amisa, moxrili xmali principulad gansxvavdeba maxvilisagan
dartymis xasiaTiT. maxvilis dartyma mZimea da zemodan qvemoT mimarTuli.
moxrili xmlis dartyma mcuravi da mWrelia da gacilebiT met farTobs
moicavs (Мерперт 1955: 152-154; Кирпичников 1966b: 62; Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).
maxvilisagan gansxvavebiT, misi dartymis orive faza – dazianeba da
gamoZroba – erTdroulad xorcieldeba (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 118).
274 Tumca, xelis srul dacvaze saubari gadaWarbebulad meCveneba.
275 amave dros, konstruqciuli Taviseburebebis gamo, maxvilTan SedarebiT, moxrili xmlis
jvaredi da kota ufro susti da nakleb gamZlea (Кирпичников 1966b: 66).
148
moxrili xmali cxenosanTa manevruli brZolis iaraRia (Кирпичников
1966b: 61). maxvilTan SedarebiT xmali Semsubuqebulia piris daviwroebiT da
meore fxis gaqrobiT (Мерперт 1955: 154). ufro msubuqi xmliT xeli ufro
swrafad moZraobs da wonaSi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, sworad dabalansebuli
moxrili xmali didad ar Camouvardeba dartymis ZalaSi maxvils (Ленц 1908:
42). amasTan, erTnairi Zalis dartymisas iaraRis moxrili piri ufro Rrmad
aRwevs sxeulSi, vidre swori (Аствацатурян 2002: 84). moxrili xmlis tari isea
daxrili pirisaken, rom dartymisas xmlis piri ar qmnis blagv kuTxes xelis
mimarT, aramed erT horizontalur sibrtyeSia masTan (Ленц 1908: 42). v. arendtis
Tanaxmad, es garemoeba xels aqcevs iaraRis piris bunebriv gagrZelebad (anu
agrZelebs berketis mxars) da dartyma aRar xdeba blagvi kuTxiT, rac
maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nakli iyo (Кирпичников 1966b: 62).
moxrili xmlis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba misi piris sigrZe,
simZime da moxriloba, Cndeba Rari, izrdeba da aucilebeli xdeba taris
daxriloba (Кирпичников 1966b: 67; Деревянко 1987: 43; Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 120,
150). arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, aRmosavleT evropis velebze mcired
da saSualod ganxrili xmali gavrcelebis piks aRwevs XII-XIII saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi. Zlier moxrili xmali XII saukuneSi Cndeba da yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebulia XIV saukuneSi (Евглевский, Потемкина 2000: 146).
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili uadresi xmali vanis samarxidan aris
(Хоштариа 1979: 133) (sur. 51).276 rodis SeiZleba gaCeniliyo aseTi iaraRi
saqarTveloSi da ra periods miekuTvneba vanis calpira xmali? msubuqi,
calpira xmlebis popularoba momTabareebis mier gavrcelebulma swrafma da
manevrulma brZolis stilma ganapiroba. am stilis saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebis vadebi jer kidev dasazustebelia.
vanis samarxSi napovni xmlis sruli sigrZe 110 sm-ia, taris sigrZe – 14.1
sm, piris udidesi sigane ki – 4 sm.277 piri mTel sigrZeze umniSvnelod
viwrovdeba, rac SesamCnevi mxolod wverTan xdeba. xmali mcired moxrilia da
yuasTan axlos ormxriv gasdevs Rari. yuis sisqe vadasTan 0.9 sm-ia,
gadatexilSi – 0.8 sm, Semdgom ki – 0.7 sm. yua piris sigrZis TiTqmis 3/4-s
Seadgens, romelic mTavrdeba wveridan 26 sm-Si da gadadis mWrel nawilSi, 276 zogierT naSromSi igi SecdomiTaa moxseniebuli orpira maxvilad. ix. Артилаква 1976: 125-126;
margiSvili 2006: 188, tab. III.1-2.
277 Sdr. Хоштариа 1979: 133.
149
romelic piris orlesul bolos qmnis.278 xmals aqvs rikaso279 – piris mWreli
mxare vadidan mxolod 7.5 sm-is Semdeg iwyeba. piri gadatexilSi soliseburi
formisaa. amJamindel (Zlier daJangul) mdgomareobaSi xmali 1123 grams
iwonis. SemorCenili vadis sigane 7.1 sm-ia; is naxevarmTvariseburia, pirisken
daxrili da boloebi orive mxares Camomtvreuli aqvs. savaraudoa, rom isinic
mrgvali SemsxvilebiT bolovdeboda. aseve, ormxriv dazianebulia da ucnobia,
hqonda Tu ara vadas langeti. tari bolovdeba 3 sm diametris sferuli
formis qudiT. liTonis tari sami samagriT aris yunwze damagrebuli. xetari,
romelic akavSirebda taris zeda da qveda liTonis nawilebs, metwilad
SemorCenilia da mkafio warmodgenas iZleva taris konstruqciaze.
vanis gaTxrebi ar aris zustad daTariRebuli. Tavad n. xoStaria mas X
saukuniT aTariRebda (Хоштариа 1979: 133). v. arTilayva vanis xmals X-XI
saukuneebis nakeTobad miiCnevs (Артилаква 1976: 126, 170). l. WrelaSvili vanur
xmals XI an XI-XII saukuneebs akuTvnebs (WrelaSvili 1998: 129-130). i. baqraZe
ZiriTadad iziarebs zemoxsenebul mkvlevarTa poziciebs da sakuTari
argumentebis moxmobiTac cdilobs ganamtkicos xmlis X-XI saukuneebis
mijniT daTariReba (baqraZe 2011: 66-68, 70). yvela es naSromi vanis samarxs
qarTuli SeiaraRebis WrilSi ganixilavs da iaraRis daTariRebas farTo
arqeologiuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cdilobs, rac bunebrivia,
Sesabamis Secdomebs iwvevs. dReisaTvis, vanis samarxis kompleqsuri Seswavlis
Sedegad dadginda, rom is saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul yivCaR momTabares
ekuTvnis (wurwumia 2013a: 160-196). am, axleburad gaazrebuli arqeologiuri
monacemebidan gamomdinare, advili dasadgenia vanis xmlis damzadebis
savaraudo TariRic. Cvens winaSea momTabareTAa tipuri iaraRi – xmali,
romelic yivCaRi atarebda da romelsac, amave dros, qarTuli maxvilisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tari aqvs.280 amas garda, vanis xmals kidev erTi ucnauroba
axasiaTebs. cnobilia, rom rac ufro adreulia moxrili xmali, miT naklebi
278 moxrili xmlis orlesuli bolo Cxvletis gasaadvileblad iyo gamiznuli, radganac
samkuTxa ganivkveTis mqone xmliT Cxvleta ufro Zneli iyo, vidre linziseburiT (Чики 2010:
209).
279 rikaso xmlis piris gaulesavi nawilia, romelic vadidan iwyeba. rikaso aZlierebs xmlis
piris tarSi gadasvlis adgils da qarqaSSi piris saimedod Camagrebas emsaxureba. rikasos
gamoyenebiT farikaobis sagangebo stilis Sesaxeb ix. Rabovyanov 2011: 77.
280 es metad sayuradRebo garemoeba i. baqraZemac SeamCnia, Tumca amis axsna adgilobrivi,
qarTuli xmlis evoluciis procesiT scada (baqraZe 2011: 69-70).
150
moxriloba,281 piris sigrZe da sifarTe aqvs mas. VIII-IX saukuneebis xmlebi
xasiaTdeba 1 m sigrZiT, 2.9-3.3 sm siganiT da 3 sm moxrilobiT. XII-XIII
saukuneebSi xmlis piri grZeldeba 10-17 sm-iT, sigane zogjer 4.4 sm-sac ki
aRwevs da kidev ufro ixreba (Кирпичников 1966b: 67).282
ase rom, vanis xmali
sigrZiT da siganiT XII-XIII saukuneebis nimuSs Seesabameba, moxrilobiT ki –
VIII-IX ss. am, erTi SexedviT, anomaliebis amoxsna advilad aris SesaZlebeli.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis Txzulebidan viciT, rom mefem yivCaRebi
`ganasrulna cxenebiTa da saWurveliTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955:
337). es arc aris gasakviri, Tuki yivCaRTa marSruts mivadevnebT Tvals.
Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis adgilidan (severski donecidan) kavkasiis
mTiswineTamde misaRwevad aTraqas urdom grZeli gza – 750 km gaiara
(Мургулия, Шушарин 1998: 72). amas mohyva konfliqti osebTan da CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi mcxovreb binadar mosaxleobasTan, Semdeg ki – rTuli gadasvla
kavkasionze da saqarTveloSi dabinaveba, romlis drosac momTabareTa
mflobelobaSi myofi, maTi meurneobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalricxovani
saqonlis gadmoyvana srulad ver moxerxdeboda. ase rom, saWurvlisa da
cxenebis danakliss yivCaReEbi udavod ganicdidnen. mematiane SeniSnavs, rom im
droisaTvis yivCaRni gamoirCeodnen `upovarebiTa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis
istorikosi 1955: 336).283 esec rom ara, bunebrivia, rom saqarTveloSi, sadac
armiis birTvs feodaluri mZimed SeWurvili cxenosnebi warmoadgendnen,
momTabare yivCaRTa SeiaraReba arasakmarisad `mZime~ moCvenebodaT da
Sesabamisi zomebi mieRoT. yivCaRTa ZiriTadi masa msubuq cxenosan moisrad
darCeboda da maT SesaiaraReblad xmali da mSvildi sruliad sakmarisi
iqneboda. rac Seexeba monaspis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval yivCaRebs, maT
SeteviTi da TavdacviTi aRWurvilobac dasWirdebodaT.
vanis xmali unda ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTveli mWedlis nakeToba,
saxelmwifo arsenalis produqti, romelic momTabare yivCaRis SekveTiT
Sesrulda da mis moTxovnaTa (swrafi da manevruli brZolis)
dasakmayofileblad iyo gamiznuli. realurad, is moxrili xmlisa da
281 VIII-XIV saukuneebSi moxrili xmlis ganviTareba mimdinareobs piris simrudis gadidebis
gziT (Плетнёва 1973: 18).
282 kirpiCnikovi aRniSnavs, rom XIII saukuneSi maxvilis gavleniT xmali ufro masiuri gaxda
(Кирпичников 1966b: 67).
283 am viTarebaze uTiTeben p. goldenic da g. anCabaZec (Golden 1984: 71; Анчабадзе 1990: 108-109).
151
maxvilis hibridia, adreuli xmlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mcired moxrili
piriT da maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tariT. xmlis piris mcire
moxrilobac advili asaxsnelia: SedarebiT mcired moxrili piris gamoWedva
gacilebiT advili iqneboda qarTveli mWedlisaTvis, romelic manamde
mxolod swori pirebis keTebaSi iqneboda gawafuli.
rogorc aRiniSna, vanis xmals swori, pirdapiri tari aqvs da igi
xevsureTis maxvilis taris zust analogs warmoadgens. maTi sigrZec
erTnairia da 14 sm-is farglebSia. SeiniSneba teqnologiuri procesis
igiveobac: orive iaraRs tari erTnairad aqvs dazianebuli da igi gatexilia
samagrebis naxvretebis gaswvriv, romelic taris SedarebiT sust wertils
warmoadgens. vanis xmali iseTive tariT, rogoric adreul maxvils aqvs,
naTlad gviCvenebs im gardamaval etaps, rodesac saqarTveloSi moxrili
xmali iwyebs damkvidrebas. am procesis Semadgeneli nawilia orpira maxvilis
Semsubuqebis tendencia da misi Canacvleba calpira iaraRiT.284 procesi
SedarebiT axali dawyebulia, razec miuTiTebs tradiciuli, swori da
maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli taris gamoyeneba iaraRis konstruqciaSi.285
moxrili xmlis damkvidrebis gardamaval etapze metyvelebs kidev erTi
artefaqti, romelsac Cveulebriv, da, Cemi azriT, SecdomiT, X-XI saukuneebiT
aTariReben (WrelaSvili 1998: 130; baqraZe 2011: 72-73). goxnaris wm. giorgis
eklesiis samarovnidan wamoRebul saflavis qvaze gamosaxulia mSvildi,
kaparWi da xmali (kekeliZe 1974: 30-31) (sur. 52).286 goxnaris saflavis qvis X-XI
saukuneebiT daTariReba gamoricxulia, radganac maTze aRbeWdilia
cilindruli milZabra kaparWi, romelic saqarTveloSi monRolebma
Semoitanes.287 ver gaviziarebT i. baqraZis logikas, romelic imis safuZvelze,
rom XV saukunis wm. giorgis xatebze (Jibianis, gulekaris da sxv.) gvxvdeba
axali tipis (brtyeli) kaparWi, cilidruli kaparWis saqarTveloSi arsebobas
XIV saukuneze ufro adre da X-XI saukuneebSic ki fiqrobs (baqraZe 2011: 73-
284 piris daviwroebis (4 sm maxvilis 4,8 sm-Tan SedarebiT) xarjze vanis xmali ufro
dagrZelebulia (110 sm maxvilis 102 sm-Tan SedarebiT).
285 maxvilis tari yovelTvis pirdapiria, moxrili xmlisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia taris
iaraRis pirisken daxriloba.
286 r. kekeliZe qvis mxolod zeda qronologiur zRvars adgens da mas XV saukuneze
adrindelad miiCnevs (kekeliZe 1974: 32).
287 am formis kaparWis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebisa da misi monRolebisagan nasesxobis
Sesaxeb, ix. wurwumia 2013b: 338-343.
152
74).288 saflavis qvaze gamosaxuli xmali mcired ganxrilia da misi vadis
boloebi ZirsdaSvebulia, aqvs burTulismagvari qudi. Tavisi tariT igi vanSi
napovni xmlis analogiuria. saflavis qvis mSvildi monRoluri tipisaa da
boloSi gafarToebuli cilindruli kaparWic monRolTa gavleniTaa
damkvidrebuli qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaSi, romlebic aseT kaparWs XIV
saukuneSic atarebdnen, rogorc es Cans H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze (wurwumia
2013b: 340-341, sur. 12, 15, 18, 20). sayuradReboa, rom amave miniaturebze xmlebs
ukve sxvanairi, moxrilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli vadebi gaaCniaT. ase rom,
goxnaris saflavis qvaze gamosaxuli aRWurviloba H1665 daviTnis
miniaturebze adrindelia, XIII saukunis meore naxevars miekuTvneba da masze
gardamavali etapis xmalia gamosaxuli, maxvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
tariT.
XIII saukune gardamaval etaps warmoadgens saqarTveloSi xmlis
evoluciis procesSi, rasac qveynis dasavleTis viTarebac mowmobs. 1300 wels
moxatul moqvis saxarebaSi arsad ar gvxvdeba moxrili xmali: miniaturebze
mxolod swori, orpiri maxvilia gamosaxuli.289 iaraRis araTanabari
gavrceleba mxolod monRolTa batonobis xanaSi gayofil qveyanaSi SeiZleba
momxdariyo. dasavleT saqarTveloSi monRolebs praqtikulad ar SeuRweviaT
da aRmosavleTisagan gansxvavebiT, SeiaraRebaze maTi gavlena ufro susti
iqneboda. ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs, rom XIII saukunis bolosTvis dasavleT
saqarTveloSi moxril xmals ar iyenebdnen. Tumca, rogorc Cans, am
288 marTebuli ar aris i. baqraZis mier imis mtkicebac, rom TiTqos, g. CubinaSvili XIV-XV
saukuneebiT aTariRebs wm. giorgis xatebis erT jgufs (Jibianis, gulekaris da sxv.) axali
formis kaparWiT, riTac xatebi erTi saukuniT xelovnurad `Zveldeba~ (baqraZe 2011: 74).
sinamdvileSi, g. CubinaSvili garkveviT akuTvnebs am xatebs XV saukunes, rasac advilad
amovikiTxavT misi naSromis bolo TavSi, sadac qarTuli oqromWedlobis ganviTareba
saukuneebis mixedviTaa mimoxiluli, gansakuTrebiT ki im monakveTSi, romelic XV saukunes
eZRvneba (Чубинашвили 1959: 626-630).
289 aseTia miniaturebi 17r (yrmaTa mowyveta beTlems), 51v (ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis kveTa) da
98r (gza golgoTisaken) (moqvis saxareba 2012: 80, 116, 150). i. baqraZe marTalia, rodesac Tvlis,
rom `SesaZloa, swori xmali ufro didxans arsebobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi (romelsac
monRolTa dapyroba naklebad Seexo)~ (baqraZe 2011: 77). Tumca, es azri misive qronologias
ewinaaRmdegeba: misi mtkicebiT, moxrili xmali X-XI saukuneebidan iyo saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli (baqraZe 2011: 74). moxrili xmali rom marTlac X-XI saukuneebSi iyos
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli, ufro gviani xanisaTvis (XIII-XIV ss.) is mis mTel teritoriaze
Tanabrad iqneboda warmodgenili.
153
droisaTvis maxvili isev inarCunebda Tavis adgils dasavleT samefos
SeiaraRebaSi da mxatvarmac miniaturebze ufro nacnobi iaraRi gamosaxa.
saqarTveloSi moxrili xmali sabolood damkvidrebuli Cans XIV
saukuneSi. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze ukve mxolod moxrili xmlebia
gamosaxuli. xmlebis umetesobas rombiseburi formis vada aqvs. maTi qarqaSi
mTel sigrZeze TiTqmis erTi siganisaa, TiTqosda vertikalurad CamokveTili
boloTi. xmalTan SedarebiT qarqaSis naklebi simrude swored aseTi formiT
aixsneba (Шервашидзе 1964: 64).
sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT qarTvelebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen
grZel, mcired moxril, mZime xmals, romelsac sqeli yua da mokle SaSari
aqvs (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 443-444). aseTi xmlebia gamosaxuli qarTul
ikonografiaSi da aseTia dRemde moRweuli gviani Suasaukuneebis xmlebic.
qarTuli xmali arasodes ar gamxdara ise moxrili, rogoric iyo iranuli da
osmaluri xmlebi. Cans, Cveni winaprebis brZolis stili Zlierad moxril
xmals ver egueboda, rasac ganapirobebda qarTvelTa aRWurvilobis
SedarebiTi `simZimec~: rac ufro moxrilia xmali, miT meti aqvs mas mWreli
da naklebad – mCexavi Tviseba. qarTvelebs iseTi iaraRi unda hqonodaT,
romelic efeqturi iqneboda msubuqad aRWurvili momTabaris an qveiTis
winaaRmdeg da qarTul SinaomebSi, kargad Seabjruli Tanamemamulis
winaaRmdegac gamodgeboda. am pirobebma Sva garkveulwilad universaluri
iaraRi: mcired ganxrili, mZime qarTuli xmali, romelic mCxvletav
Tvisebasac inarCunebda.
rivkinisa da pinCos dakvirvebiTac, qarTuli moxrili xmali XVI-XVII
saukuneebSic iseTive iyo, rogoric XIX saukuneSi: SedarebiT farTo da
mciredganxrili. igi iyo sakmaod mZime da kargad dacul mowinaaRmdegesTan
sabrZolvelad iyo gankuTvnili (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 94, 112).
moxrili xmlis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul da popularul saxeobas
warmoadgenda SaSka, 60-90 sm sigrZis uvado xmali, romlis tari TiTqmis
bolomde aris qarqaSSi `CaZiruli~. rusuli termini „SaSka“ yabardouli
`saSxue~-s (grZeli dana) kalks warmoadgens (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 71). fiqroben,
rom SaSka CerqezeTSi iSva (Ривкин 2012: 40).290
uvado xmali gansakuTrebiT
290 i. lebedinskis azriT, V-VI saukunis uvado sasanuri maxvilebi kavkasiuri SaSkis
winamorbedia (Khorasani 2006: 91). maT Soris garkveuli msgavseba arsebobs, magram droSi didi
daSoreba, SaSkis sasanur warmoSobas gamoricxavs.
154
popularuli gaxda XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli, rodesac cecxlsasroli
iaraRis gavrcelebam abjari praqtikulad usargeblo gaxada da abjris
sawinaaRmdegod gankuTvnili mZime moxrili xmlebis nacvlad ufro msubuqi,
swrafi da iafi SaSka damkvidrda (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 68).
SaSkis tipis uvado xmals saqarTveloSi lekuri ewodeboda. sulxan-
saba ase ganmartavs am termins: `lekuri – uvado Ãrmali, gina lekeTisa;
uvado Ãrmalia sakidari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 411). rivkinisa da
pinCos azriT, SaSkas saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis Suaxanebidan unda
iyenebdnen (Ривкин, Пинчо 2011: 73). am TariRma XVII saukuneSi mainc unda
gadmoiwios. sulxan-sabas lekuri xmali Setanili aqvs Tavis leqsikonSi,
romelic 1685-1716 wlebSia Sedgenili, rac niSnavs, rom es xmali
saqarTveloSi XVII saukuneSi ukve gavrcelebuli da popularuli iyo. uvado
xmlebia gamosaxuli `rostomianis~ XVII saukunis S1580 xelnaweris 140r da 155r
miniaturebze, romlebic, ueWvelia, lekur xmals warmoadgenen.
gamosaxulebebSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, miTumetes, rom avtori kargad
ganarCevs uvado da vadian xmals, romelsac sxvagan gamosaxavs kidec.
saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, termini lekuri eWvis qveS ayenebs am
xmlis Cerqezul warmoSobas. marTalia, mxolod leqsikografiuli
monacemebis safuZvelze saboloo daskvnis gamotana naadrevia, magram is ki
mainc SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi uvado xmali
lekeTidan anu daRestnidan Sesulad iTvleboda.
culi
sabrZolo culi mCexavi iaraRis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobaa. is
warmoadgens tarze dagebul liTonis iaraRs, romelic Sedgeba piris, yuis da
satare xvrelisagan (gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani 2005: 129). culi iyo
metad efeqturi iaraRi, radganac misi masiuri da mZime piri zedapiris patara
farTobze axdenda dartymis Zalis koncentrirebas. dasamzadeblad ioli iyo
da, amitomac, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. culis nakli dartymis naklebi
sizustea, radganac misi piri xelis uSualo „gagrZelebas“ ar warmoadgens,
daSorebulia mtevans da xelis mimarT or kuTxes qmnis: xelsa da tars da
tarsa da pirs Soris (Горелик 2003: 37).
antikuri periodisagan gansxvavebiT, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi
sabrZolo culs SedarebiT iSviaTad iyenebdnen (Артилаква 1976: 45). igi,
155
ZiriTadad, dabali fenebis (qveiTTa) iaraRi iyo (Артилаква 1976: 57).291
naklebad
iyenebda culs cxenosani mebrZoli, romlis upirveles iaraRs Subi da xmali
warmoadgenda (Кирпичников 1966a: 45-46). swored amitom, sxva iaraRTan
SedarebiT, culi qristianul ikonografiaSi naklebadaa warmodgenili. isini
ar gvxvdeba wminda meomarTa SeiaraRebaSi. ZiriTadad maT vxedavT qristes
Ralatis scenaSi, sadac culebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebul qveiT brbos
gviCveneben (Parani 2003: 137).
culi ver moxvda xelmwifis karis garigebis da vaxuSti batoniSvilis
mier Sedgenil qarTvelTa iaraRis CamonaTvalSi (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa
1965: 87; vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18), rac mowmobs, rom culi naklebad
popularuli iyo da damxmare iaraRis rols asrulebda. miuxedavad amisa,
mainc gagvaCnia monacemebi qarTvelTa mier culis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. 1049
wels TurqebTan brZolaSi liparits „aqunda najaxni...“ (stefanos orbeliani
1978: 34; meliqseT-begi 1952: 56). sabas mixedviT, najaxi mcire culia (`xel-
culi~) (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 587). rogorc Cans, liparits
cxenosnisaTvis Sesaferisi, SedarebiT patara zomis culi hqonda, romelsac
najaxs uwodebdnen.
jruWis II oTxTavis 236r miniaturaze qveiTi meomari SeiaraRebulia
grZeli orxela sabrZolo culiT, romelsac farTo, naxevarmTvariseburi
piri da viwro, mogrZo yeli aqvs. naxevarmTvariseburi piri islamur najaxsac
(najikh) hqonda (Nicolle 1992: 45), magram pirisa da yelis forma erTad
skandinaviur culze miuTiTebs, rac bizantiidan unda Semosuliyo varangTa
gvardiis gavleniT. aseTi culis tari 90-120 sm sigrZis iyo (Wise 1978: 19).
didi, farTopiriani culi 1000 wlisaTvis gamoCnda evropaSi da erTdroulad
ori problemis gadasaWrelad iyo mowodebuli: cxenosanTa Semotevis
mosagerieblad da qveiTTa farebis kedelSi SesaRwevad (Stephenson 2007: 101).
orxela culis dartyma advilad glejda jaWvs, apobda fars da firfitovan
abjarsac. igi ZiriTadad qveiTTa iaraRia, radgan cxenosnisaTvis ufro
mosaxerxebeli mokle najaxia (Lindholm, Nicolle 2003: 17). orxela culis nakli
iyo dartymis didi inercia, romelic acilebis an mogeriebis SemTxvevaSi,
291 sxvadasxva sameurneo samuSaos miCveuli ubralo mosaxleoba gamocdili iyo najaxis
xmarebaSi (Lindholm, Nicolle 2003: 17).
156
saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi agdebda mflobels (Peirce 1987: 246; Измайлов 2008: 53).
misi moqnevisas mebrZolis sxeuli daucveli rCeboda (Gravett 2000: 46).
sxvadasxvagvari culebia warmodgenili jruWis II oTxTavis Ralatis
scenis amsaxvel miniaturebze (70v, 115v, 190v): orxela culebTan erTad,
Cveulebriv culebsac vxedavT. 190v miniaturaze gamosaxuli culi temzaSi
napovn X-XI ss. farTopirian culis Tavs hgavs (Stephenson 2007: fig. 66). Cans, rom
XI-XII ss. qarTuli culis formebi vikingur-skandinaviur gavlenas ganicdida.
am formas qarTuli culi inarCunebs XIV saukuneSic. H1665 daviTnSi gvxvdeba
sabrZolo najaxi, romelsac farTo, morkaluli piri (Шервашидзе 1964: 67) da
mogrZo yeli aqvs. is mefis mcvelebs upyriaT xelT.
ufro mogvianebiT saqarTveloSi Semodis iranuli tipis sabrZolo
culebi: tabari da tabarZeni. orive termini sparsulad saomar culs
aRniSnavs (al-Sarraf 2002: 162). sulxan-saba orbeliani maT ase ganmartavs: `tabari
sparsTa enaa, najaxs hqvian; orpiri najaxia, moptye~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1993: 129) da `tabarZeni sparsulia, unagirze dasakravs najaxs hqvian~ (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1993: 129).292 misi mixedviT tabari didi, ormxrivi (`orpiri~)
najaxia, tabarZeni ki cxenosnisTvisaa gankuTvnili. es Sedareba swori Cans,
radganac, cnobilia, rom tabari tabarZenze ufro didi zomis culia (Melikian-
Chirvani 1979: 113). XVII saukuneSi ioseb Tbileli, sxva iaraRTan erTad,
najaxsac aRniSnavs: „xmal, laxt, afT da najaxebi“ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 25).
e. TayaiSvilis mier svaneTis eklesiebSi aRnusxul iaraRSic vxvdebiT
culebs: vercxlis WdeebiT morTuli saomari culi inaxeboda Jibianis
RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 148), oqroTi Semkobili foladis
culi, cxovelis ormxrivi gamosaxulebiT – ielis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi
(TayaiSvili 1937: 227), orpira culi ki – setis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi
(TayaiSvili 1937: 279). ielSi daculi cxovelisgamosaxulebiani culi iranuli
warmoSobis tabarZeni unda iyos, setis orpira culi ki – tabari.
292 al-sarafs eWvi Seaqvs aseTi ganmartebis sisworeSi da ganmartavs, rom tabarZeni mxolod
sabrZolo najaxs niSnavs da ara unagirze dasakravs. es sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Secdoma
saTaves iRebs baRdadeli lingvistis da filologis, abu mansur al-javalikis 1145 wels
dawerili cnobili „arabizebuli ucxouri terminebis leqsikonidan“, sadac tabarZeni
pirvelad iqna mcdarad ganmartebuli da Semdgom ase gavrcelda dasavlur Tu aRmosavlur
leqsikonebSi (al-Sarraf 2002: 162-165). es istoriul-leqsikografiuli wiaRsvla sainteresoa,
agreTve, sulxan-saba orbelianis samuSao procesis da misi wyaroebis gasaanalizeblad.
157
gvian SuasaukuneebSi, abjris gaZlierebasTan erTad, popularuli xdeba
Cuglugi. sabas mixedviT, Cuglugi mcire weraqvia, `xelT sapyrobi saomrad~
(sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 323, 371). Cuglugi warmoadgenda tarze dagebul
najaxismagvar iaraRs, romlis sabrZolo nawili wvetiani, weraqvis formis
iyo. patara zomis am iaraRs didi gamtani Zala hqonda da mZimed SeWurvili
mowinaaRmdegis abjris gasaxvretad gamoiyeneboda. Cuglugs cxenosani
moxerxebulad iyenebda da is gvxvdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis iaraRis
CamonaTvalSi (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18). Cuglugi gamosaxulia 1824 wels
gadawerili `amirandarejanianis~ H384 manuskripts darTul saWurvlis nusxaze
(2r miniatura).
dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi
dasartymeli (sacemi) iaraRi erT-erTi yvelaze martivi da uZvelesia
(Hoffmeyer 1966: 113; Kobylinski 2000: 66; Рабовянов 2009-2010: 187). laxtis winamorbedi
iyo msxvilTaviani keti (kombali) da misi istoria ramdenime aTaswleuls
moiTvlis (Кирпичников 1966a: 47). Tavad laxti warmoadgens kets, romlis erT
boloze liTonis (an sxva masalis) masiuri Tavi magrdeba, meore bolo ki
saxelurad gamoiyeneba (Медведев 1959: 132). laxti obieqtze zemoqmedebs
adamianis xeliT ganxorcielebuli dartymis ZaliT, romelic gaZlierebulia
iaraRis simZimiT da taris sigrZiT (Устинов, Портнов, Нацваладзе 1994: 8). is
martivi iaraRia, romlis gamoyeneba minimalur wvrTnas saWiroebs (D’Amato
2011: 7).
brZolaSi laxti, upirvelesad, muzaradisa da abjris dasalewad
gamoiyeneboda (Nicolle 1983: 67; Kobylinski 2000: 66; Paul 2004: 91). mZime, 1.5-2 kg-ian
laxts muzaradis da Tavis qalis Semusvrac SeeZlo (Wise 1978: 18). laxts
abjarSi SeuRwevladac SeeZlo metoqis mwyobridan gamoyvana (daretianeba).293
laxtis dartyma iwvevda kontuzias, Sinagan sisxlCaqcevebs da motexilobebs.
mas iyenebdnen mowinaaRmdegis Subisa da xmlis dasamtvrevadac (Al-Sarraf 2002:
155).
laxts aRmosavleTSi uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen, maSin rodesac,
saberZneTi da romi mas arc icnobda (Hoffmeyer 1966: 113). laxts ar iyenebda
293 amis mowmobas Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi vpoulobT: `dahkra ... Tavsa laxti da
cxenisagan dabnedili Camoagdo~ (rusudaniani 1957: 285).
158
arc germanuli da arc kelturi tomebi. uadresi evropuli laxti baios
gobelenzea gamosaxuli (DeVries 1992: 25).294 aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropaSic
laxti aRmosavleTidan aris Sesuli (Hoffmeyer 1966: 113).295
Sua saukuneebis
dasawyisSi laxti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT iransa da
centralur aziaSi, bizantiasa da evropaSi ki islamis kvaldakval SeaRwia
(Nicolle 1997: 21). laxtis popularoba IX s. miwurulisa da X saukunis
bizantiaSi dakavSirebulia mZimed SeWurvili kavaleriis aRorZinebasTan
(Haldon 1975: 39; Kolias 1988: 183; D’Amato 2011: 8-9).
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, laxti umkveTelo sacemi
iaraRia.296 i. javaxiSvili laxts dasartymel iaraRs akuTvnebs (javaxiSvili
1962: 246). Cans, saqarTveloSi ori tipis laxts ganarCevdnen: sakuTriv laxts
da gurzs. sabas mixedviT, gurzi didi ufrTo laxtia (sulxan-saba orbeliani
1991: 179). cxadia, qarTuli gurzi sparsuli gorzidan momdinareobs. laxtebis
sabaseuli dayofa swori Cans. marTalia, arabul-sparsuli gurzi (arabuli
jurz, sparsuli gorz) yvela tipis laxts aRniSnavda, magram ufro metad mas
sferuli an ovoidurTaviani laxtis aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen (Kobylinski 2000:
66).297
kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze laxti sakmaod popularuli
iyo da uZvelesi xanidan, Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnidan moipoveba
(Горелик 2003: 114, таб. XXX.100, XXXI.34-42,46-9,104-6,119). amisda miuxedavad, didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi, Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli mebrZolis upirveles iaraRad
Subi da grZeli maxvili gvevlineba, romlis paralelurad laxts iSviaTad
Tu vxedavT. amaSi `damnaSave~ qarTvelTa rainduli brZolis stili unda
yofiliyo, sadac SubiT brZolas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
„vefxistyaosanSi“ laxti mxolod organ aris naxsenebi,298 rac d. nikolmac
294 laxti evropaSi mniSvnelobas mxolod XII-XIII saukuneebSi iZens (Nicolle 1983: 67).
295 aRmosavleTidan xvdeba laxti ruseTSic, sadac is Cndeba XI saukuneSi (Кирпичников 1966a:
48).
296 `laxti – umkveTelo sacemi saomari~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 409).
297 XVI saukunis miwuruls dawerili ain-i-akbaris mixedviT, gurzs sferuli Tavi hqonda, zed
damagrebuli ramdenime wvetiT (Paul 2004: 91).
298 `adga da laxti aiRo...~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1110). meore strofi ki zogierT
gamocemaSi SoTaseulad arc aris miCneuli. ase magaliTad, 2009 wlis akademiur gamocemaSi
ar aris Setanili 655-e strofi: „devTa yvirili, zaxili zecamdis aiweoda; maTisa laxtis
cemiTa qveyana Seiryeoda~.
159
SeamCnia da Tamaris xanaSi mis nakleb mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa (Nicolle 1986: 23).
iSviaTad gvxvdeba laxti `amirandarejanianSic~, romelic imave epoqis
nawarmoebia. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mis gviandel damatebebsa da
Casworebebs laxtis xsenebiT (mose xoneli 1967: 687, 774), es iaraRi
oriodejer Tu gvxvdeba nawarmoebSi da mis variantebSi (mose xoneli 1967:
144-145, 356). Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom laxti ukve safalavno brZolis
iaraRia: `gamoegzavna laxti misi da egre SemoeTuala, viTa: `dRes amiT
SevibneTo~ (mose xoneli 1967: 144-145). es adgili ukve XIII saukunis viTarebas
unda asaxavdes, rodesac monRolTa gavleniT laxtis mniSvneloba izrdeba.299
iSviaTad Cans laxti am periodis miniaturebSic. jruWis II oTxTavSi (XII s.),
erTi gamonaklisis garda, laxti mxolod iesos gacemis scenebSi (miniaturebi
70v, 243v) gvxvdeba, sadac laxtebiT (ketebiT) aRWurvili mebrZolebis
gamosaxva Tavad saxarebiseuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: `aha, movida iuda,
erTi TormetTagani, da masTan erTad didZali xalxi maxvilebiT da ketebiT~
(maTe 26:47; markozi 14:43).300
mogvianebiT, monRolTa batonobis Sedegad, mdgomareoba icvleba da
laxtis popularoba sul ufro izrdeba. XIV saukunis meore naxevris
daviTnis miniaturebSi laxti ukve xSirad Cans. H1665 daviTnis miniaturebSi
gamosaxuli laxtebi frTiania, Tavze burTuliT, xis tars ki liTonis bolo
aqvs, rac mas gaxleCisagan icavda (Шервашидзе 1964: 67). saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli laxtis es tipi legendaruli osi bayaTaris iaraRs
mogvagonebs.301 misi aRWurviloba rekomSi, cnobil osur salocavSi inaxeboda.
zogierTi cnobiT, maT ricxvSi Sedioda laxtic, romelic aRwerilobis
Tanaxmad, warmoadgenda tarze dagebul rkinis masiur cilindrs eqvsi
simetriuli frTiT da Tavze burTuliT (Нарожный 2003: 116), rac Zalian hgavs
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul laxtis tips, romlis mravali gamosaxulebac
mogvepoveba H1665 daviTnSi. Cans, monRolur-iranuli laxtebi saqarTvelos 299 marko polo monRolTa SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi asaxelebs rkinisTavian laxts da
miuTiTebs, rom maT brZolaSi xmliT da laxtiT da mSvildiT (60 isriT) gamosvla
evalebodaT. monRolTa brZolebis aRwerisas, is yovelTvis miuTiTebs laxtis gamoyenebaze
(Marco Polo 1878: 171, 198, 207, 290, 448, 450-1, 456, 463, 481, 487). mravlad gvxvdeba laxtis
gamosaxuleba monRoluri epoqis iranul miniaturebzec.
300 iesos gacemis scenis ikonografiuli asaxvis tradiciisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb vrclad
ix. (D’Amato 2013: 69-95).
301 bayaTaris da misi aRWurvilobis Sesaxeb ix. Tsurtsumia 2011b: 88-89.
160
gavliT da meSveobiT Crdilo kavkasiaSic aRweven. am regionSi aRmoCenili
eqvsfrTiani laxtebidan zogierTis analogi saqarTveloSi egulebaT e.
naroJnis da d. Caxkievs (Нарожный, Чакхиев 2003: 129).
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi, iraneli mematianis gadmocemiT, yizilbaSebTan
brZolis win kaxeTis mefe levani (1518-1574) Tavisi vercxlis laxtiT
trabaxobs. „levan-xanma gagulisebiT wamoiZaxa: „div-sultans brZolis velze
me gamoviwvev da am oc manian302 kverTxs, romelic vercxlisagan
davamzadebine, kefaSi ise Cavcxeb, rom mas Tavis cxenianad miwas davanarcxeb“
(Sah ismail I-is anonimi 1990: 21). Tavis laxts mefe brZolaSi sakmaod
efeqturad iyenebs: „mas xelSi iseTi kverTxi ekava, rom visac ki daartyamda,
Tavs uxeTqavda“ (Sah ismail I-is anonimi 1990: 22). savsebiT marTebulad,
sparsul literaturaSi xSirad moxseniebul 20, 40, 70 da 80 manis simZimis
laxtebs m. xorasani zRaprulad miiCnevs (Khorasani 2006: 252). Cven SemTxvevaSic
aseT gazviadebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac iraneli avtori misTvis Cveuli
hiperboliT aRwers mefis laxts.303 amave dros, informacia kaxeTis mefis
mZime laxtis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania da mowmobs am iaraRis gazrdil rolze
XVI saukunis saqarTveloSi. amave saukunis meore naxevarSi svimon mefis
iranelebTan brZolis aRwerisas, Subisa da xmlis gverdiT, laxtic
moixsenieba: „qarTvelnic moetivnes da Seiqna SubTa Zgereba, laxtisa da
Ãmlis tkaca-tkuci~ (farsadan gorgijaniZe 1925: 219).
XVI-XVII ss. daweril `rusudanianSi~ laxti ukve erT-erTi ZiriTadi
iaraRia. am epoqaSi laxti, SubTan da xmalTan erTad, mZimed ASeWurvili
qarTveli meomris SeiaraRebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. brZolis
aRwerisas iaraRis am saxeobebs erTad CamoTvlian xolme: `SubiTa, xlmiTa,
laxtiTa uwyalod icemeboden...~ (rusudaniani 1957: 176). brZolis procesic
TanmimdevrobiTaa aRwerili, sadac Subis Semdeg, erTmaneTs cvlis xmali da
laxti: „Seibnes. pirvel SubiT Seuties da Sealewes erTmanerTsa. merme
xrmlebi daiwodes da gulmesisxled dalewes... merme gurzebs mihyves xeli da
medgrad icemebodes“ (rusudaniani 1957: 284); „Seuties erTmanerTsa, Subebi
Sealewes, merme xlmiTa dauSines erTmanerTsa da isic daalewes. merme
laxtebi gamoiRes~ (rusudaniani 1957: 291); „pirvelsave misvlasa Subebi
302 20 mani daaxl. 16 kg-s udrida.
303 aseTi gazviadeba arc qarTuli literaturisTvisaa ucxo: `misi oci aTasis litris laxti
xelT eWira~ (rusudaniani 1957: 127).
161
erTmanerTs Sealewes da merme... laxtebi daiwodes da dauwyes erTmanerTsa
cema“ (rusudaniani 1957: 378); „Sealewes Subebi erTmanerTsa, dalewes laxtebi
da daiwodes xlmebi...“ (rusudaniani 1957: 379).
laxts didi mniSvneloba eniWeba XVII saukunis dasawyisis `omainianSic~,
sadac is xSirad Cans orTabrZolebSi: „merme mZime laxtebi daiwodes da
miTaca didxans erTmanerTi gamoscades“ (qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 52);
`merme laxtebi daiwvades da asre medgrad erTmanerTsa ecemebodes~
(qaixosro ColoyaSvili 1979: 104). saerTod, XVII saukunis nawarmoebebSi
laxtis xseneba sakmaod xSiria. arCilis mier aragvis piras iranelebTan
Teimuraz mefis brZolis aRwerisas iaraRis Tanmimdevroba kvlav daculia –
Subi, xmali, laxti:
„pirvel Subi moviqnive, merme mivhyav xmalsa xeli,
xmalmowvdili gaverive, vaqnevine om-saxeli;
kvlaca laxti davamsxvrie, vin axlos myva monaxeli“ (arCili 1937: 64).
ioseb tfilelis XVII saukunis „didmouravianSi“ Subis da xmlis
gatexvis Semdeg brZolas laxtiT agrZeleben: `Subis da xmlisa gatexa,
laxtis tar xelTa qoneba~ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 31). taSiskarTan brZolaSi
(1609) giorgi saakaZes sami Subi Semoatyda, ris Semdegac laxts da xmals
iyenebs:
„ficiT Segkadro, mefeo, sami gavstexe Subia;
masukan laxtiT vibrZodi, sisxliT avavsi ubia,
laxtic rom gatyda, xmals xeli mivhyav, vayene gubia!“ (ioseb tfileli
1939: 14).
laxtiT ibrZvis mefe luarsabic: `siTac mefem cxeni igdis, daaSvenis is
aria;
visac Tavsa laxti dahkris, ar egonis i saria~ (ioseb tfileli 1939: 14).
Jan Sardeni, romelmac XVII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imogzaura
saqarTveloSi, qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaSi laxtsac aRniSnavs: „megrelebis
iaraRia: Subi, mSvild-isari, mouxreli swori xmali, kombali,304 fari“
(Sardeni 1975: 119).
rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi laxtis
mniSvneloba ganuxrelad izrdeba da Tavdapirveli rigiTi, arcTu
304 aq laxti unda eweros mTargmnels.
162
gavrcelebuli sabrZolo saSualebidan is mebrZolis erT-erT upirveles
iaraRad iqca.
distanciuri brZolis iaraRi
mSvildi
mSvildi distanciuri brZolis sasroli iaraRis kategorias
miekuTvneba. is Sedgeba xis da sabelisagan. xe mSvildis muSa nawilia,
romelzec sabeli ebmeba; sabeli (lari) ki mSvildis mzidi nawilia, romelic
isars aCqarebas aniWebs. zurgi ewodeba mSvildis miznisaken miqceuli mxares,
muceli ki mSvildis larisaken miqceuli mxarea. saxeluri aris mSvildis Sua
nawilSi xelis mosAKakidi adgili; mxari (goza)305 mSvildis drekadi nawilia,
romelic mozidvisas zambaris rols asrulebs. mSvildis bolo ewodeba
nawils, romelsac sabeli emagreba; mSvildis kilo – TaRovani an samkuTxa
Wrilia boloze, sadac sabelis maryuJi magrdeba (Худяков 1980: 66; Медведев
1966: 10).
mSvildi sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: martivi, mxolod xisagan
gakeTebuli mSvildi,306 gaZlierebuli – zurgze dawebebuli myesebiT da
kompozituri (Sedgenili), romelic rqis, xis da myesebisagan iyo Sedgenili.
umTavresad, gavrcelebuli iyo martivi da kompozituri mSvildebi (Miller,
McEwen, Bergman 1986: 179-180).
Tavisi arsiT, mSvildi drekadi rkalia, romlis ori bolo sabeliTaa
moWimuli. mozidvisas mSvildi mxrebSi agrovebs potenciur energias,
romelic gadaecema isars da gatyorcnis mas (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 76).
kompozituri mSvildis xis sxeulze garedan (zurgze) myesebs awebebdnen,
Sida, mSvildosnisken moqceul mxareze (mucelze) ki rqovani firfitebi
magrdeboda (Медведев 1966: 13; McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80).307 kompozituri
mSvildis boloebi gareT, miznisakenaa moxrili, rac mSvildis zurgze
dakruli myesebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli. gadacmuli sabelis moxsnis
305 `goza – mSvildis (m)w(v)ervali; mSvildis rqa~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 165). goza
warmodgeba sparsuli sityvidan ghuse (Khorasani 2006: 302).
306 martivi tipis iyo saxelganTqmuli inglisuri mSvildic.
307 firfitis qveda zedapiri daRaruli iyo, rom ufro mkvidrad miwebeboda mSvildis xis
sxeuls (Гаврилова 1965: 87).
163
Semdeg kompozituri mSvildi isev sawinaaRmdego mxares ixreboda (Медведев
1959: 143; Горелик 2002: 18). amitom, sabelgadacmuli mSvildis mxrebi Zlier
daWimulia da mozidvamdec did energias inaxavs (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80).
kompozitur mSvilds mravali upiratesoba gaaCnia martivTan SedarebiT: misi
tareba SeiZleba gadacmuli sabeliT, sabrZolo Tvisebebis dakargvis gareSe;
mas aqvs didi Sefardeba mozidvis sigrZisa mSvildis sigrZesTan, rac Zalian
mniSvnelovania. kompozituri mSvildis zurgis myesebze, romlebic oTxjer
ufro gamZlea xesTan SedarebiT, gaWimvis Zala moqmedebs, muclis rqovan
firfitebze ki, romelTa gamZleoba orjer metia xisaze, – kumSvis. rqis
firfitebi drekadia da advilad ibrunebs sawyis formas. am masalaTa
moqnilobis xarjze mSvildis SedarebiT mokle mxrebi did energias agrovebs
mozidvisas. mSvildis wingadaxrili bolo qmnida e.w. `gorgolaWis~ efeqts,
rodesac mozidvisas sabeli gadmoixveva `datrialebuli gorgolaWidan~ da
misi sigrZe izrdeba. sabelis gaSvebisas mSvildis boloebi win
gadaadgildeba, amoklebs sabels da isars did aCqarebas aniWebs (McEwen,
Miller, Bergman 1991: 79-82).
kompozituri mSvildi gamoCnda Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi erTdroulad da
erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad mesopotamiaSi, anatoliasa da aziis CrdiloeT
stepebSi (McEwen, Miller, Bergman 1991: 80; Westermeyer 2010: 4). aRmosavleT evropis
teritoriaze da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kompozituri mSvildi skviTTebTan
erTad gamoCnda Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi (Медведев 1966: 7). skviTuri (parTuli)
mSvildis samSoblo evraziis stepebia, sadac mas brinjaos xanaSic vxvdebiT.
skviTuri mSvildis gaumjobesebuli formaa hunuri mSvildi (Деревянко 1987:
14).
mravali da grZeli rqovani firfitebiT awyobili mSvildi SedarebiT
mouxerxebeli iyo da xSirad imtvreoda. kompozituri mSvildis ganviTareba
misi gamartivebis gziT warimarTa, rac gulisxmobda rqovani firfitebis
sigrZisa da ricxvis Semcirebas (Круглов 2005: 314-315). saukuneebis manZilze,
hunuri mSvildidan moyolebuli, mcirdeboda firfitovani zesadebebis zoma
da raodenoba (Гаврилова 1965: 87; Савинов 1981: 155-162). es procesi praqtikulad
dasrulda monRolTa xanaSi, rodesac intensiuri brZolis moTxovnilebis
Sesabamisad kompozituri mSvildis gamartivebam Tavis bolo stadias
164
miaRwia.308 a. gavrilovam daadgina, rom monRolur periodSi gavrcelebuli
iyo mSvildebi Sua rqovani firfitiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT
(Гаврилова 1965: 88). xudiakovi aRniSnavs, rom „monRoluri mSvildisTvis“,
romelic farTod vrceldeba meore aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi,
damaxasiaTebelia erTi, farTo, frontaluri, niCbis formis
boloebgafarToebuli rqovani (an Zvlis) firfita Sua nawilSi; aseve, mas
axasiaTebs mSvildis boloebis masiuri rqis an xis CanarTi (sabelisaTvis
rkaliseburi WriliT), romelic soliseburad wakveTilia da Cawebebulia
gozaSi (mSvildis mwvervalSi) (Худяков 1997: 28-29, 60-62; Савинов 1981: 162).
XVII saukunisaTvis osmalebma da iranis Turqulma tomebma
srulyofamde miiyvanes kompozituri mSvildi. maT uari Tqves `CaZirul~
saxelurze da Seqmnes graciozuli moyvanilobis mSvildi gazrdili sabelis
mozidvis manZiliT da simZlavriT. mozidvis Zala 36-45 kg-s Seadgenda, rac
orjer ufro grZeli inglisuri mSvildis Zalis Sesabamisi iyo (McEwen, Miller,
Bergman 1991: 82).
kompozituri mSvildi mZlavri iaraRi iyo, romlis wyalobiT
momTabareebma araerTi imperia Seqmnes da romelic didxans uwevda
konkurencias cecxlsasrol iaraRs.309 XV saukunis arabuli traqtatis
mixedviT, kompozituri mSvildiT srolis optimaluri distancia 60 m-ia,
daaxl. 160 m-ze Sors ki zusti srola SeuZlebelia (Arab Archery 1945: 77).
sxvadasxva monacemebis SejerebiT irkveva, rom kompozituri mSvildi sakmaod
zustia 50-60 m-ze, mizanSi srola SeuZlia 160-190 metrze, arasabrZolo, e.w.
`mfrinavi isriT~ ki – 500 m-ze metze, zogjer 800-900 m-mde (McLeod 1965: 8-9, 13).
abjarze ase Tu ise efeqturi zemoqmedebisaTvis mSvilds axlo
distancia sWirdeboda, daaxloebiT 30 metri. abjris gatanisaTvis, sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba hqonda mSvildisa da Tavad moisaris
siZlieres, manZils, srolis kuTxes da abjris tips (Kolias 1988: 220). mSvildis 308 monRoluri mSvildis gamartiveba gamoiwvia miswrafebam gaezardaT mSvildis gamZleoba da
saimedooba (Гаврилова 1965: 88). cxenosanTa intensiuri brZolis dros isris srolis
distanciis Semcirebisas didi mniSvneloba mieniWa swrafsrolas, amitomac mSvilds didi
gamZleoba unda hqonoda, rom intensiuri srolisaTvis gaeZlo (Худяков 1997: 122).
309 saukuneebis manZilze vercerTi cecxlsasroli iaraRi ver jobda kompozitur mSvilds
swrafsrolaSi, sizusteSi, siSoresa da saimedoobaSi; mSvildi iyo Cumi da SeeZlo kiduli
srola simagres TavSefarebulTa dasazianeblad. yvela maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, Tofma,
sabolood, mxolod XIX saukuneSi ajoba mSvilds (Hurley 1975: 13-15).
165
siZlieris iSviaTi dasturi mogvepoveba XIV saukuneSi. mTaSi erT-erTi
Sinaomisas zemodan nasrolma isarma gaxvrita fari da jaWvis ori fenac:
„Seiqmna simravle isrisaÁ, viTarca setyuaÁ ÃSiri da fucvides RmerTsa,
romel quemoÁT nasrolman isarman fari da jaWÂani kaci gaiaros da miwasa
naxevrad daesÂs“ (Zegli erisTavTa 1965: 108). TavisTavad, maRlidan nasroli
isari orjer ufro Sors mifrinavda, vidre qvemodan zemoT nasroli (Медведев
1966: 30).
kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba did codnasa da gamocdilebas
moiTxovda da sxvadasxva masalas saWiroebda (xe, rqa, Zvali, myesebi, webo)
(Медведев 1966: 13). xarisxiani kompozituri mSvildis damzadebas 1-3 weli
sWirdeboda (Литвинский 1966: 59-60; Nicolle 1994: 46). didi yuradReba eqceoda
mSvildis sabelsac. is ar unda yofiliyo Zalian welvadi, radgan Zalas
dakargavda da arc zedmetad kumSvadi – aseT SemTxvevaSi elastiurobas
kargavda. mdidruli Suaaziuri, Turquli, iranuli, rusuli mSvildebis
sabels abreSumis Zafebisa da moqnili tyavis Rvedisagan amzadebdnen.
abreSumisagan sabelis ZiriTadi nawili mzaddeboda, tyavisagan ki – sabelis
maryuJi, romelic mSvildis kiloze iyo Camocmuli, advilad rom ar
gadaxexiliyo (Медведев 1966: 16). tyavisagan da abreSumisagan amzadebdnen
sabels saqarTveloSic. sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `mSvildis sabeli romelime
RvedTagani iqmnebis, romelime abreSumTa da misTanaTagan~ (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1993: 20).
arsebobs isris Werisa da sabelis mozidvis sxvadasxva xerxi, romlis
drosac mSvildosnis TiTebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris ganlagebuli.310
xmelTaSuazRvispiruli wesiT mozidvisas isari Sua da saCvenebel TiTs
Soris aris moTavsebuli da sabelsac am TiTebiT ezidebian (zogjer,
araTiTis daxmarebiTac). am dros isari mSvildis marcxnivaa. monRoluri
wesiT mozidvisas isari saCvenebelsa da cers Sorisaa da sabels moxrili
ceri ezideba. am dros isari mSvildis marjvnivaa (elaSvili 1959: 11-12; Webb
1991: 41). romaelebi mkerdis Suamde ezidebodnen mSvilds, momTabareebi da
aRmosavleli mSvildosnebi – saxisken, monRolebi ki – yurisken. rac ufro
grZelia mozidva, miT ufro Zlieria gasrola (Karasulas 2004: 25). yuris
bibilomde mozidva zusti da yvelaze Zlieri iyo; saxisken (ybisken) mozidva,
310 ufro dawvrilebiT ix. elaSvili 1959: 9-14.
166
rodesac isari tuCis (ulvaSis) gaswvriv moZraobs, xorasnuli meTodi iyo da
yvelaze zustad iTvleboda (Arab Archery 1945: 51-52).
sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, ceriT mozidva ufro swrafia (Webb 1991: 41;
Karasulas 2004: 24). mSvildis sabelic ufro grZlad iWimeboda (Lundström,
Hedenstierna-Jonson, Olausson 2009: 111). amave dros, ceriT mozidva ufro rTuli
iyo, vidre sxva nebismieri meTodi da mis aTvisebas xangrZlivi praqtika
esaWiroeboda (Webb 1991: 41). srolis gasaadvileblad SemoiRes specialuri
rqis (Zvlis, qvis, xis, liTonis) rgoli, romelsac marjvena xelis cera
TiTze ikeTebdnen.311 rgolis gluv zedapirze mSvildis sabeli kargad
srialebda da kans aRar azianebda (Гаврилова 1965: 31; Wilcox 1986: 13).
Sua saukuneebSi mSvildiT srolis dros xelisa da TiTebis dasacavad
iyenebdnen xelTaTmanebs, majis dasacav sagangebo mowyobilobebs, rgolebs da
saTiTeebs. amave dros, iTvleboda, rom mgrZnobelobis damaqveiTebeli da
moZraobis Semaferxebeli mowyobilobebis gareSe srola ukeTesi da ufro
zusti iyo (Медведев 1966: 25-26). viciT, rom xevsureTSi, srolis dros marcxena
xelis dasacavad tyavs ixvevdnen, raTa mas mSvildis sabelis dartyma
Seenelebina (gasitaSvili 1957: 85).
adre SuasaukuneebSi qarTuli mSvildis formaze sasanur mSvilds unda
moexdina didi gavlena, radganac amis kvali mogvianebiTac SeimCneva.
nakifaris wm. giorgis (jgragis) eklesiaSi X saukunis gamosaxulebaze
vxedavT mSvilds swori, rigiduli boloebiT (Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская
1983: таб. 12), rac sasanuri mSvildisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
sworboloebiani mSvildiTaa SeiaraRebuli monadire oSkis samxreTi mklavis
X saukunis reliefze (jobaZe 2006: 142, tab. 159). saerTod, sasanuri
mSvildisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xuTwevriani forma: swori saxeluri,
mkveTrad momrgvalebuli mxrebi da swori, rigiduli boloebi (Литвинский 1966:
66).312 nakifaris da oSkis gamosaxulebebs rigiduli boloebi aqvT, magram ara
311 uadresi sacere rgoli, mSvildosnisaTvis gankuTvnili da nefritisagan damzadebuli,
napovnia CineTSi, dedofal fu haos Cv. w-mde XIII-XII saukunis samarxSi (Волков 2003: 155).
eyrdnoba ra am faqts, m. goreliki miiCnevs rom ceriT mSvildis mozidvis meTodi
Tavdapirvelad CineTSi arsebobda da rom, mas ara „monRoluri“, aramed „Cinuri“ unda erqvas
(Горелик 2003: 130).
312 Tavis mxriv, mSvildis es tipi Sua aziaSi Camoyalibda jer kidev sasanianTa gamoCenamde,
Zveli da axali aTaswleulebis mijnaze (Литвинский 1966: 68-69).
167
aqvT CaZiruli, swori saxeluri, riTac gansxvavdebian sasanuri mSvildisagan.
rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdgomi ganviTarebisas
kompozituri mSvildi daSorda mis Tavdapirvel, sasanur variants, Tumca,
xangrZlivi drois manZilze inarCunebda saerTo niSnebs (rigiduli boloebi).
amave dros, saqarTveloSi paralelurad arsebobda mokle, Turqul-
xazaruli tipis mSvildebic, romlebic naTlismcemlis svetze, webeldis
kankelze da atenis sionze aris gamosaxuli. swori, rigidul boloebiani
sasanuri tipis mSvildis Canacvleba iwyeba IX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,
rodesac abasianTa armiaSi Turqma mona meomrebma wamyvani adgili daikaves.
maT Tan moitanes axali tipis mSvildi (Latham, Paterson 1979: 79). sasanur
mSvilds XI saukuneSi sabolood anacvlebs Tanabrad boloebmoxrili
Turquli mSvildi, romelic ufro msxvili, mokle da Zlieri iyo (Nicolle 1998a:
17-18). XII saukunis jruWis II oTxTavis miniaturebze mxolod Turquli tipis
mSvildi Cans.
monRolTa batonobis periodSi saqarTveloSi monRoluri tipis
mSvildi mkvidrdeba. XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi qarTvelebi ukve monRolur
mSvilds iyenebdnen. JamTaaRmwerelis daxasiaTebiT, daviT VII, romelic XIII
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi alamuTisa da baRdadis kampaniebSi axlda monRolebs,
iyo `moisari magriTa mSÂldiTa~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 109.) magar mSvilds ki
JamTaaRmwereli monRolur mSvilds uwodebs. misi TqmiT, monRolebi
`moisarni iyvnes rCeulni, magriTa mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni~
(JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 44).
H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze garkveviT Cans monRoluri tipis mSvildi
Sua firfitovani zesadebiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT. rogorc iTqva,
aziel mSvildosans srolisas mSvildi vertikalurad eWira, odnav marcxniv
gadaxrili, isari ki gadioda marcxena xelis cera TiTze mSvildisagan
marjvniv, gansxvavebiT evropelisagan, romelic isars mSvildis marcxniv
aTavsebda (Медведев 1966: 28). miniaturebze qarTvelebs isari mSvildis marjvniv
aqvT moTavsebuli da mas ceriT ezidebian.
Tumca, ceriT mozidvis meTodi saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosvlamde
Cans damkvidrebuli, raSic `vefxistyaosani~ gvarwmunebs: `purad da saWmlad
mivendve Cemsa mSvildsa da cerasa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 169). aq
igulisxmeba mSvildis mozidvis da isris srolis meTodi, rodesac sabels
168
cera TiTze wamocmuli rgolis saSualebiT ezidebodnen.313 ceriT isris
mozidvis wess saqarTveloSi kipi ewodeboda.314
xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi dacul A65 manuskriptze, romelic 1188-1210
wlebis astrologiur traqtats warmoadgens, 189r miniaturaze mSvildosani
gamosaxulia ceriT moziduli kompozituri mSvildiT, xolo isari yuramdea
mitanilia. jruWis II oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxul mSvildosnebs
moziduli isari yurTan aqvT mitanili; samwuxarod miniatura dazianebulia
da ar Cans Tu ramdeni TiTiT ezidebian mSvildis lars.
ceris mniSvneloba srolisas xazgasmulia XVII saukunis
`SahnavazianSic~: „marjued uWiravs isari, vis imedi aqus cerisa“; „nadiri,
mokluli ama ceriTa“ (feSangi 1935: 43-44). sacere Zvlis rgoli napovnia
dmanisis naqalaqarze, XI-XIII saukuneebis fenaSi. sacere rgoli unda iyos
gamosaxuli H1665 daviTnis 212v miniaturazec.
vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs rqis mSvilds, romelsac gudamayrelebi
amzadebdnen: `Ãelosanni, mSÂldT-moqmedni, akeTeben rqisagan mjixvisa,
Txisagan da ÃarTagan~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 354). ra Tqma unda,
gudamayruli mSvildi marto rqisgan ar aris konstruirebuli.315 vaxuSti
saubrobs kompozitur mSvildze, romelic rqis firfitebiT aris gawyobili.316
gudamayrelebs, rogorc mTielebs, advilad miuwvdebodaT xeli grZelrqiani
jiSis pirutyvze, romlis rqac aucilebeli iyo kompozituri mSvildisaTvis.
kompoziturTan erTad, saqarTveloSi martivi tipis mSvildic iyo
gavrcelebuli. aseTi mSvildi ufro ioli da swrafi dasamzadebeli iyo,
Tumca, zogjer mis gakeTebas 2-3 Tves andomebdnen (elaSvili 1959: 28-29). gviani
saukuneebis laSqarvaldebulTa siebSi glexTa SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi
mxolod mSvildis arseboba imis maCvenebelia, rom isini martiv mSvilds
floben, ufro Zvirfas kompozitur mSvilds ver Sewvdebodnen. rodesac 1747
wels qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma mSvildiT nadiroba moindomes da es iaraRi
aravis aRmoaCnda, mefe iZulebuli gaxda martivi (xis) mSvildiT 313 k. ColoyaSvili SecdomiT miiCnevs, rom aq saubaria isris tipze (ColoyaSvili 1968: 121).
314 `kipi – isris kilos dazidviT Wera; ceriTa, salokis TiTiT isris kilos Wera~ (sulxan-
saba orbeliani 1991: 375).
315 am cnobis komentarisas, v. elaSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom mxolod rqis
mSvildi ar arsebobs da aq Sedgenili mSvildi igulisxmeba (elaSvili 1959: 25).
316 kompozitur mSvildadaa miCneuli `beovulfSi~ moxseniebuli rqis mSvildic (Lundström,
Hedenstierna-Jonson, Olausson 2009: 105).
169
dakmayofilebuliyo: `visac mSvildi ara hqondes, xis mSvildebi daikeTon,
imiT dadgneno~ (papuna orbeliani 1981: 119). cxadia, rom xis mSvildi martivi
mSvildia, radgan ase saswrafod kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba ver
moxerxdeboda.
saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, rkinis mSvildsac iyenebdnen. aseTi
mSvildi `rusudanianSia~ moxseniebuli: „rkinis mSvildi da boZali xelT
mivec“; „rkinis mSvildi mxars ukuicva“ (rusudaniani 1957: 174, 178). leCxum-
svaneTSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis eqspediciam ixila rkinis didi mSvildi
oyureSis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi da rkinis mSvild-isari fayis RvTismSoblis
eklesiaSi (TayaiSvili 1937: 70, 89). rkinis (foladis) mSvildi martivi
mSvildebis kategorias miekuTvneba. XV-XVII saukuneebSi is, ZiriTadad,
indoeTSi iyo gavrcelebuli (Шокарев 2001: 21). miuxedavad imisa, rom rkinis
mSvildi simZlavriTa da siSoriT CamorCeboda kompozitur mSvilds, is mainc
popularuli iyo, radgan advilad ar ziandeboda (Pant 1997: 125). masze
naklebad moqmedebda cudi atmosferuli pirobebi, maSin rodesac tenianoba
damRupvelad moqmedebs kompozitur mSvildze.
isari
isris Semadgeneli nawilebia isrispiri, zro, frTa da kilo. isrispiri
isris is nawilia, romelic mizans azianebs; zro isris tania (sulxan-saba
orbeliani 1991: 286), misi mzidi nawili; frTa frenis isris mimmarTveli; kilo
isris sabelze dasamagrebeli, sabelis Casagdebi adgilia.317 isrispiri
Sedgeba Tavisagan, romelic mizanSi aRwevs, yunwisa (isrispiris Rero,
romliTac is tarSia Camagrebeli) da gvirgvinisagan (isrispiris SemzRudavi
tarSi damagrebisas) (Худяков 1980: 75-77).
isris zro warmoadgens 50-100 sm sigrZis (ZiriTadad, 75-90 sm) (Kolias 1988:
218).318
mrgvali ganivkveTis xis Reros.319 isrispiri ori meTodiT magrdeboda
zroze: masriT da yunwiT. masrian isrispirs agebdnen webowasmuli Reros
317 `kilo – isarTa mSvildis sabelTa Casagdeb(el)i~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 373).
318 isris sigrZe mis daniSnulebazec iyo damokidebuli. mokle, msxvili isari javSangamtani
piriT axlo manZilze sasrolad iyo gamiznuli, grZeli da wvrili isari ki – Sor manZilze
sasrolad (Деревянко 1987: 61).
319 isris zros hqonda sigarismagvari forma, SuaSi SesqelebiT, rom srolisas ar gaRunuliyo
(Шокарев 2001: 27).
170
boloze. yunwian isrispirs arWobdnen ReroSi an mis webowasmul napobSi da
zed axvevdnen myesebs an sxva Zafs. naxvevs aryis Txel qerqsac axvevdnen
(Медведев 1966: 49-50). masriani isrispirebi, romelsac dasavleT evropaSi Sua
saukuneebis bolomde iyenebdnen, ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aRmosavleT
evropisa da aziisaTvis (Медведев 1966: 160-161).320
aRmosavleTSi miaCndaT, rom
masriani isrispiri midrekili iyo zros msxvrevisaken da mxolod uabjro
samiznis winaaRmdeg Tu gamodgeboda (Arab Archery 1945: 109-110).
isarze umTavresad 3 an 4 frTas amagrebdnen. XV saukunis arabuli
traqtatis mixedviT, bevri frTa anelebs isars, oTxfrTiani isari ufro
zustia, samfrTiani ki ufro swrafi da Sorsac mifrinavs. amasTan, rac metia
isris kilodan frTis dacileba, miT swrafad mifrinavs isari, rac ufro
axloa – miT ufro zustia is (Arab Archery 1945: 111-112). qarTvelebi, rogorc es
gamomsaxvelobiTi wyaroebidan (H1665 da H75 daviTni, kastelis Canaxatebi da
TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebi) Cans, upiratesobas sizustes aniWebdnen da frTas
kilosTan axlos amagrebdnen.
isrisaTvis sxvadasxva frinvelis (arwivis, zarnaSos, Zera, Sevardenis)
frTas iyenebdnen. frTa unda yofiliyo swori, Tanabari, drekadi (Деревянко
1987: 61). iyenebdnen mxolod frinvelis saqnev frTas. isris frTebi erTnairi
da frinvelis erTi frTidan unda yofiliyo (Соловьев 1987: 30). saukeTesod
arwivis frTebi miiCneoda, Semdeg orbis da Semdgom Sevardenis (Arab Archery
1945: 110). arCilis mowmobiT, qarTvelebi orbis frTiT gawyobil isars
iyenebdnen: „isars orbis frTiT Svenoba“ (arCili 1937: 40). saqarTveloSi
arwivis frTasac iyenebdnen. arqanjelo lamberti mogviTxrobs, rom
megrelebi arwivs maxiT iWeren „imisaTvis, rom arwivis frTa miaban isars.
megrelebis mSvild-isari bevrad didia TurqTa mSvild-isarze da ase didi
isrebi rom haerSi pirdapir wavides, saWiroa, rom arwivis frTa miaban“
(lamberti 1991: 172).
isars sxvadasxvafrad Rebavdnen, rom feris mixedviT gaerCiaT
sxvadasxva pirisa da daniSnulebis isrebi da swrafad amoeRoT isini
brtyeli kaparWidan, romelSic isrispiri damaluli iyo (Медведев 1966: 52).
SeRebili isris arsebobis damadasturebeli qarTuli mowmobac mogvepoveba.
320 es gansxvaveba SesaZloa aixsnas, aRmosavleTSi zros masalad bambukis (lerwmis) farTo
gavrcelebiT, sadac yunwis Camagreba ioli iyo (Watson 1972: 145).
171
xalxuri leqsi mogviTxrobs: „kaxeTs moWrilo isaro, qalaqs naRebo iniTa“
(javaxiSvili 1962: 244).
isrebi iyofa jgufebad (piris ganivkveTis mixedviT) da tipebad (piris
formis mixedviT) (Худяков 1980: 79). ganivkveTis mixedviT yvela isrispiri sam
ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: samfrTiani, brtyeli da waxnagovani. samfrTiani
isrispirebi adre SuasaukuneebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; X saukunis Semdeg
isini erTeuli egzemplarebi Tu gvxvdeba (Медведев 1966: 54, 58). brtyel
isrispirebs ganivkveTSi Txeli linzis an Zlier gabrtyelebuli rombis
forma aqvs. isini sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua
saukuneebis bolomde. waxnagovani (dakuTxuli) isrispirebi (samkuTxa,
oTkuTxa da sxv.) maxvili wveriT Cveni welTaRricxvis mijnaze gamoCnda da
javSangamtani daniSnulebisaa (Медведев 1966: 54-55).
cnobilia, rom XI saukunis dasawyisidan brtyelpiriani isrebi wamyvan
rols TamaSobda monRolTa SeiaraRebaSi (Худяков 1985: 112). samfrTiani isari,
romelic maRali aerodinamikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da saukeTesoa Sor
manZilze zusti srolisaTvis, dasamzadeblad sakmaod Sromatevadia da
kaparWSic didi adgili ukavia. intensiuri brZolis pirobebSi, axlo manZilze
da srolis meti sixSiris dros, brtyeli isari ufro efeqturi gamodga.
brtyeli isari ufro advili dasamzadebelia, meti eteva kaparWSi da
marTalia, CamorCeba samfrTians sizusteSi, samagierod, meti siCqare aqvs da
ufro swrafad aRwevs mizans. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda masirebuli
srolis dros. marTalia, brtyel isrebs momTabareebi jer kidev hunTa
droidan iyenebdnen, magram maTi sayovelTao gavrceleba monRolebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. monRolTa mier brtyeli isrebis warmatebulma gamoyenebam
ganapiroba maTi gavrceleba monRolTa imperiaSi Semaval saxelmwifoebSic
(Худяков 1997: 124-125). monRolTa kaparWSi Tavisi adgili ekava farTopirian
brtyel isrebs, romlebic did, sisxlmden Wrilobebs ayenebda da efeqturi
iyo cxenebisa da abjriT daucveli mowinaaRmdegis dasazianeblad (Соловьев
1987: 48; Худяков 1997: 37).
waxnagovani isrispirebi javSangamtania da maTi daniSnuleba abjris
gaxvretaa. amisTvis maT xSirad foladisagan amzadebdnen da sagangebod
awrTobdnen (Медведев 1959: 168). waxnagovani isrispiri aRwevda jaWvis rgolebs
Sorisac (Соловьев 1987: 46). arabuli traqtati kuTxovani isrispirebis formis
mixedviT ganarCevs maT Tvisebebs. misi mixedviT, mokle samkuTxa isrispiri
172
kargia farisa da liTonis abjris (muzaradis garda) gasaxvretad. grZeli
samkuTxa isrispiri kargia muzaradis da, saerTod, sferuli zedapirisTvis
sasrolad, agreTve, xeSi SesaRwevad. mokle da kompaqturi oTkuTxa isrispiri
ki kargia farisa da abjris sawinaaRmdegod (Arab Archery 1945: 107-108).
sulxan-saba orbelians mocemuli aqvs saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
sxvadasxva tipis isris dasaxeleba da daxasiaTeba: `frTe-dabali da pir-
wvrili, romelsa yivCayni da Turqni iqoneben, ars sayalno... zomier(i) isari,
frTe-mobrtye, da pir-mobrtye ars sarCa; misgan ugrZesi pir-didi da frTe-
maRali ars qeiburi [vieTni sanadiros uÃmoben]; isari sarCis msgavsi da pir-
ganpebuli, momcro ars qiborji; isari qeiburis msgavsi pir-didi da
ganpebuli ars boZali; isari sarCis toli sam-frTosani, upiro, wver-
mgrgvali ars yodali; yodlis(a) ugrZesi, wver-mwveti, jvaredad Cxir-
dasxmuli ars Rrja; frTe-maRali, grZeli da grkal-Semobmuli ars sefqa;
ufrTo, upiro isari ars gezi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 335-336). vaxuSti
batoniSvils CamoTvlili aqvs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli isris tipebi,
romelTa dasaxelebebi emTxveva sabas sias: „isari boZali didTa nadirTaTÂs,
qeiburi mÃecTaTÂs, sarCa da qiborji wvrilTa nadirTaTÂs... xolo kaparWis
isari, romel ars sayalno omsa-brZolasa Sina~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18).
aRwerilobebidan cxadia, rom sayalno pirwvrili javSangamtani isaria,
romelsac dabali frTebi hqonda. saSualo zomis brtyel isars sarCa erqva,
didi zomis brtyel isars ki – qeiburi. Tavisi zomidan gamomdinare, qeiburs
maRali frTebi sWirdeboda. sarCas da qeiburs ZiriTadad rombiseburi forma
hqondaT da mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis isrebi iyvnen. momcro da zomier
orkapa isars qiborji erqva, didi zomisas ki – boZali, romelic grZeli iyo
da maRali frTebi hqonda. samfrTian, wvril wvermrgval anu sadgisisebur
isars yodali ewodeboda. yodali javSangamtani isrebis kategorias
miekuTvneba (Артилаква 1976: 111). mokle mrgvali isrispiri gansakuTrebiT kargi
iyo farSi SesaRwevad, grZeli ki abjrisa da xis sawinaaRmdegod (Arab Archery
1945: 108). Rrja sanadirod (albaT, frinvelze) gamoiyeneboda da wverze
damagrebuli hqonda xis jvaredi, rom mizans erTi Rrja mainc moxvedroda
(elaSvili 1959: 33).
orkapa isari sabrZoloc iyo da sanadirodac gamoiyeneboda. ori wveris
wyalobiT, is met farTobs azianebda (Арциховский 1944: 21). vaxuSti wers, rom
didi orkapa isari (boZali) didi nadirisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, momcro
173
orkapa (qiborji) ki – wvrili nadirisaTvis (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: 18).
amave dros cxadia, rom qiborjis tipis orkapa isrebi sabrZolodac
gamoiyeneboda. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi amas vanis samarxSi napovni saisre
kompleqtic adasturebs, sadac orkapa isrebi didi wiliTaa (50%)
warmodgenili.321 Crdilo kavkasiasTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi orkapa isari
ufro adre aris gavrcelebuli. VIII-IX saukuneebis webeldis kankelze ukve
Cans aseTi isriT SeiaraRebuli wm. evstaTe plakida. orkapa isris namtvrevi
napovnia urbnisis naqalaqaris gaTxrebisas (WilaSvili 1964: 125, sur. 55.11).
savaraudod, is aq unda moxvedriliyo VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi murvan yrus
mier urbnisis dangrevis dros, ris Semdegac urbnisma, rogorc qalaqma,
Sewyvita arseboba (WilaSvili 1970: 65-66). v. kuznecovis mowmobiT, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi orkapa isrebi mxolod X saukuneSi Cndeba (Кузнецов 1961: 126). am
azrs sxva mkvlevrebic iziareben, romlebic Tvlian, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi
orkapa isrebi X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba (Каминский, Каминская-Цокур 1997: 66).322
qarTuli isris kidev erTi tipi ucxourma wyaroebma Semogvinaxa. XI
saukunis iraneli avtori asadi tusi Tavis leqsikonSi mogviTxrobs erTi
tipis isarze, romelsac Tamuqi ewodeba da saqarTvelodan (afxazeTidan)
gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi. masze isris pirs sagangebod sustad amagrebdnen,
rom sxeulSi SeRwevis Semdeg amoZroba gaZnelebuliyo. aseTi isari X s.
sparsulenovan samyaroSi ukve isea gavrcelebuli, rom leqsebSic gvxvdeba.
iraneli mkvlevris abu al-kasim janaTi atais ganmartebiT, Tamuqi samfxiani
farTo piriani isari iyo, romlis piric, taris amoZrobisas, WrilobaSi
rCeboda da amitom, momakvdineblad iTvleboda (beraZe 1973: 76-79).323 iraneli
mkvlevari uTuod marTalia, rodesac Tvlis, rom isars fxebi hqonda, rac
amoZrobas arTulebda. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom isris pirs zroze mxolod
yunwiT amagrebdnen da zed ar axvevdnen myesebs simagrisaTvis; es ki liTonis
piris da xis taris advilad gancalkevebas ganapirobebda. aseve, SevniSnavT,
rom am tipis isari specializebuli iqneboda mtris SeujavSnavi samizneebis
sawinaaRmdegod, radganac abjarze moxvedrisas Tamuqs simtkice ar eyofoda
321 vanis samarxSi aRmoCenili orkapa isrebis tipologiis Sesaxeb ix. wurwumia 2013a: 170-172.
322 orkapa isrebi X saukuneSi Cndeba ruseTSic, Tumca aq ise ar moukidebia fexi, rogorc
cimbirsa an kavkasiaSi. rusulisagan gansxvavebiT, cimbiruli da kavkasiuri orkapa isrebis
yunwebi isris Tavze ufro grZelia (Медведев 1959: 167).
323 sami fxa niSnavs, rom isari samfrTiani iyo.
174
mis gasatanad. Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi aseTi samizneebis simcire namdvilad
ar iyo, nebismieri armiis mxolod mcire nawili iyo srulad SejavSnuli.
saqarTveloSi isars Sindis, tyemlis, fiWvis, verxvis, cacxvis, Txilis
da sxv. xis totebisagan amzadebdnen, romelTac Semdeg sagangebod Tlidnen
da amuSavebdnen (elaSvili 1959: 31-34; gasitaSvili 1957: 84). isris gamkeTebels,
mis mTlels jolbordi erqva (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 460). amave dros,
`isris Tla, sworad gamarTva, gaqlibva, sefqis gawyoba~ yvela karg moymes
unda scodnoda (arCili 1936: 6), radgan isari individualurad unda yofiliyo
morgebuli. Sahnavazis, vaxtang V-is Svili „arCil iyo uxucesi. ese iyo kiskas,
Suenier, moburTali, moisari. yovelis kacis isarzed erTi Ãelis dadeba
isari ugrZe hqonda. da ara iyo msgavsi misi~ (beri egnataSvili 1959: 435).
cxadia, aseT SemTxvevebSi mebrZols Sesaferi sigrZis isari sWirdeboda.
saqarTveloSi isris srolas adreuli asakidanve swavlobdnen.
savarjiSo isars Tavis saxeli hqonda – `yrmaTa isarcudasa winwkitela~
ewodeboda (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 335). am garemoebas kastelic
adasturebs: „aq Cvili asakidanve eCvevian srolas. Zalian xSirad
gavukvirebivar bavSvebs, roca minaxavs maT mier mSvildisriT mokluli mela“
(kasteli 1976: 57).
mSvildis bude (xilifa)
mSvildis budes xilifa ewodeboda.324 is icavda mSvilds garemos
araxelsayreli zemoqmedebisagan.
Zvelad skviTebi da maTi mezoblebi iyenebdnen gorits – xis budes,
sadac sabelgadacmuli mSvildi da isrebi iyo moTavsebuli. Sua saukuneebis
dasawyisSi evraziis momTabareebi ukve sabeldaSvebul mSvilds inaxavdnen
grZel da wvril budeSi. IX-X saukuneebSi momTabareebi isev sabelgadacmul
mSvilds atareben Sesabamisi formis budeSi (Крыганов 1996: 344).
mSvildis gaZlierebam gaarTula sabelis swrafad gadacma da
aucilebeli gaxada axali formis SaliTis SemoReba (Nicolle 1997: 59). axal
budes hqonda daWimuli mSvildis naxevris forma, romelic saSualebas
iZleoda etarebinaT sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi myofi, sabelgadacmuli
mSvildi (Худяков 1997: 129). rogorc wesi, xilifa warmoadgenda xis karkasze
gadakrul tyavs, romelsac brtyeli forma hqonda (Медведев 1966: 23). 324 `xilifa – mSvildis Casadebeli~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993: 423).
175
naxevari mSvildis formis SaliTebi gansakuTrebiT farTod vrceldeba
monRolTa batonobis periodSi. am periodidan moyolebuli, qarTvelebic am
tipis mSvildis budes iyenebdnen, rac kargad Cans H1665 daviTnis
miniaturebze. miniaturebidan irkveva, rom mSvildis budes yovelTvis
marcxniv ikidebdnen sartyelze.
xilifas xSirad rTavdnen Zvlis ornamentuli firfitebiT (Малиновская
1974: 135). Zvlis firfitebiT morTuli kaparWi saqarTveloSic iyo
gavrcelebuli. amis Sesaxeb XIII saukunis sparsuli geografiuli traqtatis
„ajaib ad-dunias“ („samyaros sakvirvelebani“) cnoba metyvelebs, romlis
mixedviTac saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan spilos ZvliT
inkustrirebuli mSvildis SaliTebi da kaparWebi gahqondaT: `[Tbilisuri]
saqonelia: spilos ZvliT gawyobili ... kaparWebi da xilifebi~ (ajaib ad-
dunia 1978: 29).
kaparWi
isrebis Casawyob budes kaparWi ewodeba.325 aRmosavluri wyaroebis
mowmobiT, kaparWSi 25-30 isari eteoda (Arab Archery 1945: 154), Tumca meti an
naklebi moculobis kaparWic arsebobda (Никоноров 2004: 201). sabas mixedviT,
didi zomis kaparWs nijgori ewodeboda (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 596).
ZiriTadad ori tipis kaparWi arsebobda: grZeli cilindruli da ufro
mokle, brtyeli, gaxsnili abgis msgavsi (Nicolle 1990b: 13). cilindrul kaparWSi
isrebi wveriT zemoT da frTebiT qvemoT ideboda. aseTi kaparWi qvemoT
farTovdeboda, rom isris frTebi Tavisuflad da dauzianeblad
moTavsebuliyo (Малиновская 1974: 134). daxuruli formis cilindruli kaparWi
kargad icavs isrebs garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebisa da fizikuri
dazianebisagan. aseT kaparWSi isrebi qsovilis abgaSi moTavsebuli ideboda.
isris amoRebisas mas wvers qvemoT kidebdnen xels da kaparWidan
amoaZrobdnen. Semdeg isriani xeli mihqondaT marcxena, mSvildianTan da
isars gadascemdnen, marjvena xels ki Camoayolebdnen isris zros kilomde da
moargebdnen sabels. es Zalian swrafad xdeboda. gaufrTxileblobis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda isris amoRebisas siCqareSi mis pirze gaeWraT xeli
(Dwyer 1998).
325 `kaparWi – isris qarqaSi~ (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: 352).
176
yuTiseburi, isrebiT zemoT mimarTuli kaparWi momTabareebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da VI-VIII saukuneebSi mkvidrdeba evraziis stepebSi (Худяков
1980: 112-116, таб. XXXVI; Худяков 1986: 151-152, рис. 66; Худяков 1997: 69-70, рис. 44; 84-5,
рис. 53, 112-4, рис. 74; Худяков, Мякинников 1991: 60-63, рис. 1). TavianTi dapyrobebis
kvaldakval, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi monRolebma es kaparWi uzarmazar
teritoriebze gaavrceles (Малиновская 1974: 158-168; Худяков 1991: 126-127).326
monRoluri SeiaraRebis gavlenis qveS myofi qarTvelebi cilindrul
kaparWs iyenebdnen XIII-XIV saukuneebSi.327 kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT dawerili
arabuli samxedro naSromi „sruli rCevebi samxedro saqmeSi
gasawvrTnelad“328 saintereso cnobas gvawvdis kaparWis Sesaxeb, romelsac
qarTvelebi atarebdnen:
„kiTxva: rogor SevityoT saSiSroebis Sesaxeb sibneleSi an nislSi,
cudi mxedvelobis dros?
pasuxi: aiRe kaparWi zemoT mimarTuli isris pirebiT, iseTi, rogorsac
iyeneben qarTvelebi, da dacale. dade miwaze, daade Tavi da gaigoneb fexis an
Cliqebis xmas“.329
Sua saukuneebis islamuri aRmosavleTis erT-erT saukeTeso samxedro
traqtatSi yuTiseburi, milZabra, isris pirebiT zemoT mimarTuli qarTuli
kaparWis moxsenieba niSandoblivia da gviCvenebs, rom cilindruli kaparWi am
periodis qarTuli SeiaraRebisaTvis metad damaxasiaTebeli iyo.
II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi vrceldeba brtyeli kaparWebi, sadac isrebi
frTebiT maRla da isrispirebiT qvemoT iyo Calagebuli. isris sigrZis 1/3
326 raSid ad-dinis „jami aT-Tavarixis“ („istoriaTa krebuli“) XIV saukunis xelnawerSi
mogvepoveba baRdadis aRebis miniatura, sadac monRolebi msgavsi kaparWebiT arian
gamosaxulni (Blair 1995: 98-99). niu-iorkis metropolitenis muzeumis tibetur koleqciaSi
inaxeba monRoluri tipis aseTi unikaluri kaparWi, romelic radionaxSirbaduli meTodiT
1290-1410 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli (LaRocca 2006: 188, fig. 91).
327 aseT kaparWs XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi savaWro operaciebis dros sawyaodac ki
iyenebdnen, rogorc amas favnelis sabuTis gviandeli minaweri mowmobs: `TeTrsa ra angariSi
unda: kabarWiTa gardauwye~ (qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi 1984: 18).
328 Sedgenilia mamluqTa kavaleriisaTvis 1250-1500 wlebSi, moyvanili nawyveti dawerilia XIII
s. miwuruls an XIV s. dasawyisSi; tradiciulad miewereba muhamed ibn isa al-hanafi al-
aqsarais, romelic 1348 wels gardaicvala damaskoSi (Nicolle 2005).
329 d. nikoli SeniSnavs, rom kaparWis milZabra formis gamo is megafons waagavda da miwaze
mis farTo bolos debdnen (Nicolle 2005).
177
kaparWis zemoT iyo darCenili (Соловьев 1987: 33-34). XVI-XVII ss. brtyeli
kaparWebi tyavisagan mzaddeboda. maTi sigrZe 40-50 sm, xolo sigane (zeda) 17-
20 sm iyo, wona isrebis gareSe 600 grams ar aRemateboda (Медведев 1966: 23). aseT
kaparWSi, arCilis mixedviT, saWiro iyo isrebis `arc Sori-Sor da arc sula
axlo erTmanerTs miwyoba~ (arCili 1936: 6). cxadia, rom isrebi kaparWSi
(qarqaSSi) gansazRvruli SualedebiT unda moeTavsebinaT. v. elaSvilis
mixedviT, am mizniT qarqaSis ZirSi vertikalurad iyo Camagrebuli frinvelis
frTis Reroebi (elaSvili 1959: 21, 34).
orive tipis kaparWs ikidebdnen sartyelze an yawimiT mxarze Zvlis
anjamebisa da rkinis kauWebis saSualebiT (Arab Archery 1945: 154-155; Деревянко
1987: 62; Худяков, Мякинников 1991: 60). H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze qarTvelebs
cilindruli kaparWi marjvena mxares qamarze aqvT dakidebuli. kaparWi
sartyelze or adgilze magrdeboda. es meTodi monRolebisganaa
gadmoRebuli, romlebic kaparWs qamarze Zvlis firfitaSi gayrili RvedebiT
ikidebdnen (Горелик 2002: 19). welze kaparWis dakidebis meTodi SenarCunebulia
XV saukuneSi axali tipis, brtyeli kaparWis SemoRebis Semdegac: am epoqis
gulekaris, Jibianis, Tbilisis sionis da gurjaanis xatebze da bodornis
sawinamZRvro jvarze kaparWi marjvena mxaresaa qamarze dakidebuli
(Чубинашвили 1959: таб. 519-523). imave meTods vxedavT XVII saukuneSic:
TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebze (138, 255, 319) kaparWi kvlav welzea damagrebuli;
kaparWi welze kidia vaxtang gurielsac kastelis CanaxatSi.
Surduli
sabas mixedviT, Surduli qvis gasatyorcia (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1993:
310). Surduli distanciuri brZolis uZvelesi iaraRia, romelic adamianis
kunTis ZaliT tyorcnis qvas. is martivi konstruqciis da msubuqi iaraRi iyo,
Tumca misi efeqturad gamoyeneba mravalwlian wvrTnas moiTxovda.
sxva sasrol iaraRTan SedarebiT, Surdulis upiratesoba misi
simartive iyo. misi SekeTeba umokles droSi adgilzeve SeiZleboda mSvilds
(Hurley 1975: 34). Surduli warmoadgenda orad mokecil Rveds (an dawnul
Tasmebs) SuaSi brtyeli nawiliT qvis Casadebad (gamyreliZe, fircxalava,
yifiani 2005: 141). am brtyel nawils saqve, 50 sm sigrZis dawnul Tasmebs ki –
178
mana ewodeba (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37-38).330 Tasmis erT bolo mWidrod iyo
damagrebuli cerze, meore, Tavisufali bolo xelSi eWiraT, ramdenimegzis
datrialebis Semdeg ki uSvebdnen da Wurvs mowinaaRmdegisaken mimarTavdnen
(gasitaSvili 1957: 83; ColoyaSvili 1958: 38).
vegeciusis azriT, SeWurvili mebrZolisaTvis Surduli ufro saSiSi
iyo, vidre mSvildi, radganac mis Wurvs abjarSi SeuRwevladac SeeZlo
mowinaaRmdegis mwyobridan gamoyvana (Vegetius 1996: I.16). Zveli gamosaxulebebi
gviCvenebs, rom srolisas Surduls Tavs zemoT an sxeulis gverdze
atrialebdnen. Tanamedrove eqsperimentebi mowmobs, rom Surdulis qva 150-400
metrze mifrinavs (DeVries, Smith: 2007: 22). gamocdil xelSi Surduli
kompozitur mSvildze Sorsac ki isroda (Echols 1950: 228; McLeod 1965: 14), Tumca
mizanSi moxvedra mSvildiT ufro advili iyo.
SurduliT sasrolad iyenebdnen tyviis, gamomwvari Tixis da qvis
Wurvebs (Coulston 2002: 13). Surdulis Wurvis diametri 3-dan 6-8 sm iyo (Горелик
2003: 56). qvis minimaluri wona praqtikulad Tavad Surdulis wonas udrida
(Richardson 1998: 46). Wurvis formaze iyo damokidebuli misi balistikuri
Tvisebebi. CveulebrivTan SedarebiT, bevrad ukeTesi iyo wylisagan
momrgvalebuli qvebi (Echols 1950: 227).331
tyviisagan Camosxmuli Wurvi TiTqmis
naxevarjer ufro Sors mifrinavs, vidre ubralo qva (Richardson 1998: 47).
isrisagan gansxvavebiT, Surdulis qva Zneli SesamCnevi da rTuli
mosageriebeli iyo (Wilcox 1986: 46). mrgval, saSurdule qvebs qarTvelebi
sagangebo abgiT, e.w. tavarjuxiT atarebdnen, romelic H1665 daviTnis
miniaturaze daviTs aqvs Camokidebuli (ColoyaSvili 1958: 38).
Sua saukuneebis manZilze Surduli nel-nela kargavs mniSvnelobas.
savele brZolaSi is praqtikulad aRar figurirebs da ZiriTadad
gamagrebuli adgilebis dacvisas gamoiyeneba. amis ZiriTadi mizezi Surdulis
profesiulad momxmarebelTa simcire iyo, radganac misi gamoyeneba
330 H1665 daviTnis miniaturaze gamosaxul Surduls ori grexili Tasma aqvs. aseTive
grexilTasmiani Surduli saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia (Шервашидзе 1964: 70).
331 qarTuli eTnografiuli masalac mowmobs, rom saSurduled riyis qvebs arCevdnen
(ColoyaSvili 1958: 38).
179
bavSvobidanve gawafvas moiTxovda. Surduli ufro advilad asaTvisebelma
distanciurma iaraRma (mSvildi, arbaleti) Caanacvla.332
Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi praqtikulad ar moixsenieba qarTvelTa mier
Surdulis gamoyeneba.333 iSviaTad vxvdebiT meSurdulis gamosaxulebas
qarTul sinamdvileSic.334 aRsaniSnavia, rom H1665 daviTnSi meSurdule
gamosaxulia mxolod savaldebulo bibliur siuJetSi (daviTisa da goliaTis
brZolisas). es yovelive metyvelebs Surdulis gavrcelebisa da gamoyenebis
SezRudul arealze Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.335
amave dros, eWvgareSea, rom Surduli iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos
zogierT (mTian) regionSi da mosaxleobis jgufSi. amas mowmobs XVII
saukuneSi kastelis mier iSviaTi eqspresiulobiT Sesrulebuli svani
meSurdulis naxati (kasteli 1976: sur. 229). svaneTis mosaxleobam saukuneTa
manZilze SeinarCuna Surdulis gamoyenebis unari. svanebis mier qvebis
marjved srolas improvizebuli SurduliT XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi k.
borozdinic adasturebs (borozdini 1934: 186). eTnografiul
Tanamedroveobamde iyenebdnen Surduls xevsureTSic.336
qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsi Sua saukuneebSi
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis sistematizacia da klasifikacia
saSualebas gvaZlevs gavaerTianoT iaraRis calkeuli saxeobebi SeiaraRebis
erTian kompleqsSi, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul da mocemuli
332 evropul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Surdulis bolo gamoyeneba 1572 wels sanseris alyis
dros dasturdeba (Dohrenwend 2002: 31-32).
333 anonimi avtori mxolod erTgan, isic qarTvelTa mier arzrumis garemocvisas axsenebs
muslimuri garnizonis mier Surdulis gamoyenebas: „warmodges bansa zeda da SukTa Sina
isris msrolelni da qvis msrolelni“ (istoriani da azmani 1959: 59).
334 meSurdule gamosaxulia kabenze, X s. Zeglze qsnis xeobaSi (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37).
335 wyaroTa da ikonografiul monacemebs sxvagvarad afasebs k. ColoyaSvili, romelic Tvlis,
rom isini uxvi da sakmarisia (ColoyaSvili 1958: 37). am mosazrebas ver gaviziareb, miTumetes,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `istoriani da azmanis~ zemoxsnebul cnobaSi avtori qarTvelebs
xedavs arzrumel meSurduleebSi.
336 eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze, g. gasitaSvils aRwerili aqvs xevsurTa mier
Surdulis damzadebisa da srolis teqnika (gasitaSvili 1957: 82-83).
180
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel aRWurvilobas warmoadgens. SeiaraRebis
kompleqsis saTanado rekonstruqcia aucilebeli winapirobaa samxedro
xelovnebis srulfasovani SeswavlisaTvis.
SeiaraRebasa da taqtikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis analizi saSualebas
gvaZlevs gamovyoT oTxi periodi qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis
ganviTarebaSi. cxadia, periodebis mixedviT yovelTvis ver xerxdeba iaraRis
yvela tipis gamijvna, magram yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis gamoyofa.
amasTanave, ver gaviziarebT Sexedulebas, TiTqosda Sua saukuneebis
manZilze qarTuli aRWurviloba praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda.337 is
mudmivad viTardeboda, ganicdida sxvadasxva gavlenebs da epoqebisda
mixedviT icvleboda; gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia cvlilebebi TavdacviT
aRWurvilobaSi. ar icvleboda mxolod brZolis stili – mZimed aRWurvil
cxenosanTa taranuli dartyma, e.w. „Soki“. SeiaraRebis kompleqsze
dakvirvebac swored am ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis Tanmimdevruli Cvenebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsis ganviTarebaSi Semdegi periodebi
gamoiyofa: I periodi, romelic moicavs X s. – XIII s. I mesameds da romelsac
Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT rainduli epoqa; II periodi Seadgens XIII s. II
mesameds – XIV s. I naxevars da aRbeWdilia monRoluri gavleniT; III periodi
moicavs XIV s. II naxevars da XVI saukunis I naxevars da xasiaTdeba
SeiaraRebis damZimebiT; IV periodi grZeldeba XVI saukunis II naxevridan XVII
saukunis CaTvliT, romlis drosac Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis
kompleqsi saboloo saxiT yalibdeba.
I periodi (X s. – XIII s-is pirveli mesamedi)
gansaxilvel periods win uZRoda didi teqnologiuri cvlilebebi
SeiaraRebasa da samxedro saqmeSi, romlebic V-IX saukuneebSi mimdinareobda.
gansakuTrebiT didi cvlileba ganicada cxenis aRkazmulobam, aziuri
337 magaliTisTvis, ix. g. anCabaZis mosazreba, romelic Tvlis, rom XVII saukunis pirveli
naxevris qarTveli Subosani mxedris aRWurviloba praqtikulad igive iyo, rac klasikur Sua
saukuneebSi (Анчабадзе 1990: 165). ix. agreTve, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli SeiaraRebis aRweris
cda s. margiSvilis mier (margiSvili 2006: 186-189).
181
zegavlenis Sedegad gaumjobesda unagiri, aRviri, nalebi da rac mTavaria,
gavrcelda uzangi (Nicolle 1992: 4).
teqnologiur cvlilebebs Tan sdevs sazogadoebriv-politikuri
cvlilebebi. XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi rainduli sazogadoeba iwyebs
Camoyalibebas. XI saukunidan moyolebuli ganuxrelad izrdeba da sul ufro
SesamCnevi xdeba WabukTa roli. erTis mxriv, es ganpirobebuli iyo qarTul
samefoebSi omebisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis gazrdili masStabiT, rodesac
mefe-didebulebs meti mebrZoli sWirdebodaT sagareo Tu Sida omebisaTvis;
meores mxriv, kidev ufro gaizarda brZolaSi cxenosanTa roli. qveiTebTan
SedarebiT, cxenosani mebrZolis aRWurviloba kidev ufro ukeTesi xdeba da
misi upiratesoba da mniSvnelobac izrdeba. cxenosani mebrZolis samsaxuri
ufro profesiuli xdeba da SeiaraRebis fasis zrdasTan erTad misi
prestiJic izrdeba. XII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi profesionali meomari –
moyme gamodis asparezze.
miCneulia, rom qristianuli aRmosavleTis monumentur ferweraSi wminda
meomarTa gamosaxulebebis ricxvisa da mniSvnelobis zrda, aseve
frontalurad mdgomi SeiaraRebuli wminda meomris saxis damkvidreba XI
saukunidan iwyeba. z. sxirtlaZis azriT, aseTi tendenciebi saqarTveloSi
kidev ufro adre, IX-X saukuneebSi SeiniSneba (sxirtlaZe 2008: 179-182). es
ikonografiuli movlena, romelic Tanadroul realobas asaxavs,
sayovelTaoa qristianuli aRmosavleTisa da, mogvianebiT, dasavleT
evropisTvisac da dakavSirebulia Sua saukuneebSi profesional meomarTa –
raindTa dawinaurebasTan. kargad aRWurvili wmindanebis winaSe mdgomi
raindebi TiTqosda TavianT gamosaxulebas xedavdnen sarkeSi (Immerzeel 2003:
277). am procesebis adreuli mimdinareoba saqarTveloSi meomarTa fenis
dawinaurebaze mianiSnebs.
Cven xelT arsebuli yvela masala, werilobiTi, ikonografiuli Tu
arqeologiuri wyaroebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaxasiaToT am epoqis
qarTveli mebrZolis aRWurviloba, rogorc mZimedSeWurvili cxenosnis
SeiaraRebis kompleqsi, romelic TavdacviTi da SeteviTi iaraRis
mravalgvari nomenklaturisagan Sedgeboda.
rainduli epoqis qarTvel moymes exura sferokonusuri muzaradi, ecva
grZeli jaWvi da jaWvis sabarkuli, lamelaruli da qerclovani abjari,
ekeTa qafi da tyavis xalkotuba, fexze ecva cxenosnis sqeli Ceqmebi – mogvi,
182
xmarobda rogorc nuSisebur, ise mrgval fars, iyenebda grZel Subs da
grZel orlesul maxvils, xandaxan – laxtsac; hyavda jaWviT an lamelariT
SejavSnuli cxeni.
qarTveli mebrZoli yovelTvis, yvela epoqaSi gamoirCeoda kargi
dacviTi aRWurvilobiT. SeZlebuli meomrebi brZolisas ormag abjarsac
iyenebdnen da abjarze abjars icvamdnen. `vefxistyaosanSi~ aRwerilia ormagi
abjris (jaWvze lamelaris) gamoyeneba: `davekazmeniT saomrad jaWviTa, javSan-
qafiTa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 442), rodesac meomrebs jaWvis perangze
lamelaruli javSani acviaT, mxrebs ki qafi ufaravT.338
qarTveli moymis upirvelesi iaraRi grZeli Subi da maxvilia.339 grZeli
Subi aucilebeli iyo pirveli da, zogjer, gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis; Subis
damsxvrevis Semdeg brZolas maxviliT agrZelebdnen, romelic umTavresad
CexisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. es kargad Cans erT epizodSi, rodesac bevri
Cexisa da cemis Sedegad aRmaSeneblis xmals piri ise daeRrica, rom qarqaSSi
veRar Caages: `friadisa cemisagan Ãrmalmanca daRularWnilman uar yo
qarqaSi TÂsi~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 350).
am epoqis mxedarTa SeiaraRebaSi arsad Cans mSvildi. XIII saukunis
dokumentSi, romelic saukunis pirveli naxevris viTarebas asaxavs da
romelSic detaluradaa aRwerili „wesi da gangebaÁ mefeT kurTxevisaÁ“
(qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1965: 50-54), iaraRis CamoTvlisas gvxvdeba
mxolod xmali, Subi, fari, laxti da ar moixsenieba mSvildi. aqve, mefed
kurTxevis ceremoniis dros procesiis msvlelobisas iaraRis erTgvari
rangirebac Cans: mefes win Subi miuZRvis, samefo xmali gverdze moyveba, ukan
ki samefo fari da laxti mosdevs. es Tanmidevroba Subis did mniSvnelobas
usvams xazs.
Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi mSvild-isars
ugulvebelyofdnen da ar iyenebdnen. mSvildi did rols TamaSobda qveiTi
jaris SeiaraRebasa da taqtikaSi; mSvildis srola icodnen qarTvelma
338 qafis da lamelaris erTad gamoyenebaze sxvaganac vkiTxulobT: `abjarsa frewdis,
gacuddis simagre javSan-qafisa~ (SoTa rusTaveli 2009: str. 1417).
339 amas d. nikolic aRniSnavs (Nicolle 1986: 23).
183
mxedrebmac,340 xolo qronikebi xSirad aRniSnaven qarTvel mefeTa karg
moisrobas (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 315; laSa giorgis-droindeli mematiane 1955:
370; istoriani da azmani 1959: 6).341 qarTvel mefeTa da mTavarTa siCauqe da
aucdeneli srola nadirobisas xdeboda da ara brZolaSi, rasac, zogjer,
xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen. magaliTad, JamTaaRmwereli ase axasiaTebs beqa
jayels: `ZaliTa Zlier, omsa Sina mÃned mbrZoli, cxensa zeda mÃne da
moisari nadirTa Ãelovani~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 162). rogorc vxedavT,
moisroba garkveviTaa dakavSirebuli nadirobasTan. d. nikolic aRniSnavs, rom
„vefxistyaosanSi“ mSvildosnoba nadirobasTanaa kavSirSi da ara brZolasTan
(Nicolle 1986: 23; Nicolle 1999b: 79).
qarTveli mSvildosnebis ostatobis dasturs sxvadasxva wyaroebSic
vpoulobT. 998 wels, xlaTis alyis dros qalaqis gamosaxsnelad mosuli
arabTa razmis Semoteva mxolod taoelma mSvildosnebma moigeries isris
sroliT da sakmao zaralic miayenes maT (Асохик 1864: 193). qveiTi
mSvildosnebis mier arabTa Semotevis mogerieba metad niSandoblivia da
cxadyofs, rom taoel mSvildosnebs unda SeZlebodaT „zalpuri srola“, rac
maT disciplinasa da gawvrTnilobaze miuTiTebs.
XI saukunis SuaxanebSi dawerili poemis `vis o raminis~ avtori faxr
ad-din gorgani erT-erTi personaJi qalis (gulis) aRwerisas mis Tval-wamwams
qarTveli mSvildosnis mier nasrol isars adarebs (beraZe 1973: 79-80). poetis
mier gamoyenebuli es metafora erTmniSvnelovnad mianiSnebs im avtoritetze,
rac qarTvel mSvildosnebs hqondaT mopovebuli maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
qarTveli mSvildosnebi flobdnen isris srolis sxvadasxva meTods.
jruWis II oTxTavis 111r miniaturaze gamosaxulia qveiTi mSvildosnebi,
romlebic cixes isars esvrian da amave dros Tavs fariT icaven. am xerxs
„fars qvemodan srola“ ewodeba da mravalgzis aris moxseniebuli arabul
samxedro saxelmZRvaneloebSi (Nicolle 1997: 20; Nicolle 2002a: 187).342 aRsaniSnavia,
340 miuxedavad imisa, rom evropeli raindebi zemodan uyurebdnen mSvilds, rogorc „glexebis
iaraRs“, romelsac Soridan iyenebdnen, yvela maTgani swavlobda mis gamoyenebas (Nicholson
2004a: 100).
341 aseT faqtebs mravlad vxvdebiT dasavleT evropaSic. magaliTad, kargi mSvildosani iyo
inglisis mefe uiliam dampyrobeli da misi sami Svilic (Bradbury 1985: 5-6).
342 aseTi xerxiT isris srolis erT-erTi uadresi gamosaxuleba gvaqvs VIII saukunis
Suaxanebis kedlis moxatulobis fragmentze xirbaT al-mafjaridan (palestina) (Nicolle 1998b:
28; Nicolle 1993a: 36).
184
rom farqveSidan srolas azri aqvs sabelis ceriT mozidvisas, rodesac isari
mSvildis marjvnivaa moTavsebuli. saalyo brZolebis dros, es meTodi
saSualebas aZlevda msrolels SedarebiT uSiSrad miaxloveboda cixis
kedels (Nicolle 1998b: 158). aRsaniSnavia, amave oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze
realisturad gamosaxuli qveiTi mSvildosnebi: damcvelobiTi saWurvlidan
maT mxolod liTonis muzaradi da daliandagebuli qsovilis samosi acviaT
da SeiaraRebuli arian qveiTTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, SedarebiT didi zomis
kompozituri mSvildiT. moziduli isari yurTan aris mitanili.
XII saukunemde qarTul samxedro saqmeze did gavlenas axdenda
bizantiuri samxedro xelovneba. qarTul-bizantiuri kavSirebi gansakuTrebiT
intensiuri iyo X-XI saukuneebSi, xasiaTdeboda arabebTan erToblivi
brZolebiT, qarTvelebis monawileobiT bizantiur samoqalaqo omebSi da,
bolos, XI saukuneSi mimdinare mZafri urTierTdapirispirebiT. bizantiur-
qarTuli siaxlove am periodDis SeiaraRebis mraval aspeqtSi Cans.
bizantiuri traqtatebis Peri strategias da Praecepta militaria Tanaxmad, banakad
yofnisas jarikacebs, fexebTan axlos, fari Subze unda mieyudebinaT da ise
daesvenaT, rom gangaSis SemTxvevaSi orive iaraRi xelT hqonodaT. saTanado
magaliTebis moxmobiT, p. grotovski amtkicebs, rom am praqtikam bizantiur
ikonografiaSic hpova asaxva (Grotowski 2010: 224). aseTive, Subs miyudebul fars
vxedavT XI saukunis boWormis wm. giorgis xatze, rac SeiZleba imas niSnavdes,
rom qarTvelebic icnobdnen da icavdnen banakad yofnis am wess.
sxva magaliTebic gviCvenebs, rom qarTvelebi icnobdnen bizantiur
samxedro-Teoriul naSromebs. bizantiuri traqtatebis mixedviT, armiaSi
yovel danayofs Sesabamisi feris da moxatulobis fari unda hqonoda,
romelzec danayofis emblema unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli (Vegetius 1996: II.18;
Maurices’s Strategikon 1984: 139; Taktika 2010: 6.21; Kolias 1988: 125; Grotowski 2010: 236-237,
n421). qarTuli miniaturebis mixedviT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom msgavs
praqtikas, yovel SemTxvevaSi XI-XII saukuneebSi, saqarTveloSic hqonda
adgili. jruWis II oTxTavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxulia qveiTTa jgufi,
romelTac erTnairi emblemiT (naxevarmTvareTi) Semkuli fari uWiravT; aqve,
243v miniaturaze, qristes Sesapyrobad gagzavnil jariskacTa jgufs kvlav
identuri, lurj-wiTeli rgolebiT moxatuli, farebi aqvT.
bizantiur samyaroSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli qsovilisagan
damzadebuli, daliandagebuli da rbili SuasadebiTi Sevsebuli abjris
185
qvedatani (kremasmata), romelsac kirasaze imagrebdnen fexebis dasacavad. XI-
XII saukuneebSi bizantiaSi kremasmata liTonis firfitebiT Zlierdeba (Dawson
1998: 39, 46). gaZlierebuli kremasmata kidev ufro adre Cans saqarTveloSi: X
saukunis mravalZlis xatebze gamosaxul cxenosan da fexosan wm. giorgis
lamelaruli firfitebiT gaZlierebuli kremasmata acviaT.
X saukuneSi bizantiaSi adgili aqvs mZimed aRWurvili kavaleristis
rolis zrdas da Sesabamisad taqtikis cvlilebasac, rodesac cxenosanTa
dartymas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. a. hofmaieri miuTiTebs, rom leon brZeni
X saukunis taqtikaSi met mniSvnelobas aniWebs maxvils da sxeulis dacvas,
vidre mavrikiosi strategikonSi, rac kavaleriis taqtikis cvlilebaze da
mZimed SeWurvili cxenosnis mniSvnelobis zrdaze miuTiTebs (Hoffmeyer 1966:
44). amave dros, niSandoblivia, rom X saukunis bizantiuri kavaleriis
SeiaraRebis „damZimebisa“ da grZeli abjris SemoRebis sailustraciod
evropel mecnierebs mohyavT nikorwmindis eklesiaze gamosaxuli wminda
meomrebis mZime SeiaraReba anu magaliTi misi mezoblis – saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebidan (Nicolle 1980: 11).343
X-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mZime SeiaraRebas mravali ucxoeli avtori
aRniSnavs. ioane drasxanakerteli ase aRwers dasavleT saqarTvelos (afxazTa
samefos) mxedrobas X saukuneSi: „didZali jari, SeWurvili haerSi monavarde
raSebiT, rkina naWedi abjriT, SiSis momgvreli CafxutebiT, mkerdis safari
rkinis lursmnebiani firfitebiTa da magari farebiT, samkaulebiT, SubebiTa
da laxvrebiT~ (ioane drasxanakerteli 1965: 257). „mkerdis safar rkinis
lursmnebian firfitebSi“ uSecdomod SegviZlia amovicnoT moqloniani
lamelaruli kirasa, sadac „lursmani“ moqlons aRniSnavs. XI saukunis
bizantieli avtori mixeil ataliate bizantielebTan omSic ki xazs usvams
qarTvelTa mZime SeiaraRebas da ambobs, rom qarTvelTa „simamaces ara
mxolod simravle ganapirobebda, aramed isic rom umZlavresi abjriT iyvnen
daculi da ara mxolod sakuTar Tavs, aramed SejavSnul da mouwyvlad
cxenebsac yvela mxridan [abjriT] faravdnen“ (mixeil ataliate 1966: 27). aseve,
XI saukuneSi aristakes lastiverteci sagangebod aRniSnavs qarTuli
SeiaraRebis simZimes da mas bizantielebze erTi warumatebeli Setevis
mizezadac ki asaxelebs (aristakes lastiverteci 1974: 51).
343 ramdenad koreqtulia es magaliTi da asaxavs Tu ara realurad bizantiur SeiaraRebas,
sxva sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvis adgilic aq ar aris.
186
ram ganapiroba qarTuli aRWurvilobis aseTi mravalferovneba da
mowinave teqnologiebi? umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iqneboda saqarTvelos
geografiuli mdebareoba da mudmivi kontaqtebi nomadur CrdiloeTTan344 da
samxreTiT iranul-arabul-bizantiur samyarosTan da sxvadasxva iaraRis
sistemebTan; IX-X saukuneebSi SeiaraRebis ganviTarebas Zlier impulss
miscemda qarTul miwebze axali samefoebis warmoqmna, romlebic mezoblebTan
mudmiv omebSi imyofebodnen; aseve, xels Seuwyobda feodaluri wyoba
saqarTveloSi, mdidari da mravalricxovani feodaluri klasi, romlis
mudmivi moTxovnileba iqneboda maRali xarisxis iaraRi.
X saukunidan saqarTveloSi damkvidrebas iwyebs wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZolis wesi. qarTuli aRWurvilobis mimoxilva gvarwmunebs, rom es wesi
ukve gavrcelebulia XI saukuneSi. am saukunis pirveli naxevridan mainc,
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba nuSiseburi fari. am faris mravalricxovani
gamosaxulebebi mogvepoveba freskebze, Wedur xatebsa da miniaturebze.
nuSiseburi fari warmoadgens brZolis stilis cxad adaptacias (France 1994:
295)345
da misi farTo gavrceleba swored wagrZelebuli Subis damkvidrebaze
miuTiTebs.
wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia cxenze jdomis
rainduli wesis Camoyalibeba, rodesac mxedris fexi grZel uzangSia gayrili
da winaa gaSverili. XI saukunidan dawyebuli, Cven gvaqvs wminda mxedarTa
araerTi gamosaxuleba, sadac cxenze jdomis es `laTinuri wesia~
dadasturebuli: aseTia labeWinis, lafsyaldis, murkmeris, lemsias da beCos
xatebi, faris, laSTxveris, walenjixis da dirbis freskebi, nikorwmindis
taZris bareliefebi da sxv. (wurwumia 2013b: 336). gaSverili fexis magaliTebi
gvxvdeba agreTve, samSeneblo keramikaze (jRamaia 1974: 239, tab. II), gulsakid
medalionze areSidan wm. giorgis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT (WilaSvili 1990:
28, sur. 23) da daviT narinis vercxlis monetaze (dundua, jalaRania 2009: 45).
344 nomaduri gavlenis maCvenebelia nikorwmindis taZris (1010-14) dasavleTis portalze wm.
Tevdores reliefi grZeli qerclovani abjriT, romlis Targi momTabareebis firfitovan
abjars mogvagonebs (aladaSvili 1957: tab. 19). am tipis grZeli abjari damaxasiaTebeli iyo
centraluri aziisaTvis, saidanac gavrcelda kidec mTel msoflioSi (Gorelik 1979: 40).
345 l. uaiti nuSisebur fars cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis `safirmo niSans~ uwodebs (White
1975: 99).
187
XI saukunis bolodan da XII saukuneSi qarTul brZolis wesze gavlenas
axdens dasavleTevropuli samxedro xelovneba, romelic jer frankma
moqiravneebma da Semdeg, jvarosnebma moitanes aRmosavleTSi. wagrZelebuli
SubiT brZolis wesTan erTad, saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs cxenosanTa
dartymiTi taqtika, romelmac mravali warmateba moutana qarTul laSqars.
II periodi (XIII s-is meore mesamedi – XIV saukunis I naxevari)
XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi saqarTveloSi monRolebi batondebian. maT
didi kvali daatyves qarTul samxedro saqmes, iseve rogorc sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva sferoebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva
kvlav rCeba qarTvelTa umTavres taqtikur iaraRad, SeiaraRebaSi Cndeba
mSvildi, romelic Tavis mniSvnelobas XVIII saukunemde inarCunebs. amave
periodSi mkvidrdeba jaWvis abjris gamaZlierebeli samkerde firfitebi –
polotikebi; batondeba moxrili xmali da farikaobis swrafi manera, Semodis
cxenze jdomis aziuri manera mokle uzangiT da moxrili fexiT (la jineta), rac
pirvel rigSi, moxrili xmlis gamoyenebis aucileblobiT iyo nakarnaxebi:
grZeli uzangis dros SeuZlebelia uzangze damdgarma cxenidan maRla
wamoiwio da efeqturad ifarikavo (Prestwich 1995: 205-206). Tumca, grZeli
uzangisa da gaSverili fexis magaliTebi bolomde gvxvdeba qarTul
sinamdvileSi. saerTo jamSi, es iyo Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli samxedro saqmis
mier gancdili yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba, rodesac raindul-evropuli
brZolis wesi da taqtika momTabareTa gavleniT transformirda da mravali
aziuri niSani SeiZina.
am xanis qarTvel mebrZols exura jalaledinis tipis muzaradi, ecva
grZeli jaWvi da lamelari, ekeTa polotiki, qafi, ecva sabarkuli, mogvi da
hqonda mrgvali fari; upirveles iaraRad isev Subi rCeboda, romlis garda
flobda moxril xmals, laxts, monRolur mSvilds da cilindrul kaparWs;
ijda SejavSnul cxenze.
XIV saukunis pirveli naxevris xelmwifis karis garigebaSi
CamoTvlilia saxelmwifo arsenalSi (zaradxanaSi) daculi saWurveli,
saidanac naTelia, rom mSvildi ukve damatebulia savaldebulo iaraRis
CamonaTvals: „jaWvi, muzaradi, Ãmali, qafa, sabarkuli, mSÂld-kaparWi, laxti,
Subi...“ (garigeba Ãelmwifis karisa 1965: 87). d. nikolic SeniSnavs momTabarul-
188
monRoluri zegavleniT qarTuli mxedrobis brZolis wesis TandaTanobiT
transformacias xelCarTulidan mSvildosnobamde (Nicolle 1999b: 79).
JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs 1260-ian wlebSi monRolebTan laSqrad
myofi sargis jayelis Cubinobis Sesaxeb: „xolo iqmna eseca, romel razmsa
Sina gaxlta Sueli, sada-igi sargis jayelman, abjarcmulman, mokla. da
mcired warvles da meli mokla, igica sargis, isriTa. da waiares da
yurdgeli mokla. da amas samsave xedvida ulo yaeni, da didad aqo sargis, da
keTilad uTqmida mravalsa“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 133). abjarasxmuli sargisis
mier cxenidan isris ucdomelad srola qarTveli mematianis gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom brZolis es xerxi
SedarebiT axali damkvidrebulia qarTul sinamdvileSi.
amave laSqrobaSi, monRolTa Sinaomisas vxvdebiT matianeSi aRweril
iSviaT SemTxvevas, rodesac qarTveli (daviT VII) brZolaSi mSvilds iyenebs,
isic monRolebis gverdze da brZolis dasawyisSi, sanam qarTvelebi Setevaze
gadavidodnen: „maSin daeaxlnes spani ornive urTierTas, da gamoCnda kaci
erTi saxelovani maT Soris, romeli warmoevlina didsa yaensa berqas, rameTu
yaeni ara warmosrul iyo. ese moeaxla mefesa daviTs, romlisaTÂs didad
Sewuxnes spani mefisani, rameTu iyo kaci ese didi da magriad da ucTomlad
moisari. xolo mefeman aRmoiRo mSÂldi qarqaSiT, da hkra cxensa missa
mkerdsa, da daaso da gulsa ganvlo. xolo qarTvelTa ganmxiarulebulTa
aRizaxnes da mietevnes“ (JamTaaRmwereli 1987: 134).
XIV saukunis qarTvelTa brZolis stili asaxuli oRuzur eposSi,
sadac aRwerilia am saukuneSi saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan qarTvelTa
da momTabare Turq tomebTan Setakebebi (ClaiZe 2004: 155). `qorquTis wignis~
mixedviT qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaa muzaradi, grZeli Subi (maT Soris bambukis),
xmali, kaparWi (anu mSvild-isari), eqvsfrTiani laxti (dede qorquTi 1987: 47-
48, 149); brZolis dros qarTvelebi isrebsac iyeneben (dede qorquTi 1987: 48,
93).
miuxedavad SeiaraRebaSi mSvildis danergvisa, es ar niSnavs, rom
qarTvelebi isriT srolis da brZolis im taqtikas aiTvisebdnen, romelsac
monRolebi (da zogadad, momTabareebi) flobdnen da rac gulisxmobda
mowinaaRmdegis moqancvas mudmivi sacecxle zemoqmedebiT, masTan miaxloebas,
isrebiT dacxrilvas, ukan Semoqcevas da isev Tavidan Setevas. safiqrebelia,
rom qarTvelebi iyenebdnen isris srolis im meTods, romelsac „isris wvima“
189
ewodeba da romelsac, Tavis droze, iyenebdnen sasanelebi, Semdeg ki abasiani,
selCuki da egvipteli mamluqebi (Smith 1997: 256, n32). „isris wvimis“ dros
adgilze idgnen da konkretul samiznes ki ar umiznebdnen, aramed
mowinaaRmdegis masisaken mimarTuli swrafi sroliT346 „mkvdar zonebs“
qmnidnen brZolis velze. aseTi srola nakleb msxverpls iwvevda, magram did
gavlenas axdenda mowinaaRmdegis moralze, cxenebze (Nicolle 1999a: 187),
momqancvel momTabarul taqtikasTan SedarebiT cxenebis nakleb ricxvs
saWiroebda, naklebad Rlida msrolels da iZleoda mZime abjris gamoyenebis
saSualebas (Nicolle, 2007a: 35).347
aseTi varaudis uflebas gvaZlevs qarTvelTa
cilidruli kaparWebi, romlebic swrafad srolisaTvis aris gamiznuli348 da
isic, rom qarTveli cxenosnis zogierTi varjiSi mamluqTa mzadebas hgavda
da, albaT, maTgan iyo gadmoRebuli: aseTia yabaxi, romelic sagangebod
SerCeul moedanze imarTeboda da isris srolaSi varjiSs warmoadgenda. am
dros maRal Zelze damagrebul samiznes WenebiT uaxlovdebodnen da isars
esrodnen. samiznes qabaq ewodeboda, rac sityvasityviT gogras niSnavs (Rabie
1975: 160). es saxelwodeba qarTulSicaa Semosuli: samxedro TamaSobas,
romlis drosac maRal samiznes esvrian, qarTuladac yabaxi qvia. marTalia,
yabaxi moZraobisas srolis unars aviTarebs, magram es axlo manZilze
xdeboda da araferi aqvs saerTo momTabareTa momqancvel taqtikasTan (Nicolle
1986: 39).
III periodi (XIV saukunis II naxevari – XVI saukunis I naxevari)
XIV saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba didi cvlilebebi SeiaraRebaSi,
romelic mimdinareobs TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis gaZlierebis niSniT. am
dros Cndeba sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis firfitovani dacva, rogoricaa
346 srulad gawvrTnil mamluqs pirveli xuTi isari 2,5 wamSi unda esrola (Nicolle 1999a: 187).
aseT siswrafes qveiTi mamluqisagan iTxovdnen, Tumca cxenze uZravad mjdomsac ar eqneboda
bevrad uaresi Sedegi (Smith 1997: 257). TiTqos aseT teqnikasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac zemoT
aRweril epizodSi daviT VII dgas da moaxloebul mters esvris; samwuxarod, es erTi
izolirebuli magaliTi ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva.
347 es iyo mZlavri iaraRi, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana mamluqebis mier mogebul
brZolebSi RazasTan (1244), ain jaluTTan (1260), homsTan (1281) da SaqabTan (1303) (Nicolle 1986:
39; Nicolle 1993b: 14).
348 swrafad srolaze vrclad ix. Smith 1997: 256-258.
190
samuxle, sawvive, samklave; XV saukuneSi icvleba saisre kaparWis forma:
cilindrulis nacvlad tyavis brtyeli abga mkvidrdeba.
am periodis qarTveli meomari aRWurvilia sferokonusuri vavelis
tipis muzaradiT, tanze acvia jaWv-firfitovani abjari da laminari, sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilze morgebuli aqvs sabarkuli sayirmuziT, liTonis
firfitovani wvivsafari, qafi da samklave, fexze mogvi acvia da mrgval fars
xmarobs. SeteviTi iaraRi warmodgenilia SubiT, moxrili xmliT, mSvild-
kaparWiT da laxtiT; ijda jaWv-firfitovani abjriT SejavSnul cxenze.
XIV saukunis meore naxevris SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb umdidres informacias
gvawvdis H1665 daviTni. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is gviCvenebs monRolur-
nomaduri gavleniT transformirebul qarTul mxedrobas, romelic
inarCunebs ra cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis da wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis
stils, amave dros, sxva meTodiTac iyenebs Subs. aRsaniSnavia, rom daviTnis
miniaturebSi mxedrebs SubTan erTad mSvild-kaparWic hkidiaT, magram
miniaturebSi erTxelac (!) ki ar aris brZolisas mSvildis gamoyeneba
naCvenebi. rainduli periodis grZeli uzangisagan gansxvavebiT, daviTnis
miniaturebSi Cans damoklebuli uzangi. miniaturebze gamosaxuli didi da
mZime xmlebi yovelTvis mcired ganxrili, Rariani da wverwamaxulia.
H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze erTi ucnauroba SeiniSneba: mxedrebi
yovelTvis ufarodaa gamosaxuli, maSin rodesac qveiTebi farebiT arian
aRWurvilni. l. ServaSiZem SeniSna, rom fexosanTagan gansxvavebiT cxenosnebi
fars ar floben, samagierod maT damatebiT gaaCniaT samklave, wvivsafari,
samuxle. es kanonzomiereba H1665 da H75 daviTnis yvela miniaturaSi
SeimCneva.349 am movlenis axsnaSi ucxouri paralelebi dagvexmareba. XIV
saukunidan dawyebuli, firfitovani abjris gavrcelebam dasavleT da
centralur evropaSi fari dromoWmuli gaxada. XV saukuneSi raindi
brZolaSi ukve aRar atarebda fars (Clements 2005: 464-465; Nickel 1988: 220).
rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSic SeiaraRebis damZimebam da dacvis axali
elementebis gamoCenam – abjars, muzarads, sabarkuls daemata samklave,
349 l. ServaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom cxenosanTa ufaroba ewinaaRmdegeba Semdgomi xanis mxatvrul
da werilobiT monacemebs qarTuli SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, Tumca am Seusabamobis axsnas ver
poulobs (Шервашидзе 1964: 63).
191
samuxle da sawvive – pirvel xanebSi faris ugulvebelyofac ki gamoiwvia.350
yovel SemTxvevaSi, drois garkveul monakveTSi (XIV saukuneSi) saqarTveloSi
es tendencia SeiniSneba. amave dros, polonel, rus da litvel cxenosanTa
isris setyvaSi moxvedrili tevtoni raindebi iZulebulni arian farebs
daubrundnen (Nickel 2002: 116). rogorc Semdgomi periodis masala gvaCvenebs,
abjris gaZlierebiT gaTamamebuli qarTvelebic cota xanSi isev fars
ubrundebian, miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi
mSvenivrad flobdnen mSvild-isars.
miuxedavad saqarTvelos Znelbedobisa XV-XVI saukuneebSi, misi
mebrZolebi SeiaraRebis naklebobas ar ganicdidnen. XVBI saukunis dasawyisSi
erT konkretul SemTxvevaSi erTi kuTxis (svaneTis) warmomadgenlebi 300 (!)
kargi xarisxis jaWvis abjars ixdian jafariZeTa sisxlis sanacvlod da es
maSin, rodesac 100 cali jaWvi ukve gadaxdili hqondaT tyveTa
gasaTavisufleblad. es faqti qveyanaSi arsebul saWurvlis siuxveze
metyvelebs.351
epoqis TavdacviTi aRWurvilobis sikeTe kargad Cans XV saukunis erTi
sabuTidan, sadac zedginiZe brZolaSi mefe giorgi VIII-is gadarCenis ambavs
mogviTxrobs: „ocdaoTxi Subi da isari da Ãrmali meso, iseTman wamoviyvane“
giorgi mefe omidano (berZeniSvili 1965: 121). zedmetia im abjris xarisxze
vilaparakoT, romelmac 24 dartymas gauZlo.
IV periodi (XVI saukunis II naxevari – XVII saukune)
XVII saukuneSi feodaluri epoqis qarTuli molaSqris SeiaraRebis
kompleqsi saboloo saxiT yalibdeba. am periodis qarTul SeiaraRebaze did
gavlenas axdens misi mezoblebis, iranisa da TurqeTis samxedro saqme.
mebrZolis aRWurvilobas emateba liTonis firfitovani kirasa – Car-aina,
Cndeba liTonis fari da kalkani da lekuri xmali. XVI saukunis meore
naxevarSi saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs cecxlsasroli iaraRi: rusi elCebis
zvenigorodskis da antonovis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, 1590 wels kaxeTis mefe
aleqsandre II-s (1574-1605) 500 kaciani TofosanTa razmi hyavda (Сношения России
350 Sua saukuneebis yirgizi meomris aRWurvilobis Seswavlisas aseTive daskvnamde mivida i.
xudiakovi (Худяков 1980: 133-134).
351 ix. 1503 wlis sabuTi „wigni aleqsandre mefisa svanTa mier jafariZeTa sasisxlos
gadaxdaze“ (svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi 1986: 113-115).
192
с Кавказом 1889: 171). Tumca, XVII saukunis bolomde saqarTveloSi
naklebefeqturi patruqiani Tofia gavrcelebuli, ris gamoc sabrZolo
moqmedebebSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis roli mcirea da is arc Sedis qarTvel
mxedarTa SeiaraRebaSi.
XVII saukuneSi yvelaze kargad aRWurvil qarTvel meomars exura
kastelis da TavaqaraSviliseuli muzaradi, ecva grZeli jaWvi, romelsac
Car-aina aZlierebda, ekeTa jaWvis an jaWv-firfitovani sabarkuli da
samklave, ecva mogvi da iyenebda kalkans an liTonis mrgval fars; is
ibrZoda SubiT, qarTuli, iranuli an induri moxrili xmliT, laxtiT,
Turqul-iranuli mSvildiT da brtyeli kaparWiT. cecxlsasroli iaraRis
gavrcelebasTan erTad cxenis abjari sul ufro kargavs azrs da qsovilis
qejimiT an gavaze gadafarebuli cxovelis tyaviT icvleba.
ra Tqma unda, es mxolod ZiriTadi da yvelaze mZime SeiaraRebis
CamonaTvalia, romlis mravalgvari da ufro msubuqi variantebic arsebobda.
„rusudanianSi“ CamoTvlilia ZiriTadi „saomari iaraRi – jaWvi, javSani,
xmali, laxti, zuCi, xelnavi da yoveli saWurveli“ (rusudaniani 1957: 323);
vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aRwerili qarTuli SeiaraReba ki ufro vrceli
da mravalferovania: „saomarni saWurvelni aqundaT: javSani, xvafTani,
polotikni, sabarkulni, muzaradni, Cabalaxni, Ãmalni, xanjalni, laxtni,
Cuglugni, gurzni, orolni, Subni, xiStni da mSÂldisarni“ (vaxuSti
batoniSvili 1973: 18). `SahnavazianSi~ iaraRis asxmis procesSi mocemuli
saxeobebi ZiriTadad emTxveva orive CamonaTvals:
`moirTo jaWvi, javSani, viTa lomgulTa wesia;
muzaradi da xufTani, kldisaganc umagresia;
sabarkuli da zaradi, erTmaneTs ukeTesia;
sakueTrad Ãmali da xiSti, samsalad moulesia~ (feSangi 1935: 140-141).
sayuradReboa, rom „rusudanianic“ da `Sahnavazianic~ erTmaneTis
gverdze asaxelebs jaWvs da javSans, romlebic aSkarad sxvadasxva dacviTi
saSualebebia. `SahnavazianSi~ aseTi adgilebi kidev gvxvdeba: „ecva jaWui da
javSani, cxensa jda omTa Cueuli~; „jaWui acuiaT, javSani, rkinaSi
gamoTlilia~ (feSangi 1935: 141, 182). cxadia, aq javSani Car-ainas Seesabameba,
romelsac jaWvis perangze icmevdnen, miT umetes, rom `rkinaSi gamoTlili
javSani~ calsaxad miuTiTebs Car-ainas rkinis fifitebze.
193
ucnobi avtoris mier 1696 wels daxatuli batoniSvil aleqsandre
arCilis Zis portreti warmogvidgens aRWurvilobas, romelsac XVII saukunis
bolos qarTveli didgvarovani atarebda (saganZuridan 2012: 133): aleqsandres
acvia sayeloiani, grZelmklavebiani jaWvi, ukeTia samklaveebi mtevnis
dasacavi wiTeli xaverdis sarCuliani jaWvis TaTmaniT, jaWvze acvia
mdidrulad mozarniSebuli Car-aina. batoniSvils welze kidia induri xmali
talvari, romlis cnobac damaxasiaTebeli tariT aris SesaZlebeli,
sartyelSi ki aRmosavluri xanjali aqvs gayrili.
rogorc vxedavT, aleqsandres aRWurviloba adgilobrivi da
aRmosavluri (iranul-induri) iaraRis nazavs warmoadgens, rac imis
maCvenebelia, rom qarTuli SeiaraRebis kompleqsSi ucxouri elementebic
TvalsaCino rols TamaSobda. aRmosavluris garda, saqarTveloSi evropuli
iaraRic Semodioda.352 gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovna iyo evropul xmlis
pirebze, romlebsac Semdeg mTel kavkasiaSi adgilobriv tars argebdnen da
msgavsi piris gamoWedvisas, evropuli damRebis imitaciasasac eweodnen.
xevsureTSi evropuli warmoSobis xmlebi („daviTferuli“, „franguli“)
maRali reputaciiT sargeblobda da maT „jiSian“ xmalTa kategorias
akuTvnebdnen. adgilobrivi, kavkasiuri xmlebi („lekuri“, „Waruli“) ki
„ujiSo“ xmlebis rigs miekuTvneboda da gacilebiT iafi (3 Zroxa) Rirda
(gasitaSvili 1957: 88).353 evropuli iaraRis xsenebas, romelsac zogadad
franguls uwodebdnen, xSirad vxvdebiT xalxuri poeziaSi: „xmalma Tqva
frangeTs naWedma, frangma frangeTSi gamWeda“; „frangSi ostatma damWeda“;
„xmalo frangisa naWedo“ (gasitaSvili 1957: 88). gansakuTebiT xSiria
„franguli“ xmlis xseneba XVII saukuneSi, rodesac is, induri xmlis
msgavsad, ukve literaturul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba: „frangulma Seqna briali“,
„maRla artyia franguli“ (tlaSaZe 1962: 22, 33); „xmali Tqveni, franguli“
(arCili 1937: 12).
352 l. ServaSiZec aRniSnavs XVI saukuneSi saqarTveloSi, diplomatiuri Tu savaWro gziT,
evropuli iaraRis infiltracias (ServaSiZe 1959: 379).
353 s. makalaTias mowmobiT, aqaur xmlebSi yvelaze Zvirfasi daviTferulia, romelsac 25
Zroxad afaseben, franguli 10-12 Zroxa Rirs, gorda – 4-5 Zroxa (makalaTia 1984: 147).
194
metad damaxasiaTebelia XVII saukuneSi ruseTis xelmwifisaTvis rostom
mefis mier gagzavnili saCuqrebis CamonaTvali,354 sadac vxvdebiT Zvirfas,
oqroTi morTul nivTebs, rogoricaa induri mSvildi da misi bude, laxti,
espanuri satevari da sabrZolo najaxi, Tavrizuli Tofi, konstantinopoluri
ToqalTo da cxenis gadasafareblebi, aseve, oTxi bedauri (cincaZe 1965: 34).
rogorc am siidan Cans, saqarTveloSi mraval qveyanaSi warmoebuli iaraRi da
aRWurviloba xvdeboda.
uklebliv yvela werilobiTi wyaro, romelic XVI-XVII saukuneebis
qarTveli mebrZolis SeiaraRebas aRwers, adasturebs rom isini kargad iyvnen
aRWurvilni. qarTuli wyaroebisaTvis Cveuli iyo srulad SeWurvili meomris
moxsenieba: „esre SeWedili aris, rome arca Tunda frCxili uCans~; „kaci da
cxeni Savi rkiniTa ese SeWedili iyvnes, rom bewvi kacs ar uCnda~ (qaixosro
ColoyaSvili 1979: 163, 166-167). kasteli qarTvelebze wers, rom „TiTqmis
mTeli xalxi ganwyobilia iaraRisadmi“ (kasteli 1976: 88). XVI saukunis
bolos qarTlsa da kaxeTSi kargad SeiaraRebuli, SejavSnuli („javSnosani“)
jaris yofnas hasan rumluc adasturebs: „luarsabis Svili daviT-begi ...
javSnosani meomrebis razmiT Tavisi Zmis winaaRmdeg qalaqidan gamovida“;
„aleqsandre javSnosani jariT daiZra“ (hasan rumlus 1966: 38, 40).
XVII saukuneSi Sardeni aRwers dasavleT saqarTvelos da aRniSnavs
adgilobrivTa daxelovnebas SubiT brZolaSi: „megrelebis iaraRia: Subi,
mSvild-isari, mouxreli swori xmali, kombali,355 fari; cecxlsasrol iaraRs
cotani Tu xmaroben. isini kargi meomrebi da kargi mxedrebi arian. Zalian
daxelovnebuli arian Subis xmarebaSi“ (Sardeni 1975: 119). mas kvers ukravs
lambertic: megrelebs `yoveli iaraRi ise gamowyobili aqvT, rom mTavris
pirvelsave brZanebisamebr SeeZloT laSqrad gasvla. garda amisa loginSi
rom isveneben, mSvild-isari, far-xmali, abjari da samajeebi356 sasTumalTan
udevT xolme, raTa saWiroebisamebr sabrZolvelad mzad iyvnen~ (lamberti
1991: 83).
1647 wels qarTulma jarma da aRWurvilobam Zlieri STabeWdileba
moaxdina Turq mogzaur evlia Celebize: „samegrelos jarebs SevxvdiT. movida
354 ruseTSi aRmosavluri, kerZod iranuli, Zvirfasad morTuli iaraRi Zvirad fasobda da
fufunebis sagnad iTvleboda (kucia 1966: 50).
355 unda iyos laxti.
356 unda iyos samklave.
195
sami aTasamde Cacmul-daxuruli, SeiaraRebuli, TaviTfexebamde cisfer
rkinaSi Camjdari, xelSubiani,357 qeheilanis cxeniani, gveleSapiviT vaJkaci
megreli aznauri, aTasamde qveiTi meTofe da qarTveli warCinebuli“ (evlia
Celebi 1971: 323). aseve kargad SeiaraRebulia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
laSqaric: „Teimuraz-xanis Svili sami aTasi SeiaraRebuli, srulyofili,
TaviT fexebamde rkinaSi Camjdari qarTveli vaJkacebiT, ori aTasi qveiTi
jariT da meTofe jariT movida“ (evlia Celebi 1971: 332).
rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis mTel sigrZeze mZimed SeiaraRebuli
mxedari warmoadgens wamyvan figuras qarTul samxedro saqmeSi, axlo
manZilze xelCarTuli brZola ki bolomde inarCunebs prioritets. mZimed
SeWurvili mxedari kavaleriis araTu ZiriTad, aramed erTaderT saxeobas
warmoadgenda.358 rac Seexeba qveiT jars, masSi tradiciulad gamoiyofeboda
ufro mZime – Subosan-maxvilosanTa da msubuqi – mSvildosanTa razmebi.
SeiaraRebis kompleqsisa da misi calkeuli komponentebis Seswavlam,
iaraRis SedarebiTi analizma da istoriul konteqstSi ganxilvam misi
sistematizaciisa da ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebis gamovlenis saSualeba
mogvca. ganxiluli masalis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi daskvnebis
gakeTeba da qveyanaSi samxedro saqmis ganviTarebis donis Sefaseba. X-XII
saukuneebSi qarTuli samxedro xelovneba srulad pasuxobda mis winaSe
mdgar amocanebs da xSirad mowinavec iyo regionSi. XIII-XV saukuneebSi,
miuxedavad saqarTvelos politikuri dacemisa da rRvevisa, qarTveli
mebrZolis aRWurviloba da taqtika epoqis moTxovnebs Seesabameboda da
qveynis mmarTvelTa SeuTanxmeblobisa da Secdomebis miuxedavad, arsebobas
unarCunebda mas. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi sazogadoebrivi sistemis dacemas da
qveynis daqucmacebulobas Tan daerTo teqnologiuri CamorCena
cecxlsasroli iaraRis dargSi. qarTuli samxedro organizacia ukve veRar
pasuxobda drois moTxovnebs. aseTi mZime mocemulobis miuxedavad, qarTul
saxelmwifoTa mesveurebs mudam SeeZloT dayrdnobodnen laSqris elitas,
mZimed SeWurvil cxenosnebs, romlebic mezobel imperiaTa saukeTeso
nawilebsac ar udebdnen tols.
357 igulisxmeba, rom xelT Subi epyraT.
358 mcdaria mosazreba Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli msubuqi cxenosani danayofebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb (margiSvili 2006: 190).
196
yvela epoqaSi qarTul samxedro saqmes axasiaTebda mezobeli qveynebisa
da kulturebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, mowinave teqnologiebisa da
ucxo novaciebis aTviseba, ramac, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis pirobebSi
da XVI-XVII saukuneebSi materialur-teqnikuri bazis CamorCenis drosac,
saSualeba misca qarTul saxelmwifoebs umZimes viTarebaSic ki industriuli
epoqis dadgomamde SeenarCunebinaT arseboba.
197
Semoklebani
TsuS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi
TsusiiS – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis
institutis Sromebi
ieiS – istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi
ijiiS – iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi
macne – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne
miaexis – macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis
istoriis seria
mse – masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis
mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis
siam – saqarTvelos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi
sin – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi
sis – saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi
smam – saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe
semm – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe
ssmm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe
spiS – saqarTvelos ssr pedagogiuri institutebis Sromebi
srx – saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi
sfxis – saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi
fsaZ – feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi
qse – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia
qsZ – qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi
qw – qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba
xim – xelnawerTa institutis moambe
JMMH – The Journal of Medieval Military History
ВДИ – Вестник древней истории
КСИА – Краткие собщения Института археологии
МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР
МИАСК – Материалы и исследования по археологии Северного Кавказа
198
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Кузбассвузиздат, 1995
Худяков, Табалдиев, Солтобаев 2004; Худяков Ю.С., Табалдиев К.Ш., Солтобаев О.А.
Железный шлем кыргызского воина эпохи позднего средневековья из Ак-Келя. Коомдук
Илимдержурналы, 9, 2004
Черненко 1968; Черненко Е.В. Скифский доспех. Киев, Наукова думка, 1968
Чики 2010; Чики Г. Сабли аварского периода в Карпатской котловине: вопросы
типохронологии. Культуры евразийских степей второй половины І тысячелетия н.э. Самара,
2010
Чубинашвили 1959; Чубинашвили Г.Н. Грузинское чеканное искусство. Тбилиси,
Сабчота Сакартвело, 1959
Шевякова 1983; Шевякова Т.С. Монументальная Живопись Раннего Средневековья
Грузии. Тбилиси, Хеловнеба, 1983
Шервашидзе 1964; Шервашидзе Л. К Вопросу о Средневековой Грузинской Светской
Миниатюре (Миниатюры Батальной Тематики в Джручской Псалтыри). Тбилиси, Мецниереба,
1964
Шокарев 2001; Шокарев Ю.В. Луки и арбалеты. Москва, АСТ, 2001
mamuka wurwumia
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqari (900-1700)
organizacia, taqtika, SeiaraReba
disertaciis danarTi
a l b o m i
2
ilustraciaTa albomi
sur. 1 – qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba: 1. winambrZoli, 2. marcxena frTa,
3. marjvena frTa da 4. rezervi.
sur. 2 – wminda evstaTe wagrZelebuli SubiT. martvilis taZris aRmosavleTi
fasadi, avtoris foto.
3
sur. 3 – wina planze mxedari wagrZelebuli SubiT gmiravs mowinaaRmdeges.
H1665 daviTni, gv. 222r, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 4 – wm. giorgi gveleSaps gmiravs wagrZelebuli SubiT. XV saukunis
Jibianis xati, ermakovis foto.
4
sur. 5 – marcxena mxares gamosaxuli mxedarTa jgufi utevs wagrZelebuli
SubebiT. „vefxistyaosnis“ TavaqaraSviliseuli nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 138,
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 6 – XI saukunis meore naxevris Semoqmedis xati.
5
sur. 7 _ mebrZolebi mTlianWedili da segmenturi sferokonusuri
muzaradebiT jruWis II oTxTavidan. xelnaweri H1667, gv. 186v-s fragmenti,
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 8 _ e.w. jalal ad-dinis muzaradi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
avtoris foto.
6
sur. 9 _ CaJaSis macxovris eklesiis fasadze gamoxatuli muzaradi. s.
sarjvelaZis foto.
sur. 10 _ bayaTaris muzaradi: a) v. pfafis 1869 wlis Canaxati, b) a. mileris
1928 wlis Canaxati, kuznecovis mixedviT, g) nioraZis foto.
sur. 11 _ XIV saukunis muzaradi vavelis muzeumidan.
7
sur. 12 _ vavelis muzaradis rozeti qarTuli warweriT.
sur. 13 _ ermitaJSi daculi vavelis tipis muzaradi. p. demidovis foto.
8
sur. 14 _ daviTnis sferokonusuri mTlianWedili muzaradebi. xelnaweri
H1665, gv. 233r, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 15 _ goliaTi muzaradiT, romelzec ar Cans sacxvire. xelnaweri H1665,
gv. 230r-is fragmenti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 16 _ igive muzaradi sacxvireTi TavmokveTili goliaTis gverdiT.
xelnaweri H1665, gv. 230v-s fragmenti, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
9
sur. 17 _ avTandili vavelis tipis muzaradiT unagiris taxtaze.
„vefxistyaosnis“ TavaqaraSviliseuli nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 255,
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 18 _ vaxtang gurieli, kastelis mixedviT.
sur. 19 _ mamia gurielis muzaradi, kastelis mixedviT.
10
sur. 20 _ sferokonusuri muzaradis ganviTarebis gza saqarTveloSi: a.
Semoqmedis xati (XI s.), b. jruWis II oTxTavi (XII s.), g. jalal ad-dinis
muzaradi (XIII s. meore naxevari), d. bayaTaris zuCi (XIII s. bolo), e. vavelis
muzaradi (XIV s.), v. kastelis da TavaqaraSvilis Canaxatebi (XVII s.).
sur. 21 _ lamelaris firfita gverdidan: a. kideze Semofenili tyaviT, b. ukan
tyavis safeniT, g. firfitis ukan da mis wina qveda nawilze amofenili
tyaviT.
sur. 22 _ berelSi napovni abjris firfitebi, radlovis mixedviT; ust-iSimis
tyaviT Semofenili lamelaris firfitebi, solovievis mixedviT.
11
sur. 23 _ Cukulis wm. giorgi tyavis safeniani lamelariT, CubinaSvilis
mixedviT.
sur. 24 _ CixareSis wm. giorgi or-moqloniani abjriT, CubinaSvilis mixedviT.
12
sur. 25 _ nakuraleSis wm. giorgi or-moqloniani lamelariT, CubinaSvilis
mixedviT.
sur. 26 _ wm. prokofi or-moqloniani lamelariT. xelnaweri A648, gv. 60r,
xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 27 _ or-moqloniani abjris firfita, solovievis mixedviT.
13
sur. 28 _ wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani xaziani lamelariT mravalZlis xatze.
T. kiunes foto.
sur. 29 _ faraxeTis wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani xaziani lamelariT. T.
kiunes foto.
14
sur. 30 _ nakifaris wm. giorgi ormagmoqloniani „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT.
s. sarjvelaZis foto.
sur. 31 _ ifaris wm. giorgi zoliani umoqlono lamelariT, CubinaSvilis
mixedviT.
15
sur. 32 _ labeWinis wm. giorgi zoliani da or-moqloniani lamelariT,
CubinaSvilis mixedviT.
sur. 33 _ sufis wm. giorgi zoliani, moqloniani, „amobrunebuli“ lamelariT.
s. sarjvelaZis foto.
16
sur. 34 _ sufis qveiTi wm. giorgi tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelariT. s.
sarjvelaZis foto.
sur. 35 _ adiSis wm. meomari (Tevdore?) tipuri zoliani moqloniani
lamelariT. s. sarjvelaZis foto.
17
sur. 36 _ a. lamelaruli abjris evoluciis I etapi – tyavis safenis gaCena
Tasmiani firfitebis ukan (Cukulis triptixis mixedviT), b. evoluciis II etapi
– xaziani lamelari ormagi moqloniT (mravalZlis wm. giorgis mixedviT), g.
III etapi – tipuri zoliani moqloniani lamelari (adiSis freskebis mixedviT).
sxvadasxva mxares daxrili StrixebiT naCvenebia sxvadasxva lamelaruli
rigis tyavis safeni.
sur. 37 _ wm. giorgi marTkuTxa firfitebiani lamelariT adiSis eklesiis
fasadze. s. sarjvelaZis foto.
sur. 38 _ gomelSi napovni firfitis tipi da abjris rekonstruqcia,
makuSnikovis da lupinenkos mixedviT.
18
sur. 39 _ jaxunderis wm. giorgi Tasmadamaluli lamelariT, CubinaSvilis
mixedviT.
sur. 40 _ xidisTavis wm. giorgi protuberanculi abjriT, CubinaSvilis
mixedviT.
19
sur. 41 _ favnisis wm. meomari protuberanculi lamelariT, privalovas
mixedviT.
sur. 42 _ timoTesubnis wminda meomari qvemoT mimarTuli protuberanculi
lamelariT. s. sarjvelaZis foto.
20
sur. 43 _ aleqsandre batoniSvilis portreti.
sur. 44 _ xevsuri meomari oTxnaWriani Car-ainiT.
21
sur. 45 _ ivane muxranbatonis Car-aina. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,
avtoris foto.
sur. 46 _ maxvili xevsureTidan, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi.
sur. 47 _ wm. evstaTe. atenis sionis freska.
22
sur. 48 _ wm. giorgis freska macxvariSis eklesiaSi.
sur. 49 _ niSapuris Tasi, viqtorias da albertis muzeumi.
sur. 50 _ X-XII saukunis qarTuli xmlebis tipologiuri sqema: 1. maxvili
swori vadiT, X saukune; 2. maxvili daSvebuli vadiT, XI saukunis dasawyisi; 3.
maxvili daSvebuli vadiT, langetiT da mcire zomis qudiT, XI saukunis
miwuruli – XII saukunis pirveli naxevari.
23
sur. 51 _ vanis xmali, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. avtoris foto.
sur. 52 _ goxnaris saflavis qva. eTnografiuli muzeumi Ria cis qveS.
kompiuteruli naxazi.