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gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~
Tbilisi 2012
saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia
c p u
rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. Tanamedrove ekonomikis enciklopediu-
ri leqsikoni. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012. _ 515 gv.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni moicavs Tanamedrove mikro-, mezo-, mak-
ro- da megaekonomikis rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul sakiTxebs,
agreTve cnobili ekonomistebis, maT Soris, nobelis premiis laureate-
bis mecnieruli moRvaweobis amsaxvel masalebs. yoveli terminis
saleqsikono statia Sedgeba misi saxelwodebis, abreviaturis (Tukiaqvs), inglisuri Sesatyvisis, etimologiisa da axsna-ganmartebisagan.
leqsikoni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebisa da praqtikose-
bisaTvis. igi, rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelo masala, samsaxurs
gauwevs umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikuri profilis bakalavrebs,
magistrebs, doqtorantebsa da akademiur personals, saerTod, Tanamed-
rove sabazro ekonomikis problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa far-
To wres.
saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:
recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis wevr-korespondentebi _ vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava,
avTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
torebi, profesorebi nodarnodarnodarnodarnodar WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava, solomonsolomonsolomonsolomonsolomon
pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili; ekonomikis doqtorebi ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-
CvaZeCvaZeCvaZeCvaZeCvaZe, jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili.
leo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqava _ saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti;
Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe _ ekonomikur mecni-
erebaTa doqtori, profesori.
gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012.
ISBN 978-9941-9134-0-2
©
© r. asaTiani, 2012;
UDC(uakuakuakuakuak) 33(031)a-871a-871a-871a-871a-871
3
r ec e n z i i s m a g i e r
nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelo-
vania Sesabamisi mecnieruli aparati da misi adekvaturi gamoy-
eneba, rac swori daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. cno-
bilia, rom mecnieruli aparatis Semadgeneli nawilia zusti
terminologia, terminebis zedmiwevniT sruli ganmarteba. sa-
zogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis da kerZod, ekonomikuri mec-
nierebisaTvis es garemoeba ormagad aqtualuria, vinaidan termi-
nebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba ekonomikuri movlenebisa da pro-
cesebis urTierTkavSirebis kvleva, kvlevis Sedegebis Sejameba,
metic, mecnieruli terminebis sizustisa da raodenobis mixed-
viT msjeloben ama Tu im mecnierebis ganviTarebis doneze.
bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sacnobaro da saleqsikono eko-
nomikur literaturaSi sakmaod bevri leqsikoni Tu cnobari
gamovida ekonomikis cnebebsa da kategoriebze, rac udaod misa-
salmebelia. ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis gamosvlis dRevandeli
aucilebloba ganpirobebulia ekonomikaSi radikaluri cvlile-
bebiT, meurneobriobis Tvisebrivad axal modelze _ sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvliT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ki SeiZi-
na sabazro ekonomikis amsaxveli ekonomikuri da sabanko ter-
minologiis sistematizaciis sakiTxma.
aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis saqmeSi, Cveni Rrma rwme-
niT, mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris, profesor rozeta asaTianis mier momzadebuli ̀ Tana-
medrove ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. masSi yura-
dRebas iqcevs ori monaTesave, magram mainc gansxvavebuli dar-
gis _ ekonomikisa da biznesis terminebis axsna-ganmarteba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori iZleva ekonomikis sxvadasxva mx-
aris axsnas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mocemulia biznesgaremoSi
konkretuli qmedebebisa da qcevebis amsaxveli terminebis gan-
4
marteba, rac udaod garkveul siaxles warmoadgens saleqsikono
da sacnobaro literaturaSi.
leqsikonSi mocemulia ekonomikuri da sabanko terminebis,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da safinanso institutebis, ekono-
mikuri klasifikatorebis, koncefciebis, Teoriebisa da moZRvrebe-
bis axsna-ganmarteba, gadmocemulia gamoCenili mecnier-ekono-
mistebis biografiuli monacemebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom
avtori ar ifargleba mxolod terminebis ganmartebiT, aramed
iZleva maT siRrmiseul axsnas (magaliTad, ekonomikuri Teoria,
ekonomiqsi da sxv.), rac aseve leqsikonis Rirebul mxaresa da
siaxles warmoadgens.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tavisi formiTa da SinaarsiT
seriozuli ganacxadia, Sedgenilia imgvarad, rom saSualebas
aZlevs mkiTxvels ara marto profesiulad daeuflos ekono-
mikur terminologias, aramed kargad gaerkves Tanamedrove ekono-
mikis rTul urTierTkavSirebSi.
leqsikonSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi terminebis ganmartebe-
bi mTlianad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs da asaxavs
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs, rac udavod
mniSvnelovania ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi.
Teimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZe
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
5
w i n a s it y v a o b a
leqsikonSi Tavmoyrilia Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomi-
kaSi gamoyenebuli terminebi da cnebebi, warmodgenilia ekonomikis
dargis msoflioSi cnobili zogierTi ucxoeli mecnierisa da
Rvawlmosili qarTveli ekonomistebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebisa da wevr-kores-
pondentebis biografiebi.
leqsikons erTvis statiaTa anbanuri da Tematuri saZie-
beli, msoflios qveynebis reitingi, dadgenili adamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsis (HDI) safuZvelze, agreTve qveynebisa da teritoriebis
anbanuri CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT.
leqsikons safuZvlad daedo qarTuli da ucxouri eko-
nomikuri literatura (enciklopediebi, leqsikonebi, monografi-
ebi, statiebi), maT Soris, devid u. pirsis saerTo redaqciiT
gamocemuli `makmilanis Tanamedrove ekonomiqsis leqsikoni~
(meoTxe gamocema), `oqsfordis ganmartebiTi biznes-leqsikoni~,
o. blanSaris `makroekonomika~, agreTve Cveni naSromebi - `eko-
nomiqsi~ (ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, mesame gadamuSavebuli gamocema),
`Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, `ekonomikisa
da biznesis leqsikoni~, `momsaxureba da sabazro sistema~,
`ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba da gansxvaveba~,
`globalizacia, ekonomikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~ da a.S.
wignSi umetesad Sesulia sakuTriv avtoriseuli gansaz-
Rvrebebi, Camoyalibebuli xangrZlivi (22 wlis manZilze) samec-
niero-pedagogiuri muSaobis procesSi. amitom zogierTi ter-
mini (cneba) sxvebTan SedarebiT vrclad aris ganmartebuli.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, leqsikoni, SeiZleba
iTqvas, originaluria.
vuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi Zvirfasi
mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis _ _ _ _ _ qeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da Salva
asaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnas
6
mocemuli terminebi da cnebebi exeba ara mxolod ekono-
mikis erT romelime sferos, aramed mTel ekonomikas, rogorc
mikro-, ise mezo-, makro- da megaekonomikas.
enciklopediuri leqsikoni Sedgenilia Semdegi wesebis dacviT:
1. sasaTauro terminebi, cnebebi, gamoTqmebi dalagebulia
qarTuli anbanis mixedviT;
2. sasaTauro sityva (sityvebi) gamoyofilia naxevrad
Savi mTavruli SriftiT;
3. terminis ganmarteba mocemulia mxolod ekonomikur
aspeqtSi;
4. sasaTauro sityvis (sityvebis) Semdeg frCxilebSi mo-
cemulia inglisuri Sesatyvisi;
5. Tu sasaTauro sityva ucxouri warmoSobisaa, inglisuri
Sesatyvisis Semdeg transkrifciaSi mocemulia misi etimologia;
6. niSani ` < ~ niSnavs: warmodgeba... gan;
7. leqsikonSi qarTul enaze mocemulia Tanamedrove piro-
bebSi damkvidrebuli inglisuri sityvebisagan momdinare
abreviaturebi. mag., kaf-i (CAF - Cost and Freight _ Rirebuleba da
fraxti).
vfiqrobT, ganmartebiTi leqsikoni daexmareba mkiTxvels,
gaerkves sabazro urTierTobebis rTul labirinTebSi, amasTan, igi
xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis terminebisa da
cnebebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas.
did madlobas vuxdi saredaqcio kolegiasa da recenzen-
tebs gaweuli SromisaTvis.
mkiTxvelis yvela obieqtur SeniSvnasa da winadadebas avto-
ri madlierebis grZnobiT miiRebs da gaiTvaliswinebs Semdgom
gamocemaSi.
rororororozeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTiani
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
Tbilisi
aprili, 2012
7
leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi
bsp - biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba
gaero - gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
eas - erovnul angariSTa sistema
emf - erTpirovnuli mflobelobis firma
Tez - Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona
mep - mTliani erovnuli produqti
mesk – moxalise eqspertTa saerTaSoriso korpusi
mtp - mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi
mSp - mTliani Sida produqti
sif - Rirebuleba, dazRveva, fraxti
srn - savaldebulo rezervebis norma
ssdk - saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia
ssf – saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
fss – federaluri sarezervo sistema
Sps - SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba
Sso – Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
ASPE – sazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis mkvlevarTa asociacia
EACT – Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociacia
EBRD – evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki
EC – evropuli gaerTianeba
EEC – evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba
EMPI – valutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi
EU – evrokavSiri
EU-GBC – evrokavSir-saqarTvelos biznessabWo
GATT – tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmeba
HDI - adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsiIBRD – rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki
ISIC - yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis saerTaSoriso standartuli
samrewvelo klasifikacia
MNC – transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) korporacia
NACE - evropuli kavSiris ekonomikuri saqmianobis mTavari samrewvelo
klasifikacia
NICs – axali industriuli qveynebi
OECD - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia
USAID – aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento
WTO – msoflio savaWro organizacia
8
qarTuli anbani
aaaaa — an
bbbbb — ban
ggggg — gan
ddddd— don
eeeee— en
vvvvv — vin
zzzzz — zen
TTTTT— Tan
iiiii — in
kkkkk — kan
lllll — las
mmmmm — man
nnnnn — nar
ooooo — on
ppppp — par
JJJJJ — Jan
rrrrr — rae
sssss — san
ttttt — tar
uuuuu — un
fffff — far
qqqqq — qan
RRRRR — Ran
yyyyy — yar
SSSSS — Sin
CCCCC — Cin
ccccc — can
ZZZZZ — Zil
wwwww — wil
WWWWW — War
xxxxx — xan
jjjjj — jan
hhhhh — hae
9
aaaaaabandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti (abandon-
ment) - - - - - dazRveuli qonebis
dakargvis, ganadgurebis an sxva
msgavs SemTxvevaSi (mag., gemis
CaZirvis gamo), sakuTrebis uf-
lebaze uaris Tqmisa da aRniS-
nuli faqtis dadasturebis sa-
fuZvelze, mzRvevelis mier daz-
Rvevis Tanxis mTlianad gadax-
da mesakuTrisaTvis.
absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi (absenteeism)----- 1. samsaxuridan daTxovna sa-
muSaos arasapatio mizeziT
gacdenis gamo; 2. warmoebis fi-
nansuri marTvis gamocalkave-
ba misi teqnologiuri aspeqte-
bisgan.
absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba (ab-solute profit) – im Semosavlis to-
li mogeba, romelsac firma iR-
ebs saqonlis (momsaxurebis)
gayidviT, danaxarjebis gamo-
qviTvis Semdeg.
absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-
bababababa (absolute advantage) - - - - - 1. upi-ratesoba, romelic aqvs erT
mwarmoebels sxvebTan Sedare-
biT maRali Sromis mwarmoeb-
lurobis safuZvelze erTeu-
li produqciis warmoebaze na-
klebi resursebis gamoyenebis
Sedegad; 2. upiratesoba, romel-
ic aqvs erT qveyanas sxvebTan
SedarebiT, Tu mas, gamomdinare
Tavisi bunebrivi (natural advan-tage) an SeZenili (acquired ad-vantage) upiratesobebidan (xe-lsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi,
mowinave teqnologia, kvalifi-
ciuri samuSao Zala da a.S.),
SeuZlia ufro efeqtianad awar-
moos (erTeul danaxarjze meti
produqcia miiRos) esa Tu is
saqoneli. saerTaSoriso vaWro-
ba ki iZleva imis SesaZleblo-
bas, rom TiToeuli qveyana
daspecialdes im saqonlis war-
moebaSi, romlisTvisac mas aqvs
es konkretuli upiratesobebi.
mag., iaponias, SeZenili upirate-
sobis safuZvelze, imis gamo,
rom aqvs mowinave teqnologia,
hyavs maRalkvalificiuri spe-
cialistebi, SeuZlia bevrad
iafad awarmoos, vTqvaT, motori-
zebuli gadazidvis saSuale-
bebi, vidre zogierT sxva qveya-
nas. uzbekeTs, bunebrivi upi-
ratesobebidan gamomdinare,
ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia awar-
moos bamba, vidre ukrainas, bal-
tiispireTis qveynebs da bevr
sxva qveyanas. saqarTvelos, aseve,
bunebrivi upiratesobebidan ga-
momdinare, gacilebiT efeqti-
anad SeuZlia awarmoos xili,
vidre ruseTsa da zogierT sxva
qveyanas. magram saerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-
tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-
rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-
absoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesoba
10
sebisebisebisebisebiTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlis
warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-
rebrebrebrebrebulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-
veba. veba. veba. veba. veba. roca es Rirebuleba mo-
cemul qveyanaSi ufro daba-
lia, vidre sxva qveyanaSi, maSin
saqme gvaqvs SefardebiT upi-
ratesobasTan.
absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-
bisbisbisbisbis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (theory of absoluteadvantage) - - - - - Teoria, romlis mi-
xedviTac A qveyanas, romelsac
aqvs bunebrivi (xelsayreli bu-
nebrivi pirobebi) an SeZenili
(mowinave teqnologia, kvali-
ficiuri samuSao Zala da a.S.)
upiratesobebi, SeuZlia ufro
efeqtianad awarmoos esa Tu is
saqoneli (e.i. gamouSvas erTeul
danaxarjze meti produqcia),
vidre B qveyanas.
ar aris aucilebeli aseTi
saxis absoluturi upiratesoba
niSnavdes imas, rom A qveyanas
SeuZlia warmatebiT moaxdinos
am saqonlis eqsporti B qveya-
naSi, vinaidan B qveyana SeiZle-
ba flobdes SefardebiT upi-
ratesobas mocemuli saqonlis
warmoebaSi.
absoluturi upiratesobis
Teoria pirvelad daamuSava a.
smiTma naSromSi: `gamokvleva
xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da
mizezebis Sesaxeb~.
absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi (ab-solute prices) – SefardebiTi
fasebisgan gansxvavebiT, uSua-
lod fuliT, fuladi erTeu-
liT gamoxatuli fasebi saqo-
nelsa da momsaxurebaze.
absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia (absorption) – wer-tili (zRvari), romelic gamoxa-
tavs bazris gajerebas fasiani
qaRaldebiT da yoveli damate-
biTi partia uaryofiT gavle-
nas axdens fasze.
agenti agenti agenti agenti agenti (agent) [<laT. ag-ens (agentis) moqmedi] - - - - - firmiswarmomadgeneli, rwmunebuli,
romelic xelSekrulebis sa-
fuZvelze asrulebs sxva pi-
ris saqmian davalebas, risTvi-
sac iRebs garkveul sakomi-
sio Semosavals. Sesrule-
buli funqciebidan gamomdi-
nare, agentebi SeiZleba iyvnen:
brokerebi, dilerebi, komisio-
nerebi da a.S.
aglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeracia (aglomerare)– im firmebis, dawesebulebebis,
dasaxlebebisa(upiratesad qala-
qis tipis) da a.S. sivrcobrivi
TvalsazrisiT kompaqturi gan-
lageba, romlebic dajgufe-
bulni arian warmoebrivi, kul-
turuli, rekreaciuli da sxv.
kavSirebiT. aglomeracia gana-
pirobebs danaxarjebis ekono-
mias (agglomeration economies),informaciis efeqtian gamoye-
nebas, specializebul momwode-
belTa sistemis ganviTarebasa
absoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoria
11
da a.S.
agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia (ag-rarian revolution) – organizaciu-li da teqnikuri cvlilebebis
safuZvelze sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis mniSvnelovani gazr-
da. agraruli revolucia mWid-
ro kavSirSia industrializa-
ciasTan. igi gulisxmobs mzard
investiciebs agrarul seqtorSi
(soflis meurneobaSi, satyeo
meurneobaSi, nadirobasa da me-
TevzeobaSi) Tanamedrove man-
qana-mowyobilobebis danergvis,
miwaTmoqmedebis, mecxoveleobisa
da mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis
mizniT. yovelive es ganapirobebs
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis mk-
veTr amaRlebas, kapitalukuge-
bis gadidebas, rac, agraruli
seqtoris gadidebasTan erTad,
xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis
gamoTavisuflebas agraruli
warmoebidan da mis dasaqmebas
momsaxurebis an industriul
seqtorebSi, rogorc es damaxa-
siaTebelia ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebisaTvis.
agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori (ag-rarian sector) - - - - - ekonomikis seq-tori, romlis Semadgenloba-
Sic Sedis sasoflo-----sameurneo
SromiT dasaqmebuli, kvebis
produqtebisa da nedleulis
(xe-----tye, bamba da a.S.) mwarmoe-
beli mosaxleoba. igi, rogorc
wesi, ekonomikis SedarebiT da-
balSemosavliani seqtoria,
garkveulwilad Sedgeba arasa-
saqonlo meurneobebisagan da
ekonomikaSi misi maRali xved-
riTi wona ZiriTadad damaxas-
iaTebelia ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebisaTvis.
gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mixedviT,
agraruli seqtori ekonomikis
pirveladi seqtoria. masSi Se-
dis soflis meurneoba, satyeo
meurneoba, nadiroba da meTev-
zeoba.
agregireba agregireba agregireba agregireba agregireba (aggregation)[<laT. aggregatus SeerTeba] -----erTgvarovani maCveneblebis (si-
dideebis) gaerTianeba, gamsx-
vileba ufro ganzogadebul er-
Tobliv maCveneblad (sidided).
agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-
moo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqcia (aggregate pro-duction function) - - - - - damokidebu-leba gamoSvebuli produqciis
(gamoSvebis) raodenobasa da mis
warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebs
Soris.
adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (human developmentindex - - - - - HDI) - - - - - makroekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic Sedgeba
Semdegi komponentebisagan: 1.
mosaxleobis erT sulze mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----
is warmoebis indeqsi; 2. mosax-
leobis sicocxlis saSualo xan-
grZlivobis indeqsi; 3. mosax-
adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi
12
leobis ganaTlebis donis ind-
eqsi. maTi SejerebiT gamoiyva-
neba saSualo maCvenebeli, rome-
lic gamoxatavs mocemuli qvey-
nis reitings adamianis ganvi-
Tarebis indeqsis mixedviT.
aRniSnuli maCveneblis mi-
xedviT qveynebi iyofa 4 jgu-
fad: 1. Zalian maRali indeqsis
mqone; 2. maRali indeqsis mqone;
3. saSualo indeqsis mqone da
4. dabali indeqsis mqone qvey-
nebad. 2011 wels gamokvleu-
li 187 saxelmwifodan Zalze
maRali donisaa 47, maRali do-
nis _ _ _ _ _ 47, saSualo donis _ _ _ _ _ 47,
xolo dabali donis _ _ _ _ _ 46 qve-
yana. saqarTvelo HDI-----is mixed-
viT maRali reitingis mqone
saxelmwifoTa jgufs ganekuT-
vneba da uWiravs 75-----e adgili.
adamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitali
(human capital) ----- inteleqtua-
luri kapitali, romelic gamo-
xatavs adamianis profesiul
dones, mis ganaTlebas, kvali-
fikacias, codnas da gamocdile-
bas. rac ufro maRalia misi
xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia Sro-
mis mwarmoebluroba.
adamianiseul kapitals qmnis
investiciebi adamianiseul re-
sursebSi, romlis mizania TviT
adamianis, misi inteleqtualuri
potencialis, SemoqmedebiTi
unaris ganviTarebis safuZvelze
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
leba. aseTi investirebis mi-
zanSewoniloba damokidebulia
imaze, ramdenad metia Semosav-
lebi danaxarjebze da dacu-
lia Tu ara standartuli sa-
investicio kriteriumebi.
zogierTi ekonomistis, mag.,
j. kendrikis azriT, adamianise-
uli kapitalis Rirebuleba un-
da Sevides erToblivi aqtive-
bis Rirebulebasa da sazoga-
doebis erovnul simdidreSi.
adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi (adapta-tion lag) - - - - - drois periodi cvli-
lebis Sesaxeb signalis miRe-
bidan adaptaciis dawyebamde.
adgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujeti
(local budget) - - - - - xelisuflebis
adgilobrivi organoebis, munici-
paluri warmonaqmnis biujeti,
romelsac adgenen, amtkiceben
da gankargaven adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.
adendumi adendumi adendumi adendumi adendumi (addendum) [<laT.
addere damateba) _ _ _ _ _ xelSekru-
lebis, mag., Carteris, damateba,
romelsac xelSekrulebis xel-
momweri mxareebi SeimuSaveben.
ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi (ad valorem)[<laT. ad valorem Rirebulebis
mixedviT] - - - - - Zvirfasi tvirTisgadazidvisaTvis gadasaxdeleb-
is gamoTvlis an saqonlis fa-
sidan procentebSi sabaJo gada-
saxadis gaangariSebis meTodi.
administraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagi
(administrative lag) ----- drois mo-
adamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitali
13
nakveTi administraciis mier
gadawyvetilebis miRebidan misi
aRsrulebis dawyebamde. lagis
es saxeoba gansakuTrebul gav-
lenas axdens fulad-----sakredi-
to politikaze. misi xangr-
Zlivoba damokidebulia marTvis
efeqtianobaze da mis swraf
reagirebaze, an iSviaT, magram
ufro radikalur cvlilebebze.
administraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasi
(administrative price) - - - - - fasi, ro-melic dgindeba fizikuri an iu-
ridiuli pirebis gadawyvetile-
biT da ar aris sabazro Zalebis
obieqturi TamaSis Sedegi. admi-
nistraciuli fasis dadgena Se-
iZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac saqonels yidis monopolis-
ti an saxelmwifo organo. sa-
pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ moqnili fasi.
avali avali avali avali avali (aval) (frang. aval) -----saTamasuqo Tavdeboba, romelsac
kisrulobs mesame piri (aval-
isti) gansakuTrebuli sagar-
antio baraTis gacemiT. aval-
istis xelis mowera aucile-
belia Tamasuqis winapirze an
damatebiT furcelze _ _ _ _ _ alon-
Jze. sagareo-----savaWro garige-
bebSi avalistis rolSi gamo-
dis importioris banki.
avansi avansi avansi avansi avansi (advance) (frang.avance) _ _ _ _ _ fuladi Tanxa, rome-
lic winaswar gaicema momava-
li gadasaxdelis xarjze. Cveu-
lebriv, avansis saxiT gaicema
gadasaxdeli Tanxis daaxloe-
biT 10-----40%.
avansireba avansireba avansireba avansireba avansireba (advancement)(frang. avancer) - - - - - avansis gacema.
avansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitali
(advance capital) - - - - - warmoebaSi
winaswar dabandebuli kapita-
li fuladi Tanxis an qone-
brivi faseulobis saxiT.
avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi (avantage) (frang.avantage) - - - - - xelsayreli mdgo-
mareoba, pirovnebis (jgufis)
sargebloba, upiratesoba.
averaJi averaJi averaJi averaJi averaJi (averaging) - - - - - sabir-Jo TamaSis strategia, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs drois gar-
kveul SualedSi gamoSvebuli
aqciebis yidva-----gayidvas misi kur-
sis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.
aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi (airway bill)- - - - - aviatvirTbaraTi, gadazidvis
kontraqtis damadasturebeli
savaWro qviTari.
avizo avizo avizo avizo avizo (aviso, advice) [<ital.
avviso Setyobineba] - - - - - 1. weri-
lobiTi uwyeba, romliTac aty-
obineben mimRebs misTvis saqon-
lis, fulis an Tamasuqis gag-
zavnas; 2. oficialuri Setyo-
bineba sameurneo operaciis Ses-
rulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
ugzavnis erTi kontrahenti
meores; 3. urTierTangariS-
sworebaSi momxdari cvlile-
bebis Setyobineba fostiT an
telegrafiT; 4. oficialuri
Setyobineba, romelsac ugzav-
avizoavizoavizoavizoavizo
14
nis banki meanabres, misi anabris
erTi angariSidan meoreze gada-
tanis Sesaxeb.
aaaaa’vista vista vista vista vista (a’ vista) [<ital. a’vista wardgenisas] - - - - - Tamasuqi
gadaxdis vadis miuTiTeblad.
aseTi Tamasuqis gasanaRdeblad
wardgena SeiZleba nebismier
dros.
avista avista avista avista avista (avista) [<ital., ix.
a’vista] - - - - - warwera Tamasuqze
an fuladi angariSsworebis
sxva dokumentze, romelic adas-
turebs am dokumentis ganaRde-
bas wardgenisTanave an ward-
genidan gansazRvruli vadis
gasvlis Semdeg.
avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola (aus-trian school) - - - - - neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis erT-----erTi ganStoe-
ba, marJinaluri mimarTuleba,
romelic Camoyalibda XIXsaukunis 70-----ian wlebSi avs-
triaSi. zogjer mas moixse-
nieben rogorc venis skolas,
radgan misi warmomadgenlebi
f. vizeri, k. mengeri, o. bem-----
baverki da a.S. venis univer-
sitetis profesorebi iyvnen.
avstriul skolas didi wvlili
miuZRvis zRvruli sarge-
blianobis Teoriis SeqmnaSi. igi
pirvelad 1871 wels Camoay-
aliba k. mengerma naSromSi
`politikuri ekonomiis safuZ-
vlebi~, xolo bem-----baverkma ga-
naviTara es Teoria naSromSi
_ _ _ _ _ `kapitali da sargebeli~.
avstriuli skola daupirispir-
da SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
rias. ix.: SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-
bisbisbisbisbis Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-
lizlizlizlizlizmi, neomi, neomi, neomi, neomi, neoklasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-
mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.
avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia (autarky) [<berZn.autarkeia TviTdakmayofileba] -----qveynis sameurneo gamocalkeve-
bis politika, romelic qmnis
karCaketil, TviTuzrunvelyo-
fad ekonomikas.
avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia (automa-tion) – Sromis Secvla avtoma-
turi procesebiT, magaliTad,
manqanis an misi detalebis mu-
Saobis kontroli, avtomaturi
SeRebva da a.S. avtomatizacia,
Cveulebriv, ganapirobebs teq-
nologiur umuSevrobas, magram
aseT pirdapir kavSirs ara aqvs
adgili Tu igi xels uwyobs
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, axali sa-
muSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da
ekonomikuri zrdis sawindaria.
avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-
zatorebizatorebizatorebizatorebizatorebi(automatic stabilizers,built-in-stabilizers) - - - - - fiskaluri
sistemis instrumentebi, rom-
lebic recesiis periodSi, poli-
tikuri gadawyvetilebebis
gareSe, sabiujeto-----sagadasaxa-
do politikis avtomaturi cv-
lilebebiT gavlenas axdenen
aaaaa’’’’’vistavistavistavistavista
15
erToblivi moTxovnis stimu-
lirebaze. rodesac ekonomika-
Si iwyeba vardna, mTavrobis mier
gadasaxadebis saxiT akrefili
Tanxa avtomaturad mcirdeba,
vinaidan recesiis periodSi
yvela saxis Semosavali (maT
Soris xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.)
mcirdeba da sagadasaxado Se-
natanebic saxelmwifo biujetSi
klebulobs (imis gamo, rom maTi
sidide uSualod ekonomikuri
saqmianobis Sedegebzea damok-
idebuli). sagadasaxado amon-
agebis avtomaturi Semcireba
astimulirebs erTobliv moTx-
ovnas da, aqedan gamomdinare,
amcirebs ekonomikur ryeva-
dobas.
imis gamo, rom ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis periodSi yvela
saxis Semosavali (maT Soris
xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.) izrdeba,
sagadasaxado Senatanebic sax-
elmwifo biujetSi matulobs.
avtomaturi stabiliza-
toris rols saxelmwifo so-
cialuri xarjebic asrulebs.
kerZod, recesiis dros, rode-
sac ikveceba samuSao adgile-
bi, is pirebi, romlebmac dakarg-
es samuSao, iReben sxvadasxva
saxis fulad daxmarebas (maT
Soris, umuSevrobisTvis dazRve-
vas). saxelmwifo socialuri
xarjebis avtomaturi gadide-
ba astimulirebs erTobliv
moTxovnas da, maSasadame, am-
cirebs ekonomikur ryevadobas.
avtomaturi stabiliza-
torebis efeqtianoba arc ise
maRalia, rom mTlianad mospos
ekonomikaSi moklevadiani vard-
nis SemTxvevebi, magram igi war-
moqmnis stabilurobis elemen-
tebs, umuSevrobisa da inflaci-
is winaaRmdeg asrulebs e.w.
CaSenebuli stabilizatoris
rols. amitom avtomatur sta-
bilizatorebs CaSenebul sta-
bilizatorebsac uwodeben.
avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-
cia cia cia cia cia (autonomous investment) -----kapitaldabandeba, romelic ar
aris dakavSirebuli Semosav-
lebis donis cvlilebasTan.
aseTi investiciebis magaliTad
gamodgeba saxelmwifo kapi-
taldabandebebi, is investicie-
bi, romlebic xmardeba gamog-
onebebs, agreTve grZelvadiani
investiciebis is nawili, romel-
Ta anazRaureba swrafad ar
xdeba.
avtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebi
(autonomous expenditures) –
xarjebi, romlebic Semosavleb-
isgan damoukideblad ganixileba
modelSi _ Semosavlebi-xarjebi.
aseTia, magaliTad, saxelmwifo
xarjebi, investiciebis zogier-
Ti saxeoba (avtonomiuri inves-
ticiebi), saeqsporto xarjebi
da a.S.
avtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebi
16
avuari avuari avuari avuari avuari (asset) [<frang. avo-ir qoneba] - - - - - farTo gagebiT -----
aqtivi (fuladi saxsrebi, Ceki,
Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.),
romlis meSveobiTac warmoebs
fuladi valdebulebebis da-
farva. viwro gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ bankis
fuladi saxsrebi, advilad re-
alizebadi fasiani qaRaldebi,
agreTve sazRvargareTis banke-
bSi am bankis angariSze arse-
buli aqtivebi ucxour valu-
taSi. ganasxvaveben Tavisufal
(SeuzRudavad mosaxmar), blo-
kirebul (saxelmwifos da banke-
bis gankargulebaSi arsebul)
da gansazRvruli reJimis mqone
avuarebs.
`aziuri vefxvebi~`aziuri vefxvebi~`aziuri vefxvebi~`aziuri vefxvebi~`aziuri vefxvebi~ (“asi-an tigers”) – oTxi aziuri qveya-na (samxreTi korea, singapuri,
taivani, hong-kongi).
akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj (daib.
1940) (Akerlof George) - - - - - ameri-keli ekonomisti, nobelis premi-
is laureati ekonomikis darg-
Si (2001) j. stiglicTan da
m. spensTan erTad, asimetriu-
li informaciis bazrebis anal-
izSi Setanili umniSvnelovane-
si wvlilisaTvis.
akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori (acquirer) [<laT.acquisitor mompovebeli, SemZeni]- - - - - satransporto an sadazRve-
vo sawarmoTa TanamSromeli an
agenti, romlis valdebulebeb-
Sic Sedis axali tvirTis mo-
zidva da dazRveva.
akorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadi
(lump-----sum tax) - - - - - saxelmwifos
mier dadgenili fiqsirebuli
gadasaxadi, romelic ar aris
damokidebuli Semosavlebis an
Sesyidvebis sidideze.
akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi (letter of cred-it) [<laT. accreditivus rwmunebi-sa] - - - - - 1. sabanko angariSis saxeo-ba, romelic fizikur an iuri-
diul pirs aZlevs SesaZleblo-
bas, saakreditivo davalebaSi
miTiTebuli pirobebis dacviT
miiRos gasamrjelo valde-
bulebis SesrulebisTanave; 2.
angariSsworebis forma saga-
reo vaWrobaSi. akreditivi
xSirad gamoiyeneba tratasTan
erTad sagareo vaWrobis dafi-
nansebis usafrTxoebis gazr-
dis mizniT; 3. saxelobiTi fa-
siani qaRaldi, romelic adas-
turebs mesakuTris uflebas
bankSi miiRos akreditivSi mi-
TiTebuli Tanxa.
akri akri akri akri akri (acre) - - - - - farTobis er-Teuli inglisur sazomTa sis-
temaSi: 1 a = 0,4047 heqtars.`aldagi~ `aldagi~ `aldagi~ `aldagi~ `aldagi~ (Aldagi) - - - - - aqci-
oneruli sazogadoeba, pirveli
arasaxelmwifo sadazRvevo
kompania saqarTveloSi. daars-
da 1990 wels. 2006 wlis bo-
lomde ekava lideris pozicia,
vidre misi aqciebis 100% ar
SeiZina sadazRvevo kompania ̀ bi-
avuariavuariavuariavuariavuari
17
siaim~. 2009 wlis monaceme-
biT, gaerTianebuli kompaniis
`aldagi bisiais~ wili bazris
41,3%-----s Seadgens.
ale moris ale moris ale moris ale moris ale moris (daib. 1911) (Al-ais Morris) - - - - - frangi ekonomisti,neoliberaluri mimarTulebis
warmomadgeneli, nobelis premi-
is laureati ekonomikis darg-
Si (1988). mieniWa novatoruli
wvlilisTvis bazrisa da re-
sursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis
TeoriaSi.
alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-
noba noba noba noba noba (allocative efficiency) - - - - - 1.produqciis warmoebis opti-
maluri anu saukeTeso kombi-
nacia resursebis efeqtiani ko-
mbinaciis gziT; resursebis ise-
Ti kombinacia, rodesac produ-
qcias awarmoeben minimaluri
alternatiuli danaxarjebiT.
resursebis aseT gamoyenebas
teqnikur efeqtianobasac uwo-
deben; 2. situacia, rodesac
SeuZlebelia reorganizaciiT
an gacvliT erTi individis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba
meoris interesebis Selaxvis
gareSe. meore saxelwodebaa
pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.
alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia (al-location function) - - - - - saxelmwifos
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis
politikis nawili, romelic
iTvaliswinebs ekonomikaSi gan-
sazRvruli saxis saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebas. sax-
elmwifos alokaciuri funq-
cia aucileblobiTaa ganpirobe-
buli, vinaidan garkveuli sax-
is dovlaTi, romelic sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis saxelwodeb-
iTaa cnobili, ar SeiZleba sa-
bazro fasiT miewodos sazoga-
doebas. saxelmwifos es funq-
cia ukavSirdeba agreTve gare
efeqtebis, eqsternaliebis prob-
lemas, rodesac erTi indivi-
dis moqmedebas sxvebisTvis mo-
aqvs xarji an mogeba.
alokaciuri funqcia saxel-
mwifos sami funqciidan erT-----er-
Tia, romlis gansazRvrac r. a.
masgreivsa da sxva avtorebs
ekuTvniT. arsebobs agreTve
saxelmwifos gamanawilebeli
da stabilizaciuri funqcie-
bi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teo-
riulad am funqciebis erTmane-
Tisagan gamijvna Zalze mox-
erxebulia, praqtikaSi isini
xSirad gaerTianebulia.
aseTi dayofis mniSvnelo-
ba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom vi-
naidan, fasebis meqanizmi ver
iZleva signals potenciuri
moTxovnis Sesaxeb, sabazro
ekonomikaSi SeiZleba dairRves
arsebuli wonasworoba.
alonJi alonJi alonJi alonJi alonJi (allonge [<frang.allonge wanakeri] - - - - - Tamasuqze
mimagrebuli damatebiTi fur-
celi _ _ _ _ _ saTavdebo sagarantio
alonJialonJialonJialonJialonJi
18
baraTi, avali.
alpari alpari alpari alpari alpari (al par) - - - - - fasianiqaRaldebis, valutis, Tamasu-
qis sabazro (sabirJo) kursis
toloba maT nominalTan (nom-
inalur RirebulebasTan).
alternativa alternativa alternativa alternativa alternativa (alternative)[laT. alter erTi oridan] – ur-TierTgamomricxavi SesaZleb-
loba; ori an ramdenime SesaZ-
leblobidan erTi variantis
arCeva, romelsac aqvs upirate-
soba (maT Soris, ekonomikuri).
alternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxFH-FH-FH-FH-FH-
jjjjjB (B (B (B (B (RirebulebaRirebulebaRirebulebaRirebulebaRirebuleba) ) ) ) ) (opportunitycost) - - - - - xelidan gaSvebuli Sesa-
Zleblobebis danaxarji (Rire-
buleba), im saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis alternatiuli dan-
axarji, romelTa daTmoba auci-
lebelia mocemuli saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad
an SesaZenad. sxva sityvebiT,
ama Tu im saqonlis sawarmoe-
blad garkveuli resursebis
arCeva niSnavs sxva, alterna-
tiuli saqonlis warmoebis Seu-
Zleblobas.
nebismier qveyanas, ganviTare-
bis donis miuxedavad, aqvs war-
moebrivi SesaZleblobis zRvari.
mas ar SeuZlia ganusazRvre-
lad gazardos warmoeba sru-
li dasaqmebis pirobebSic ki,
vinaidan yvela moTxovnis dakma-
yofileba SeuZlebelia resur-
sebis ukmarisobis gamo. resur-
sebis SezRuduloba iwvevs war-
moebis SezRudvasac. amitom
raime saqonlis warmoeba gana-
pirobebs imave resursebis
gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas sxva,
alternatiuli produqtis
sawarmoeblad. amrigad, yvela
danaxarji, garkveulwilad, al-
ternatiulia. realur warmoe-
briv saqmianobaSi aucilebelia
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ara mxo-
lod faqtobrivi fuladi, ara-
med alternatiuli danaxar-
jic.
amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia (amalgama-tion) [frang. amalgame <berZn.malagma rbili sarCuli] - - - - - sa-banko kapitalis centralizaci-
is erT-----erTi forma, romelic
gulisxmobs ori an ramdenime
bankis Serwymas konkurenciu-
li brZolis procesSi. ganasx-
vaveben amalgamaciis or saxe-
obas: 1. msxvili bankis mier
mcire bankis STanTqmas; 2. banke-
bis nebayoflobiTi Serwymis
safuZvelze axali bankis warmoq-
mnas.
ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi [<frang. embal-lage safuTavi] - - - - - 1. safuTavi
masala; 2. SefuTvis xarjebi.
amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia (amortiza-tion, depreciation) [<laT. amorti-sation dafarva, gadaxda] - - - - - 1.
realuri aqtivebis Rirebulebis
Semcireba, maTi nawilis yovel-
wliuri Camowera eqspluataci-
alparialparialparialparialpari
19
is procesSi; cveTis kvaloba-
ze ZiriTadi kapitalis Rire-
bulebis gadatana mza produ-
qciaze; 2. fuladi saxsrebis
miznobrivi gadaricxva da da-
groveba ZiriTadi kapitalis
cveTis anazRaurebis mizniT
Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis; 3.
valis TandaTanobiTi dafarva
grafikis mixedviT, perioduli
Senatanebis an valdebulebeb-
is gamosyidvis gziT.
amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma (am-ortization rate) - - - - - amortizaciis
wliuri Tanxis procentuli
Sefardeba ZiriTadi kapitalis
pirvandel sabalanso Rirebule-
basTan. amortizaciis wliuri
normebi diferencirebulia Zir-
iTadi kapitalis saxeobaTa
mixedviT.
ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia (ampliatio) – xel-
werilis asli fulis miRebis
Sesaxeb.
amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba (company) - - - - - fi-zikuri an iuridiuli pirebis
gaerTianeba erToblivi ekono-
mikuri saqmianobisTvis. ganasx-
vaveben Sereul (komanditur)
da srul amxanagobas.
anabari anabari anabari anabari anabari (deposit) - - - - - bankSiSesanaxad da sargeblis miReb-
is mizniT Setanili fuladi
Tanxa. arsebobs vadiani da mo-
kiTxvamde anabari. vadiani ana-
bari garkveuli vadiT Seit-
aneba bankSi, xolo mokiTxvam-
de anabari _ _ _ _ _ Senaxvis vadis
miuTiTeblad.
angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba (reporting) -----firmebis, organizaciebis mier
TavianTi ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis Sesaxeb angariSebis peri-
odulad Sedgena.
angariSi angariSi angariSi angariSi angariSi (account) - - - - - gan-
sazRvruli formiT Sedgenili
dokumenti, romelic gamoiyene-
ba ekonomikuri saqmianobis ama
Tu im aspeqtis gamosaxatavad.
mag., drois garkveul monakveT-
Si aqtivisa da pasivis, an kidev,
maTi maragis cvlilebebis an-
gariSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos
auditoruli, buRaltruli,
kapitalis moZraobis, komerci-
uli, mimdinare operaciebis, moge-
bisa da zaralis, sakorespon-
dento, fiduciaruli da a.S.
angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba (payment,settlement) - - - - - fulis gadaxda
valdebulebebis mixedviT naR-
di an unaRdo formiT. angariS-
sworeba SeiZleba ganxorciel-
des akreditiviT, CekebiT an sxva
saxis fasiani qaRaldebiT, kred-
itebiT, urTierTmoTxovnebis
CaTvliT, xelfasebis gacemiTa
da a.S.
angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-
Si Si Si Si Si (paying account) - - - - - angariSi,romelsac banki uxdis iurid-
iul pirebs fuladi saxsrebis
Sesanaxad da sxva iuridiul da
fizikur pirebTan angariSswo-
angariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariSiSiSiSiSi
20
rebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
angariSangariSangariSangariSangariS-----faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura (invo-ice) - - - - - savaWro garigebis amsax-veli dokumenti, romelsac gamy-
idveli adgens da ugzavnis
myidvels; Seicavs saqonlis mi-
wodebis sabaziso pirobebs. igi
moicavs cnobebs gasayidi saqon-
lisa da fasis Sesaxeb, aseve,
warmoadgens angariSsworebisaT-
vis gadaxdis safuZvels. anga-
riS-faqtura adasturebs saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis faqtob-
riv miwodebas myidvelisaTvis.
anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi (underwrit-ing) - - - - - bolo gamoSvebis fasiani
qaRaldebis SeZena maTi gayid-
vis mizniT. Cveulebriv an-
deraitings axorcieleben sa-
investicio dilerebi _ _ _ _ _ an-
deraiterebi.
anketa anketa anketa anketa anketa (form, questionnaire[frang. enquete] - - - - - gamokiTxvisfurceli, ZiriTadi dokumenti
anketirebis gziT gamokvlevis
CatarebisaTvis.
anketireba anketireba anketireba anketireba anketireba (inquiry) - - - - - sxva-dasxva movlenasa da RonisZie-
baze mosaxleobis socialur-----
fsiqologiuri reaqciis Sesaxeb
informaciis miRebis meTodi.
anketirebis procedura Sedge-
ba anketirebis SemuSavebis, gavr-
celebis, damuSavebisa da ana-
lizisagan.
anketireba aris uSualo
(interviu) an gaSualebuli (an-
keta) gziT respondentisagan
(piri, romlis gamokiTxvac xde-
ba) pirveladi, verbaluri (si-
tyvieri) informaciis Sekreba.
es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba
sazogadoebrivi azris Sesas-
wavlad.
antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-
xadixadixadixadixadi (anti-----dumping duties) - - - - - saba-Jo gadasaxadi, romelic icavs
erovnul mrewvelobas dempin-
guri (xelovnurad daqveiTebu-
li) fasis mqone saqonlis im-
portisagan.
antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-
mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba (anti-----dumping legis-lation) - - - - - dempingis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli specialuri samarT-
lebrivi aqtebi da debulebebi.
antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi (bad) - - - - - pro-duqti, romelsac momxmareb-
lisTvis uaryofiTi efeqti
moaqvs. es termini farTod aris
gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove
ekonomikur literaturaSi. mas
gansakuTrebiT xSirad iyeneben
gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebu-
li xarjebis ganxilvisas.
antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-
nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba (anti-----trust laws)- - - - - msoflios mravali qveynis
kanonmdebloba, romelic iTval-
iswinebs warmoebis metismeti
monopolizaciis (firmebis Ser-
wyma, erTi firmis mier meoris
STanTqma, kanonsawinaaRmdego
SeTanxmebebi bazrebis ganawi-
angariSangariSangariSangariSangariS-----faqturafaqturafaqturafaqturafaqtura
21
lebisa da fasebis dadgenis miz-
niT) SezRudvas. antimonopo-
liuri kanonebi xels uwyobs
konkurenciis ganviTarebas, icavs
mcire da saSualo firmebs.
anticianticianticianticianticipacia pacia pacia pacia pacia (anticipation)[<laT. anticipatio] - - - - - fulis ga-
daxda savalo valdebulebis
safuZvelze daTqmul vadamde.
antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori (entrepre-neur) [<frang. entrepreneur me-warme] - - - - - 1. kerZo Teatris, cir-kis da a.S. mflobeli, arenda-
tori. 2. mewarme.
antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi (private the-atrical enterprise) [<frang. entre-prise] - - - - - kerZo sanaxaobiTi sawar-mo (Teatri, cirki da a.S.).
anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti (annuity) - - - - - vadi-ani saxelmwifo sesxi valis
yovelwliuri dafarviTa da
procentis gadaxdiT.
aJio aJio aJio aJio aJio (agio) [ital. aggio] -----1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-
li oqros sabazro fasis zrda
qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-
Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-
Raldebisa da fuladi niSne-
bis sabirJo (sabazro) kursis
aweva, maT nominalur Rirebule-
basTan SedarebiT. angariSoben
procentobiT. mag., Tu 10 dola-
ris Rirebulebis aqcia birJaze
11 dolarad iyideba, maSin aJio
Seadgens 10%-s. igivea, rac
laJi. sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ dizaJio.
aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi (stock-----jobbing)
[<frang. agiotage] - - - - - spekulaci-
uri operaciebi birJaze an ba-
zarze saqonlisa da fasiani
qaRaldebis fasebis xelovnuri
gazrdis mizniT.
araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-
tali tali tali tali tali (heterogeneous capital) -----sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri kap-
itali, gamoyenebuli maRalspe-
cializebuli konkretuli war-
moebrivi procesebisaTvis. misi
sxva mizniT gamoyeneba SeuZle-
belia. araerTgvarovani kapita-
li gansxvavdeba erTgvarovani
ZiriTadi kapitalisagan, rom-
lis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mravali sxvadasxva saqonlis
warmoebisaTvis da sxvadasxva
warmoebriv procesSi. Tu kapi-
tali araerTgvarovania, maSin,
rogorc kembrijis skolis war-
momadgenlebi (a. pigu, d. rober-
tsoni da sxvebi) aRniSnaven,
warmoiqmneba seriozuli prob-
lemebi erToblivi warmoebrivi
funqciis gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. es ukanaskneli ki neokla-
sikur modelebSi gamoiyeneba.
arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-
qalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqo mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (noninsti-tucional civilian population) – qvey-nis mosaxleobis is nawili,
romelic aris samuSao asaks
qvemoT (mosaxleoba 16 wlam-
de), aseve, potenciurad gamo-
sadegi samoqalaqo dasaqmebi-
sTvis (SeiaraRebul ZalebSi,
arainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqo mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba
22
sapatimroebSi da a.S. myofi
pirebi).
arakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoeba
(illegal production) – erovnulangariSTa sistemis (eas-93)
Tanaxmad, arakanonieri warmoe-
ba kanoniT akrZaluli saqmi-
anobaa (narkotikebis warmoeba
da ganawileba) an saqmianobis
is saxeobebi, romlebic nebar-
Tvis gareSe xorcieldeba. mag.,
samedicino praqtika licenzi-
is gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare,
arakanonieri warmoeba iyofa or
kategoriad: 1. kanoniT akrZa-
luli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis warmoeba da realiza-
cia; 2. ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis is saxeobebi, romelTa war-
moeba da realizacia Cveu-
lebriv nebadarTulia, magram Tu
xorcieldeba Sesabamisi licen-
ziis gareSe, maSin isini ara-
kanonierad iTvleba.
arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-
zaciazaciazaciazaciazacia (non-----profit institution) - - - - - or-ganizacia, romelic mogebas ar
iRebs Tavisi ZiriTadi saqmi-
anobidan. arakomerciuli or-
ganizacia iqmneba socialuri,
qvelmoqmedi, kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo, samecniero da sam-
marTvelo miznebis misaRwevad,
moqalaqeebis janmrTelobis dac-
vis, fizikuri kulturisa da
sportis ganviTarebis, moqala-
qeebis sulieri da sxva aramate-
rialuri moTxovnilebebis dak-
mayofilebis, fizikuri da iuri-
diuli piris uflebebisa da kano-
nieri interesebis dacvis, kama-
Tisa da konfliqtebis gadawy-
vetis da a.S. miznebis misaR-
wevad. (magaliTad, mravali or-
ganizacia jandacvisa da ganaT-
lebis sistemaSi). arakomerciu-
li organizaciebi SeiZleba Se-
iqmnas sazogadoebrivi an reli-
giuri organizaciebis (gaerTia-
nebebis), arakomerciuli partni-
orobis, dawesebulebebis, avto-
nomiuri arakomerciuli orga-
nizaciebis, specialuri, qvel-
moqmedi da sxva fondebis, aso-
ciaciebis, kavSirebisa da sxva
formebiT, romlebic moqmedi ka-
nonebiTaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.
iTvleba, rom aseTi organizaci-
ebi muSaoben specifikur reJim-
Si da sxva firmebisagan gansxva-
vebul miznebs isaxaven.
arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-
marmarmarmarmareba eba eba eba eba (non-----rival consumption)- - - - - saqonlis moxmareba iTvleba
arakonkurentulad, Tu erTi in-
dividis mier misi moxmareba
aranairad ar amcirebs meore
individisaTvis am saqonlis
miwodebas. aseTi saqonlis mox-
mareba ar ukavSirdeba alter-
natiul danaxarjebs. moxmare-
bis arakonkurentuloba sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis Tvise-
baa. amis magaliTia satelevizio
arakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoeba
23
signali, gamomdinare iqidan, rom
erTi individis mier aseTi sig-
nalis miReba ar amcirebs mis
xelmisawvdomobas sxvebisaTvis.
ekonomistebis mtkicebiT, ase-
Ti tipis saqoneli unda miewo-
debodes nulovani fasiT yo-
vel zRvrul (damatebiT) er-
Teulze.
aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-
xureba xureba xureba xureba xureba (non-----material, intangibleservice) - - - - - Sromis specifikuriekonomikuri forma, romlis
sasargeblo efeqtic aramate-
rializebul momsaxurebaSi
vlindeba.
ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeobaTa saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikaciis mixedviT, aramateri-
aluri momsaxureba or jgu-
fad iyofa. pirvel jgufs
miekuTvneba piradi momsaxure-
ba, meores _ _ _ _ _ socialuri mom-
saxureba. Tumca amgvari dayo-
fa pirobiTia, vinaidan arsebobs
momsaxurebis iseTi saxeobebi,
romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.
magaliTad, ganaTleba, janmrTe-
lobis dacva, kultura da a.S.
akmayofilebs ara mxolod pi-
rad, aramed socialur moTx-
ovnilebebsac.
aramaterialur momsaxure-
bas gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia momsaxurebis sferoSi. mis
wamyvan dargebSi ekonomikuri
saqmianoba ganixileba arasaba-
zro meqanizmis funqcionire-
bis, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
Teoriis, sabiujeto dafinanse-
bisa da normatiuli ekonomikis
poziciebidan. dasavleTSi sayo-
velTaod aRiarebulia, rom
socialur-----kulturuli momsa-
xurebis mniSvnelovani nawili,
agreTve saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis, uSiSroebis organoebis mom-
saxureba da sxv., rac sazoga-
doebriv saqonels warmoadgens,
qmnis ekonomikis arasabazro
seqtors.
aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-
bi bi bi bi bi (goodwill, intangible asset) -----termini, romelic gamoiyeneba
sabuRaltro aRricxvaSi da
gamoxatavs firmis aranivTo-
brivi aqtivebis Rirebulebas.
Cveulebriv gamoiTvleba ro-
gorc sxvaoba funqcionirebad
firmisTvis gadaxdil fassa da
mis sabalanso Rirebulebas So-
ris. Tu gasayid firmas aqvs
kargi reputacia, hyavs mrava-
li momxmarebeli da klienti,
romlebic, albaT, darCebian mas-
Tan misi gayidvis Semdeg, es Se-
dis mis aranivTobriv aqtivebSi.
arapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasa-----
xadixadixadixadixadi (indirect tax) - - - - - sagadasax-ado anaricxi, romelsac saqon-
lis SeZenisas ixdis myidveli;
moxmarebaze gadasaxadi, romel-
arapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaxadixadixadixadixadi
24
sac krefen gayidvis yoveli
aqtidan, dawyebuli warmoebrivi
da ganawilebiTi ciklidan da
saboloo moxmarebiT damTavre-
buli. moicavs gayidvaze gada-
saxads, damatebul Rirebule-
baze gadasaxads, aqcizur ga-
dasaxads, saimporto baJs, saqmi-
anobis monopoliur saxeobebze
gadasaxads da a.S. Sedis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis sabazro
fasSi. es gadasaxadebi ganvi-
Tarebad qveynebSi qmnian saga-
dasaxado nakrebis ZiriTad ma-
sas, vinaidan pirdapir gadasax-
adebTan SedarebiT advilia maTi
regulireba da akrefa.
arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-
bababababa (non-----market service) - - - - - mom-
saxureba, romelic iyideba ara-
sabazro fasiT da erTeuli mom-
saxurebis mwarmoebeli resursebi
(50 procenti da meti) iqmneba
ara momsaxurebis realizaci-
iT, aramed samTavrobo trans-
ferebiT, saojaxo meurneobidan
nebayoflobiTi SenatanebiT,
sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-
savlebiT da sxv.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciis
mixedviT, arasabazro momsaxure-
bas miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis organoebis, erovnu-
li Tavdacvis, savaldebulo
socialuri dazRvevisa da so-
cialuri dacvis momsaxureba;
ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli
kvlevis dargSi (umaRles sas-
wavleblebSi, zogadsaganmanaT-
leblo skolebSi, profesiul-----
teqnikur saswavleblebSi, sko-
lamdel dawesebulebebSi, samec-
niero-----kvleviT dawesebulebeb-
Si) saxelmwifos da kerZo ar-
akomerciuli organizaciebis
xarjze gaweuli momsaxureba;
janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-
Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,
sanatoriumebi da sxv., agreTve
veterinaruli saqmianoba) sax-
elmwifosa da kerZo arakomer-
ciuli organizaciebis xarjze
gaweuli momsaxureba; kerZo ar-
akomerciuli organizaciebis,
profesiuli kavSirebis, re-
ligiuri organizaciebis, tur-
istuli sainformacio saagen-
toebisa da klubebis, poli-
tikuri partiebis, samomxmare-
blo da samoqalaqo organiza-
ciebis momsaxureba; momsaxureba
kulturis, dasvenebisa da gar-
Tobis sferoSi (biblioTekebi,
sazogadoebrivi arqivebi, muze-
umebi, sportuli moednebi da
klubebi, botanikuri da bi-
ologiuri baRebi) gaweuli
saxelmwifo da kerZo arako-
merciuli organizaciebis xar-
jze; sasaflao meurneobis or-
ganizaciasTan, nagvis gatanasa
da sanitariasTan dakavSirebu-
li arasabazro momsaxureba;
arasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxureba
25
saojaxo momsaxureba (Sinamo-
samsaxureTa momsaxureba).
arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-
bababababa (non-----market relations) - - - - - urTi-erToba, romelic sabazro eko-
nomikaSi yalibdeba qveynis mak-
roekonomikuri regulirebis,
saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi mtkice
fasebis dadgenis, saxelmwifo
dakveTebis SemoRebis, mosaxle-
obis socialur dacvasTan da-
kavSirebuli RonisZiebebis ga-
tarebis SemTxvevaSi. arasabaz-
ro pirobebSi moqmedeben sabi-
ujeto dafinansebaze myofi
organizaciebi.
arasabazro urTierTobis
arsebobas ZiriTadad ganapiro-
bebs Semdegi faqtorebi: pirve-
li, _ _ _ _ _ bazris meqanizmi saSu-
alebas aZlevs momxmareblebs
daikmayofilon mxolod moTx-
ovniT gamoxatuli moTxovnile-
bebi. magram arsebobs moTxov-
nilebebi, romelTa fuliT ga-
zomvac SeuZlebelia. bazari
maTze ar reagirebs. aseTi saxis
moTxovnilebebi ukavSirdeba
gansakuTrebuli tipis saqonel-
sa da momsaxurebas, romelic
msoflio ekonomikur liter-
aturaSi cnobilia ̀ sazogadoe-
brivi saqonlis~ saxelwodeb-
iT. misi kvlavwarmoebis area-
li qmnis ekonomikis arasaba-
zro seqtors; meore, _ _ _ _ _ bazars
ar SeuZlia misTvis niSan-
doblivi faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-
mis meSveobiT Seafasos adami-
anTa saqmianobis saboloo gare
efeqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba
gamoixatos rogorc dadebiT,
ise uaryofiT socialur-----eko-
nomikur SedegebSi. gare efeqte-
bis arseboba ganapirobebs ker-
Zo da socialuri danaxarjeb-
isa da Sedegebis gamijvnis
aucileblobas. kerZo danaxar-
jebi da Sedegebi asaxavs saba-
zro urTierTobas, maTi tolo-
ba _ _ _ _ _ sabazro wonasworobas,
xolo socialuri danaxarje-
bi da Sedegebi _ _ _ _ _ fsevdosaba-
zro wonasworobas, romelic
Tavisi ekonomikuri SinaarsiT
gacilebiT farToa sabazroze.
mxolod bazars ar SeuZlia
fsevdosabazro wonasworobis
damyareba, igi dgindeba saxelm-
wifosa da moTxovna-----miwodeb-
is meqanizmis erToblivi Zal-
isxmeviT. iq, sadac bazari uZ-
luria, aucilebelia saxelm-
wifos Careva; mesame, ekonomikis
dargebis — energo-----, Tbo-----,
wyal- - - - - da gazmomaragebis, sar-
kinigzo mimosvlis, safosto,
satelefono da satelegrafo
kavSirgabmulobis da a.S. te-
qnikuri da teqnologiuri
specifika, romelic moiTxovs
warmoebis, ganawilebisa da mox-
marebis erTian sistemas, war-
moebuli produqciis Tavisebu-
arasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierToba
26
rebebi da moxmarebis masobrivi
xasiaTi, romelic ganapirobebs
farTomasStabiani warmoebis
aucileblobas, ar qmnis ekono-
mikur sivrces normaluri kon-
kurenciisaTvis. amitom am dar-
gebSi saxelmwifo monopolia
(bunebrivi monopolia) gan-
pirobebulia obieqturi auci-
leblobiT, rac arasabazro ur-
TierTobebSi aisaxeba.
arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-
valivalivalivalivali (off-budget receipts) - - - - - Se-mosavali, romelic ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli sagadasaxado
kodeqsiT. mas miekuTvneba: li-
cenzirebisa da sxva saxis sax-
elmwifo momsaxurebis gawe-
vidan miRebuli mosakreblebi,
saxelmwifo biujetis, saxelm-
wifo qonebis arendidan miRe-
buli Semosavali da a.S.
arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-
renciarenciarenciarenciarencia (imperfect competition)- - - - - sabazro situacia, rodesac
konkurenciis srulyofileba
irRveva Tundac erTi gamyid-
velis (an myidvelis) zegav-
leniT sabazro fasze. igi
gamoxatavs sabazro struqtur-
is nebismier formas _ _ _ _ _ monopo-
lias, oligopolias an monopo-
liur konkurencias.
aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-
mikamikamikamikamika (non-traditional economy) –qveynis ekonomikis arajansaRi
nawili, romelic warmodgenilia
zombiekonomikisa (ix.) da nek-
roekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.
arafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konkukukukuku-----
renrenrenrenrencicicicicia a a a a (non-----price competition) -----nebismieri kanonieri saSualebis
gamoyeneba, garda fasebis Sem-
cirebisa, axali momxmareblis
mizidvis mizniT. arafasismieri
konkurenciis meTodebs Soris
aRsaniSnavia reklama, market-
ingis gaumjobeseba, inovacieb-
is danergva da a.S.
araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-
kakakakaka (informal economy) – ekono-mikis, kerZod Sromis bazris
mniSvnelovani nawili (gansa-
kuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si). did rols asrulebs dasaq-
mebisa da Semosavlebis formi-
rebaSi. im qveynebSi, sadac mo-
saxleobis zrdis tempebi an
urbanizacia maRalia, arafor-
maluri seqtori swrafad iz-
rdeba qalaqebSi mzardi samu-
Sao Zalis xarjze, amitom ara-
formalur seqtorSi warmoe-
buli saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis aRricxva Zalze mniSvnelo-
vania MmSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is asaxvisaTvis.
araformaluri seqtoris
saerTaSoriso gansazRvreba mi-
Rebul iqna 1993 wels Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da
Sromis bazris statistikosTa
meTxuTmete saerTaSoriso kon-
ferenciis gadawyvetilebiT.
araformalur seqtorSi
arasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosavalivalivalivalivali
27
dasaqmebulTa umetesi nawilis
saqmianoba savsebiT legaluria,
amasTan, araregistrirebuli an
aralicenzirebuli, rac gana-
pirobebs warmoebis danaxarje-
bis Semcirebas.
araformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri seqqqqqto-to-to-to-to-
ririririri (informal sector) - - - - - ekonomikisseqtori, romelic ar aris Car-
Tuli oficialur statistika-
Si. masSi Sedis TviTdasaqme-
bulTa kategoria, romlis ma-
Rali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCe-
va ganviTarebadi qveynebi. TviT-
dasaqmebulebi asruleben wvril
Sromatevad samuSaoebs, Tumca,
xSirad maT mniSvnelovani wv-
lili SeaqvT erovnuli Semo-
savlis warmoebaSi.
TviTdasaqmebulTa Sroma
xasiaTdeba dabali kapitalte-
vadobiTa (anu gamoyenebul mow-
yobilobaTa Rirebulebis gamoS-
vebul produqciasTan Sefarde-
bis dabali doniT) da dabali
kapitalSeiaraRebiT (anu gamoy-
enebul mowyobilobaTa Rire-
bulebis daxarjuli Sromis
RirebulebasTan Sefardebis
dabali doniT).
arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi (arbitration, ar-bitrage) [frang. arbitrage]-----1. spe-kulacia riskis gareSe. komer-
ciuli saqmianoba, romelic
gulisxmobs ucxouri valut-
is yidvas fasiani qaRaldebis
erT bazarze erTdroulad me-
oreze gayidvis mizniT, sxva-
dasxva bazarze valutis kur-
sis sxvaobis safuZvelze moge-
bis misaRebad. arbitraJi xels
uwyobs fasebSi mkveTri gansx-
vavebis daZlevas, rac bazrebis
efeqtiani funqcionirebis mniS-
vnelovani faqtoria; 2. sadavo
saqmeTa ganxilvis meTodi, rode-
sac mxareebi mimarTaven samedia-
toro mosamarTles (arbitrs);
3. samediatoro sasamarTlo, sa-
dac davas wyvets mosamarTle-----
Suamavali (arbitri).
arbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `ad-----hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ (ar-bitrage “ad hoc”) - - - - - arbitraJi, ro-melic iqmneba konkretul kon-
traqtTan dakavSirebuli sada-
vo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.
uTanxmoebas, rogorc wesi, gani-
xilavs sami piri: ori arbitri
(mosarCelisa da mopasuxis) da
erTi superarbitri. kontraqtSi
dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli
arbitrebis arCevisa da daniS-
vnis wesebi, dadgenilia gadaw-
yvetilebaTa miRebis saboloo
vadebi. Cveulebriv arbitrebad
iwveven sagareo-----savaWro opera-
ciebis saukeTeso specialis-
tebs. isini SeiZleba iyvnen mec-
nierebi, firmebis prezidentebi,
advokatebi, saxelmwifo orga-
nizaciebis mosamsaxureebi. auci-
leblobis SemTxvevaSi arbitre-
arbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `adarbitraJi `ad-----hoki~hoki~hoki~hoki~hoki~
28
bad SeiZleba miiwvion teqnikuri
eqspertebi.
arenda arenda arenda arenda arenda (rent) [<laT. ar-rendare gaqiraveba] - - - - - xelSek-
ruleba, romlis mixedviTac
erTi mxare (mearende) aZlevs
meore mxares _ _ _ _ _ arendators
qonebas (miwas, Senoba-----nagebobebs,
samrewvelo da savaWro sawar-
moebs, droebiT gamouyenebel
mowyobilobebs, satransporto
saSualebebsa da sxv.) droe-
biT sargeblobisaTvis gan-
sazRvruli qiriT. arendatori
valdebulia gadaixados saaren-
do gadasaxadi SromiTi saqmi-
anobis Sedegebis miuxedavad.
arendirebuli qoneba SeiZleba
gaxdes arendatoris sakuTre-
ba, Tu es ukanaskneli mas mTli-
anad gamoisyidis.
arendatori arendatori arendatori arendatori arendatori (leaseholden,tenant) - - - - - piri, saarendo xelSek-
rulebis erT-----erTi mxare, rome-
lic raimes arendiT iRebs mea-
rendisagan.
ari ari ari ari ari (are) [<laT. are far-Tobi, zedapiri] - - - - - farTobis er-Teuli sazomTa metrul siste-
maSi.
1 a = 100 kv.m., anu 0,01 ha.arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-
li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan (trade-----off)- - - - - im gadawyvetilebis miRebis
aucilebloba, romelic gulisx-
mobs, rom arCeuli varianti
ganxorcieldeba alternati-
ulze uaris Tqmis fasad. mak-
roekonomikur terminologia-
Si gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri
politikis RonisZiebebis Se-
muSavebisas ama Tu im miznis
arCevis problemis aRsaniSna-
vad. mag., arCevanis problema
umuSevrobis zrdasa da in-
flaciis daCqarebas Soris,
mogebis zrdasa da xelfasis
gadidebas Soris da a.S.
asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti (range ofgoods, assortment) [<frang. as-sortiment] - - - - - sxvadasxva saxis
saqonlis nakrebi, dajgufebu-
li gansazRvruli niSnebis
mixedviT. ganasxvaveben sawar-
moo da savaWro asortiments.
asociacia asociacia asociacia asociacia asociacia (association) [<laT.associatio gaerTianeba] - - - - - iurid-iul da fizikur pirTa nebayo-
flobiTi gaerTianeba, Seqmnili
ekonomikuri (sameurneo), poli-
tikuri, samecniero da sxva
miznebis misaRwevad. ekonomi-
kuri asociacia iqmneba same-
warmeo saqmianobis mizniT sax-
elSekrulebo urTierTobis
safuZvelze. koncernisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, iq SezRudvebi nak-
lebad mkacria.
auditi auditi auditi auditi auditi (audit) [<laT. ix.
auditori] - - - - - sameurneo subieq-tis sabuRaltro-----safinanso
angariSgebis, sabuRaltro aR-
ricxvisa da safinanso opera-
ciebis warmoebis, moqmed kanon-
arendaarendaarendaarendaarenda
29
mdeblobasa da normativebTan
Sesabamisobis, sisrulisa da
utyuarobis, agreTve, safinan-
so da qonebrivi mdgomareobis
eqspertiza, romelsac atareben
arasauwyebo damoukidebeli
auditorebi saauditoro obieq-
tis Seswavlis, Semowmebisa da
reviziis gziT. auditorul
momsaxurebad iTvleba agreTve
zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxebze
sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis
gaweuli konsultaciebi da
daxmareba.
auditi tardeba saaudi-
toro standartebisa da dad-
genili meTodikis Sesabamisad.
cnobilia sainiciativo da
savaldebulo auditebi. saini-saini-saini-saini-saini-
ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi tardeba sa-
meurneo subieqtis iniciativ-
iT da am ukanasknelis mier
SerCeuli saaudito Temis
mixedviT. savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-
ti ti ti ti ti dawesebulia kanonmdeblo-
biT garkveuli wris sameur-
neo subieqtebisaTvis da tar-
deba periodulad kanoniT dad-
genil Temaze. auditis Catare-
ba savaldebuloa:
- - - - - im sameurneo subieqteb-
isaTvis, romelTa organizaci-
ul-----samarTlebrivi formac
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT iTval-
iswinebs mesakuTreTa SezRu-
dul qonebriv pasuxismgeblo-
bas;
_ _ _ _ _ bankebis, sadazRvevo ko-
mpaniebis, arasabiujeto fond-
ebis, safondo da sasaqonlo
birJebisaTvis;
- - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis emi-
tentebisa da sainvesticio in-
stitutebisaTvis;
- - - - - ucxouri iuridiuli
pirebisaTvis, romlebic moge-
bas iReben mocemuli qveynis
teritoriaze saqmianobiT;
- - - - - ucxouri sainvesticio
sawarmoebisaTvis;
- - - - - sxva sameurneo subieqte-
bisaTvis, romelTa siac yovel-
wliurad mtkicdeba.
auditi fasiani momsaxure-
baa. igi, rogorc wesi, tardeba
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze
saxelmwifo kontrolisagan
damoukideblad da ar cvlis
mas.
auditori auditori auditori auditori auditori (auditor) [<laT.
auditor msmeneli] - - - - - auditis
Camtarebeli fizikuri piri,
rogorc wesi, mocemuli sax-
elmwifos moqalaqe, romelsac
aqvs specialuri ganaTleba da
kvalifikacia, rac dadasture-
bulia specialuri saatesta-
cio komisiis mier. auditors
saauditoro saqmianobis daw-
yebis ufleba aqvs mxolod Se-
sabamisi kompetenturi organ-
odan licenziis miRebis Sem-
deg. auditorebi am saqmianobas
ewevian rogorc individualu-
auditoriauditoriauditoriauditoriauditori
30
rad, ise auditorul firmebSi.
auditori valdebulia moipo-
vos iseTi informacia da masa-
la, romelic uzrunvelyofs
saaudito Temis srulyofil
Seswavlas, Sefasebasa da daskv-
nis obieqturobas, amasTan,
gamoricxavs tendenciurobasa
da calmxrivobas. sameurneo
subieqtis administracia valde-
bulia miawodos auditors
misTvis sasurveli informacia
da masala, romelTa utyuar-
obazec pasuxismgebelia sameur-
neo subieqti. auditis Temis
Sesaxeb Tavis saboloo mo-
sazrebas auditori asaxavs daskv-
naSi, romelic oficialuri
dokumentia da romlis ward-
genac nebismier organizaciaSi
SeiZleba. auditis Sedegebis
realizacias, rogorc wesi,
axdenen damkveTi da sxva ad-
resatebi, romlebic auditorul
daskvnas iReben. amasTan, kanon-
mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevaSi auditors SeuZlia
Sesabamisi kompetenturi or-
ganos winaSe dasvas auditoris
Sedegebis realizaciis sakiTxi.
auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma (audi-tor firm) - - - - - firma, romlis wes-
debac iTvaliswinebs mxolod
auditorul da masTan dakav-
Sirebul saqmianobas.
auditoruli saqmianoba
aris im urTierTobaTa erTob-
lioba, romelic myardeba audi-
tis da masTan dakavSirebuli
saqmianobis momzadebis, Catare-
bisa da Sedegebis realizaci-
is procesSi sameurneo sub-
ieqts (damkveTs), auditors
(auditorul firmas), agreTve,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, xelisu-
flebis organosa da sxva rome-
lime mesame pirs Soris, moqme-
di kanonmdeblobisa da sxva ma-
regulirebeli normebis safuZ-
velze.
rogorc wesi, auditorul
saqmianobas aregulirebs sax-
elmwifo. es xdeba kanonebis
miRebisa da maT Sesrulebaze
xelisuflebis meTvalyureobis
gziT. amasTan, saxelmwifo uSu-
alod ar ereva auditoruli
firmis saqmianobaSi. auditori
damoukidebelia saxelmwifos-
agan, klientisagan, nebismieri
mesame pirisagan. igi xelmZRv-
anelobs mxolod kanonebiT, au-
ditoruli standartebiTa da
meTodikiT. auditoruli fir-
ma Tanabrad icavs mesakuTris,
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoeb-
is kanonier interesebs.
auditoruli saqmianobis
saxelmwifo regulirebis or-
ganoebi umetes SemTxvevaSi iqm-
neba xelisuflebis umaRles or-
ganoebTan (saqarTveloSi am mov-
aleobas asrulebs auditoru-
li saqmianobis sabWo, romelic
auditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firma
31
Seqmnilia parlamentTan).
auditoruli firmis muSa-
obas mimarTaven auditorTa
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.
isini amzadeben auditis stan-
dartebs da sxva meToduri xa-
siaTis normatiul aqtebs. TviT-
mmarTvelobis aseTi organoebi
ZiriTadad auditorTa nebayo-
flobiTi profesiuli gaer-
Tianebebia. bevr qveyanaSi maT
auditoruli palatebi ewode-
baT.
saqarTveloSi auditoru-
li palata Seiqmna 1992 wlis
damlevs, xolo auditoruli da
sakonsultacio momsaxurebis
pirveli aqcionerTa sazogadoe-
ba _ _ _ _ _ `iberiauditori~ 1990
wels daarsda. amiT dasabami
mieca qveyanaSi auditoruli
saqmianobis dawyebas.
autraiti autraiti autraiti autraiti autraiti (outright) - - - - - mar-tivi vadiani savaluto gari-
geba, romelic iTvaliswinebs
fulis gadaxdas monawile mx-
areebis mier mkacrad gan-
sazRvruli `forvardis~ kur-
siT.
autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri (outsider) [<ing.outsider] - - - - - firma, ZiriTadad
mcire da saSualo, romelic
ar Sedis monopolistur gaer-
TianebaSi.
autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi (outsourcing)– ukavSirdeba kompaniebis mier
biznesmodelis Secvlas, im ope-
raciebis gasxvisebas, romlebic
ar Seadgens maTi biznesis Zir-
iTad kompetencias, amasTan, ufro
iafad SeuZliaT Seisyidon na-
klebad ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si.
miuxedavad amisa, amJamad prog-
ramirebisa da aplikaciebis (pro-
gramuli gamoyenebebis) Semu-
Savebis autsorsingi sakmaod
momwifebuli sabazro segmentia
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, myarad
aris damkvidrebuli iseT gan-
viTarebad da did qveynebSi,
rogoricaa indoeTi, CineTi,
malaizia; garkveuli qvesegmenti
aTvisebulia mcire qveynebSic:
israeli, estoneTi, litva. am
bazarze axladSemosuli qvey-
nebis (ruseTi, brazilia, Cile,
belarusi, vietnami) damkvidrebis
siswrafe mcirdeba, magram far-
Tovdeba maTi moqmedebis area-
li. sainformacio teqnologie-
bis servisebis autsorsingi uf-
ro mimzidvelia, vidre biznes-
procesebis autsorsingi, vinaid-
an mas aRemateba TiTqmis xuT-
jer, amasTan, yvelaze swrafad
mzardi segmentia sainformacio
teqnologiebis bazarze.
auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni (auction) [<laT.
auctio (auctionis)] - - - - - bazris erT-erTi forma, sadac potenciuri
myidvelebi TviT Tavazoben ba-
zars saqonlis fass da ara
ubralod ixdian gamyidvelis
auqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioni
32
mier dawesebul fass. auqcio-
ni sajaro vaWrobaa auqcion-
eris xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis
drosac gasayid saqonels iZens
umaRlesi fasis gadamxdeli
piri. aseT auqcions Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-
lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi anu inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-
cioni cioni cioni cioni cioni ewodeba. auqcionis sxva-
dasxva saxeobaTa Soris aRsa-
niSnavia agreTve holandiuriholandiuriholandiuriholandiuriholandiuri
auqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioni, sadac vaWroba iwyeba
maRali fasiT, sanam vinme ar
gamoTqvams survils SeiZinos
mocemuli saqoneli bolos ga-
mocxadebuli fasiT. praqtika-
Si saqonlis birJebze gamoiye-
neba ormagi auqcioni, rodesac
birJis wevri SeiZleba iyos ro-
gorc gamyidveli, ise myidveli.
auqcioni ufro metad sa-
gareo vaWrobaSi gavrcelebu-
li saqonlis lotebad an calke
nivTebad gasaRebis xerxia, ro-
desac saqoneli an misi nimu-
Sebi gamofenilia dasaTvaliereb-
lad potenciuri myidvelebi-
saTvis. auqcionis zogad piro-
bebs gansazRvravs gamyidveli,
vaWroba ki iwyeba lotis an niv-
Tis nomris da sawyisi fasis ga-
mocxadebiT. auqcioni warmoad-
gens qonebis iZulebiT gayidvis
formasac valebis dafarvis miz-
niT.
arsebobs daxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Ria
auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni. auqcioni daxurulia
sadac yvela myidveli weri-
lobiTi formiT waradgens
Tavis fass garkveuli saxis
faseulobis SesaZenad. Ria
auqcionSi nebadarTulia Sesasy-
idi qonebis fasis mravaljera-
di SeTavazeba. am formis auq-
cionSi monawileobis ufleba
aqvs qveynis nebismier moqalaqes
da qveyanaSi registrirebul
kerZo samarTlis iuridiul
pirebs, agreTve, es ufleba Sei-
Zleba hqondeT ucxoel fiz-
ikur da iuridiul pirebsac.
auqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazari (auc-tion market) – konkurentuli
miwodebis modeli, organizebu-
li bazari, sadac fasebi regu-
lirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis
cvlilebis safuZvelze. misi
ZiriTadi komponentebia stan-
dartizebuli saqoneli, anoni-
muri vaWroba da konkurenciis
monawileTa sakmao raodenoba.
aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori (acceler-ator) [<laT. accelerare daCqare-ba] - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoxatavs Tanafar-
dobas investiciebisa da Semo-
savlebis cvalebadobas Soris;
investiciis namatis fardoba
Semosavlis namatTan. aqseler-
atori gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri
zrdis makroekonomikur mod-
elebSi multi plikatorTan
erTad.
aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-
pi pi pi pi pi (accelerator principle) - - - - - kon-
auqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazari
33
cefcia, romlis Sesabamisad
produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis
tempebis cvlilebebi iwvevs
imave mimarTulebiT investicie-
bze moTxovnis cvlilebebs. mis
Tanaxmad, erToblivi wminda in-
vesticiebi damokidebulia war-
moebis moculobis mosalod-
nel cvlilebebze. umartivesi
formiT es principi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT Semdegnairad:
It = a·LYt-----1+b,
sadac a aris aqseleraciis koe-
ficienti, L - - - - - mcire cvlileba,
Yt-----1 - - - - - warmoebis moculobis
cvlileba wina wels, b - - - - - inves-ticiebi, romlebic mimarTulia
ZiriTadi kapitalis mwyobri-
dan gamosuli nawilis Sesacvle-
lad.
aqseleratoris principi mniS-
vnelovan rols asrulebs eko-
nomikuri ciklis axsnaSi, mag.,
multiplikatorisa da aqsel-
eratoris urTierTzemoqmedeb-
is safuZvelze, agreTve ekono-
mikuri zrdis TeoriaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT harod-----domaris
TeoriaSi.
aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-
enti enti enti enti enti (accelerator coefficient) -----koeficienti, romelic uCvenebs,
ramdenjer izrdeba axali in-
vesticiebi warmoebis moculo-
bis cvlilebis sapasuxod. igu-
lisxmeba, rom axali investicie-
bi unda izrdebodes ufro
swrafad, vidre warmoebis moc-
uloba, vinaidan manqana-----danad-
garebis Rirebuleba Cveulebriv
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba misi
wliuri produqciis Rirebule-
bas.
aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi (asset) [<laT. acti-vus, qmediTi, aqtiuri] - - - - - 1. eko-nomikuri saqmianobis subieqte-
bis nebismieri qoneba _ _ _ _ _ naRdi
fuli anu mimoqcevaSi gaSve-
buli qaRaldisa da liTonis
fulis erToblioba, manqana-----
danadgarebi, Senoba-----nagebobebi,
sabanko anabrebi, patenti, in-
vesticiebi, fasiani qaRaldebi
da sxv., dasavleTis praqtika-
Si _ _ _ _ _ agreTve saqmiani reput-
acia; iyofa realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin-
ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. realuri
aqtivi warmoebaSi dabandebuli
materialuri resursebia, xolo
finansur aqtivebs miekuTvneba
fuli, obligaciebi da aqciebi.
2. saxelmwifos mier sazRvarg-
areTidan miRebuli fuladi Se-
mosavlebis siWarbe sazRvarga-
reT gaweul xarjebTan Sedare-
biT (mag., saqonlis gatanis Sed-
egad); 3. sabuRaltro balansis
erT-----erTi mxare, sadac mocemulia
sameurneo saSualebebis dasax-
eleba, xolo meore mxares _____
pasivSi CamoTvlilia sameurneo
saSualebebis wyaroebi.
aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali (ac-tive capital) - - - - - kapitali, romel-
aqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitali
34
ic Tavisufalia valdebulebe-
bisa da valebisagan.
aqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (active balance of pay-ments) - - - - - sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi, romelSic sazRvargare-
Tidan Semosulobebi aRemateba
qveynis mier sazRvargareT gawe-
ul xarjebsa da gadasaxdelebs.
aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi (actuary) [<laT.
actuarius moangariSe] - - - - - dazRve-vis saqmis specialisti, romel-
ic dakavebulia sadazRvevo Se-
natanebis, pensiebisa da a.S. gaan-
gariSebiT.
aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti (acceptor) - - - - - pi-ri, romelic iRebs valdebule-
bas, gadaixados warmodgenili
angariSis, Tamasuqis mixedviT.
aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti (acceptance) [<laT.
acceptus miRebuli] - - - - - 1. Tanxmo-ba xelSekrulebis dadebaze; 2.
warwera gadasapirebel Tamasu-
qze, romliTac gadamxdeli adas-
turebs Tavis valdebulebas,
gaanaRdos Tamasuqi masze mi-
TiTebul vadaSi. aqcepts afor-
mebs aqceptanti warweriT `aq-
ceptirebulia~ da xelis mo-
weriT; 3. bankis Tanxmoba ga-
dasapirebel Tamasuqze aRniS-
nuli Tanxis gadaxdis garan-
tiis Sesaxeb.
aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti (ac-ceptance credit) - - - - - bankebis miergacemuli krediti klientis
mier wardgenili gadasapirebe-
li Tamasuqis aqceptirebis
gziT. gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi, rogorc importis
dakreditebis erT-----erTi for-
ma. aqcepturi kreditis gace-
mis operacia xorcieldeba Sem-
degnairad: importiori Seu-
Tanxmdeba eqsportiors imis
Sesaxeb, rom am ukanasknelis
mier eqsportirebul saqonel-
Si fuls gadaixdis importio-
ris momsaxure banki, eqspor-
tioris mier wardgenili ga-
dasapirebeli Tamasuqis aqcep-
tis gziT. amasTan, dgindeba saaq-
cepto Tanxa da gadaxdis vada.
importiori avalebs bank-----aq-
ceptats, gaxsnas akreditivi eq-
sportioris sasargeblod mis
mier sasaqonlo dokumentebis
wardgenis safuZvelze. eqspor-
tiori, gagzavnis ra saqonels,
gamowers tratas importior-
is bankze. eqsportioris banki
gadagzavnis tratas eqsporti-
oris sasaqonlo dokumentebT-
an erTad importioris bankSi
aqceptisaTvis. sasaqonlo do-
kumentebi gadaecema importio-
rs. es ukanaskneli tratis
gadaxdis vadis dadgomisas
uxdis bank-----aqceptats Sesabam-
is Tanxas, ris Semdegac banki
anaRdebs tratas.
aqcepturaqcepturaqcepturaqcepturaqceptur-----rambusnulirambusnulirambusnulirambusnulirambusnuli
krediti krediti krediti krediti krediti (reimbursement cred-it) - - - - - aqcepturi kreditis gar-
aqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansi
35
Tulebuli forma, romlis dro-
sac Tamasuqi waredgineba ara
importioris banks, aramed,
orive mxaris SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze, romelime pirvelxarisx-
ovan banks saerTaSoriso bazar-
ze. amrigad, aqceptur-----rambus-
nuli kreditiT sargeblobisas
operaciaSi monawileobs sami
banki: importioris banki aZlevs
garantias ganvadebiT nayidi
saqonlis anazRaurebis Sesax-
eb pirvelxarisxovan banks ram-
busnuli valdebulebis for-
miT. eqsportioris banki gamow-
ers pirvelxarisxovani bankis
saxelze gadasapirebel Tama-
suqs importioris mier gadmot-
virTul saqonelze. gadaxdis
vadis dadgomis win importio-
rs Seaqvs saWiro Tanxa Tavis
bankSi, romelic, rambusnuli
valdebulebis Sesabamisad, gada-
ugzavnis mas pirvelxarisxo-
van banks. gadaxdis vadis dad-
gomisas pirvelxarisxovani banki
gadaugzavnis am Tanxas eqspor-
tioris banks.
aqcia aqcia aqcia aqcia aqcia (share, stock) [<frang.action] - - - - - fasiani qaRaldi, ga-
moSvebuli aqcioneruli sa-
zogadoebis mier, romelic
aZlevs uflebas mis mflobels,
miiRos dividendi aqcioneru-
li sazogadoebis mogebidan.
Semosavlis sididis mixed-
viT ganasxvaveben CveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebriv
da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs. Cveu-
lebrivi aqciebis mixedviT ga-
nawilebuli Semosavlebi merye-
obs mogebis normis Sesabamis-
ad. igi izrdeba aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis mogebis zrdasTan
erTad da, piriqiT, mcirdeba mis
SemcirebasTan erTad. privi-
legiuri aqciebis mixedviT ga-
nawilebuli Semosavlebi ar
icvleba aqcioneruli sazoga-
doebis mogebis cvlilebis Se-
sabamisad. igi winaswar dadge-
nili, fiqsirebuli sididea.
aqcioneruli sazogadoebis
likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi, misi
qonebis ganawilebisas, Cveu-
lebrivi aqciis mflobelTan
SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWe-
ba privilegiuri aqciis mflo-
bels. rogorc wesi, privi-
legiuri aqciis mflobeli ar
sargeblobs xmis uflebiT, Cveu-
lebrivis mflobeli ki sarge-
blobs. amitom aqcioneruli
kompaniebis damfuZneblebi upi-
ratesobas aniWeben da Tavis-
Tvis itoveben Cveulebriv aqcie-
bs, xolo privilegiurs yidian.
aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze (bear-er share) - - - - - aqcia, romlis blan-
kzec ar aris miTiTebuli misi
mflobelis saxeli. aqcione-
ruli sazogadoebis aqciebis
registraciis wignSi fiqsire-
bulia mxolod am saxis aqcie-
bis saerTo raodenoba.
aqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenze
36
aqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontrolo
papapapapaketi keti keti keti keti (controlling stake, controlshare holding) - - - - - erTi piris
sargeblobaSi arsebuli aq-
cioneruli sazogadoebis aqcie-
bis mTliani raodenobis naw-
ili, romelic aZlevs mas ufle-
bas ganaxorcielos kontroli
am sazogadoebis saqmianobaze.
aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi (aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-
saxadisaxadisaxadisaxadisaxadi) (excise) [<laT. acciderewaWra] - - - - - arapirdapiri gadasa-xadis erT-----erTi saxeoba. wes-
deba iseT saqonelze, romel-
sac axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi
Tavisebureba: 1. fasisgan damo-
ukideblad iyideba ganusazRvre-
li raodenobiT; 2. aris Seucv-
leli samomxmareblo saqone-
li. igi Sedis saqonlis (Saqris,
Cais, alkoholuri sasmelebis,
Tambaqos, marilis, benzinis da
a.S.) fasSi, agreTve satrans-
porto, komunaluri da sxv. mom-
saxurebis tarifSi. aqcizi zRu-
davs maT moxmarebas. saxelm-
wifo afiqsirebs aqcizuri ga-
dasaxadis sidides da axor-
cielebs fasebze kontrols.
aqcizi saxelmwifo biujetis
erT-----erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
aqcizi regresiuli gada-
saxadia. aqcizuri gadasaxadis
akrefisas SeZenili produqci-
is erTeulze Tanabari sidi-
dis gadasaxadi amoiReba. es ki
niSnavs imas, rom rac ufro
metia Semosavali, gadasaxadis
miT naklebi wilia masSi.
aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi (share price)- - - - - fasi, romliTac mocemul mo-
mentSi xdeba konkretuli aqci-
oneruli sazogadoebis aqcie-
bis yidva-----gayidva safondo bir-
Jaze, saqonlis birJebis safon-
do ganyofilebebSi, bankebsa da
sabrokero kantorebSi. mudmi-
vad moqmedi kapitalis bazris
pirobebSi aqciis kursi, pirvel
yovlisa, damokidebulia divi-
dendis ganakveTsa da sargeb-
lis ganakveTs Soris Tanafar-
dobaze. mag., Tu dividendis
ganakveTi udris 18%-----s, xolo
sargeblis ganakveTi _ _ _ _ _ 12%-----s,
maSin aqciis kursi Seadgens misi
nominaluri fasis 150%-----s, anu
aqcia 100 dolaris nominaluri
fasiT eRireba aranakleb 150
dolarisa. aqciis kursze gav-
lenas axdens agreTve aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis reputacia,
misi saqmianobis finansuri maC-
veneblebi, fasiani qaRaldebis
bazarze moTxovnis da miwode-
bis Tanafardoba da sxv. aqci-
is mravali mflobeli iyenebs
sabazro da nominaluri aqci-
is kursebs Soris mniSvnelo-
vani sxvaobis xarjze Semosav-
lis miRebis SesaZleblobas,
swrafad da momgebianad yidis
am aqciebs, ris gamoc miwodeba
sWarbobs moTxovnas, aqciis
kursi ecema da, piriqiT, rek-
lamisa da sxva faqtorebis
aqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paketiketiketiketiketi
37
gavleniT, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
aJiotaJuri moTxovna aqciebze
da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad ga-
izardos maTi kursi. nominalur
fasze maRali aqciis kursi emi-
siuri Semosavlis wyaroa. aqci-
is kursis dinamikaze did gav-
lenas axdens qveyanaSi arse-
buli socialur-----ekonomikuri
da politikuri viTareba.
aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri (stockholder,shareholder) [<frang. acctionaire]- - - - - piri, romelic aqcionerTa
sazogadoebis wevri xdeba misi
aqciis an aqciebis SeZenis
safuZvelze. aqcioneri sarge-
blobs garkveuli uflebebiT.
kerZod, mas ufleba aqvs monaw-
ileoba miiRos sazogadoebis
saqmianobis mimarTulebebis gan-
sazRvraSi, airCios an arCeuli
iqnes aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
bis xelmZRvanelad, miiRos misi
mogebis nawili dividendis sax-
iT, romelic yovelwliurad ga-
icema aqciebze gadasaxadebis
gadaxdisa da rezervebis Sevse-
bis Semdeg, ufleba aqvs miiRos
qonebis nawili (aqciebis Rire-
bulebis sididis mixedviT) aq-
cioneruli sazogadoebis likvi-
daciis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.
aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-
ebaebaebaebaeba (joint stock company, stock-----company) - - - - - sameurneo agentTasamarTlebriv-----organizaciuli
forma, Seqmnili damfuZnebel
aqcionerTa saxsrebis gaerTiane-
bis safuZvelze. aqcioneruli sa-
zogadoeba unda Sedgebodes ara-
nakleb ori monawilisagan. igi
iqmneba da moqmedebs wesdebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo iuridiuli pi-
ris ufleba eniWeba registra-
ciis momentidan. aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis umaRlesi orga-
noa aqcionerTa saerTo kreba, ro-
melic gansazRvravs sazogadoe-
bis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimaT-
ulebebs, cvlis wesdebas, amt-
kicebs gegmebs, irCevs aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis sameTvaly-
ureo sabWos, aRmasrulebeli
da sarevizio komisiebis wevrebs.
saerTo krebaze kenWisyra tar-
deba Semdegi principiT: erTi
aqcia _ _ _ _ _ erTi xma.
aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba (growth, expan-sion, recovery) - - - - - ekonomikis gan-viTarebis periodi, saqmiani aq-
tiurobis ciklis faza, romel-
ic xasiaTdeba saSualoze ma-
Rali zrdis tempebiT.
aRmavlobis dros ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis done aWar-
bebs krizisis dawyebisas arse-
bul dones.
aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji (explicitexpense) - - - - - danaxarji, romelic
aSkara (fuladi) gadasaxdelis
formas iRebs da xmardeba war-
moebis faqtorebisa da Suale-
duri produqtis mimwodeblebs.
igi sabuRaltro wignSi reg-
istrirebuli fuladi danax-
arjia. aSkara danaxarjs mie-
aSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarji
38
kuTvneba muSebis xelfasi, me-
nejerTa gasamrjelo, sakomisio
gadasaxdeli savaWro firmebi-
saTvis, sabanko da safinanso
momsaxurebis sxva mimwodebelTa
Sromis anazRaureba, honorarebi
iuridiuli konsultaciebi-
saTvis, satransporto xarje-
bis ganaRdeba da sxv.
aSSaSSaSSaSSaSS-----is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-
viTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebis saagento saagento saagento saagento saagento (Interna-tional Development Agency of USA- - - - - USAID) - - - - - daarsda 1961 wels
j. kenedis prezidentobis pe-
riodSi sagareo daxmarebis
aqtis miRebis safuZvelze. misi
ZiriTadi mizania ganviTareba-
di qveynebis daxmareba ekono-
mikuri reformebis gatarebaSi,
kerZod, demokratiis mSeneblo-
baSi, biznesis xelSewyobaSi,
mwvave siRaribis daZlevasa da
stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveu-
li Sedegebis aRmofxvraSi.
saagento saqarTvelos dax-
marebas uwevs 1992 wlidan.
am mizniT man ganvlil period-
Si 1 mlrd dolarze meti ga-
moyo. reformebis gatarebaSi
mniSvnelovan xelSewyobas iTva-
liswinebs USAID-----is `saqarTve-los biznes-----klimatis refor-
mis~ proeqti. misi roli did-
ia energetikis ganviTarebaSi, sa-
xeldobr, saqarTvelos energe-
tikis maregulirebeli erovnu-
li komisiis (semek) kanonmdeb-
lobis daxvewaSi (1997), eleq-
troenergiisa (1998) da bune-
brivi gazis (1999) satarifo
meTodologiis SemuSavebaSi, li-
cenzirebis wesebisa da regu-
lirebis sxva fuZemdebluri do-
kumentebis SeqmnasaSi da a.S.
saagento teqnikur, materialur,
finansur da saganmanaTleblo
daxmarebas uwevs da moicavs
regulirebis yvela sferos.
axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika (new eco-nomy) - - - - - ekonomika, romelSic po-
zitiurad aisaxeba swrafi teqno-
logiuri progresis safuZvelze
sainformacio teqnologiebSi
ganxorcielebuli fundamentu-
ri cvlilebebi. axali ekonomika
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
mniSvnelovani garantia
axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria (newgrowth theory) - - - - - cnobilia agre-
Tve, rogorc endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-
disdisdisdisdis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria. tradiciuli zr-
dis Teoriis modificirebuli
varianti, romelic xsnis sxvada-
sxva qveynisTvis grZelvadiani
balansirebuli zrdis gansxva-
vebul SesaZleblobebs, amasTan,
Raribidan mdidar qveynebSi ka-
pitalis gadadinebis mizezebs.
axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-
ynebiynebiynebiynebiynebi (new industrial countries -----NiCs) - - - - - ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis SedarebiT maRali donisa
da dinamikuri mrewvelobis
mqone, msoflio vaWrobaSi, sa-
finanso da sainvesticio siste-
maSi aqtiurad CarTuli qvey-
aSSaSSaSSaSSaSS-----is saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebis saagento saagento saagento saagento saagento
39
nebis mcire jgufi. maT ricx-
vs miekuTvneba argentina, bra-
zilia, meqsika, TurqeTi, israe-
li, saberZneTi, singapuri,
samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi
(CineTis Semadg.).
axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-
ekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomika (new classical mac-roeconomics) - - - - - arsebiTad orTo-doqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-
kuri Teoria, romelic eyrd-
noba im Sexedulebas, rom racio-
naluri molodinis SeTanawyo-
ba umuSevrobis bunebrivi normis
koncefciasTan bazrebis efeq-
tiani gawmendis Sedegia. am
Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomika myar
mdgomareobaSia umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis pirobebSi,
xolo cda imisa, rom dairRves
es wonasworoba, magaliTad,
umuSevrobis mis bunebriv don-
eze qvemoT Semcirebis SemTx-
vevaSi, advilad neitralizde-
ba ekonomikuri agentebis mier.
nebismieri cda warmoebisa da
dasaqmebis stabilizaciisa fis-
kalur-----sakredito politikis
gamoyenebiT araefeqtiania da
ver axdens rogorc mokle-----, ise
grZelvadian gavlenas realuri
cvladebis mniSvnelobaze. am
poziciis arsi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom ar arsebobs arCeva-
ni inflaciasa da umuSevrobas
Soris moklevadian periodSic
ki. miuxedavad amisa, iTvleba,
rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis es
mimarTuleba monetarizmis gan-
viTarebaa. misi argumentebi
gansxvavdeba iseTi cnobili
monetaristebis daskvnebisagan,
rogoric m. fridmenia. frid-
menis azriT, moTxovnis marTvis
politikam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
moklevadiani gadaxra warmoe-
bis moculobisa da umuSevro-
bis bunebrivi donidan.
axali klasikuri makroeko-
nomika cdilobs daasabuTos
moTxovnis marTvis keinzianuri
politikis araefeqtianoba da
yuradReba gadaitanos miwode-
bis ekonomikur Teoriaze.
axali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomika
(new microekonomics) – ekonomi-kuri Teoriis erT-erTi mimar-
Tuleba, romlis momxreebi cdi-
loben gaaigivon mikro- da mak-
roekonomika mikroekonomikuri
dasabuTebis im meqanizmiT, ro-
melic safuZvlad udevs fase-
bisa da umuSevrobis cvlile-
bebs Soris urTierTkavSirs.
axali mikroekonomika eyr-
dnoba umuSevrobis bunebrivi
donis hipoTezas da uaryofs
bazris monawileTa ufaso da
srul informirebulobas. axa-
li mikroekonomika cdilobs
axsnas umuSevrobis dadebiTi
bunebrivi donis arseboba da
uaryofiTi kavSiri fasebsa da
umuSevrobas Soris, romelic
axali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomika
40
gamomdinareobs moklevadiani
filipsis mrudidan.
axali mikroekonomikis mo-
delebi sxvadasxvaa, amasTan, yve-
la modelisTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia warmoebis moculobis
cvlilebebi, gamowveuli winas-
war ganuWvreteli fasebis Sec-
vliT. amrigad, erToblivi moTx-
ovnis araprognozirebadi zrda
iwvevs inflaciis moulodnel
zrdas, fasebisa da xelfasebis
gauTvaliswinebel matebas, rac,
saboloo angariSiT, ganapiro-
bebs warmoebis moculobisa da
dasaqmebis gadidebas. es ki, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, fasebis zrda-
ze Cveulebrivi reaqciaa.
axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-
ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze (new view on invest-ment) - - - - - investiciebisadmi axa-li midgoma, romelic iTval-
iswinebs mowyobilobaTa bolo
Taobis efeqtianobis zrdas, ey-
rdnoba msjelobas imis Sesax-
eb, rom Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giuri progresi aqveiTebs Zir-
iTadi kapitalis saSualo asaks
da zrdis im kapitalis wils,
romelSic ganivTebulia axali
teqnologia.
axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-
nomianomianomianomianomia (new political economy) -----Seiswavlis politikisa da eko-
nomikis urTierTqmedebis kanon-
zomierebebs, ikvlevs im poli-
tikur faqtorebs, romlebic mo-
qmedeben qveynis ekonomikur
politikaze.
axirebaaxirebaaxirebaaxirebaaxireba (fad) - - - - - drois gar-kveul periodSi finansuri inves-
torebis mzadyofna, gaumarTle-
beli optimizmidan gamomdinare,
fasian qaRaldebSi gadaixadon
imaze meti, vidre isini realu-
rad Rirs (ix. racionaluri spe-
kulaciuri `sapnis buSti~).
axali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebze
41
bbbbbbadisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-
ti ti ti ti ti (network externality) - - - - - gareefeqtis saxeoba, romlis dro-
sac yoveli individisaTvis dov-
laTis sargeblianoba damokide-
bulia mocemuli dovlaTis mo-
mxmarebelTa raodenobaze.
bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (market) - - - - - sabazroekonomikaSi kvlavwarmoebis mTe-
li procesis momcveli fenom-
eni, ekonomikuri sivrce, sadac
TviTregulirebis meqanizmis
safuZvelze yalibdeba urTier-
Toba saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmare-
blebs Soris. igi horizonta-
luri kavSirebis ganviTarebis
safuZvelze gamoricxavs admin-
istraciul Carevas faswarmo-
qmnasa da resursebis ganawile-
baSi, riTac sagrZnoblad amar-
tivebs mmarTvelobis ierarqi-
ul vertikalur struqturas.
bazari garkveul kanonzom-
ierebebs eqvemdebareba. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia: a) sakuTreb-
is pluralizmi da meurneobis
mravalferovneba; b) mwarmoe-
belTa damoukidebloba da maTi
ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba;
g) mewarmeobaSi reglamentaciis
arqona, racionalizmi kontra-
hentis arCevaSi da sxv.
bazari, romelic SromiTi
motivaciis efeqtian sistemas
qmnis, piradi da sazogadoebrivi
interesebis gaerTianebis moqni-
li meqanizmia. sabazro konku-
renciis monawilis mamoZrave-
beli subieqturi mizani _____
maqsimaluri mogebis miReba,
bazris `uxilavi xeliT~, sab-
oloo angariSiT, zegavlenas
axdens sazogadoebriv intere-
sebze da ayalibebs obieqtur
kanonzomierebebs, romlebic
gamoxatulebas qveynis ekono-
mikur zrdaSi povebs.
ganasxvaveben kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo da te-te-te-te-te-
ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul bazrebs. kerZo ba-
zrebi iyofa saqonlis, momsax-
urebis, samuSao Zalisa da kap-
italis bazrebad. teritoriu-
li sazRvrebis mixedviT ganasx-
vaveben adgilobriv, erovnul da
msoflio bazrebs. amaTgan Ti-
Toeuls axasiaTebs specifikuri
Taviseburebebi, romelTa gaT-
valiswinebasac makroekonomi-
kuri regulirebisa da calkeu-
li firmis sabazro strategi-
is SemuSavebaSi didi mniSvnelo-
ba eniWeba.
Sromis sazogadoebrivi
danawilebis Tanamedrove done,
farTomasStabiani warmoebis up-
iratesobebi, maRalteqnolo-
giuri da araerTgvarovani sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-
obebis gansakuTrebuli simrav-
le, ekonomikuri kavSirebis
bazaribazaribazaribazaribazari
42
mravalferovneba da a.S. gana-
pirobebs bazarze konkurenci-
is modifikacias.
bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura (mar-ket opportunities, condition) - - - - - im pi-robebis erToblioba, romlebic
gansazRvraven yovel mocemul
momentSi moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis Tanafardobas.
bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko (market fa-ilure) - - - - - situacia, romlis dro-
sac bazars ar ZaluZs ekono-
mikur arCevanTan dakavSirebu-
li procesebis imgvarad koor-
dinireba, rom uzrunvelyos
resursebis efeqtiani gamoye-
neba. resursebis ganawilebis
sferoSi bazris fiasko, Teori-
ulad, saxelmwifos Carevis ga-
marTlebis safuZvelia.
bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba -----
(market balance) - - - - - moTxovnisa damiwodebis tolobis gamomxatve-
li sabazro situacia, rode-
sac ar arsebobs arc Warbi mo-
Txovna, arc Warbi miwodeba da
bazars miewodeba imdeni pro-
duqcia, ramdenzec aris moTxov-
na.
bazroba bazroba bazroba bazroba bazroba (fair) - - - - - savaWro
da samrewvelo organizacieb-
is, komersantebisa da sxvaTa
mier periodulad mowyobili
vaWroba saqonlis upiratesad
biTumad gayidvisa da Sesyid-
visaTvis gamofenili nimuSebis
mixedviT.
`bai`bai`bai`bai`bai-----beki~ beki~ beki~ beki~ beki~ (“buy back”) -----saqonelgacvlis grZelvadiani
operacia, romlis drosac man-
qana-----mowyobilobebis misawode-
blad gacemuli krediti Sem-
dgomSi ifareba maTi meSveo-
biT warmoebuli produqciiT.
balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (balance sheet)[frang. balance saswori] - - - - - eko-nomikur maCvenebelTa sistema,
gamoxatuli naturaluri an fu-
ladi formiT, romelic axasi-
aTebs ama Tu im movlenas misi
mxareebis Sedarebis an dapiris-
pirebis gziT da gamoxatavs to-
lobas aqtivsa da pasivs Soris.
balansi iTvleba aqtiurad, Tu
Semosavlebi sWarbobs xarjebs,
xolo pasiurad _ _ _ _ _ Tu Semosav-
lebi xarjebze naklebia.
ganasxvaveben sagadasaxde-
lo, savaWro, saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis, finansuri operacie-
bisa da a.S. balansebs.
`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-
ze~ ze~ ze~ ze~ ze~ (“knife edge”) - - - - - ase ewode-ba ekonomikuri zrdis Teoria-
Si stabiluri zrdis Seferx-
ebas, gamoxatuls garantirebu-
li zrdis tempis meryeobaSi.
arsebobs agreTve meore prob-
lema, rac bunebrivi zrdis tem-
pis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs. ̀ da-
nis pirze balansirebis~, wonas-
worobis dacvis centraluri
problemaa warmoebis mosalod-
neli donis gansazRvra. Tu Se-
bazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqtura
43
mosavlis mosalodneli zrdis
tempi garantirebul zrdis
tempze dabalia, maSin mewarmeebi
mcire doziT moaxdenen in-
vestirebas. es gamoiwvevs er-
Toblivi zrdis dacemas da
Warbi simZlavreebis zrdas,
rasac, Tavis mxriv, mohyveba
Semosavlis mosalodneli zr-
dis tempebis Semdgomi dacema.
bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-
ciebiciebiciebiciebiciebi (banking active operations)- - - - - operaciebi, romelTa saSu-
alebiTac bankebi gascemen Ta-
vianT gankargulebaSi arsebul
fulad saxsrebs (fasiani qaRal-
debis yidva, sesxis gacema da
sxv.).
bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-
ciebi ciebi ciebi ciebi ciebi (passive banking opera-tions) - - - - - operaciebi, romelTa sa-
SualebiTac bankebi izidaven fu-
lad saxsrebs (anabrebis miRe-
ba, banknotebis gamoSveba da sxv.).
banki banki banki banki banki (bank) [<frang. ban-que] - - - - - sakredito-----safinanso
dawesebuleba, romlis mTavari
funqciac aris droebiT Tavis-
ufali fuladi saxsrebis aku-
mulacia (pasiuri operaciebi)
da maTi gacema kreditis sax-
iT droebiT sargeblobaSi fizi-
kur an iuridiul pirebze (aq-
tiuri operaciebi). deponentis
dainteresebis mizniT, banki maT
uxdis gansazRvrul procents
Setanil anabrebze, kreditis ga-
cemisas ki debitorebs gacilebiT
maRal procents axdevinebs. am
procentebs Soris sxvaoba Se-
adgens sabanko mogebas. banki
asrulebs agreTve Suamavlis
funqcias firmebsa da calkeul
pirebs Soris urTierTsagada-
saxdelo da saangariSsworebo
operaciebis Sesrulebisas da
sxv. centraluri banki aregu-
lirebs qveyanaSi fulis mimoq-
cevas fulis emisiis CaTvliT.
dakisrebuli funqciebis mixed-
viT ganasxvaveben centralur,
komerciul, sainvesticio, ipo-
Tekur, inovaciur da a.S. bankebs.
bankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditis
ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (interbank interest rate)- - - - - sargeblis norma, romelsac
centraluri banki sesxis gace-
misas axdevinebs komerciul ban-
kebs.
bankiri bankiri bankiri bankiri bankiri (banker) - - - - - fula-
di kapitalis menejeri da me-
sakuTre, romelic daspeciale-
bulia sabanko operaciebis war-
moebaSi.
banknoti banknoti banknoti banknoti banknoti (bank-----note) [<ing.bank-----note] - - - - - sabanko bileTi, sak-
redito fulis umaRlesi for-
ma, romelsac mimoqcevaSi uS-
veben saemisio bankebi; bankiris
Tamasuqi, romlis warmdgensac
nebismier dros SeuZlia fu-
lis miReba.
bankomati bankomati bankomati bankomati bankomati (auto teller ma-chine - - - - - ATM) - - - - - sabanko aparati,
bankomatibankomatibankomatibankomatibankomati
44
romliTac klienti, plastikuri
baraTis gamoyenebiT, Tavisi an-
gariSidan damoukideblad awar-
moebs martiv operaciebs.
bankroti bankroti bankroti bankroti bankroti (bankrupt, insol-vent) - - - - - gakotrebuli mevale.
baJi baJi baJi baJi baJi (duty) - - - - - moxmarebisaT-vis dawesebuli gadasaxadis
saxeoba. baJiT ibegrebian is
fizikuri da iuridiuli pire-
bi, romlebic urTierTobas am-
yareben saxelmwifosTan an erT-
maneTTan (xelSekrulebis dade-
ba arendis Sesaxeb, SeTanxmeba
meurveobis Taobaze da sxv.).
baratria baratria baratria baratria baratria (barratry) - - - - - wi-naswar ganzraxuli zianis miye-
neba tvirTisa da gemisaTvis
kapitnisa da ekipaJis mier. ba-
ratriis riski eqvemdebareba
dazRvevas.
barteri barteri barteri barteri barteri (barter) _ _ _ _ _ sasa-
qonlo garigeba, romlis Tanax-
mad saqonlis gacvla saqonelze
xdeba fuladi angariSswore-
bis gareSe, Tanxis gadauxdelad.
`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~
(“Bowmole’s desease”) - - - - - ukav-
Sirdeba momsaxurebis sfero-
Si xelfasis zrdis uzrunve-
lyofis sakiTxSi warmoqmnil
siZneleebs: am sferoSi xelfa-
si gacilebiT dabalia, vidre
materialur-----nivTobriv warmoe-
baSi, rac gamowveulia ekono-
mikis mesameul seqtorSi Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis
SedarebiT dabali tempebiT. mag.,
aSS-----is momsaxurebis sferos
kerZo seqtoris muSakebi xel-
fasis saxiT iReben mrewvelo-
baSi dasaqmebulTa gamomuSave-
bis 67%-----s; iaponiaSi es maCvene-
beli naklebia 7-----iT, xolo gfr-----
Si _ _ _ _ _ 15%-----iT. dasavleTis eko-
nomikur literaturaSi aRniS-
nuli movlena pirvelad gaaa-
naliza cnobilma ekonomistma
baumolma. man daasabuTa mate-
rialur-----nivTobriv warmoebisa
da momsaxurebis sferoebs So-
ris xelfasis donis sxvaobis
mudmivi dacvis meqanizmis Se-
qmnis aucilebloba, momsaxure-
basTan SedarebiT saqonlis war-
moebis sferoSi Sromis mwar-
moeblurobis upiratesi zrdis
safuZvelze. aRniSnuli movle-
na cnobilia `baumolis daa-
vadebis~ saxelwodebiT.
bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli (daib.
1930) (Becker Gary Stanley) - - - - - ame-rikeli ekonomisti, neoinsti-
tuciuri mimarTulebis warmo-
madgeneli, nobelis premiis
laureati (1992), adamianiseu-
li kapitalis Teoriis cno-
bili mkvlevari. pirvelma ga-
naxorciela Sromis bazarze
rasobrivi diskriminaciis neo-
klasikuri analizi, rac aisaxa
mis monografiul gamokvleva-
Si _ _ _ _ _ `diskriminaciis ekonomi-
ka~ (1957). naSromiT `dabande-
bankrotibankrotibankrotibankrotibankroti
45
bebi adamianiseul kapitalSi:
Teoriuli analizi~ (1962) mniS-
vnelovani wvlili Seitana aR-
niSnuli problemis kvlevaSi.
bekeris naSromebidan aRsaniSna-
via agreTve `ekonomikuri Teo-
ria~, romelic 1871 wels gamo-
vida niu-----iorkSi. nobelis pre-
mia mieniWa makroekonomikuri ana-
lizis gamoyenebis sferos ga-
farToebisaTvis, rasac amave sa-
xelwodebis naSromi miuZRvna.
bembembembembem-----baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen (1851-----
1914) (Bohm-Bawerk) - - - - - neokla-
sikuri mimdinareobis erT-----erTi
ganStoebis marJinaluri mima-
rTulebis (avstriuli skola)
TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli,
avtori naSromebisa: ̀ kapitali
da sargebeli~ (1884), ̀ kapital-
is pozitiuri Teoria~ (1889)
da sxv.
beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari (beneficiary)- - - - - piri, romlis sasargeblo-
dac ixdian fuls da gascemen
akreditivs; sadazRvevo poli-
sis mimRebi.
biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma (business plan)- - - - - firmis saqmianobis mokleva-
diani programa, romelic mo-
icavs mosalodneli Semosavleb-
isa da xarjebis angariSs; dgeba
erTi Tvis, kvartalisa da wl-
isaTvis (zogjer ufro meti
xniTac). biznes-----gegma warmoad-
gens sawarmos mier dasaxuli
miznebis Sesrulebis konkret-
ul RonisZiebaTa operatiul
programas. mas win uZRvis miR-
weuli Sedegebis anu warmoeb-
is danaxarjebis, saqonlis gay-
idvis, wminda mogebis ganawileb-
isa da gamoyenebis moculo-
bisa da struqturis analizi.
prognozul maCveneblebs uda-
reben miRweuls, ris safuZ-
velzec fasdeba firmis muSao-
bis mosalodneli efeqtianoba.
biznes-----gegmis mTavari amocanaa
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
lebis RonisZiebaTa gansazRvra.
misi SemuSavebisas iTvaliswi-
neben bazris mosalodnel ko-
niunqturas, moTxovnasa da mi-
wodebas Soris Tanafardobis
cvalebadobis tendencias, mo-
mxmarebelTa gadaxdisunari-
anobas, agreTve reklamis, servi-
sisa da a.S. saSualebiT myid-
velTa mozidvis SesaZleblo-
bebs. firma, rogorc wesi, ey-
rdnoba Camoyalibebul sabazro
fasebsa da faqtorebs. biznes-----
gegmis ganyofilebebisa da maCve-
neblebis raodenobas gansazR-
vravs firmis sammarTvelo. misi
wamyvani ganyofilebebia: a) mar-
ketingi, romelic adgens gay-
idvisa da Semosavlebis mocu-
lobas, Sejamebul danaxarjeb-
sa da komerciul Sedegebs; b)
monacemebis bazaze Sedgenili
warmoebrivi davaleba poten-
ciuri moTxovnis, sabazro fase-
biznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegma
46
bis moZraobis, bazris gajereb-
is Sesaxeb. mis safuZvelze
zustdeba produqciis asorti-
menti, ganisazRvreba momxmare-
belTa momsaxurebis masStabe-
bi; g) firmis safinanso gegma,
romelic gamoxatavs safinan-
so resursebis wyaroebsa da
maTi moZraobis mimarTulebebs.
biznes-----gegma moicavs agreTve
iseT ganyofilebas, sadac asax-
ulia partniorTa savaluto
urTierTdamokidebuleba, sazR-
vargareTuli bankebis kredite-
bis ucxouri valutiT gamoy-
eneba, wminda mogebis ganawile-
ba damfuZneblebs Soris da sxva
maCveneblebi. (biznes-inJineringi
ix. calke furcelze.)
biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori (busi-ness-----incubator) - - - - - mravalprofil-
iani organizacia, romelic er-
Toblivi gamoyenebis pirobiT
meurveobas uwevs mcire firmebs
da uzrunvelyofs maT Senoba-----
nagebobebiT, teqnologiuri mow-
yobilobebiT da a.S. urTier-
Tobis aseTi forma miznad isax-
avs daexmaros damwyeb mewar-
meebs gadalaxon firmis ra-
cionalurad marTvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli iseTi wina sastar-
to problemebi, rogoricaa sa-
investicio saxsrebis mozidva,
inovaciuri proeqtebis da-
muSaveba da axali teqnolo-
giebis aTviseba, bazarze myari
poziciis mopoveba, saqmiani
urTierTobis damyareba bazris
konthagentebTan da a.S. sain-
kubacio periodi moicavs 2-----3
wels, romlis gasvlis Semdeg
mcire firmebi toveben inkuba-
tors da iwyeben damoukidebel
saqmianobas.
biznesis wamowyebis mxar-
dasaWerad xelsayreli mik-
roklimatis (inkubatoris) Se-
qmnis idea pirvelad SemuSav-
da XX saukunis 80-----ian wlebSi,
xolo praqtikuli realizacia
90-----iani wlebidan daiwyo.
biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi (busi-ness engineering) – biznesis fi-losofiaze dafuZnebuli sain-
Jinro-sakonsultacio momsax-
ureba. ix. inJineringi.
inJineringi, rogorc inte-
leqtualuri momsaxurebis axa-
li dargi, farTod ganviTarda
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
da SedarebiT mokle droSi ga-
daiqca ekonomikis mniSvnelo-
van struqturul elementad. am
garemoebam xeli Seuwyo mis
integracias biznesTan da war-
moebis oligopolizacias. mcire
da umcires firmebTan erTad,
umsxvilesma samrewvelo da sa-
vaWro kompaniebma, bankebma, sa-
dazRvevo da sabrokero fir-
mebma, romlebic saqmiani momsa-
xurebis am segmentSi xedaven
kapitalis dabandebis momgebi-
biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatori
47
an sferos, Seqmnes filialebi
da Svilobili sazogadoebebi.
ukanasknel periodSi biznes-
inJineringi farTod ikidebs
fexs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur
urTierTobebSi. es aris warmo-
ebrivi, komerciuli da mecnier-
ul-teqnologiuri xasiaTis
momsaxurebis kompleqsi. Tan-
amedrove teqnologiebis momx-
marebeli qveynebis wris gafar-
Toebam ganapiroba am specifi-
kuri saqonlis realizaciis au-
cilebloba msoflio bazarze.
inJineringis wamyvani eqsportio-
rebia aSS-is, didi britaneTis,
safrangeTis, gfr-is, iaponiis
wamyvani kompaniebi, agreTve ka-
nadis, daniis, Sveicariis, Sve-
deTisa da italiis firmebi.
biznes-inJineringi, Tavisi
universaluri xasiaTidan ga-
momdinare, gamoiyeneba samecni-
ero-kvleviTi, saproeqto-sam-
Seneblo, warmoebrivi, sayofacx-
ovrebo da a.S. proeqtebis re-
alizaciisas. misTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia rogorc specializa-
ciis maRali done, ise saeqspor-
tod wardgenili sainJinerin-
go momsaxurebis mravalfer-
ovneba, ramac ganapiroba msof-
lio bazarze sainJinro-sakon-
sultacio firmebisadmi moTx-
ovnis arsebiTi amaRleba. mkveT-
rad gaizarda maTi roli sawar-
moTa modernizaciasa da mar-
Tvis sistemis SemuSavebaSi, asa-
gebi obieqtebis teqnikuri do-
nis amaRlebaSi da a.S. Tavis
mxriv, sainJinro-sakonsultacio
firmebi, konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebis mizniT, axorciele-
ben momsaxurebis diversifika-
cias da cdiloben miaRwion ar-
sebiT upiratesobas momsaxure-
bis rogorc xarisxobriv do-
neSi, ise mis mwarmoebluroba-
Si. msoflio bazarze maT war-
matebas, maRal profesionaliz-
mTan erTad, ganapirobebs kom-
pleqsuri ̀ disciplinarTaSori-
si~ inJineringis ganxorciele-
ba, ris gamoc maT aqvT garkveu-
li upiratesobebi. aseT firmebs
miekuTvneba mag., kanadis ̀ lava-
lin grupi~, aSS-is ̀ luis breger
interneSnl~, `beqtel grupi~,
`morison nadsoni~, `fluor
denieli~, safrangeTis `frama-
toni~, ̀ teqnipi~, did britaneTSi
_ ̀ jon brauni~, ̀ teilor vud-
rou~ da a.S.
msoflio bazarze didi gan-
viTareba pova agreTve iseTma
disciplinarTaSorisma firmebma,
romlebic momsaxurebis farTo
speqtrs qmnian teqnikuri dax-
marebis sferoSi. mkveTrad gai-
zarda moTxovna sainJinro-sakon-
sultacio momsaxurebisadmi sa-
warmoTa modernizaciis sfero-
Si, asagebi samrewvelo da sxva
obieqtebis teqnikuri donis
biznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringi
48
amaRlebaSi, warmoebis marTvis
sistemis SemuSavebaSi da a.S.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mis-
wrafeba sakuTari mrewvelobis
Seqmnasa da mecnierul-teqno-
logiuri progresis miRwevaTa
aTvisebaSi moiTxovs saerTa-
Soriso TanamSromlobis gafar-
Toebas inJineringis sferoSi.
amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria
ganviTarebadi qveynebis, rogorc
inJineringis importiorebis,
rolis zrda msoflio bazarze.
amasTan, saerTaSoriso inJine-
ringze arsebuli maRali fase-
bi ganapirobebs maT mier am sfe-
roSi sakuTari bazris Seqmnasa
da biznes-inJineringis swraf
ganviTarebas.
biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi (business) - - - - - nebis-mieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba,
romelsac mogeba moaqvs.
biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki (businessblock) - - - - - sawarmoo da savaWrokompaniebi, romlebic aerTiane-
ben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli kapitalis yvela
organizaciul formas.
biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-
sususususuxxxxxismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba - - - - - bsp bsp bsp bsp bsp (socialresponsibility of businesses) - - - - - bi-znesis valdebuleba wvlili
Seitanos qveynis mdgrad soci-
alur-----ekonomikur da ekolo-
giur ganviTarebaSi, daicvas
eTikuri principebi, xeli Seu-
wyos sazogadoebaze poziti-
uri gavlenis maqsimizacias da
negatiuri gavlenis minimiza-
cias cxovrebis donisa da
xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT.
bspbspbspbspbsp-----is ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebia: Sromis usafrTxoeba,
Sromis anazRaurebis stimu-
lireba, xarisxiani saqonlis
(momsaxurebis) warmoeba, adami-
aniseuli kapitalis kvali-
fikaciis donis amaRleba, spon-
soroba da qvelmoqmedeba, zrun-
va garemos dacvaze, mzadyofna
krizisul situaciebSi monawi-
leobis misaRebad, biznes-----part-
niorebsa da korporaciis kli-
entebs Soris keTilsindisieri
saqmiani praqtikis danergvis
xelSewyoba da a.S.
bspbspbspbspbsp-----is koncefcias safuZ-
veli Caeyara XIX saukunis bo-losa da XX saukunis dasawyis-Si, xolo Camoyalibda XXsaukunis 30-----ian wlebSi; far-
To ganviTareba omis Semdgom
wlebSi aSS-----Si pova.
1953 wels gamoqveynda
amerikeli ekonomistis g. boue-
nis wigni `biznesis socialu-
ri pasuxismgebloba~. masSi av-
torma Camoayaliba socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina
rogorc biznesmenis valdebule-
ba, Tavisi saqmianoba warmar-
Tos im mimarTulebebiT, rom-
lebic sasargebloa sazogadoe-
bis keTildReobisa da qveynis
biznesibiznesibiznesibiznesibiznesi
49
mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.
biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni (businessman)- - - - - komersanti, mewarme, romel-
ic bizness eweva.
bilbilbilbilbil-----brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri (bill-----broker)- - - - - makleri, romelic safondo
birJaze Tamasuqebis diskontis
(ganaRdebis) da rediskontis
(gadanaRdebis) garigebebSi Sua-
mavlis rols asrulebs da
iRebs sakomisio gasamrjelos
gansazRvruli procentis sax-
iT Tamasuqis Tanxidan.
bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi (bimetallism)- - - - - XVI-XIX ss.-----ebis fuladi
sistema, romlis drosac oqro
da vercxli dakanonebuli iyo
sayovelTao ekvivalentad da
warmoadgenda fuladi mimoqce-
vis safuZvels.
birJa birJa birJa birJa birJa (stock exchange) [<laT.
bursa safule] - - - - - regularulad
funqcionirebadi organizebuli
sabiTumo bazari, sadac maso-
brivi warmoebis, didi partieb-
is standartuli da erTgvaro-
vani saqonlis an fasiani qaRal-
debis, an kidev, valutis yidva-----
gayidvis garigebebi ideba. sa-
jaro vaWrobiT birJa xels
uwyobs sabazro fasebis Camoy-
alibebas. rogorc wesi, birJas
hyavs wevrTa fiqsirebuli Se-
madgenloba da eyrdnoba vaWro-
bis mkacr wesebs. birJaze war-
modgenili saxeobebis mixedviT
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
saqonlis, safondo, valutisa
da Sromis birJebi.
biukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhil
(daib. 1919) (Buchanan James M.)- - - - - amerikeli ekonomisti, eko-
nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-
is laureati (1986), sazoga-
doebrivi arCevanis Teoriis mkv-
levari. nobelis premia mieni-
Wa naSromisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ `ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri Teoriis
saxelSekrulebo da konsti-
tuciuri safuZvlebis kvlevi-
saTvis~.
biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti (budget) [<ingl.
_ _ _ _ _ CanTa] - - - - - saxelmwifos, sawar-
mos (firmis), Sinameurneobisa
da a.S. Semosavlebisa da xar-
jebis nusxa drois garkveul
periodSi, Cveulebriv, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi. aris agreT-
ve drois biujetic, romelic
gamoxatavs arsebul da dax-
arjul droTa Tanafardobas.
saxelmwifo biujeti Sei-
Zleba iyos faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-
luriluriluriluriluri da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli. faq-
tobriv biujetSi igulisxmeba
biujetis is Tanxa, romelic
damtkicda mocemul wels. igi
Sedgeba struqturuli biuje-
tisa (iTvaliswinebs saxelm-
wifo Semosavlebs, xarjebsa da
deficits, romelic SeiZlebo-
da yofiliyo im wels) da cik-
luri biujetisagan (romelic
ganixileba biujetze ekonomi-
biujetibiujetibiujetibiujetibiujeti
50
kuri ciklis zemoqmedebis gaT-
valiswinebiT).
biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti (bud-get deficit, fiscal deficit) - - - - - situa-cia, roca saxelmwifo xarjebi
sWarbobs saSemosavlo statie-
bis mixedviT biujetis Semo-
savlebs gansazRvruli drois
(kvartalis, wlis) ganmavloba-
Si.
biujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficiti
(budget surplus) - - - - - biujetis si-Warbe, mdgomareoba, rodesac bi-
ujetis mimdinare Semosavlebi
aRemateba mimdinare xarjebs.
es cneba xSirad gamoiyeneba im
situaciis asaxsnelad, rode-
sac saxelmwifo Semosavlebi
aRemateba saxelmwifo xarjebs.
biujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi Senatanebi
(receipts) - - - - - saxelmwifo an adg-
ilobrivi biujetebis Semosav-
lebi fulad gamoxatulebaSi.
blokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSi
(blocked account) - - - - - sabanko anga-riSi, romlis gamgebloba Sez-
Rudulia sasamarTlos an mTav-
robis gadawyvetilebiT.
boni boni boni boni boni (bond) [<frang. bon]- - - - - 1. moklevadiani sagadasaxa-
do valdebuleba, gamoSvebuli
xazinis, municipaluri orga-
noebisa da kerZo firmebis mier,
romelic gamoiyeneba mimoqce-
visa da gadaxdis saSualebad,
asrulebs xurda fulis suro-
gatis rols (gavrcelebuli iyo
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi
1918-----1921 wlebSi, xolo yo-
fil sabWoTa kavSirSi _____ 1922-----
1924 wlebis fulad refor-
mamde); 2. xmarebidan (mimoqce-
vidan) amoRebuli da koleq-
cionirebis sagnad qceuli qa-
Raldis fuli.
bonistika bonistika bonistika bonistika bonistika (bonistics) [<frang.bonistique] - - - - - damxmare discip-lina, romelic swavlobs qaRal-
dis fulad niSnebsa da bonebs,
rogorc istoriul dokumen-
tebs; mWidro kavSirSia numiz-
matikasTan.
bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia (bonification)[<laT. bonus keTili, kargi] -----1. wanamati im saqonlis fasze,
romlis xarisxic xelSekru-
lebiT gaTvaliswinebulze maRa-
lia (refaqcia); 2. eqsporti-
rebul saqonelze gadaxdevi-
nebuli gadasaxadebis ukan dab-
runeba am saqonlis konkurent-
unarianobis amaRlebis mizniT.
bonusi bonusi bonusi bonusi bonusi (bonus) - - - - - 1. damate-biTi gasamrjelo, premia; 2. dama-
tebiTi fasCamokleba. daklebul
Tanxas gamyidveli uTmobs my-
idvels garigebis pirobebis
Sesabamisad.
bordero bordero bordero bordero bordero (frang. bordereau)_ _ _ _ _ 1. amonaweri sabuRaltro
dokumentebidan, angariSebidan
da a.S. 2. realizebuli fasi-
ani qaRaldebis nusxa, romel-
sac adgens banki, sabanko kantora
biujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficiti
51
an makleri.
bosi bosi bosi bosi bosi (boss) - - - - - sawarmos, da-wesebulebis mepatrone; mewarme.
brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi (sorting) - - - - - sa-
qonlis Semowmeba oficialuri
saqonelmcodneebis (brakerebis)
mier misi xarisxis, vargisian-
obis gansazRvris, agreTve dawe-
sebul standartTan da dade-
buli xelSekrulebis pirobeb-
Tan Sesabamisobis garkvevis miz-
niT.
bretonbretonbretonbretonbreton-----vudsi vudsi vudsi vudsi vudsi (Breton-----Woods) - - - - - aSS-----is kurorti niu-hempSiris StatSi, sadac 1944
wels Catarda savaluto-----fin-
ansur sakiTxebze gaerTianebu-
li erebis organizaciis kon-
ferencia da miRebul iqna gada-
wyvetileba saerTaSoriso sava-
luto fondis, agreTve rekon-
struqciisa da ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso bankis Seqmnis Se-
saxeb.
bretonbretonbretonbretonbreton-----vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-
to to to to to sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (Exchange systemof Breton-----Woods) - - - - - savaluto
urTierTobaTa organizaciis
formaTa erToblioba, romelic
iuridiulad gaformda oqro-
devizuri (oqrosavaluto) stan-
dartis saxiT 1944 wels bre-
ton-----vudsis (aSS) konferenci-
aze miRweuli SeTanxmebis sa-
fuZvelze. es sistema eyrdno-
boda erovnuli valutebis fiq-
sirebul gacvliT kurss. fun-
qcionireba Sewyvita 1971 wels.
breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-
ciaciaciaciacia (Bretton-Woods conference)- - - - - aSS-----is kurort breton vuds-
Si gaeros mier 1944 wels sava-
luto-----finansur sakiTxebze Ca-
tarebuli konferencia, sadac
miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis, agreTve rekonstruqciisa
da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso
bankis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri (broker) [<ingl.
broker] - - - - - Suamavali myidveleb-
sa da gamyidvelebs Soris, maTi
agenti kontraqtebis dadebisas
komerciul, savaluto, sakredi-
to da sadazRvevo operacieb-
Si. daspecialebulia gansaz-
Rvrul saqonelsa da momsaxu-
rebaze, moqmedebs klientTa da-
valebiT maTs xarjze da maT-
gan iRebs sakomisios anu bro-
keris gasamrjelos. ti puri
magaliTia safondo birJis bro-
keri. brokerisagan unda ganvas-
xvavoT dileri. zogierT bazar-
ze ̀ brokers~ iyeneben ̀ dileris~
magivrad. es SeiZleba aixsnas
imiT, rom dilerebi TavianTi saq-
mianobis adreul etapze asru-
lebdnen brokeris funqciebsac.
safondo birJis brokeri
awarmoebs fasiani qaRaldebis,
ZiriTadad, aqciebisa da obli-
gaciebis yidva-----gayidvasTan da-
kavSirebul garigebebs.
brokeribrokeribrokeribrokeribrokeri
52
brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo (bro-kerage) _ _ _ _ _ gasamrjelo, romel-
sac iRebs brokeri klientisa-
gan yidva-----gayidvis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis. es SeiZleba iyos
fiqsirebuli Tanxa an operaci-
is Rirebulebisagan procenti.
bruto bruto bruto bruto bruto (gross, weight) [<ital.
brutto - - - - - uxeSi] - - - - - saqonlis wona
tarasa da SesafuTavTan er-
Tad. sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ neto.
bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia (na-tural monopoly) _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo
monopolia, romelic oficial-
urad aRiarebuli gardauvali
monopoliaa saqonlis (momsax-
urebis) warmoebasa da gayid-
vaze. adgili aqvs energo-----, Tbo-----,
wyal- - - - - da gazmomaragebaSi, sar-
kinigzo mimosvlaSi, safosto,
satelefono da satelegrafo
kavSirgabmulobaSi da a.S. saqmi-
anobis am sferoebSi bunebrivi
monopoliebis arseboba gamow-
veulia dargis teqnikuri da
teqnologiuri specifikiT, rome-
lic moiTxovs warmoebis, ga-
nawilebisa da moxmarebis er-
Tian sistemas. warmoebuli pro-
duqciis moxmarebis masobrivi
xasiaTi ganapirobebs farTo-
masStaburi warmoebis aucile-
blobas. amasTan, vinaidan es
produqcia gamoirCeva erTgva-
rovnebis maRali doniT da misi
Secvla alternatiuli produ-
qciiT SeuZlebelia, amitom am
brokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelo
dargebSi, warmoebis masStabeb-
is gafarToebasTan dakavSire-
biT, Zlier moqmedebs erTeul
produqciaze danaxarjebis eko-
nomiis kanoni. maTSi sabazro
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis
SemTxvevaSi kerZo mewarmeebi,
romlebic bazarze daikavebd-
nen myar pozicias, advilad
SeZlebdnen konkurenciul brZo-
laSi axali metoqeebis dama-
rcxebas. maTi mdgomareoba ba-
zarze, warmoebis farTomasS-
taburi xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
yovelTvis monopoliuri iqne-
boda da gamoiwvevda resurse-
bis ukiduresad araracionalur
xarjvas. amitom ekonomikuri
saqmianobis am sferoebSi ar
arsebobs ekonomikuri sivrce
normaluri konkurenciisaTvis,
rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi mo-
nopoliebis arsebobas. bunebrivi
monopolia unda ganvasxvaoT xe-
lovnuri monopoliisagan, rome-
lic formirdeba ama Tu im saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis warmoeb-
is, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis
monopolizaciis safuZvelze da
xelovnurad zRudavs sabazro
meqanizmis moqmedebis sferos.
bunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebi
(natural resources) _ _ _ _ _ bunebisgannaboZebi, adamianisTvis gamosay-
eneblad xelmisawvdomi. amJa-
mad xelmisawvdomobis sazRvari
Seadgens daaxloebiT 4 mils
53buSelibuSelibuSelibuSelibuSeli
(6,5 km) dedamiwis zedapirze
da 12 mils (20 km) mis siR-
rmeSi. bunebriv resursebs
miekuTvneba nayofieri miwebi,
navTobi, qvanaxSiri, tyeebi, mdina-
reebi, qari (Tu xdeba misi
gamoyeneba energiis misaRebad)
da a.S. zogierTi resursi ar-
akvlavwarmoebadia, zogi ki
arsebobs mudmivad, imisgan damo-
ukideblad Tu ra raodenobiT
xdeba maTi gamoyeneba.
bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi (naturalprice) _ _ _ _ _ termini, gamoyenebuli
adam smiTis mier saqonlis
Rirebulebis (faseulobis)
daxasiaTebisTvis. saqonlis bu-
nebrivi fasisgan xdeba sabaz-
ro fasis gadaxra. bunebrivi
fasi grZelvadiani wonasworo-
bis fasia da damokidebulia
warmoebis danaxarjebze.
butiki butiki butiki butiki butiki (boutique) - - - - - viwro spe-cializebuli sabrokero firma
momsaxurebis SezRuduli wriT.
buRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxva
(accounting) – sameurneo aR-
ricxvis mTliani sistemis erT-
erTi ganmsazRvreli saxeoba, in-
formacia sameurneo saSuale-
bebis wrebrunvis Sesaxeb, war-
moebis mTliani, mkacrad doku-
menturi aRricxva, emsaxureba
warmoebis marTvas, sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegebis gamovle-
nasa da maTze kontrolis ganx-
orcielebas. buRaltruli aR-
ricxva sameurneo saqmianobas
asaxavs ekonomikur maCvenebelTa
sistemis meSveobiT Rirebu-
lebiT gamoxatulebaSi, moicavs
kvlavwarmoebis mTel process,
saangariSsworebo da sakredi-
to urTierTobebs. buRaltru-
li aRricxva asaxavs sawarmos
sameurneo saqmianobis Sedege-
bis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs.
buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi (ba-lance sheet) - - - - - buRaltruli aR-
ricxvis dokumenti, gansazRvru-
li TariRisaTvis firmis fin-
ansuri da sameurneo mdgomar-
eobis amsaxvel maCvenebelTa er-
Toblioba.
buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba (ac-counting profit) - - - - - erToblivi Se-
mosavali aSkara danaxarjebis
gamoklebiT.
buSeli buSeli buSeli buSeli buSeli (bushel) - - - - - fxvieri daTxevadi nivTierebebis sawyao
sazomTa inglisuri sistemis
qveynebSi. did britaneTSi buSe-
li udris 36,37, xolo aSS-----Si
_ _ _ _ _ 35,24 litrs.
54 gadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqcia
ggggggadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-
ciaciaciaciacia (distribution function) - - - - - sax-elmwifos sabiujeto-----sagada-
saxado politikis nawili, gam-
iznuli Semosavlebisa da sim-
didris gadanawilebisaTvis sa-
zogadoebaSi. es funqcia gam-
oiyeneba maSin, rodesac Semo-
savlebis an simdidris ganaw-
ileba saxelmwifos zemoqmede-
bisas arasasurvel xasiaTs iR-
ebs.
gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-
qi qi qi qi qi (tratatratatratatratatrata) (bill of exchange,draft) - - - - - brZaneba konkretuli
piris (mevalis) mimarT mesame
pirisaTvis (remitentisaTvis)
garkveul droSi gansazRvru-
li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb.
igi SeiZleba gadavides xel-
idan xelSi gadacemis warwer-
is (Tamasuqze warweris) meS-
veobiT. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
moicavs: 1. teqstSi CarTul
sityvas `Tamasuqi~, Setanils
im enaze, romelzec TviT do-
kumentia Sedgenili; 2. dapire-
bas gansazRvruli Tanxis gada-
xdis Sesaxeb, rac arafriT ar
aris Sepirobebuli; 3. gadamxde-
lis vinaobas; 4. gadaxdis va-
dis miTiTebas; 5. im adgilis
aRniSvnas, sadac Tanxa unda ga-
daixadon; 6. im piris dasax-
elebas, visTvis an visi brZa-
nebiTac unda gadaixadon fuli;
7. Tamasuqis Sedgenis TariR-
isa da adgilis miTiTebas; 8.
Tamasuqis gamcemi piris xelis
moweras. martivi Tamasuqisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, gadasapirebel
TamasuqSi miTiTebulia gada-
mxdelis vinaoba. gadasapirebel
Tamasuqs gamowers da xels
awers kreditori.
gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi (tax) - - - - - saval-
debulo mosakrebeli, romelic
fiqsirebulad gadairicxeba
saxelmwifo (adgilobriv) bi-
ujetSi mocemuli qveynis fiz-
ikuri da iuridiuli pirebis
mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgeni-
li sagadasaxado ganakveTis
Sesabamisad. gadasaxadi aris
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.
pirdapiri gadasaxadiT ibegre-
ba Semosavali da qoneba, xolo
arapirdapiri Sedis saqonlis
fasSi. gadasaxadi saxelmwifo
biujetis Semosavlebis erT-----
erTi mTavari wyaroa.
`̀̀̀̀gadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadi~~~~~ miRebul miRebul miRebul miRebul miRebul
umumumumumaRlaRlaRlaRlaRles ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze (gra-duate tax) - - - - - sauniversiteto ga-naTlebis sqema, rodesac stu-
denti swavlis procesSi iRebs
fuls Tavisi saganmanaTleblo
da cxovrebiseuli moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofilebis mizniT,
xolo ganaTlebis miRebis Sem-
deg ixdis Tavisi Semosavlis
55
fiqsirebul nawils.
gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-
rarararara (structure of taxes) - - - - - yovelqveyanas aqvs mravali saxeobis
gadasaxadi, romelic warmoad-
gens sagadasaxado sistemis
struqturas. igi gamoxatavs
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis, qone-
baze gadasaxadisa da xarje-
bze gadasaxadis SefardebiT
mniSvnelobas. misi meSveobiT
SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna sa-
gadasaxado sistemis progre-
sulobis arsebobis, Tu ar ar-
sebobis Sesaxeb.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ga-
dasaxadebis struqtura upi-
ratesad ixreba arapirdapiri,
gansakuTrebiT dRgdRgdRgdRgdRg-----is, sabaJo
gadasaxadebisa da aqcizebisaken.
es aixsneba imiT, rom aseTi ga-
dasaxadebi SedarebiT advili
asakrefia.
qveynis ganviTarebis kvalo-
baze izrdeba saSemosavlo ga-
dasaxadis mniSvneloba. ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi arsebobs
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gan-
viTarebuli sistema.
gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-
nakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTi (marginal rate of tax) –gadasaxadis ganakveTi Semosav-
lis, danaxarjis, simdidris an
saCuqris damatebiT erTeulze.
rac ufro maRalia gadasaxa-
dis zRvruli ganakveTi, miT uf-
ro maRali SeiZleba iyos Ca-
nacvlebis efeqtic.
gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi (decision lag) - - - - - droismonakveTi ekonomikuri (gan-
sakuTrebiT makroekonomikuri)
problemis gadawyvetisTvis
moqmedebis aucileblobis dad-
genis momentsa da politikuri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis mo-
ments Soris. igi Sida (poli-
tikuri) lagis Semadgeneli
nawilia.
gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta (curren-cy of payment) - - - - - valuta, roml-
iTac sagareo-----savaWro garige-
bisas saqonlis Rirebulebas
ixdian; SeiZleba ar daemTxves
fasis valutas.
gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-
ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba (effective consumerdemand) - - - - - anu moTxovna, fu-liT uzrunvelyofili moTx-
ovnileba saqonelsa da momsax-
urebaze; warmoadgens damakav-
Sirebel rgols warmoebasa da
moxmarebas Soris, rac gan-
sazRvravs misi Seswavlisa da
prognozirebis did mniSvnelo-
bas firmis marketingul stra-
tegiaSi.
gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba (sol-vency) - - - - - saxelmwifos, iuridi-
uli an fizikuri piris unari,
droulad da mTlianad Seas-
rulos savaWro, sakredito da
fuladi xasiaTis sxva opera-
ciebidan gamomdinare sagada-
gadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianoba
56
saxado valdebulebebi.
gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-
oria oria oria oria oria (ability to pay theory) - - - - - da-begvrisadmi midgoma, romlis
mixedviTac sagadasaxado tvir-
Ti unda ganawildes gadasaxa-
debis gadaxdis unaris Sesa-
bamisad. es Teoria efuZneba
Tanabari danakargebis koncef-
cias. danakargi aris gadasaxa-
debis gadaxdis Sedegad ekono-
mikuri keTildReobis Semcir-
eba. arsebobs danakargebis to-
lobis sami SesaZlo gansazRvra:
isini SeiZleba iyos absolu-
turad toli, proporciulad
toli da zRvrulad toli. am-
aTgan arc erTs ara aqvs prin-
cipuli upiratesoba. sagada-
saxado sistema progresiulia,
proporciuli Tu regresiuli,
damokidebulia miRebul gansaz-
Rvrasa da Semosavlis zRvru-
li sargeblianobis grafikis
daxris kuTxeze. Tu ivaraude-
ba, rom Semosavlis zRvruli
sargeblianoba ecema, maSin es
sami gansazRvra yovelTvis ar
iZleva erTnairi daskvnis ga-
keTebis saSualebas. aRniSnu-
li Teoria saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevadaroT sxvadasxva pirTa Se-
mosavlebis sargeblianoba. ase-
Ti midgoma uaryofilia keTil-
dReobis Tanamedrove ekonomi-
kur TeoriaSi.
gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk (saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-
riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-
rivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikacia) (Internatio-nal Standard of Branch Classifica-tion) - - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobisyvela saxis saerTaSoriso
standartuli dargobrivi klas-
ifikacia, romlis amJamad moq-
medi IV varianti ganixila da
daamtkica gaeros statis-
tikurma komisiam 2006 wels.
I varianti, romlis proeqtic
gaeros ekonomikuri da so-
cialuri sabWos sesiaze mi-
iRes 1948 wels, zemoT aRniS-
nulma komisiam daamtkica 1958
wels, II varianti _ _ _ _ _ 1968 wels,
xolo III varianti _ _ _ _ _ 1989 wels.
ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mesame varianti wi-
nandelze srulyofili da de-
talizebuli iyo. igi Sedgebo-
da 17 ganyofilebisa da 99
qveganyofilebisagan. es ganyo-
filebebia: 1. soflis meurneo-
ba; nadiroba da satyeo meur-
neoba; 2. TevzWera; 3. samTo-
mopovebiTi mrewveloba; 4. gad-
ammuSavebeli mrewveloba; 5.
mSenebloba; 6. eleqtro-----, gaz-----
da wyalmomarageba; 7. sabiTu-
mo da sacalo vaWroba; avto-
mobilebis, motociklebis, say-
ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da
piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
remonti; 8. sastumroebi da
restornebi (sazogadoebrivi
kvebis sawarmoebis momsaxereb-
gadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Teoriaoriaoriaoriaoria
57
is CaTvliT); 9. transporti;
sasawyobo meurneoba da kav-
Sirgabmuloba; 10. safinanso
Suamavloba (sxvadasxva saxis
safinanso da sakredito opera-
ciebTan erTad am ganyofile-
baSi Sedis yvela saxis dazRveva,
garda savaldebulo social-
urisa da sapensio uzrunve-
lyofa; 11. uZrav qonebasTan
dakavSirebuli operaciebi; aren-
da da komerciuli saqmianoba;
12. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da
Tavdacva; savaldebulo so-
cialuri dazRveva; 13. ganaTle-
ba; 14. janmrTelobis dacva da
socialuri momsaxureba; 15.
sxva komunaluri, socialuri
da personaluri momsaxureba;
16. saojaxo meurneobebi da-
qiravebuli momsaxurebiT; 17.
eqsteritoriuli organizaciebi
da organoebi. pirveli xuTi
ganyofileba materialur-----niv-
Tobrivi warmoebis sferos,
xolo danarCeni Tormeti, ser-
visze orientirebulobis gamo,
momsaxurebis sferos Seadgens.
aseTi dayofis aucilebloba
kidev ufro ganamtkica 70-----iani
wlebis bolos da 80-----iani wle-
bis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli
qveynebis piradi moxmarebis
struqturaSi materialuri dov-
laTis xvedriTi wonis inten-
siurma Semcirebam da sxvadasx-
va saxis momsaxurebis wilis
Sesabamisma gadidebam.
ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is IV variantSi ma-
terialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sfero (realuri seqtori)
5 ganyofilebis nacvlad war-
modgenilia 4 ganyofilebad,
agraruli seqtoris (soflis
meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba,
nadiroba, meTevzeoba) erT
ganyofilebad warmodgenis
safuZvelze. danarCeni ganyo-
filebebi momsaxurebis diver-
sificirebis Sedegad Camoyal-
ibebuli dargebia.
ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mizania ara erov-
nuli klasifikaciebis Secvla,
aramed erovnuli statistikuri
monacemebis saerTaSoriso Se-
darebisaTvis safuZvlis uzrun-
velyofa. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac erovnuli klasifikacia
gansxvavdeba saerTaSorisosa-
gan, Sedarebas axdenen erovnu-
li klasifikaciebidan miRebu-
li monacemebis gadajgufebis
safuZvelze.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi
ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s ganixilaven rogorc
arsebiTad sakuTar erovnul
klasifikaciaze dafuZnebuls
da misgan warmoebuls, xolo
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, piriqiT,
TavianT erovnul klasifikacie-
bs ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----ze dafuZnebulad da
misgan warmoebulad miiCneven.
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi
TavianTi erovnuli klasifika-
gaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdk
58
ciebis gadasinjvisas, qveynis
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-
biT, cdiloben maqsimalurad mi-
uaxloon isini gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi, imis gamo,
rom sakuTari klasifikaciis
damuSavebisaTvis ara aqvT auci-
lebeli infrastruqtura (es
ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia sta-
tistikis ganviTarebis dabali
doniT), gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s iyeneben
umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT an
saerTod ucvlelad, rogorc
erovnul klasifikaciebs.
ssdk ssdk ssdk ssdk ssdk mWidro kavSirSia
gaeros erovnuli angariSebis
sistemasTan. igi uzrunvelyofs
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxe-
obebad dayofas da mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs sawarmoo
principis mixedviT erovnuli
angariSebis SedgenaSi.
gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba (bankruptcy)[<ital. bancarotta] - - - - - finansurikraxi, rac dadgenilia sasa-
marTlos mier. gakotrebis ofi-
cialurad gamocxadebis dRi-
dan kompania kargavs Tavisi
qonebis gankargvis uflebas.
galoni galoni galoni galoni galoni (gallon) - - - - - moculo-
bisa da tevadobis erTeuli aSS-----
Si, did britaneTsa da sxva qvey-
nebSi, Seicavs 8 pintas. 1 ga-
loni Txevadi nivTierebebisaT-
vis did britaneTSi utolde-
ba 4546 litrs, xolo aSS-----Si
_ _ _ _ _ 3785 litrs, fxvierisaTvis
_ _ _ _ _ 4405 litrs (aSS-----Si); ame-
rikuli Txevadi galoni gam-
oiyeneba laTinuri amerikis mra-
val qveyanaSi.
gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi (recog-nition lag) - - - - - Sida lagis warmo-
qmnis erT-----erTi komponenti, gan-
vlili dro potenciuri de-
stabilizaciuri faqtoris war-
moSobis momentsa da ekonomi-
kuri politikis ganmsazRvre-
li pirebis mier am momentis
dadgenas Soris.
gamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomika
(computational economics) – ma-Tematikuri modelebisa da so-
cialur-ekonomikuri procese-
bis imitaciuri modelirebis
cifrobrivi gadawyveta. maTem-
atikur ekonomikasTan erTad
(romelic ZiriTadad modeleb-
is analitikur gadaWrazea mi-
marTuli) ukanasknel period-
Si farTod gavrcelda gamoTv-
liTi ekonomika, Camoyalibda axa-
li midgomebi, romlebic did
rols asruleben ekonomikuri
Teoriis ganviTarebaSi.
gamoTvliT ekonomikas, gamoT-
vliT ekonometrikasTan erTad,
aqvs gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba,
warmoadgens ekonomikuri poli-
tikis alternatiul RonisZie-
baTa analizis sakvanZo instru-
ments, saTanado wvlili Seaqvs
ekonomikis ̀ empiriul Semobru-
nebaSi~.
gakotrebagakotrebagakotrebagakotrebagakotreba
59
ukanasknel periodSi Tana-
medrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi
Teoriuli maTematikuri ekono-
mikis (maTematikuri modelire-
ba) batonoba kiTxvis qveS dad-
ga. mis mTavar konkurentad
gamodis ara verbaluri mode-
lireba, aramed empiriuli eko-
nomika, romelsac safuZvlad
udevs ekonometrikuri modeleb-
is gamoyeneba.
gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-
culoba culoba culoba culoba culoba (natural level of output) –warmoebis moculoba, romelic
miiRweva dasaqmebis bunebrivi
donis pirobebSi.
gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari (sel-ler’s market) - - - - - situacia bazar-ze, rodesac moTxovna aRemateba
miwodebas, monopolizmis maRa-
li done monopoliur fasebs
warmoqmnis da bazris kontra-
hentebs Tavs axvevs sameurneo
xelSekrulebaTa diskriminaci-
ul pirobebs.
ganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebi
(distribution theories) - - - - - Teoriebi,romlebic xsnian erovnuli Se-
mosavlis ganawilebis meqanizms
kerZo pirebsa da ekonomikur
jgufebs Soris. ganasxvaveben
Semosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalur
ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, rac gulisxmobs
erovnuli produqtis ganawile-
bas warmoebis faqtorebis (miwa,
Sroma, kapitali) mesakuTreebs
Soris da piradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlis
ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, romlis Seswav-
lisas ekonomistebi ikvleven in-
dividualuri Semosavlebis
ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, im
faqtorebisgan damoukideblad,
romelTa daxmarebiTac es Se-
mosavlebi iqna miRebuli.
klasikuri skolis warmomad-
genlebi (gansakuTrebiT d. ri-
kardo) Semosavlebis funqcio-
naluri ganawilebis ganxilvi-
sas xazs usvamdnen antagonis-
tur damokidebulebas kapi-
talze mogebis normasa da fiq-
sirebul xelfass Soris, ro-
melic ganisazRvreba sacxovre-
beli minimumiT, mosaxleobis
zrdiTa da zRvruli Sromis
mwarmoeblurobiT. zRvruli
mwarmoeblurobis doqtrina ga-
naviTara neoklasikurma skolam,
romelSic warmoebis faqtore-
bis fasi ganisazRvreba moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis urTier-
TzemoqmedebiT. k. marqsis ga-
nawilebis Teoria eyrdnoba
klasobrivi brZolis, teqnikuri
progresis, mosaxleobis zrdis,
muSaTa organizebulobisa da
kapitalisturi warmoebis axal
sferoebSi SeRwevis urTierT-
damokidebulebas.
ganawilebis neokeinzianuri
modeli dakavSirebulia m. ka-
leckis, j. robinsonis, n. kal-
dorisa da sxva mecnierTa Te-
oriebTan, romlebic aqcents
ganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebi
60
akeTeben sabazro struqture-
bis rolze, muSaTa organize-
basa da moTxovnis ganmsazRvrel
faqtorebze makroekonomikur
modelebSi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebi
(developing countries) - - - - - msofli-
os Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis es saxelwodeba
xmarebaSi Semovida XX sauku-nis 60-----ian wlebSi iseTi saTa-
kilo gamonaTqvamis magivrad,
rogoricaa sustad ganviTare-
buli anu CamorCenili qveyne-
bi. iTvleba, rom am kategorias
miekuTvneba qveynebi, romelTa
mSp mSp mSp mSp mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze
ar aRemateba aSS-----is Sesabami-
si maCveneblis (43555 dola-
ri) erT mexuTeds. Tumca ase-
Ti gansazRvra ar aris abso-
luturi, vinaidan zogierTi
qveyana, magaliTad, Sua aRmo-
savleTis navTobgadammuSavebe-
li qveynebi, am maCveneblis mi-
xedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
ganviTarebul qveynebs (mag., qu-
veiTi _ _ _ _ _ 18370 dolari), mag-
ram Semosavlebis ganawilebi-
sa da momsaxurebis xelmisawv-
domobis mixedviT, isini ganvi-
Tarebadia.
ganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategia
(development strategy) - - - - - ganvi-
Tarebis problemisadmi midgo-
ma, rac damokidebulia ekonomi-
kuri zrdis ama Tu im mode-
lis gamoyenebaze. arsebobs uam-
ravi erTmaneTisagan gansxvave-
buli strategia, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi max-
asiaTeblebi: importis Senacv-
leba Sida warmoebiT, samrewve-
lo ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da
sasoflo raionebis balansire-
buli ganviTareba, soflis meur-
neobis mxardaWera da gafar-
Toeba, saeqsporto seqtoris
ganviTareba ucxouri valut-
is miRebis mizniT da a.S. ganvi-
Tarebis strategia gansakuTre-
biT mniSvnelovania ganviTare-
badi qveynebisaTvis.
ganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebi
(developed countries) - - - - - msofli-
os maRalSemosavliani saxelm-
wifoebi, romlebmac (istoriu-
lad an ganviTarebis dRevan-
del etapze) miaRwies indus-
triuli ganviTarebisa da mo-
saxleobis cxovrebis maRal
dones, rogoric SesaZlebelia
arsebuli simdidrisa da te-
qnologiebis pirobebSi. sxva-
dasxva organizacia sxvadasx-
va qveyanas miiCnevs ganviTare-
bulad. magram arsebobs 22 qvey-
ana, romlebic nebismier klas-
ifikasiaSi xvdebian. es qvey-
nebia: aSS, iaponia, safrangeTi,
germania, gaerTianebuli same-
fo, SvedeTi, avstria, belgia,
dania, fineTi, islandia, irlan-
dia, italia, luqsemburgi, nider-
ganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebi
61
landi, norvegia, portugalia,
espaneTi, Sveicaria, kanada, avs-
tralia, axali zelandia. gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis upirate-
soba danarCen msofliosTan isaa,
rom am qveynebSi gatarebuli
sabazro reformebis safuZ-
velze met-naklebi warmatebu-
lobiT funqcionirebs socialu-
rad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikuri sistema, romelmac
aSkara upiratesoba da maRali
efeqtianoba daamtkica rogorc
wminda kapitalistur, ise kvazi-
socialistur ekonomikur sis-
temebTan SedarebiT.
gankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavali
(disposable income) – Semosavlis
is nawili, romelic momxmare-
blebs rCebaT saxelmwifosgan
transferebis miRebisa da ga-
dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg.
roca gankargvadi Semosavali
izrdeba, izrdeba moxmarebac.
gankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuli
Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali (disposable nation-al income) - - - - - wminda erovnul Se-
mosavals plus mimdinare tran-
sferebi sazRvargareTidan (hu-
manitaruli daxmareba, Sewiru-
loba da sxv.), gamoklebuli
sazRvargareT gacemuli analo-
giuri transferebi anu minus
mimdinare transferebis saldo.
gankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTliani
erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali (dis-posable gross national income) -----
realuri Semosavali, romelic
gamoiyeneba erToblivi saboloo
moxmarebisa da danazogisaTvis.
sabazro fasebiT igi aris VIG-----s
plus (minus) wminda saldo
erovnul ekonomikasa da danar-
Cen msoflios Soris gada-
saxdelebisa da sxva mimdinare
transferebis mixedviT.
gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-
ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali (dis-posable net national income) - - - - - to-lia gankargulebaSi darCenil
mTlian erovnul Semosavals
gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-
talis moxmareba.
gansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebriveba
(economy destatization, denational-ization) - - - - - sawarmoTa gamoyvana
mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis uSualo daqvemdebare-
bidan da maTi gardaqmna kerZo
sawarmoebad, aqcionerul sa-
zogadoebebad, kooperativebad,
sapaio amxanagobebad da sxva
arasaxelmwifoebriv struqtu-
rebad. SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sxvadasxva formiT. maT Soris
ZiriTadia saxelmwifo sakuTre-
bis privatizacia, aqcionireba,
arendiT gadacema da sxv. de-
regulirebas zog SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba ar mohyves sakuTreb-
is formis Secvla. mTavaria,
saxelmwifom uari Tqvas same-
urneo rgolebis pirdapir mar-
Tvaze. amis safuZvelze sawar-
gansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebriveba
62
moTa saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo
organoebis funqciebi minimu-
mamde Semcirdeba da, Sesabam-
isad, sawarmos uflebebi ga-
farTovdeba. amrigad, gansaxelm-
wifoebriveba iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ro-
lisa da funqciebis Secvlas
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sax-
elmwifo reglamentaciis sf-
eros Sekvecisa da ekonomikis
regulirebis upiratesad ara-
ekonomikuri meTodebidan ekono-
mikur meTodebze gadasvlis sa-
fuZvelze.
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi
gansaxelmwifoebriveba ganixi-
leba rogorc ekonomikis gasax-
elmwifoebrivebisa (nacional-
izaciis) da sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis saxelmwifo-----direqti-
uli reglamentaciis sawinaaRm-
dego procesi.
ekonomikis gansaxelmwifoe-
brivebis Tanmxlebi ZiriTadi
procesebia: 1. ekonomikaSi sax-
elmwifo seqtoris wilis Sem-
cireba saxelmwifo da munici-
paluri sawarmoebis privati-
zaciis safuZvelze; 2. saxelm-
wifo sawarmoTa komercializa-
cia; 3. saxelmwifo biujetis
meSveobiT gadanawilebuli mepmepmepmepmep-----
is wilis Semcireba im wminda
produqtis wilis Sekvecis
safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iy-
rida sazogadoebis centrali-
zebul fondSi. praqtikulad
laparakia mogebis im wilis
(rogorc SefardebiT, ise ab-
solutur) Semcirebaze, romel-
ic Sedioda saxelmwifo biu-
jetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT; 4.
produqciis warmoebisa da mi-
wodebis savaldebulo saxelm-
wifo davalebis Secvla ekono-
mikuri stimulirebis sistemiT,
rac, saxeldobr, gulisxmobs
saxelmwifo SekveTebidan sax-
elmwifo Sesyidvebze gadasv-
las; 5. centralizebuli in-
vesticiebidan dakreditebis
sistemaze gadasvla; 6. materi-
aluri, finansuri da SromiTi
resursebis ZiriTadi nawilis
centralizebul ganawilebasa
da gadanawilebaze uaris Tqma,
saqonlis, Sromisa da kapitalis
bazrebis formireba; 7. saga-
reo-----ekonomikuri kavSirebis
saxelmwifo monopoliis likvi-
dacia.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikis
gansaxelmwifoebrivebis Tanmx-
lebi procesia saxelmwifo sa-
kuTrebis demonopolizacia da
sabazro infrastruqturis Ca-
moyalibeba.
garanti garanti garanti garanti garanti (guarantee, war-rantor) - - - - - pirovneba, organiza-
cia, saxelmwifo, romelic iZl-
eva garkveul garantiebs da
Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Ses-
rulebas.
garantigarantigarantigarantigaranti
63
garantia garantia garantia garantia garantia (guarantee, war-ranty) - - - - - Tavdeboba, samarT-
lebrivi principebisa da sa-
Sualebebis erToblioba, romel-
ic valdebulebaTa Sesrule-
bas uzrunvelyofs.
gardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodi
(transition period) - - - - - drois peri-odi, romlis ganmavlobaSi
ekonomikuri sistemis konver-
siis safuZvelze qveynis eko-
nomika Tvisebrivad axal mdgo-
mareobaSi gadadis.
gare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjebebebebebi i i i i (exter-nal expenses) – firmis mTliani
danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-
sac igi gaiRebs gareT SeZeni-
li materialuri da SromiTi
resursebisaTvis.
gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi (external-ities) - - - - - eqsternaliebi, romlebic
ar aisaxeba fasebis sistemaSi;
adamianTa saqmianobis saboloo
Sedegebis garkveuli mxare,
romelsac SeiZleba hqondes
rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofi-
Ti gamoxatuleba. dadebiTi
dakavSirebulia sargebliano-
basTan, xolo uaryofiTi _____
xarjTan. es aris fasSi ausax-
veli xelsayreloba an xarji
da ̀ gare~ ewodeba imitom, rom
exeba ara mxolod konkretul
saqmianobaSi monawile ekono-
mikur agentebs, aramed vlin-
deba maT gareT mimdinare pro-
cesebSic. gare efeqtebis gam-
ovlenis areali zogjer Zalian
masStaburia da vrceldeba mTel
sazogadoebaze. isini Tanamdevi
xarjia, ̀ gadasxmis~ xarjia. maT
miekuTvneba Tanmxlebi social-
ur-ekonomikuri efeqtebi, rom-
lebic gamovlindeba konkret-
uli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
gareT da aisaxeba Sromis ro-
gorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT
SedegebSi. mag., garemos dacvas,
an kidev, infeqciuri daavadeb-
is Tavidan acilebis mizniT sas-
meli wylis sanaciis progra-
mis ganxorcielebas axlavs
uaRresad dadebiTi gare efeq-
ti _ _ _ _ _ ekologiuri da sani-
tariuli normebis darRvevisa
da misgan gamowveuli zaralis
Tavidan acileba, xolo mosax-
leobis saganmanaTleblo do-
nis zrda, rac ganapirobebs
kulturuli msoflmxedvelo-
bis amaRlebas, axali garemo-
sadmi adaptaciis SesaZle-
blobebis gadidebas da sxv.,
xels uwyobs soflis mcx-
ovrebTa masobriv migracias
qalaqSi da, saboloo angariSiT,
iwvevs sasoflo-----sameurneo ka-
drebis deficits, urbanizaci-
is procesis gaZlierebas, umu-
SevrobasTan erTad siRatakisa
da danaSaulobaTa zrdas, an
kidev, qalTa SromiTi resurse-
bis dasaqmeba iwvevs Sobadobis
Semcirebasa da a.S.
gare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebi
64
bazars ar SeuZlia misTvis
niSandoblivi faswarmoqmnis
meqanizmis meSveobiT Seafasos
adamianTa saqmianobis gare efeq-
tebi. es ukanaskneli gamoixa-
teba ekologiuri wonasworobis
dacviT, esTetikur faseulo-
baTa, kulturis ZeglTa, buneb-
rivi landSaftebis SenarCunebi-
Ta da movla-----patronobiT, mo-
saxleobis sicocxlis xangr-
Zlivobisa da aqtiuri saqmi-
anobis periodis gadidebiT,
daavadebaTa SemcirebiT, pirov-
nebis SemoqmedebiTi potencia-
lis zrdiT, mosaxleobis fiz-
ikuri ganviTarebis donis, mo-
qalaqeobrivi kulturis amaR-
lebiT da sxv. gare efeqtis ga-
moxatva fuliT SeuZlebelia. mi-
si gazomvisaTvis farTod gamoi-
yeneba naturaluri maCveneblebi.
gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-
zacia zacia zacia zacia zacia (externality internalization)- - - - - gare efeqtis gadaqceva ker-
Zo xarjebis elementad.
gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi (outside lag) -----drois Sualedi makroekonomiku-
ri politikis realizaciasa da
misi sruli efeqtis miRebas
Soris.
gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi (curveof sale) - - - - - grafikuli gamosax-
uleba maTematikuri damokide-
bulebisa fasebis donesa da im
saqonlis moculobas Soris,
romlis yidvac SesaZlebelia
bazarze fasebis ama Tu im donis
pirobebSi. gasaRebis mrudis
ageba gasaRebis samsaxuris mniS-
vnelovani amocanaa, vinaidan sa-
bazro ekonomikaSi nebismier ko-
merciul gadawyvetilebas imis
gaTvaliswinebiT iReben, Tu ro-
gor gavlenas moaxdens igi pro-
duqciis gasaRebaze. gasaRebis
mrudis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebe-
lia zustad SeirCes fasebis
optimaluri done da firmis
yvelaze gonivruli komerciu-
li politika.
gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-
naxnaxnaxnaxnaxarji arji arji arji arji (unforeseen expense)- - - - - ama Tu im resursis gamoye-
nebaze gaweuli danaxarji, rac
izomeba am resursis yvelaze
ukeTesi alternatiuli gzis
gamouyeneblobiT gamowveuli
danakargebiT. xelidan gaSve-
buli, gamouyenebeli SesaZle-
blobebis danaxarji.
gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-
flacia flacia flacia flacia flacia (unanticipated inflation)- - - - - inflaciis faqtobrivi temp-
is gadaWarbeba mosalodnelze.
Tu inflaciis mosalodneli
tempi weliwadSi 5%-----ia, xolo
faqtobrivi amave periodSi
utoldeba 10%-----s, maSin in-
flaciis gauTvaliswinebeli
tempi Seadgens 5%-----s.
gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba (depreciation,devaluation) - - - - - erovnuli valu-
tis msyidvelobiTi unaris dace-
gare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizacia
65
ma ucxour valutasTan Sedar-
ebiT.
gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi (sa-les tax) - - - - - arapirdapiri gadasa-xadi, romelsac ixdian momx-
mareblebi saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis SeZenisas. igi brun-
vidan gadasaxadis saxesxvaobaa,
farTod gamoiyeneba aSS-----Si,
xolo did britaneTSi, gfr-----sa
da mraval sxva qveyanaSi (maT
Soris, saqarTveloSi) man mi-
iRo damatebul Rirebulebaze
gadasaxadis saxelwodeba.
`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi (shoe leather costs)– saCeko angariSidan valutis
gamosatanad bankSi siarulTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi.
saqme isaa, rom saSualovadian
periodSi realur saprocento
ganakveTze inflacia zemoqmede-
bas ar axdens. inflaciis zrda
nominaluri saprocento ganak-
veTis zrdaze aisaxeba, rac fu-
lis flobis maRal alternati-
ul danaxarjebs iwvevs. sabo-
loo angariSiT, ekonomikuri
subieqtebi TavianT fulis ma-
rags bankSi ufro xSiri siaru-
liT amcireben, riTac gamoix-
ateba ̀ gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi. es danaxarjebi na-
klebi iqneboda, rom qveyanaSi
inflaciis zrdis tempi nak-
lebi yofiliyo, rac dadebiT
gavlenas moaxdenda saqmian aq-
tiurobaze.
gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi - - - - - ix.
valutis kursi.
gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi (he-donistic price) - - - - - saqonlis impli-
cituri anu faruli fasi.
saqonlis mocemuli raodeno-
ba SeiZleba ganawildes misi
xarisxis ganmsazRvreli mrava-
li maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.
saqonlis fasi nawilobriv Sei-
Zleba dakavSirebuli iyos mis
konkretul maxasiaTeblebTan da
amis safuZvelze Sefasdes
xarisxis cvlilebac. gedonis-
tikuri fasis Teoria xarisx-
is cvlilebis Sesafaseblad
pirvelad SemoiRo c. grili-
hesma da gamoiyena sacxovre-
belze moTxovnis analizisa da
garemos ekonomikur TeoriaSi.
gelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon keneti
(1908-----2006) (Galbraith John Ken-neth) - - - - - amerikeli (warmoSobiT
kanadeli) ekonomisti, socio-
logi da sazogado moRvawe.
neoinstitucionalizmis Tval-
saCino warmomadgeneli, harvar-
dis universitetis profesori
(1948). eweoda samecniero-----kvle-
viT saqmianobas aSS-----sa da sxva
qveynebis mTavrobebTan da akade-
miur institutebSi. iyo aSS-----is
elCi indoeTSi (1961-----1963).
misi cnobili naSromebia: ̀ indus-
triuli sazogadoeba~ (1967),
`ekonomikuri Teoria da sazo-
gelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon keneti
66
gadoebis miznebi~ (1973), ̀ eko-
nomikuri Teoriis istoria: war-
suli rogorc Tanamedroveo-
ba~ (1987) da a.S.
giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli (mor-tgage) - - - - - uZravi qonebis dagi-ravebis safuZvelze bankis mier
gacemuli savalo mowmoba.
girao girao girao girao girao (mortgage) - - - - - savalo
valdebuleba, romelic uzrun-
velyofilia konkretuli uZra-
vi qonebiT (miwa an Senoba-----nage-
boba). saxelSekrulebo valde-
bulebaTa Sesrulebis uzrun-
velyofis erT-----erTi xerxi. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu movalem (giraos
gamcemma) aRebuli valdebuleba
ar Seasrula, giraos safuZvelze
kreditors ufleba aqvs miiTvi-
sos sagiravno qoneba.
girao SeiZleba iyos pirve-
li giravnobis sigeli, romlis
mixedviTac kreditors eniWeba
upiratesi ufleba, pirvelma
warmoadginos pretenzia dagi-
ravebul qonebaze, an meore, me-
same, meoTxe da a.S. giravnobis
sigeli, roca pretenziis ward-
genis vada dgeba wina giravno-
bis sigelis mesakuTris ufleb-
is realizaciis Semdeg.
giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-
filifilifilifilifili obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia (securityin the form of bonds) - - - - - obliga-
cia, romelic gamoSvebulia ko-
rporaciis giraoTi. aseTi ob-
ligaciis mflobelis, rogorc
kreditoris, moTxovna kmayo-
fildeba pirvel rigSi.
girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa (pound) [<laT.
pondus wona, sawoni] - - - - - 1. masiserTeuli mraval qveyanaSi,
romelsac aqvs gansxvavebuli
sidide _ _ _ _ _ 317,62-----dan 560 gra-
mamde; 2. masis ZiriTadi er-
Teuli inglisur sazomTa
sistemaSi, uTanabrdeba 0,4536
kg-----s, saafTiaqo da samoneto
girvanqa _ _ _ _ _ 0,3732 kg-----s; 3. ma-
sis erTeuli rusul sistema-
Si, romelic gauqmda 1918 wels.
1 girvanqa _ _ _ _ _ 1/40 fuTs _ _ _ _ _ 32lots _ _ _ _ _ 0,4095 kg-----s; 4. zo-
gierTi qveynis fulis erTeu-
li, mag., egvipturi girvanqa,
girvanqa sterlingi.
globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia (global-ization) - - - - - msoflios yvela qvey-
anasa da regionSi mimdinare
socialur-----ekonomikuri, poli-
tikuri, kulturuli, mecnier-
ul-----teqnologiuri da a.S. pro-
cesebis unifikacia aSS-----sa da
evroatlantikuri blokis um-
sxvilesi qveynebis mier Se-
muSavebuli moTxovnebis (norme-
bis, faseulobebis, kriteriume-
bisa da a.S.) Sesabamisad.
globalizacia fragmenta-
ciis (dayofa, danawevreba) sawi-
naaRmdego terminad mogvevli-
na XX saukunis 80-----ian wlebSi,
rodesac pirvelad amerikelma
mecnierma T. levitma igi cal-
giravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeli
67
keuli bazrebis Seswavlis pro-
cesis asaxsnelad gamoiyena. Tu
Tavdapirvelad globalizacia
wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis
termini iyo, sul ramdenime
weliwadSi farTo mniSvnelo-
ba SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva.
1990 wels londonSi gamoce-
mul krebulSi _ _ _ _ _ ̀ globaliza-
cia: Semecneba da sazogadoeba~
_ _ _ _ _ es termini pirvelma gamoiy-
ena m. elbroum msoflios qvey-
nebisa da xalxebis, sxvadasxva
civilizaciisa da kulturis
erTianobis gamosaxatavad. amave
wels, farTo gagebiT, igi ag-
reTve gamoiyena iaponelma k.
omem, xolo 1999 wels davos-
Si gamarTuli msoflio ekono-
mikuri forumis mTavari Tema
swored globalizacia iyo.
globalizaciis procesi sa-
Taves iRebs XX saukunis 60-----iani
wlebidan, Tumca am yovlismom-
cvel process win uZRoda amave
saukunis 40-----ian wlebSi daw-
yebuli `keinzianuri revolu-
cia~, romelmac biZgi misca
Tvisebrivad axal ekonomikur
zrdas da mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula globalizaciis war-
moSobaSi. aRniSnuli procesi
garkveulwilad daaCqara 50-----ian
wlebSi dekolonizaciis far-
Tod gaSlam, agreTve mecnier-
ul-----teqnologiuri progresis
safuZvelze msoflioSi mim-
dinare struqturulma cv-
lilebebma, rac, upirveles yov-
lisa, momsaxurebis sferos pri-
oritetul ganviTarebaSi gam-
oixata. msoflios ekonomikurma
ganviTarebam axali Tvisebrio-
ba SeiZina. 70-----iani wlebis
dasawyisSi industriuli sa-
zogadoebis gadazrdam postin-
dustriulSi axali biZgi mis-
ca msoflio ganviTarebas. am
Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man
ekonomikas socialuri orien-
tacia SesZina. sabazro urT-
ierTobebma sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmis damkvidrebiT, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas `Stampi moxsna~ ve-
lur kapitalizms da gza gaux-
sna sakuTrebis demokratizaci-
is process. bazarma sruliad
sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebasTan
erTad, kacobriobis mraval-
saukunovani arsebobis manZilze
bazari pirvelad meurneobis
efeqtian meqanizmad Camoyali-
bda. am garemoebam dasabami misca
sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebs ax-
al ampluaSi da dadebiTi gav-
lena moaxdina Tanamedrove sa-
zogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo
humanizaciis procesebis gaR-
rmavebas. ganviTarebulma sam-
yarom miiRo axali drois gamo-
globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia
68
wveva. safuZveli Caeyara samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis formire-
bas. es iyo win gadadgmuli
nabiji ufro maRali social-
uri da amave dros, axali msof-
lio wesrigis damyarebis Tval-
sazrisiT.
globalizacias axali im-
pulsi SesZina 90-----ian wlebSi
elviseburad ganviTarebulma
socialurma kataklizmebma, rac
swrafad dagvirgvinda msoflio
socialisturi sistemis ngre-
viTa da komunisturi social-
izmis xanis dasrulebiT. es
drois moTxovna da global-
izaciis msoflio procesis ga-
moZaxilic iyo.
globalizacia Tanamedrove
msoflios erT-----erTi ZiriTadi
Taviseburebaa, romelic gan-
sazRvravs msoflio politikis
Sinaarss. igi radikalurad cv-
lis Tanamedrove sazogadoeb-
is cxovrebis Sinaarssac.
globalizacia ara mxolod
aaxloebs qveynebs erTmaneTTan,
aramed urTierTdamokidebul-
sac xdis maT. igi aCqarebs
calkeul qveynebSi Ria sazoga-
doebis Camoyalibebas da an-
grevs Caketil, totalitarul
reJimebsa da ekonomikebs. glo-
balizacia xels uwyobs part-
nioruli urTierTobebis wina
planze wamowevas, msoflio mas-
StabiT resursebis efeqtian
gamoyenebas, mecnierebis miRw-
evebis mokle vadaSi danergvas,
resursdamzogveli da nak-
lebnarCeniani teqnologiebis
farTod gavrcelebas, inteleq-
tualuri kapitalis warmoCe-
nas, internetuli qselisa da,
saerTod, sainformacio indus-
triis swraf ganviTarebas, kap-
italis Tavisufal moZraobas,
gansakuTrebiT, finansuri kapi-
talis mobilurobis zrdas da
a.S. bolo xans sainformacio
teqnologiebSi momxdarma rev-
oluciam da transportis sfe-
roSi ganxorcielebulma ko-
losalurma progresma Seamcira
warmoebis xarjebi. amitom ase-
Ti transformaciis pirobebSi,
Seicvala Tavad warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-
Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.
globalizacia Tavisi ar-
siT universaluria. amitom misi
masStabebisa da funqciebidan
gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ram-ram-ram-ram-ram-
denaddenaddenaddenaddenad marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra-
valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-
degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-
balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-
tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-
saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.
globalizaciis Zlieri ten-
denciebi dRes gardauvalia. mas
bevr pozitiurTan erTad, ax-
lavs garkveuli negatiuri Sede-
gebi. igi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebul saf saf saf saf saf-----
globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia
69
rTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcire region-re region-re region-re region-re region-
ebs,ebs,ebs,ebs,ebs, qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo-
fiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenas axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka-----
lur kultulur kultulur kultulur kultulur kulturebze.rebze.rebze.rebze.rebze.
saerTaSoriso SezRudveb-
is pirobebSi dRes SeuZlebe-
lia erovnuli ekonomikebis mar-
Tvis damoukidebeli strate-
giebis ganxorcieleba. saxelm-
wifoebi, gansakuTrebiT damouki-
deblobis gzaze axaldamdgari
qveynebi naklebad avtonomiuria.
maT sul ufro naklebi eqsk-
luziuri kontroli aqvT sak-
uTar teritoriaze mimdinare
socialur-----ekonomikur proces-
ebze, amasTan, erovnuli Tavise-
burebebisa da tradiciebis Se-
narCunebis naklebi unari Sesw-
evT. mcire qveynebis kultura
sul ufro metad eqceva wina-
aRmdegobaSi msoflio proces-
ebTan.
Rrmavdeba msoflio ekono-
mikis institucionalizaciis
procesi. saerTaSoriso doneze
marTuli politikuri gadaw-
yvetilebebis mniSvnelovani
nawili kontroldeba saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis mier,
msoflios saagentoebs, savaWro
blokebsa da mTavar saxelmwi-
foebs Soris dadebuli xelSek-
rulebebiT.
dRes erovnul politikas
aRar SeuZlia ekonomikur da
socialur Sedegebze gansakuT-
rebuli gavlenis moxdena. igi
sul ufro da ufro `grilde-
ba~. amitom erovnuli ekonomike-
bis efeqtiani marTvis funqcie-
bi ecema.
mesame aTaswleulis dasa-
wyisSi globalizaciis proce-
si mkveTrad diferencirebulia,
xasiaTdeba Sinagani winaaRmde-
gobebiT, romlebic upiratesad
Tavs iCens ganviTarebad qvey-
nebSi.
globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----in-in-in-in-in-
deqsi deqsi deqsi deqsi deqsi (KOF Globalization Index)- - - - - globalizaciis kompleqsuri
maCvenebeli, romelic Seiqmna
2002 wels. monacemebi Ziri-
Tadad eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis, msoflio
bankis, gaeros ganaTlebis, mec-
nierebisa da kulturis orga-
nizaciis, vaWrobisa da ganvi-
Tarebis Sesaxeb gaeros kon-
ferenciis wliur angariSebs, sa-
erTaSoriso safosto statis-
tikis sainformacio masalebs.
globalizaciis KOF-ind-eqsis zogadi maCveneblis mixed-
viT lideroben da pirvel aTe-
ulSi Sedian: belgia, irlandia,
niderlandi, Sveicaria, avstria,
SvedeTi, dania, kanada, luqsem-
burgi da ungreTi. am maCveneb-
liT saqarTvelo 59,85%-----iT
90-----e adgilzea.
globalizaciis KOF inde-qsiT (procentuli gamosax-
globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----ininininindeqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi
70
ulebiT) yovelwliurad gan-
isazRvreba msoflios 158 qvey-
anaSi politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri globalizaci-
is xarisxi.
politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-
ciaciaciaciacia gamoiTvleba iseTi maCveneb-
lebiT, rogoricaa saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis wevroba,
qveyanaSi saelCoebisa da saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
raodenoba, gaeros usafrTxoe-
bis misiis wevroba. am maCveneb-
liT ganisazRvreba samTavro-
bo politikis gavrcelebis
xarisxi. politikur global-
izaciaSi, saerTaSoriso wes-
rigis damyarebis TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani roli gaerosa da
sxva struqturebs akisria.
politikuri globalizaciis
maCveneblis mixedviT pirvel
aTeulSi Sedian: safrangeTi,
italia, belgia, avstria, Svede-
Ti, Sveicaria, kanada, aSS da
poloneTi. am qveynebSi poli-
tikuri globalizaciis KOF-----indeqsi 93,88%-----sa da 89,03%-----s
Soris fiqsirdeba. saqarTvelo
46,08%-----iT 138-----e adgilzea.
ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-
cia, cia, cia, cia, cia, romelSic mniSvnelovan
rols transerovnuli korpo-
raciebi (tektektektektek-----ebi) asruleben,
ganisazRvreba iseTi maCveneb-
lebiT, rogoricaa saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, kapitalis sazR-
vargareT gatanis masStabebi da
sagareo vaWrobaSi CarTulo-
bis done, gaxsnilobisa da in-
tegrirebis tendenciebis ga-
Zliereba, informaciebis nakade-
bis Sor manZilze gavrceleb-
is xarisxi, ucxouri inves-
ticiebis qveyanaSi Semodinebis
moculoba, saerTaSoriso vaW-
robaSi sabaJo politikis sim-
kacris xarisxi da saimporto
barierebi da a.S. ekonomikuri
globalizacia mravalmxrivi
procesia. igi aZlierebs qvey-
nebs Soris urTierTkavSirsa da
sameurneo internacionaliza-
cias.
ekonomikuri globalizaci-
is KOF-----indeqsi, romelic gamo-
xatavs mocemuli qveynis msof-
lio ekonomikaSi integrirebis
xarisxs, 96,67%-----sa da 88,11%-----s
Soris fiqsirdeba. am maCveneb-
liT pirvel aTeulSi Sedian:
singapuri, luqsemburgi, irlan-
dia, malta, belgia, niderlandi,
estoneTi, ungreTi, bahreini,
SvedeTi, xolo saqarTvelo
69,43%-----iT 51-----e adgilzea.
socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-
ciaciaciaciacia ganisazRvreba saerTaSo-
riso turizmis ganviTarebis
doniT, saerTaSoriso satele-
fono kavSirebiTa da werilebiT,
qveynis mTlian mosaxleobaSi
ucxoelTa wiliT, yovel 1000
kacze internetiT momxmarebel-
globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----ininininindeqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi
71
Ta raodenobiT, wignebisa da
gazeTebis vaWrobiT miRebuli
Semosavlebis wiliT mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-Si da
a.S. igi, kulturis universali-
zaciis safuZvelze, xels uwy-
obs CamorCenili qveynebis xal-
xTa cxovrebis wesSi Tanamed-
rove civilizaciis elementeb-
is damkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
sxvadasxva qveyanaTa cxovreb-
is wesis daaxlovebaSi.
socialuri globalizaci-
is maCveneblis mixedviT pir-
vel aTeulSia: luqsemburgi,
Sveicaria. irlandia, antigua
da barbuda, kviprosi, puerto
riko, singapuri, avstria, grena-
da da belgia. am qveynebSi so-
cialuri globalizaciis KOF-----indeqsi 93,87%-----sa da 88,12%-----s
Soris farglebSia. saqarTvelos
am maCvenebliT 58,94%-----iT 83-----e
adgili uWiravs.
globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-
unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi (GlobalCompetitivess Index - GCI) –
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
reitingis dadgenis mniSvnelo-
vani Semadgeneli nawili, glo-
baluri konkurentunarianobis
Sefasebis ganzogadebuli maCve-
nebeli. SeimuSava kolumbiis
universitetis profesorma
xavier salari artinma da
pirvelad gamoqveynda 2004
wels.
GCI Sedgeba sami ganyofi-lebisa da 12 svetisgan, romel-
Ta gaanalizeba ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis sxvadasxva doneze my-
ofi qveynebis konkurentunari-
anobis Sefasebis SesaZleblo-
bas qmnis.
GCI-is pirveli ganyofile-
ba _ ZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebi _
moicavs Semdeg oTx svets: I _
qveynis institucionaluri mSe-
nebloba; II _ infrastruqtu-
ra, III _ makroekonomikuri sta-
biluroba; IV _ janmrTeloba
da dawyebiTi ganaTleba.
GCI-is meore ganyofileba
efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _
moicavs Semdeg eqvs svets: V
_ umaRlesi ganaTleba da tre-
ningi; VI _ bazris efeqtianoba;
VII _ Sromis bazris efeqtiano-
ba; VIII _ finansuri bazris moq-
niloba; IX _ teqnologiuri
mzadyofna; X _ bazris sidide.
GCI-is mesame ganyofile-
ba _ inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-
bis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebi _ moicavs
danarCen or svets: XI _ bi-
znesis daxvewiloba; XII _
inovacia.
GCI-is TiToeuli sveti
dayofilia Semdeg nawilebad:
GCI-is I sveti _ institu-institu-institu-institu-institu-
cionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSenebloba, Tavis
mxriv, iyofa:
1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-
mwifo)mwifo)mwifo)mwifo)mwifo) da 2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
72
tebad.tebad.tebad.tebad.tebad.
sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-
tebSi tebSi tebSi tebSi tebSi Sedis:
1. qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:
1.1. qonebis dacva;
1.2. inteleqtualuri sa-
kuTrebis dacva.
2. eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:
2.1. sazogadoebrivi fonde-
bis gamoyenebis miznobrioba;
2.2. sazogadoebrivi ndoba
politikosebis mimarT.
3. gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-
nebi:nebi:nebi:nebi:nebi:
3.1. sasamarTlos damoukideb-
lobis SezRudva;
3.2. araobieqturoba mTavro-
bis gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-
sas.
4. mTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobis
araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:
4.1. saxelmwifo finansebis
araefeqtiani xarjva;
4.2. saxelmwifo regulire-
bis simZime;
4.3. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-
turoba;
4.4. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-
turoba davebis gadaWrisas;
4.5. mTavrobis saqmianobis
gamWirvalobis sisuste.
5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:
5.1. terorizmisagan bizne-
sis dacvis xarjebi;
5.2. kriminaluri Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg brZolis xarjebi;
5.3. organizaciuli danaSau-
lis _ mafiis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lis xarjebi;
5.4. policiis sandooba.
kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-
dis:dis:dis:dis:dis:
1. korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.
2. aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:
2.1. buRaltruli da audi-
toruli standartebis siZli-
ere;
2.2. korporaciuli mmarTve-
lobis efeqtianoba;
2.3. umciresobis (aqciaTa
mflobelTa) interesebis dacva.
GCI-is II sveti _ infras-infras-infras-infras-infras-
truqtura truqtura truqtura truqtura truqtura moicavs:
A. zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-
turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).
B. konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:
1.1. gzebis xarisxi;
1.2. sarkinigzo infrastru-
qturis xarisxi;
1.3. porti;
1.4. sahaero infrastruq-
turis xarisxi;
1.5. eleqtroenergia;
1.6. kavSirgabmulobis gan-
viTarebis xarisxi.
GCI-is III sveti _ makro-makro-makro-makro-makro-
ekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabiluroba
moicavs:
3.1. saxelmwifo biujetis
balansi;
3.2. erovnuli danazogeb-
is koeficienti;
3.3. inflaciis done;
3.4. saprocento ganakveTis
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
73
amplituda;
3.5. saxelmwifo vali.
GCI-is IV sveti _ janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-
lobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTi
ganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTleba moicavs:
A. janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:
4.1. malariis gavlena biz-
nesze;
4.2. malariis SemTxvevebi;
4.3. teberkuliozis gavlena
biznesze;
4.4. tuberkuliozis SemTx-
vevebi;
4.5. Sidsi;
4.6. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli;
4.7. sicocxlis xangrZli-
voba.
B. dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:
4.8. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
xarisxi;
4.9. skolaSi Semsvlel
bavSvTa procentuli raodenoba;
4.10. samTavrobo xarjebi.
GCI-is V sveti _ umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-
si ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningi
moicavs:
A. raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-
lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:
saSualo ganaTlebis xarjebi.
B. xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-
lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:
5.1. ganaTlebis sistemis xa-
risxi;
5.2. maTematikuri da sabune-
bismetyvelo ganaTlebis xarisxi;
5.3. menejmentis skolebis xa-
risxi;
5.4. skolebSi internetis
xelmisawvdomoba.
C. muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-
leba:leba:leba:leba:leba:
5.5. trening-kursebis xelmi-
sawvdomoba da specializebuli
kvlevebi;
5.6. TanamSromelTa trenin-
gisaTvis daxarjuli dro da
saxsrebi.
GCI-is VI sveti _ ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-
zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba moicavs:
A. konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.
1. Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-
cia:cia:cia:cia:cia:
6.1. Sida konkurenciis in-
tensivoba;
6.2. antimonopoliuri po-
litika;
6.3. sagadasaxado sistemis
efeqtianoba konkurenciaze ze-
moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT;
6.4. mTliani gadasaxadis ko-
eficienti;
6.5. biznesis dawyebis pro-
cedurebis raodenoba;
6.6. saWiro dro biznesis
dawyebisaTvis;
6.7. soflis meurneobis
politikis gatarebis xarjebi.
2. sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-
rencia:rencia:rencia:rencia:rencia:
6.8. savaWro barierebi;
6.9. ucxouri kapitalis do-
minireba;
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
74
6.10. ucxouri investicie-
bis kanonebis zemoqmedeba biz-
nesze;
6.11. sabaJo procedurebis
simZime;
6.12. importis xvedriTi
wona mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si.
B. Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-
ovnis ovnis ovnis ovnis ovnis xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:
6.12. momxmareblis orien-
taciis xarisxi bazarze;
6.13. momxmareblis daxvewi-
lobis done.
GCI-is VII sveti _ Sro-Sro-Sro-Sro-Sro-
mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba moi-
cavs:
7.1. damqiravebelsa da da-
qiravebuls Soris kooperacia;
7.2. moqnilobis xarisxi
xelfasis gansazRvris dros;
7.3. Sromis bazris moqni-
loba;
7.4. daqiravebis da ganTa-
visuflebis praqtika;
7.5. samsaxuridan ganTavisu-
flebis xarjebi;
7.6. Sromis anazRaureba da
Sromis mwarmoebluroba;
7.7. profesiul menejmentze
dayrdnoba;
7.8. ̀ tvinebis~ gadineba qvey-
nidan;
7.9. qalTa wili samuSao
ZalaSi.
GCI-is VIII sveti _ finan-finan-finan-finan-finan-
suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba moi-
cavs:
8.1. finansuri bazris daxve-
wiloba;
8.2. safondo birJebis Car-
Tuloba dafinansebaSi;
8.3. sesxis aRebis siadvile;
8.4. venCuruli kapitalis
arseboba/xelmisawvdomoba;
8.5. SezRudvebi kapitalis
moZraobaze;
8.6. investorTa dacvis done;
8.7. bankebis siZliere;
8.8. fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
zris regulireba;
8.9. iuridiuli uflebebis
indeqsi.
GCI-is IX sveti _ teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-
logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna moicavs:
9.1. uaxloesi teqnologie-
bisaTvis xelmisawvdomoba;
9.2. teqnologiebis aTviseba
firmis doneze;
9.3. kanonmdebloba infor-
maciuli teqnologiebisa da
komunikaciebis Sesaxeb;
9.4. pirdapiri ucxouri in-
vesticiebi da teqnologiuri
transferebi;
9.5. mobiluri telefoneb-
is abonentTa raodenoba;
9.6. internetis moxmarebis
indeqsi;
9.7. personaluri kompiu-
terebi;
9.8. farTozoliani inter-
netis momxmareblebi.
GCI-is X sveti _ bazrisbazrisbazrisbazrisbazris
sidide sidide sidide sidide sidide moicavs:
globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi
75
10.1. Sida bazris sididis
indeqsi;
10.2. sagareo bazris sidi-
dis indeqsi.
GCI-is XI sveti _ bizne-bizne-bizne-bizne-bizne-
sis sis sis sis sis daxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewiloba moicavs:
11.1. Sida bazris momwode-
belTa raodenoba;
11.2. Sida bazris momwode-
belTa xarisxi;
11.3. klasteruli ganviTa-
rebis mdgomareoba;
11.4. konkurentuli upira-
tesobis xasiaTi;
11.5. RirebulebaTa jaWvis
sidide;
11.6. saerTaSoriso distri-
buciis kontroli;
11.7. warmoebis procesis dax-
vewiloba;
11.8. marketingis gamoyenebis
xarisxi;
11.9. kompaniis marTvaSi ga-
dawyvetilebebis miRebis dele-
girebis survili.
GCI-is XII sveti _ inova-inova-inova-inova-inova-
cia cia cia cia cia moicavs:
12.1. qveyanaSi inovaciuri
procesebis arsebobis SesaZleb-
lobebi da unari;
12.2. samecniero-kvleviTi
institutebis xarisxi;
12.3. kompaniebis samecnie-
ro kvlevebsa da axali produ-
qtebis warmoebaze (R&D) dana-xarjebi;
12.4. R&D-is mizniT koope-
rirebis xarisxi universite-
tebsa da kompaniebs Soris:
12.5. mowinave teqnologi-
uri produqciis saxelmwifo
Sesyidvebi;
12.6. mecnierebisa da inJin-
rebis ricxovnoba;
12.7. patentebi (statisti-
kuri samsaxurebis informacia).
wyaro: Business Forecast by;
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Glo-
bal_competitiveness Report_2010_11.pdf
globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-
unaunaunaunaunarianobisrianobisrianobisrianobisrianobis reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi (Glo-bal Competitivess rate) – qveyniskonkurentunarianobis dadgenis
ganzogadebuli maCvenebeli,
globaluri indikatori, eyrd-
noba globaluri konkurentuna-
rianobis (Global CompetitivessIndex - GCI) da biznesis konku-rentunarianobis (Business Com-petitivess Index - BCI) indeqsebs.or aTeul welze metia mas yo-
velwliurad aqveynebs msoflio
ekonomikuri forumis analiti-
kuri jgufi, romelic, garda
statistikuri monacemebisa, ef-
uZneba biznesliderebsa da wam-
yvani kvleviTi institutebis
gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, agreTve
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis monacemebs. anketa moicavs
biznesgaremoze moqmed faqtor-
Ta farTo wres, romelSic,
SWOT analizis safuZvelze,
gaTvaliswinebulia qveynis
globaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunarianobisrianobisrianobisrianobisrianobis reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi
76
konkurentunarianobis rogorc
Zlieri, ise susti mxareebi, Sesa-
Zleblobebi da safrTxeebi.
gamokiTxva xorcieldeba
yvela sididis kompaniis, maT
Soris mcire kompaniebis (100-
dan 20 aTasamde) gamokiTxvas.M
EF-is mier gamoqveynebul2010-2011 wlebis globaluri
konkurentunarianobis reitin-
gis mixedviT 139 qveynidan pir-
vel aTeulSi yvelaze konkuren-
tunariani saxelmwifoebis ricx-
vSi Sevida Semdegi qveynebi: Svei-
caria, SvedeTi, singapuri, aSS,
germania, iaponia, fineTi, nider-
landi, dania, kanada. Semdeg mo-
dis honkongi, didi britaneTi,
taivani, norvegia, safrangeTi,
avstralia, yatari, avstria, bel-
gia, luqsemburgi da a.S.
postsabWouri qveynebidan
yvelaze warmatebulia estone-
Ti (33-e adgili). litvas uWi-
ravs 47-e adgili, azerbaijans
57-e, ruseTs – 63-e, latvias –
70-e, yazaxeTs _ 72-e, ukrainas
_ 89-e adgili. globaluri
konkurentunarianobis reiting-
Si saqarTvelos ukavia 93-e
adgili, somxeTs – 98-e, tajikeTs
– 116-e, xolo yirgizeTs – 121-
e adgili. bolo adgilebi gain-
awiles yvelaze CamorCenilma
ganviTarebadma qveynebma. 139
qveyanas Soris postsabWoTa
qveynebidan ver moxvdnen be-
larusi, moldova, uzbekeTi,
TurqmeneTi.
sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTve-
lom, wina 2009-2010 wlebTan
SedarebiT, 2010-2011 wlebSi
mxolod 3 poziciiT gaiumjobe-
sa mdgomareoba, maSin rodesac
azerbaijanma – 12 poziciiT.
gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filipepepepepe
(1872-1950) (Gogichaishvili Filipe)- - - - - ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
tori (1935), Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-
erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli da poli-poli-poli-poli-poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedris
pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).
politikuri ekonomiis garda ki-
Txulobda ekonomikur moZRvre-
baTa istoriis, finansebisa da
statistikis sauniversiteto
kursebs.
lai pcigis universitetis
filosofiis fakultetis eko-
nomikis ganyofilebis studentma
(1897-----1901), misi damTavrebis
Semdeg, aqve daicva sadoqtoro
disertacia filosofiaSi (1901).
iyo Tbilisis saqalaqo saTaT-
biros, Semdeg kavkasiis soflis
meurneobis sazogadoebis sta-
tistikuri biuros gamge (1903-----
1913), ruseTis saerobo kavSiris
rwmunebuli amierkavkasiaSi
(1914-----1916), kaxeTis rkinigzis
gamgeobis Tavmjdomare (1917-----
1918), saxelmwifo kontrolio-
ri (1918-----1920), saqarTvelos
gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili fili pepepepepe
77
mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis
institutis ufrosi mecnier-----
muSaki (1946-----1950).
1905-----1906 wlebSi redaq-
torobda gazeT `iverias~. didi
wvlili miuZRvis qarTul fol-
kloristikaSic. 1905 wels
vrceli winasityvaobiT gamo-
aqveyna a. umikaSvilis mier Sek-
rebili qarTuli folkloru-
li nimuSebis mniSvnelovani
nawili (`saxalxo leqsebi~),
xolo 1937 wels gamosca am
mdidari masalis poeturi naw-
ili (`xalxuri sityviereba~.
t. 1).
f. gogiCaiSvili eweoda far-
To mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas.
misi Targmnilia araerTi ekono-
mikuri xasiaTis naSromi, maT
Soris devid rikardos `poli-
tikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris
safuZvlebi~, a. smiTis ̀ gamokv-
leva xalxTa simdidris bunebi-
sa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, k. mar-
qsis ̀ kapitali~, t. 1-----3 da sxv.
f. gogiCaiSvils ekuTvnis
naSromi `xelosnoba saqarTve-
loSi~, romelic germanulidan
iTargmna da ̀ Tbilisis univer-
sitetis gamomcemlobam~ das-
tamba 1976 wels.
gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi (gradualism)- - - - - 1. mecnieruli mimdinareoba,
romelic swavlobs ekonomikuri
sistemis erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreSi evoluciuri gadasv-
lis gzebsa da kanonzomier-
ebebs; 2. makroekonomikuri sta-
bilizaciis evoluciuri mod-
eli, romelic orTodoqsuli
modelis alternativaa. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikis
TandaTanobiTi konversia Zve-
li elementebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze, gamoricxavs uki-
dures radikalizms da uSua-
lod gaTvlilia qveynis war-
moebrivi potencialis ganvi-
Tarebaze. gradualizmisTvis
niSandoblivia: saxelmwifo in-
stitutebis funqcionirebis
Secvla-----ganaxleba ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos funqciebis mniS-
vnelovani SenarCunebiTa da
saxelmwifo maregulirebeli
rolis ganmtkicebiT, sakuTre-
bis pluralizmis damkvidreba,
warmoebis struqturuli gar-
daqmna da stimulireba, mecnier-
ul-----teqnologiuri progresis
safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-
bis produqciis konkurentunar-
ianobis amaRleba, mimzidveli sa-
investicio garemos Seqmna, sa-
investicio saqmianobis farTod
gaSla da a.S. es modeli war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba CineTSi da
ukavSirdeba ̀ Cinur saswauls~.
granti granti granti granti granti (grant) - - - - - inovaciu-ri xasiaTis samuSaoTa miznob-
rivi SeRavaTiani an daubrune-
beli dafinanseba. grantis miRe-
bis pretendenti SeiZleba iyos
grantigrantigrantigrantigranti
78
erTi piri an garkveuli jgufi,
romelsac damuSavebuli aqvs
progresuli idea, magram ar ga-
aCnia dafinansebis sakuTari wya-
ro. granti Cveulebriv gaicema
konkursis wesiT. igi eZlevaT
saxelmwifo struqturebs, mewar-
meebs, kerZo firmebs garkveul
valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT.
grantgrantgrantgrantgrant-----elementi elementi elementi elementi elementi (grant ele-ments) - - - - - gacemuli sagareo kre-
ditebis SeRavaTianobis ganm-
sazRvreli maCvenebeli. sxvao-
ba valis momsaxurebaze mo-
mavalSi gadasaxdel Rirebule-
basa da kreditis nominalur
sidides Soris. rac ufro mcir-
ea ZiriTadi Tanxisa da pro-
centis dafarvis moculoba da
rac ufro xangrZlivia Ziri-
Tadi Tanxis dafarvis SeRava-
Tiani periodi, miT ufro SeRa-
vaTiania krediti.
CCA-----is moTxovniT grant-----
elementma ar unda gadaaWar-
bos 35%-----s, rac, Tavis mxriv,
gulisxmobs: kreditis xangr-
Zlivobas _ _ _ _ _ 10 weli, SeRava-
Tian periods _ _ _ _ _ 5 weli, sapro-
cento wliur ganakveTs _ _ _ _ _ 4%.
grZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani krediti
(long-----term credit) - - - - - fuladi sax-
srebis sesxad gacema xangr-
Zlivi periodiT _ _ _ _ _ 10-----dan 45-----
60 wlamde.
guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata (1905-----
1987) (Gugushvili Paata) - - - - - saqar-
Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1974), ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori (1940), saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawe (1962). daamTavra Tsu
socialur-----ekonomikuri fakul-
teti (1927). iyo Tsu leqto-
ri, docenti (1930-----1940), poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris
gamge (1941-----1942), saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis ekono-
mikis institutis damaarsebe-
li da direqtori (1944-----1976),
ganyofilebis gamge (1976-----1987),
romelsac 1991 wlidan mieniWa
p. guguSvilis saxeli, Tavisi ini-
ciativiT aRdgenili Jurnal
`saqarTvelos ekonomistis~ mTa-
vari redaqtori (1958-----1967), sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is prezidiumTan arsebuli xalxT-
mosaxleobis (demografiis)
problemaTa Semswavleli samec-
niero sabWos Tavmjdomare (1958-----
1962), saerTaSoriso socio-
logTa asociaciis sabWosa da
aRmaskomis wevri (1959-----1963).
p. guguSvili iyo pirveli
qarTveli ekonomisti, romel-
ic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis SemadgenlobaSi air-
Cies. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom man
pirvelma daicva saqarTvelo-
Si sadoqtoro disertacia eko-
nomikaSi. misi naSromebi eZRvneba
politikuri ekonomiis, socio-
grantgrantgrantgrantgrant-----elementielementielementielementielementi
79
logiis, statistikis, saxalxo
meurneobis istoriis, demogra-
fiis, saqarTvelosa da amier-
kavkasiis ekonomiuri ganviTare-
bis, qarTuli ekonomikuri azris,
qarTuli Jurnalistikis, bib-
liologiis problemebs. man
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
axali qarTuli ekonomikuri
terminologiis SemuSavebaSi.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ saqarTve-
los ssr mosaxleobis aRwar-
moebis sakiTxebi~. Tbilisi,
1973; ̀ sociologiuri etiude-
bi~. t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970; t. 2,
Tbilisi, 1971; `saqarTvelosa
da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XIX- - - - - XX ss.-----Si~.t. 1, Tbilisi, 1949; t. 2, Tbili-
si, 1956; t. 3, Tbilisi, 1959;
t. 4, Tbilisi, 1962; t. 5, Tbili-
si, 1965; t. 6, Tbilisi, 1979;
t. 7, Tbilisi, 1984.
gudvili gudvili gudvili gudvili gudvili (goodwill) - - - - - arama-terialuri aqtivebi, romelic
ar eqvemdebareba materialur
ganzomilebebs da gaTval-
iswinebulia kompaniis mxolod
mTlianad gayidvis (yidvis) Sem-
TxvevaSi. kompaniis erToblivi
aqtivebis sabazro Sefasebis
gadameteba am aqtivebis cal-----
calke aRebul individualur
sabazro fasze. Sesyiduli kom-
paniis reputaciis, misi kavSiru-
rTierTobebis, xelsayreli adg-
ilmdebareobisaTvis gadaxdili
safasuri.
gunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandiliiiii (1912-----
1997) (Gunia Avtandil) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1979), wevr-----
korespondenti (1967), ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
(1963), profesori (1966). 1939
wels daamTavra moskovis g.
plexanovis saxelobis saxalxo
meurneobis institutis ekono-
mikis fakulteti. 1942-----1952
wlebSi muSaobda moskovSi sak.
kp ck-----is aparatSi, iyo saqarTve-
los kp ck-----is ganyofilebis gam-
ge (1953), saqarTvelos kul-
turis ministri (1953-----1957),
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis ekonomikisa da samarT-
lis institutis ganyofilebis
gamge (1957-----1960), direqtoris
moadgile samecniero nawilSi
(1960-----1976), direqtori (1976-----
1991), 1991 wlidan gardacva-
lebamde _ _ _ _ _ sapatio direqtori.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ kvlavwar-
moebis tempebi da proporcie-
bi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi~.
Tbilisi, 1966 (rusul enaze);
`mecnierul-----teqnikuri progre-
sis ekonomikuri problemebi
saqarTveloSi~. Tbilisi, 1984.
gunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandili
80
ddddddabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujeti
(balanced budget) - - - - - biujeti,
romelSic mTliani xarjebi
zustad mTliani Semosavlebis
tolia.
dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda (ba-lanced growth) – situacia, rocaefeqtiani samuSao Zala, kapi-
tali da gamoSveba erTi da
igive tempiT izrdeba.
dazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsi (para-dox of saving) – yairaTianobisparadoqsi; martivi modeli,
romelic ukavSirdeba mokle-
vadian periodSi Semdegi orma-
gi Sedegis miRebas: meti da-
zogva Sedegad gamoSvebis Sem-
cirebisa da ucvlel danazogs
ganapirobebs. magram saSualo-
da grZelvadian periodebSi sxva
meqanizmi moqmedebs, romlis Se-
degad danazogis donis zrdas
ufro maRali danazogi da, Sesa-
bamisad, Semosavali moaqvs. am-
rigad, politika, romelic da-
zogvas waaxalisebs, efeqtian-
ia saSualo_ da grZelvadian
periodebSi, xolo moklevadian
periodSi man SeiZleba rece-
sia gamoiwvios.
dazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisi (insu-rance policy) – dazRvevis SesaxebxelSekrulebis dadebis faq-
tis damadasturebeli dokumen-
ti, mowmoba, romelsac mzRveve-
li aZlevs damzRvevs. dazRve-
vis poliss, savaldebulo wes-
iT, Tan erTvis dazRvevis wese-
bi. mzRvevels ara aqvs ufle-
ba moTxovos damzRvevs raime
damatebiTi mtkicebuleba amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT. dazRvevis po-
lisSi asaxulia dazRvevis Zir-
iTadi pirobebi: dazRvevis obieq-
ti, dazRvevis Tanxa,dazRvevis
Senatanebis odenoba da vadebi.
rogorc wesi dazRvevis poli-
si saxelobiTia, SeiZleba iyos
wardgenis uflebiT.
dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa (order) - - - - - sawarmo-Ta sameurneo saqmianobis ganxor-
cielebisa da regulirebis or-
ganizaciul-----ekonomikuri saxe.
dakveTis mniSvnelovani formaa
saxelmwifo dakveTebi produ-
qciis warmoebasa da miwodeba-
ze, maT Soris, eqsportze.
dakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfeli
(backlog of orders) - - - - - dakveTebiserToblioba, romelsac flobs
firma mocemul drois monakveT-
Si. dakveTebis portfeli mas
aZlevs saSualebas, awon-----da-
wonos warmoebrivi simZlavree-
bis datvirTvis SesaZleblobebi
da done, Tavisi ekonomikuri
perspeqtiva da adgili bazarze.
dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba (crediting)[<laT. credere] - - - - - fulis an sa-
qonlis gacema droebiT sar-
geblobaSi ukan dabrunebis pi-
dabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujeti
81
robiT (Cveulebriv, kreditiT
sargeblobisaTvis winaswar Se-
Tanxmebuli procentis gadax-
diT).
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi
(charm price) - - - - - fsiqologiuri
fandi, gamyidvelis mier Cveu-
lebriv `mrgval~ sidideze
cota dabla (mag., 10 dolaris
nacvlad _ _ _ _ _ 9 dolari da 95
centi) dadgenili fasi, romel-
sac xSirad iyeneben vaWrobaSi
myidvelTa mizidvis mizniT.
damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-
ze ze ze ze ze gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi - - - - - dRg dRg dRg dRg dRg (value-----added tax-----VAT) - - - - - universaluri
arapirdapiri gadasaxadis saxe-
oba, romelic moicavs umrav-
lesi saxis saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebas da ifareba warmoe-
buli damatebuli Rirebule-
bis mTliani Tanxidan. LQU-----is
saboloo gadamxdeli momxmare-
belia. zogierTi saqoneli da
momsaxureba Tavisufldeba dRg-----
sagan.
damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli RRRRRirebule-irebule-irebule-irebule-irebule-
ba ba ba ba ba (value added) - - - - - ekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-
avs sxvaobas warmoebuli saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis Rire-
bulebasa da Sualeduri mox-
marebis (materialuri danax-
arjebis, saamortizacio anar-
icxebisa da zednadebi danax-
arjebis) Rirebulebas Soris.
gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba
sarealizacio produqciis Ri-
rebulebasa da mis warmoebaze
gaweul danaxarjebs Soris.
danazogi danazogi danazogi danazogi danazogi (savings) - - - - - Se-
mosavlis nawili, romelic ar
gamoiyeneba mimdinare moxmare-
bisaTvis da gamiznulia in-
vestirebisaTvis. sxva sityve-
biT, igi warmoadgens sxvaobas
mimdinare Semosavalsa da mim-
dinare moxmarebas Soris. dana-
zogs qmnian rogorc firmebi,
ise saojaxo meurneobebi (haus-
holdis bloki). cnobilia, rom
rogorc calkeuli pirebis, ise
qveynis Semosavlebis zrda xels
uwyobs danazogis gadidebas.
danazogi kerZo da sazogadoeb-
rivi danazogebis jamia.
danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-
leba leba leba leba leba (propensity to savings) -----danazogis wilis zrda Semo-
savalSi.
danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (expenses, costsof production) - - - - - sawarmos, orga-nizaciisa da a.S. mier produ-
qciis warmoebasa da realiza-
ciaze gaweuli xarjebis er-
Toblioba, gamoxatuli fula-
di formiT.
dargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansi
(intersechoral balance) - - - - - ekono-
mikur-----maTematikuri modeli,
dargebs Soris sameurneo kav-
Sirebis amsaxveli, produqciis
warmoebisa da ganawilebis bal-
ansi. dgeba rogorc fuladi,
dargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansi
82
ise naturaluri maCveneblebis mi-
xedviT. ZiriTadia mTliani da
pirdapiri danaxarjebis koefici-
entebis maCveneblebi. Tanamedro-
ve sabazro ekonomikaSi mas ̀ da-`da-`da-`da-`da-
naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ ewodeba.
dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-
unarianobaunarianobaunarianobaunarianobaunarianoba (branch competi-tiveness) – dargis mdgradi
zrdis unari, romelic miiRwe-
va ori gziT: 1. dargobrivi mwar-
moeblurobis zrdiTa da 2. da-
saqmebis zrdiT. saboloo an-
gariSiT ki, dargSi damatebu-
li Rirebulebis zrdiT. konku-
rentunarian dargSi kompaniebi
permanentulad aumjobeseben
mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblebs
rogorc teqnologiuri, ise
menejeruli inovaciebis SemoRe-
biT, amasTan, bazars ufro xa-
risxian an ufro iaf produq-
cias (momsaxurebas) awvdian, ri-
Tac zrdian erTobliv moTxov-
nas. faqtorebi ki, romlebic
moqmedebs dargis konkuren-
tunarianobaze, gansxvavdeba
dargebis mixedviT. amitom eko-
nomikuri zrdisken mimarTuli
politika da strategia unda
eyrdnobodes calkeuli dar-
gis ganviTarebis strategias,
romlis SemuSaveba SesaZlebe-
lia mxolod calkeuli dar-
gis konkurentunarianobis faq-
torTa analizis Semdeg.
arsebobs oTxi etapi, ro-
melTa mixedviTac xdeba Ser-
Ceul dargSi konkurentunari-
anobis strategiis gansazRvra.
pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze keTdeba dar-
gis analizi globalur kon-
teqstSi: msoflios romeli
kompaniebia mowinave am dargSi,
ra produqcia da momsaxureba
aris yvelaze konkurentunari-
ani, vin arian am dargis yve-
laze gavleniani moTamaSeebi da
ratom. ramdenime meTodi gam-
oiyeneba dargis analizis dros,
magram aqedan yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania analizi. am meTo-
dis da analizis erTdroulad
gamoyenebis Sedegad xdeba darg-
ze moqmedi faqtorebis gamoy-
ofa, maTi prioretizacia da
dargSi wamyvani biznesmodeleb-
is naTlad warmodgena; meoremeoremeoremeoremeore
etapze etapze etapze etapze etapze xdeba SerCeuli dar-
gis analizi ukve im faqtore-
bis WrilSi, romelTa prioret-
izacia moxda pirvel etapze.
gaanalizdeba mocemul dargSi
Seqmili damatebuli Riebulebis
wvlili mTlianad qveyanaSi
Seqmnil damatebul Rirebule-
baSi. am etapze saWiroa e.w.
benCmarkingi, rac imas niSnavs,
rom am dargis ZiriTadi paramet-
rebis Sedareba unda moxdes
sxva qveynis mowinave dargis
saSualo parametrebTan. am
etapobrivi analizis Sedegad
dargis xarvezebis dadgena
dargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianoba
83
xdeba isev dargis ZiriTadi
mamoZravebeli Zalebis Wril-
Si. mag., sainformacio teqnolo-
giebisTvis (IT), rogorc maRa-li damatebuli Rirebulebis
matarebeli dargisTvis, Zalze
mniSvnelovania dafinansebis
iseTi saxeoba, rogoric aris
venCuruli kapitali, gan-
sakuTrebiT e.w. biznesangelo-
zebis arseboba. es faqtori,
samagierod ar warmoadgens
muxruWs satelekomunikacio
biznesSi, piriqiT, Tu teleko-
munikaciebSi antimonopoliur
regulirebas umniSvnelovanesi
adgili ukavia, sainformacio
teqnologiebis ganviTarebi-
sTvis igi meorexarisxovania,
samagierod, ufro mniSvnelo-
vania saavtoro uflebebis
dacvis kanonis moqmedeba qvey-
anaSi da a.S.; mesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapze
xdeba dargis dainteresebuli
mxareebisa da gavleniani moT-
amaSeebis gamovlena da maTi
interesebis, ZalTa Tanafar-
dobisa da lideruli pozicie-
bis analizi; meoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapze
SemuSavdeba dargis ganviTare-
bis strategiuli mimarTule-
bebi. es SeiZleba iyos wminda
Teoriuli savarjiSo, praqtiku-
li da realuri mdgomareobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, anu rac xde-
ba mecnieruli kvlevis dros
kabinetebSi. realuri mdgomar-
eobis gaTvaliswineba xdeba
mxolod maSin, rodesac xe-
rxdeba dargis yvela dainter-
esebuli mxaris warmomadgen-
lebis Sekreba da maTi nebayof-
lobiTi TanamonawileobiT dar-
gis strategiis Camoyalibeba,
strategiuli programis dasax-
va da pasuxismgeblobebis ga-
nawileba.
aseTi Sexvedrebis organi-
zeba da pozitiur Sedegebam-
de miyvana Zalze rTuli amo-
canaa, magram aucilebeli, imi-
saTvis rom SemuSavdes dar-
gis ganviTarebis programa, ro-
melic unda iTvaliswinebdes
yvela mxaris interesebs da
ar ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis
mdgradi da grZelvadiani eko-
nomikuri zrdis politikis ga-
tarebas.
dargis konkurentunariano-
bis analizis Sedegad SeiZle-
ba gamovlindes is, rom kri-
tikuli parametrebis mixedviT
mocemulma dargma ver SeZlos
konkurenciis gaweva msoflio
bazarze. amitom am dargis saeq-
sporto wamaxalisebeli poli-
tikis gatareba ar iqneboda eko-
nomikurad da finansurad gamar-
Tlebuli. igive Zalisxmeva sxva
dargSi ufro did efeqts moi-
tanda. mag., SesaZloa abreSu-
mis teqstilis aRorZineba sa-
qarTveloSi ar aRmoCndes mar-
dargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianoba
84
Tebuli, vinaidan msoflio ba-
zarze gabatonebul Cinur da
indur abreSums xarjTa struq-
turiT ver gauwios konkuren-
cia, rac am dargisTvis kri-
tikuli parametria.
dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba (employment) -----Sromis saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciis mier SemuSavebuli kri-
teriumebis mixedviT, dasaqme-
bulad iTvleba 15 wlisa da
meti asakis mosaxleoba, romel-
ic dakavebulia sazogadoebri-
vad sasargeblo saqmianobiT. ar-
sebobs daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-
ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.
daqiravebul muSakad iTv-
leba piri, romelic asrulebs
gansazRvrul samuSaos anazRa-
urebis miRebis mizniT, agreTve
piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao
adgili, magram droebiT ar
muSaobs avadmyofobis, Svebule-
baSi yofnis, samuSaodan droe-
biT daTxovnis an msgavsi mize-
zebis gamo.
TviTdasaqmebulad iTvle-
ba SinameurneobaSi usasyidlod
momuSave piri, an is piri, rom-
lis saqmianobis mizans war-
moadgens fuliT an naturiT
saojaxo Semosavlis miReba.
dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-
nenenenene (natural level of employment) –dasaqmebis done, rodesac umu-
Sevroba misi bunebrivi donis
tolia.
dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done (rate ofemployment) - - - - - dasaqmebulTa
mTliani ricxovnobis Sefardeba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-
leobis ricxovnobasTan.
dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-
ba ba ba ba ba (employees) - - - - - Sromisunari-ani asakis mosaxleoba, romel-
ic aRricxulia qveynis kanon-
mdeblobaSi gansazRvruli Se-
sabamisi normebiT.
daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-
kakakakaka (non-observable economy -NOE) – termini 1994 wels
SemoiRo evrokavSirma mTliani
Sida produqtis yovlismomcve-
li gazomvis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT. am mxriv, Zalze mniS-
vnelovania ramdenad srulad
asaxavs ekonomikur saqmianobas
erovnuli angariSebi, romel-
Sic udidesi roli akisria ara
mxolod ekonomikur kvlevebs,
aramed ekonomikuri politikis
sworad warmarTvasac. magram
es Znelad misaRwevia ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis rigi saxeobe-
bis aRricxvis siZnelis gamo,
rasac Tanamedrove pirobebSi
kidev ufro arTulebs maTi
farTo speqtri.
farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-
nalurnalurnalurnalurnalur, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-
roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-
bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-
saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,
ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-
dasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmeba
85
bis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebis
Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-
mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-
liobasliobasliobasliobasliobas daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono-
mikamikamikamikamika (de) ewodeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZ-
leba siRaribe gaizomos mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-
is maCvenebliT mosaxleobis erT
sulze. amasTan, mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp ar iZleva
qveynis ekonomikis zust Se-
fasebas, rac saerTaSoriso Se-
darebisas garkveul dabrkole-
bas qmnis.
mTliani Sida produqtis
srulyofili SefasebisaTvis di-
di mniSvneloba eniWeba de-is
gazomvas saerTaSoriso standar-
tebis, saxeldobr, 1993 wlis
erovnuli angariSebis siste-
mis (eas-93) Sesabamisad, rac
gansakuTrebiT Znelad misaRw-
evia sustad ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi. amitom daukvirvebadi
ekonomika gacilebiT mcirea gan-
viTarebul qveynebSi, vidre gan-
viTarebadSi. amasTan, arsebobs
hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom ro-
desac oficialur ekonomikaSi
adgili aqvs dacemas, imavdrou-
lad izrdeba daukvirvebadi
ekonomika.
dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-
cienticienticienticienticienti (nonemployment rate) –gamoiTvleba dausaqmebeli mo-
saxleobis raodenobis Sefar-
debiT mosaxleobis saerTo ri-
cxovnobasTan.
dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva (freight) - - - - - ge-mis daqiraveba.
daCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflacia
(accelerating inflation) - - - - - inflaci-
is mkveTrad mzardi tempi.
dacema dacema dacema dacema dacema (ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri )
(recession) - - - - - dabali saqmiani aq-
tiurobisa da umuSevrobis ma-
Rali donis periodi, romelic
xasiaTdeba saSualosTan Sedar-
ebiT ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebis dacemiT.
dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi (decay) - - - - - pe-riodi, romelic iwyeba, simwi-
fis etapis gadalaxvis Semdeg,
saqonlis gasaRebis dacemiT.
debentura debentura debentura debentura debentura (debenture) [<laT.debere mevaled yofna] - - - - - sabaJomowmoba baJis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.
debitanti debitanti debitanti debitanti debitanti (petty merchant)- - - - - wvrili vaWari.
debitori debitori debitori debitori debitori (debtor) (laT. de-bitor) - - - - - davalianebis mqone fizi-
kuri an iuridiuli piri.
debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-
ba ba ba ba ba (debts, liabilities) - - - - - vali, ro-
melic ekuTvnis firmas iuridi-
uli an fizikuri pirisgan da
warmoiqmneba maT Soris ekonomi-
kuri urTierTobebis safuZvel-
ze.
debursi debursi debursi debursi debursi (noncompensation forexpenses) ----- aunazRaurebeli dana-
xarjebi.
devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia (devaluation)[laT. de ...tvaleo] - - - - - 1. centra-luri bankis aqcia, romelic
devalvaciadevalvaciadevalvaciadevalvaciadevalvacia
86
vlindeba erovnuli valutis
fiqsirebuli kursis Semcire-
biT, ucxour valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
devalvacia gamoiyeneba sa-
gadasaxdelo balansis defic-
itis SemcirebisaTvis, magram mx-
olod ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
vinaidan igi uaryofiTad aisax-
eba erovnul ekonomikaze. aseT
SemTxvevaSi ucxouri valut-
is mflobelebi dabal fasebSi
iZenen adgilobriv saqonels,
xolo Sida bazarze fasebi im-
portze izrdeba. Tu saeqspor-
to produqciis warmoeba ar
gaizrdeba, maSin eqsportisagan
naklebi iqneba Semosavali, rac
kidev ufro gaamwvavebs saga-
dasaxdelo balansis proble-
mas; 2. oqros paritetis gauqme-
bamde (1978) devalvacia gamox-
atavda agreTve fulad er-
TeulSi (erovnul valutaSi)
oqros Semcvelobis oficialur
Semcirebas an misi kursis da-
cemas sxva qveynebis valuteb-
Tan SedarebiT. sapirispiroa _____
revalvacia.
devizi devizi devizi devizi devizi (exchange) (frang.devises) - - - - - ucxour valutaSi
gamoxatuli sagadasaxdelo sa-
Sualeba, romliTac xorcield-
eba saerTaSoriso angariSs-
woreba. devizad iTvleba Tama-
suqi, Ceki, fuladi gzavnili,
ucxouri fasiani qaRaldebi,
akreditivi da sxv.
dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia (disinvest-ment) – ZiriTadi kapitalis na-
wilis winaswarganzraxuli daS-
la, amortizaciis anazRaureb-
isaTvis saWiro aRdgeniTi in-
vesticiebis ganuxorcieleblo-
ba.
dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia (desinflation)- - - - - ekonomikaSi fasebis zrdis
tempis dacemis tendencia, in-
flaciis tempis Semcireba, rom-
lis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxo-
lod maRali umuSevrobis xar-
jze. dezinflacia SeiZleba
miRweul iqnes moklevadian pe-
riodSi umuSevrobis mniSvnelo-
vani zrdiT an xangrZliv peri-
odSi _ umuSevrobis SedarebiT
mokrZalebuli zrdiT.
dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri (decouvert) [<frang.decouvert Tavdauxuravi) _ _ _ _ _ sxva-oba qonebis fassa da sadazRve-
vo Tanxas Soris, datovebuli
damzRvevis riskze.
deliveri deliveri deliveri deliveri deliveri (delivery order)- - - - - werilobiTi gankarguleba sa-
qonlis gacemis Sesaxeb.
delistingi delistingi delistingi delistingi delistingi (delisting) -----aqciebis amoReba sakotiro si-
idan birJis an TviT kompaniis
gadawyvetilebiT. delistingi
xorcieldeba Semdeg SemTx-
vevebSi: a). Tu aqciebi kompa-
niam ukan daabruna an gadacv-
ala; b). Tu kompanias CamoerT-
va aqtivebi an gakotrda; g).
devizidevizidevizidevizidevizi
87
Tu aqciebis sajaro gavrceleb-
is masStabi umniSvneloa; d).
Tu kompania arRvevs xelSek-
rulebas listingis Sesaxeb da
a.S.
demereji demereji demereji demereji demereji (demurrage) -----xelSekruleba sazRvao gada-
zidvis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanax-
madac gemis damqiravebeli (dam-
fraxtveli) uxdis jarimas ge-
mis mflobels xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili zenormatiuli dat-
virTva-----gadmotvirTvisaTvis.
demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia (de-monopolization) - - - - - saxelmwifo
politika, mimarTuli warmoeb-
is monopolizebuli struqtur-
is winaaRmdeg da konkurenciis
ganviTarebisaken. xorcieldeba
sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis sa-
fuZvelze da Tanabar pirobebs
qmnis sakuTrebis sxvadasxva
formisaTvis. demonopolizacia
ganapirobebs mewarmeTa raode-
nobis zrdas, konkurenciis gan-
viTarebis xelSemSleli mize-
zebis aRmofxvras.
dempingi dempingi dempingi dempingi dempingi (dumping) [ingl.
Camogdeba, CamoSveba] - - - - - saqon-
lis eqsporti xelovnurad Sem-
cirebuli fasiT (saSualo sa-
bazro doneze bevrad iafad),
potenciuri konkurentebis Sevi-
wroebisa da bazris dapyrobis
mizniT. dempingis winaaRmdeg
iyeneben specialur sabaJo ga-
dasaxads.
denadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficienti
(fluctuation index) – samuSaodanwasulTa Sefardeba dasaqmebul-
Ta raodenobasTan.
denominacia denominacia denominacia denominacia denominacia (denomina-tion) - - - - - qveynis fuladi erTeu-
lis gamsxvileba Zveli fulis
niSnebis axliT Secvlis safuZ-
velze, dadgenili Tanafar-
dobiT. analogiuri Tanafar-
dobiT gadaiangariSeben fasebs,
tarifebs, xelfasebs, bankebis
angariSze arsebul fulad sax-
srebs, sawarmoTa balansebs da
a.S.
depoziti depoziti depoziti depoziti depoziti (deposit) [<laT.
depositum Sesanaxad gacemuli
nivTi] - - - - - 1. Sesanaxad Setanili
fuladi saxsrebi an fasiani
qaRaldebi safinanso-----sakredi-
to, administraciul da sabaJo
organizaciebSi; 2. movalis
mier sasamarTlo dawesebule-
bebSi kreditorisaTvis gada-
sacemad Setanili fuladi
Tanxa an fasiani qaRaldebi.
depozitia: anabrebi bankeb-
Si, fasiani qaRaldebi safinan-
so-----sakredito institutebSi,
Senatanebi gadasaxadis, baJis da
a.S. saxiT da sxv.
depoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamde
(sight deposit (bill) - - - - - sabanko ana-bari, romlis gamotanac moTx-
ovnisTanave SeiZleba.
depoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamde
(demand deposit, deposit money) -----
depoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamde
88
anabris saxiT mokiTxvamde bank-
Si Senaxuli fuladi saxsre-
bi.
depozitori depozitori depozitori depozitori depozitori (depositor) -----1. depozitis mflobeli; sx-
vagvarad deponenti; 2. fizikuri
an iuridiuli piri, romelsac
ekuTvnis fuladi Tanxa, magram
raRac mizezis gamo es fuli
gansazRvrul vadaSi ara aqvT
sawarmoebs, organizaciebs.
deponenti deponenti deponenti deponenti deponenti (deponent) [<laT.
deponens (deponentis) gadamwyo-bi] - - - - - igivea, rac depozitori.
deponireba deponireba deponireba deponireba deponireba (deposition) -----fuladi Tanxis, fasiani qaRal-
debisa da sxva faseulobebis
Sesanaxad gadacema sakredito
dawesebulebebisaTvis.
deporti deporti deporti deporti deporti (deport) - - - - - speku-laciuri sabirJo garigeba,
romelic iTvaliswinebs fasi-
ani qaRaldebis kursis dace-
mas, kursTaSorisi sxvaobiT
mogebis miRebis mizniT.
depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni (dep-ressed area) - - - - - geografiuli zona
an raioni, romelic gacilebiT
mZime ekonomikur mdgomareoba-
Sia, vidre qveyana mTlianad.
`depresiulobis~ indeqsad yve-
laze metad gamoiyeneba umuSe-
varTa wili SromisunarianTa
mTlian ricxovnobaSi. amasTan,
gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis sxva indeqsebic, maT
Soris, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebi da Semosavlebi mosaxle-
obis erT sulze. mosaxleobis
gadineba regionidan agreTve
ganixileba rogorc depresiu-
li raionis maxasiaTebeli. bevr
qveyanaSi mTavroba atarebs re-
gionul politikas, romelic mi-
marTulia depresiuli raion-
ebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad.
deprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizacia (de-priva-tization) – privatizebuli qone-
bis droebiTi nacionalizacia
misi xelaxali privatizaciis
mizniT. mag., Tuki CaiTvleba, rom
privatizacia darRveviT Catar-
da, maSin SeiZleba ganxorci-
eldes deprivatizacia.
desetina desetina desetina desetina desetina (dessiatina) [<laT.
decima - - - - - meaTedi] - - - - - 1. miwis sa-zomi erTeuli ruseTSi. cnobi-
lia XV saukunis bolodan. Tav-
dapirvelad warmoadgenda kvad-
rats, romlis gverdebi 1/10verss (2500 kv saJeni) udri-
da. saxazino desetina 2400 kv.
saJeniT anu 1,0925 ha-----iT gani-
sazRvra.
XVIII saukunidan XX sauku-nis 30-----ian wlebamde ruseTSi
gamoiyeneboda agreTve sameur-
neo iribi, sameurneo wriuli,
da sabaxCe asobiTi desetinebi
da, Sesabamisad, Seadgenda 3200,
3600, 10000 kv. saJens. oq-
tombris revoluciis Semdeg,
zomis metrul sistemaze ga-
depozitoridepozitoridepozitoridepozitoridepozitori
89
dasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, deset-
inas gamoyenebis sfero SeizRu-
da, xolo 1927 wels mTli-
anad aikrZala; 2. mosavlis an
sxva Semosavlis meaTedi naw-
ili, romelsac gadasaxadis
saxiT ixdida mosaxleoba, ek-
lesia-----monastrebis Sesanaxad.
Tavdapirvelad, uZveles dro-
Si arsebobda ebraelebTan, Sem-
deg ki dasavleTis qristianul
eklesiebSi gavrcelda. Sua
saukuneebSi kaTolikuri ekle-
sia krefda desetinas purisa
da yurZnis mosavlisgan (e.w.
didi desetina), sabostne da
teqnikuri kulturebis mosav-
lisagan (e.w. mcire desetina),
mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebiT miRebuli Semosav-
lisagan (e.w. sisxlis deseti-
na). misi gauqmeba daiwyo XVI-II saukunis ukanaskneli aTwle-
ulidan. pirvelad gauqmda sa-
frangeTSi 1789-----1790 wlebSi,
sxva qveynebSi _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunismanZilze sxvadasxva period-
Si. ruseTSi desetina SemoRe-
bul iqna X saukuneSi, xolo
gauqmebuli _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunisbolos.
deficiti deficiti deficiti deficiti deficiti (deficit, short-age) [<laT. deficit ukmaroba] -----1. ekonomikuri situacia, rom-
lis drosac arsebuli fase-
bis pirobebSi moTxovna ama Tu
im saqonelze aRemateba mis mi-
wodebas. deficitis warmoSoba-
ze, wminda ekonomikuri mizeze-
bis garda, gavlenas axdens bune-
brivi, politikuri, istoriuli
da a.S. faqtorebi. amitom igi
ama Tu im formiT SeiZleba
arsebobdes nebismier sameur-
neo sistemaSi, maT Soris, gan-
viTarebul sabazro ekonomika-
Sic. firmis saqmianobis lim-
itireba xdeba moTxovniT mis
produqciaze. amitom moTxov-
nis gafarToebiT warmoSobili
sasaqonlo deficiti astimu-
lirebs warmoebas, rac, saboloo
angariSiT, miwodebis gafarToe-
baSi aisaxeba. deficiti dai-
Zleva moTxovnisa da miwodeb-
is balansirebiT, magram, vinaidan
mikrodoneze aseTi wonasworo-
bis miRweva Znelia, iqmneba def-
icitis sapirispiro viTareba —SefardebiTi Warbwarmoeba. war-
moebis procesi ciklur xasi-
aTs iZens, ama Tu im saqonlis
gamoSvebis moculoba ki masze
moTxovnisa da miwodebis cva-
lebadobiT regulirdeba. am-
rigad, meurneobis sabazro
sistemaSi deficits droebiTi
xasiaTi aqvs, misi daZlevis
meqanizmi ki TviT warmoebaSia;
2. situacia, roca saxelmwifo
biujetis xarjebi aRemateba Se-
mosavlebs drois garkveul
monakveTSi. jon meinard kein-
zi iyo pirveli, vinc wamoayena
deficitideficitideficitideficitideficiti
90
wanadadeba, mTavrobas daegegma
deficiti rogorc Tavisi eko-
nomikuri politikis nawili.
deficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinanseba
(deficit finansing) - - - - - ekonomikuripolitikis nawili, romelsac
iyenebs mTavroba deficitis
dasafaravad. es termini asax-
avs rogorc mTavrobis Sida
saqmianobis SedegebiT gamow-
veul, ise sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansis deficitis dafinansebas.
deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta (star-ce, hard currency) - - - - - sxvagvarad_ _ _ _ _ myari valuta.
deflatori deflatori deflatori deflatori deflatori (implicit pricedeflator) - - - - - fasebis indeqsi, gamoy-enebuli erovnuli Semosavlis
erTi an ramdenime komponentis
deflirebisaTvis. deflatori
paaSes fasebis indeqsia, amitom
igi ufro nela izrdeba, vidre
laspeiresis fasebis indeqsi,
iseTi, rogoric aris sacalo
an sabiTumo fasebis indeqsebi.
deflacia deflacia deflacia deflacia deflacia (deflation) [<laT.
deflation gamoberva] - - - - - ekonomika-Si fasebis saSualo donis
dacemis tendencia erToblivi
moTxovnis daqveiTebis an saqon-
lis Rirebulebis dacemis sa-
fuZvelze, sazogadoebrivi Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis an
mimoqcevis arxebidan Warbi
fulis amoRebis xarjze. de-
flacia inflaciis sawinaaRm-
dego procesi da masTan brZo-
lis saSualebaa. mas saxelm-
wifo axorcielebs rogorc
fulad-----sakredito, ise sagada-
saxado meqanizmiT. sakredito-----
fulad RonisZiebebs igi ata-
rebs sakredito restriqciiT,
rac gamoixateba sargeblis
normis amaRlebiT, kreditebis
limitirebiT, samomxmareblo
kreditis pirobebis gauarese-
biT da a.S. saxelmwifo Warb
fuls mimoqcevidan iRebs, ag-
reTve gadasaxadebis gadideb-
iT, xelfasis ̀ gayinviT~, saxel-
mwifo xarjebis zogierTi saxeo-
bis SemcirebiT da sxva RonisZ-
iebebiT. deflaciuri politikis
gatareba iwvevs ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis tempebis Senelebasa
da umuSevrobis zrdas.
defolti defolti defolti defolti defolti (default) - - - - - kompa-niis gakotrebulad gamocxadeba
valebis gadauxdelobis gamo
da fasian qaRaldebze procen-
tis gacemis Sewyveta.
`didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ (Great Dep-ression) - - - - - 1929-----1933 wlebis msof-
lio ekonomikuri krizisi, yve-
laze Rrma istoriaSi, romel-
mac saTave niu-----iorkSi aiRo.
`didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ (G7) –msoflios Svidi Zlieri saxel-
mwifos _ aSS, iaponia, safrange-
Ti, germania, gaerTianebuli same-
fo, italia, kanada _ gaerTiane-
ba.
diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia (diversi-
deficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinanseba
91
fication) [<laT. diversus sxvada-sxva+facere keTeba] - - - - - mraval-
mxrivi ganviTareba; warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-
is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia — war-
moebis mravali saxis erTdrou-
li ganviTareba, nakeTobaTa
asortimentis gafarToeba; eq-eq-eq-eq-eq-
sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _
eqsportisaTvis gankuTvnili
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-
ebis raodenobis gazrda.
diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-
tfeli tfeli tfeli tfeli tfeli (diversified portfolio) -----aqtivebis nakrebi, romelsac
flobs firma. Cveulebriv, igi
moicavs finansur aqtivebs, ma-
gram principSi ar gamoricx-
avs realur aqtivebsac.
dividendi dividendi dividendi dividendi dividendi (dividend) [<laT.
dividendus-----ganawilebisaTvis daq-
vemdebarebuli] - - - - - Semosavali,
romelsac iRebs aqciis mflo-
beli aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
bis mogebidan. Cveulebrivi
aqciebidan miRebuli dividen-
dis odenoba damokidebulia aq-
cioneruli sazogadoebis moge-
baze, privilegiuri aqciebidan
miRebuli dividendi ki mtkiced
dadgenili fiqsirebuli sid-
idea.
dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-
debisdebisdebisdebisdebis formiT formiT formiT formiT formiT (stock dividend)– dividendis gacemis meTodi
ara naRdi fuliT, aramed axa-
li, damatebiTi aqciebiT. amis
gansaxorcieleblad firmam Ta-
visi saxsrebi unda gadaitanos
wminda mogebidan kapitalis an-
gariSze.
dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio (disaggio) (ital.
disaggio) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis
sabirJo kursis dacema maT no-
minalur RirebulebasTan Seda-
rebiT; angariSoben procento-
biT. dizaJio qaRaldis fulze
warmoiSoba inflaciis pirobeb-
Si da misi gamovlenis erT-----
erTi saxea. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ aJio.
dileri dileri dileri dileri dileri (dealer) [<ingl.
dealer sabirJo makleri, dala-
li] - - - - - fizikuri an iuridiuli
piri, romelic safondo birJis
wevria da profesiul doneze
vaWrobs fasiani qaRaldebiT.
brokerisagan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic Suamavalia, dileri oper-
aciebs sakuTari xarjebiT awar-
moebs. mas ara aqvs ufleba,
uSualod klientebTan dados
SeTanxmeba. igi garigebas awar-
moebs brokerebTan. SekveTas
klientebisagan fasiani qaRalde-
bis yidva-----gayidvis Sesaxeb iReben
mxolod brokerebi. dilerebi
specialdebian fasiani qaRalde-
bis saxeebis mixedviT. maTi moge-
baa sxvaoba nayid da gayidul
fasian qaRaldebs Soris.
disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi (disbalance) -----Semosavlebisa da xarjebis, aq-----
tivebisa da pasivebis, debetisa
da kreditis daubalanseblo-----
ba, Seusabamoba.
disbalansidisbalansidisbalansidisbalansidisbalansi
92
diskonti diskonti diskonti diskonti diskonti (discount) [<laT.
computare] - - - - - 1. sargeblis ga-
nakveTi, romlis safuZvelzec
centraluri banki aZlevs ko-
merciul bankebs kredits; 2.
Tamasuqis ganaRdeba misi va-
dis gasvlamde nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan SedarebiT nakleb
fasSi; 3. sabirJo da savalu-
to garigebisas _ _ _ _ _ Sesabamisad
saqonlisa da valutis fasdaT-
moba (fasgamokleba).
diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba (discount-ing) - - - - - kapitalur Tanxaze sar-
geblis ganakveTis damateba. es
meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba mo-
mavalSi gadasaxdeli Tanxis
dRevandeli ekvivalentis das-
adgenad. momavali Tanxis amJa-
mindeli Rirebuleba ganisaz-
Rvreba diskontis koeficien-
tis daxmarebiT, romelic sarge-
blis normisa da diskontireb-
is periodzea damokidebuli.
diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-
leba leba leba leba leba (discounted value) - - - - - moma-valSi mosalodneli Semosav-
lis an danaxarjis (gadasaxde-
lis) jams minus kapitalze
sargebeli, rogorc molodinis
kompensacia.
diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti (dis-count rate) - - - - - ganaRdebuli pro-
centi _ _ _ _ _ sargebeli, romelsac
ixdian Tamasuqis an sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis yidvisas maTi vadis
gasvlamde; sxvaoba Tamasuqis
nominalur Rirebulebasa da
masSi gadaxdil Tanxas Soris.
diskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligacia
(diskount bond) – obligacia, ro-
melic ganaRdebisas erTjerad
gadaxdas eqvemdebareba.diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia (discretion) [<laT.
discretion] - - - - - ama Tu im sakiTxisgadawyveta saxelmwifo orga-
noebis an Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier sakuTari Sexedulebisame-
br.
diskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedeba
(discretionary) [<laT. ix. dis-
krecia] - - - - - moqmedeba sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr.
dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa (claims adjustment)[<frang. dispache] - - - - - gemis ava-riis damadasturebeli doku-
menti, romlis safuZvelzec
xdeba gaangariSeba reisis mona-
wile mxareebs Soris zaralis
gasanawileblad.
dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi (dispatch) [<ingl.
_ _ _ _ _ siswrafe] - - - - - gasamrjelo, pre-
mia, romelsac gemis mflobeli
uxdis tvirTis mflobels ge-
mis vadamde datvirTvisa da
gadmotvirTvisaTvis.
distanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavleba
(distance learning) - - - - - ganaTlebis
miRebisa da kvalifikaciis ama-
Rlebis moqnili sistema, romel-
ic telekomunikaciuri teqnol-
ogiebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,
or mxares Soris kontaqtis
gareSe iZleva daSorebul man-
diskontidiskontidiskontidiskontidiskonti
93
Zilze swavlebis ganxorcieleb-
is saSualebas, SesaZlebels
xdis minimaluri danaxarjebiT
msmenelTa didi raodenobis mier
mravalmxrivi da maqsimalurad
maRalkvalificiuri informaci-
is miRebas.
distributori distributori distributori distributori distributori (distrib-utor) [<ingl. distributor - - - - - gamana-wilebeli] - - - - - firmis agenti, ro-melsac evaleba am firmis pro-
duqciis realizacia gansaz-
Rvrul regionSi. igi muSaobs
Sesabamisi saqonlis mwarmoebel
firmasTan dadebuli saxelSek-
rulebo SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze. brokerisagan gansxvave-
biT, distributori ar aris
Suamavali, igi birJasTan ar aris
dakavSirebuli da muSaobs ara
klientis saxeliT an misi an-
gariSiT, aramed Tavisi saxeliT
da Tavisi angariSiT. rogorc
wesi, mwarmoebeli firma aZlevs
Tavis distibutors saqonels
garkveuli fasdaklebiT, rac am
ukanasknelis Semosavlis wya-
roa. magram bazris koniunqtur-
is gaTvaliswinebiT distibu-
tors ufleba aqvs Tavisi
Sexedulebisamebr daadginos
saboloo sarealizacio fasi.
firmis SeTanxmeba am saxis
agentTan grZelvadiania da
iTvaliswinebs orive mxaris
mier saqonlis realizaciasTan
dakavSirebuli Semdegi fun-
qciebis Sesrulebas: mocemul
regionSi reklamis organiza-
cias, momxmarebelTaTvis mom-
saxurebis gawevas, bazris ko-
niunqturisa da myidvelTa
gamoxmaurebebis analizsa da
sxv. am funqciebis Sesrulebi-
saTvis firma uzrunvelyofs
distributors saWiro sarek-
lamo prospeqtebiT, awvdis saTa-
darigo nawilebs da a.S. msxvil
firmebs TavianTi distribu-
torebi hyavT ara mxolod regi-
onebSi, aramed sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi. amitom firmebSi dis-
tributorebTan kavSiris dasam-
yareblad Seqmnilia special-
uri ganyofilebebi.
dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari(dollar) - - - - - amJamad
dolari msoflios 27 saxelm-
wifos (avstralia, kanada, sin-
gapuri, axali zelandia, zim-
babve da a.S.) valutas hqvia.
Tumca sazogadoebas, upirveles
yovlisa, aSS dolari aintere-
sebs. igi SemoRebul iqna 1786
wels. amerikuli dolari (ro-
melic 100 cents udris) ibe-
Wdeba specialur qaRaldze ma-
saCusetis Statis qalaq dal-
tonSi. yoveldRiurad uSveben
22 mln 500 aTas banknots, maT
Soris erTdolariani 45%-----s
Seadgens. erTdolarianis `si-
cocxlis xangrZlivoba~ weli-
wadnaxevaria, xolo asdolar-
ianis _ _ _ _ _ 20 welze meti.
dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
94
domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei (1914-----1997)(Domar Evsey) - - - - - amerikeli po-
lonuri warmoSobis ekonomis-
ti, ekonomikuri zrdis Teorie-
bis cnobili mkvlevari. man
daisaxa miznad daedgina is
pirobebi, romlebic uzrunve-
lyofen moTxovnisa da warmoe-
brivi simZlavreebis balansire-
bul zrdas. domaris kvlevis
Sedegebi harodis mier miRebu-
li Sedegebis analogiuri aR-
moCnda. amJamad isini cnobil-
ia harod-----domaris pirobebis
saxelwodebiT. igi miuTiTebs
investiciebis ormag efeqtze:
pirveli, maT moaqvT Semosava-
li, meore, zrdian warmoebriv
simZlavreebs, maSin rodesac
keinzianuri Teoria miuTiTeb-
da mxolod pirvel efeqtze.
domaris mTavari naSromia ̀ nar-
kvevebi ekonomikuri zrdis Te-
oriebSi~ (1957).
dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan (bud-get subsidy) - - - - - saxelmwifo biu-
jetidan fuladi saxsrebis
gacema daubruneblobis piro-
biT. dotacia eZlevaT saxelm-
wifo sawarmoebs, organizacie-
bs, dawesebulebebs sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegebis balan-
sirebis mizniT. bolo xans es
forma Seaviwrova finansuri
daxmarebis axalma saxem _ _ _ _ _ sub-
venciam.
doudoudoudoudou-----jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi (Dow
Jones’ index) - - - - - 1. SemoiRo ame-rikelma biznesmenma C. doum
1897 wels. adgens fasiani
qaRaldebis kursis mimarTule-
bas (krizisken Tu aRmavlo-
bisken). gamoiyvaneba rogorc
umniSvnelovanesi aqciebis sa-
Sualo ariTmetikuli. dgeba 3
jgufad: I - - - - - 30 samrewvelo aq-
cia; II - - - - - rkinigzis aqcia; III -----15 komunaluri aqcia. dou-----jon-
sis indeqsze gavlenas axdens:
riskis faqtori, sargeblis ga-
nakveTi, likvidunarianoba, fu-
lis dabandebis alternatiu-
li sferoebi; 2. aSS-----is umsx-
vilesi kompaniebis saSualo
aqciebis kursebi, romlebzec
modis sabirJo brunvis daax-
loebiT mesamedi, maT Soris
iseTi cnobili firmebisa, ro-
goricaa ̀ ameriken telefon end
telegrafi~ (ATT), `betlehem
stili~, `diuponi~, `eqsoni~,
`jeneral eleqtriki~, `jener-
al motorzi~, ̀ iunaited-----stili~
da sxv. 30 samrewvelo kompa-
niis aqciebis kursis dajame-
biT miRebuli Tanxis safuZ-
velze ganisazRvreba krebsiTi
indeqsi. misi gaangariSeba pe-
riodulad koreqtirdeba ar-
sebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dou-----
jonsis indeqss amerikul pre-
saSi xSirad akritikeben da al-
ternatiuli maCveneblebic ki
domari evseidomari evseidomari evseidomari evseidomari evsei
95
mohyavT, misi dinamika mainc
zustad gamoxatavs am qveynis
mdgomareobas. analogiuri an
msgavsi maCveneblebi ganviTare-
buli finansuri bazrebis sxva
qveynebSic muSavdeba.
dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi (dualism) - - - - - urTi-erTgamomricxavi principebis,
viTarebis (sasurvelisa da ara-
sasurvelis) arseboba sazoga-
doebaSi. aseTi dualizmis ma-
galiTebia: sauniversiteto ga-
naTleba da masobrivi wera-----
kiTxvis ucodinaroba, fufune-
ba da ukiduresi siRaribe,
ekonomikis tradiciuli da
Tanamedrove seqtorebi, zrda
da uZraoba da a.S.
dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria (dua-lism theory of) - - - - - Teoria, romlis
konturebi pirvelad moxaza
malTusma. igi ekonomikas ganix-
ilavda rogorc ori mTavari
seqtoris _ _ _ _ _ mrewvelobisa da
soflis meurneobis erTianobas.
malTusis azriT, ekonomikis or
nawilad dayofa da maT Soris
urTierTqmedebis Seswavla gan-
viTarebis procesis advilad
gagebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
sasoflo-----sameurneo seqtori-
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia arasasa-
qonlo warmoeba, warmoebis primi-
tiuli da araefeqtiani meTode-
bis gamoyeneba, dabali Sromis
anazRaureba da, Sesabamisad, da-
bali cxovrebis done. samrewve-
lo seqtorSi, Tumca, Sromis
anazRaureba SedarebiT maRa-
lia, farTod aris gavrcele-
buli siRaribe da umuSevroba.
es aris mTavari problema gan-
viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, sa-
dac msxvili qalaqebis gver-
diT aris axali dasaxlebuli
mosaxleoba, romelsac ar Seu-
Zlia i povos samuSao an sacx-
ovrebeli an orive erTad, ma-
gram ar surs daubrundes sa-
soflo-----sameurneo raionebs (ix.
luis-----feisreinisis modeli).
duimi duimi duimi duimi duimi (inch) [<holand. duimdidi TiTi] - - - - - 1. sigrZis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi; 2. sigrZis erTeuli sa-
zomTa Zvel rusul sistemaSi;
gauqmda 1918 wels. 1 duimi
udris 1/12 futs.duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia (duospony) - - - - - sa-
bazro situacia, bazris funq-
cionirebis forma, rodesac kon-
kretuli saqonlis an momsa-
xurebis bazarze mravali gam-
yidveli da mxolod ori msxvi-
li myidvelia. maT mniSvnelo-
vani gavlena aqvT gamyidvelebze,
mag., SeuZliaT daswion sabaz-
ro fasebi.
duopsoniaduopsoniaduopsoniaduopsoniaduopsonia
96 egzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtp
eeeeeegzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp (exogenous
scientific-technological progress)[<berZ. exo garedan, genos gvari,modgma] - - - - - warmoebis avtonomi-uri faqtori; egzogenuri (gar-
egani mizezebiT warmoqmnili)
teqnologiuri progresis war-
moebrivi funqcia. gulisxmobs
teqnologiuri progresis gare-
dan marTvas. sapirispiro _____
endogenuri mtpmtpmtpmtpmtp.
evro evro evro evro evro (euro) - - - - - erTiani ev-ropuli valuta, oficialuri
fulis erTeuli SemoRebuli
ekius (ecu) nacvlad 1999 wlis
1 ianvridan. evrozonaSi Sevi-
da 11 qveyana: avstria, belgia,
germania, irlandia, espaneTi, ita-
lia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,
portugalia, fineTi, safrange-
Ti. saberZneTs ar mieca ufle-
ba da 2001 wlamde ver gaer-
Tianda evrozonaSi. 2007 wels
mas daemata slovenia, xolo
2008 wlis 1 ianvridan kvipro-
si da malta. SemoRebis momen-
tSi evros gacvliTi kursi
aseTi iyo: 1 evro _ _ _ _ _ 1 ekiu.
2002 wlis 1 ianvramde arse-
bobda unaRdo saxiT. banknote-
bisa da monetebis saxiT mimo-
qcevaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 1
ianvridan. saxelwodeba `evro~
SeTanxmebul iqna evrokavSir-
Si 1995 wlis dekemberSi.
axali evropuli centra-
luri banki dafuZnda frankfur-
tSi da igi evrozonis moneta-
rul politikaze gaxda pasuxis-
mgebeli. evros simboloa • . igi
Seqmna evrokomisiam da sajarod
gamocxadda dublinSi 1996
wlis dekemberSi.
amJamad saqarTveloSi sava-
luto rezervi or valutaSia gan-
Tavsebuli _ _ _ _ _ amerikul dolarsa
da evroSi. maTi Tanafardoba
2003 wlis monacemebiT, Sesa-
bamisad, Seadgenda 70% 30%-----
Tan. 2007 wlis monacemebiT,
es Tanafardoba gaxda 60%
40%-----Tan. msoflioSi da, buneb-
rivia, saqarTveloSic, mimdinare
procesebis cvlilebebidan ga-
momdinare, dolarsa da evros
rezervebs Soris Tanafardoba
Seicvala. 2010 wlis monace-
mebiT, es Tanafardobaa 75% 22-----
25%-----Tan. danarCeni _____ sxva sru-
lad konvertirebadi valute-
bia.
evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari (eurodollar)- - - - - evropuli dolari. ameriku-
li dolariT gamoxatuli fu-
ladi saSualeba, romelsac
mflobelebi aTavseben aSS-----is
farglebs gareT, umTavresad
evropul bankebSi da iyeneben
sakredito operaciebisaTvis.
evrodolaris bazari warmoiSva
XX saukunis 50-----iani wlebis
damlevs.
97
iqmna 2006 wlis 3 Tebervals
briuselSi evrokavSirTan saqar-
Tvelos savaWro urTierTobebis
gafarToebisa da qveyanaSi inves-
ticiebis mozidvis mizniT. mis
dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRo
saqarTvelos minisa da minera-
luri wylebis kompaniam (GGMW),
STATOIL-----ma da kanargom. amave
wels saqarTvelos biznesmenTa
federacia gaxda am sabWos wevri.
evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia (Euro-bond) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldi, rom-
lis emisias axorcielebs sax-
elmwifo evropis bazrebze
(safondo birJebze gasayidad).
valis erT-----erTi forma, romel-
sac saxelmwifo iRebs sesxad
da amisTvis ixdis sakmaod ma-
Ral procents. igi SedarebiT
Zviri sesxia, vidre saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis mier
gacemuli sesxebi. amasTan, am
ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
xdeba misi miznobriobisa da
xarjvis gakontroleba.
evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis banki
(European Bank for Reconstructionand Development -----EBRD) - - - - - saxel-
mwifoTaSoriso banki, daarsda
1991 wels londonSi. axorci-
elebs centraluri da aRmo-
savleT evropis, agreTve cen-
traluri aziis qveynebis gr-
Zelvadian dakreditebas, amasTan,
investirebis gziT maT daxmare-
evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri (European Uni-on - - - - - EU) - - - - - Seiqmna evropuli
gaerTianebis bazaze maaxstritis
1993 wlis 1 noembris xel-
Sekrulebis safuZvelze. adg-
ilsamyofelia briuseli.
1993 wlidan evrokavSir-
Si gauqmda SezRudvebi kapi-
talis, samuSao Zalis, saqon-
lis, momsaxurebis Tavisufal
gadaadgilebaze. 2007 wlis bo-
losaTvis misi wevri 27 qveya-
na gaxda. esenia: safrangeTi, bel-
gia, gfr, italia, luqsemburgi,
niderlandi, didi britaneTi,
dania, irlandia, saberZneTi, por-
tugalia, espaneTi, avstria, fine-
Ti, SvedeTi, kviprosi, CexeTi,
estoneTi, litva, latvia, un-
greTi, malta, poloneTi, slo-
vakeTi, slovenia, bulgareTi, ru-
mineTi. amJamad 27 qveynisgan Sem-
dgar jgufs zogjer EU27-s uwo-
deben.
evrokavSiris yvelaze didi
qveynebia: safrangeTi, italia,
espaneTi da gaerTianebuli same-
fo. am qveynebze modis EU27-is
75%.
evrokavSiris sakonsulta-
cio da sakoordinacio organoa
evroparlamenti, romlis adgil-
samyofelia strasburgi. (ix. ev-
ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTia-
neba; evropuli gaerTianeba).
evrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSir-----saqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelos
biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----sabsabsabsabsabZo o o o o (EU-GBC) - - - - - Se-
evropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...
98
bas uwevs sabazro ekonomika-
ze gadasvlaSi.
evropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianeba
(European Community - - - - - EC) -----naxSirisa da foladis evrop-
uli gaerTianebis (ECSC), evro-
puli ekonomikuri gaerTianeb-
isa (EEC) da atomuri energi-
is sferoSi evropuli gaer-
Tianebis (EAEC) saerTo sax-
elwodeba. Seiqmna 1967 wels
da aerTianebda dasavleT evro-
pis 12 qveyanas (safrangeTi,
didi britaneTi, dania, irland-
ia belgia, gfr, italia, lu-
qsemburgi, niderlandi, saberZne-
Ti, portugalia, espaneTi).
1993 wlis 1 noembridan
maaxstritis xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze evropulma gaer-
Tianebam miiRo evrokavSiris
oficialuri saxelwodeba.
evropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikuri
gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba (European Eco-nomic Community ----- EEC) - - - - - daars-da 1957 wels saerTo (evrop-
uli) bazris saxelwodebiT
safrangeTis, belgiis, gfr-----is,
italiis, luqsemburgisa da
niderlandis mTavrobebis mier
xelmowerili romis xelSek-
rulebis safuZvelze. xelSek-
ruleba iTvaliswinebda saba-
Jo kavSiris Seqmnas, kapitalisa
da samuSao Zalis Tavisufali
moZraobisaTvis yvela barieris
likvidacias, agreTve saerTo
sasoflo-----sameurneo da satran-
sporto politikis SemuSavebas.
garda aRniSnulisa, gaerTianebis
dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRes
evropulma sainvesticio bank-
ma da evropulma socialurma
fondma, romelTa mizani am gaer-
Tianebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis koordinacia iyo. 1968
wels sruli sabaJo kavSiris
Seqmnis Sedegad, likvidirebul
iqna yvela Sida tarifi da
Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tari-
fi. 1977 wels gaerTianebam da-
do xelSekruleba sabaJo kavSi-
ris Sesaxeb Tavisufali vaWro-
bis evropul asociaciasTan, rac
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb
ormxrivi TanamSromlobis dam-
amTavrebel etaps warmoadgenda.
gaerTianebam 1962 wels Se-
imuSava da daamtkica sasof-
lo-----sameurneo politika da
mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadad-
ga saerTo satransporto poli-
tikis koordinirebasTan dakav-
SirebiT.
1972 wels briuselis xel-
Sekrulebis ratifikaciis Sem-
deg, 1973 wels gaerTianebis
eqvs qveyanas daemata dania, ir-
landia da didi britaneTi, rom-
lebmac TavianTi sagareo-----savaW-
ro politika gaerTianebis wese-
bis Sesabamisad daaregulires.
1982 wels gaerTianebaSi Sevi-
da saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels
evropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianeba
99
_ _ _ _ _ portugalia da espaneTi.
1967 wels gaerTianebis or-
ganizaciuli struqtura Seer-
wya naxSirisa da foladis evro-
puli gaerTianebisa (ECSC) da
atomuri energiis sferoSi
evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC)
struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec
Camoyalibda evropuli gaer-
Tianeba, xolo 1993 wlis 1
noembris xelSekrulebiT, evro-
gaerTianebam miiRo evrokavSiris
saxelwodeba.
evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-
kikikikiki (European Central Bank _ ECB)– centraluri banki frank-
furtSi, romelic pasuxismge-
belia evrozonaSi monetaruli
politikis ganxorcielebaze.
evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-
nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-
varivarivarivarivari samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi-
kacia kacia kacia kacia kacia (General Industrial Clas-ification of Economic Activitieswithin European Communities) -----NACE - - - - - evrokavSiris sabazo
klasifikacia ekonomikuri saqmia-
nobis mixedviT rogorc baza
erovnuli klasifikaciebis Se-
saqmnelad.
klasifikaciis obieqtebs
warmoadgens ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis saxeebi. NACE gankuTv-
nilia samarTlebrivi erTeuleb-
is (iuridiuli da fizikuri
pirebis) aRwerisaTvis maTi Zi-
riTadi saklasifikacio niSnis
_ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri saqmianobis sax-
eebis mixedviT. aRniSnul klas-
ifikaciaSi detalizebulia
ISIC-----is koduri poziciebi aT-
niSna cifruli kodis mesame
da meoTxe niSnis doneze.
ekiu ekiu ekiu ekiu ekiu (Ecu) - - - - - evropuli va-
lutis erTeuli, SemoRebul iqna
1979 wels. 1999 wlis pirve-
li ianvridan igi evrom Secva-
la.
ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki (eco-logical bank) - - - - - aseTi bankis de-pozitebi aris ara finansuri
resursebi, aramed dasaSveb
zomaze zeviT dabinZurebis moc-
ulobis Semcirebis dokumen-
turad damtkicebuli teqnikuri
maCveneblebi, rac komerciuli
gacvlis sagania. ekologiur
regulirebaSi sabazro urTier-
Tobebis gamoyenebis es meTodi
ukavSirdeba garemos dabinZure-
bis uflebis bazris Seqmnas.
is firmebi, romlebic SeZleben
garemos dabinZurebis `zenor-
matiul~ Semcirebas, SeuZliaT
TavianTi ̀ nameti~ (sxvaoba gare-
mos zenormatiul da normati-
ul dabinZurebas Soris) eko-
logiuri bankebis meSveobiT
mihyidon sxva firmebs. amrigad,
es ̀ nameti~ iqceva sagnad, rome-
lic stimuls miscems firmebs
ara mxolod daicvan kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli bunebis dac-
vis normebi, aramed kidev ufro
ekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri banki
100
Seamciron garemos dabinZure-
bis done, raTa amiT mieceT
SesaZlebloba maTac awarmoon
es `nameti~ da warmoadgendnen
meanabreebs ekologiur bankeb-
Si.
ekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikis
koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia (conception of eco-logical economy) - - - - - mxars uWersekolog-----ekonomikuri sistemis
Seqmnis ideas da misi real-
izaciisaTvis isaxavs or gzas:
pirveli mimarTulebis warmo-
madgenlebi mTel ekosistemas
ekonomikuri saqmianobis Semad-
genel nawilad miiCneven da
moiTxoven ekonomikur saqmi-
anobaSi bunebrivi procesebis
CarTvas. meore mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebi ekologiuri
problemis mogvarebas meurneo-
briobis tradiciuli meTodeb-
is gamoyenebas ukavSireben. me-
ore mimarTulebam miiRo en-
vairomentuli determinizmis
(environmental determinism) sax-
elwodeba. mis mixedviT gare-
mo aris qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donis mTavari
ganmsazRvreli faqtori. es gan-
sakuTrebiT exeba sustad gan-
viTarebul qveynebs, sadac adg-
ilobriv bunebriv resursebs
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs qveynis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebisaTvis. ekonomikis gan-
viTarebis dabali done aiZu-
lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-
velebuli teqnologiebis im-
porti, romlebic xels uwyobs
ekologiuri katastrofebis
warmoqmnasa da garemos dabin-
Zurebas.
ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-
ebaebaebaebaeba (environmental safety) - - - - - mTe-li sazogadoebis sasicocxlo
interesebis dacva im Sida da
gare efeqtebisagan, romlebic
safrTxes uqmnis ekologiuri
sistemis myar funqcionirebasa
da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
aryevs qveynis saxelmwifoebri-
obas.
ekonometriaekonometriaekonometriaekonometriaekonometria ̂ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-
kakakakaka (econometrics) - - - - - ekonomikurimecnierebis erT-----erTi mimar-
Tuleba, romelic dafuZnebu-
lia ekonomikuri movlenebis
analizsa da prognozirebaSi
maTematikuri modelebis gamoye-
nebaze da dakavSirebulia maTem-
atikuri warmodgeniT realuri
movlenebis adekvaturobis gan-
sazRvra-----SefasebasTan.
ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-
li li li li li (econometrical model) - - - - - mTe-li ekonomikis an misi nawilis
maTematikuri modeli, romlis
parametrebi Sefasebulia ekono-
metrikuli meTodebiT.
ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika (economy, eco-nomics) [<berZ. oikonomia meur-neobis marTva] - - - - - 1. meurneoba(qveynis, sawarmos, ojaxisa da
ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis koncefciakoncefciakoncefciakoncefciakoncefcia
101
a.S.), warmoebasTan, ganawilebasa
da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli
sameurneo saqmianobis erTob-
lioba. iyofa mikro-----, mezo-----,
makro-----, da megaekonomikebad. 2.
mecniereba, romelic swavlobs
rogorc ekonomikuri kanonebis
Teoriul aspeqtebs, ise meur-
neobis konkretul mdgomareobas.
inglisur enaSi pirveli mniS-
vnelobis gadmosacemad ixmareba
sityva economy, xolo meori-
saTvis-----economics. sityva econ-omy meore mniSvnelobiT gam-
oiyeneba mxolod Semdeg sity-
vaTwyobaSi _ _ _ _ _ political economy-----politikuri ekonomia.
ekonomika, rogorc mecniere-
ba, iyofa Teoriul da konkret-
ul ekonomikur disciplinebad.
klasikuri ganmartebiT,
ekonomika, rogorc Teoriuli
codnis sfero, swavlobs ad-
amianTa qcevas SezRuduli re-
sursebis sxvadasxva wesiT gamo-
yenebisas. dasaxuli miznis misaR-
wevad amaTgan optimaluri we-
sis SerCeva Teoriuli ekonomi-
kuri mecnierebis laitmotivia.
ekonomika, rogorc konkre-
tuli ekonomikuri discipli-
na, Seiswavlis ekonomikis seq-
torebsa (agraruli, industri-
uli, momsaxurebis) da dargebs,
rogorc mTeli qveynis, ise misi
calkeuli regionebis mixedviT,
agreTve, warmoebis pirobebsa da
elementebs.
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikis
Sesaxeb primitiuli warmod-
genebi arsebobda. maT Zvelegvip-
tur papirusebSi, qvaze amokve-
Til lursmnul warwerebSi,
Zvelindur vedebSi da sxva
wyaroebSi vxvdebiT. Semdeg
ekonomikis mecnierulad gaazre-
bis mcdeloba gamoCnda babil-
onis mefis hamurabis kanoneb-
Si (Zv.w. XVIII s.), CineTSi _____konfucisa da menZis (Zv.w. VI-----V ss.), (Zv.w. III s.) Sexedule-
bebSi da a.S.
ekonomikuri mecnierebis
sawyisebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelo-
vani wvlili miuZRviT anti-
kuri saberZneTis moazrovneebs
_ _ _ _ _ qsenofonts, platonsa da
aristoteles.
qsenofontma dawera wigni
`oikonomia~ da amiT pirvelma
samecniero literaturaSi Se-
moitana sityva ̀ ekonomika~. am-
rigad, `ekonomika~ berZnuli
warmoSobisaa. igi (oikonomia)sityva-----sityviT saojaxo meur-
neobis marTvas (`oikos~ _ _ _ _ _ sax-
li, meurneoba da `nomos~ _____
wesi, kanoni) niSnavs.
aristotelem ̀ ekonomikisa-
gan~ ganasxvava `qrematistika~,
rogorc ara meurneobis mar-
Tvis, aramed fulis keTebis xe-
lovneba.
rogoric unda yofiliyo
ekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomika
102
antikuri epoqis am an sxva moR-
vaweebis (magaliTad, antikuri
romis cnobili warmomadgenle-
bis _ _ _ _ _ katonis (234-----149), Zmebi
tiberius (169-----132) da gaius
(153-----121) grakqusebis, varonis
(116-----27), kolumelas (ax. w. Is.) da sxvebis, an Semdgomi pe-
riodis did moazrovneTa Sexe-
dulebebi ekonomikis Sesaxeb,
maT mainc ar hqondaT sistemuri
xasiaTi. ekonomika ar iyo mec-
nierebis calke, damoukidebeli
dargi, vinaidan ar arsebobda
mecnierebis klasifikacia. igi
mxolod mecnierebis erTian
sistemaSi iyo CarTuli.
ase rTulad ikafavda gzas
ekonomika, rogorc ekonomikuri
movlenebisa da procesebis
sistemurad Semswavleli mec-
niereba da xazgasmiT aRsaniS-
navi araferi yofila XVI-----XVIIsaukuneebamde. swored am pe-
riodSi Camoyalibda pirveli
ekonomikuri mimdinareoba _____
merkantilizmi (qveynis simdid-
ris zrdis gadamwyvet piro-
bad sagareo vaWrobis ganvi-
Tarebas miiCnevda), romelmac
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvrebi Se-
qmna ekonomikis, rogorc mec-
nierebis, formirebisaTvis.
ekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizacia
(servization of economy) - - - - - sazo-gadoebriv warmoebasa da pira-
di moxmarebis struqturaSi
momsaxurebis sferos xvedri-
Ti wonis arsebiTi zrdis pro-
cesi. damaxasiaTebelia ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis ekonomiki-
saTvis, sadac momsaxurebis sfe-
rom yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,
maT Soris, dasaqmebulTa ricx-
ovnobiT, sagrZnoblad gauswro
materialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sferos da ekonomikis um-
sxviles seqtorad gadaiqca.
aSS-----sa da dasavleT evropaSi
es procesi daiwyo jer kidev
XX saukunis 60-----ian wlebSi,
xolo iaponiaSi _ _ _ _ _ mxolod 70-----
iani wlebidan. amJamad aSS-----Si
yoveli aTi momuSavidan Svidi
dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sfe-
roSi.
ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-
bababababa (net profit of economy) - - - - - erov-nuli angariSebis sistemaSi mak-
roekonomikuri mogebis maCvene-
beli, gaangariSebuli rogorc
sxvaoba ekonomikis mTlian moge-
basa da ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
marebas Soris.
ekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (economically acti-ve population) - - - - - dasaqmebuli mo-
saxleoba (daqiravebulebi, dam-
qiraveblebi da sakuTari bizne-
siT dakavebulebi), samxedro
mosamsaxureebi da samuSaos aq-
tiurad maZiebeli registrire-
buli umuSevrebi. igivea, rac
samuSao Zala.
ekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizacia
103
ekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuri
samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba (eco-nomically active civil population) -----dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba (sam-
xedro mosamsaxureebis gamok-
lebiT) da samuSaos maZiebeli
umuSevrebi.
ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani (ho-mo economicus) - - - - - ekonomikur ur-TierTobaSi CarTuli raciona-
lurad moazrovne adamiani, ro-
melic Tavis saqmianobisas maq-
simaluri sargeblianobis miRe-
bis princi pebiT xelmZRvane-
lobs. igi mocemuli istoriu-
li epoqis ZiriTadi moqmedi
subieqtia. misi xasiaTi, mi-
drekilebebi, miznebi, moqmede-
bebi da saqmianobis saboloo Se-
degebi sazogadoebis cxovreb-
is determinantebad gvevlineba.
a. smiTis SexedulebiT, eko-
nomikuri adamianis umTavresi
niSan-----Tvisebebia: 1. saqmianobis
SedegebiT piradi dainterese-
ba; 2. saqmianobis procesSi
partniorTa interesebis gaTva-
liswineba rogorc TanamSrom-
lobis aucilebeli piroba; 3.
saqmianobisas sazogadoebrivi
interesebis dacva.
ekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebis
wesi wesi wesi wesi wesi (the economic way of think-ing) – inteleqtualuri instru-
menti, azrovnebis teqnika, rome-
lic saerToa nebismieri qvey-
nisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. is
institutebi, romlebic marTa-
ven sazogadoebas (masSi, pir-
vel yovlisa, qveynis ekonomikis
marTva igulisxmeba), magram ver
floben marTvis saidumloebas,
ver uzrunvelyofen sazogadoe-
baSi Tanxmobas, solidarobas,
ris gamoc qveyanaSi didia qao-
sisa da siRaribis saSiSroeba.
arada, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
miRwevebisa da teqnologiuri
progresis gamoyenebiT, ekono-
mikur azrovnebaSi axali, apro-
birebuli wesebis SemoRebiT, Za-
lisxmevis koordinaciiT, qvey-
nis erovnuli upiratesobebis
wina planze wamoweviT SesaZ-
lebelia socialuri harmoniis,
sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miR-
weva, rac erovnuli ekonomikis
ayvavebis sawindaria.
ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bababababa (economic development) - - - - - sa-zogadoebrivi cxovrebis do-
nis amaRlebisa da xarisxis
gaumjobesebis procesi. moicavs
sam mniSvnelovan Semadgenels:
1. Semosavlebis, moxmarebis, ga-
naTlebis, jandacvisa da a.S.
donis zrdas; 2. politikuri,
ekonomikuri, socialuri da in-
stituciuri sistemebis formi-
rebis safuZvelze adamianTa
urTierTpativiscemis zrdis
xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas;
3. iseTi situaciis Seqmnas, ro-
desac sazogadoebas aqvs Tavi-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTareba
104
si moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebis gzebis arCevis SesaZleb-
loba.
ekonomikuri ganviTareba
iwvevs pozitiur cvlilebebs
socialur struqturebSi, sa-
zogadoebrivi institutebis
qcevaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis
daCqarebaSi, uTanasworobis Sem-
cirebasa da umuSevrobis aR-
mofxvraSi. misi meSveobiT vi-
Tardeba ekonomikuri sistema
da mzaddeba cxovrebis donis
xarisxis Semdgomi amaRlebis
materialuri da sulieri piro-
bebi.
ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bisbisbisbisbis generaluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategia
(General strategy of economic de-velopment) - - - - - qveynis ekonomikiswarmarTvis strategia, realo-
bidan gamomdinare mocemul
etapze Seqmnili ganviTarebis
kursi.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli
qveynebis ekonomika, struqtu-
ruli TvalsazrisiT, diame-
tralurad gansxvavdeba wina
epoqebis ekonomikisagan, rode-
sac dominirebuli mdgomareo-
ba ekava jer soflis meurne-
obas, xolo Semdeg _ mrewvelo-
bas. magaliTad, Tu 1820 wels
aSS-is agrarul seqtorSi da-
saqmebuli iyo momuSaveTa 70%,
am dargis industrializaciis
safuZvelze, 2008 wlis monace-
mebiT, aSS-is agrarul seqtor-
Si dasaqmebulia mxolod 1,0%,
industriaSi _ 19,2%, xolo
momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 79,8%.
iaponiaSi es Tanafardoba, Se-
sabamisad, aseTia: 4,4%, 27,9%
da 66,4%; germaniaSi _ 2,4%,
29,7%, 67,8%; safrangeTSi _
3,8%, 24,3%, 71,8%; avstraliaSi
_ 3,6%, 21,1%, 75,0%; luqsem-
burgSi _ 2,2%, 17,2%, 80,6%;
evrokavSirSi _ 5,6%, 27,7%,
66,7% da a.S.
arasakmaod ganviTarebuli
(axalindustriuli qveynebis)
ekonomikisaTvis arsebobs sxva-
dasxva midgoma, romelTa So-
ris aRsaniSnavia: a) samrewve-
lo ganviTareba da importis
Senacvleba Sida warmoebiT; b)
soflis meurneobis saxelmwifo
mxardaWera da ekonomikis neb-
ismier seqtorSi, saeqsporto
produqciis warmoebis upira-
tesi ganviTarebis safuZvelze
(ucxouri valutis miRebis
mizniT) eqsportis gazrda; g)
qalaqisa da sasoflo raion-
ebis balansirebuli ganviTareba
da a.S. axalindustriul qvey-
nebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebTan
SedarebiT, maRalia agrarul
seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa xvedri-
Ti wona. magaliTad, 2008 wlis
monacemebiT, braziliaSi igi
Seadgenda 20%-s, xolo Tur-
qeTSi _ 29,5%-s (industria-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis generalurigeneralurigeneralurigeneralurigeneraluri.... . .. . .. . .. . .
105
Si _ 24,7, momsaxurebis sfero-
Si _ 45,8%-s).
rac Seexeba ganviTarebad,
`mesame samyaros~ qveynebs, sa-
dac industrializaciis done
dabalia, maTTan mimarTebaSi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gen-
eraluri strategiisadmi kidev
ufro gansxvavebuli midgomaa.
I msoflio omis Semdgomi peri-
odidan 60-iani wlebis dasawyi-
samde ekonomikur literatu-
raSi gabatonebuli iyo Sexedu-
leba imis Sesaxeb, rom sustad
ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis
yvelaze misaRebi samrewvelo
warmoebis upiratesi ganviTare-
bis strategiaa. mravalma gan-
viTarebadma qveyanam gaiziara
es Sexeduleba da SeimuSava
kidec Sesabamisi strategia.
zogierT qveyanaSi imedismom-
cemi Sedegebic ki iqna miRweu-
li (gansakuTrebiT im qveyneb-
Si, romlebic upiratesobas
eqsportis ganviTarebas aniWebd-
nen, importSemcvleli warmoe-
bis ganviTarebasTan SedarebiT),
magram qveynebis umravlesobam
savalalo Sedegebi miiRo, rac
ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo Sem-
degi mizezebiT:
1. investiciebTan dakavSire-
buli sirTuleebi. mrewvelo-
bis prioritetuli ganviTare-
ba sakmaod did investiciebs
moiTxovda, ucxouri inves-
ticiebis mozidva arajansaRi
sainvesticio klimatis gamo
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, adgi-
lobrivi sainvesticio resurse-
bi ki, jer erTi, mcire odeno-
bis iyo da meorec, maTi gada-
srola mrewvelobaSi xdeboda
soflis meurneobis xarjze da
mis sazianod, rac qveyanaSi
mwvave sasursaTo problemebs
warmoSobda;
2. adgilobrivma mrewvelo-
bam naklebganviTarebuli te-
qnologiebisa da dabalkvali-
ficiuri samuSao Zalis gamo,
ver SeZlo importisadmi konku-
renciis gaweva;
3. Sida bazris siviwrovisa
da dabali moTxovnis gamo, es
qveynebi ver axerxebdnen re-
alizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis gadaWras.
am obieqturi mizezebidan
gamomdinare, ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebis umravlesobam ver SeZlo
sagadasaxdelo balansis arse-
biTi gaumjobeseba, amasTan, im-
portis struqturac Seicva-
la. mza samomxmareblo saqon-
lis nacvlad masSi metwilad
sWarbobda mowyobilobebi, ned-
leuli, danadgarebis calkeu-
li nawilebi da a.S. amitom am
qveynebis damoukidebloba kidev
ufro SeizRuda, xolo Sida
ekonomikuri problemebi gamwvav-
da. saxeldobr, swrafi tempiT
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...
106
izrdeboda soflidan qalaqSi
migracia da, Sesabamisad, umu-
Sevroba, rasac mohyva poli-
tikuri procesebis gamwvaveba.
amitom ganviTarebadma qvey-
nebma bolo periodSi Secvales
TavianTi ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis kursi da upiratesoba sof-
lis meurneobas mianiWes. dRes
msoflioSi igi aRiarebulia
sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis
ekonomikis dominirebul seqto-
rad. ganviTarebis strategieb-
is umravlesobaSic upiratesoba
swored agrarul seqtors aqvs
miniWebuli. am tendencias ofi-
cialuri statistikac adas-
turebs. magaliTad, 2008 wlis
monacemebiT, nigeriis agrarul
seqtorSi dasaqmebuli iyo mo-
muSaveTa 70,0%, industriaSi
_ 10,0%, xolo momsaxurebis
sferoSi _ 20,0%; mozambikSi,
Sesabamisad, 81,0%, 6,0%, 13,0%;
liberiaSi _ 70,0%, 8,0%,
22,0%; sudanSi 80,0%, 7,0%,
13,0% da a.S.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos,
2007 wlis oficialuri mo-
nacemebiT, es Tanafardoba ase-
Tia: agrarul seqtorSi dasaqme-
buli iyo momuSaveTa 55,6%,
industriaSi _ 8,9%, xolo
momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 35,5%;
SedarebisTvis, somxeTSi _
46,2%, 15,6%, 38,2%; azer-
baijanSi _ 39,3%, 12,1%, 48,6%.
aseTia dRes msoflio eko-
nomikuri politikis logika, gan-
viTarebis generaluri kursi,
rac samyaros kidev ufro di-
ferencirebulsa da kontras-
tuls xdis. erTi ram ki cxa-
dia: dRes msoflioSi ar arse-
bobs winaaRmdegoba maRalte-
qnologiur momsaxurebasa da
maRalteqnologiur industrias
Soris. winaaRmdegobebs mxolod
moZvelebuli teqnologiebi da
naklebkonkurentunariani pro-
duqcia ganapirobebs, rac sus-
tad ganviTarebuli qveynebis-
Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maTi
xvedria.
ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-
tististististis indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi (economicdiscomfort index) - - - - - makroekonomi-kuri indikatori, inflaciisainflaciisainflaciisainflaciisainflaciisa
da umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jami,
axasiaTebs qveynis makroekono-
mikur mdgomareobas, makrosta-
bilurobis mdgradobis dones,
romelTanac ukuproporciul da-
mokidebulebaSia: rac ufro ma-
Ralia ediediediediedi, miT metia qveyanaSi
uaryofiTi tendenciebi da, piri-
qiT. misi gaangariSebisaTvis ga-
moiyeneba rogorc saSualo wli-
uri, ise dekembris mdgomareo-
biT arsebuli wliuri infla-
cia da Sesabamisi periodis
umuSevrobis done. ediediediediedi ekono-
mikur literaturaSi pirvelad
Semoitana cnobilma ekonomist-
ma artur oukenma (i. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZe.
ekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsi
107
ekonomikuri diskomfortis in-
deqsi: arsi da gamoyenebiTi Ri-
rebuleba. `axali ekonomisti~,
2012, #1).
ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
bababababa (economic efficiency) - - - - - ekono-mikuri saqmianobis Sedegiano-
ba, romelic gamoiTvleba re-
sursebis gamoyenebiT miRebu-
li ekonomikuri Sedegis Se-
fardebiT warmoebis danaxar-
jebTan.
ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda (eco-nomic growth) - - - - - ganixileba vi-
wro da farTo gagebiT. viwro
gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri poten-
cialis gaZliereba, potenciuri
mepmepmepmepmep-----is mateba, gamoxatuli Sesa-
dari (mudmivi) fasebiT; qvey-
nis mTliani warmoebisa da mox-
marebis zrda, romelic xasi-
aTdeba iseTi makroekonomikuri
maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp,
mepmepmepmepmep, erovnuli Semosavali da
a.S. farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ social-
ur institutebSi, sakuTrebis
struqturaSi cvlilebebis
procesi, romelic moaswavebs
zrdis erTi stadiidan meore-
Si gadasvlas. am ukanasknels
miekuTvneba, magaliTad, u. ros-
tous cnobili Teoria ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis stadiebis
Sesaxeb, romelic sazogadoe-
briv-----ekonomikuri formaciebis
istoriuli cvlis marqsistu-
li Teoriis antipodia.
ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisalobisalobisalobisalobisa da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or-
ganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizacia (Organization for Eco-nomic Cooperation and Develop-ment- OECD) – saerTaSoriso
organizacia (1961), romelmac
Secvala da gaafarTova evro-
puli ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobis organizacia (OEEC)parizSi 1960 wels xelmow-
erili konvenciis safuZvelze.
amiT damTavrda misi rogorc
wminda evropuli organos ar-
seboba, vinaidan aSS da kanada
gaxdnen am organizaciis srul-
uflebiani wevrebi, riTac gai-
zarda maTi roli ganviTareba-
di qveynebisadmi daxmarebis gawe-
vaSi.
amJamad OECD sul aerTi-
anebs 34 qveyanas. garda aSS-sa
da kanadisa, masSi Sedis: avs-
tralia, avstria, belgia, Cile,
CexeTi, dania, estoneTi, fineTi,
safrangeTi, germania, saberZne-
Ti, ungreTi, islandia, irland-
ia, israeli, italia, iaponia,
korea, luqsemburgi, meqsika, ni-
derlandi, axali zelandia,
norvegia, poloneTi, portuga-
lia, slovakeTi, slovenia, es-
paneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, Turqe-
Ti, didi britaneTi.
ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria (eco-nomic theory) - - - - - ganixileba viw-
ro da farTo gagebiT. viwro ga-
gebiT _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri movlene-
bisa da procesebis kvlevaSi
ama Tu im mimarTulebis amsax-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
108
veli Teoria, farTo gagebiT _____
ekonomikis ganviTarebis zoga-
di Teoria, mecniereba, romel-
ic Seiswavlis rogorc yvela
ekonomikur mimarTulebas, ise
ekonomikur kanonebsa da kanon-
zomierebebs, ikvlevs arsebiT
mizez-----Sedegobriv kavSirebs eko-
nomikur movlenebsa da pro-
cesebs Soris.
ekonomikuri Teoria sazo-
gadoebrivi mecnierebaa, amasTan,
rogorc amerikeli ekonomisti,
nobelis premiis laureati pol
samuelsoni aRniSnavs, igi sa-
zogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mefea.
marTlac, sazogadoebriv mec-
nierebaTa Soris mas wamyvani
adgili uWiravs, vinaidan sa-
zogadoebis anatomias, mis eko-
nomikur ganviTarebas swavlobs.
ekonomikur Teorias mniSvnelo-
vani roli akisria sazogadoe-
bis ekonomikuri struqturis
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebeb-
is aRmoCenasa da SeswavlaSi.
ekonomika nebismieri sa-
zogadoebis arsebobis safuZ-
velia, sazogadoebas ki uamr-----
avi biologiuri da social-
uri moTxovnileba aqvs, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva saxis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis moxmare-
bas ukavSirdeba. am saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad
aucilebelia rogorc bunebrivi
(miwa, mineraluri simdidre da
a.S.), ise warmoebrivi resurse-
bis (manqana-----danadgarebi, in-
strumentebi, samuSao Zala, sam-
marTvelo unari da sxv.) gamoy-
eneba. sazogadoebis moTxov-
nilebebis erToblioba aRemateba
yvela arsebuli resursis war-
moebriv SesaZleblobebs. moTx-
ovnilebebi win uswrebs war-
moebas, amitom aris, rom abso-
luturi materialuri siuxve
ganuxorcielebeli amocanaa.
resursebi SezRudulia. yvela
mwvave problema _ _ _ _ _ inflacia,
umuSevroba, biujetis defici-
ti, siRaribe, garemos gaWuWyi-
aneba da sxv. _ _ _ _ _ organulad ukav-
Sirdeba SezRuduli resursebis
gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. es
udavo faqti safuZvlad udevs
ekonomikuri Teoriis, rogorc
mecnierebis, gansazRvras.
SezRuduli resursebis
gamoyenebis procesSi Camoyal-
ibebuli urTierTobebisa da
kanonzomierebebis Seswavlis
rTuli amocanis Sesruleba
istoriulad ekonomikur Teo-
rias daekisra.
amrigad, ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-
ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-
bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-
aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-
ovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimalurad
dakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sez-----
Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-
tianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsa
da optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanis
problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
109
nononononomikmikmikmikmikur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-
aluri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialuri
dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-
ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-
marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa (saba-saba-saba-saba-saba-
zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,
Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-
flebisflebisflebisflebisflebis) ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom
ekonomika iyofa mikro-----, mezo-----,
makro- - - - - da megaekonomikebad,
Teoriuli kvlevac am niSnis
mixedviT mimdinareobs da eko-
nomikuri Teoriac struqtu-
rulad Semdegi ganyofilebeb-
isgan Sedgeba: mikroekonomikuri
Teoria, mezoekonomikuri Teo-
ria, makroekonomikuri Teoria
da megaekonomikuri Teoria.
mikroekonomika Seiswavlis
calkeuli sameurneo erTeule-
bis _ _ _ _ _ Sinameurneobis, firmebisa
da samTavrobo dawesebulebeb-
is ekonomikur saqmianobas; me-
zoekonomika ikvlevs ekonomikis
gansazRvrul qvesistemebs seq-
toruli ekonomikis saxiT; mak-
roekonomika ekonomikas ganixi-
lavs rogorc erT mTlians da
aanalizebs iseT farTomasS-
tabur ekonomikur problemebs,
rogoricaa umuSevroba, infla-
cia, ekonomikuri zrda da a.S.;
megaekonomika ikvlevs saerTa-
Soriso masStabis iseT glo-
balur problemebs, rogoricaa
saerTaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto urTierTo-
bebi da a.S.
struqturuli Tvalsazri-
siT, ekonomikuri mecnierebis
erT mxares aris Teoriuli eko-
nomikuri mecniereba ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis saxiT, xolo
meore mxares _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri
mecnierebis yvela sxva sfero,
funqcionaluri (finansebi, fu-
lis mimoqceva, statistika da
a.S.) Tu dargobrivi mecnier-
ebebi. am mecnierebebis funda-
menti da meTodologiuri sa-
fuZvelia ekonomikuri Teoria.
ekonomikuri Teoriis, ro-
gorc mecnierebis, warmoSoba
dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis
simdidris SeswavlasTan, rac
dasabuTebulia uiliam petis,
adam smiTis, devid rikardos
da sxva gamoCenil ekonomist-
Ta naSromebiT, Tumca, ekono-
mikuri mecnierebis wanamZRvre-
bis Canasaxi uZvelesi perio-
dis aRmosavleTis moazrovne-
Ta moZRvrebebSia mocemuli (ix.
ekonomika).
XVIII saukunis ukanasknelmesamedSi, roca inglisSi aR-
mocenda klasikur-----liberaluri
mimdinareoba (klasikuri poli-
tikuri ekonomia), mecnierebis
erTian sistemas gamoeyo eko-
nomika, ekonomikuri Teoriis
saxiT, rogorc damoukidebeli
mecniereba. ekonomikur Teor-
ias, rogorc ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis sawyissa da dedaboZs,
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
110
im periodSi politikuri eko-
nomia ewodeboda. termini ̀ poli-
tikuri ekonomia~ pirvelad
Semoitana samecniero liter-
aturaSi frangma merkantilist-
ma monkretienma, romelmac jer
kidev 1615 wels gamosca wig-
ni ̀ politikuri ekonomiis traq-
tati~. amiT man axali elferi
SesZina qsenofontis mier Semo-
Rebul termins _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ekonomikas~.
sityva `politikuri~ monkre-
tienma platonisgan ̀ isesxa~ (`po-
litikos~ berZnulia da saxel-
mwifoebrivs niSnavs). aqedan ga-
momdinare, politikuri ekonomi-
is, rogorc mecnierebis, kvle-
vis sfero mTlianad qveynis
meurneobis marTva gaxda.
klasikurma politikurma
ekonomiam siRrmiseulad gaaa-
naliza da sistemuri midgo-
miT mecnierulad daasabuTa,
rom simdidris wyaro unda
veZioT ara vaWrobaSi, an mxo-
lod miwaTmoqmedebaSi, aramed
mTlianad warmoebaSi.
adam smiTis cnobili naSro-
mi _ _ _ _ _ `gamokvleva xalxTa sim-
didris bunebisa da mizezebis
Sesaxeb~ (1776) aRiarebulia ka-
cobriobis sulieri kulturis
umniSvnelovanes Zeglad, romel-
mac mis avtors ̀ ekonomikis ma-
mamTavris~ saxeli moutana.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis mTavari kredo ekonomikis
liberalizaciaa, rac ekonomi-
kaSi saxelmwifos minimalur
Carevas, moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis safuZvelze Camoyalibebu-
li Tavisufali fasebiT bazris
TviTregulirebas (`uxilavi
xelis~ Teoria) gulisxmobs.
a. smiTi gansakuTrebul yura-
dRebas aqcevda `Laissez faires~-----is princips, anu bunebrivi Tavi-
suflebis politikas. klasi-
kuri politikuri ekonomiis gan-
viTareba ukavSirdeba devid ri-
kardos saxels, romelmac udi-
desi wvlili Seitana ekonomikis
araerTi sferos kvlevaSi.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia saukunenaxevarze met xans
(XVIII saukunis 70-----iani wle-
bidan XX saukunis 30-----ian wle-
bamde) safuZvlad edo msof-
lios wamyvani kapitalisturi
qveynebis ekonomikur politikas.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-
dasxva mimdinareoba, erT-----erTi
aseTi mimdinareoba marqsistu-
li politikuri ekonomiaa,
romelmac farTod moikida
fexi da saprogramo dokumen-
tad iqca socialisturi sa-
zogadoebis aSenebis msurveli
qveynebisaTvis. marqsistul-----
leninuri politikuri ekono-
mia safuZvlad edo sabWoTa
kavSirisa da sxva komunisturi
qveynebis ekonomikur politi-
kas. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc
mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, es 70-----
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
111
wliani eqsperimenti kraxiT
dasrulda da adgili dasav-
lur Teoriebs daeTmo.
marqsistuli politikuri
ekonomiis Taviseburi gamoZax-
ili iyo da savsebiT ewinaaRm-
degeboda mas neoklasikuri eko-
nomikuri mimdinareoba, romel-
ic warmoiSva XIX saukunisbolos. mis saTaveebTan idgnen
e. marSali, o. bem-----baverki, k.
mengeri, f. vizeri, u. jevonsi,
v. pareto, l. valrasi, j. klarki
da a.S., Semdeg igi ganaviTares
m. fridmenma da `Cikagos sko-
lis~ sxva warmomadgenlebma,
xolo Tanamedrove warmomad-
genlebi arian j. hiksi, j. mili,
r. solou, m. brauni da sxvebi.
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoria ZiriTadad klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis kurss
agrZelebs. mas seriozuli dar-
tyma keinzianuri mimdinareo-
bis warmoSobam miayena. 1929-----
1933 wlebis ekonomikurma kriz-
isma warmoaCina klasikur-----lib-
eraluri mimdinareobis naklo-
vanebebi da is winaaRmdegobebi,
romlebic warmoqmna `uxilavi
xelis~ Teoriaze aRmocenebul-
ma ekonomikurma politikam.
msoflios wamyvan kapitalis-
tur qveynebSi dRis wesrigSi
dadga qveynis ekonomikis mar-
TvaSi cvlilebebis Setana. aseT
viTarebaSi Camoyalibda erT-----
erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareoba
ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romel-
ic keinzianelobis saxeliTaa
cnobili. mas safuZveli Cau-
yara gamoCenilma ingliselma
ekonomistma jon meinard kein-
zma, romlis naazrevi ZiriTadad
aisaxa mis naSromSi `dasaqmeb-
is, procentisa da fulis zog-
adi Teoria~ (1936). am Teori-
is mimdevrebi iyvnen s. harisi,
a. hanseni, r. harodi da sxvebi.
Seiqmna ekonomikis liberal-
izaciis sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ sax-
elmwifo regulirebis Teoria,
riTac ekonomikur azrovneba-
Si revoluciuri gadatriale-
ba moxda. keinzma pirvelma
gamoTqva azri krizisuli mov-
lenebis Tavidan acilebisTvis
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Care-
vis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. misi
varaudiT, saxelmwifos social-
uri xarjebis gazrdiT, an ga-
dasaxadebis SemcirebiT, anda
orive RonisZiebis gatarebiT
SesaZlebelia moTxovnis amaR-
leba, riTac gamococxldeba
bazari, gafarTovdeba warmoeba
da ekonomikas daubrundeba
sruli dasaqmeba.
ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-
gulirebis Teoriis praqtika-
Si damkvidrebiT keinzianelo-
bam udidesi roli Seasrula
msoflios wamyvani qveynebis
ekonomikur politikasa da ̀ ve-
luri~kapitalizmisagan Tvise-
brivad gansxvavebuli axali, sa-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
112
bazro sistemis formirebaSi.
aqedan moyolebuli, kerZo kap-
italisturi sakuTrebis ba-
tonobaze dafuZnebuli kapi-
talisturi ekonomikuri siste-
ma sakuTrebis pluralizmze
(sakuTrebis mravalformianoba
misi TiToeuli formis Tana-
bari uflebiT) dafuZnebul
sabazro sistemaSi gadaizar-
da. swored amaSi gamoixateba
`keinzianuri revoluciis~ arsi.
keinzianuri modeli airCies
msoflios wamyvanma kapitalis-
turma qveynebma XX saukunis30-----iani wlebis Rrma ekonomiku-
ri krizisis Semdeg da igi 70-----
iani wlebis meore naxevramde
warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda am qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
aseT situaciaSi ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis winaSe axali amo-
canebi dadga. sruliad axali
Sinaarsis matarebeli realuri
ekonomikis funqcionirebis ga-
mokvlevisaTvis axali instru-
mentariumis gamoyenebis auci-
lebloba Seiqmna. momwifda
niadagi ekonomikaSi momxdari
revoluciuri cvlilebebis
asaxvisaTvis. am periodSi eko-
nomikur Teorias gamoeyo misi
erT-----erTi udidesi ganStoeba
ekonomiqsis saxiT. igi axali
ekonomikuri sistemis _ _ _ _ _ saba-
zro ekonomikis Semswavleli
Teoria, axali saswavlo discip-
linaa, romelic gajerebulia
sabazro organizaciaze orienti-
rebuli sameurneo praqtikiT.
1948 wels pol samuel-
sonma gamosca ̀ ekonomiqsi~, yve-
laze warmatebuli saxelmZR-
vanelo msoflioSi, romelic
ukve meTeqvsmetejer gamoica da
mis avtors didi popularoba
moutana.
ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-----
erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareobaa
agreTve neokeinzianeloba, ro-
melic aRmocenda XX saukunis50-----ian wlebSi keinzianelobis
safuZvelze. neokeinzianelebma
(e. domari, j. robinsoni da
sxvebi) keinzis Teoria gamoiye-
nes meTodologiur safuZvlad
axali procesebis analizisaT-
vis. isini asabuTeben ekonomikis
grZelvadiani dagegmvis auci-
leblobas. maT SemoiRes indika-
turi dagegmva, romelsac saori-
entacio funqcia daekisra.
sabazro ekonomikis saxelm-
wifo regulirebis keinzianur
Teoriasa da politikaSi prin-
cipuli koreqtivebis Setanam,
romelic eyrdnoba rogorc
keinzianuri, ise neoklasikuri
midgomebis mniSvnelovani ele-
mentebis gaTvaliswinebas saxel-
mwifosa da bazris urTierTo-
baSi, axali sityva Tqva ekonomi-
kur TeoriaSi XX saukunis 90-----iani wlebidan. Camoyalibda axa-
li mimarTuleba ̀ neoklasikuri
sinTezis~ saxiT. igi gulisx-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
113
mobs ekonomikuri dacemis piro-
bebSi keinzianuri, xolo eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobisas _ _ _ _ _ neo-
klasikuri meTodebis gamoy-
enebas. ̀ neoklasikuri sinTezis~
mamamTavrad aRiarebulia pol
samuelsoni.
XX saukunis 70-----iani wleb-
is II naxevridan dasavleTis
qveynebSi Tavi iCina saxelmwi-
fos metismeti Carevis uaryo-
fiTma Sedegebma, rasac mohyva
ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba da
1974-----1975 wlebis krizisi, yve-
laze Zlieri 1929-----1933 wlebis
krizisis Semdeg. daiwyo kein-
zianuri Teoriis mowinaaRmde-
geTa Taviseburi ̀ renesansi~, xe-
lSemwyobi pirobebi Seiqmna neo-
klasikuri Teoriis aRorZineb-
isaTvis, romelic iTvaliswineb-
da makroekonomikuri regulire-
bis meqanizmis Sesustebis sa-
fuZvelze bazrisTvis meti Ta-
visuflebis miniWebisa da er-
Toblivi miwodebis gazrdas. am
mimarTulebam praqtikuli gamo-
yeneba pova dasavleTis qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi,
Tumca, ver moxerxda keinzia-
nuri Teoriis sruli diskredi-
tacia. neoklasikuri ekonomi-
kuri politikis gatarebam gamo-
iwvia saxelmwifos socialuri
xarjebis mniSvnelovani Semcir-
eba da seriozuli problemebi
Seqmna socialuri dacvis sfer-
oSi. gamoikveTa axali mimarTu-
lebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili
axali movlenebis gavleniT,
neoklasikosebma nawilobriv
Secvales TavianTi damokide-
buleba saxelmwifos mimarT.
maT aRiares ekonomikaSi sax-
elmwifos Carevis aucilebloba,
Tumca, igi regulirebis fu-
lad-----sakredito formiT Semo-
fargles. neoklasikuri Teori-
is ZiriTadi postulatebi
aisaxa aSS-----is prezidentis rei-
ganis politikaSi, romelsac
`reiganomika~ ewoda, xolo did
britaneTSi _ _ _ _ _ tetCeris mTav-
robis politikaSi, romelsac
tetCerizmi ewoda.
XX saukunis bolosa da
XXI saukunis dasawyisidan moy-olebuli, ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebis da, pirvel rigSi, aSS-----is
ekonomikur politikaSi `neo-
klasikuri sinTezis~ adgili Ta-
namedrove monetarizmma daikava.
ekonomikis regulirebis
keinzianuri modelis winaaRm-
deg gansakuTrebiT mwvaved
gailaSqra neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis am yvelaze gavle-
nianma nairsaxeobam. milTon
fridmenisa da ̀ Cikagos skolis~
sxva warmomadgenlebis Teori-
aze morgebuli ekonomikuri
politika iTvaliswinebda mak-
roekonomikuri regulirebis
Sesustebasa da sabazro Zalebis
gaZlierebas, saxelmwifo so-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
114
cialuri xarjebis Semcirebas
socialuri programebis Sekve-
cis, xelfasis minimaluri ga-
nakveTebis `gayinvisa~ da a.S.
gziT. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo
xarjebi, erTi mxriv, zrdis bi-
ujetis deficitsa da infla-
cias, meore mxriv ki, iwvevs
Sromis stimulirebisa da,
aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis
zrdis dacemas. monetaristeb-
isaTvis bazari TviTregulire-
bis sistemaa, romelzedac zemo-
qmedeba SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad
fuladi masis moculobis regu-
lirebiT. ekonomikis stabili-
zaciisaTvis sakmarisia saxelm-
wifom gaataros aqtiuri fu-
ladi politika da SezRudos
ekonomikaSi Carevis yvela for-
ma, maT Soris, naklebad gamoiy-
enos sabiujeto-----sagadasaxado
berketebi.
`keinzianuri revoluciis~
sapirispiro neoklasikuri mim-
dinareobis am mimarTulebas
dasavleTSi `fridmenis anti-
keinzianur revoluciasac~ ki
uwodeben.
monetarizmis naklovanebeb-
ma msoflio ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi mokle periodSi iCina
Tavi. 2008 wels globaluri
finansuri krizisis warmoSobis
erT-----erTi mTavari mizezi swo-
red makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da
sabiujeto-----sagadasaxado reg-
ulirebis ukana planze gadaw-
evaSi mdgomareobs. amasTan, qvey-
nis fulad-----sakredito poli-
tikaSi sakredito regulireb-
is Sesustebam, TviTdinebaze
miSvebam da wina planze fu-
lis fenomenis wamowevam gza
gauxsna virtualur ekonomi-
kas, ramac msoflios finansuri
krizisisken ubiZga. amaSi frid-
menis monetaruli politikis
farTomasStabianma da upiro-
bo gamoyenebam udidesi roli
Seasrula. krizisi, pirvel yov-
lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi
moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.
aseT situaciaSi wina planze
isev keinzianuri Teoriis pos-
tulatebma wamoiwia.
garda zemoaRniSnuli mim-
dinareobebisa, yuradRebas im-----
saxurebs ekonomikuri Teori-
is instituciur-----sociologiuri
mimdinareoba, romelic warmo-
iSva XIX saukunis bolos da
Camoyalibda XX saukunis 20-----30-----ian wlebSi. misi warmomad-
genlebi arian t. vebleni, v.
roSeri, g. Smoleri, v. zombar-
ti, j. gelbreiTi da sxvebi,
romelTa azriT mecnierul-----
teqnologiur progress evo-
luciis gziT mivyavarT ukon-
fliqto sazogadoebis Camoy-
alibebisaken. am mimdinareobis
safuZvelze warmoiSva indus-
triuli da postindustriuli
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
115
sazogadoebis Teoriebi, konver-
genciis Teoria da a.S.
neoinstitucionalizmi, rom-
lis mTavari warmomadgenlebi
arian r. kouzi, j. biukeneni da
sxvebi, aqcents socialur prob-
lemebze akeTebs. am Teoriis
safuZvelze garkveuli cv-
lilebebi moxda ganviTarebu-
li qveynebis ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi. dRis wesrigSi dadga
socialurad orientirebuli
ekonomikis socialur-----sabazro
ekonomikad gardaqmna.
amrigad, ekonomikurma Teo-
riam, romelic Caisaxa merkan-
tilizmis dros, momwifda fizi-
okratizmis periodSi, xolo
aRmocenda inglisuri klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis Camoy-
alibebis safuZvelze, ganviTare-
bis metad rTuli da sain-
tereso gza ganvlo. misi gamoy-
enebis masStabebis zrdam xeli
Seuwyo da daaCqara kidec in-
dustriuli sazogadoebis tran-
sformacia ufro maRal isto-
riul fazaSi _ _ _ _ _ dasabami mis-
ca postindustriul eras. yura-
dReba gamaxvilda axali sa-
zogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, humanizaciis proces-
ebis gaRrmavebaze. dRis wes-
rigSi dadga samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis formireba. ekonomi-
kuri Teoria ki, rogorc mecni-
ereba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, iseve axa-
li amocanebis winaSe dadga.
XX saukunis bolo aTwle-
ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-
bulma movlenebma da proces-
ebma _ _ _ _ _ msoflio socialisturi
sistemis daSlam, komunisturi
reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-
nis mier damoukideblobis mop-
ovebam da ganviTarebis axal
gzaze dadgomam sruliad axa-
li problemebis Teoriuli
gaazreba-----gaanalizebis aucile-
bloba daayena ekonomikuri
Teoriis winaSe.
ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris
kosmopolituri mecniereba.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi erovnuli
motivis, rogorc madominire-
beli faqtoris, Semotanis auci-
leblobas dRevandeli cxovre-
bac gvikarnaxebs. amasTan, dRes,
rodesac esoden swrafad mim-
dinareobs ekonomikis global-
izaciis procesi, gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas iZens Tan-
amedrove sazogadoebis eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis analizi,
misi perspeqtivebis ganWvreta
da Sesabamisi strategiis Se-
muSaveba. ekonomikuri Teoria
aRniSnuli da sxva axali prob-
lemebis gaanalizebiTa da gada-
Wris gzebis ZiebiT kvlavac gam-
didrdeba axali ideebiT, mimar-
TulebebiT da iqneba sazoga-
doebrivi progresis damaCqare-
beli da Tanamonawile.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
116
Teoriis, rogorc mecnierebis,
damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas
saintereso istoria aqvs.
1918 wlis 26 ianvars (Zv.
st.) pirveli qarTuli univer-
sitetis daarsebisTanave mis er-
TaderT sibrZnismetyvelebis
fakultetTan, iv. javaxiSvil-
isa da f. gogiCaiSvilis mier
SemuSavebuli proeqtiT, Seiqm-
na ekonomikuri ganyofileba,
Camoyalibda politikuri eko-
nomiis kaTedra, romlis pirve-
li gamge 1923 wlis noembram-
de Tsu-----is erT-----erTi damaarse-
beli prof. filipe gogiCaiS-
vili iyo. politikuri ekonomiis
kurss, f. gogiCaiSvilTan er-
Tad, kiTxulobdnen prof. n.
qoiava, moskovidan mowveuli
prof. a. manuilovi, v. Tevzaia
da sxv. ekonomikuri Teoriis
ganviTarebisaTvis muSaoba far-
Tod gaiSala 1922 wlidan,
rodesac universitetSi poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris ba-
zaze daarsda socialur-----ekono-
mikuri fakulteti ekonomikuri
da iuridiuli ganyofilebebiT,
1931 wels ki calke Camoyal-
ibda ekonomikis fakulteti.
universitetSi, saswavlo-----
pedagogiurTan erTad, gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba daeTmo sa-
mecniero-----kvleviT muSaobas, ra-
sac didad Seuwyo xeli 1944
wels saqarTvelos mecniereba-
Ta akademiis ekonomikis insti-
tutis daarsebam da sxva umaR-
les saswavleblebSi politi-
kuri ekonomiis kaTedrebis gax-
snam. am dros saqarTveloSi
moRvaweobdnen iseTi cnobili
mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen p.
guguSvili, g. gamyreliZe, b.
ramiSvili, i. bajaZe, i. miqelaZe,
v. CantlaZe, n. iaSvili, a. gok-
ieli, v. melqaZe, v. baxtaZe, g.
gvelesiani, a. gunia, a. fancxa-
va, a. nucubiZe da sxvebi. am
periodSi farTod gaiSala
muSaoba ucxouri ekonomikuri,
maT Soris Teoriuli litera-
turis Targmnisa da gamocemi-
saTvis, ekonomikuri termi-
nologiis SedgenisaTvis da a.S.
f. gogiCaiSvilma Targmna dev-
id rikardos `politikuri
ekonomiisa da dabegvris sa-
fuZvlebi~, adam smiTis ̀ gamokv-
leva xalxTa simdidris buneb-
isa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, karl
marqsis ̀ kapitalis~ yvela tomi.
p. guguSvilma gamoaqveyna spe-
cialuri gamokvleva `ekonomi-
kuri terminologiis da mecni-
eruli TargmanisaTvis~ da p.
kuWaiZesTan erTad 1947 wels
gamosca `ekonomikis termino-
logia~ (rusul-----qarTuli da
qarTul-----rusuli). v. CantlaZem
1959 wels gamosca `sulxan-----
saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Se-
xedulebebi~, xolo 1979 wels
_ _ _ _ _ `finansebis Teoriis sakiTx-
ebi~.
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
117
didi wvlili miuZRvis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis politikuri ekonomi-
is (Semdgom _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri
Teoriis) kaTedras saqarTvelo-
Si ekonomistTa kadrebis mo-
mzadebaSi. aw gardacvlili
qarTveli mkvlevarebidan, gar-
da zemoT CamoTvlilisa, cno-
bilni arian s. beraZe, g. Wanuy-
vaZe, g. adeiSvili, g. megreliS-
vili, n. tyeSelaSvili, i. kod-
ua, i. qvaCaxia, g. baqraZe, g. mS-
vildaZe, l. xarazi, T. CikvaiZe,
d. qoriZe, g. basilaia, i. krav-
covi, j. CxikvaZe da sxvebi.
ekonomikurma Teoriam axa-
li Sinaarsi SeiZina XX sauku-nis 90-----iani wlebidan. wina plan-
ze wamoiwia sabazro ekonomikis
Teoriam. amasTan, revoluciurma
Zvrebma saqarTveloSi ekono-
mikur Teorias didi sazrunavi
gauCina. qarTvel mecnierTa
ZalisxmeviT arsebiTi cvlile-
bebi moxda saswavlo programeb-
sa da mecnieruli kvlevis me-
TodebSi. Seiqmna axali sax-
elmZRvaneloebi. j. kaxniaSvil-
ma makroekonomikur TeoriaSi
gamosca saxelmZRvanelo or
wignad: ̀ makroekonomika~ (1996)
da `makroekonomika: Teoria da
politika~ (1997); l. Ciqavas
avtorobiT gamovida damxmare
saxelmZRvanelo _ _ _ _ _ `ekonomiku-
ri Teoriis mokle kursi~
(1997); Tsu ekonomikuri Teo-
riis kaTedram, g. adeiSvilisa
da r. asaTianis redaqciiT, 1998
wels gamosca `ekonomikuri
Teoria~ _____ saxelmZRvanelo um-
aRlesi saswavleblebis ekono-
mikis fakultetis studenteb-
isaTvis da a.S.
monografiuli gamokvlevebi
gamosces: g. papavam (`sabazro
ekonomikaze saqarTvelos ga-
dasvlis safuZvlebi~, 1991); vl.
papavam (`saqarTvelos sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncef-
cia~, 1991); r. asaTianma (`mom-
saxureba da sabazro sistema~,
1993); T. beriZem (`suvereni-
tetis ekonomikuri safuZvle-
bi: ekonomikisa da politikis
urTierTmoqmedebis axali as-
peqtebi~, rusul enaze, 1995);
g. malaSxiam (`metaekonomika~,
1996); vl. papavam (`sabazro
Tanasworobis doqtrina~, 1999);
n. WiTanavam (`gardamavali pe-
riodis socialur-----ekonomikuri
problemebi~, sam nawilad, 1997,
1999, 2001); 2001 wels daibe-
Wda T. basilias, a. silagaZis,
T. CikvaiZis monografia _____
`postsocialisturi transfor-
macia: saqarTvelos ekonomika
XXI saukunis mijnaze~; 2002
wels gamovida vl. papavas mono-
grafiuli gamokvleva `post-
komunisturi kapitalizmis po-
litikuri ekonomia da saqar-
ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria
118
Tvelos ekonomika~, 2005 wels
_ _ _ _ _ `postkomunisturi gar-
damavali periodis makroeko-
nomika~; 2006 wels gamoica l.
Ciqavas monografia _ _ _ _ _ ̀ inovaci-
uri ekonomika~, 2007 wels _
e. baraTaSvilis ̀ regionalizmi:
Teoria da praqtika~, 2008 wels
_ _ _ _ _ n. WiTanavasa da l. Takalan-
Zis `socialuri ekonomika~,
2009 wels _ _ _ _ _ r. asaTianis ̀ sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika: axali
epoqa~. I nawili, xolo 2010
wels _ _ _ _ _ ̀ globalizacia, ekono-
mikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~.
2009 wels gamovida d. iako-
biZis `saqarTvelo da msof-
lio finansuri krizisi~, 2010
wels _ _ _ _ _ i. mesxias `regionuli
ekonomikuri politika~, 2010
wels _a. silagaZis ̀ ekonomiku-
ri doqtrinebi~, 2011 wels _
vl. papavas ̀ aratradiciuli eko-
nomiksi~, 2011 wels _ a. Tval-
WreliZis, a. silagaZis, g. qeSe-
laSvilisa da g. gegias ̀ saqar-
Tvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programa~ da a.S.
farTo muSaoba gaiSala ori-
ginaluri ekonomikuri leqsiko-
nebis gamocemis TvalsazrisiT.
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: j. kax-
niaSvili. `sabazro ekonomikis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, 1992;
r. asaTiani. `ekonomiqsi~. gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni, 1996 (Igamocema), 2003 (II gamocema),
2006 (III gamocema); r. asaTiani.`Tanamedrove ekonomikis gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni~, 2009;
`ekonomikisa da biznesis leqsi-
koni~, 2010. `ekonomikuri
leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis xel-
mZRvanelobiT, 2001; `ekonomi-
kuri da demografiuli termi-
nologia~ (rusul-----qarTuli da
qarTul-----rusuli). l. Ciqavas
saerTo redaqciiT, 2001;
`ekonomikis enciklopediuri
leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis saer-
To redaqciiT, 2005 da sxv.
ucxouridan iTargmna cno-
bil avtorTa saxelmZRvaneloe-
bi ̀ ekonomiqsSi~, ramac Sinaar-
sobrivad gaamdidra ekonomiku-
ri Teoriis swavleba umaRles
saswavleblebSi da aamaRla
Teoriuli mimarTulebiT eko-
nomikuri procesebis kvleva.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis
gamocema am dargSi. esenia: a.
silagaZe, e. meqvabiSvili, j. kax-
niaSvili. ̀ ekonomika~ (X klasi,
2005; XI klasi, 2005); r. asa-
Tiani. `ekonomika _ _ _ _ _ keTili
jadoqari~ (V klasi, 2000); r.
asaTiani. `ekonomika~ (VI kla-
si, 2004); r. asaTiani. ̀ ekonomi-
ka~ (VII klasi, 2005) da a.S.
ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-
cia cia cia cia cia (economic information) - - - - - in-formacia saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebis, ganawileb-
ekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informacia
119
is, gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-
cesebis Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-
kakakakaka (economic cybernetics) - - - - - kiber-netikis mimarTuleba, romelic
am mecnierebis meTodebsa da
saSualebebs iyenebs ekonomikur
sistemebSi procesebis kvlevi-
sa da organizaciisaTvis.
ekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisi
(economic crisis) - - - - - ekonomikuriciklis erT-----erTi amosavali
faza, romelic vlindeba mo-
saxleobis msyidvelobiTunar-
ianobasTan SedarebiT saqonlis
WarbwarmoebaSi, warmoebrivi
simZlavreebis dautvirTaobaSi,
warmoebis moculobis mkveTr
dacemasa da umuSevrobis swraf
zrdaSi.
ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-
ka ka ka ka ka (economic policy) - - - - - ekonomikismarTvis berketebisa da meTode-
bis erToblioba, ekonomikis mar-
Tvis sferoSi xelisuflebis
mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTa
sistema. moicavs sabiujeto-----
sagadasaxado, fulad-----sakredi-
to, sainvesticio, mecnierul-----
teqnologiur, sagareo-----ekono-
mikur politikasa da a.S.
ekonomikuri politikis xa-
siaTs gansazRvravs xelisuf-
lebis qceva qveynis ekonomi-
kasTan mimarTebaSi. es SeiZle-
ba iyos absoluturad Caurev-
loba qveynis ekonomikaSi (lais-
sez-faires) an uxeSi Careva masSida misi mkacri marTva (ro-
gorc damaxasiaTebelia admin-
istraciul-----mbrZanebluri eko-
nomikisaTvis), an kidev, xelisu-
flebis mier Sualeduri pozi-
ciis dakaveba da makroekono-
mikuri regulirebis mkacrad
gansazRvruli funqciebis Ses-
ruleba.
ekonomikuri politika Sei-
Zleba daiyos or ZiriTad saxed:
mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,
romlis amocanaa resursebis
ganawilebis efeqtianobis sru-
lyofa da makroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikur
politikad,politikad,politikad,politikad,politikad, romlis ZiriTadi
amocanaa fasebis stabiluro-
bis uzrunvelyofa. ekonomikuri
politikis miznebidan gamom-
dinare, isini iyofa ufro mcire
nawilebad. magaliTad, mikro-
ekonomikuri politikis saz-
RvrebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos
regionuli politika, konkuren-
ciis dacvis politika da a.S.,
makroekonomikuri politikis
sazRvrebSi ki _ _ _ _ _ fiskaluri po-
litika, fulad-----sakredito poli-
tika da a.S.
ekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianoba
gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-
tikuritikuritikuritikuritikuri organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi-
riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-
bisbisbisbisbis sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa
Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad (economic activity un-accounted by statistical organs due
ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...
120
to the shortcomings of the maindata consolidation system) – dau-
kvirvebadi ekonomikis nawili,
statistikuri sistemis gadauW-
reli problemaa, ris gamoc ar
aisaxeba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si. zogjer mas
statistikur Crdilovan war-
moebas uwodeben da ganasxvave-
ben ekonomikur Crdilovan war-
moebisagan, romelic gamowve-
ulia ara ZiriTadi monacemeb-
is Sekrebis sistemis naklova-
nebebiT, aramed ekonomikuri
mizezebiT.
ekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistema
(economic system) - - - - - sakuTrebi-Ti da organizaciuli insti-
tutebis safuZvelze war-
moSobili urTierTobebis erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli da gan-
sazRvruli wesiT mowesrige-
buli ekonomikuri elementeb-
is erToblioba, mravalferovani
struqturuli elementebis
Serwyma mkafiod gamoxatul
erT mTelad, romlis TiToeul
nawils erTmaneTTan mimarTe-
baSi Tavisi Sesabamisi adgili
ukavia; qveyanaSi moqmedi princ-
i pebis, wesebisa da kanonmde-
blobiT ganmtkicebuli norme-
bis erToblioba, romelic war-
moebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da
moxmarebis procesSi warmoqm-
nili ZiriTadi ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis formasa da
Sinaarss gansazRvravs. ekono-
mikur sistemaSi arsebuli
mizez-----Sedegobrivi kavSirebi
qvesistemebs qmnian, romlebsac
mTeli sistemis stabilurobasa
da mdgrad ganviTarebaSi gan-
sazRvruli roli akisriaT.
ekonomikuri sistemis realur
bunebasa da arss es kavSirebi
gansazRvraven.
ekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoria
(economic territory) - - - - - mocemuli
qveynis xelisuflebis mier
administraciulad marTvadi
teritoria, romelzec vrcelde-
ba am qveynis iurisdiqcia. mis
sazRvrebSi Tavisuflad gada-
adgildebian mocemuli qveynis
moqalaqeebi, agreTve Tavisu-
flad moZraobs saqoneli da
fuli. ekonomikur teritoria-
Si Sedis: sahaero sivrce; ter-
itoriuli anklavebi sazRvarg-
areT (e.i. zonebi, romlebsac
iyeneben mocemuli qveynis
samTavro dawesebulebebi aren-
dis an sakuTrebis uflebis
safuZvelze, saelCoebi, samec-
niero da samxedro bazebi); eqs-
teritoriuli anklavebi anu
qveynis kuTvnili teritoriis
nawili, romelic saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad gam-
oiyeneba sxva qveynis dawese-
bulebebis mier (anklavSi Se-
maval miwaze an nagebobebze
sakuTrebis gadacemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli operaciebis nawil-
ekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistema
121
Si); navTobis, bunebrivi airisa
da a.S. maragebi qveynis gareT
mdebare teritoriul wylebSi,
Tu maTi damuSaveba xdeba qvey-
nis rezidentebis mier.
ekonomikur teritoriaSi ar
Sedis sxva qveynebis terito-
riuli anklavebi _ _ _ _ _ sakonsu-
loebi, saelCoebi, samecniero da
samxedro bazebi da a.S. agreTve
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
ganlagebuli mocemuli qveynis
teritoriaze.
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
teritoria dReisaTvis gac-
ilebiT naklebia mis saerTa-
Sorisod aRiarebul terito-
riaze, ramdenadac saqarTvelos
iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba afx-
azeTis, cxinvalis regionis, ax-
algorisa da kodoris xeobis
teritoriebze.
ekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningi
(economic training) - - - - - kompiuter-izebuli TamaSi, romelic iZl-
eva mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmede-
bis SefasebiTi gaangariSebis
SesaZleblobas.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebebebebebF (economic security) - - - - - ekono-mikis dacva im Sida da gare
negatiuri faqtorebisagan, rom-
lebic arRveven kvlavwarmoe-
biTi procesebis normalur fun-
qcionirebas, safrTxes uqmnian
qveynis resursul da mecnier-
ul-----teqnologiuri potencial-
is SenarCunebas, ekonomikis
mdgrad ganviTarebasa da so-
cialur orientirebulobas,
aferxeben ekonomikur zrdasa
da xels uSlian saxelmwifoe-
briobis ganmtkicebas.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi (econom-ic security criteria) - - - - - ekonomikurisafrTxis ardaSveba zRvruli
sidideebis qvemoT; qveynis
uzrunvelyofa resursebiT;
ekonomikis damangreveli pro-
cesebis Tavidan acileba, dan-
akargebisa da riskis minimiza-
cia; ekonomikuri da social-
uri efeqtianobis amaRleba; cx-
ovrebis donisa da xarisxis
mkveTri gaumjobeseba; konkuren-
tunariani saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoeba da a.S.
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia (economic se-curity strategy) - - - - - qveynis strate-gia sakmaod myari da mudmivad
ganviTarebadi ekonomikiT, rome-
lic iTvaliswinebs qveynis
kulturul-----istoriuli TviT-
myofadobis, misi tradiciebisa
da wes-----Cveulebebis dacvas,
ekonomikuri mTlianobisa da
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
SenarCunebas, sazogadoebis so-
cialur-----ekonomikuri stabil-
urobisa da pirovnebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis saTanado pirobe-
bis Seqmnas. misi ZiriTadi mi-
ekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategia
122
marTulebebia: ekonomikis gan-
viTarebisadmi misadagebuli
struqturuli politikis ga-
tareba; ekonomikis prioritet-
uli dargebis gamoyofa da maT-
dami saxelmwifos mxardaWera;
erovnuli valutis simyaris
uzrunvelyofa; sakuTrebis
dacva.
ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli (busi-ness cycle) - - - - - saqmiani aqtiuro-bis cikli, erTi krizisis daw-
yebidan meore krizisis dawye-
bamde drois periodi, romelic
iyofa oTx fazad: krizisi, depre-
sia, gacxoveleba, aRmavloba.
ekonomikuri ciklis cno-
bili mkvlevrebi arian: marqsi,
keinzi, hiksi, Sumpeteri, gudvi-----
ni da a.S.
ekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoeba
(economic production) - - - - - erovnulangariSTa sistemaSi (eas-----93)
rogorc sabazro, ise arasaba-
zro saqmianoba: 1. saqonlis
warmoeba; 2. sabazro momsax-
urebis warmoeba; 3. finansuri
saSuamavlo saqmianoba (bankeb-
is, sainvesticio fondebis,
sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da
a.S.); 4. arasabazro momsaxureba
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis or-
ganoebisadmi; 5. arasabazro mom-
saxureba arakomerciuli or-
ganizaciebisa da Sinameurneo-
bisadmi; 6. daqiravebul mosam-
saxureTa (mzareulebis, mZRo-
lebis, mebaReebisa da a.S.) mom-
saxureba; 7. garemos dacvis
mizniT gaweuli momsaxureba.
ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri wesrigiswesrigiswesrigiswesrigiswesrigis
politika politika politika politika politika (economic order pol-icy) – sabazro wesrigis poli-
tika, romelic gulisxmobs sax-
elmwifos mier konkurenciis
dacvis politikis Sexamebas sa-
zogadoebis socialuri dacvis
politikasTan, im CarCo pirobe-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac
ekonomikuri wesrigis poli-
tika adgens. CarCo pirobebSi
Sedis: 1. qveyniqveyniqveyniqveyniqveynisssss instituci- instituci- instituci- instituci- instituci-
urururururiiiii mowyob mowyob mowyob mowyob mowyobaaaaa da, pirvel yov-
lisa, sakuTrebiT urTierToba-
Ta wesrigi; 2. konkonkonkonkonkurenciikurenciikurenciikurenciikurenciisssss
dacvidacvidacvidacvidacvisssss pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi, makroekono-
mikuri regulirebis priori-
tetebi (antimonopoliuri kanon-
mdeblobebis arseboba da misi
ganviTarebis done, gadasaxadeb-
is liberalizaciis done, sakre-
dito ganakveTebis sidide, bizne-
sis Tavisuflebis xarisxi, eko-
nomikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis
sandoobis xarisxi, agreTve mo-
cemul qveyanaSi kerZo seqtori
aris Tu ara politikuri ru-
pori, biznesis warmomadgenlebi
ikaveben Tu ara adgils xelisu-
flebaSi da a.S. 3. socialursocialursocialursocialursocialuriiiii
dacvidacvidacvidacvidacvisssss sistem sistem sistem sistem sistemaaaaa (sazogadoe-
brivi saqonlis warmoebis done
da xarisxi, mosaxleobis dacva
uaryofoTi eqsternaliebisagan,
ekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikli
123
bunebrivi monopoliebis arsebo-
ba da masStabebi, samomxmareblo
kalaTis struqtura, saarsebo
minimumis Tanafardoba pensiebTan
da minimalur xelfasTan, komu-
naluri gadasaxadebis ganakveT-
ebi, socialuri dazRvevis sa-
marTlebrivi normebi da a.S.
bazari socialuri proble-
mebis mimarT araelastikuri da
daundobelia. Tu igi Tavis neba-
zea miSvebuli, uTuod ganapi-
robebs usamarTlobasa da siRa-
takes qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo an-
gariSiT, bumerangiviT ubrunde-
ba TviT mas (bazars), iwvevs stag-
nacias, romlis multiplikaci-
uri efeqti maRalia. es aisaxe-
ba umuSevrobis zrdaSi, ekono-
mikuri zrdis tempebis dacema-
Si, socialur afeTqebebsa da a.S.
aRniSnuli CarCo pirobebi
aRniSnavs mocemul qveyanaSi
ekonomikuri wesrigis politikis
ganviTarebis dones da upasu-
xebs kiTxvas: realurad arse-
bobs ki igi qveyanaSi Tu si-
namdvileSi aris Tvalis daxu-
Wvisa da misgan gaqcevis poli-
tika.
ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-
ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi (economic-math-ematical methods) - - - - - ekonomikis,maTematikisa da kibernetikis
mijnaze aRmocenebuli mecnier-
uli disciplinebis kompleqs-
Si moqceuli meTodebi.
ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----maTematikmaTematikmaTematikmaTematikmaTematikuuuuu -----
ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi (economic-math-ematical models) - - - - - ekonomikuriobieqtebis, kanonzomierebebis,
kavSirebisa da procesebis aR-
weriloba maTematikuri niSneb-
is meSveobiT da maTi makav-
Sirebeli maTematikuri Tana-
fardobis erToblioba.
ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-
ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi (economic-statis-tical methods) - - - - - SemoRebul iqna
XVII saukuneSi ingliseli ekono-
mistis uiliam petis mier qvey-
nis meurneobis analizisaTvis.
igi pirveli Seecada Seefase-
bina inglisis, safrangeTisa da
holandiis erovnuli Semosava-
li da gamoekvlia arapirdapi-
ri gadasaxadebis gavlena eko-
nomikaze.
erovnuli angariSianobis
ganviTarebaSi didi roli Sea-
srula frangi ekonomistis Jan
batist seis `warmoebis faq-
torTa Teoriam~. warmoebis sami
faqtoris (miwa, Sroma, kapita-
li) garda, sei mniSvnelovan
rols aniWebda samewarmeo un-
ars. naSromSi `politikuri
ekonomiis sruli kursi~ (1828)
igi ayalibebda Tavis Sexed-
ulebebs amis Sesaxeb.
ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi (economics) -----mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis
sabazro sistemaSi, sazogadoe-
bis usasrulo moTxovnilebeb-
ekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsi
124
is maqsimaluri dakmayofileb-
is mizniT, SezRuduli resurse-
biT ra sazogadoebrivi for-
miT, ra gzebiT, rogor da visTvis
iwarmoos. igi sabazro ekonomi-
kis Teoriisa da praqtikis sin-
Tezia, praqtikiT gajerebuli,
masze orientirebuli Teoriaa.
ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri Teo-
riis kvlevis axali sferoa
(iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso
ekonomika, sazogadoebrivi seq-
toris ekonomika). warmoiSva da
ganviTarda sabazro ekonomikis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTareb-
is kvaldakval, gansakuTrebu-
li ekonomikuri disciplinis
saxiT ki farTod gavrcelda
XX saukunis meore naxevridan.ekonomiqsi SezRuduli
resursebis marTvis meqanizmis
Semswavleli mecnierebaa (g.
menqiu).
ekonomiqsi, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom im kanonzomierebebs ey-
rdnoba, romlebsac ekonomikuri
Teoria adgens, misgan garkveul-
wilad gansxvavebul xedvasac
emyareba, paradigmis Secvlas
gulisxmobs. ekonomiqsi ekono-
mikuri procesebisa da movle-
nebis analizisas mxolod SezRu-
duli resursebiT ifargleba.
misi laitmotivia am resurse-
bis sabazro sistemaSi efeqti-
anad gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba
da alternatiuli variante-
bidan optimaluri arCevanis
gakeTeba. ekonomikuri Teoriis
sagani ki gacilebiT farToa.
igi yvela funqcionaluri da
dargobrivi ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis safuZvelTa safuZve-
li da meTodologiuri bazaa.
ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris
moqceuli erTi ekonomikuri
sistemis CarCoebSi. igi sazoga-
doebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis kanonzomierebebsa da Tavi-
seburebebs swavlobs, ikvlevs
sxvadasxva ekonomikur siste-
maSi arsebiT mizez-----Sedegobriv
kavSirebs ekonomikur movle-
nebsa da procesebs Soris, ad-
gens zogad kanonzomierebebs,
ris safuZvelzec iZleva sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis stra-
tegiul mimarTulebebs, ekono-
mikis funqcionirebis obieqtur
mecnierul dasabuTebas. ekono-
mikuri Teoria yovelive amas
erT sistemaSi aqcevs. ekonomiq-
sis mizani ar aris mTlianad
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis kvleva. igi ar aris
erTiani sistema, mxolod am
sistemis nawilia, sabazro eko-
nomikaSi funqcionaluri kav-
Sirebis Semswavleli mecniere-
baa, ekonomikuri Teoria ki
ekonomikuri organizmis gene-
tikur kavSirebs swavlobs.
ekonomiqsi kmayofildeba
ekonomikuri cxovrebis zoga-
ekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsi
125
di analiziT. igi ar ikvlevs
ekonomikuri movlenebis siRrm-
iseul arss da sazogadoebis
socialuri stratifikaciis
mizezebs, ekonomikuri Teoria
ki ikvlevs yovelive amas.
ekonomiqsSi pragmatuli
miznebi wina planzea wamoweu-
li, ekonomikur TeoriaSi ki _____
Teoriul-----meTodologiuri. eko-
nomiqsi metwilad raodenobrivi
analizia, ekonomikuri Teoria
ki _ _ _ _ _ Tvisebrivi. ekonomiqsi
farTod iyenebs ekonometrikul
analizs. magram ekonomikuri
movlenebisa da procesebis ax-
snaSi maTematikuri modelebis
gamoyeneba ̀ wminda~ Teoriisagan
damoukideblad naklebad asax-
avs realobas. ekonomikuri Teo-
ria orientirebulia Semecneba-
ze, ekonomikuri movlenebis siR-
rmiseuli arsis gamovlenaze,
mizez-----Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
dadgenaze, maSin rodesac eko-
nomiqsi mTavar miznad ekono-
mikis marTvisaTvis praqtiku-
li rekomendaciebis SemuSave-
bas isaxavs. `ekonomikuri Teo-
ria ar aris uSualod same-
urneo politikaSi gamosayene-
beli mza rekomendaciebis kre-
buli, is aris inteleqtualuri
instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika.
vinc mas flobs, yvelas exmareba
swori daskvnebis gamotanaSi~
(jon meinard keinzi).
ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri si-
namdvilis calkeuli fragmen-
tebisa da maTi Sesabamisi Te-
oriebis erTobliobaa. igi frag-
mentebidan qmnis ekonomikis
mTlian suraTs, ekonomikurma
Teoriam ki, piriqiT, mTliano-
bis adekvaturi suraTis meS-
veobiT unda asaxos ekonomiku-
ri sinamdvilis esa Tu is frag-
menti.
ekonomiqsi warmoebis gan-
viTarebis sakiTxebs danaxar-
jebisa da Sedegebis aspeqtiT,
sargeblianobis kuTxiT ganix-
ilavs, ekonomikuri Teoria ki
sazogadoebrivi warmoebis is-
toriuli ganviTarebis anal-
izs moicavs. ekonomiqsi gaur-
bis ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-
darebiT analizs da Seiswav-
lis erTi ekonomikuri siste-
mis sameurneo meqanizms. eko-
nomikuri Teoriis kvlevis erT-----
erTi mimarTuleba, meTodi ki
ekonomikuri sistemebis Sedar-
ebiTi analizia (kompartivizmi).
am mimarTulebis Sedegia in-
stituciuri Teoriebi (konver-
genciis, industriuli, postin-
dustriuli sazogadoebis)
Teoriebi. ekonomikur Teorias
ar ainteresebs adamianTa same-
urneo saqmianoba misi konkre-
tuli zedapiruli formiT, misi
mizania adamianTa ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis kanonebSi gar-
z
ekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsi
126
kveva, am kanonTa moqmedebis meqa-
nizmis Secnoba.
ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-
kidebulebas nivTisadmi. ekono-
mikuri Teoria sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianebs So-
ris urTierTobas, Camoyali-
bebuls resursebisa da misgan
Seqmnili dovlaTis miTvisebis
gamo. ekonomikuri Teoria xidia
warsulsa da momavals Soris.
igi arkvevs ekonomikuri mov-
lenis istoriul winapirobebs,
saidan da ra mizezebiT warmo-
iSva igi da ra Sedegebisaken
mivyavarT mis ganviTarebas. igi
gvexmareba tendenciebis dad-
genaSi da gviCvenebs, saiT da
rogor miemarTeba ekonomikuri
ganviTareba. amitomacaa, rom eko-eko-eko-eko-eko-
nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-
nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-
TmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxveva
kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-
Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.
`ekonomiqsis~ pirveli sa-
universiteto saxelmZRvanelo
1948 wels aSS-----Si gamosca pol
samuelsonma. es iyo periodi,
rodesac ukve momwifda niada-
gi ekonomikaSi momxdari revo-
luciuri cvlilebebis asaxvi-
saTvis, axali ekonomikuri mov-
lenebis axsnisaTvis. ̀ ekonomiq-
sis~, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
ekonomikuri disciplinis, far-
Tod gavrcelebasa da ganvi-
Tarebas xeli Seuwyo XX sauku-nis 60-----70-----iani wlebidan msof-
lio ekonomikaSi mimdinare
ekonomikuri procesebis diver-
sifikaciam, intensivobam da
masStaburobam.
XX saukunis bolo aTwle-
ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-
bulma movlenebma da proces-
ebma _ _ _ _ _ msoflio socialisturi
sistemis daSlam, komunisturi
reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-
nis mier damoukideblobis mop-
ovebam da ganviTarebis axal
gzaze dadgomam Zveli da sru-
liad axali problemebis ax-
leburi Teoriuli gaazreba-----ga-
analizebis aucilebloba mo-
iTxova. am Tvisebrivad axali
problemebis gadaWra kacobri-
obis wina ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebis klasikuri sqemis far-
glebs scildeba.
saqarTvelos sabazro eko-
nomikaze gadasvlis aucile-
blobam savsebiT kanonzomierad
`ekonomiqsis~ saswavlo kur-
sis SemoReba moiTxova umaRles
saswavleblebSi, rasac mohyva
rogorc ucxouri saxelmZRv-
aneloebis qarTulad Targmna,
ise qarTuli Sesabamisi lit-
eraturis gamocema. saxeldo-
br, k. Rurwkaiam Targmna da
gamosca p. samuelsonisa da v.
nordhausis `ekonomiqsi (XV
ekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsi
127
gamocema); makkonelisa da brius
`ekonomiqsi~ (XI gamocema); s.fiSeris, r. dornbuSis, r.
Smalenzis `ekonomiqsi~ (II ga-mocema). gamoqveynda mravali
saxelmZRvanelo da special-
uri literatura, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia: `ekonomiq-
si~. Semdgeneli p. leiaSvili.
Tb., `mecniereba~, 2003; m. gve-
lesiani. `ekonomiqsi~. leqcie-
bis mokle kursi. Tb., `komen-
tari~, 2000; r. asaTiani. ̀ eko-
nomiqsi~. ganmartebiTi leqsiko-
ni. I, II, III gamocemebi, Tb., ga-momcemloba `siaxle~, 1996,
2003, 2006; a. silagaZe, j. kax-
niaSvili, e. meqvabiSvili. ̀ mik-
roekonomiqsi~. Tb., `Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba~,
2006; r. asaTiani. ̀ ekonomikuri
Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba
da gansxvaveba~. Tb., gamomcem-
loba `siaxle~, 2005 da a.S.
elastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovna
(elastic demand) - - - - - moTxovna,
romelsac aqvs tendencia, Se-
icvalos fasebis umniSvnelo
cvlilebis Sesabamisad.
elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elastici-ty) - - - - - procentebSi gamoxatuli
cvlileba erTi cvladisa pro-
centebSi gamoxatuli meore cv-
ladis cvlilebis pasuxad.
maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs
moTxovnis an miwodebis cvale-
badobis xarisxs erTi rome-
lime faqtoris, magaliTad, fa-
sis zemoqmedebiT.
moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-
astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba axasiaTebs Sesasy-
idi saqonlis an momsaxurebis
raodenobis cvalebadobis xa-
risxs misi fasis Secvlisas.
moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba ni-
Snavs imas, rom fasis mcire-
odeni Secvla iwvevs im produ-
qciis raodenobis mniSvnelo-
van cvlilebas, romelzec aris
moTxovna. Tuki fasis Secvla
mxolod odnav cvlis saqon-
lis an momsaxurebis real-
izaciis raodenobas, maSin moTx-
ovna araelastikuria.
sabazro ekonomikis Teor-
iaSi gamoyofen `erTeuli ela-`erTeuli ela-`erTeuli ela-`erTeuli ela-`erTeuli ela-
stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ cnebas. igi gamo-
xatavs situacias, romlis dro-
sac fasis procentuli cvli-
leba saqonelze (momsaxureba-
ze) moTxovnis procentuli cv-
lilebis tolia. zogjer gam-
oiyeneba termini `savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT
araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~,
rac imas niSnavs, rom saqon-
lis fasis cvlileba gavlenas
ar axdens masze moTxovnis mo-
culobaze. moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-
tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti gam-
oixateba formuliT:
•••••moTxmoTxmoTxmoTxmoTx .
=
elastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikuroba
cvlileba procentuli
fasis saqonlis garkveuli
cvlileba procentuli
moTxovnis saqonelze garkveul
128
moTxovnis elastikurobis
koeficients praqtikuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs xelfasis donis
gansazRvrisas. mag., vinaidan
soflis meurneobis produq-
ciaze moTxovna praqtikulad
araelastikuria, misi warmoeb-
is gadideba erTdroulad am-
cirebs fass erTeul prouq-
ciaze da, aqedan gamomdinare,
fermeris Semosavalsac, romlis
kompensirebac aucilebelia. sa-
kanonmdeblo gziT, wonasworo-
bis donis gauTvaliswineblad
xelfasis minimumis SemoRebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios umuSevro-
bis zrda, gansakuTrebiT axal-
gazrdobaSi.
miwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri el-----
astikurobaastikurobaastikurobaastikurobaastikuroba imgvarad izomeba,
rogorc moTxovnis elastiku-
roba, oRond elastikurobis ko-
eficientis formulaSi garkve-
ul saqonelze moTxovnis pro-
centuli cvlilebis sididis
nacvlad Caismeba gasayidi
saqonlis miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli cvlileba.
miwodebis elastikurobis
ZiriTadi faqtoria dro, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic mwarmoebe-
li saTanado reagirebas axdens
misi produqciis fasebis Sem-
cirebasa Tu gadidebaze. gamo-
yofen umokles-, mokle- da
grZelvadian sabazro periods,
romlis ganmavlobaSic mwarmo-
ebels SeuZlia reagireba moax-
dinos koniunqturis cvlile-
baze.
eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli (elec-tronic money, e-money) - - - - - kompiu-terebis meSveobiT mravali
sagadasaxado da saangariSs-
worebo operaciis Sesruleba,
sxvadasxva informaciis damuSa-
veba da gadacema sakredito
garigebebis, fuladi gadasaxa-
debisa da angariSsworebis Sesa-
xeb. amis Sedegad sul raRac
ramdenime wamSi SeiZleba infor-
maciis miReba im piris sabanko
angariSis Sesaxeb, romelmac
warmoadgina Ceki an eleqtronu-
li sakredito baraTi ama Tu
im saqonlis SesaZenad an ama
Tu im saxis momsaxurebis mis-
aRebad. eleqtronuli fulis
sistemas avsebs sabanko avto-
matebi, romlebic ganlagebulia
qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas _____
miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebSi,
metros sadgurebTan da a.S.
maTi saSualebiT sabanko anga-
riSis mflobels SeuZlia neb-
ismier dros damoukideblad,
sabanko personalis monawile-
obis gareSe, CaerTos sabanko
kompiuterSi da Seasrulos ise-
Ti operaciebi, rogoricaa: fu-
lis Setana, gamotana da gada-
gzavna erTi angariSidan meore-
ze, kreditis miReba da a.S. dad-
genili limitis farglebSi.
eleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fuli
129
embargo embargo embargo embargo embargo (embargo) [<esp.embargo-----akrZalva] - - - - - saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis mier saqon-
lis, oqros, fasiani qaRaldebi-
sa da a.S. sazRvargareT gatanis
an sazRvargareTidan Semotanis
akrZalva an savaWro urTier-
Tobis mTlianad aRkveTa ama Tu
im qveyanasTan ekonomikuri da
politikuri mosazrebiT.
emisia emisia emisia emisia emisia (emission) [laT. emis-sio-----gamoSveba] - - - - - sabanko da saxa-zino bileTebis, qaRaldis fuli-
sa da fasiani qaRaldebis mimoq-
cevaSi gaSveba. emisiis Sede-
gad miRebuli saxelmwifo Se-
mosavlebi ganisazRvreba am fu-
lis msyidvelobiT unarsa da
mis gamoSvebaze gaweul xar-
jebs Soris sxvaobiT. vTqvaT,
saxelmwifom ganaxorciela 100
mln dolaris emisia. am fu-
lis gamoSvebasTan dakavSire-
bulma xarjebma Seadgina 1 mln
dolari, e.i. erT weliwads
aseTma operaciam saxelmwifos
misca 99 mln dolaris Semo-
savali. Semdgom weliwads emisi-
is xarjebi gaorkecda (xel-
fasisa da a.S. zrdis safuZ-
velze) da fasebi gaizarda
100%-----iT, e.i. orjer. aseT
SemTxvevaSi 100 mln dolaris
msyidvelobiTi unari gautol-
deba wina wlis 50 mln dola-
ris msyidvelobiT unars. Se-
sabamisad, saxelmwifos Semo-
savali Semcirdeba 48 mln
dolaramde.
fasiani qaRaldebis emisia
SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxel-
mwifo sesxis obligaciebis, ise
kerZo kompaniebis mier aqciebi-
sa da obligaciebis gamoSveba.
emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba (annulmis-sion profit) – mogeba, romelsac
iReben safinanso-sakredito da-
wesebulebebi (bankebi da a.S.)
fasiani qaRaldebis emitenteb-
sa da maT myidvelebs Soris Sua-
mavali momsaxurebisaTvis.
emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali (an-nulmission income) - - - - - aqcioneru-li sazogadoebis Semosavali,
romelic iqmneba aqciis nomina-
lur da sabazro kursebs So-
ris sxvaobiT. aqciis kursi Se-
iZleba iyos nominalze maRali
an dabali. Tu kursi maRalia,
maSin aqcionerTa sazogadoeba
iRebs emisiur Semosavals. am
ukanasknelis gansazRvrisas
iTvaliswineben aqciis damza-
debisa da realizaciis xar-
jebs. mag., 10 aTasi aqciis dam-
zadebaze, roca erTi aqciis no-
minaluri Rirebuleba 1000
frankia, daixarja 100 aTasi
franki, xolo safondo birJaze
gaiyida 1360 frankis kursiT.
sabrokero kantorisaTvis 70
aTasi frankis odenobis kurta-
Jis gadaricxvis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, emisiuri Semosavali
emisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavali
130
Seadgens 3430000 franks (1360-----
1000 = 360 X 10000 = 3600000-----100000-----
70000). emisiuri Semosavali
gadadis aqcionerTa sazogadoe-
bis sarezervo fondSi.
emitenti emitenti emitenti emitenti emitenti (emitter) [laT.
emittere - - - - - gamoSveba] - - - - - iuridi-uli piri an saxelmwifo or-
gano, romelic axorcielebs
emisias.
emitireba emitireba emitireba emitireba emitireba (issue of mon-ey (securities) [laT. emittere -----ga-moSveba] - - - - - fulisa da fasiani
qaRaldebis mimoqcevaSi gaSve-
ba, emisiis ganxorcieleba.
engelisengelisengelisengelisengelis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni(Engel’slaw) - - - - - moxmarebis empiriuli
kanoni, dadgenili ernst enge-
lis mier. kanonis idea mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom erovnuli
Semosavlis nawili, daxarju-
li kvebis produqtebze, keTil-
dReobis kargi indikatoria. rac
ufro mcirea es nawili, miT
ufro maRalia keTildReoba.
engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti (En-gel’s coefficient) - - - - - koeficienti,romelic gviCvenebs, rom rac
ufro izrdeba moTxovna dov-
laTze, Semosavlis zrdasTan
SefardebiT, miT ufro elas-
tikuria es moTxovna. cnobil-
ma germanelma statistikosma,
e. engelma pirvelma gamoikv-
lia kavSiri myidvelTa Semo-
savlebsa da samomxmareblo
xarjebis struqturas Soris.
man daadgina Semosavlebis do-
nis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxis
dovlaTze moTxovnis moculo-
bis funqcionaluri damokide-
bulebis cvalebadoba. engelis
azriT, moTxovna pirveladi
moxmarebis sagnebze, maT Soris,
tradiciuli saxis kvebis pro-
duqtebze (purze, kartofilze
da a.S.), garkveuli momentidan
CamorCeba Semosavlebis zrdas,
xolo kvebis iseT produqteb-
ze, rogoricaa zeTis xili, mce-
nareuli zeTi da a.S., agreTve
fufunebis sagnebi da momsaxu-
rebis mravali saxeoba _ _ _ _ _ Semo-
savlebis zrdis proporciulad
matulobs. Semosavlis cvli-
lebis erTeulze moTxovnis Se-
fardebiT cvlilebas man moTx-
ovnis elastikuroba uwoda. e.i.
moTxovnis elastikuroba udris
moTxovnis moculobis cvlile-
ba Sefardebuli Semosavlebis
cvlilebasTan.
endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda (en-dogenous growth) - - - - - ekonomikurizrda warmoebis Sida (mag., mas-
Stabis efeqti, teqnologiis
srulyofa da a.S.) da ara gare,
egzogenuri (mag., mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis gadideba) faq-
torebis zemoqmedebiT.
endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp (endoge-nous scientific technological prog-ress) [<berZ. endon - - - - - SigniT...
genos-----gvari, modgma] - - - - - endoge-
emitentiemitentiemitentiemitentiemitenti
131
nuri (Sinagani mizezebiT war-
moqmnili) teqnologiuri pro-
gresis warmoebrivi funqcia. igi
vlindeba Sromasa da kapitals
Soris Tanafardobis cvlile-
bebiT.
energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba (energyintensity) – indikatori, rome-lic gamoxatavs pirveladi en-
ergiis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
erTeulis warmoebisas.
erToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebi
(gross expenses, expenditures) -----mudmivi da cvalebadi danax-
arjebis jami warmoebis yovel
konkretul doneze.
erToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebuli
mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (total employees)- - - - - dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba
plus samxedro mosamsaxureebi.
erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba (ag-gregate supply) - - - - - qveyanaSi war-moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis jamuri Rirebuleba.
erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis
elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elasticity ofaggregate supply) - - - - - maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoxatavs ekonomi-
kaSi erToblivi miwodebis moc-
ulobis SemTviseblobas saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis fasebis
donis cvalebadobasTan. Tu
erToblivi miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli mateba sWar-
bobs procentebSi gamoxatul
fasebis zrdas, maSin aseTi mi-
wodeba elastikuria (Es>1); TuerToblivi miwodebis moculo-
bis procentuli gadideba to-
lia procentebSi gamoxatuli
fasebis zrdisa, maSin miwodeb-
is elastikuroba 1-----is tolad
iTvleba (Es=1); miwodeba
araelastikuria, rodesac fase-
bis mateba sWarbobs erToblivi
miwodebis moculobis zrdas
(Es<1).erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis
mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (aggregate supply curve)- - - - - mrudi makroekonomikuri mod-
elis grafikze, romelic asax-
avs ekonomikaSi saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erToblivi mi-
wodebis dinamikas da gamoxat-
avs damokidebulebas fasebis
zrdasa da warmoebis moculo-
bas Soris. misi yoveli werti-
li gviCvenebs, Tu Sesabamisi
fasiT ra raodenobis wminda
erovnuli produqti SeiZleba
miewodos bazars.
erToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovna
(aggregate demand) - - - - - qveynis re-aluri msyidvelobiTi unaris
maCvenebeli; erToblivi danax-
arjebi, romelSic Sedis sax-
elmwifo samomxmareblo xar-
jebi, kerZo seqtoris moxmare-
ba, Sejamebuli investiciebi da
eqsport-----importis danaxarje-
bis saldo.
erToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovnis
elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elasticity of ag-
erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis elastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikuroba
132
gregate demand) - - - - - maCvenebeli, ro-
melic gamoxatavs ekonomikaSi
erToblivi moTxovnis moculo-
bis SemTviseblobas saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis fasebis do-
nis cvalebadobasTan. asaxavs
mocemul saqonelsa da momsax-
urebaze erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlilebas maTi fasis erTi
procentiT Secvlisas. Tu er-
Toblivi moTxovnis moculo-
bis procentuli zrda aRemate-
ba fasebis Semcirebis procen-
tul dones, maSin moTxovna
elastikuria (Ed>1). roca er-Toblivi moTxovnisa da faseb-
is cvlilebis maCveneblebi Tana-
baria (gamoxatuli procentu-
lad), moTxovnis elastikuro-
ba iTvleba 1-----is tolad (Ed=1);Tu fasebis Semcirebis procen-
tuli done aRemateba er-
Toblivi moTxovnis zrdas (%-----
Si), erToblivi moTxovna
araelastikuria (Ed<1). er-
Toblivi moTxovnis elas-
tikuroba farTod gamoiyeneba
fasebis donis Secvlis Sesax-
eb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
erToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovnis
mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (aggregate demand cur-ve) - - - - - mrudi makroekonomikurimodelis grafikze, romelic
gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-
bulebas wminda erovnuli
produqtis moculobasa da
fasebis saerTo dones Soris.
misi yoveli wertili gviCvenebs,
ra raodenobis wminda erovnu-
li produqti SeiZleba gaiyi-
dos Sesabamisi fasiT. individ-
ualuri moTxovnis mrudisgan
gansxvavebiT, erToblivi moTx-
ovnis mrudi ar gamoxatavs
Canacvlebis efeqts, romlis
drosac mzardi fasi aqveiTebs
moTxovnas. am SemTxvevaSi mzar-
di fasi amcirebs produqciaze
moTxovnis wonasworobis dones
realuri fuladi masis kleb-
is gziT, rac iwvevs saprocen-
to ganakveTis zrdasa da in-
vesticiebis Semcirebas.
erToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi Semosavali
(aggregate, gross income) - - - - - ix. er-ovnuli Semosavali.
erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi (agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-
lilililili) warmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqcia
(aggregate production function) -----funqcionaluri damokidebule-
ba mTels ekonomikaSi produ-
qciis nakadsa (Y), warmoebaSimTlian faqtobriv Sromis dan-
axarjebsa (L) da kapitals (K)
Soris. Cveulebriv es funqcia
gamoisaxeba ase:
Y=F(K, L).
formulaSi SeiZleba aisax-
os miwac, danaxarjebisa da te-
qnologiebis saxiT.
erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi (ag-gregate expenses) - - - - - ekonomikaSisaqonelsa da momsaxurebaze ga-
weuli xarjebis mTliani Tanxa.
erToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudi
133
erTobliv xarjebSi (Y) Sedis
moxmareba (C), investiciebi (I),saxelmwifo xarjebi (G) plus
eqsports (X) minus importi
(M). formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:
Y = C+I+G+(X-----M) .
erToblivi xarjebis mocu-
loba gansazRvravs warmoebisa
da dasaqmebis moculobas. igi
SeiZleba sistematurad meryeo-
bdes fasebis saerTo donis
cvlilebebis gamo.
erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-
lobislobislobislobislobis firma firma firma firma firma (emfemfemfemfemf) (sole pro-prietorship firm, one man compa-ny) - - - - - biznesis erT-----erTi orga-nizaciuli forma, erTi piris
sawarmo, erTpirovnuli sakuT-
reba (sole proprietor ship). fir-mis sxva organizaciul formeb-
Tan SedarebiT, emfemfemfemfemf-----s bevri upi-
ratesoba da naklovaneba aqvs.
upiratesobaTagan SeiZleba gam-
oiyos Semdegi: firmis me-
sakuTres mTlianad ekuTvnis
mogeba da sargeblobs garkveu-
li sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT.
amasTan, warmoebis organizaci-
is xarjebi firmaSi dabalia,
sawarmos simcire mesakuTres
saSualebas aZlevs kontaqti
daamyaros rogorc produqci-
is mwarmoeblebTan, ise gamsaRe-
blebTan da a.S. naklovanebebia:
1. kapitalis gafarToebis Sez-
Ruduli SesaZleblobebi; 2.
firmis mesakuTris SeuzRudavi
pasuxismgebloba sawarmos fi-
nansuri mdgomareobisaTvis
(sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT
mTeli misi qoneba SeiZleba
valis dafarvas moxmardes).
amasTan, emfemfemfemfemf-----is mesakuTre TviT
unda erkveodes yvela warmoe-
briv Tu finansur sakiTxSi da
flobdes mewarmeobis Cvevebs,
rac memkvidreobiT ar gadaicema.
erTpirovnuli mflobelobis
firma biznesis yvelaze meryevi
organizaciuli formaa.
erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-
tematematematematema (eas) (System of National Ac-counts) - - - - - makroekonomikur maC-venebelTa sistema, romelic sa-
fuZvlad udevs qveynis ekono-
mikisa da `danarCen msofli-
osTan~ misi ekonomikuri kavSi-
rebis Seswavlas. igi ekonomikis
ganviTarebis maxasiaTebel indi-
katorTa gaangariSebisa da sis-
tematizaciis universaluri
meTodia, romelic gamoiyeneba
msoflios 150-----ze met qveyana-
Si. TFC moicavs ara mxolod
ekonomikis konsolidirebul
erovnul angariSebs, aramed
dargobriv, seqtorul da
ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixed-
viT angariSebsac. TFC-----is pirve-
li varianti Seiqmna 1953 wels.
praqtikuli gamocdisa da sru-
lyofis Semdeg, 1968 wels
damtkicda misi meore varian-
erovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa sistematematematematema
134
ti, xolo `cisferi wignis~
saxelwodebiT saxelmZRvane-
lod gamovida 1969 wels. es
gamocema msoflioSi aRiarebul
iqna rogorc urTulesi siste-
ma. mis paralelurad evropis
rig qveynebSi moqmedebda Se-
darebiT gamartivebuli da de-
talizebuli evrostatis egid-
iT gamocemuli `integrirebu-
li ekonomikuri angariSebis
evropuli sistema~. 1993 wli-
dan msoflioSi standartul
saxelmZRvanelod dainerga TFC-----
is III varianti (easeaseaseaseas-93-93-93-93-93), romel-
ic gaeros statistikuri de-
partamentis, ekonomikuri Tan-
amSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
organizaciis statistikuri di-
reqtoratis, evrostatis, saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondisa
da msoflio bankis statisti-
kuri samsaxurebis erToblivi
namuSevaria.
TFC-----is ZiriTadi principe-
bia: mTeli ekonomikis erT mTli-
anobaSi warmodgena; ekonomikis
seqtorebad dayofa; angariSeb-
ze ormagi Cawera; Sida da erov-
nuli ekonomikis gamijvna; Semo-
savlebisa da xarjebis mimdinare
da kapitalurad dayofa, msof-
lios qveynebis makroekonomikur
maCvenebelTa saerTaSoriso
Sesadarisobis uzrunvelyofa.
erovnul angariSTa siste-
ma iyofa erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-
kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad da sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-
gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-
bad. bad. bad. bad. bad. Tavis mzriv, erovnuli
ekonomikis angariSebSi Sedis:
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis an-
gariSi, warmoebis angariSi, Se-
mosavlebis formirebis angariSi,
Semosavlebis ganawilebis an-
gariSi, Semosavlebis gamoyenebis
angariSi, kapitalis angariSi,
finansuri angariSi. sazRvarg-
areTis seqtoris angariSebSi Se-
dis: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
angariSi, pirveladi Semosavleb-
isa da mimdinare transferebis
angariSi, finansuri angariSi,
aqtivebis sxva cvlilebebis an-
gariSi, gadafasebis angariSi.
erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi (na-tional accounts) - - - - - angariSebisa dasabalanso cxrilebis sistema,
romelic warmoadgens ekono-
mikis ganviTarebis raodenobriv
aRweras garkveul monakveTSi.
makroekonomikur analizSi gam-
oiyeneba krebsiTi erovnuli an-
gariSebi, romlebic gamoxata-
ven mepmepmepmepmep-----is Seqmnis, erovnuli
Semosavlis, kapitalwarmoqmnis
ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis
process, mocemuli qveynis eko-
nomikuri agentebis mier sxva
saxelmwifoebTan ganxorciele-
bul operaciebs.
erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-
bababababa (national accounting) - - - - - makro-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa siste-
erovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebi
135
ma, gamoiyeneba qveynis ekonomi-
kur statistikaSi, asaxavs eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis (erovnu-
li Semosavlis, saboloo pro-
duqtis warmoebis, ganawilebis,
gadanawilebisa da moxmarebis,
agreTve erovnuli simdidris
formirebis) mniSvnelovan aspeq-
tebs. termini SemoiRo holan-
dielma ekonomistma ed. van
klifma XX saukunis 40-----50-----ianwlebSi. gaerom erovnuli an-
gariSianoba safuZvlad daudo
erovnul angariSTa standar-
tul sistemas.
erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre (na-tional wealth) - - - - - gansazRvruli pe-
riodisTvis finansuri da ara-
finansuri aqtivebis erToblioba,
romelic moicavs mocemuli
qveynis teritoriaze da mis
farglebs gareT wina Taobebis
mier Seqmnil materialur da
aramaterialur qonebas, agreTve
gamokvleul da ekonomikur
brunvaSi moqceul resursebs.
farTo gagebiT, erovnuli
simdidre aris Taobebis mier
SromiT Seqmnili da dagrovili
materialuri simdidre, warmoe-
bis procesSi CarTuli da aR-
ricxuli bunebrivi resursebi,
agreTve adamianiseuli kapita-
li (inteleqtualuri kapita-
li, dagrovili codna, gamocdi-
leba da a.S.). gamoiTvleba mim-
dinare da Sesadar fasebSi.
axasiaTebs qveynis socialur-----
ekonomikur mdgomareobas.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi
gamoiTvleba erovnuli simdi-----
dris rogorc mTliani mocu-----
loba, ise misi odenoba qveynis
erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT.
msoflio bankisa da gaeros
ganviTarebis programis Sefase-
biT, msoflio erovnuli sim-
didris struqturaSi bunebrivi
resursebi Seadgens 20,0%-----s,
dagrovili materialuri sim-
didre _ _ _ _ _ 16,0%-----s, xolo adami-
aniseuli kapitali _ _ _ _ _ 64,0%-----s.
Tanamedrove msoflios erov-
nuli simdidre (msoflio bankis
monacemebze dayrdnobiT), 550
trilion dolars Seadgens.
aqedan, 365 trilioni modis ad-
amianiseul kapitalze, materia-
lur kapitalze _ _ _ _ _ 95, xolo
bunebriv resursebze _ _ _ _ _ 90 tri-
lioni dolari.
erovnuli simdidre araTa-
nabaria sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
misi naxevari modis `did Svi-
deulze~ _ _ _ _ _ aSS, didi britane-
Ti, safrangeTi, germania, ital-
ia, kanada, iaponia. danarCeni naxe-
vari nawildeba Semdegnairad:
opekis qveynebze modis 95 tri-
lioni dolari, dsT-----is qveynebze
80, danarCen qveynebze _ _ _ _ _ 100
trilioni dolari.
bunebrivi resursebiT msof-
lioSi yvelaze mdidari qveya-
erovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidre
136
na ruseTia. misi resursuli
potenciali, mosaxleobis erT
sulze gaangariSebiT, 2-----2,5-----jer
aWarbebs aSS-----is resursul po-
tencials, 6-----jer germaniisas da
18-----21-----jer _ _ _ _ _ iaponiisas. aSS-----is
erovnuli simdidre, mimdinare
fasebiT, daaxloebiT 24 tril-
ioni dolaris tolia.
erovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobis
rombirombirombirombirombi (national priority rhomb) –
maikl porteris daimondis mod-
eli, qveynis konkurentuli up-
iratesobis qvakuTxedi, aisaxe-
ba lokaluri konkurentuli
upiratesobis oTx determinan-
tSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi
warmoqmnian im specifikur gare-
mos, romelic xels uwyobs ax-
ali, konkurentunariani kompanie-
bis ̀ aRmocenebas~. saboloo an-
gariSiT yalibdeba is `saTa-
maSo veli~, romelsac konkuren-
tunariani qveyana qmnis saku-
Tari industriis ganviTarebi-
saTvis. es determinantebia:
1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.
qveynis pozicia im warmoebis
faqtorebTan (kvalificiuri
samuSao Zala, teqnologiuri,
administraciuli da fizikuri
infrastruqtura, kapitalis
bazrebi, miwodebis pirobebi)
mimarTebaSi, romlebic aucile-
belia mocemuli dargis kon-
kurentunarianobisaTvis. Zalze
mniSvnelovania Tu ra tempiT
da ramdenad efeqtianad qmnis
da ganaaxlebs qveyana am faqto-
rebs konkurentul dargebSi.
magaliTad, kolejdamTavrebuli
muSaxeli ar ganapirobebs kon-
kurentul upiratesobas Tan-
amedrove pirobebSi. amisaTvis
igi specializebuli unda iyos
dargis konkretuli moTxovne-
bis Sesabamisad, rac venCurul
kapitalsa da stabilur inves-
ticiebs moiTxovs. konkuren-
tuli upiratesoba ukavSirde-
ba msoflio klasis moderni-
zebuli institutebis Seqmnasa
da maT mier warmoebuli bren-
dis Sedegia. mag., dania msof-
lio lideria diabetis kvl-
evasa da insulinis eqsportSi,
xolo niderlandi msoflio
lideria yvavilebis kultivi-
rebis, SefuTvisa da trans-
portirebis sferoSi.
2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.
qveynis Sida bazarze mocemu-
li dargis produqciaze moTx-
ovnis raodenobrivi, gansakuTre-
biT ki, xarisxobrivi, Tvisebrivi
determinatebi;
3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso
doneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunariani
dardardardardargebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-
roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;
4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-
tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-
rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. qveyanaSi
erovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombi
137
arsebuli pirobebi, romlebic
warmarTaven kompaniebis Seqm-
nas, organizebasa da marTvas,
agreTve metoqeobasa da konku-
renciis xasiaTs.....
erovnuli konkurentuli
upiratesobis rombi, rogorc
sistema, gavlenas axdens kom-
paniaTa konkurentunarianobis
iseT komponentebze, rogoricaa:
resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, da-
sabuTebuli uaxlesi informa-
ciis mopoveba, unar-Cvevebis aku-
mulireba, romelTa safuZvelze
kompaniebi acnobiereben ra mima-
rTulebiT warmarTon TavianTi
biznesi da miaRwion konkuren-
tul upiratesobas. porteris
azriT, kompaniebze ganxorcie-
lebuli sxvadasxva saxis ze-
wola aiZulebs maT miizidon
investiciebi da ganaxorcielon
inovaciebi. magaliTad, iaponel-
Ta cnobilma gancxadebam `Cven
varT kunZuli-saxelmwifo buneb-
rivi resursebis gareSe~ – kar-
gi samsaxuri gauwia maT qveya-
nas am naklovanebiT gamowveuli
araxelsayreli mdgomareoba kon-
kurentuli inovaciebis ganxor-
cilebiTa da informaciis swra-
fi mopovebis gziT bazris ufro
mdgradi segmentebis moZiebaSi
ucxoeli metoqeebisaTvis das-
wrebiT gadaefaraT.
amrigad, qveyanaSi Camoyali-
bebuli kompaniaTa konkurentu-
narianobis amaRlebis garemo
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganamtki-
cebs maT konkurentul upirate-
sobas. rodesac kompaniebi ara-
saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aR-
moCndebian nedleulis simci-
ris, miwis maRali fasis, muSaxe-
lis deficitis gamo, imisaTvis
rom gauZlon konkurencias, isi-
ni adekvaturad reagireben baz-
ris moTxovnebze, rac gamoixa-
teba imaSi, rom mimarTaven war-
moebis modernizacias, nergaven
axal teqnologiebs, inovaciebs,
afuZneben Tanamedrove stra-
tegiebs da amiT qmnian axal
bazars. am SemTxvevaSi konkuren-
tuli brZolis modeli arafa-
sismier konkurenciaSi aisaxe-
ba, rac maRali xarisxis, teqno-
logiurad srulyofili saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis bazarze
miwodebaSi gamoixateba.
erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali (na-tional income) - - - - - erovnuli war-
moebidan miRebuli Semosavali;
ekonomikaSi yvela saxis Semo-
savlis jami; saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis fuladi Sefaseba, ro-
melic iqmneba qveyanaSi ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis Sedegad. moi-
cavs xelfass, rentul Semo-
savals, korporaciebis Semosav-
lebs, wminda procentsa da sa-
kuTrebidan Semosavlebs. gamo-
iTvleba rogorc sxvaoba VTG-----is
sidides, ZiriTadi kapitalis
erovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavali
138
itvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlb
itvjcfdfkb lfcfmvt,blfy
itvjcfdfkb bylbdblefke-
hb vtofhvtj,blfy
rjvgfybbc v'kbfyb vjut,f
cf[tkvobaj cfofhvjt,bc
v'kbfyb vjut,f
htynf
gkec
gkec
gkec
gkec
40
5
5
5
5
moxmarebasa da arapirdapir ga-
dasaxadebze gaweul jamobriv
danaxarjebs Soris.
arsebobs sami midgoma erov-
nuli Semosavlis gansazRvri-
sadmi. pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis mi-
xedviT, ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bisagan miRebuli Semosavlebi
iyofa mogebisgan Semosavlebad
da dasaqmebisgan Semosavlebad;
meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma mdgomareobs
samomxmareblo da sainvesti-
cio xarjebis mTliani Tanxis
dajamebaSi; mesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgoma
gulisxmobs qveynis ekonomikis
yvela seqtoris produqciis
Tanxis Sekrebas. Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-
is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa da gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-
buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-
baze baze baze baze baze dafuZnebuli am sami mid-
gomidan gamomdinareobs ekonomi-
kuri agregatebis aRweris sx-
vadasxva meTodi, romlebic gam-
oiyeneba erovnuli Semosavlis
angariSis Sedgenisas. amis Sesa-
xeb naTel warmodgenas iZleva
qvemod moyvanili cxrili (cif-
rebi pirobiTia).
cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili
erovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavali
njkbf
vbyec
njkbf
gkec
njkbf
gkec
gkec
gkec
njkbf
gkec
vbyec
vbyec
gkec
njkbf
gkec
v'kbfyb ibuf itvjcfdfkb
vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,bc uf-
vjmdb'fvlt
vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,f
v'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb
ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpq-
dfhufht' fhct,ekb mjyt-
,blfy
v'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb
[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb
cfvjv[vfht,kj [fh]t,b
cfmjytkcf lf vjvcf[eht-
,fpt cf[tkvobaj jhufyjt-
,bc vbvlbyfht [fh]t,b
v'kbfyb iblf bydtcnbwb-
t,b sbhb'fl rfgbnfkib
vfhfut,bc abpbrehb vj-
wekj,bc uflblt,bc qbht-
,ekt,f lf lfev'fdht,t-
kb ofhvjt,f
th'j,kbdb ibuf [fh]t,b
cf,fphj afct,ib
tmcgjhnb lf itvjcfdfkb
cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb
mjyt,blfy
bvgjhnb lf itvjcfdkt,b
cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb
mjyt,blfy
fhfgbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flt,b
ce,cblbt,b
v'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb
ofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlb
cjakbc vtehytj,f lf vhto-
dtkj,bc vjgjdt,b'b lfh-
ut,b
vhtodtkj,bc uflfvveif-
dt,tkb lfhut,b
60
15
45
5
50
35
10
10
5
60
10
15
10
5
50
5
20
139erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.
gkec
njkbf
gkec
njkbf
vbyec
njkbf
vjvcf[eht,f lf vityt,kj,f
v'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb
ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpqdfh-
ufht' fhct,ekb mjyt,blfy
v'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb
sbhb'flb rfgbnfkbc fvjh-
nbpfwbf
ovbylf thjdyekb ghj-
lemnb
20
45
5
50
10
40
xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis gamoye-
nebisas sabazro fasebiT jam-deba samomxmareblo da sain-
vesticio xarjebi erTobliviSida xarjebis misaRebad. ikribe-
ba mxolod saboloo dovla-Tis Rirebulebebi da gamoiri-
cxeba yvela xarji SualedurdovlaTze. amasTan, vinaidan sab-
oloo dovlaTze gavlenasaxdens gadasaxadebi, subsidie-
bi da xarjebi importze, mag-ram ar icvleba eqsportis Rire-
buleba, amitom am meTodiTmTliani erovnuli produqtis
misaRebad aucilebelia Ses-worebebis Setana aRniSnuli mo-
mentebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
warmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTa
meTodi meTodi meTodi meTodi meTodi ajamebs damatebul Ri-rebulebas warmoebis yvela sta-
diaze qveynis dargebsa da sa-warmoebSi. am damatebul Ri-
rebulebaTa jami iZleva mTlianSida produqts, romelic sazR-vargareT arsebuli sakuTre-
bidan wminda Semosavlis dama-tebiT gardaiqmneba mTlian erov-
nul produqtad.amrigad, samive meTodiT ga-
iangariSeba mTliani erovnuliproduqti, romelic, ZiriTadi
kapitalis amortizaciis gamo-qviTvis Semdeg, iZleva erovnul
Semosavals, anu ufro zustad,wminda erovnul produqts.
erou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT j& (dab. 1921)
(Arrow Kennet J.) - - - - - amerikeli
erovnuli Semosavlis gan-sazRvra Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-diT diT diT diT diT ar daiyvaneba yvela Se-mosavlis martiv dajamebamde.
erovnuli Semosavali arisqveynis rezidentebis (korpo-raciebi da kerZo pirebi) Se-mosavlebis erToblioba, romel-sac iReben uSualod mimdinarewarmoebidan. igi moicavs war-moebis faqtorTa mflobeleb-is Semosavlebs da gamoricx-avs yvela im Semosavals, romel-ic ar SeiZleba Sefasdes ga-dasaxadebad mimdinare warmoe-brivi saqmianobisTvis. yvelafaqtoruli Semosavlis jamswarmoadgens mTliani Sida Se-mosavali, romelic maragebisgaZvirebiT gamowveuli cvli-lebebis Semdeg iZleva mTlianSida produqts. Tu amis Sem-deg mas daemateba wminda Semo-savali sazRvargareT arsebulisakuTrebidan, maSin saboloodmiiReba mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufrocnocnocnocnocnobilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlianianianianiani
erovnuli perovnuli perovnuli perovnuli perovnuli produqtiroduqtiroduqtiroduqtiroduqti.
140
ekonomisti, jon hiksTan erTad
ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis
laureati (1972). gansakuTre-
buli wvlili miuZRvis ekono-
metrikis ganviTarebaSi. misi
naSromebi ZiriTadad eZRvneba say-
ovelTao wonasworobis siste-
mis analizs. naSromSi ̀ sazoga-
doebrivi arCevani da individ-
ualuri faseulobebi~ (1951)
ganixila keTildReobis ekono-
mikuri Teoriis dilema, romel-
ic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mo-
mxmarebelTa suverenitetis
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia gan-
sazRvro individualuri pri-
oritetebis Sesabamisi sazoga-
doebrivi prioritetebi. amit-
om SeuZlebelia sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis funqciis Se-
muSaveba, romelic pozitiurad
dakavSirebuli iqneba individ-
ualur arCevanTan. sazogadoe-
bas ar SeuZlia SeimuSaos
koleqtiuri Sexeduleba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra surs mas.
erous ZiriTadi naSrome-
bia: `gamokvleva warmoebisa da
maragebis maTematikur Teoria-
Si~ (1958), `narkvevebi riskis
TeoriaSi~ (1970), ̀ konkurenciis
zogadi analizi~ (1971) (frenk
hanTan erTad) da a.S.
erouerouerouerouerou-----debrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modeli
(Arrow-----Debreus model) - - - - - nobe-lis premiis laureatebis k. ero-
usa da J. debrios mier Semu-
Savebuli konkurenciuli baz-
ris sayovelTao wonasworobis
ekonomikur-maTematikur Teore-
maze agebuli modeli, romelic
maT cal-calke daamuSaves, xolo
Semdeg erTobliv publikacia-
Si warmoadgines 1954 wels.
erouerouerouerouerou-----pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-
enti enti enti enti enti (Arrow-----Pratt coefficient) -----riskisgan gadaxris intensivo-
bis maCvenebeli, romlis sid-
ide ganisazRvreba rogorc sar-
geblianobis meore warmoebu-
li funqciis Tanafardoba zRv-
rul sargeblianobasTan.
etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi (etatism) [<frang.etat saxelmwifo] - - - - - politikuri
cneba, romelic gamoxatavs aq-
tiur Carevas sazogadoebis
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi.
efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna (ef-fective demand) - - - - - erToblivi
moTxovna saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebaze, uzrunvelyofili
maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro re-
sursebiT. igi gansxvavdeba po-
tenciuri moTxovnisagan, rome-
lic ukavSirdeba saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis SeZenis survils,
magram ar aris uzrunvelyo-
fili maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro
resursebiT da amitom ar Sei-
Zleba fasebis meqanizmis meS-
veobiT dayvanili iqnes momx-
mareblamde.
aseTi dayofa mniSvnelova-
nia imiT rom, vinaidan fasebis
erouerouerouerouerou-----debrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modeli
141
meqanizmi ar iZleva signals po-tenciuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb, ami-tom sabazro ekonomikaSi SeiZ-leba warmoiqmnas uwonasworoba.
efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba (efficiency) -----resursTa gamoyenebis Sefaseb-is kriteriumi. gamoiTvlebaresursebis gamoyenebiT miRe-buli Sedegis SefardebiT war-moebisa da realizaciis dan-axarjebTan. bazris efeqtianobamiiRweva maSin, roca resurse-bi imgvarad nawildeba, rom maTigamoyenebiT miiReba maqsimalu-rad SesaZlebeli wminda ekono-mikuri mogeba.
eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti (expatriante)----- farTo gagebiT, am terminSiigulisxmeba ucxoelebi, magramukanasknel periodSi SeimCnevatendencia misi ufro viwrogagebiT gamoyenebisa, ganviTare-buli qveynebidan ganviTarebadqveynebSi Camosul pirTa mimar-TebaSi. maTi samuSao, or qveya-nas Soris xelfasis doneebSisxvaobidan gamomdinare, Seda-rebiT maRalanazRaurebadia.
eqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluatacia (exploitation)– gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelo-biT: pirveli gulisxmobs resur-sebis gamoyenebas, xolo meore_ daqiravebuli muSakis mierdaxarjuli Sromis anazRa-urebaSi damqiraveblis mierdaSvebul Secdomebs. amis ma-galiTia, rodesac damqiravebeligacilebiT naklebs uxdis da-qiravebuls, vidre misi Sromis
fasia.eqspluataciis es meore gan-
marteba ukavSirdeba karl mar-qsis zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-rias. marqsis mixedviT zedme-ti Rirebulebis norma eqsplu-ataciis sazomia. aseTma for-mulirebam Tavi iCina Tanamed-rove ekonomikur terminebSic(j. robinsoni) rogorc sxva-obam daqiravebulis xelfassada misi zRvruli produqtisRirebulebas Soris.
eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti (export) - - - - - erTqveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisada momsaxurebis gatana sazR-vargareT sagareo bazrebze re-alizaciis mizniT. arsebobs xi-xi-xi-xi-xi-luli luli luli luli luli da uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi eqsporti.xilulia fizikurad xelSesa-xebi saqonlis eqsporti, xolouxilavi _ _ _ _ _ momsaxurebisa.
eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia (extrapo-lation) [<laT. polatio] - - - - - Secvla,ganaxleba) _ _ _ _ _ 1. arsebuli mo-nacemebis safuZvelze ekonomi-kur maCvenebelTa mosalodne-li mniSvnelobebis gansazRvrawarsulSi maTi cvlilebebisgaTvaliswinebiT; 2. statisti-kuri kvlevisas movlenis erTnawilze dakvirvebis safuZvel-ze miRebuli daskvnebis gavr-celeba mis meore nawilze.
eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-
nizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi (ex-territorial organizations and bodies)- - - - - moicavs iseT saerTaSoriso
organizaciebs, rogoricaa gaer-
eqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli organizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebi da da da da da.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .
142
Tianebuli erebis organizacia
da misi specializebuli dan-
ayofebi, regionuli organoebi
da a.S., evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-
bis organizacia, arabuli sax-
elmwifoebis liga, sabaJo Tan-
amSromlobis sabWo, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto fondi, ame-
rikuli saxelmwifoebis orga-
nizacia, afrikuli erTianobis
organizacia da sxv. rac Seex-
eba diplomatiur warmomadgen-
lobebsa da saelCoebs, isini
gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mixedviT
klasificirebulia qvejgufSi _____
`ucxouri saqmeebi~. es ukanas-
kneli, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobaSi Sedis.
eqsteritoriuli organi-
zaciebi da organoebi gaeros
ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----Si calke ganyofilebad
Sedis.
eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba (exter-ritoriality) [<laT. exterritorialis] -----gansakuTrebuli uflebamosile-
bani (sacxovreblis xelSeux-
ebloba, begarisa da gadasaxa-
disagan ganTavisufleba da sxv.),
romlebsac saxelmwifo aniWebs
ucxoeTis diplomatiur war-
momadgenlebs.
eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia (exter-nality) - - - - - firmis mier sakuTarisaWiroebisaTvis warmoebuli
momsaxurebis miyidva sxva kompa-
niebisaTvis. Cveulebriv, eqster-
nalizacia xorcieldeba fir-
mis SigniT qveganyofilebebis
an filialebis Seqmnis gziT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu solidur
sabazro warmatebas miaRwevs,
aseT filials SeuZlia Tavad
gaxdes damoukidebeli firma.
mag., inglisis eqvsi wamyvani
firma, romlebic amJamad kom-
piuterul momsaxurebaSia spe-
cializebuli, adre am qveynis
transerovnuli korporaciebis
filialebad iTvleboda.
ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-
drodrodrodrodro (1845_1926) (Edgeworth Fran-sis Ysidro) – oqsfordis univer-sitetis profesori 1891_1922
wlebSi, amave wlebSi ̀ ekonomi-
kuri Jurnalis~ gamomcemeli,
marJinalisti da ekonomikur-
maTematikuri skolis warmomad-
geneli. cnobilia agreTve ro-
gorc statistikuri meTodebis
mkvlevari. ejourtis naSrome-
bidan aRsaniSnavia: ̀ maTematikuri
fsiqologia~ (1881), `albaTo-
bisa da sargeblianobis gazomvis
meTodi~ (1888), `monopoliebis
Teoria~ (1897), ̀ ganawilebis Te-
oria~ (1904), ̀ statiebi politi-
kuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb~ (1925)
da a.S. misi gamokvlevebidan gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsa-
xura indeqsebisa da sabanko saq-
mis maTematikuri modelirebisa-
dmi miZRvnilma publikaciebma.
eqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriuloba
143valorizaciavalorizaciavalorizaciavalorizaciavalorizacia
vvvvvvagnervagnervagnervagnervagnerisisisisis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni (Wagner’s
law) - - - - - hipoTeza, romelic wamo-
ayena XIX saukunis bolos ger-
manelma ekonomistma adolf vag-
nerma. misi azriT, samrewvelo
ganviTarebas Tan axlavs saxel-
mwifo xarjebis wilis zrda
mTlian erovnul produqtSi.
vagnerma Camoayaliba am movle-
nis sami ZiriTadi mizezi:
1. xarjebis SefardebiTi
zrda saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
baze, kanonierebis da wesrigis
dacvaze, agreTve sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kvalobaze ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis regulirebaze;
2. moTxovnis elastikuroba
saxelmwifos kulturul da
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze.
moTxovna aseTi saxis momsaxu-
rebaze izrdeba ufro swrafad,
vidre Semosavlebi;
3. ekonomikuri ganviTareb-
is kvalobaze samrewvelo mo-
nopoliebis zrda, romelic sax-
elmwifo kontrols moiTxovs.
vagneris winaswarmetyveleba
daadastura Semdgomma movle-
nebma, Tumca, im periodSi igi
gaxda mwvave kritikis obieqti.
vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari (time de-posits) - - - - - vadiani depoziti, dan-azogi, romelic Senaxulia bank-
Si gansazRvruli vadiT da am
vadis gasvlamde ar gaicema.
vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi (timebill) - - - - - Tamasuqi fiqsirebuli vadiT.
vakufi vakufi vakufi vakufi vakufi (wakuf) [arab. wakf]- - - - - uZravi an moZravi qoneba (aR-
mosavleTis zogierT qveyana-
Si), Sewiruli religiuri or-
ganizaciebisa da dawesebu-
lebebis sasargeblod.
valvacia valvacia valvacia valvacia valvacia (valuation) [<frang.evaluation Sefaseba) _ _ _ _ _ ucxourivalutis Rirebulebis gansaz-
Rvra ama Tu im saxelmwifos
erovnuli fuladi erTeuliT.
vali vali vali vali vali (debt) - - - - - valdebule-
ba, warmoqmnili fuladi saxs-
rebis, sesxis an saqonlis (mom-
saxurebis) kreditiT miRebis
safuZvelze, anu mogvianebiT
gadaxdis Sesaxeb. valis for-
ma damokidebulia garigebis
pirobebze. misi umetesoba iTva-
liswinebs procentis gadaxdas
garkveul periodSi, Cveulebriv,
dadgenil vadaSi. arsebobs va-
lis sxvadasxva saxe, maT Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxelm-
wifo vali, romelsac SeiZle-
ba hqondes sabazro forma, anu
SeiZleba misi yidva-----gayidva
gansazRvrul bazarze, magali-
Tad, iseTze, rogoricaa safon-
do birJa.
valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia (valorization)[<frang. valorisition] - - - - - saqonlis
fasis, fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
sis aweva saxelmwifo RonisZ-
144
iebebis daxmarebiT.
valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon (1834-1910)
(Walras Leon) – warmoSobiT
frangi, 1870 wels gaxda loza-
nis universitetis politikuri
ekonomiis kaTedris pirveli
xelmZRvaneli. didi warmateba
moutana faseulobis Teoria-
Si zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoriis damoukideblad Se-
muSavebam (1873), magram misi
uTvalsaCinoesi miRweva ekono-
mikur TeoriaSi iyo yvela baz-
ris momcveli sayovelTao wo-
nasworobis Teoriis Seqmna.
valrasma, maTematikuri aparatis
gamoyenebiT, warmoadgina bazris
idealuri modeli, romelic aer-
Tianebs warmoebis, gacvlis, kapi-
talisa da fulis Teoriebs
(1874-1877).
valuta valuta valuta valuta valuta (currency) [<ital.
valuta-----fasi, Rirebuleba] - - - - - qvey-nis fuladi erTeuli, romel-
ic monawileobs saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur gacvlaSi da dakav-
Sirebulia yovelgvar fulad
angariSsworebasTan saerTaSo-
riso urTierTobaSi. valutas
miekuTvneba agreTve saerTaSo-
riso saangariSsworebo fula-
di erTeulebi (mag., evro), rom-
lebic emitirebulia samTavro-
baTaSoriso savaluto-----safinan-
so organizaciebis mier.
sxvadasxva qveynis valute-
bi saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
baSi araTanabari zomiT gamo-
iyeneba, vinaidan am qveynebs msof-
lio safinanso gaerTianebis
mier aRiarebuli da dakanone-
buli konvertirebis sxvadas-
xva reJimi aqvT. amitom qvey-
nebis erTi jgufi (aSS, didi
britaneTi, iaponia, da sxv.) saer-
TaSoriso angariSsworebaSi iy-
enebs rogorc sakuTar erovnul
valutas, ise ucxoursac, ma-
Sin rodesac sxva saxelmwi-
foebi (maT Soris, saqarTvelo
da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
sxva respublikebi) iZulebulni
arian saerTaSoriso angariSs-
worebaSi mxolod ucxouri
valutebi gamoiyenon.
saerTaSoriso savaluto
brunvaSi upiratesad monawi-
leobs sul ramdenime Tavisu-
flad konvertirebadi valuta,
romlebsac amJamad saerTa-
Soriso savaluto fondi mi-
akuTvnebs aSS-----is dolars, evros,
inglisur girvanqa sterlings
da iaponur iens. swored es
valutebi Seadgenen msoflio
savaluto rezervebis ZiriTad
masas. arsebobs agreTve sxva
Tavisuflad konvertirebadi
valutebi _ _ _ _ _ zogierTi qveynis
(Sveicariis, singapuris da sxv.)
erovnuli fuladi erTeulebi,
magram emisiis masStabis gamo
msoflioSi maTi raodenoba ar
aris sakmarisi saerTaSoriso
valrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leon
145
sagadasaxado brunvis momsax-
urebisaTvis. msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi fuladi erTeulebi
an SezRuduli Seqcevadobisaa,
an mTlianad Seuqcevadi da mx-
olod savaluto kotirebis
meSveobiT ukavSirdeba savalu-
to sferos.
msoflio vaWrobasa da sae-----
rTaSoriso investirebaSi Zir-
iTadi (sarezervo) valutis
rols asrulebs aSS-----is dola-
ri (agreTve, evro), romlis wi-
ladac modis saerTaSoriso an-
gariSsworebisa da savaluto
rezervebis mniSvnelovani naw-
ili. nedleulis, energomatare-----
blebis, umetesi saxis mza na-
warmis msoflio fasebi dola-
rebSia fiqsirebuli.
valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-
lislislislislis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (Exchange MarketPressure Index - - - - - EMPI) - - - - - mokle-
vadiani saprocento ganakveTis,
saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da
gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis
saSualo Sewonili sidide. igi
mxolod ramdenime makroeko-
nomikur maCvenebels moicavs da
amis gamo, qveyanaSi mimdinare
yvela ekonomikur process
srulad ver aRwers. EMPI in-
deqsi 1996 wels SeimuSaves
eiCengrinma, rouzma da uaiploz-
ma. maRali indeqsi valutis ba-
zarze did zewolaze metyve-
lebs. EMPI gamoiTvleba Semde-
gi formuliT:
sadac ite - - - - - erovnuli valutis
nominaluri gacvliTi kursia
dolaris mimarT, iti da itr , Sesa-
bamisad, _ _ _ _ _ moklevadiani sapro-
cento ganakveTis da wminda
saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da
sarezervo fulis Sefardeba i-----uri qveynisaTvis; ii da ir aR-
niSnavs iti da itr saSualos, gansazRvravs zrdis temps. EMPI
indeqsi sakmaod mgrZnobiarea
globalur finansur bazrebze
mimdinare procesebis mimarT da
naTlad asaxavs krizisebis ̀ ga-
damdeb~ efeqts met-----naklebad
dakavSirebuli finansuri ba-
zrebis mqone qveynebs Soris.
mag., meqsikis krizisi 1994-----1995
wlebSi da misi gavlena laTi-
nuri amerikis qveynebze, ruse-
Tis krizisi 1998 wels da misi
gavlena postsabWoTa qveynebze
da a.S.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi EMPI
indeqsi urTierTdamokidebuleb-
is axsnis martivi meTodia. mag.,
EMPI indeqsis korelaciis koe-
ficienti saqarTvelosa da
TurqeTs Soris (0,555) ufro
maRalia, vidre saqarTvelosa
da ruseTs Soris (0,367). es
niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos
ekonomikaze TurqeTis finan-
valutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi
),( iit rrY
)ii
it(iβ
iteα
itEMPI
146
suri krizisi, ruseTTan Sedar-
ebiT, ufro did gavlenas
axdens.
valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari (curren-cy market) - - - - - meqanizmi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs valutebisa da
ucxour valutebSi gamoxatu-
li sagadasaxado dokumente-
bis _ _ _ _ _ Cekebis, Tamasuqebis, akre-
ditivebis da a.S. yidva-----gayid-
vas. es procesi xorcieldeba
valutebis gacvlis formiT da
moTxovna-----miwodebis safuZvelze
dadgenili kursis Sesabamisad.
valutis bazari, rogorc insti-
tuciuri meqanizmi, bankebis,
valutis birJebis, savaluto
ganyofilebebis, msxvili, pirv-
el yovlisa, transerovnuli kor-
poraciebis specializebuli sab-
rokero firmebis erTobliobaa.
savaluto operaciebis ZiriTad
nawils, centraluri bankis li-
cenziis safuZvelze, axorciele-
ben savaluto bankebi. rogorc
wesi, es aris Tanamedrove teq-
nikiT aRWurvili umsxvilesi
bankebi, romlebsac mraval qve-
yanaSi aqvT sakuTari ganyofi-
lebebi da valutis yidva-----gayid-
vis Sesaxeb garigebebs axor-
cieleben mTeli dRe-----Ramis gan-
mavlobaSi.
valutis bazris daniSnule-
baa sxvadasxva valutaSi saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebis praq-
tikuli realizacia, saxelmwi-
fos, bankebis, sxvadasxva kor-
poraciebis savaluto rezerve-
bis diversifikacia, moTxovna-----
miwodebis safuZvelze valut-
is kursis dadgena, savaluto
riskis dazRvevasTan dakavSire-
buli operaciebis Catareba da
sxv.
valutis bazarze angariS-
sworeba xdeba naRdi (dauyovne-
beli), kombinirebuli da vadi-
ani gadaxdis formiT. savalu-
to operaciebSi naRdi formiT
angariSsworeba cnobilia ̀ spo-
tis~, vadiani garigeba _ _ _ _ _ ̀ for-
vardis~, xolo kombinirebuli
_ _ _ _ _ ̀ svopis~ saxelwodebiT. gar-
da amisa, valutis bazarze
sruldeba saarbitraJo opera-
ciebi, romlebic zrdis ten-
denciiT xasiaTdeba.
valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa (currencystock market) [<laT. bursa - - - - - sa-fule] - - - - - bazris instituti, rom-lis meSveobiTac xdeba ucxo-
uri valutebis kursis (fasis)
kotireba.
rac Seexeba ucxouri valu-
tiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul
operaciebs, valutis birJaze ma-
Ti mxolod nawili sruldeba.
valutis birJis gansakuTre-
buli roli imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom am birJaze fiqsirdeba uc-
xouri valutebis oficialuri
kursi (oficialuri fasi), ro-
gorc safinanso da statisti-
valutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazari
147
kuri gaangariSebebis sayovelao
masStabi, romelsac bazad iy-
eneben arasabanko seqtoris kli-
entebTan savaluto angariSs-
worebisas.
valutis birJis funqcion-
irebaSi mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebs centraluri banki. Tu
romelime valutis kursis ze-
da zRvaris amaRlebis saSiS-
roeba warmoiqmneba, igi zrdis
am valutis miwodebas, magram
Tu, piriqiT, kursis dacemis
tendencia SeimCneva, centra-
luri banki yidulobs valu-
tas misi paritetis SenarCuneb-
isaTvis. centraluri bankis
`intervencia~ SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes valutis birJis far-
glebs gareTac. es nakarnaxe-
via, pirvel yovlisa, oficialu-
ri kursis dadgenis saWiroebiT.
birJaze savaluto vaWro-
ba nebadarTulia mxolod devi-
zebiT da ara monetebiT an saxa-
zino bileTebiT. vaWrobis dam-
Tavrebisas birJaze cxaddeba
myidvelis, gamyidvelisa da sa-
Sualo kursebi. oficialur
biuletenSi, rogorc wesi, qvey-
ndeba mxolod myidvelisa da
gamyidvelis kursebi, rac klien-
tebTan angariSsworebis safuZ-
velia. Tu klienti valutas
yidulobs, maSin banki Tanxas
gaiangariSebs gamyidvelis kur-
siT, xolo Tu klienti valu-
tas mihyidis banks, maSin Tanxa
gamoiTvleba ufro dabali my-
idvelis kursiT. gamyidvelisa
da myidvelis kursebs Soris
sxvaoba daaxloebiT Seesabame-
ba savaluto operaciebze gawe-
ul danaxarjebs.
msoflioSi yvelaze cnobi-
lia germaniis, safrangeTis, bel-
giis, niderlandis valutis
birJebi. zog qveyanaSi aseTi bir-
Ja saerTod ar arsebobs, kurse-
bis kotireba ki sxvadasxvagva-
rad xdeba. mag., SveicariaSi
ucxouri valutebis kursebs
msxvili bankebi adgenen. aseve
xdeba did britaneTSic, sadac
presa aqveynebs cnobebs mxolod
yvelaze dabali da yvelaze
maRali kursebis Sesaxeb. skan-
dinaviis qveynebSi erovnul da
komerciul bankebs Soris winas-
war xdeba SeTanxmeba aSS-----is
dolarisa da britanuli gir-
vanqa sterlingis kursebis
Taobaze. italiaSi moqmedebs
ori sxvadasxva valutis birJa
gansxvavebuli kotirebiT. ita-
liis centraluri banki maTi
monawileobis safuZvelze ad-
gens kursis saSualo sidides,
romlis mixedviTac bankebi anga-
riSsworebas axdenen TavianT
klientebTan.
valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba (blo-cked currency) - - - - - sabanko angari-Sebze arsebuli ucxouri valu-
valutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokireba
148
tis gamoyenebis akrZalva an Sez-
Rudva saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis organoebis mier.
valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa (curren-cy basket) - - - - - erovnuli valute-
bis nakrebi, romelsac iyeneben
ucxouri valutebis kotirebi-
sas erovnuli an saerTaSoriso
koleqtiuri valutebis kur-
sis gansazRvrisaTvis, rac va-
lutebis msyidvelobiTi unarisa
da gacvlis saerTo ekonomikuri
pirobebis gavlenis gaTvalis-
winebis saSualebas iZleva.
valutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertireba
(convertion of currency) - - - - - erTi qvey-nis valutis gacvla sxva qvey-
nis valutaze moqmedi valut-
is kursis mixedviT, anu kon-
versiis ganxorcieleba.
valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi (gacvligacvligacvligacvligacvli-----
TiTiTiTiTi kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi) (currency exchangerate) - - - - - erovnuli valutis er-
Teulis raodenoba, romelic
SeiZleba gaicvalos ucxouri
valutis erT an ramdenime er-
Teulze da, piriqiT, erTi fu-
ladi erTeulis fasi, romel-
ic gamosaxulia meore erTeu-
liT. sabazro ekonomikaSi gan-
isazRvreba moTxovna-----miwodeb-
is zemoqmedebiT da gamoxata-
vs ekonomikis mdgomareobas (maT
Soris, fasebis donesac).
arsebobs alternatiuli
Sexeduleba valutis kursze,
romelic gamomdinareobs mone-
taruli Teoriisagan. igi valu-
tis kurss ganixilavs rogorc
ara fass, romelic aTanabrebs
valutaze moTxovnisa da miwo-
zdebis nakadebs, aramed rogorc
ori valutis SefardebiT fass,
gamomdinare iqidan, rom nebis-
mieri faqtori, romelic gav-
lenas axdens fuladi erTeu-
lis Rirebulebaze, gavlenas
moaxdens mis gacvliT kursze.
rodesac valutis bazarze ar
xorcieldeba samTavrobo inter-
venciebi, kursi Tavisuflad
curavs, maRldeba an ecema,
mocemul valutaze awonas-
worebs moTxovna-----miwodebas.
intervenciebi SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxva formis _ _ _ _ _ dawyebu-
li savaluto kontroliT,
damTavrebuli iseTi saqmiano-
biT, romelic uSualod ar Se-
dis sabazro operaciebSi, ma-
gram miznad isaxavs valutis
kursis stabilizacias.
breton-----vudsis sistemis
Sesabamisad XX saukunis 40-----
iani wlebis bolodan 70-----iani
wlebis dasawyisamde valutis
kursebs stabiluri SeTanxme-
buli paritetebi hqonda, Tum-
ca, SesaZlebeli iyo maTi cvli-
leba revalvaciisa da deval-
vaciis meSveobiT. centraluri
banki valutis yidvis an gay-
idvis gziT mastabilizebel
zemoqmedebas axdenda mis kur-
valutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTa
149
sze ryevis pirobebSi. 1971
wels aseT maregulirebel sis-
temaSi uaris Tqmis Semdeg va-
lutis kursebi gaxda moqnili
regulirebis obieqti, romlis
drosac centraluri bankebis
Careva ufro aqtiuria arasa-
surveli ryevebis dasaZlevad.
valutis kursebis moqnili regu-
lirebis sistemas zogjer ̀ bin-
Zur~ curvasac ki uwodeben, vi-
naidan sakuTar valutis kursze
saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba xSir-
ad nakarnaxevia angarebiani mo-
tivebiT.
valutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacema
(currency depreciation) - - - - - erTi va-lutis Rirebulebis Semcire-
ba sxva valutasTan SedarebiT,
anu misi gacvliTi kursis kleba
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-
gebiT devalvaciis analogiuria.
valutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrda
(currency appreciation) - - - - - erTi
valutis Rirebulebis mateba
sxva valutasTan SedarebiT, anu
misi gacvliTi kursis zrda
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-
gebiT revalvaciis analogiuria.
varantivarantivarantivarantivaranti (warrant - - - - - mindo-biloba) - - - - - 1. notariulad damt-
kicebuli werilobiTi dokumen-
ti, romelsac gascems erTi piri
meore piris saxelze mesame pi-
rTan misi saxeliT samoqmedod.
mindobilobis wardgena SeiZle-
ba qonebrivi da sxva sakiTxeb-
is gadasawyvetad bankSi, sasa-
marTloSi, arbitraJSi, birJasa
da a.S.; 2. saqonlis ganma-
wesrigebeli dokumenti, rome-
lic SeiZleba gadavides xel-
idan xelSi indosamentis meS-
veobiT. masSi fiqsirebulia
warmomadgenlis uflebamosile-
ba awarmoos garigeba an eweo-
des sxva samarTlebriv saqmi-
anobas mrwmuneblis saxeliT.
vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri (voucher) [<ing.voucher werilobiTi garantia]- - - - - miznobrivi sagadasaxado sa-
Sualeba; dokumenti, romelic
adasturebs moqalaqis uflebas
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis priva-
tizebuli wilis (fuladi for-
miT), socialur-----sayofacxovrebo
momsaxurebis dadgenili mocu-
lobis da a.S. miRebaze.
saprivatizacio vauCeri aris
Ceki, romelic iZleva privatize-
buli saxelmwifo sawarmoebis
aqciebis SeZenis uflebas. ase-
Ti vauCeri misi moqmedebis mTe-
li vadis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
gaiyidos nebismier kerZo pirze,
komerciul struqturasa Tu
sxva arasaxelmwifoebriv mesa-
kuTreze. gasayidi fasi SeiZleba
vauCeris sawyis, nominalur
fass daemTxves, aRematebodes
an masze naklebi iyos.
vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba (trade, merchandise) -----
vaWrobavaWrobavaWrobavaWrobavaWroba
150
saqonlis gacvla individebs an
jgufebs Soris, ganxorciele-
buli barteris meSveobiT an
uSualod fuliT. vaWrobis
upiratesobaa moxmarebisTvis xe-
lmisawvdomi dovlaTisa da
warmoebrivi saqmianobis spe-
cializaciis diapazonis gafar-
Toeba. vaWrobis gareSe indi-
videbma da jgufebma moTxov-
nilebebi unda daikmayofilon
sakuTari resursebiT. Tavisu-
fali vaWroba iwvevs Sromis
danawilebas, romelsac moaqvs
sargebloba misi yvela monawi-
lisaTvis.
vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein (1857-
1929) (Veblen Thorstein) – amerike-
li ekonomisti da sociologi,
Cikagos skolis profesori da
instituciuri ekonomikuri Teo-
riis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li. kapitalisturi sazogadoe-
bis instituciuri struqtur-
is Seswavlas miuZRvna: ̀ saqmiani
sawarmos Teoria~ (1904), ̀ mec-
nierebis adgili Tanamedrove
civilizaciaSi~ (1919), `absen-
teisturi sakuTreba~(1923),
`narkvevebi Cven cvalebad sa-
zogadoebriv wyobaze~ (1934)
da a.S.
veblens ekuTvnis rigi eko-
nomikuri terminis SemoReba da
originaluri ganmarteba. mag.,
demonstraciuli moxmareba,
rogorc STabeWdilebis moxdena
sazogadoebaze da ara ubra-
lod moxmareba, rogorc moTx-
ovnilebis dakmayofilebis sa-
Sualeba.
ZiriTad konfliqts vebleni
(marqsisgan gansxvavebiT) xedav-
da ara burJuaziasa da pro-
letariats Soris, aramed TviT-
dasaqmebulebs Soris, kerZod,
vinc `akeTebs~ fuls da vinc
kidev _ saqonels. veblenis
azriT, es konfliqti arsebobs
biznesmenebs Soris, romlebic
dainteresebulni arian warmoe-
bis finansuri mxariTa da moge-
biT, erTi mxriv, da sainJinro
da sxva kadrebs Soris war-
moebis efeqtianobiT (fizikuri
gamoxatulebiT), meore mxriv.
maT Soris konfliqti warmoiSva
am ukanasknelTa mudmivi ganax-
lebisaken miswrafebiT, rac au-
fasurebs biznesmenTa kapitalis
Rirebulebas. vebleni ikvlev-
da ̀ fuladi kulturis~ insti-
tutebs da asabuTebda, rom teq-
nologiebi am institutebis
ngreviT kidev ufro gaamwvavebs
arsebul konfliqts da gamoiw-
vevs sistemis kraxs.
veblenisveblenisveblenisveblenisveblenis efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti (Vebleneffect) – movlena, romelic war-
moiSoba maSin, roca zogierT
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-
sebis dacemisas momxmarebelTa
mniSvnelovani nawili fiqrobs,
rom es moxda xarisxis gauare-
vebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torstein
151
sebis gamo da amitomac amcir-
ebs maT moxmarebas. fasebis
dacemiT erToblivi moTxovnis
Semcireba ewinaaRmdegeba moTx-
ovnis kanons. am movlenis gaan-
alizeba ukavSirdeba amerike-
li ekonomistisa da sociol-
ogis, ekonomikaSi instituci-
uri mimdinareobis erT-erTi
warmomadgenlis, torstein ve-
blenis saxels da cnobilia
veblenis efeqtis saxelwodebiT.
venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali (ven-ture capital) - - - - - kapitali, rome-
lic gamoiyeneba inovaciuri
proeqtebis, mecnierul-----teq-
nologiuri damuSavebebisa da
gamogonebebis dasafinanseblad
da dakavSirebulia did riskTan.
axali teqnologiebis da-
muSavebisa da danergvisas, mo-
salodneli Sedegebis naklebad
stabilurobis gamo, mas xSi-
rad ̀ sarisko kapitals~ uwode-
ben. venCuruli kapitalis da-
bandeba ZiriTadad xdeba mec-
nierebatevad dargebSi.
venCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebi
(venture operations) [<ing. ventureriskis gaweva] - - - - - ZiriTadad in-ovaciuri bankebis mier mecnie-
rul-----teqnologiuri damuSave-
bebisa da gamogonebebis dafinan-
sebisa da dakreditebis mizniT
gatarebuli operaciebi. xasi-
aTdeba riskis maRali doniT.
venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli (sariskosariskosariskosariskosarisko) fir-fir-fir-fir-fir-
ma ma ma ma ma (venture firm) - - - - - mcire an saSu-alo sididis komerciuli or-
ganizacia, romelic uSualod
dakavebulia teqnikur siaxle-
Ta ganxilviT, SerCeviTa da
praqtikuli realizaciiT, mec-
nieruli gamokvlevebis da-
muSavebiT, garda amisa, afinan-
sebs da konsultaciebs uwevs
am siaxleTa mflobel kompanie-
bs. venCuruli firmebi Ziri-
Tadad msxvili kompaniebisagan
iReben SekveTebs.
virementi virementi virementi virementi virementi [<frang. vire-ment - - - - - moxveva] - - - - - sabanko op-
eracia, romlis drosac xdeba
erTi piris mimdinare anga-
riSidan meore piris angariSze
Tanxis gadatana.
vitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomika (vitalecono-my) – tradiciuli, sicocx-
lisunariani ekonomika, romel-
ic sabazro ekonomikis princi-
pebzea dafuZnebuli. masSi ar
arsebobs nekro- da zombieko-
nomika.
vitaekonomikis struqtura
aseTia: 1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi
arsebuli vitaekonomika; 2. pri-
vatizebuli vitaekonomika; 3. axa-
li investiciebiT Seqmnili vi-
taekonomikis kerZo seqtori.
saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebu-
li vitaekonomikis naTeli ma-
galiTia energetika da mom-
saxurebis sferos rigi dar-
gebisa (transporti, kavSirgab-
vitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomika
152
muloba da a.S.). privatizaci-
is SemTxvevaSi isini da maT-
Tan erTad mrewvelobis upi-
ratesad mcire obieqtebi gar-
daiqmneba privatizebul vitaeko-
nomikad.
axali investiciebiT, sabaz-
ro ekonomikis principebze da-
yrdnobiT, mowinave da ara moZ-
velebuli, meoradi teqnolo-
giebiT Seqmnili vitaekonomika
qveynis ekonomikis yvelaze jan-
saRi nawilia. (v. papavav. papavav. papavav. papavav. papava. aratra-
diciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi,
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis in-
stitutis gamomcemloba, 2011).
viqselisviqselisviqselisviqselisviqselis kr kr kr kr kriiiiiterterterterteriumi iumi iumi iumi iumi (Vik-sel’s criterion) - - - - - saxelmwifos mi-
er gamoyenebuli saSemosavlo
dabegvris iseTi sistema, romel-
ic Tanabar zians ayenebs yve-
la moqalaqis materialur
keTildReobas; msoflio praq-
tikaSi kargad cnobili `saga-
dasaxado tvirTis ganawileb-
is kriteriumi~, romelic Sve-
di ekonomistis k. viqselis sax-
els atarebs. misi arsi mdgo-
mareobs SemdegSi: saxelmwifo
SeZlebulTa Semosavlebs ufro
maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTs
uwesebs, vidre Raribebisas. pro-
gresuli dabegvris aseTi ska-
la, jer erTi, xels uwyobs Se-
mosavlebis samarTlian gadan-
awilebas, xolo meore, zrdis
sabiujeto Senatanebs. amrigad,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
amocanebis gadaWraSi bazris
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi
warmoSobs saxelmwifo saga-
dasaxado regulirebis auci-
leblobas Semosavlebis gadana-
wilebaSi socialuri samarTli-
anobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
viqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumi
153zombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomika
zzzzzzarali zarali zarali zarali zarali (Loss, Losses) -----
saxelmwifos, mewarmis, momxmare-
blis an Suamavlis materialuri,
qonebrivi da finansuri dana-
kargi, gamowveuli sameurneo-----
finansuri kavSirebis moSliT,
sasaqonlo da fuladi masis ba-
lansirebis darRveviT, stiqi-
uri ubedurebebiT, gaficvebiT,
uyairaTobiT, mflangvelobiT,
wundebuli produqciis gamoS-
vebiT, konfliqtebiT da sxv. sa-
zogadoebisaTvis didi zarali
moaqvs rekets, xelovnuri def-
icitis Seqmnas, momxmarebelTa
motyuebas, spekulacias, farul
ekonomikas da a.S. sawarmoebs
Soris xelSekrulebiT gaTval-
iswinebuli valdebulebis Seus-
ruleblobiT gamowveul za-
rals, rogorc wesi, anazRaurebs
valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare.
zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-
buleba buleba buleba buleba buleba (marginal damage cost)– rogorc wesi, garemos gaWuW-
yianebiT miyenebuli damatebi-
Ti zaralis Rirebuleba gamoxa-
tuli fuladi formiT. gare efeq-
tebis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo
SemTxveva. mag., mdinareebis, tbe-
bis, zRvebisa da a.S. navTobiT
gaWuWyianebis Sedegad komer-
ciuli meTevzeobisaTvis miyeneb-
uli damatebiTi zarali, rom-
lis zusti Sefaseba rTulia
da mxolod miaxloebiTia.
zaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebuleba
(damage cost) - - - - - fuladi formiT
gamoxatuli zaralis odenoba.
igi ZiriTadad garemos dabin-
ZurebiT miyenebuli zaralis ga-
momxatvelia. ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi garemos dabinZureba gani-
xileba rogorc gare efeqte-
bis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo Sem-
Txveva.
zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana (mint) - - - - - monete-bis, ordenebisa da sxva sax-
elmwifo niSnebis damamzadebe-
li saxelmwifo sawarmo.
zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji (ov-erhead expense, charge) - - - - - sawar-mos marTvisa da sameurneo mom-
saxurebis danaxarji (adminis-
traciuli personalis Senax-
vis, Senoba-----nagebobebisa da in-
ventaris movla-----remontis, Sro-
mis usafrTxoebisa da sxv.). ema-
teba saqonlis sawarmoeblad an
momsaxurebis gasawevad saWiro
ZiriTad danaxarjs da masTan er-
Tad Sedis TviTRirebulebaSi.
zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba (su-per-----normal profit) - - - - - ̀ mogebis~ si-
nonimi. Tu firmis mier miRebuli
mogeba aRemateba yvela alter-
natiul danaxarjs, maSin amboben,
rom igi iRebs zenormalur mo-
gebas.
zombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomika (zomby-economy) – Caisaxa XX sauku-
154
nis 90-ian wlebSi iaponiaSi,
arsebobs mxolod sabazro
urTierTobebis pirobebSi. misi
funqcionirebis sferoa zombi-
firmebi, xolo wyaroa dakred-
itebis SeRavaTiani sistema,
romelsac axorcieleben zom-
bibankebi (kreditebs aZleven
firmebs saSualo sabazroze da-
bali saprocento ganakveTiT).
aseTi bankebis ukan, rogorc wesi,
dgas mTavroba (samTavrobo
garantiebi da a.S.), rac, sabo-
loo angariSiT, iwvevs imas, rom
zombibankebi, garkveulwilad,
gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa, e.i.
mosaxleobis xarjze funqcioni-
reben. aqedan gamomdinare, zom-
biekonomika, romelic tvirTad
awveba ekonomikis jansaR naw-
ils, zombifirmebis, zombibanke-
bisa da mTavrobis erToblivi
saqmianobis, maTi arajansaRi
urTierTobebis Sedegia.
zombiekonomikis warmoSoba
ukavSirdeba finansur kriziss,
rodesac sabanko krizisis Tavi-
dan asacileblad, xelsayreli
pirobebi iqmneba sabiujeto da-
finansebis gziT firmebis ga-
darCenisaTvis: finansuri krizi-
sis fonze, umuSevrobis gazr-
da da mosaxleobis cxovrebis
donis dacema mTavrobisagan lo-
gikurad moiTxovs aseT qmede-
bas. saxelmwifos mxridan fi-
nansuri mxardaWeris sistemis
SenarCunebas zombiekonomikis
struqturebi finansuri krizi-
sis daZlevis Semdegac cdilo-
ben.
zombiekonomika damaxasiaTe-
belia ara mxolod ganviTare-
buli, aramed ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebisTvisac.
zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi (growth in-dex) - - - - - mTel ekonomikaSi saqmia-
nobis saxeobebis mixedviT ga-
angariSebuli wina wlis woniT
Sewonili (laspeiresis) inde-
qsi.
zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi (growth rate)- - - - - ekonomikur analizSi far-
Tod gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
gamoxatavs drois garkveul
periodSi mocemuli sididis
raodenobrivi parametrebis cv-
lilebas procentebiT, gviCvenebs
ramdeni iyo da ramdeni gaxda.
`zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ (finetuning) – termini gamoiyeneba imsamTavrobo politikis mimarT,
romelic iTvaliswinebs dabeg-
vrasa an saxelmwifo xarjebSi
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Seta-
nas dasaqmebaze, erovnuli Se-
mosavlisa da fasebis doneze
zemoqmedebis mizniT.
zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-
anoba anoba anoba anoba anoba (marginal disutility) - - - - - dama-tebiTi antisargeblianoba, miRe-
buli ama Tu im cvladis mcire
cvlilebidan.
zrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsi
155
zRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeuli (mar-ginal unit) – raimis (mag., zRvru-li danaxarji, zRvruli produ-
qti, zRvruli mwarmoebluro-
ba, zRvruli sargeblianoba,
zRvruli Semosavali da a.S.)
damatebiTi erTeuli.
zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli (marJinalurimarJinalurimarJinalurimarJinalurimarJinaluri)
danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (marginal cost, mar-ginal expense - - - - - MC) [<laT. mar-go kide, sazRvari, napiri] - - - - - war-moebis moculobis gansazRvris
erT-----erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi.
saqonlis damatebiTi (zRvruli)
erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWi-
ro damatebiTi danaxarji.
formuliT ase gamoianga-
riSeba:
X
CMC
sadac ΔΔΔΔΔ raime mcire cvlile-
baa, C - - - - - mTliani danaxarjebi,
xolo X - - - - - gamoSvebuli produ-
qciis moculoba. mewarme zr-
dis warmoebis masStabs, sanam
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-
Teulze zRvruli danaxarji
ar gauTanabrdeba sabazro fass.
Tu zRvruli danaxarji am fass
gadascda, mewarme zaraldeba da,
piriqiT, Tu igi sabazro fasze
naklebia, maSin mewarme damate-
biT mogebas iRebs.
zRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimaluri
fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (marginal maximum price)- - - - - moTxovnis fasi, maqsimaluri
fasi, romlis zeviTac SeuZle-
belia sabazro fasis aweva.
zRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimaluri
fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (marginal low price) - - - - - miwo-debis fasi, minimaluri fasi,
romelze dablac SeuZlebelia
sabazro fasis dacema.
zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-
robarobarobarobaroba (marginal productivity) - - - - - war-moebis faqtorebiT (kapitali,
Sroma, miwa) Seqmnili zRvru-
li produqtis moculoba, ro-
melic, warmoebis danarCeni faq-
torebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi,
gamoxatavs mocemuli faqtoris
erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sed-
egad miRebuli produqciis ma-
tebas.
zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti (mar-ginal product) - - - - - damatebiTi pro-duqti, miRebuli resursebis
damatebiTi erTeulidan.
zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-
rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba (value of marginal) -----zRvruli fizikuri produqti,
gamravlebuli produqciis er-
Teulis fasze.
zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-
ba ba ba ba ba (marginal utility) - - - - - damatebiTisargeblianoba, miRebuli nebis-
mieri dovlaTis damatebiTi er-
Teulidan. maTematikurad gamo-
isaxeba ase:
X
UMU
^
sadac MU zRvruli sarge-
zRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianoba
156
blianobaa, X - - - - - saqonlis raode-
noba, Δ - - - - - cvlileba.
zRvruli sargeblianobis
kategoria wina planze wamoswia
da mecnierul brunvaSi Semo-
itana cnobilma ekonomikurma
mimdinareobam _ _ _ _ _ marJinalizmma.
zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (marginal revenue theory)- - - - - SromiTi Rirebulebis Teori-
isgan gansxvavebiT, faswarmo-
qmnis safuZvlad aRiarebs ara
Rirebulebas, aramed nivTis su-
bieqtur Sefasebas, sargeblia-
nobas, sameurneo kontrahente-
bis subieqtur-----fsiqologiur Se-
fasebas. igi asaxavs ekonomikur
kavSirebs, romlebic SeiZleba
CamovayaliboT ase: momxmarebe-
li _ _ _ _ _ moTxovnileba _ _ _ _ _ dovla-
Tis sargeblianoba _ _ _ _ _ fasi.
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riam farTo popularoba pova
mTel msoflioSi. am Teoriis
warmomadgenlebi (goseni, klarki,
jevonsi, valrasi, mengeri, viz-
eri, bem-----baverki, siCeli, edvardsi
da sxv.) uaryofen SromiTi Ri-
rebulebis Teorias da faswar-
moqmnaSi did mniSvnelobas niv-
Tisadmi ekonomikuri subieqtis
damokidebulebas aniWeben.
zRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli Semosavali
(marginal revenue, income) - - - - - sa-qonlis damatebiTi erTeulis
gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli dam-
zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis TeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoria
atebiTi Semosavali, e.i. zRvru-
li produqtiT miRebuli Se-
mosavali.
157Tavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebi
TTTTTTavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-
ba ba ba ba ba (history cost) - - - - - warmoebis faq-torTa Rirebuleba maTi SeZe-
nis momentSi, avansirebuli Rire-
buleba, romelic ar utolde-
ba aRdgeniT Rirebulebas, anu
warmoebis faqtorebis warmoe-
biT miRebul Rirebulebas.
Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-
nebi nebi nebi nebi nebi (signs of free markets) – srul-
yofili bazari, romelic arc
erT qveyanaSi ar aris da arc
arasdros yofila. igi abstraq-
ciaa da SeiZleba mxolod misi
idealurad warmodgena.
ekonomikur literaturaSi
formulirebulia Tavisufali
bazris niSnebi, romlebic ganas-
xvaveben mas regulirebadi ba-
zrisagan.
Tavisufali bazris siste-
maSi ar rCeba adgili monopo-
liis nebismieri tipisTvis; gamo-
ricxulia inflacia, umuSev-
roba, krizisebi; misTvis damax-
asiaTebelia sakuTrebis nebis-
mieri forma, garda saxelmwifo
sakuTrebisa; Tavisufali bazris
arc erT monawiles ar Seu-
Zlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva
monawileTa mier miRebul gada-
wyvetilebebze. fasebis realuri
done naklebad aris damokide-
buli ekonomikur subieqtTa
neba-survilze da dgindeba ba-
zris meqanizmiT, faswarmoqmnaSi
sufevs sruli Tavisufleba.
Tavisufali bazrisTvis damax-
asiaTebelia: konkurenciis mona-
wileTa SeuzRudavi ricxovneba,
maTi Tavisuflad SeRweva baz-
arze da, aseve, Tavisufali ga-
mosvla iqidan; konkurenciis Ti-
Toeuli monawilis absolu-
turad sruli informireba fa-
sebis, moTxovnis, miwodebisa da
a.S. Sesaxeb; yvela saxis resur-
sis, maT Soris, materialuri,
SromiTi da finansuri resurse-
bis absoluturi mobiluroba;
erTsaxeliani produqciis abso-
luturi erTgvarovneba, rac gam-
oixateba, saxeldobr, savaWro
markebisa da produqciis xaris-
xis sxva maxasiaTeblebis uqon-
lobaSi da a.S.
nebismier realur, konku-
rentunarian bazars axasiaTebs
Tavisuflebis elementebi, mag-
ram igi srulyofilebas veras-
dros ver aRwevs. Znelia war-
movidginoT iseTi bazari, sa-
dac daculi iyos Tavisufali
bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yve-
la niSani, Tundac is, rom ar
iyos monopoliuri warmonaq-
mnebi, romlebic aferxeben baz-
arze konkurencias, ar arsebob-
des savaWro markebi, adgili
ar hqondes umuSevrobas. nebis-
mier bazarze xdeba inflaciis
158
gavleniT sabazro procesebis
damaxinjeba, Tavisufali bazris
reJimidan gadaxra, Tumca, yove-
live es zRvardebulia. miuxe-
davad aRniSnuli deformacie-
bisa, moqmedebs sabazro meqa-
nizmi da fasebi icvleba moTx-
ovna-miwodebis zemoqmedebiT.
Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali (specialu-specialu-specialu-specialu-specialu-
ririririri) ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona (TezTezTezTezTez)
(tree economical area) - - - - - qveynisteritoriis is nawili, sadac
specialuri samarTlebrivi re-
Jimis safuZvelze iqmneba xel-
sayreli pirobebi sxvadasxvag-
vari sagareo-----ekonomikuri ope-
raciebisaTvis. misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli niSania Tavisufali
an SeRavaTiani mewarmeoba,
romelic iZleva uaxlesi te-
qnologiis, nou-----haus SesaZenad
saWiro droisa da danaxarje-
bis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis
saSualebas, xels uwyobs valu-
tis mozidvas saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis eqsportis xarjze
da zrdis ucxour kapitalda-
bandebebs.
arsebobs TezTezTezTezTez-----is sami tipi:
1. warmoebrivi zonebi; 2. Tavis-
ufali portebi da Tavisufali
vaWrobis zonebi; 3. saeqspor-
to mrewvelobis zonebi.
warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ Se-
mosazRvruli teritoria qvey-
nis SigniT, sadac wesdeba gan-
sakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi (da-
begvris, amortizaciis normis
da a.S. nawilSi) meurneobis
warmarTvisaTvis.
Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa (aero-
portSic) da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-
robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi Setanisas baJs
ar axdevineben, sanam saqoneli
sawyobSia da realizebuli ar
aris.
saeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobis
zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi ubaJod SeaqvT saqone-
li, sazRvargareT gasatanad
gamosaSvebi produqciisaTvis
saWiro saTadarigo nawilebi,
dasakompleqtebeli masalebi da
nakeTobebi.
ganasxvaveben agreTve Tavis-
ufali (erToblivi) mewarmeo-
bis zonebs da saeqsporto
ekonomikur zonebs.
Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba (freetrade) – sagareo-ekonomikuri po-litika, romlis mixedviTac sa-
xelmwifo ar ereva saerTaSo-
riso savaWro urTierTobebSi
tarifebis, kvotebisa da sxva
saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT.
Tavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobis
zona zona zona zona zona (free trade area, zone) - - - - - qvey-nebis jgufi, romelSic gauqme-
bulia sabaJo da sxva savaWro
barierebi, Tumca, masSi Semava-
li TiToeuli qveyana atarebs
Tavis komerciul politikas am
jgufSi arSemaval qveynebTan.
Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali (erToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivi)
mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona (joint ven-
Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...
159
ture zone) - - - - - saxelmwifos ter-
itoriis is nawili, sadac iqm-
neba xelsayreli pirobebi er-
Toblivi samewarmeo saqmiano-
bisaTvis. aseT zonebSi SemoRe-
buli aqvT gansakuTrebuli
SeRavaTiani reJimi, rac xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis ucxouri
kapitalis investirebisaTvis.
ganaxvaveben mis sam tips: pirve-
li tipi gulisxmobs gansaz-
Rvrul teritoriaze special-
uri kanonmdeblobis SemoRebas,
romelic uzrunvelyofs meur-
neobriobis SeRavaTian reJims
adgilobrivi da ucxoeli eko-
nomikuri subieqtebisaTvis. sa-
gadasaxado sabaJo, savaluto,
sakredito da samarTlebrivi
reJimebi wesdeba subregioneb-
is ganviTarebis konkretuli
pirobebidan da amocanebidan ga-
momdinare. zonas marTavs adg-
ilobrivi xelisufleba; meore
tipi gulisxmobs mcire teri-
toriebze iseTi infrastruq-
turis Seqmnas, romelic saer-
TaSoriso moTxovnebs daakmay-
ofilebs. samarTlebrivi norme-
bi am zonaSi ganapirobebs ar-
sebiT SeRavaTebs ucxoeli in-
vestorebisaTvis, maTTvis gr-
Zelvadiani arendiT keTilmow-
yobili, informaciuli da sa-
transporto komunikaciebiTa da
aucilebeli servisiT aRWur-
vili teritoriebis gadacemas,
ucxouri kapitalis monawile-
obiT sawarmoTa ganlagebi-
saTvis; mesame tipi gulisx-
mobs naklebad aTvisebuli ter-
itoriebis koncesiis saxiT an
grZelvadiani arendiT gacemas.
am SemTxvevaSi zonas sameur-
neo mizniT iyeneben Sereuli
ti pis specialuri organiza-
ciebi (kompaniebi). meurneobri-
obis samarTlebrivi reJimi
maqsimalurad liberalizebu-
lia. igi umTavresad Semoifar-
gleba ekologiuri kanonmde-
blobiT da saerTaSoriso SeT-
anxmebebiT. saxelmwifo iRebs
mogebas saarendo gadasaxadis
saxiT da kompaniis erovnuli
nawilis Semosavlebidan, arse-
biT xarjebs ki ar gaiRebs. praq-
tikaSi vxvdebiT erTsa da imave
teritoriaze aRniSnuli zo-
nis samive tipis Sexamebas.
Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi (bill of exchange,draft, promissory note) [ger. wech-sel] - - - - - kanoniT dadgenili for-
mis werilobiTi sagadasaxado
valdebuleba, fuladi dokumen-
ti, msesxeblis mier gacemuli
kreditoris saxelze, romli-
Tac am ukanasknels eniWeba
ufleba, mosTxovos msesxebels
TamasuqSi miTiTebuli Tanxis
gadaxda gansazRvrul vadaSi
(ix. agreTve kambio).
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
Tamasuqi angariSsworebisa da
TamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqi
160
komerciuli dakreditebis erT-----
erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
Tamasuqi ori saxisaa: marti-
vi (ix.) da gadasapirebeli (ix.).
Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti (billdiscounting) - - - - - Tamasuqis ganaRde-ba bankebis an kerZo pirebis
mier misi vadis gasvlamde pro-
centis gamoqviTviT.
TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria (theoryof games) - - - - - individualur ra-
cionalur gadawyvetilebaTa
Teoria, miRebuli am gadawyve-
tilebaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb ara-
sakmarisi informaciis pirobeb-
Si. Tanamedrove TamaSTa Teo-
ria iwyeba f. neimanisa da o. mor-
genSternis naSromiT _ _ _ _ _ `TamaS-
Ta Teoria da ekonomikuri qce-
va~ (1944). igi ikvlevs indivi-
dualur gadawyvetilebaTa urTi-
erTgavlenas iseT daSvebisas,
romelic ukavSirdeba gadawyve-
tilebis miRebas riskis pirobebSi.
maSin, rodesac tradiciu-
li mikroekonomikuri Teoria
gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebas gansazRvrulobis piro-
bebSi, TamaSTa Teoriis mixed-
viT racionalur individs gada-
wyvetilebis miReba uxdeba ga-
nusazRvrelobis, gaurkvevlo-
bis pirobebSi. Tu erTi indi-
vidis mogeba ganapirobebs me-
ore individis wagebas, maSin
amboben, rom es TamaSi aris nu-
lovani Tanxis. TamaSi SeiZle-
ba iyos kooperatiuli, roca
SesaZlebelia SeTanxmeba da
arakooperatiuli, roca War-
bobs antagonizmi.
TamaSTa Teoriam daamtki-
ca Tavisi sargeblianoba ekono-
mikuri qcevis iseTi aspeqteb-
is analizisas, rogoricaa bune-
brivi resursebisa da sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis amowurva.
Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba (targeting) –centraluri bankis mizanmimar-
Tuli moqmedeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi, mag., maRali infla-
ciis dros moaxdinos mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis masis zr-
dis koreqtireba.
`TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ (whi-te-----collar workers) - - - - - arafizikuriSromiT dasaqmebuli muSakebi,
romelTa naxevarze meti Cab-
mulia informaciul momsaxure-
baSi. maT miakuTvneben ZiriTadad
gonebrivi SromiT dakavebul
muSakebs. `TeTrsayeloianebi~,
rogorc absoluturad, ise Se-
fardebiT, Warboben momsaxure-
bis sferoSi. amasTan, maTi wili
swrafi tempiT izrdeba maRal-
teqnologiur dargebSi _ _ _ _ _ eleq-
tronikaSi, Cqarosnul trans-
portSi, axali masalebis, samec-
niero mowyobilobebis warmoe-
baSi da a.S.
TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba (self-----fi-nance) - - - - - warmoebis gafarToebisdafinanseba mogebis an axali
Tamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskonti
161
aqciebis gamoSvebis xarjze.
`TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ (“almostmoney”) - - - - - aqtivebis erT-----erTisaxeoba, romelSic Sedis vadi-
ani anabrebis mTliani Tanxa,
arasaCeko Semnaxveli angariSebi
da im saxelmwifo fasiani
qaRaldebis mTliani moculo-
ba, romelic Ria bazarze Sei-
Zleba gaicvalos naRd fulze.
`TiTqmis fuli~ likviduri
aqtivia, vinaidan advilia misi
gacvla naRd fulze. Tumca
gacvlamde igi ver asrulebs mi-
moqcevis saSualebis funqcias
da amitom mas kvazifulsac
uwodeben.
`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~
162 iardiiardiiardiiardiiardi
iiiiiiardi iardi iardi iardi iardi (yard) - - - - - sigrZis er-
Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi, udris 3 futs, anu
97,44 sm-----s.
`iafi fuli~ `iafi fuli~ `iafi fuli~ `iafi fuli~ `iafi fuli~ (cheap mon-ey) - - - - - sakredito sistemis ise-Ti mdgomareoba, roca advilia
aiRo sesxad kapitali. es Se-----
saZlebelia dabali saproce-----
nto ganakveTis, sabanko sis-----
temis likvidurobis zrdis,
dakreditebis sferoSi SezRud-
vebis Sesustebisa da a.S. poli-
tikis ganxorcielebis pirobeb-
Si. `iafi fuli~ mosaxleobi-
saTvis kreditis xelmisawvdo-
mobis amsaxveli terminia.
imiji imiji imiji imiji imiji (image) - - - - - saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, sawarmos da a.S.
reputacia. is saqoneli (mom-
saxureba, sawarmo da a.S.), rom-
lis `saxemac~ momxmarebelTa
aRiareba moi pova, SemdgomSi
uzrunvelyofs momxmarebelTa
erTgulebas Sesabamisi safir-
mo da savaWro markebisadmi da
maT mtkice, myar mdgomareobas
bazarze.
importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi (sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-
importoimportoimportoimportoimporto baJi baJi baJi baJi baJi) (import duties) -----sazRvargareTidan Semotanil
saqonelze dawesebuli arapir-
dapiri gadasaxadis saxe; gamoi-
yeneba importis moculobisa da
struqturis regulirebisaTvis.
importi importi importi importi importi (import) - - - - - sxva qve-yanaSi warmoebuli saqonlis an
momsaxurebis Semotana da mox-
mareba mocemul qveyanaSi.
saqoneli xiluli importia,
momsaxureba ki _ _ _ _ _ uxilavi.
importis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Si-----
ddddda warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT (import substitu-tion) - - - - - erT-----erTi mTavari ganvi-Tarebis strategia ganviTare-
badi qveynebisaTvis. omis Sem-
dgom pirvel wlebSi mravali
ekonomisti da ganviTarebadi
qveynebis mTavrobebi industri-
alizaciis politikas miiCnevd-
nen ekonomikuri progresis
saukeTeso strategiad. am Tval-
sazrisiT yvelaze marTebuli
gza iyo importis Senacvleba
Sida warmoebiT, rac gulisx-
mobs sakuTari mrewvelobis
Seqmnas importuli kvotebiTa
da tarifebiT dacvis safuZ-
velze. iTvleboda, rom es pro-
cesi unda dawyebuliyo mrew-
velobis im dargebis ganviTare-
biT, romlebic awarmoeben sa-
momxmareblo saqonels. Semdeg
aqcenti gadatanil iqna kapi-
taluri saqonlis warmoebaze.
igulisxmeboda, rom am gziT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda impor-
tis Senacvleba Sida warmoe-
biT, rac xels Seuwyobda eko-
nomikur zrdas. ar gamoiricxe-
boda is varaudic, rom am
163
strategiis realizaciis Ziri-
Tadi xarjebi Tavis Tavze ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebs unda aeRoT.
am strategiis gamoyenebam mra-
val ganviTarebad qveyanas ara-
saxarbielo Sedegebi moutana.
sagadasaxdelo balansis mdgo-
mareoba aRniSnul qveynebSi
naklebad gaumjobesda, xolo
maTi damokidebuleba ganviTare-
bul saxelmwifoebze ar Sem-
cirebula. importis struq-
turaSi mza samomxmareblo
saqonlis wili Semcirda, man-
qana-----mowyobilobebisa da saTa-
darigo nawilebis ki gaizar-
da. warmoiqmna barierebi eqspor-
tisaTvis, vinaidan saeqsporto
saqonlis mwarmoebeli firmebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen adgilo-
brivi firmebisagan, romlebic
proteqcionistur pirobebSi
muSaobdnen, SeeZinaT nedleu-
li da masalebi msoflio done-
ze maRal fasebSi. am politi-
kam ganapiroba valutis kur-
sis gazrda, ramac Seamcira maTi
eqsportis efeqtianoba.
importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-
rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba (propensity to import)- - - - - importze gaweuli xarjebis
wilis zrda SemosavalSi.
inglisuringlisuringlisuringlisuringlisur-----amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-
lislislislislis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (the theory of english-----american school) - - - - - Rirebulebis
alternatiuli Teoria, romel-
ic wamoayena inglisur-----ameri-
kulma skolam. es skola Camoy-
alibda XIX saukunis bolos da
XX saukunis dasawyisSi. misifuZemdebelia cnobili inglise-
li ekonomisti alfred marSa-
li. am Teorias iziarebs pol
samuelsonic.
inglisur-----amerikulma sko-
lam Rirebulebis Teoriebis -----
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoria
(ix.), zRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoria (ix.), warmoebis danax-
arjebis Teoria (ix.), moTxov-
na-----miwodebis Teoria (ix.) _____
SeerTebiT Seqmna Rirebulebis
axali Teoria, romelSic amo-
savalia moTxovna-----miwodebis ka-
noni. am ̀ axali Teoriis~ mixed-
viT saqonlis miwodebas gan-
sazRvravs warmoebis danaxar-
jebi, xolo moTxovnas _ _ _ _ _ saqon-
lis zRvruli sargeblianoba.
inglisur-----amerikuli sko-
lis Teoria yvelaze optima-
luria, igi obieqturi da subi-
eqturi faqtorebiT gansazRvris
Taviseburi sinTezia.
indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti (indemnity) -----zaralis anazRaureba, kompensa-
cia (rogorc wesi, saerTa-
Soriso samarTalSi).
indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia (index-----linking,indexation) - - - - - fasebis indeqsiscvlilebis mixedviT kontraqte-
bis nominaluri Rirebulebis
periodulad gadasinjvis meqa-
nizmi, xelfasisa da sxva Semo-
indeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsacia
164
savlebis koreqtireba ekonomi-
kaSi fasebis saSualo donis
cvalebadobis Sesabamisad.
indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (index) [<laT. in-dex maCvenebeli] - - - - - cifrobrivimaCvenebeli, romelic procen-
tobiT gamoxatavs warmoebis
moculobis, fasebis, sagareo
vaWrobisa da a.S. cvlilebebs&
individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-
meoba meoba meoba meoba meoba (sole ownership) - - - - - same-
warmeo saqmianobis individu-
aluri gaZRola, mewarmeobis
umartivesi forma. individu-
aluri mewarmis qoneba ganuyo-
felia misi piradi qonebisagan,
xolo individualuri sawar-
mo ar aris iuridiuli piri.
indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva (in-dicative planning) - - - - - erovnuli
ekonomikis saorientacio dageg-
mva saxelmwifo doneze, rome-
lic ar zRudavs erovnuli kapi-
talis uflebebs. masSi gan-
sazRvrulia qveynis socialur-----
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pri-
oritetebis sistema da maTi
realizaciis gzebi. indikaturi
dagegmva koordinacias uwevs
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
yvela organos Sesabamis ko-
mpleqsur da urTierTdakavSi-
rebul RonisZiebebs.
indikaturi gegma moicavs:
1. qveynis socialur-----ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad
strategiul miznebsa da amoca-
nebs; 2. prognozul-----analiti-
kur nawils; 3. sagegmo-----maregu-
lirebel nawils.
indikatur gegmaSi asaxulia
is konkretuli RonisZiebebi,
romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos
dasaxuli prognozuli parame-
trebis miRweva.
indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti (endorsement)[<frang. endossement <laT. in-dorsum zurgi]-----gadacemis war-
wera, _ _ _ _ _ warwera Tamasuqis, Cekis,
konosamentis da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis meore mxareze, rom-
liTac dasturdeba am doku-
mentiT gansazRvruli ufleb-
is gadacema sxva pirisaTvis
(sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ Jiro).
indosanti indosanti indosanti indosanti indosanti (endorsee) [<germ.indossant]-----piri, romelic fasi-
ani qaRaldebis ukana mxareze
akeTebs gadacemis aRmniSvnel
warweras (sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ Jiran-
ti).
indosati indosati indosati indosati indosati (endorser) [<germ.indossant]-----piri, romlis sasarge-
blodac fasian qaRaldze ga-
keTebulia gadacemis warwera.
industria industria industria industria industria (industry) - - - - - ga-eros saerTaSoriso standartu-
li dargobrivi klasifikaciisa
da erovnul angariSTa siste-
mis mixedviT ekonomikis meo-
reuli seqtori (agraruli seq-
toris Semdeg), romelSic Se-
dis mrewveloba (Tavisi mom-
povebeli da gadammuSavebeli
indeqsiindeqsiindeqsiindeqsiindeqsi
165
dargebiT) da mSenebloba.
industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-
eba eba eba eba eba (industrial society) - - - - - sazo-gadoebis ganviTarebis stadia,
samrewvelo sazogadoeba, ro-
melmac Secvala agraruli sazo-
gadoeba, xolo XX saukunis60-----iani wlebidan gadaizarda
postindustriul sazogadoeba-
Si.
inercia inercia inercia inercia inercia (inertia) - - - - - ekono-mikuri maCveneblebis dinamika
mimdinare periodSi, dafuZne-
buli wina periodis tenden-
ciaze.
investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-
rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba (propensity to invest)-----erovnuli Semosavlis im wi-
lis zrda, romelic xmardeba
kapitaldabandebebs.
investicia investicia investicia investicia investicia (investment)[<laT. investire Semosvla]-----ker-Zo seqtoris an saxelmwifos
grZelvadiani kapitaldabande-
ba qveynis SigniT an sazRvarg-
areT: 1. dabandeba realur Zir-
iTad kapitalsa da materialur-----
sasaqonlo maragSi warmoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis; 2. dabande-
ba finansur aqtivebSi (de-
pozitSi, fasian qaRaldebSi) Se-
mosavlis miRebis mizniT.
investiciebi materialuri,
teqnikuri, finansuri da inte-
leqtualuri faseulobebis
grZelvadiani dabandebaa ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva
sferoSi mogebis an social-
uri efeqtis miRebis mizniT.
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi inves-
ticiebis didi nawili fasiani
qaRaldebiTaa warmodgenili.
portfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebi
fasian qaRaldebSi gaTval-
iswinebulia mxolod Semosav-
lis misaRebad, pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _
kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi monawi-
leobisaTvis. investiciebi Zvir-
fas liTonebSi, miwaze an sxva
uZrav qonebaSi xorcieldeba in-
flaciisa da fuladi reform-
isagan fuladi saxsrebis dac-
vis mizniT.
investiciebis sidide gan-
isazRvreba im proeqtebiT, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen dadeb-
iT wminda diskontirebul Rire-
bulebas an Semosavlebis Sida
ganakveTs. pirvel maCvenebels
ewodeba wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-
bulibulibulibulibuli Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu-
mimimimimi,,,,, xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital-----
dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-
tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.
investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari (Inves-tment market) - - - - - sainvesticio re-sursebze moTxovna-----miwodebis
formirebisa da sainvesticio
saqonlis yidva-----gayidvis sfe-
ro. investiciis bazari emsax-
ureba sainvesticio potencia-
lis mobilizeba-----organizebas, sa-
investicio saqonlis finansur,
materialur da inteleqtu-
investiciis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazari
166
alur uzrunvelyofas.
investori investori investori investori investori (investor) [<ing.investor meanabre]-----iuridiuli an
fizikuri piri, romelic axor-
cielebs investiciebs, abandebs
sakuTar, nasesx, an mozidul sax-
srebs investiciur proeqteb-
Si. investori Tavisi saxeliT
iZens fasian qaRaldebs.
sainvesticio kapitalis
formirebis mixedviT investori
SeiZleba iyos ori saxis: indiindiindiindiindi-----
vidualurividualurividualurividualurividualuri da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri.
individualuri investori fa-
sian qaRaldebs iZens sakuTari
kapitaliT. mas bolo kredi-
tors uwodeben. instituciuri
investori fasian qaRaldebs
yidulobs ara imdenad sakuTa-
ri, ramdenadac moziduli fu-
liT, anu mis mier mobilizebu-
li bolo kreditorebis kapi-
taliT. igi Sualeduri rgolia
kapitalis mobilizaciasa da in-
vestirebaSi.
saxsrebis dabandeba fasian
qaRaldebSi SeiZleba iyos in-
stituciuri investoris, mag., ko-
merciuli bankis, sadazRvevo
organizaciis, sapensio fonde-
bis da a.S. Tavisufali saxsre-
bis droebiTi moTavseba, SeiZ-
leba iyos kapitalis mobili-
zaciis ZiriTadi mizani, mag., sa-
investicio kompaniebis, sainves-
ticio fondebis Seqmna.
investoris kategorias ar
miekuTvnebian brokerebi, rom-
lebic operaciebs awarmoeben
klientis xarjze.
dilerebi, romlebic saku-
Tari xarjiT awarmoeben opera-
ciebs, iyofian or kategoriad:
pirvelad da meorad dilere-
bad. pirveladi dilerebi baz-
arze avrceleben axal fasian
qaRaldebs da amiT emitenti-
saTvis qmnian damatebiT kapi-
tals, xolo meoradi dilere-
bi yiduloben da xelaxla yid-
ian mimoqcevaSi arsebul fasi-
an qaRaldebs da emitentisaTvis
ar axdenen axali kapitalis
mobilizacias. maTi meSveobiT
kapitali investorebs Soris
moZraobs.
inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia (collection) [ital.
incassare yuTSi Cawyoba]- - - - - bank-Si naRdi fulis miReba fasi-
ani qaRaldebiT; inkasos oper-
aciebis ganxorcieleba.
inkaso inkaso inkaso inkaso inkaso (encashment, collec-tion of payments) [ital. incas-so]-----sabanko operaciis saxeoba,romliTac banki saangariSswo-
rebo dokumentebis (Tamasuqis,
Cekis, da a.S.) safuZvelze kli-
entis davalebiT da mis an-
gariSze iRebs kuTvnil fulad
Tanxas mesame pirisagan. sain-
kaso operaciebis CatarebisaT-
vis banks sakomisio ekuTvnis.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
sasaqonlo dokumentebis inkaso
investoriinvestoriinvestoriinvestoriinvestori
167
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eqspor-
tiori avalebs Tavis banks, mi-
iRos gansazRvruli raodeno-
bis valuta importiorisagan,
am ukanasknelisaTvis sasaqon-
lo dokumentebis gadagzavnis
safuZvelze.
sainkaso operacia Sedgeba
oTxi etapisagan: 1. eqsportio-
ri gadascems Tavis banks sain-
kaso davalebas da sasaqonlo
dokumentebis danarTs, rasac
safuZvlad udevs eqsportio-
rsa da importiors Soris da-
debuli xelSekruleba; 2. eqs-
portioris banki sainkaso dava-
lebas sasaqonlo dokumenteb-
Tan erTad gadagzavnis impor-
tioris bankSi; 3. importioris
banki maT gadascems importio-
rs; 4. importioris banki im-
portiorisagan valutis miRe-
bis Semdeg gadagzavnis mas
eqsportioris bankis angariSze,
es ukanaskneli ki am Tanxas
Caricxavs eqsportioris an-
gariSze. sainkaso operaciebis
CatarebisaTvis banki iRebs sa-
komisios.
inovacia inovacia inovacia inovacia inovacia (innovtion) - - - - - axa-li teqnologiebis, Sromis or-
ganizaciisa da marTvis pro-
gresuli formebis danergva
warmoebaSi, produqciis axal
saxeobaTa aTviseba. es termini
xSirad gamoiyeneba sityva `ga-
mogonebis~ sinonimad da dakav-
Sirebulia warmoebrivi proces-
ebis teqnologiur srulyo-
fasTan, Tumca, inovacia ufro
farTo cnebaa, vidre gamogone-
ba. igi gamogonebis komerciul
gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.
inovacia ar aris erTjera-
di aqti, aramed igi saqmianobis
nebismier sferoSi ganviTareb-
is uwyveti procesia. amiT aix-
sneba TUV-----ebis, robotebis, ko-
mpiuterebis, mobiluri tele-
fonebisa da a.S. ramdenime Tao-
bis arseboba.
`inovacia~ pirvelad mec-
nierul brunvaSi Semoitana
iozef Sumpeterma. naSromSi
`ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teo-
ria~ (1911) pirvelma gaaSuqa
inovaciuri procesebi da maTi
roli mogebis gadidebaSi.
inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki (innova-tion bank) - - - - - komerciuli banki,
specializebuli inovaciuri
proeqtebis, e.i. sxvadasxva mec-
nierul-----teqnologiuri siaxlis
(dawyebuli sacdeli nimuSeb-
is daproeqtebidan da Seqmnidan,
damTavrebuli maTi masobrivad
danergviT) dafinansebasa da
dakreditebaze, romelTa vade-
bi, wesebi da pirobebi dgindeba
dasafinansebeli samuSaoebis
masStabis, stadiebisa da xasi-
aTis mixedviT. gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc moklevadiani, ise grZel-
vadiani dakrediteba. SesaZle-
inovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri banki
168
belia investiciuri dafinanse-
bac im kompaniebis aqciebis
SeZenis gziT, romlebic amuSave-
ben da nergaven raime mecnie-
rul-----teqnologiur ideas, ag-
reTve dakavebuli arian obli-
gaciebis xangrZlivi vadiT gavr-
celebiT, dasafinansebeli proeq-
tis ganxorcielebiT dainter-
esebul pirebs Soris.
inovaciuri banki sxva banke-
bisagan gamoirCeva Semdegi Ta-
viseburebebiT: sakredito da-
bandebis ukan dabrunebis maRa-
li riskiT; arsebiTi gansxvave-
biT ara mxolod vadebSi, aramed
sesxebis moculobaSi; meanabris
saxsrebis dacvis uzrunvel-
yofisaTvis damatebiTi garan-
tiebis aucileblobiT. ekonomi-
kis stabilizacia, kerZo seq-
torSi investiciuri aqtiuro-
bis amaRleba, privatizaciisa da
mewarmeobis ganviTareba gana-
pirobebs inovaciuri miznebi-
saTvis kreditze moTxovnis
gazrdas. Tavis mxriv, es proce-
si stimuls aZlevs ZiriTadi
kapitalis ganaxlebas da xels
uwyobs msoflio donesTan Se-
darebiT teqnologiebSi arse-
buli CamorCenis daZlevas.
inovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomika
(inovation economy) - - - - - axali ti-
pis civilizacia, codnaze da-
fuZnebuli ekonomika. emyareba
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal
paradigmas, sadac inteleqtu-
aluri kapitali da informa-
cia warmoebis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebia. inovaciuri ekono-
mika gulisxmobs warmoebaSi
Tvisebrivad axali teqnolo-
giebis (warmoebis kompiuter-
izacia, robotuli da lazer-
uli teqnika, bioteqnologia, nan-
oteqnologia, mikroprocesoru-
li teqnologia da a.S.) dan-
ergvas, ukidegano informaciis
velSi mudmivad yofnas.
inovaciuri ekonomika mo-
mavlis ekonomikaa. XXI sauku-nis dasawyisSi igi mxolod
formirebis procesSia. misi
konturebi gamoikveTa maRal-
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi (engineering)- - - - - saqmiani (warmoebrivi daniS-
nulebis) momsaxurebis erT-----
erTi saxeoba, inteleqtualuri
saqmianobis erToblioba, romel-
ic gulisxmobs komerciul sa-
fuZvelze ama Tu im sainJinro-----
sakonsultacio momsaxurebis
gawevas. inJinerings ewevian ro-
gorc specializebuli sainJin-
ro-----sakonsultacio firmebi, ise
samrewvelo, samSeneblo da sxva
kompaniebi.
inJineringis tipis momsaxu-
rebis mTel erTobliobas yofen
or jgufad: 1. produqciis war-
moebis procesis momzadebasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba; 2.
inovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomika
169
produqciis warmoebisa da re-
alizaciis procesis normaluri
msvlelobis uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba:
a) winasaproeqto momsaxure-
ba. masSi Sedis: socialur-----
ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi, to-
pografiuli gadaRebebi da adg-
ilmdebareobis dagegmareba;
niadagis gamokvleva; wiaRiseu-
lis Zieba, regionebis ganaSe-
nianebis, satransporto qselis
ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSave-
ba; proeqtis teqnikur-----ekono-
mikuri dasabuTebulobis momza-
debisaTvis gamokvlevebis Cata-
reba da sxv., b) saproeqto mom-
saxureba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iyofa bazisur da detalur
(dawvrilebiT) inJineringad. ba-
zisur inJineringSi Sedis: wi-
naswari sainJineringo gamokv-
levebisa da proeqtebis, gener-
aluri gegmisa da Tanmxlebi
sqemebis, rekomendaciebis momza-
deba, proeqtebis Rirebulebis,
misi eqspluataciisa da Seqm-
nisaTvis saWiro xarjebis winas-
wari Sefaseba. detalur in-
JineringSi Sedis: a) proeqtis
detaluri gamokvleva, Semajame-
beli saarqiteqturo proeqtis
SemuSaveba, teqnikuri special-
istebis, mxazvelebisa da a.S.
momzadeba. igi moicavs obieq-
tis mSeneblobasTan dakavSire-
biT kontraqtis dadebisaTvis
gaweul samuSaoebs, romelSic
Sedis: sakontraqto dokument-
aciis momzadeba; auqcionis or-
ganizacia; winadadebebis Sefase-
ba; rekomendaciebis Sedgena;
kontraqtis dadeba; proeqtis
gaZRola-----zedamxedveloba; mSe-
neblobis marTva; samuSaos dam-
Tavrebis Sesaxeb sertifikatis
Sedgena da gacema, mSeneblobis
Sesaxeb teqnikuri daskvnis
gakeTeba; teqnikuri personalis
momzadeba; produqciis gasaRe-
bisaTvis xelsayreli pirobeb-
is Seqmna; b) specialuri mom-
saxureba, ganpirobebuli moce-
muli obieqtis Seqmnis konkre-
tuli problemebiT (narCenebis
utilizaciasTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebis kvleva, iuridi-
uli procedurebi da a.S.).
sainJineringo momsaxureb-
is meore jgufs miekuTvneba:
warmoebis procesis marTvasa
da organizaciasTan dakavSire-
buli momsaxureba; mowyobi-
lobebis gamocdasTan dakavSire-
buli momsaxureba; obieqtis eqs-
pluataciasTan dakavSirebuli
momsaxureba (kadrebis SerCeva
da momzadeba, materialur-----te-
qnikuri momaragebis organiza-
cia, xelfasisa da samuSaoTa
struqturis dadgena, eqsploat-
aciis meTvalyureoba da sxv.);
kvalificiuri daxmareba dafi-
inJineringiinJineringiinJineringiinJineringiinJineringi
170
nansebis sakiTxSi (konsulta-
ciebi dafinansebis organiza-
ciaSi, Semosavlebisa da danax-
arjebis Sefaseba da rekomen-
daciebi maTi optimizaciis miz-
niT, konsultaciebi finansuri
politikis sakiTxSi da a.S.);
produqciis realizaciasTan da-
kavSirebuli momsaxureba (ba-
zrebis koniunqturis gamokvle-
va, reklamis organizaciaSi dax-
marebis gaweva, konsultaciebi
gasaRebis sferoSi da a.S.);
sainformacio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis, eleqtronul-----gamomTv-
leli teqnikis danergvasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.
sainJineringo momsaxureba
kvlavwarmoebadia. amiT igi gan-
sxvavdeba ̀ nou-----haus~, licenzi-
ebisa da teqnologiis sfero-
Si codnis sxva formebisagan.
institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi (in-stitutionalism) - - - - - mimdinareoba
ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romlis
warmomadgenlebi gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas aniWeben in-
stitutebis rols ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. in-
stitucionalizmi warmoiSva
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da
XX saukunis dasawyisSi da
aisaxa amerikeli ekonomisteb-
is T. veblenis, j. komonsis, u.
mitCelisa da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
institucionalistebi akri-
tikeben sabazro ekonomikis av-
tomaturad regulirebis kon-
cefcias. maT ukana planze gadas-
wies ekonomikur urTierToba-
Ta subieqtebis kerZo intere-
sebis kvleva da upiratesobas
adamianTa qcevaSi sazogadoe-
briv motivebs aniWeben. dasav-
leT evropis qveynebSi insti-
tucionalizmi gavrcelda me-
ore msoflio omis Semdeg, ra-
Sic mniSvnelovani roli ekono-
mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-
is gaZlierebam Seasrula.
`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~
koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia (“institutional bind-ing” principle) - - - - - am koncefciasTanamedrove pirobebSi eyrdnoba
qveynis instituciuri ganvi-
Tareba, rogorc demokratizaci-
isa da ekonomikuri wesrigis
Camoyalibebis gamoxatuleba.
igi aqcents stabiluri da
qmediTi institutebis modelze
akeTebs. am procesis orienti-
rad saqarTvelom evrokavSiris
kanonmdebloba airCia, rac 1996
wels dafiqsirda partnioro-
bisa da TanamSromlobis xe-
lSekrulebaSi da sabolood
dadasturda 2004 wels evro-
pis samezoblo politikasTan
saqarTvelos mierTebiT. jer
kidev, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi
saqarTvelos parlamentma mi-
iRo dadgenileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac `saqarTvelos par-
lamentis mier 1998 wlis pir-
institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi
171
veli seqtembridan miRebuli
yvela kanoni da normatiuli
aqti unda Seesabamebodes evro-
kavSiris mier dawesebul stan-
dartebsa da wesebs.~ am dad-
genilebis amoqmedeba SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saqarTvelos saka-
nonmdeblo sistemis evrokav-
Siris sakanonmdeblo sistemas-
Tan daaxloebis mimarTulebiT
gadadgmul mniSvnelovan nabi-
jad.
dRes saqarTvelos insti-
tuciuri ganviTarebis garkveul
CarCoebSi moqcevis procesi
axlosaa gerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konver-----
genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan. evrokav-
Siri qveynebis erT-erTi yve-
laze ganviTarebuli nakrebia
msoflioSi, romelsac maRali
ekonomikuri da socialuri mwar-
moebluroba axasiaTebs.
instituciuri ganviTareba,
rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis we-
sebisa da normebis erToblio-
ba, urTulesi procesia, romel-
sac iseTi specialuri sakomu-
nikacio arxebis mobilizeba
sWirdeba, rogoric arasamTav-
robo organizaciebia. axali in-
stitutebi uzrunvelyofen sa-
bazro urTierTobebisa da bi-
znesis ganviTarebisTvis jan-
saRi samarTlebrivi da mareg-
ulirebeli garemos Seqmnas,
globalizaciis negatiuri ten-
denciebis aRmofxvras.
instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-
roba roba roba roba roba (institutional unemployment)– qveyanaSi arsebuli susti in-
stitutebisa da Sromis bazris
mouqneli funqcionirebidan
gamomdinare vakanturi samuSao
adgilebis auTviseblobiT (maTi
arsebobis Sesaxeb mosaxleo-
bisaTvis informaciis miuwode-
blobis gamo) gamowveuli umu-
Sevroba.
inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-
reba reba reba reba reba (intellectual property) - - - - - so-cialur-----ekonomikuri da same-
urneo-----samarTlebrivi urTier-
Toba inteleqtualuri Sromis
produqtebis mflobelobas, gan-
kargvasa da gamoyenebaSi. in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvels Seadgens codna, in-
teleqti, gamocdileba da a.S.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis
obieqtebia: dapatentebuli cod-
na, aratrivialuri idea, teqni-
kuri siaxle, menejeris nova-
toruli gadawyvetileba da
sxv. inteleqtualuri sakuTre-
bis ekonomikuri realizaciis
formebia: kapitali, mogeba, Se-
mosavali, procenti da renta.
inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia (inflation) [<laT.
inflatio gaberva] - - - - - mimoqcevis arx-ebSi Warbi qaRaldis fulisa
da dauxurdavebeli banknote-
bis dagroveba, rac iwvevs maT
gaufasurebasa (msyidvelobiTi
unaris dacemas) da fasebis
inflaciainflaciainflaciainflaciainflacia
172
saerTo donis zrdas. am pro-
cess Tan axlavs ucxouri va-
lutis kursis zrda da im qvey-
nis valutis kursis dacema, sa-
dac inflaciaa. inflaciis Zir-
iTadi ganmapirobebeli faqtore-
bia: 1. disproporciis warmoSoba
fulad da saqonlur masas So-
ris, fuladi masis dausaqon-
leba; 2. moxmarebis sagnebis
warmoebis CamorCena mosaxle-
obis moTxovnasTan SedarebiT.
Tu moTxovna win uswrebs mi-
wodebas, maSin warmoiqmneba
fuladi saxsrebis siWarbe,
saqonlis deficiti, rac xels
uwyobs fasebis zrdas; 3. baz-
arze iseTi saqonlis miwodeba,
romelzec moTxovna ar aris.
es garemoeba farulad gana-
pirobebs fulis gaufasurebas.
inflaciis dinamikaze did
gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtore-
bi, rogoricaa inflaciuri
molodini, sainvesticio nakadebi,
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis cvli-
leba, ekonomikis monetizaciis
done, gacvliTi kursis mosa-
lodneli dinamika, mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-is zrdis
tempi da a.S. Tavis mxriv, am
faqtorebze garkveul zemo-
qmedebas axorcielebs centra-
luri banki Tavisi monetaru-
li instrumentebiT. am mizniT
igi iyenebs iseT arapirdapir
instrumentebs, rogoricaa bank-
TaSorisi kreditis ganakveTi,
savaldebulo rezervebis nor-
ma, fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado val-----
debulebaTa yidva-----gayidvasTan
dakavSirebuli operaciebi da,
agreTve iyenebs iseT pirdapir
(administraciul) instrumen-
tebs, rogoricaa miznobrivi
dakrediteba, ̀ sakredito Weri~,
sargeblis ganakveTis donisadmi
pirdapiri kontroli da a.S.
inflaciuri procesebis da-
CqarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs savaluto, energeti-
kuli da sanedleulo krizi-
sebi, sasursaTo problemis mkveT-
rad gamwvaveba da a.S.
arsebobs zomieri, WenebiTi
(halopirebuli) da hiperinfla-
cia.
zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, ro-
desac gaufasureba SedarebiT
SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs. am
dros fasebis zrdis tempi
dabalia _ _ _ _ _ weliwadSi 10%-----ze
naklebi.
WenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflacia, ro-
ca qaRaldis fuli swrafad
ufasurdeba. am dros fasebi qa-
osuria da izrdeba weliwadSi
200%-----mde. warmoeba dezorga-
nizebulia. yvela cdilobs,
moimaragos saqoneli da Tavidan
moiSoros uvargisi qaRaldis
fuli. amis gamo iwyeba fulis
daCqarebuli materializacia
saqonelSi.
inflaciainflaciainflaciainflaciainflacia
173
hihihihihi perperperperperinflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflaciis
Zalze maRali donea. misi zr-
dis tempi Cveulebriv 200%-----
ze metia, zogjer ki weliwad-
Si ramdenime aseul procent-
sac aRwevs. hi perinflaciis
dros mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli
fulis raodenoba da fasebi
astronomiuli tempebiT izr-
deba, fasebi da xelfasi katas-
trofulad scildeba erTma-
neTs. aseT pirobebSi cxovreb-
is donis dacemas yvelaze uz-
runvelyofili fenebic ki
grZnoben. hiperinflacia Zalian
iSviaTia, rac ar SeiZleba iTq-
vas Wenebadi inflaciis Sesax-
eb. es ukanaskneli arsebobs gan-
viTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tum-
ca, maTTvis metwilad damaxasi-
aTebelia zomieri inflacia.
zomier inflacias mZime eko-
nomikuri Sedegebi ar mosdevs,
maSin rodesac WenebiTi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki, hiperinflacia
mTeli erovnuli meurneobis
qaoss iwvevs, ukiduresad am-
wvavebs sazogadoebaSi winaaRm-
degobebs, aferxebs kvlavwar-
moebis process, uaryofiT gav-
lenas axdens rogorc warmoe-
bis saerTo moculobaze (mak-
roekonomikuri efeqti), ise
resursebis ganawilebasa da
ekonomikur efeqtianobaze (mik-
roekonomikuri efeqti). gan-
sakuTrebiT mZimea inflaciis
socialuri Sedegebi. am dros
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani naw-
ilis cxovrebis done mkveTrad
ecema, matulobs Semosavlebis
usamarTlo ganawileba, rac aaq-
tiurebs sazogadoebis socia-
lur-----politikur cxovrebas.
saqarTveloSi hiperinfla-
cia iyo 1993-----1994 wlebSi, ro-
ca Tviuri inflacia 50-----70%-----s
da mets Seadgenda.
inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done (rate ofinflation) - - - - - fasebis donis zr-dis procentuli cvlileba
sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT.
inflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuli
wertili wertili wertili wertili wertili (critical point of in-flation) - - - - - axasiaTebs inflaci-
uri procesebisaTvis niSan-
dobliv moments, rodesac xde-
ba gadasvla erTi rigis mov-
lenebidan Tvisebrivad gansx-
vavebul meore rigis movle-
nebze. inflaciis kritikul
wertils SeiZleba hqondes ga-
moxatvis sxvadasxva forma. es
aris momenti, rodesac mimoqce-
vaSi arsebuli fulis msyidve-
lobiTi unari iwyebs dacemas,
e.i. raRac garkveuli momentidan,
miuxedavad fuladi Tanxis
zrdisa, mosaxleobas sul ufro
naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis SeZena SeuZlia. amrigad,
kritikuli wertili axasiaTebs
inflaciis gansazRvrul etaps,
rodesac iwyeba misi ukuSede-
inflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertili
174
gebis gamovlena. es momenti ar
aris erTdrouli aqti sxva-
dasxva sociauri jgufebisa da
saxelmwifosaTvis. muSebisa da
mosamsaxureebisaTvis igi infla-
ciis dawyebisTanave dgeba. male
maT wvrili mwarmoeblebi mih-
yvebian da SedarebiT gvian imave
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian
msxvili sawarmoebis mflobel-
ni; kritikul wertilamde mi-
dis saxelmwifoc. garkveul mo-
mentSi saxelmwifo biujetis
xarji iwyebs swraf zrdas,
xolo Semosavlebi _ _ _ _ _ Semcir-
ebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelm-
wifo mimarTavs fulis axal
emisias. amrigad, inflacia, rode-
sac kritikul wertils miaR-
wevs, saxelmwifosTvis mZime
tvirTia. igi angrevs qveynis
ekonomikas da ekonomikuri cxov-
rebis dezorganizacias iwvevs.
amitom adre Tu gvian warmoiqm-
neba fuladi mimoqcevis sta-
bilizaciis aucilebloba.
inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma (infla-tion rate) - - - - - gamoxatavs drois
gansazRvrul periodSi faseb-
is saerTo donis matebis temps.
inflaciis norma udris nomi-
naluri fuladi masis matebis
temps minus fulze realuri
moTxovnis matebis tempi (ix.
inflaciis done).
inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-
bababababa (inflation targeting) – moneta-
ruli politikis gatareba, ro-
gorc mokle-, ise saSualova-
dian periodSi inflaciis sa-
mizne, dasaxuli donis misaRwe-
vad.
inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi (rateof inflation) – fasebis donis
zrdis tempi. ganixilaven fase-
bis donis or sazoms: 1. mTliani
Sida produqtis deflators,
romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-
Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saSualo fass; 2.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss,
romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-
Si moxmarebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saSualo fass.
inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-
di di di di di (inflation tax) - - - - - momxmareb-
lis mier faruli formiT gada-
xdili gadasaxadi iseT ekono-
mikur situaciaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo inflaciis gamom-
wvev politikas atarebs: mimo-
qcevaSi uSvebs fulis damate-
biT raodenobas, ris safuZ-
velzec arapirdapiri gziT mo-
saxleobaSi krefs maTi Semo-
savlis garkveul nawils. aseT
xerxs mTavroba mimarTavs im
mizniT, rom mosaxleobis ndo-
ba ar dakargos, vinaidan in-
flaciuri gadasaxadi nakle-
bad sagrZnobia, vidre pirda-
pir gazrdili sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTi. xarjebis gadidebisa da
maTi dafarvisaTvis saxelmwi-
inflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis norma
175
fom SeiZleba gazardos saga-
dasaxado ganakveTebi an dam-
atebiTi fuladi emisia ganax-
orcielos. emisiis Sedegad
fulis msyidvelobiTi unari
qveiTdeba, rac arsebiTad saga-
dasaxado ganakveTis gadidebis
tolfasia.
inflaciuri gadasaxadi in-
flaciis tempisa da realuri
fuladi maragebis namravlia.
inflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomika
(inflationary economy) - - - - - ekonomi-kas ewodeba inflaciuri, Tuki
adgili aqvs fasebis saerTo
donis permanentul zrdas. amas-
Tan, Tu fasebis zrda gamowve-
ulia ZiriTadi makroekonomi-
kuri Tanafardobebis (erTob-
livi moTxovna _ _ _ _ _ erToblivi
miwodeba, dagroveba-----moxmareba
da a.S.) disproporciiT, maSin
inflacias aqvs TviTgamaZlier-
ebeli xasiaTi.
inflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodini
(inflationary expectations) - - - - - ekono-mikuri subieqtis mier inflaci-
is SesaZlo tempebis Sefaseba
momavali droisaTvis. inflaci-
uri molodini garkveulwilad
firmebis, warmoebis muSakebis,
mTlianad mosaxleobis qcevis
erT-----erTi ganmsazRvreli faq-
toria. maRali inflaciuri
molodini aCqarebs inflaciur
process, dabali ki ramdenadme
anelebs inflaciis tempebs. Tu,
magaliTad, muSebi Semdegi
wlisTvis (an TvisTvis) faseb-
is momatebas elian, isini ze-
wolas axdenen mewarmeebze da
moiTxoven xelfasis momatebas
ise, rom igi ar CamorCebodes
Tundac inflaciis tempebs. Tu
mewarmeebi fasebis zrdis ten-
denciis SenarCunebas elian,
isini cdiloben moumaton fase-
bi warmoebul produqcias ise,
rom uzrunvelyon inflacia-
sTan SedarebiT mogebis win-
gamswrebi tempiT zrda da ar
ewinaaRmdegebian xelfasis ga-
didebas im imediT, rom mis ko-
mpensacias fasebis matebiT moax-
denen.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi ganas-
xvaveben inflaciuri molodi-
nis sam tips: eqstrapolaci-
urs, adaptiurs da racionalurs.
eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-
ciurciurciurciurciur molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan saqme gva-
qvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
ekonomikuri subieqtebi varau-
doben, rom inflaciis tempebi
momavalSi adrindelis toli
iqneba.
adaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuri
molodini molodini molodini molodini molodini niSnavs imas, rom
ekonomikuri subieqtebi perspeq-
tivaSi inflaciis Sefasebisas
axdenen wina periodis inflaci-
is tempebis koreqtirebas da
aanalizeben daSvebul Secdo-
mebs. mag., ekonomikuri subieq-
inflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodini
176
ti, Tu maisSi inflaciis tem-
pebis Sefasebisas Secda da ver
Seafasa igi 5 procentuli pun-
qtiT, ivnisSi inflaciis maisis
faqtobriv tempebs gamoiyenebs.
Tu inflacia, vTqvaT, 25%-----s Sead-
gens, ekonomikuri subieqti mis
koreqtirebas moaxdens daSve-
buli Secdomis safuZvelze, e.i.
25%-----s daumatebs 5%-----s. amrigad,
inflaciuri molodini ivnisSi
30% iqneba.
racionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciur
molodins molodins molodins molodins molodins adgili aqvs im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikuri
subieqtebi maTTvis xelmisawv-
domi inflaciis safuZvelze
zustad gansazRvraven inflaci-
is tempebs momavali periodis-
aTvis da Sesabamis gadawyve-
tilebebs iReben.
inflaciuri molodinis pir-
veli ori tipi realuri xasiaTi-
saa, mesame ki garkveulwilad
Teoriuli abstraqciaa.
informaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetria
(asymetric information) - - - - - poten-ciur kontrahentebs Soris
SeTanxmebis dadebisaTvis auci-
lebeli informaciis uTanabro
ganawileba.
infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura (infra-structure) [<laT. intra-----qveS, struk-tura-----Sedgeniloba] - - - - - ama Tu imsistemis Semadgeneli nawili,
romelsac daqvemdebarebuli,
damxmare xasiaTi aqvs, magram
mTeli sistemis normalur fu-----
nqcionirebas ganapirobebs. in-
frastruqtura, farTo gagebiT,
uzrunvelyofs kvlavwarmoebis
procesis garegani pirobebis
Seqmnas. igi meurneobis gansa-
kuTrebuli sferoa, romelic
momsaxurebas uwevs rogorc
warmoebas, ise mimoqcevas.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi in-
frastruqtura iyofa oTx dar-
gobriv jgufad: 1. warmoebrivi
infrastuqtura; 2. socialuri
infrastruqtura; 3. instituci-
uri infrastruqtura; 4. eko-
logiuri infrastruqtura.
sabazro urTierTobis rTu-
li sistema moiTxovs Sesabam-
is infrastruqturas, romlis
gareSec civilizebuli bazre-
bis funqcionireba SeuZlebe-
lia. sabazro infrastruqtur-
aSi Sedis calkeuli bazrebis
farglebSi moqmedi speciali-
zebuli organizaciebi (saqon-
lisa da safondo birJebi, sak-
redito dawesebulebebi, sadaz-
Rvevo kompaniebi, brokerTa in-
stitutebi, marketinguli mom-
saxurebiT dakavebuli firmebi
da sxv.), romlebic mravalf-
erovnebiT gamoirCevian. maTi
meSveobiT bazrebi efeqtianad
arTmeven Tavs saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis ukmarisobas da, rac
mTavaria, xels uwyoben udefi-
cito ekonomikis Seqmnas.
informaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetria
177
iiiiipoTeka poTeka poTeka poTeka poTeka (mortgage) - - - - - sesxi,gacemuli uZravi qonebis gi-
raoTi. dagiravebuli qoneba,
romelic uzrunvelyofs am
sesxs, mevalis xelSi rCeba.
iiiiipoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri i i i i banki banki banki banki banki (mortgagebank) - - - - - sakredito dawesebuleba,
romelic gascems ipoTekur kre-
dits da uSvebs uZravi qone-
bis dagiravebiT uzrunvelyo-
fil giravnobis sigels.
iiiiipoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri kri kri kri kri krediediediediediti ti ti ti ti (mor-tgage credit) - - - - - kreditis erT-----
erTi yvelaze adreuli forma,
sesxi, romelsac gascems i p-
oTekuri banki xangrZlivi va-
diT (10-----dan 15 wlamde) uZravi
qonebis (miwa, Senoba-----nagebobe-
bi) giraod datovebis safuZ-
velze.
iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-
na na na na na (irrational demand) - - - - - proble-
muri viTareba, rodesac arse-
bobs moTxovna iseT saqonelze
(Tambaqos nawarmze, alkohol-
ur sasmelze, narkotikul niv-
Tierebebze da a.S.), romelic
mavne gavlenas axdens rogorc
uSualod momxmarebelze, ise
mTel sazogadoebaze.
istoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebi (his-torical models) – modelebi, rom-
lebiTac, wonasworobis Teori-
uli modelebisgan gansxvave-
biT, SesaZlebelia realur si-
namdvileSi situaciebisa da
cvlilebebis gaanalizeba.
`istoriuli skola~ `istoriuli skola~ `istoriuli skola~ `istoriuli skola~ `istoriuli skola~ (@his-torical school#) - - - - - XIX saukunisgermanel ekonomistTa jgufi,
romelTa gamokvlevebma, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki meTodologiam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina ekono-
mikur mecnierebaze germanule-
novan qveynebSi. am skolis fu-
Zemdeblebi v. roSeri, b. hilde-
brandi, k. knisi da sxvebi aq-
cents istoriul aspeqtebze
akeTebdnen da Tvlidnen, rom
istoriul gamokvlevebs gada-
mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ama
Tu im movlenis ekonomikur
analizSi. isini akritikebdnen
klasikur skolas im Tvalsaz-
risiT, rom igi ekonomikur anal-
izSi aqcents ekonomikur kanon-
ebze akeTebda. istoriuli sk-
olis TvalsaCino warmomadgen-
lis g. Smoleris azriT, a. smiT-
ma da d. rikardom ekonomikuri
saqmianobis sfero Semofargles
mxolod kerZo interesebisa da
piradi sargeblobis poziciiT.
istoriuli skola sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis ekonomikur
istorias ekonomikuri movle-
nebis mravalmxrivi aspeqtebis
kvlevis safuZvlad miiCnevda.
iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri (juridical,legal person) - - - - - firma, organiza-cia, gaerTianeba da a.S., romelic
kanoniT iTvleba samoqalaqo sa-
marTlisa da valdebulebis
subieqtad, e.i. SeuZlia damo-
iuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piri
178 ijaraijaraijaraijaraijara
ukideblad moipovos qonebrivi
ufleba, aiRos valdebulebebi
da iyos pasuxismgebeli sasamar-
Tlosa da arbitraJis winaSe.
yovel iuridiul pirs Tavisi
saxelwodeba aqvs. es statusi
SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva
saqvelmoqmedo, sazogadoebriv
da a.S. organizaciasac, romelTa
mizanic mogebis miReba ar aris.
ijara ijara ijara ijara ijara (lease) [arab. ijara-Tun _ _ _ _ _ gasamrjelo samuSao-
saTvis] - - - - - xelSekruleba, rom-
lis mixedviTac erTi mxare (me-
ijare) aZlevs Tavis qonebas
(miwas, Senoba-----nagebobebs, manqa-
na-----danadgarebsa da a.S.) meore
mxares (moijares) droebiT ufaso
sargeblobisaTvis. Sesrulebu-
li samuSaos Sedegad miRebu-
li Semosavali, arendisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, gadadis meijaris
(qonebis mesakuTris) sakuTreba-
Si, xolo es ukanaskneli samu-
Saos SesrulebisaTvis moijares
uxdis saijaro xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli odenobis
safasurs, gasamrjelos.
179kapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazari
kkkkkkadastri kadastri kadastri kadastri kadastri (cadastre) [<berZn.katastichon furceli, reestri,
nusxa] - - - - - 1. im pirTa sia, rom-lebzec vrceldeba suladobri-
vi dabegvra; 2. cnobebis sistema-
tizebuli krebuli, romelic
dgeba Sesabamis obieqtze peri-
oduli an ganuwyveteli dak-
virvebis safuZvelze (mag., mi-
wis kadastri, wylis kadastri
da a.S.). sinon. reestri.
kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia (calculation) [<laT.calculatio angariSi] - - - - - produqciiserTeulis TviTRirebulebis
gaangariSeba danaxarjebis sax-
eebis (kalkulaciis statieb-
is) mixedviT.
kambikambikambikambikambio o o o o (debtor’s bill) [<ital.
cambio daxurdaveba] - - - - - sesxis
baraTi, Tamasuqi.
kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard (1905-1989)
(Kahn Richard) – ingliseli
ekonomisti, 30-70-ian wlebSi
moRvaweobda kembrijis univer-
sitetSi, didi Rvawli miuZRvis
ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganvi-
TarebaSi. 1931 wels kanma eko-
nomikur TeoriaSi pirvelma
Semoitana ̀ multiplikatoris~
cneba, daadgina sazogadoebrivi
optimumis pirobebi keTildRe-
obis ekonomikur TeoriaSi. misi
naSromebidan gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia `rCeuli narkvevebi
dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri
zrdis Sesaxeb~ (1973). kanis
ideebi farTod aisaxa j. kein-
zis, p. samuelsonis, a. hansenisa
da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
kapitali kapitali kapitali kapitali kapitali (capital) - - - - - farTogagebiT _ _ _ _ _ saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebisaTvis gamoye-
nebuli resursebi, warmoebis
faqtorebi. viwro gagebiT _____
warmoebis faqtorebis erT-----erTi
Semadgeneli nawili, warmoebis
saSualebis saxiT. kapitali
Sedgeba rogorc xangrZlivi
moxmarebis (ZiriTadi kapita-
li), ise warmoebis erTi cik-
lis manZilze moxmarebul (sa-
brunavi kapitali) warmoebrivi
saqonlisagan. es sityva gam-
oiyeneba agreTve finansuri
aqtivebis gamosaxatavad.
kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari (capi-tal market) - - - - - finansuri resurse-biT (fuli, aqciebi, obligacie-
bi) vaWrobis, kapitalze moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis formire-
bis sfero, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs fuladi saxsrebis aku-
mulaciasa da gadanawilebas,
ZiriTadi kapitalis moZraobas,
xels uwyobs mogebis maqsimi-
zaciasa da ekonomikaSi pro-
porciebis SenarCunebas.
kapitalis bazarze Tavs iy-
ris saxelmwifo da kerZo fir-
mebis fuladi danazogebi, rom-
lebic sakredito saSualebeb-
180
is saxiT warimarTeba kvlavwar-
moebis ganviTarebisaTvis. erT-
droulad kapitali Tavmoyril-
ia kreditoris xelSi fasiani
qaRaldebis saxiT.
kapitalis bazari moicavs
fasiani qaRaldebis bazars, sa-
Sualo da grZelvadiani kredi-
tis bazars, valutis bazris
gansazRvrul nawils da inves-
ticiis (maT Soris, ucxour-
is) bazars. kapitalis bazarze
operaciebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----gay-
idva, sabanko sesxis, komerciu-
li da ipoTekuri kreditis mi-
Reba-----gacema. kapitalis bazarze
garigebis ZiriTadi instrumen-
tebia: depozituri serti-
fikatebi, sabanko aqceptebi da
a.S., xolo garigebis kontra-
hentebi _ _ _ _ _ safondo birJebi, sa-
dazRvevo, sabrokero da sadi-
lero kompaniebi, auditoruli
firmebi, komerciuli da sain-
vesticio bankebi, sapensio da
sainvesticio fondebi da sxv.,
romlebic safinanso-----sakredito
dawesebulebebis ganStoebul
qsels qmnian.
kapitalis bazari scilde-
ba calkeuli qveynebis saz-
Rvrebs da msoflio meurneo-
bis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel
nawils warmoadgens. igi did
rols asrulebs axali region-
uli ekonomikuri kompleqseb-
is SeqmnaSi, sagareo vaWrobasa
da saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
baSi. kapitalis msoflio baz-
arze kreditorisa da sesxis
amRebis rolSi ZiriTadad gamo-
dian msxvili transerovnuli
firmebi da bankebi, samTavrobo
da municipaluri organoebi,
saerTaSoriso savaluto da
safinanso organizaciebi (saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondi,
msoflio banki, rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis erovnuli
banki).
kapitalis bazarze ZiriTadi
maCvenebelia procentis ganakve-
Ti. am ukanasknelis struqtu-
ra moicavs diskonts, kreditze
procentul ganakveTs, xazinis
Tamasuqs da sxv.
kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-
dasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadi (capital transfer tax) -----simdidris gadacemaze gadasax-
adi, romelic SemoiRes did bri-
taneTSi 1974 wels qonebaze
gadasaxadis nacvlad, xolo
1986 wels Seicvala memkvid-
reobaze gadasaxadiT.
kapitalis gadacemaze ga-
dasaxadi Sedgeba naCuqrobisa
da memkvidreobaze gadasaxade-
bisgan.
kapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagroveba
(capital accumulation) - - - - - ZiriTa-di kapitalis dagroveba wmin-
da investiciebis xarjze.
kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba (capital
kapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gadasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadi
181
coefficients) - - - - - kapitalis mocu-
lobis Sefardeba am kapital-
is gamoyenebiT gamoSvebuli
produqciis moculobasTan.
kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba (capital-return) – kapitalis gamoyenebis
efeqtianobis, kapitaltevadobis
ukuproporciuli maCvenebeli.
gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli mTli-
ani produqciis SefardebiT mis
sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli ka-
pitalis saSualo wliur Rire-
bulebasTan.
kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi (ca-pitals assets) - - - - - aqtivebi, romle-
bic yoveldRiuri saqmiani ope-
raciebisas ar iyideba da ar
yiduloben, magaliTad, Senoba-----
nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi, miwa
da fasiani qaRaldebi.
kapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis ko-----
efiefiefiefieficienti cienti cienti cienti cienti (capital-----output ratio)- - - - - ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi
_ _ _ _ _ saerTo kapitaluri maragis
Sefardeba wliur mTlian Sida
produqtTan.
karati karati karati karati karati (carat) – 1. ZvirfasiTvlebis masis sazomi (mag., in-
glisuri karati udris 205 mg-s.
parizis saerTaSoriso konvenci-
is gansazRvriT (1907) karati
udris 200 mg-s; 2. Zvirfasi
liTonebis sinjis sazomi erTe-
uli. mag., oqros inglisuri ka-
rati udris Senadnobis masis
1/24-s. Tavdapirvelad karati
Zveli berZnuli wonis erTeuls
warmoadgenda (udrida 0,189
grams), Sua saukuneebSi gavrce-
lebuli iyo axlo da Sua aRmo-
savleTis qveynebSic.
saqarTveloSi XI-XVIIss.-
Si cnobilia keratis (0,212 g),
xolo XVII-XVIII ss.-Si yira-
Tis (0,192 g) saxelwodebiT.
kerati Sedioda dramis woniT
sistemaSi da misi 1/12 anu
0,212g iyo. yiraTi Seadgenda
misxlis 1/24 anu 0,192 grams.
kargo kargo kargo kargo kargo (cargo) [<esp. cargodatvirTva] - - - - - sagareo-----savaWro
operaciebSi _ _ _ _ _ xomaldis tvir-
Ti; kargo-----gegma — xomaldze
tvirTis ganlagebis gegma; xom-
aldis tvirTis dazRveva.
karteli karteli karteli karteli karteli (cartel-----kartell) [<ital.cartello] - - - - - monopoliis erT-----erTi
ZiriTadi forma; mewarmeTa ga-
erTianeba, romlis monawilen-
ic erTmaneTs uTanxmdebian war-
moebis moculobaze, gasaRebis
bazrebze, gayidvis pirobebze,
fasebze, gadaxdis vadebze da
a.S. komerciuli (fasebis da-
weseba, produqciis gasaReba da
a.S.) da warmoebrivi damouki-
deblobis SenarCunebiT.
kasko kasko kasko kasko kasko (transport insurance)[<ital. casco] - - - - - gadasazidi sa-Sualebebis (gemebis, TviTmfri-
navebis, avtomobilebis, vagonebis,
cisternebisa da sxv.) dazRveva.
kafkafkafkafkaf-----i (cost and freight - - - - - CAF)- - - - - Rirebuleba da fraxti _____
kaf-ikaf-ikaf-ikaf-ikaf-i
182
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi sazR-
vao gadazidvisas gayidvis sa-
baziso piroba, romelic iTval-
iswinebs eqsportioris valde-
bulebas, gadaitanos saqoneli
kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul
navsadguramde, dafraxtos gemi
da dafaros masTan dakavSire-
buli xarjebi. importiori val-
debulia miiRos saqoneli SeT-
anxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul por-
tSi da dafaros mis gadmot-
virTvasTan dakavSirebuli xar-
jebi.
keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-
kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria (welfare econo-mics) - - - - - ikvlevs qveynis ekonomi-
kuri mowyobis zemoqmedebas sa-
zogadoebis wevrTa keTildRe-
obaze. normatiuli aspeqtis
zogadi saxelwodeba. keTil-
dReobis ekonomikuri Teoria
iZleva politikur rekomenda-
ciebs. igi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba
paretos Teorias, romelsac
zogjer keTildReobis axal
ekonomikur Teoriasac ki uwo-
deben. misTvis, pigus Teoriisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, niSandobliv-
ia sargeblianobis raodenobrivi
gazomvis ideis uaryofa. zogi-
erTma ekonomistma wamoayena
winadadeba bergsonis sazogado-
ebrivi keTildReobis funqci-
is gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. igi as-
abuTebs sargeblianobis raode-
nobrivad gazomvis SesaZleblo-
bas. am funqciis formulireba
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis miz-
nebs, romelSic sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis done warmodge-
nilia rogorc resursebis alo-
kaciis funqcia.
keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-
lebelilebelilebelilebelilebeli programebi programebi programebi programebi programebi (welfarecontrol programs) - - - - - farTod gav-rcelebulia ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi da Sedgeba siRaribissiRaribissiRaribissiRaribissiRaribis
daZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul da
sadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo ti pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-
fo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisagan.
siRaribesTan brZolis pro-
grama iTvaliswinebs mimdinare
saWiroebebs. daxmarebis miReb-
is ufleba damokidebulia Se-
mosavlebisa da danazogis si-
dideze.
sadazRvevo ti pis pro-
gramebi gaTvaliswinebulia imi-
saTvis, rom ojaxebma da calke-
ulma pirebma gansazRvrul piro-
bebSi SeinarCunon garkveuli
cxovrebis done. garda amisa,
arsebobs sakmaod farTo mas-
Stabis kerZo programebi _ _ _ _ _ ker-
Zo sapensio sistemebi, romlebic
finansdeba daqiravebulTa sax-
srebis xarjze.
siRaribesTan brZolisaTvis
gamoiyeneba kvebis talonebi. es
aris universaluri programa,
romelSic monawileobis ufle-
ba aqvs yvelas maT, romelTa
Semosavali dabalia siRaribis
keTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoria
183
oficialur monacemebze, siR-
aribis zRvarze.
aSS-----Si 1960-----iani wlebidan
cnobilia samedicino daxmare-
bis saxelmwifo socialuri
programa _ _ _ _ _ `medikeri~ (`medi-care~) da mosaxleobis nakle-
buzrunvelyofili fenebis dac-
vis socialuri programa _ _ _ _ _ ̀ me-
dikeidi~ (`medicade~). amJamadaSS-----Si socialur programebze
ixarjeba mTliani Sida produq-
tis 11%.
`keT`keT`keT`keT`keTildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelm-m-m-m-m-
wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria (“welfare sta-te” theory) - - - - - moicavs rogorc
ekonomikur, ise politikur, so-
cialur da a.S. aspeqtebs, ey-
rdnoba saxelmwifo seqtoris
im ZiriTad amocanebs, romlebic
man unda Seasrulos Tanamed-
rove ekonomikaSi. es aris sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoe-
ba, sazogadoebis dacva uaryo-
fiTi gare efeqtebisagan (eqs-
ternaliebisagan), bunebrivi
monopoliebis CarTva makro-
ekonomikur regulirebaSi, sa-
bazro ekonomikis Tanmxlebi
uaryofiTi socialuri Sede-
gebis koreqtireba anu pare-
tos mixedviT gaumjobesebis
miRweva resursebis gadanaw-
ilebis gziT, rodesac erTi
individis (an individTa jgu-
fis) mdgomareoba umjobesde-
ba meore individis (an indi-
vidTa jgufis) mdgomareobis
gauaresebis gareSe.
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ cneba SemoRebul iqna 1941
wels, rogorc faSisturi ger-
maniis militaristuli poli-
tikis alternativa. Tanamed-
rove `keTildReobis saxelm-
wifos~ sakanonmdeblo aqtebi
eyrdnoba t. h. marSalis `so-
cialuri moqalaqeobis~ koncef-
cias. am koncefciis mixedviT
saxelmwifom unda uzrunvely-
os Semosavlebis minimaluri
done, amasTan, socialuri dov-
laTi unda miawodos TiToeul
moqalaqes _ _ _ _ _ rogorc misi
politikuri uflebis ganxor-
cieleba da qvelmoqmedeba.
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ Teoriis kvlevis centr-
Si dgas sazogadoebrivi xar-
jebisa da transferebis ganaw-
ilebisa da gadanawilebis meqa-
nizmi. sazogadoebrivi xarje-
bi iyofa sam ZiriTad jgufad:
pirveli, socialuri daxmareb-
is gaweva mosaxleobis im naw-
ilisaTvis, romelsac ar Seu-
Zlia damoukideblad Tavis rCe-
na; meore, avadmyofobisa da umu-
Sevrobis SemTxvevaSi savalde-
bulo dazRveva; mesame, socialu-
rad daucveli fenebis arsebo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli saqonl-
iTa da momsaxurebiT dakmay-
ofilebaze saxelmwifos mier
`keT`keT`keT`keT`keTildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelmwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoria
184
pasuxismgeblobis aReba.
rodesac qveyanas udgas
saukeTeso periodi, zogierTi
adamiani ver axerxebs samuSaos
Sovnas, an sakmarisi fulis ga-
momuSavebas aucilebeli moTx-
ovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad
da moxucebulobisaTvis dasa-
zogad. nebismier droSi arian
moxucebi, invalidebi, avadmyo-
febi da sxva mizezebiT Sromis-
uunaroni. zogierTs ar gaumar-
Tlda dabadebidan da isini ver
floben verc fizikur da verc
gonebriv unars. cud droSi
bevri muSaki, romelsac Cveuleb-
riv Seswevs unari uzrunvel-
yos Tavisi Tavi da ojaxi, kar-
gavs samuSaos. uares droSi,
iseTSi, rogoric ekonomikuri
dacemis periodia, milionobiT
adamiani Ratakdeba zemoT Ca-
moTvlili an sxva mizezebiT.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi cdi-
loben ar dauSvan TavianTi mo-
saxleobis mniSvnelovani nawi-
lis gaRatakeba da miT umetes
maTi SimSiliT daxocva.
saxelmwifos aqtiuri mona-
wileoba socialur sferoSi
aucilebelia rogorc poli-
tikuri sicocxlisunarianobi-
saTvis, ise sabazro ekonomikis
funqcionirebisTvisac. am miz-
niT SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva
saxis socialuri dacvis pro-
gramebi, romelTac ZiriTadad
saxelmwifo afinansebs, Tumca,
zogierTi programa SeiZleba
dafinansdes kerZo wyaroebidan-
ac (ix. keTildReobis makon-
trolebeli programebi).
keinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinard (1883-----
1946) (Keynes John Maynard) -----XX saukunis gamoCenili ing-
liseli ekonomisti, Tanamed-
rove makroekonomikuri Teoriis
fuZemdebeli. praqtikuli saqmi-
anoba daiwyo 1906 wels kembr-
ijis universitetis damTavre-
bis Semdeg, rogorc saxelmwifo
moxelem. 1913-----1914 wlebSi iyo
samefo komisiis wevri indoeT-
is fulis mimoqcevisa da fin-
ansebis sferoSi, muSaobda xazi-
naSi, iyo misi mTavari warmo-
madgeneli parizis samSvidobo
konferenciaze. keinzi akritike-
bda omis Semdgomi reparaciis
(zaralis anazRaureba) maRal
dones germaniis mimarT. naS-
romSi ̀ versalis xelSekruleb-
is ekonomikuri Sedegebi~ (1919)
igi amtkicebda, rom reparaci-
is dadgenilma donem SeiZleba
daangrios germaniis ekonomika.
keinzma datova xazina da dai-
wyo pedagogiuri moRvaweoba kem-
brijis universitetSi, parale-
lurad agrZelebda sabirJo saq-
mianobas xitSi, TamaSobda lon-
donis birJaze, riTac didi sim-
didre daagrova. 1911 wlidan
keinzi iyo Jurnal `Economic
keinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinard
185
Jornal~-----is gamomcemeli. mis ad-
reul naSromebs ZiriTadad praq-
tikuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini
exeba didi britaneTis oqros
standartze dabrunebas (`mis-
ter CerCilis politikis ekono-
mikuri Sedegebi~, 1925), fulad
reformas did britaneTSi (`traq-
tati fuladi reformis Sesax-
eb~, 1923) da a.S.
keinzi makmilanis komisiis
wevri iyo da did gavlenas ax-
denda qveynis ekonomikur poli-
tikaze. man udidesi wvlili
Seitana breton-----vudsis konfer-
enciis muSaobaSi (1944) da
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis daarsebaSi. 1942 wels, ̀ in-
glisis bankis~ erT-----erTma di-
reqtorma, lord keinz til-
tonskis tituli miiRo.
keinzis fundamenturi naS-
romi ̀ dasaqmebis, procentisa da
fulis zogadi Teoria~ (1936)
axal etapad aris aRiarebuli
ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi.
ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-
lirebis Teoriis SeqmniT kein-
zma revoluciuri gadatriale-
ba moaxdina ekonomikur azrov-
nebaSi. keinzianelebis saxiT
ekonomikur TeoriaSi gaCnda
axali mimdinareoba, ramac udi-
desi roli Seasrula msoflios
wamyvani qveynebis ekonomikur
politikaSi da sabazro regu-
lirebadi ekonomikis formire-
baSi.
savsebiT samarTlianad adam
smiTi iTvleba XVIII saukunisudides ekonomistad, karl mar-
qsi _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunisa, xolo jon
meinard keinzs ekuTvnis XXsaukunis palma.
keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba (Keyne-sianism) - - - - - erT-----erTi ZiriTadimimarTuleba ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi, romelic aRmocenda mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
keinzianuri Teoriidan da didi
roli Seasrula ekonomikuri
zrdis Tanamedrove Teoriebis
CamoyalibebaSi. am mimarTule-
bas safuZveli Cauyara XX sa-ukunis gamoCenilma inglisel-
ma ekonomistma jon meinard
keinzma, romlis Teoria Ziri-
Tadad aisaxa mis cnobil naS-
romSi `dasaqmebis, procentisa
da fulis zogadi Teoria~.
keinzianeloba warmoiSva
rogorc reaqcia 1929-----1933 wle-
bis msoflio ekonomikur kri-
zissa da misi Semdgomi perio-
dis depresiaze, rodesac ar
arsebobda stimulebi ara mar-
to axali investiciebisaTvis,
aramed kapitalis ganaxlebis-
Tvisac. keinzma Tavisi argu-
mentebi da daskvnebi daupir-
ispira klasikuri Teoriis ar-
gumentebsa da daskvnebs, rom-
lis postulatebi, misi azriT,
gamoiyeneba mxolod gansakuT-
keinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianeloba
186
rebul SemTxvevaSi _ _ _ _ _ rodesac
ekonomikuri situacia gamox-
atavs SesaZlo wonasworobis
saukeTeso SemTxvevas, keinzis
Teoria ki, ZiriTadad ekonomikis
krizisuli procesebis anal-
izs eZRvneba. igi umTavresad
ikvlevs sawarmoTa qronikuli
dautvirTaobis, masobrivi umu-
Sevrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
dabali tempebis gamomwvev mize-
zebs. amitom mas xSirad ̀ depre-
siuli~ an ̀ stagnaciuri~ ekono-
mikis Teorias uwodeben.
keinzis Teoriis centralu-
ri idea kvlevis makroekono-
mikuri meTodia, maSin rodesac
keinzianamdel ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi gabatonebuli iyo mik-
roekonomikuri midgoma. aqedan
gamomdinare, kvlevis centrSi
idga calkeuli firma, misi
danaxarjebis minimizaciisa da
mogebis, rogorc kapitalis da-
grovebis wyaros, maqsimizaciis
problema.
keinzianuri makroekonomi-
kuri TvalTaxedviT, erTi rome-
lime firmis ayvavebis pirobe-
bi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes mTe-
li ekonomikis ganviTarebis pi-
robebs. maT Soris warmoSobili
winaaRmdegobebis daZleva Sesa-
Zlebelia ara calkeuli firme-
bis mogebis maqsimizaciiT, ara-
med erovnuli ekonomikuri
proporciebis aRdgeniTa da
kvlavwarmoebis saerTo pirobe-
bis srulyofiT. keinzis azriT,
sazogadoebis yvela sasicocx-
lo problemis gadaWris gza
unda moiZebnos ara resurseb-
is miwodebaSi, aramed moTxov-
nis gazrdaSi, rac uzrunvely-
ofs am resursebis realiza-
cias. man wina planze daayena
`efeqtiani moTxovna~ da, aqedan
gamomdinare, realizaciis piro-
bebis regulirebis problema.
keinzma pirvelma ganixila
umuSevroba, rogorc ̀ efeqtiani
moTxovnis~ arasakmao donis Se-
degi. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi
man pirvelma gamoTqva azri, rom
`efeqtiani moTxovnis~ Seqmni-
saTvis aucilebelia ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulireba, rom
saxelmwifom unda ikisros mak-
roproporciebis dacva, bazris
`Secdomebis gamosworebisaT-
vis~ man Tavis Tavze unda aiRos
mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT
danazogebsa da investiciebs
Soris balansirebis uzrunve-
lyofa. keinzis varaudiT, sax-
elmwifo, danaxarjebis gazrdiT
an gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, an
orive am RonisZiebis SerwymiT,
SeZlebda gadaxdisunariani mo-
Txovnilebis amaRlebas da amiT
gaafarToebda warmoebas, romel-
ic ekonomikas daubrunebda srul
dasaqmebas. es iyo ̀ keinzianuri
revoluciis~ mTavari idea. kein-
keinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianeloba
187
zis makroekonomikuri wonas-
worobis Teoriam xeli Seuw-
yo ekonomikuri zrdis neokein-
zianuri koncefciis warmoSobas,
romelic ar aris misi identu-
ri.
omis Semdgom wlebSi, vi-
dre 70-----iani wlebis Sua xane-
bamde, ganviTarebuli qveynebis
ekonomikur politikaSi warma-
tebiT gamoiyeneboda ekonomikis
saxelmwifo regulirebis kein-
zianuri modeli. misi realuri
gansaxierebaa Sereuli, social-
urad orientirebuli sabazro
ekonomikis Seqmna germaniis fe-
deraciul respublikaSi, skan-
dinaviisa da dasavleTis sxva
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli (Ke-ynesian model) - - - - - jon meinard
keinzis mier XX saukunis 30-----ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli mod-
eli, miZRvnili am periodSi
ekonomikuri depresiisa da
umuSevrobis mizezebis axsni-
sadmi. mis mixedviT umuSevro-
bis mizezs warmoadgens arasak-
mao erToblivi moTxovna, rom-
lis daZleva SesaZlebelia sax-
elmwifo socialuri xarjebis
gazrdiT, gamouyenebeli da na-
klebad datvirTuli simZlav-
reebis amoqmedebis safuZvelze
axali samuSao adgilebis Se-
qmniT.
keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti (Keynes
effect) - - - - - saqonelze moTxovnis
cvlileba fasebis saerTo do-
nis cvlilebis Sedegad. mag.,
fasebis saerTo donis Semcir-
eba zrdis fuladi naSTis re-
alur sidides, rac meti fu-
lis gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-
bas qmnis spekulaciuri oper-
aciebisaTvis. amis Sedegad ob-
ligaciebis Rirebuleba gaiz-
rdeba, xolo sargeblis ganakve-
Ti Semcirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
investiciebis zrdis stimu-
lirebasa da saqonelze moTx-
ovnis gadidebas gamoiwvevs.
`kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ (@Cam-bridge School#) - - - - - cnobili ing-
liseli ekonomistis a. marSa-
lis naSromebis gavlenis ar-
ealSi myofi ekonomistTa jgu-
fi. Tavdapirvelad am skolis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen a. pigu,
d. robertsoni da j.m. keinzi.
amasTan, keinzis mecnierulma
miRwevebma safuZveli Cauyara
kembrijis Tanamedrove skolas,
romelic kritikulad aris gan-
wyobili neoklasikuri Teori-
is, kerZod, p. samuelsonisa da
r. solous naSromebis mimarT
(es skola p. samuelsonsa da
r. solous dRes miiCnevs
neoklasikuri mimdinareobis
mTavar warmomadgenlebad). am
winaaRmdegobam warmoqmna dis-
kusia XX saukunis 30-----ian wleb-
Si da grZeldeba dResac.
`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~
188
Tanamedrove kembrijis sko-
las miaCnia, rom ekonomikur
modelSi gasaTvaliswinebelia
ara mxolod wminda ekonomikuri,
aramed istoriuli, sociolo-
giuri da fsiqologiuri faq-
torebi. am skolis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi arian j. robin-
soni, n. kalori, l. kani, p. srafa
da sxvebi. amasTan, maT mimdevrebi
hyavT aSS-----Si, kanadaSi, itali-
asa da avstraliaSi.
kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua (1694-----1774)
(Quesnay Francois) - - - - - mTavari
figura XVIII saukunis frangekonomistTa Soris, cnobili
fiziokrati. kene specialobiT
eqimi iyo. misi ekonomikuri
Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad gan-
zogadebulia naSromSi `sami-
waTmoqmedo saxelmwifos eko-----
nomikuri politikis zogadi
principebi~ (1753), sadac kvle-
vis obieqtad aRiarebulia mi-
waTmoqmedeba, xolo erTaderT
nayofier sferod _ _ _ _ _ soflis
meurneoba. f. kenes gansakuTre-
biT gauTqva saxeli misma ̀ eko-----
nomikurma tabulam~ (1758), ro-----
melic qveynis ekonomikis gan-
viTarebisaTvis aucilebeli Zir-
iTadi ekonomikuri proporcie-
bis gamovlenis pirveli makro-
ekonomikuri modelia. rogorc
merkantilistebis oponentma, man
erT-----erTma pirvelma miuTiTa
soflis meurneobaSi Tavisufa-
li konkurenciis upirateso-
bis Sesaxeb. misi `ekonomikuri
tabula~ warmoadgens gacvlis
sqemas miwaTmoqmedebs, sxva sa-
soflo-----sameurneo muSakebsa da
e.w. `unayofo~ klasebs Soris.
kenes azriT, mxolod soflis
meurneobas SeuZlia awarmoos
produqcia moxmarebisTvis auci-
lebeli donis zeviT, amitomac
mxolod soflis meurneobaa
ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala.
`ekonomikur tabulaSi~ naCve-
nebia Tu rogor nawildeba
`wminda produqti~ sam klass
Soris.
kenes `tabula~ arsebiTad
k. marqsis kvlavwarmoebis sqe-
misa da v. leontievis gaci-
lebiT rTuli modelis wina-
morbedia. kenes azriT, vinaidan
soflis meurneoba simdidris
erTaderTi wyaroa, SesaZlebe-
lia saxelmwifo finansebis gam-
artiveba mxolod sasoflo-
sameurneo gadasaxadis Semo-
RebiT. kenes moZRvrebam didi
gavlena moaxdina adam smiTis
Semoqmedebaze.
kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa (private stockexchange) - - - - - aqcionerTa kompa-nia an Caketili korporacia,
romlebSic garigebebis dadeba
mxolod maT wevr aqcionerebs
SeuZliaT. kerZo birJis wevrebi
Cveulebriv kapitalis dabandeb-
iT dividends ar iReben. maTi
kene fransuakene fransuakene fransuakene fransuakene fransua
189
mogeba warmoiqmneba im gasamr-
jelos xarjze, romelsac iRe-
ben klientebisagan garigebebis
dadebisaTvis, e.i. birJis wevrebi
brokeris rolSi gamodian.
kerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogi (private sa-ve) – danazogi, romelsac qmni-
an momxmareblebi da maTi gan-
kargvadi Semosavlisa da sa-
momxmareblo xarjebis sxvao-
bis tolia. ufro konkretulad,
kerZo danazogi aris Semosavals
minus gadasaxadebi da minus mox-
mareba.
kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli (privateproperty, commodity) - - - - - yvela sa-
qoneli Tu momsaxureba, romel-
ic moeqceva sabazro meqaniz-
mis orbitaSi. moxmarebis xas-
iaTidan gamomdinare, `kerZo
saqoneli~, iseve rogorc `sa-
zogadoebrivi saqoneli~, iyo-
fa individualuri da koleq-
tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.
individualuri moxmarebis ̀ ker-
Zo saqonels~ miekuTvneba: kveb-
is produqtebi, tansacmeli, say-
ofacxovrebo saqoneli da sxv.,
xolo koleqtiuri moxmarebi-
sas _ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebrivi kvebis
kerZo firmebis momsaxureba,
kerZo sahaero da saavtomobi-
lo gadazidva, kerZo Teatreb-
is, kinoTeatrebis, abanoebis mom-
saxureba da sxv.
kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli (quasimoney)[<laT. quasi TiTqos, viTom]- - - - - fu-
ladi saxsrebi unaRdo for-
miT, romelic iricxeba komer-
ciul bankebSi vadian da Sem-
naxvel anabrebze.
kvota kvota kvota kvota kvota (quota) [<laT. quotuwili] - - - - - 1. nawili, wili, norma,
pai; sagadasaxado kvota _ _ _ _ _ da-
begvris gansazRvruli erTeul-
idan akrefili gadasaxadis si-
dide; 2. warmoebasa da gasaRe-
baSi _ _ _ _ _ wili, dadgenili sakar-
telo SeTanxmebis farglebSi
misi TiToeuli monawilisaTvis.
importuli kvotebi gamoiy-
eneba saqonlis sazRvargareT
SeZenis SesazRudad, xolo sae-
qsporto kvotebi _ _ _ _ _ nedleu-
lis mwarmoebeli qveynebis saeqs-
porto Semosavlis stabili-
zaciisa da miwodebis SezRud-
visaTvis fasebis SenarCunebis
mizniT.
kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba (quotation) - - - - - war-moebis, eqsportisa da impor-
tis SezRudva saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis mier. safuZvlad udevs
mocemuli qveynis valdebule-
bebi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebeb-
Si, agreTve, erovnuli intere-
sebis dacvis aucilebloba.
qveynis SigniT makroekonomikur
regulirebaSi kvotireba gamo-
iyeneba moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis balansirebisaTvis.
klani klani klani klani klani (clan) [<kelt. clann]- - - - - viwro gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ Sotlandiel-
Ta da irlandielTa gvarovnu-
klaniklaniklaniklaniklani
190
li Temi; farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ jgu-
fi an gvari naTesavebisa, rom-
lebic gaerTianebuli arian sa-
meurneo an sazogadoebrivi ur-
TierTobebiT. aqedan warmodgeba
sityva klanizmi, romelic gamo-
xatavs mimarTulebas sazoga-
doebaSi.
klasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomia
(classical dichotomy) - - - - - ekonomiku-ri cvladebis Teoriuli day-
ofa nominalur da realur si-
dideebad. ekonomikuri maxasi-
aTeblebi iyofa or jgufad (d.
iumi): pirvel jgufs Seadgens
nominaluri cvladebi, anu is
sidideebi, romlebic izomeba fu-
ladi erTeuliT, xolo meore
jgufs _ _ _ _ _ realuri cvladebi _____
sidideebi, romlebic izomeba
fizikuri erTeulebiT. mag.,
xorblis fasi nominaluri cv-
ladia, vinaidan fuladi erTeu-
liT gamoixateba, maSin rode-
sac xorblis mosavali _ _ _ _ _ re-
aluri cvladia, vinaidan cent-
nerebiTa da tonebiT izomeba.
analogiurad nominaluri mTli-
ani Sida produqti nominaluri
sididea, vinaidan zomavs ekonomi-
kaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Rirebulebas fu-
ladi erTeuliT, xolo realuri
mTliani Sida produqti re-
aluri sididea, vinaidan gamoxa-
tavs warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis mTlian raode-
nobas.
d. iumis azriT, klasikuri
dihotomia sasargebloa ekono-
mikis analizisaTvis, vinaidan
masSi moqmedi Zalebis erTi na-
wili zegavlenas axdens nomina-
lur, xolo meore nawili _____
realur cvladebze. saxeldobr,
igi amtkicebda, rom nominaluri
sidideebi fulad-----sakredito
sistemis cvlilebebis uSualo
zemoqmedebis qveSaa, xolo re-
aluri sidideebi _ _ _ _ _ ara. mag.,
fulis miwodebis cvlileba
uSualo zegavlenas axdens no-
minalur, magram ararealur eko-
nomikur sidideebze. Tu, vTq-
vaT, centraluri banki gaaor-
magebs ekonomikaSi fulis mi-
wodebas, amiT gaormagdeba fase-
bis done, aseve fuliT ga-
moxatuli xelfasi (nominalu-
ri xelfasi), agreTve sxva nomi-
naluri cvladebi, romelTac
aqvT RirebulebiTi gamoxatu-
leba, magram realuri cvlade-
bi, iseTebi, rogoricaa warmoe-
bis, realuri xelfasis done
da sargeblis realuri ganakve-
Ti _ _ _ _ _ darCeba ucvleli.
klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri
ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia (classical political econo-my) - - - - - liberaluri ekonomikuri
Teoria, romelic aRmocenda
XVIII saukunis 70-----ian wlebSi
da XX saukunis 30-----ian wle-
bamde safuZvlad edo wamyvani
klasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomia
191
kapitalisturi qveynebis ekono-
mikur politikas. misi fuZem-
deblebi iyvnen ingliseli mec-
nierebi adam smiTi da devid
rikardo, Tumca, klasikuri eko-
nomikuri Teoria saTaves iRebs
uiliam petis Sexedulebebidan.
mis warmoSobas didad Seuwyves
xeli ingliselma filosofos-
ebma jon lokma (1632-----1704) da
devid iumma (1711-----1776), agreTve
ekonomistma delei norsma
(1641-----1691), xolo ganviTarebas
_ _ _ _ _ Jan-----batist seim (1767-----1832).
ekonomikuri Teoriis am fu-
Zemdebluri mimarTulebis la-
itmotivia _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikis lib-
eralizaciis, moTxovna-----miwode-
bis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebu-
li Tavisufali fasebis safuZ-
velze sabazro TviTregulire-
bis idea. es idea eyrdnoba a.
smiTis `uxilavi xelis~ Teo-
rias. am ideis mixedviT saxel-
mwifo ganixileba rogorc ̀ Ra-
mis daraji~, saxelmwifo saqmi-
anoba ki _ _ _ _ _ rogorc aramwarmo-
ebluri Sroma. klasikur ekono-
mikur Teorias wiTel zolad
gasdevs kerZo interesebis pri-
oriteti sazogadoebrivTan Se-
darebiT. misi yuradRebis centr-
Sia calkeuli firma, maTi dan-
axarjebis minimizaciisa da mo-
gebis maqsimizaciis problema.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia or saukuneze met xans
edo safuZvlad msoflios wamy-
vani qveynebis ekonomikur poli-
tikas. es iyo mikroekonomikuri
paradigmebisa da sazogadoe-
brivi keTildReobis individu-
aluri koncefciis batonobis
epoqa. misi ideologia adami-
ans ganixilavs, rogorc ekono-
mikur fenomens, rogorc war-
moebis saSualebas da ara ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi warmoe-
bis mizans.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomia ZiriTadad ikvlevs eko-
nomikuri zrdisa da ganviTare-
bis problemebs, agreTve swav-
lobs simdidris bunebasa da
wyaroebs, erovnuli produqtis
ganawilebas warmoebis faqto-
rebis mesakuTreebs Soris Sez-
Ruduli resursebisa da Tavi-
sufali konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si. igi aqcents akeTebs kapi-
talis dagrovebaze, bazrebis
gafarToebasa da Sromis dan-
awilebaze.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis kvlevis sagania mikro-
ekonomikuri problemebic. d. ri-
kardom safuZveli Cauyara Sro-
miTi Rirebulebis Teorias. Ri-
rebulebis (faseulobis) kla-
sikuri Teoria aqcents Sro-
miT danaxarjebze akeTebs da
eyrdnoba SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teorias, maSin rodesac neo-
klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri ekonomiaekonomiaekonomiaekonomiaekonomia
192
xazs usvams faseulobis subi-
eqtur aspeqtebs.
meTodologiis sakiTxebSi
klasikur-----liberaluri skola
or banakad gaiyo. erT banakSi
gaerTiandnen isini, vinc mxars
uWerda induqciur meTods, ma-
galiTad, a. smiTi, romelmac em-
piriuli wanamZRvrebis formu-
lirebiT gamoavlina empiriu-
li kanonebi. meore banakis yve-
laze TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li iyo d. rikardo, romelic
mxars uWerda deduqciur me-
Tods. man hi poTezuri wan-
amZRvrebis safuZvelze gaake-
Ta Sesabamisi daskvnebi.
klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia (ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-
kurikurikurikurikuri saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis) (Activityclasification) [<laT. classis jgu-fi; facere keTeba]- - - - - warmoebriviekonomikuri saqmianobis saxee-
bis dayofa saerTo niSnebis
mqone jgufebad, mag., gaeros
yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikacia (ISIC), evropuli kav-
Siris ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mTavari samrewvelo klasifika-
cia (NACE) da a.S.
klasteri klasteri klasteri klasteri klasteri (cluster) - - - - - urTi-erTdamokidebuli kompaniebis
jgufi (mwarmoeblebi, mimwode-
blebi da sxv.) da masTan dakav-
Sirebuli organizaciebi (sax-
elmwifo marTvis organoebi, sa-
ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebe-
bi, infrastruqturis kompanie-
bi da a.S.), romlebic marTa-
lia funqcionireben sxvadasx-
va sferoSi, magram simbiozur
gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze.
klasterebi maRalteqnolo-
giuri parkebia (maT teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-
parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac uwodeben), rom-
lebic udides rols asrule-
ben qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-
Tarebasa da konkurentuli up-
iratesobis mopovebaSi. amJamad
msoflioSi maRalteqnolo-
giuri warmoebiT pirvel aTeul-
Si Sedian: fineTi, aSS, SvedeTi,
iaponia, samxreTi korea, nider-
landi, didi britaneTi, kanada,
avstralia da singapuri. maT
mohyveba CineTi da indoeTi. rac
Seexeba ruseTs, samecniero po-
tencialis sakmaod maRali
donis miuxedavad, mas maRali
teqnologiebis msoflio baz-
arze mxolod 1%-----mde uWiravs.
teqnikur miRwevaTa indeq-
sis mixedviT saqarTveloSi ar-
sebuli mdgomareoba veraviTar
kritikas ver uZlebs. am maC-
veneblis mixedviT, msoflios
qveynebi dayofilia xuT jgu-
fad: liderebi (sul 18 qveya-
na), potenciuri liderebi (sul
19 qveyana), teqnologiebis di-
namikurad damnergavi qveynebi
(sul 26 qveyana), marginaluri
anu zRvarTan misuli qveynebi
klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)
193
sul (9 qveyana) da danarCeni
qveynebi. am yvelaze CamorCe-
nil jgufSia saqarTveloc, an-
golasTan, bangladeSTan, gvine-
asTan, ugandasTan da am donis
sxva qveynebTan erTad.
klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-
ni ni ni ni ni (decreasing returns law of) -----kanoni, romelic gamoxatavs
urTierTdamokidebulebas cva-
lebad danaxarjebsa da war-
moebis moculobas Soris. war-
moebis moculobis garkveuli
mijnis iqiT cvalebadi danax-
arjebi ufro swrafad izrde-
ba, vidre produqciis moculoba,
e.i. produqciis damatebiTi er-
Teulis warmoebaze cvalebadi
danaxarjebis yoveli damatebiTi
erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZ-
leva. warmoebis danaxarjebsa
da Sedegebs Soris es urTierT-
damokidebuleba gamoixateba
klebadi ukugebis kanoniT.
kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni (ClaitonAct) - - - - - miRebul iqna aSS-----Si 1914
wels, miznad isaxavda, Sromis
kanonidan gamomdinare, anti-
trestul kanonmdeblobaSi ar-
sebuli darRvevebis konkret-
ul gansazRvras da maT aR-
mofxvras. kerZod, kanoni krZa-
lavda: 1. fasismier diskrimi-
nacias, romelic aferxebda kon-
kurencias da aZlierebda mo-
nopoliebs; 2. erTi kompaniis
mier meore kompaniis aqciebis
SeZenas, romelic mniSvnelovnad
amcirebda konkurencias da erT-
droulad ganapirobebda konku-
rent-----kompaniebSi erTi da igive
pirebis mier xelmZRvaneli
postebis dakavebas. igi gamor-
icxavda Sromis bazars anti-
trestuli kanonmdeblobis moq-
medebis sferodan.
klerki klerki klerki klerki klerki (clerk) [frang. clerc<laT. clericus sasuliero piri]-----saqmis mwarmoebeli parlamen-
tSi, sasamarTloSi, notariat-
Si, savaWro-----samrewvelo sawar-
moSi da a.S.
kliometria kliometria kliometria kliometria kliometria (cliometrics) -----`axali ekonomikuri Teoriis~
saxelwodeba, gamoyenebuli eko-
nometrikaSi ekonomikuri isto-
riis problemebis SeswavlisaT-
vis.
kliringi kliringi kliringi kliringi kliringi (clearing) [<ingl.
gawmenda] - - - - - unaRdo angariSs-
worebis sistema saSinao da
saerTaSoriso savaWro da sxva
operaciebisaTvis, dafuZnebuli
moTxovnisa da valdebulebis
urTierTCaTvlaze. ganasxvave-
ben sabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto kli-----
ringsringsringsringsrings. sabanko kliringi gam-
oiyeneba qveynis SigniT (am for-
mas pirvelad inglisma mimar-
Ta XVIII saukuneSi) da war-moadgens bankebs Soris unaR-
do angariSsworebis sistemas,
xorcieldeba saangariSswore-
bo palatebis meSveobiT. saban-
kliringikliringikliringikliringikliringi
194
ko kliringi didad uwyobs
xels saCeko brunvis zrdas.
savaluto kliringi xorcield-
eba saxelmwifoebs Soris sak-
liringo SeTanxmebis formiT
da iTvaliswinebs urTierT-
davalianebis dafarvas.
komandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagoba
(limited partnership) - - - - - Sereuli am-
xanagobis saxeoba, romlis wev-
rebidan erT nawils aqvs Se-
uzRudavi pasuxismgebloba mTe-
li Tavisi qonebiT (komplemen-
tarebi), xolo meore nawils
_ _ _ _ _ SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba
Tavisi wvlilis farglebSi (ko-
manditebi).
komercia komercia komercia komercia komercia (commerce) [<laT.
commercium] - - - - - 1. vaWroba; 2.
saqmianoba, romelic mimarTu-
lia mogebis miRebisaken.
komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia (com-mercialization) - - - - - msxvili saxel-
mwifo monopoliebis gardaqmna
saxelmwifo-----aqcionerul sa-
zogadoebebad _ _ _ _ _ holdingebad.
igi, sakuTrebis formis Seucv-
lelad, sawarmoTa gansaxelm-
wifoebrivebis erT-----erTi gzaa.
komercializebuli sawarmoeb-
is aqciebis sakontrolo pake-
ti saxelmwifos xelSia. am sa-
warmoebSi dasaqmebulebs ufle-
ba aqvT SeRavaTian pirobebSi
SeiZinon maT mier gamoSvebu-
li aqciebis nawili. komercial-
izaciis process amerikelebi
korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias uwodeben.
kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba (combine) –vertikaluri integrireba, erT
korporaciaSi sxvadasxva dar-
gis iseTi sameurneo obieqteb-
is gaerTianeba, romelSic urT-
ierTdakavSirebuli sawarmoo
procesebi xorcieldeba. amis Se-
degad korporaciaSi yalibde-
ba iseTi sawarmoo struqtura,
romelic ganapirobebs warmoe-
bis Tanmimdevrobas da uwyveto-
bas nedleulis mopovebidan da
gadamuSavebidan mza produqciis
gamoSvebamde.
komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-
valdebulovaldebulovaldebulovaldebulovaldebulo rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi (com-mercial banks obligatory reserves)- - - - - komerciuli bankebis fula-
di Tanxa, romlis sesxad gace-
mis uflebac maT ara aqvT da
valdebulni arian iqonion Tavi-
anT angariSze centralur bankSi.
komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki (com-mercial bank) - - - - - univelsaluri
xasiaTis sakredito dawese-
buleba, finansuri Suamavali,
romelsac licenziiT gadacemu-
li aqvs sabanko operaciebis
ganxorcielebis ufleba. misi
ZiriTadi funqciebia depozite-
bis miReba, kreditebis gacema
da klientebis saangariSswore-
bo momsaxureba. Tumca komer-
ciuli bankebi didi xania aRar
ifarglebian zemoaRniSnuli
funqciebiT da sxva operacie-
komandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagoba
195
bsac asruleben. isini dakave-
bulni arian agreTve fasiani
qaRaldebis yidva-----gayidviT, sain-
formacio-----sakonsultacio mom-
saxurebiTa da a.S.
komerciuli bankebis siste-
maSi farTod gavrcelda mom-
saxurebis iseTi saxeobebi, ro-
goricaa lizingi da faqtor-
ingi.
komerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli krediti
(commercial credit) - - - - - krediti, ro-melsac gamyidveli aZlevs my-
idvels im pirobiT, rom igi
nayidi saqonlis safasurs gan-
vadebiT gadaixdis. komerciu-
li krediti gaicema mimdinare
xarjebisaTvis erT wlamde va-
diT saTamasuqo kreditis an
Ria angariSis formiT.
saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: gamyid-
veli, saqonlis gayidvis Taobaze
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, afor-
mebs gadasapirebel Tamasuqs da
warudgens myidvels, es ukanas-
kneli ki axdens mis aqceptire-
bas, anu iZleva werilobiT Tan-
xmobas, rom fuls gadaixdis
TamasuqSi miTiTebul vadebSi.
krediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiT
gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze gamyidvelis mier gay-
iduli saqonlis Rirebulebis
valis saxiT Caweras myidve-
lis angariSze, es ukanaskneli
ki kisrulobs valdebulebas,
dadgenil vadaSi dafaros kred-
iti. kreditis es forma far-
Tod gamoiyeneba saqonlis reg-
ularulad miwodebisas.
komerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianoba
(commercial activity) - - - - - gaeros
CCLR-----is erT-----erTi ganyofile-
bis Semadgeneli nawili; moi-
cavs kompiuterebTan dakavSire-
bul sxvadasxva saxis samuSa-
oebs (konsultaciebi teqnikuri
da programuli uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebze, safinanso, statis-
tikuri da teqnikuri monace-
mebis damuSaveba da Senaxva, sa-
kancelario, sabuRaltro da
TUV-----is teqnikuri momsaxureba
da SekeTeba, kompiuterul te-
qnikasTan dakavSirebuli sxva
saqmianoba), gamokvlevebsa da
damuSavebebs (fundamenturi da
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi, eqs-
perimentuli damuSavebebi), sx-
vadasxva komerciul saqmianobas
(samuSaoebi samarTlis, angari-
Sebis Sedgenis, sabuRaltro aR-
ricxvisa da reviziis sferoSi,
konsultaciebi dabegvris sak-
iTxebze, bazris koniunqturis
gamokvleva da sazogadoebrivi
azris Seswavla, konsultacie-
bi komerciisa da marTvis sak-
iTxebze), saqmianobas arqiteq-
turisa da samoqalaqo mSeneb-
lobis sferoSi da masTan da-
kavSirebul teqnikur konsul-
taciebs (saproeqto-----sakonstru-
komerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianoba
196
qtoro, markSaideruli, geolo-
giur-----saZiebo, sainJinro sam-
uSaoebi da a.S.), yvela saxis
masalisa da produqtis teqni-
kur Semowmebasa da analizs,
im komerciul saqmianobas, ro-
melic ar Sedis sxva kategorie-
bSi (samuSao Zalis daqiraveba
da personaliT uzrunvelyofa,
gamoZiebasa da calkeuli pi-
rovnebis an qonebis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, Se-
nobis dasufTaveba-----dalagebasTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, fo-
tografiuli samuSaoebi, sabro-
kero-----sakomisio operaciebi, inka-
sireba, gamofenebis organiza-
ciasTan dakavSirebuli momsax-
ureba, aqcioneruli saqmianoba,
saredaqcio saqmianoba da sxv.).
komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori (commercialtraveller) [<frang. commis voy-ageur] - - - - - 1. moxetiale vaWari;
2. savaWro firmis mogzauri ag-
enti, romelic myidvelebs ad-
gilze sTavazobs saqonels ni-
muSebisa da katalogebis mixe-
dviT.
kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni (partner) [frang.compagnon] - - - - - 1. firmis Tanam-flobeli; 2. firmaSi Seamx-
anagebuli piri.
kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia (compensation)[<laT. compensation - - - - - anazRau-reba] - - - - - zaralis, danakargebis,
damatebiTi xarjebis anazRau-
reba.
komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi (compara-tivism) [comparativus SedarebiTi]- - - - - ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-
darebiTi analizi, ekonomikuri
Teoriis kvlevis erT-----erTi mi-
marTuleba, romelsac safuZve-
li Cauyares l. reineldma, d.
holdma, p. knirSma da a.S. far-
Tod damkvidrda XX saukunis30-----iani wlebSi aSS-----Si, germa-
niaSi, avstriaSi, norvegiasa da
sxva qveynebSi. am mimarTuleb-
is Sedegia instituciuri (kon-
vergenciis, industriuli, post-
industriuli sazogadoebisa da
a.S.) Teoriebi.
komplementari komplementari komplementari komplementari komplementari (limitedpartner) - - - - - amxanagobis sruli wev-
ri, romelic mis valdebulebe-
bze mTeli Tavisi mdgomareo-
biT, piradi qonebiT agebs pa-
suxs da SeuzRudav pasuxismge-
blobas atarebs.
konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati (conglom-erate) [<laT. conglomeratus Tav-moyrili, Segrovili] - - - - - ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis erT-----erTi
forma, romelic warmoiSva XXsaukunis 50-----ian wlebSi; gaer-
Tianeba ekonomikis sxvadasxva
dargis sawarmoebisa, romlebic
erTmaneTTan pirdapiri warmoe-
brivi kooperaciiT ar arian da-
kavSirebulni, awarmoeben da yi-
dian farTo asortimentis saqo-
nels.
konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia (conglo-
komivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJori
197
meration) [<laT. conglomerstioSequCeba] - - - - - calkeuli sagnebis
SekavSireba erT mTlianobad,
rodesac isini inarCuneben Ta-
vianT Tvisebebsa da niSnebs.
kondicia kondicia kondicia kondicia kondicia (condition) [<laT.
conditio] - - - - - norma, standarti, ro-melsac, saxelSekrulebo piro-
bebis Tanaxmad, unda Seesabame-
bodes esa Tu is saqoneli.
konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia (convention) [<laT.
conventio xelSekruleba, SeT-
anxmeba] - - - - - saerTaSoriso xe-
lSekruleba ama Tu im spe-
cialur sakiTxze, mag., konven-
cia saavtoro uflebis Senar-
Cunebis Sesaxeb; sarkinigzo,
safosto-----satelegrafo konven-
cia da a.S.
konversia konversia konversia konversia konversia (conversion) [<laT.conversio gardaqmna, Secvla] -----samxedro warmoebis gardaqmna
samoqalaqo produqciis war-
moebad. arsebobs ekonomikuri
konversiis ufro farTo gage-
ba: mTeli sazogadoebrivi war-
moebis gardaqmna; samrewvelo
konversia _ _ _ _ _ mrewvelobis gar-
daqmna, profesiuli konversia-----
kadrebis momzadebis profil-
is Secvla; valutis konversia
_ _ _ _ _ erTi valutis gacvla meo-
reze moqmedi valutis kursis
mixedviT; sesxis konversia _____
adre gamoSvebuli sesxis Secv-
la axliT da a.S.
konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-
gaciagaciagaciagaciagacia (convertible bond) - - - - - obli-
gacia, romlis mflobelsac
SeuZlia Seuferxeblad gacva-
los igi sxva aqciaze.
konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba (conver-tibility) [<laT. convertere gada-qceva] - - - - - erovnuli valutis una-
ri, Tavisuflad gaicvalos ucx-
our valutaze yvela saxis ope-
raciis dros da nebismieri
formiT. valutis konvertire-
badobis xarisxi pirdapir damo-
kidebulia qveynis ekonomikur
potencialze, misi sagareo-----ek-
onomikuri saqmianobis masStab-
ze, Sida fuladi mimoqcevis
mdgradobaze, erovnuli bazris
ganviTarebis doneze da sxv.
valuta SeiZleba iyos sru-sru-sru-sru-sru-
lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi (Seqce-
vadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac mocemuli qvey-
nis valuta icvleba nebismier
ucxourze, nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-
vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi (nawilobriv Se-
qcevadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac mocemu-
li qveynis valuta icvleba mxo-
lod zogierT ucxour valu-
taze da arakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadi
(Seuqcevadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac ama Tu
im qveynis fulad erTeuls
mTlianad SenarCunebuli aqvs
savaluto SezRudvebi da ar
icvleba sxva ucxour valutaze.
qarTuli fuladi erTeu-
li _ _ _ _ _ lari nawilobriv kon-----
vertirebadi valutaa.
koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura (conjuncture)
koniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqtura
198
[<laT. conjyngere Sekvra, dakav-Sireba, SeerTeba] - - - - - 1. niSnebiserToblioba, romelic damaxa-
siaTebelia garkveul period-
Si ekonomikis mdgomareobi-
saTvis; 2. urTierTdakavSire-
buli pirobebis erToblioba,
Camoyalibebuli viTareba.
bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _
drois garkveul periodSi
konkretul adgilze Camoyali-
bebuli saqonlis realizaciis
socialur-----ekonomikuri, savaWro-----
organizaciuli da sxva pirobe-
bi. damokidebulia mraval faq-
torze, romelTagan ZiriTadia:
momxmarebelTa fuladi Semo-
savlebi, saqonlis fasebi, sasa-
qonlo resursebis, maT Soris,
sasaqonlo maragis moculoba
da struqtura.
konkretuli bazris koniun-
qturis daxasiaTebisas yurad-
Reba, pirvel yovlisa, eqceva
moTxovnisa da miwodebis bal-
ansirebis xarisxs (dones). ko-
niunqturis Seswavla gulisx-
mobs sistematur dakvirvebas
bazarze moTxovna-----miwodebis
arsebul da SesaZlo gadaxre-
bze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
ganasxvaveben xelsayrel da
araxelsayrel koniunqturas.
konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti (competitor)[<laT. concurreins gajibreba<concurrere Sejaxeba] - - - - - zogadi
cneba, romelic gamoiyeneba neb-
ismier dargSi: ekonomikaSi, xe-
lovnebaSi da a.S. konkurente-
bi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc cal-
keuli pirebi, ise garkveuli
jgufebi, firmebi, romlebsac
aqvT TavianTi interesebi saqmi-
anobis nebismier sferoSi, mag-
ram erTdroulad dainterese-
buli arian saerTo miznis miR-
weviT. sityva ̀ konkurenti~ xSi-
rad ixmareba sameurneo saqmia-
nobaSi metoqeobis gamosaxatavad.
konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-
soba soba soba soba soba (competitive advantage) -----upiratesoba, romelsac kompa-
niebi inovaciebis danergvis gziT
aRweven. zogierT qveyanaSi yal-
ibdeba iseTi biznes-----garemo, ro-
melic SesaZleblobas aZlevs
kompaniebs swrafad danergon
siaxleebi da ufro ganviTard-
nen, vidre sxva qveynis kompanie-
bi. dRes qveynis ganviTarebis
strategiaSi yuradRebis cen-
trSia konkurenciis global-
izaciis, konkurenciisadmi glo-
baluri midgomis sakiTxi. kon-
kurenciis globalizacia kom-
paniebisagan moiTxovs axlebur
azrovnebas, informaciis yvela
doneze gafiltvras.
msoflio bazarze qveynis
konkurentul upiratesobas ga-
napirobebs mecnierebatevadi da
maRalteqnologiuri dargebi,
mowinave informaciuli da
konkurentikonkurentikonkurentikonkurentikonkurenti
199
telekomunikaciuri teqnolo-
giebi.
konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-
sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria (theory of com-petitive advantage) - - - - - Tanamedrovesagareo vaWrobaSi qveynis
konkurentunarianobis ganm-
sazRvreli Teoria, romelsac
TandaTan adgils uTmobs Se-
fardebiTi upiratesobis Teo-
ria. es axali Teoria gascda
warmoebis xarjebis analizs da
aqcents iseT faseulobebze ake-
Tebs, rogoricaa xarisxi, nou-----
hau, bazrisadmi axleburi mid-
goma, axali dizaini, axali sa-
xeobebis produqciis Seqmna da
a.S. msoflio ekonomikis ganvi-
Tarebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom
dRes yvelaze momgebiani is
dargebia, romlebic awarmoeben
informaciul teqnologiebs,
kavSirgabmulobis saSualebeb-
isa da telekomunikaciebis
mTel sistemas. maT warmatebas
msoflio bazarze, upirveles
yovlisa, ganapirobebs inovacie-
bis danergva da ara warmoebrivi
SesaZleblobebis zrda, inten-
siuri da araeqstensiuri war-
moeba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis
warmoebis matebis 75%-----dan
100%-----mde swored inovaciebis
gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
qveynis konkurentuli up-----
iratesobis misaRwevad XXIsaukune msoflios sTavazobs
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal
models. es modeli efuZneba
inovaciur ekonomikas, romel-
Sic ̀ pirveli violinos~ rols
inteleqtualuri kapitali as-
rulebs. konkurenciaSi upi-
ratesobas dRes aRwevs ara is,
vinc reagirebs bazris moTx-
ovnebze, aramed is, vinc qmnis
bazars, e.i. vinc bazars sTava-
zobs inovaciebs.
konkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianoba
(competitiveness) - - - - - 1. sabazro
urTierTobebis subieqtebis,
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tvi-
seba konkurencia gauwios baz-
arze analogiuri Tvisebebis
mqone sabazro urTierTobebis
subieqtebs, saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebas. am Tvisebis Sefase-
ba maRali, saSualo da dabali
konkurentunarianobis gansxvave-
bis saSualebas iZleva;
2. qveynis umniSvnelovane-
si indikatori, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs TiToeuli qveynis adg-
ilsa da rols msoflio eko-
nomikaSi. miuxedavad konkuren-
tunarianobis bevri saerTo niS-
nisa, didi sxvaobaa qveyanaTa
konkurentunarianobis modelebs
Soris. mag., aSS-----ma msoflioSi
miaRwia konkurentunarianobis
zrdis yvelaze maRal tempebs
energetikaSi, telekomunikacie-
bSi, TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba-
Si da a.S. dRes msoflioSi
konkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianoba
200
erT-----erT Zlier konkurentuna-
rian qveynad warmodgenilia
iaponia ekonomikis iseTi darge-
biT, rogoricaa teqnika da manqa-
naTmSenebloba.
is garemoeba, rom XXI sauku-ne aRiarebulia codnisa da in-
teleqtualuri kapitalis sa-
ukuned, mniSvnelovnad cvlis
qveynis konkurentunarianobis
safuZvlebs. imisaTvis, rom ko-
mpaniebi konkurentunarianebi
iyvnen, maT TavianTi produqcia
unda gayidon saerTaSoriso
sabazro qselis meSveobiT msof-
lios masStabiT. es aris didi
saTamaSo veli, romelsac kon-
kurentunariani qveyana ayali-
bebs Tavisi industriisTvis.
uaxloes warsulSi qvey-
nis konkurentunarianobas gan-
sazRvravdnen iseTi parametre-
biT, rogoricaa biujetis defi-
citi, procentis ganakveTi, va-
lutis kursis simyare, bune-
brivi simdidreebi, iafi samuSao
Zala, menejmentis gansxvavebu-
li praqtika da a.S. magram saer-
TaSoriso praqtika ar adas-
turebs am mosazrebaTa WeS-
maritebas. mag., riT SeiZleba
aixsnas iseTi qveynebis (iaponia,
samxreTi korea...) warmateba,
romlebic bunebrivi resurseb-
is mwvave deficits ganicdian,
an bunebrivi resursebiT mdi-
dari afrikis umetesi qveyneb-
is warumatebloba.
konkurentunarianoba iqmneba
ara gare, aramed Sida bazre-
bze. dRes konkurentunariano-
bis asamaRleblad kompaniebi
nergaven axal teqnologiebs,
afuZneben axal strategiebs, in-
vesticiebs deben axali unar-----
Cvevebis aTvisebasa da codnis
ganaxlebaSi. imisTvis, rom qvey-
ana konkurentunariani partnio-
ri gaxdes, man unda Seqmnas
axali inovaciuri sistema. dRes
msoflioSi Zalze popularu-
lia Semdegi mowodeba: ̀ dRevan-
deli inovaciebiT moaZveleT
Tqveni guSindeli produqcia~.
konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia (competition)[concurrere Sejaxeba, Setakeba]- - - - - 1. metoqeoba saukeTeso Sede-
gebis miRwevisaTvis; 2. brZo-
la kontrahentebs Soris saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-
sa da realizaciis xelsayre-
li pirobebisaTvis; 3. sabazro
situacia, rodesac bazarze aris
mravali mwarmoebeli (gamyid-
veli) da mravali momxmarebe-
li (myidveli).
konkurencia qveynis ekono-
mikis ganviTarebisa da efeqti-
anobis amaRlebis umniSvnelo-
vanesi faqtoria.
konkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazari
(competitive market) - - - - - bazari, sa-dac mravali wvrili gamyidve-
li da myidvelia. isini axor-
konkurenciakonkurenciakonkurenciakonkurenciakonkurencia
201
cieleben TavianT operaciebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad
da ar SeuZliaT arsebiTi gav-
lena moaxdinon fasze.
konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti (bill of lading)[frang. connaissement] - - - - - xelw-
erili, romelsac gascems ge-
mis kapitani (an sazRvao sa-
transporto sawarmos agenti)
tvirTis zRviT gagzavnisa da
miRebis dasadastureblad.
konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi (consulting)[<ingl. consulting - - - - - sakonsulta-
cio] - - - - - sammarTvelo konsul-
tireba, ganxorcielebuli spe-
cializebuli komerciuli
firmebis mier warmoebis mar-
Tvis organizaciisa da sru-
lyofis sferoSi axalSeqmni-
li sawarmoebis saqmianobis da-
fuZnebis, marketinguli kvle-
vis mizniT. sakonsaltingo fir-
mebi msxvili kompaniebis dakve-
TiT aanalizeben am kompaniebis
warmoebis organizaciisa da
marTvis Sesabamisobas, maTi
saqmianobis Sedegebs, SeimuSave-
ben rekomendaciebs maTi rent-
abelobis amaRlebisaTvis, konku-
rentunarianobis uzrunvelyo-
fisaTvis, adgenen maTi ganvi-
Tarebis grZelvadian koncef-
cias da biznes-----gegmas, amzade-
ben teqnikur-----ekonomikur das-
abuTebas Svilobili kompanie-
bis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. kon-
sultantebi Cveulebriv iseTi
specialistebi arian, romleb-
sac, Teoriul codnasTan er-
Tad, aqvT didi praqtikuli
gamocdileba menejmentis, mar-
ketingis da a.S. sferoSi. sa-
konsaltingo firmebTan erTad,
sammarTvelo konsultirebis
sferoSi momsaxurebas ewevian
sxvadasxva samecniero-----kvlevi-
Ti organizaciebi, romlebsac
am mizniT Camoyalibebuli aqvT
specialuri ganyofilebebi da
samsaxurebi. sakonsaltingo fir-
mebi momsaxurebas ewevian fas-
warmoqmnis sferoSi. fasebis
proeqtis SedgeniT isini monaw-
ileoben resursebis mimwodeb-
lebsa da produqciis damamza-
deblebs Soris, agreTve maT Sem-
kveTebTan xelSekrulebis dade-
baSi. sakonsaltingo firmebis
momsaxureba mniSvnelovnad am-
cirebs maRalkvalificiuri sa-
konsultacio daxmarebis miRe-
basTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.
konsaltingi, inJineringTan da
auditTan erTad, sabazro in-
frastruqturis aucilebeli
elementia.
konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti (consignor)[<laT. consignatio dokumenti] -----saqonlis mflobeli, romelic
sazRvargareT yidis saqonels
konsignatoris (komisioneris)
meSveobiT.
konsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli vali
(consolidated duty) - - - - - tradiciu-
konsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli vali
202
lad es termini gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifo valis im nawilis
gamosaxatavad, romelsac ara
aqvs dafarvis vadebi. amasTan,
ukanasknel periodSi misi gamoy-
eneba daiwyo ufro farTo mniS-
vnelobiT, saxeldobr, moicavs
vals saSualo da grZelvadi-
ani fasiani qaRaldebis for-
miT, anu mTel vals mimdinare
davalianebis garda.
konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi (consortium)[<laT. consortium Tanamonawile-
oba]-----kompaniebis an bankebis
droebiTi SeTanxmeba, gaerTiane-
ba sesxis erToblivi gavrceleb-
isaTvis, farTo masStabis fin-
ansuri an komerciuli opera-
ciebis CatarebisaTvis, msxvili
samrewvelo mSeneblobis ganx-
orcielebisaTvis da a.S.
kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti (counterpart)[<laT. contrahens momrigebeli]- - - - - 1. xelSekrulebis monawile
erTi mxare meoris mimarT; 2.
fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,
romelsac aRebuli aqvs xel-
Sekrulebidan gamomdinare esa
Tu is valdebuleba.
konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia (confiscation)[<laT. confiscatio] - - - - - qonebis,
fulisa da sxva faseulobebis
iZulebiTi, usasyidlod CamorT-
meva da sasamarTlos gadawy-
vetilebiT an administraciu-
li aqtiT saxelmwifos sakuT-
rebaSi gadacema.
konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia (confronta-tion) [laT. con winaaRmdeg + frons(frontis) jiqur, fronti] - - - - - wina-aRmdegoba, dapirispireba, Seja-
xeba (socialuri sistemebis, kla-
sTa interesebis, ideur-----poli-
tikuri principebis da a.S.).
koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia (concen-tration) [laT. concentratio <laT.
cone + centrum centri, Suagu-li] - - - - - Tavmoyra; warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-
centraciacentraciacentraciacentraciacentracia _ _ _ _ _ mocemuli warmo-
ebis moculobis zrda masSi
warmoebis faqtorebis zrdis
kvalobaze.
koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-
tulitulitulitulituli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli (aggregateconcentration) - - - - - ekonomikis mo-cemul seqtorSi an mTel eko-
nomikaSi warmoebis ramdenime
umsxviles korporaciad kon-
centrirebis xarisxi.
koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni (concern) - - - - - im sam-rewvelo, safinanso da savaWro
sawarmoebis gaerTianeba, rom-
lebic, samecniero-----teqnolo-
giuri, sainvesticio, safinanso,
sagareo-----ekonomikuri da sxva
funqciebis nebayoflobiTi cen-
tralizaciis safuZvelze, er-
Tobliv saqmianobas ewevian.
koncernis saqmianobis organi-
zaciisaTvis iqmneba mmarTve-
lobis sistema, romelsac kon-
cernis wevrebi nebayoflobiT
gadascemen TavianTi uflebamo-
silebisa da funqciebis naw-
konsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumi
203
ils. koncernis wevrebi ar
SeiZleba erTdroulad Sediod-
nen sxva koncernebis Semadgen-
lobaSi.
koncesia koncesia koncesia koncesia koncesia (concession) [<laT.
concessio nebarTva, daTmoba] - - - - - 1.xelSekruleba, romlis safuZ-
velzec saxelmwifo saeqsplu-
ataciod gadascems kerZo me-
warmeebs, ucxour firmebs gan-
sazRvruli vadiT samrewvelo
sawarmoebs an miwis nakveTebs
sxvadasxva nagebobaTa mSeneb-
lobis, sasargeblo wiaRiseu-
lis mopovebisa da a.S. uflebiT;
2. sazRauri, romelsac bankebi
axlad gamoSvebuli fasiani
qaRaldebis gayidvis organize-
bisaTvis iReben.
koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri (concessio-naire) - - - - - koncesiis mflobeli,
iuridiuli piri, romelmac mi-
iRo koncesia.
kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia (cooperation)[<laT. cooperatio TanamSromlo-
ba] - - - - - Sromis organizaciis for-ma, romlis drosac adamianTa
didi jgufi erToblivad mona-
wileobs erTsa da imave an gan-
sxvavebul, magram erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul Sromis proces-
ebSi.
koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-
tikatikatikatikatika (coordination policy) – mone-taruli fiskaluri politika.
praqtikaSi monetaruli da fis-
kaluri politika xSirad erT-
droulad gamoiyeneba. maTi kom-
binacia cnobilia, rogorc mone-mone-mone-mone-mone-
tarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koordi-----
nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika, an, ubra-
lod, koordinirebuli poli-
tika.
koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-
dididididi (correcting tax) – gadasaxa-di, dawesebuli uaryofiTi gare
efeqtebis mqone saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebisa da mis-
gan miRebuli zaralisaTvis. igi
ganapirobebs zRvruli kerZo
xarjis gazrdas zRvruli sa-
zogadoebrivi xarjis donemde.
Tumca praqtikaSi Zalze Zne-
lia zRvruli xarjis zusti
gaangariSeba. amitom koreqtire-
badi gadasaxadi yovelTvis ver
aRwevs mizans.
koreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidia
(correcting subsidy) – subsidia, ga-cemuli dadebiTi gare efeqte-
bis mqone ekonomikuri dovla-
Tis mwarmoeblebisa da momxma-
reblebisTvis. misi mizania zRvru-
li kerZo xelsayrelobis mi-
axloeba sazogadoebriv zRvrul
xelsayrelobasTan.
korporacia korporacia korporacia korporacia korporacia (corporation,public company) [<saS. laT. cor-poratio gaerTianeba, sazogadoe-ba] - - - - - Tanamedrove mewarmeobis,biznesis erT-----erTi organiza-
ciuli forma. misi Tanamesa-
kuTrea aqciis mflobelTa mra-
valricxovani armia, romelsac
korporaciakorporaciakorporaciakorporaciakorporacia
204
akisria SezRuduli pasuxismge-
bloba korporaciis aqcionerul
kapitalSi Tavisi wilis ode-
nobis mixedviT. korporaciis
mTeli mogeba, romelic mis aq-
cionerebs ekuTvniT, iyofa or
nawilad. erTi nawildeba aqci-
is mflobelebs Soris dividen-
dis saxiT, meore ki xmardeba
reinvestirebas. am formis Ziri-
Tadi upiratesobaa fasiani qa-
Raldebis gamoSvebis gziT dam-
atebiTi kapitalis mobilizaci-
is SesaZlebloba. Tavis saqmi-
anobas korporacia warmarTavs
marTvis mecnierul meTodebsa
da profesiul menejerebze
dayrdnobiT. mas aqvs SesaZle-
bloba swrafad gadavides saqmi-
anobis erTi saxeobidan meo-
reze. korporacia inarCunebs
memkvidreobiTobas da misi ar-
seboba ar aris damokidebuli
aqciebis gayidvis gamo Tanam-
flobelTa Secvlaze. naklov-
anebebidan SeiZleba aRiniSnos
is, rom korporacia erTeul mo-
gebaze ixdis ufro maRal ga-
dasaxadebs, vidre firmis sxva
organizaciuli formebi. ibeg-
reba rogorc korporaciis mo-
geba, ise aqcionerTa dividendi.
korporaciis likvidaciis
SemTxvevaSi aqciis mflobeli
iRebs wils, romelic man Sei-
tana firmis aqcionerul kapi-
talSi.
korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-
ciaciaciaciacia (corporate bond) – firmebis,korporaciebis mier gamoSvebu-
li obligacia.
korufcia korufcia korufcia korufcia korufcia (corruption) [laT.
corruptio] - - - - - meqrTameoba; Tanam-debobis pirebis, sazogadoebrivi
da politikuri moRvaweebis mo-
syidva. Tanamdebobis pirebis
mier TavianTi uflebebis boro-
tad gamoyeneba piradi gamdi-
drebis mizniT.
kotireba kotireba kotireba kotireba kotireba (quotation) [<frang.secoter] - - - - - ucxouri valutebis,
fasiani qaRaldebis kursis an
saqonlis fasebis dadgena bir-
Jaze moqmedi sakanonmdeblo
normebisa da Camoyalibebuli
praqtikis Sesabamisad.
kouzi rokouzi rokouzi rokouzi rokouzi ronnnnnaaaaallllld d d d d (dab. 1910)
(Coase Ronald) – warmoSobiTingliseli, jer londonis sko-
lis, Semdeg ki Cikagos univer-
sitetis profesori, neokla-
sikuri mimdinareobis Tvalsa-
Cino warmomadgeneli, ekonomikis
dargSi nobelis premiis lau-
reati (1991) firmis Teoriasa
(`firmis buneba~, 1937) da gare
efeqtebis kvlevaSi Setanili
wvlilisaTvis. didia misi dam-
saxureba transaqciuli xarje-
bis Teoriis Seqmnasa da maTi
Semcirebis gzebis gamokvleva-
Si. statiaSi ̀ socialuri xar-
jebis problema~ (1960) kouzma
gaakeTa daskvnebi, romlebic
korporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligaciaciaciaciacia
205
dRemde cnobilia kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-
remis remis remis remis remis saxelwodebiT.
kouziskouziskouziskouziskouzis Teo Teo Teo Teo Teorrrrrema ema ema ema ema (Coase’stheorem) – Teorema, romelic
efuZneba mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom gare efeqtebi (eqsterna-
liebi) im SemTxvevaSi ar gamo-
iwveven resursebis araraciona-
lur alokacias, Tu ar arsebobs
transaqciuli xarjebi.
krediti krediti krediti krediti krediti (credit, loan) [<laT.
creditum sesxi, vali <crederendoba] - - - - - 1. droebiT Tavisufa-li fuladi saxsrebis an saqon-
lis gacema valad gansazRvru-
li vadiT fiqsirebuli pro-
centis safasurad. kreditis
ZiriTadi formebia: aqcepturi,
aqceptur-----rambusnuli, i poTe-
kuri, komerciuli, reloveru-
li, sabanko, saerTaSoriso, sa-
eqsporto, savaluto, samomxmare-
blo. ganasxvaveben mokle- da
grZelvadian kredits. mokle-
vadiani krediti, rogorc wesi,
gaicema erT wlamde vadiT,
xolo grZelvadiani _ _ _ _ _ erT
welze meti vadiT da ZiriTa-
dad sainvesticio kapitalis sa-
xiT gamoiyeneba; 2. sabuRaltro
angariSis marjvena mxare. aq-
tiur angariSSi kreditSi Canaw-
eri niSnavs Semcirebas, anu
gasavals, xolo debetSi Canaw-
eri _ _ _ _ _ zrdas, anu Semosavals.
pasiur angariSSi ki, piriqiT,
kreditSi Canaweri niSnavs zr-
das, anu Semosavals, xolo de-
betSi Canaweri _ _ _ _ _ Semcirebas,
anu gasavals; 3. ndoba, ndobiT
sargebloba.
kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-
bebi bebi bebi bebi bebi (credit terms) - - - - - 1. periodu-lad: Tvis, kvartlis, naxevari
an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi; 2.
Tanabar nawilebad gadaxda:
ZiriTadi Tanxisa da daricxu-
li procentebis gadaxda Tana-
bari odenobiT daTqmuli va-
dis ganmavlobaSi; 3. mzardi
jamiT gadaxda: valis dafarvi-
saTvis daTqmul periodSi yov-
el momdevno wels gadasaxadi
Tanxis wilis gazrda; 4. naS-
Tis erTjeradi dafarva. fulis
saboloo gadaxda vadis dad-
gomisas. Cveulebriv gadasaxde-
li Tanxa valis saerTo raode-
nobis 15-----25%-----s ar aRemateba.
kreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionireba
(credit rationing) - - - - - ekonomikuripolitikis instrumenti, romel-
ic gulisxmobs sabanko kredi-
tis normirebul ganawilebas.
kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-
Rudva Rudva Rudva Rudva Rudva (credit ceiling) - - - - - fula-
di politikis instrumenti,
romelsac iyenebs centraluri
banki komerciul bankebze gasa-
cemi kreditis sididis SezRud-
vis oficialurad dawesebis
safuZvelze.
kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-
fafafafafa (collateral security) - - - - - ix. girao.
kreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofa
206
kreditori kreditori kreditori kreditori kreditori (creditor) [laT.
creditor] - - - - - sesxis gamcemi iuri-diuli an fizikuri piri, rome-
lic valad iZleva raime Tanxas.
kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti (Cookeratio) – komerciuli bankebisa
da sxva sakredito dawesebule-
bebis gadaxdisunarianobis koe-
ficienti, romelic moiTxovs
8%-iani donis Tanafardobas
sakuTar kapitalsa da aqtivebs
Soris.
kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia (cumulation) [<laT.cumulatio gadideba, dagroveba,
Tavmoyra] - - - - - dasazRvevi an daz-Rveuli obieqtebis Tavmoyra
gansazRvrul, Semofarglul
sivrceSi, teritoriaze, erT
sawarmoSi, sadazRvevo kompa-
niaSi, portSi, gemze, sawyobSi
da a.S.
kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-
deqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi (cumulative index of growth)- - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobis re-
aluri zrdis maCvenebeli saan-
gariSo wlis dasawyisidan
kvartalebis mixedviT wina
wlis Sesabamis periodTan Se-
darebiT.
kumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyra
(cumulative voting) - - - - - kenWisyra aq-cionerTa saerTo krebaze, rome-
lic nebas rTavs aqcioners, zo-
gierTi sakiTxis gadawyvetas mxa-
ri dauWiros ara erTi, aramed
ramdenime xmiT, im pirobiT, rom
sxva sakiTxebze kenWisyraSi mo-
nawileobas ar miiRebs.
kupiura kupiura kupiura kupiura kupiura (denomination) - - - - - no-minaluri Rirebuleba, romel-
ic aRniSnulia qaRaldis ful-
ze, banknotebze, obligaciebze
da sxva fasian qaRaldebze,
agreTve TviT es qaRaldis fuli,
banknoti, obligacia da sxv.
kuponi kuponi kuponi kuponi kuponi (coupon) - - - - - 1. fulis
Semcvleli surogati; 2. fasi-
ani qaRaldis nawili, mosaWre-
li taloni, romelic xelwe-
rilis nacvlad banks waredg-
ineba sargeblis an dividendis
misaRebad.
kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia (cou-pon bond) – obligacia, romel-
ic eqvemdebareba mravaljerad
gadaxdas dafarvamde da erT
gadaxdas ganaRdebis dros.
kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi (courtage) [frang.courtage komerciuli gasamrje-
lo] - - - - - gasamrjelo, romelsac
iRebs makleri birJis wevrebi-
sagan _ _ _ _ _ brokerebisagan, dile-
rebisagan, maT Soris garigebe-
bis dafiqsirebisaTvis. kurtaJi
gaicema operaciis ganxorciele-
bis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, ori-
ve mxridan Tanabari odenobiT.
mag., Tu kurtaJi 0,4%-----s Sead-
gens, maSin TiToeuli mxare
0,2%-----s ixdis.
kreditorikreditorikreditorikreditorikreditori
207laferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqti
llllllagi lagi lagi lagi lagi (lag) - - - - - drois garkve-
uli monakveTi mizez-----Sedego-
briv kavSirSi myof movleneb-
sa da procesebs Soris. gamoxa-
tavs problemis arsebobis aRi-
arebasa da ama Tu im maregu-
lirebeli meqanizmis amoqmede-
bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebas Soris drois Sualeds.
“LAISSEZ-----FAIRE” (̀ dae, wavi-
des Tavisi gziT~) _ _ _ _ _ Tavisufa-
li bazris ideologia, ekonomika
saxelmwifos Caurevlobis
gareSe; ekonomist-----klasikosTa
Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxma-
dac saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba
naklebad unda ereodes ekono-
mikis funqcionirebis proces-
Si da gadawyvetilebebis miRe-
ba bazars ekisrebodes. adam smi-
Tis azriT, saxelmwifos roli
unda Semoifarglos mxolod
kanonierebisa da wesrigis dac-
viT (1), erovnuli Tavdacvis
uzrunvelyofiT (2) da sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis warmoebiT
(3), riTac naklebad aris dain-
teresebuli kerZo biznesi. igi
saxelmwifos prerogativaa.
laJi laJi laJi laJi laJi (agio) [<ital. laggio]-----1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-
li oqros sabazro fasis zrda
qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-
Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-
Raldebisa da fulis niSnebis
sabirJo (sabazro) kursis ama-
Rleba maT nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan SedarebiT. angari-
Soben procentobiT (igivea, rac
aJio).
latarea latarea latarea latarea latarea (Lottery) - - - - - mosax-leobis fuladi saxsrebis neba-
yoflobiTi mozidva saxelmwi-
fos, Sesabamisi organizaciebis,
an saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoe-
bebis mier latariis bileTeb-
is gayidvis gziT, ris Sedega-
dac Semosuli saxsrebis nawi-
lis gaTamaSeba xdeba fuladi
an nivTobrivi mogebis saxiT
da eZleva `bednieri bileTis~
mflobelebs.
laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti (Laffercurve effects) - - - - - gamoiyeneba imisdasamtkiceblad, rom sagadasax-
ado ganakveTis Semcireba, sab-
oloo angariSiT, iwvevs saer-
To sagadasaxado Senatanebis
ara Sekvecas, aramed gadide-
bas. aqedan gamomdinareobs das-
kvna: sagadasaxado tvirTis ra-
dikaluri Semsubuqeba ekono-
mikuri zrdis stimulirebasTan
erTad saxelmwifo Semosavleb-
is problemebsac wyvets. es
princi pi safuZvlad daedo
mravali qveynis ekonomikur
politikas. igi warmatebiT gam-
oiyeneba dResac. postindus-
triul qveynebSi sagadasaxado
politika ekonomikuri ganvi-
208
idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sa-
gadasaxado ganakveTis nulidan
100%-----mde zrdis kvalobaze sa-
gadasaxado Senatanebi gaizrde-
ba nulidan raRac maqsimalur
(M) donemde, Semdeg ki iwyebs
dacemas nulame, vinaidan gada-
saxadebis ufro maRali ganakve-
Ti aferxebs ekonomikur aqti-
urobas da, maSasadame, iwvevs
sagadasaxado bazis Sekvecas.
leveriji leveriji leveriji leveriji leveriji (leverage) - - - - - mik-roekonomikuri maCvenebeli, ro-
melic gamoxatavs Tanafardobas
nasesx da sakuTar saxsrebs So-
ris da adgens firmis mTel sa-
investicio kapitalSi (fasiani
qaRaldebis CaTvliT fiqsire-
buli procentiT) grZelvadiani
davalianebis wils. am maCveneb-
liT aqcenti keTdeba sainves-
ticio kapitalis struqtura-
Si grZelvadiani davalianebis
wilze, rogorc erT-----erT mniS-
vnelovan parametrze. rac ufro
maRalia misi wili, miT ufro
maRalia firmis levereji da,
aqedan gamomdinare, masTan dakav-
Sirebuli sainvesticio riski;
2. kreditis gamoyeneba piradi
spekulaciuri SesaZleblobeb-
is gasafarToeblad.
liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia (liberal-ization) - - - - - ekonomikis ganTavisu-fleba mbrZaneblur-----adminis-
traciuli mmarTvelobisagan da
misi marTva `uxilavi xeliT~,
Tarebis saxelmwifo stimu-
lirebis mTavari instrumenti
gaxda. misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebaa dabegvris ganakveTis dife-
rencirebuli Semcireba (pirv-
el yovlisa, mogebidan). sax-
elmwifoebi cdiloben, ise aagon
sagadasaxado politika, rom
waaxalison korporaciebi dan-
azogebis warmoebaSi dabandeb-
isTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, er-
Toblivi investiciebis zrdas
ganapirobebs. marTalia, dabeg-
vris liberalizacia Tavdapir-
velad amcirebs saxelmwifo bi-
ujetis Semosavlebs, magram
grZelvadiani Sedegebi sruli-
ad gansxvavebulia _ _ _ _ _ igi zrdis
biujetSi Senatanebs da, maSasa-
dame, amuxruWebs inflacias, am-
cirebs deficits. es movlena
aRmoaCina amerikelma ekonomis-
tma a. laferma da ekonomikur
literaturaSi cnobilia la-
feris efeqtis saxelwodebiT.
laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi (Laffercurve) - - - - - mrudi, romelic gamox-
atavs kavSirs sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTebsa da sagadasaxado Se-
natanebis moculobas Soris,
asaxavs iseT sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTs (nulidan 100%-----mde),
romlis drosac sagadasaxado
Senatanebi maqsimums aRwevs.
atarebs cnobili ekonomistis,
miwodebis Teoriis mimdevris
a. laferis saxels. ZiriTadi
laferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudi
209
rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos uxe-
Si Carevis aRkveTasa da ekonomi-
kur saqmianobaze SezRudvebis
moxsnas, Tavisufali faswarmo-
qmnis damkvidrebas, mewarmeobi-
saTvis farTo damoukideblo-
bis miniWebasa da a.S.
fasebis liberalizacias
uwodeben fasebis ganTavisu-
flebas saxelmwifos `marwux-
ebisagan~ da maT Tavisufal sa-
bazro fasebze gadasvlas.
liga liga liga liga liga (league) - - - - - kavSiri,
gaerTianeba (saxelmwifoebis,
organizaciebis, pirebis).
lizingi lizingi lizingi lizingi lizingi (lease) - - - - - komerci-uli saqmianobis forma, saaren-
do operaciebis nairsaxeoba,
romelic gulisxmobs manqaneb-
is, mowyobilobebis, satranspor-
to saSualebebis, warmoebiTi
daniSnulebis nagebobebis grZel-
vadian arendas 3-----dan 9 wlam-
de an zogjer ufro xangr-
Zlivi vadiT (10-----dan 15 wlam-
de). firma-----arendatori Tanda-
TanobiT faravs davalianebas
am mowyobilobaTa gamoyenebis
mixedviT. salizingo kontraq-
tis vadis gasvlis Semdeg aren-
dators SeuZlia SeiZinos mow-
yobilobebi narCeni Rirebuleb-
is gadaxdis kvalobaze, dados
axali SeTanxmeba an materia-
luri faseulobebi daubrunos
salizingo kompanias.
liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli (coinage)_ _ _ _ _ fulis liTonur-----Weduri
forma, liTonis monetebisgan
Semdgari naRdi fulis nawili,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa
srulfasovan oqrosa da ver-
cxlis monetebad da arasrul-
fasovan (bilonur) xurda li-
Tonis monetebad. es ukanaskne-
li qaRaldis fulis nair-
saxeobaa, romlis nominaluri
Rirebuleba aRemateba mis Si-
nagan Rirebulebas (TviT liTo-
nis Rirebulebasa da misi moW-
ris xarjebs). nominalur Rire-
bulebasTan erTad masze aRbe-
Wdilia uflebrivi statusis
damadasturebeli warwerebi.
stabiluri politikuri siste-
mis mqone qveynebSi, rogorc wesi,
liTonis fulis gamoSvebas ar-
egulirebs saxelmwifo.
likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi (liqu-id assets) - - - - - advilad realize-
badi saxsrebi _ _ _ _ _ moklevadiani
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde-
bi, mimdinare angariSebi, naRdi
fuli, romelsac ar moaqvs Se-
mosavali sargeblis saxiT.
likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari (liqu-idity market) - - - - - bazari, sadac ga-rigebebi yidva-----gayidvis Sesa-
xeb yovelgvari SezRudvebis
gareSe xorcieldeba.
likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi (me-ans of liquidity) _ _ _ _ _ naRdi fula-
di saxsrebi, bankSi mimdinare
likviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebi
210
angariSze arsebuli naSTi, ad-
vilad realizebadi fasiani
qaRaldebi, sabrunavi kapital-
is elementebi da sxv., romel-
Ta gamoyenebac SeiZleba sesx-
is aRebisas nakisri valdebule-
bebis Sesasruleblad.
likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ (li-quidity trap) - - - - - ekonomikis mdgo-mareoba, rodesac nominaluri
saprocento ganakveTi nulis
tolia da romlisTvisac dama-
xasiaTebelia metismetad daba-
li sainvesticio aqtiuroba. am-
gvari mdgomareoba iqmneba ma-
Sin, rodesac mosaxleoba upi-
ratesobas aniWebs likviduri
saxsrebis dagrovebas, rac kre-
ditze procentis ganakveTis
Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva.
likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba (liquidity) -----1. ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoxatavs sxvadasxva
aqtivis fulad gardaqmnis Sesa-
Zleblobas. aqtivebis gadaxdis
saSualebad gamoyenebis unari
maTi nominaluri Rirebulebis
Seucvlelad; 2. firmis (ko-
mpaniis, bankis da a.S.) unari,
droulad Seasrulos Tavisi
valdebulebebi. likvidurobis
dones gansazRvravs advilad
realizebadi aqtivebis xvedri-
Ti wona, kreditebis operatiu-
li mobilizebis SesaZleblobebi,
davalianebis odenobisa da
konkretul momentSi firmis
gankargulebaSi arsebuli lik-
viduri saxsrebis Tanafardo-
ba da sxv. firmis uunaroba
gadasaxadebis droulad gada-
xdisa da savalo valdebule-
bebis dafarvaSi warmoebrivi
ciklis darRvevaze metyvelebs.
gasaRebis siZneleebi da war-
moebis dautvirTaoba firmas
aiZulebs aiRos metismetad di-
di kreditebi, rac auaresebs
mis likvidurobas.
likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-
enti enti enti enti enti (coefficient of liquidity) -----Tanafardoba kompaniebis fu-----
ladi saxsrebisa da swrafad
realizebadi aqtivebis (aqcie-
bis, obligaciebis da a.S.) ode-
nobasa da maTi moklevadiani
valdebulebebis Tanxas Soris.
gviCvenebs firmebis faqtobriv
SesaZleblobas, daTqmul vadebSi
Seuferxeblad Seasrulon (ga-
daixadon) yvela valdebule-
ba.
likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma (liqu-idity rate) - - - - - naRdi fulis, debi-
toruli davalianebisa da ad-
vilad realizebadi fasiani
qaRaldebis dajamebuli sid-
ide, gayofili moklevadian val-
debulebebze.
limiti limiti limiti limiti limiti (limit) - - - - - zRvruli
odenoba, dadgenili raodeno-
brivi SezRudva yidvis, gayid-----
vis, kreditis gacemis, garigeb-
is moculobis gansazRvris,
likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~
211
saqonlis eqsport-----importis,
savaluto operaciebisa da a.S.
Sesaxeb.
listingi listingi listingi listingi listingi (listing) - - - - - safon-do birJis kotirebis siaSi fa-
siani qaRaldebis Setanis pro-
cedura da maTi emitentis
sameurneo da safinanso mdgo-
mareobis kontroli safondo
birJis moTxovnaTa Sesabamiso-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT. listing-
is meSveobiT sabirJo vaWroba-
ze daiSveba mxolod is fasi-
ani qaRaldi, romelic gaivlis
eqspertizas xarisxsa da saime-
doobaze.
licenzia licenzia licenzia licenzia licenzia (license) [<laT.
licentia ufleba, nebarTva] - - - - - 1.
oficialuri nebarTva, gacemu-
li saxelmwifos mier zogier-
Ti saxis sameurneo saqmiano-
bis warmoebisaTvis, sagareo-----
savaWro operaciebis CaTvliT.
licenzia saqonlis ama Tu im
jgufis gansazRvruli raode-
nobis eqsportze an importze
saxelmwifo kontrolis erT-----
erTi formaa; 2. patentiT da-
culi gamogonebis, teqnologi-
is gamoyenebis uflebis gacema
gansazRvruli vadiT _ _ _ _ _ sapat-
ento licenzia.
salicenzio SeTanxmebis moq-
medebis vada damokidebulia mra-
val faqtorze. aqedan aRsa-
niSnavia: patentebis moqmedebis
vadebi da am patentebis raode-
noba, licenziis asaTviseblad
saWiro dro, salicenzio obieq-
tis moralurad cveTis vadebi,
sagadasaxado pirobebi, analogi-
ur an msgavs produqciaze sxva
SeTanxmebaTa pirobebi da a.S.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba salicenzio SeTan-
xmebis sami ZiriTadi saxe: mar-mar-mar-mar-mar-
tivi,tivi,tivi,tivi,tivi, gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru-
li.li.li.li.li.
martivi saxis salicenzio
SeTanxmebisas licenziari gas-
cems da, amave dros, TviTonac
itovebs gamogonebis an `nou-----
haus~ gamoyenebis uflebas. am-
asTan, mas SeuZlia es ufleba
sxva dainteresebul pirebsac
gadasces analogiuri pirobebiT.
gansakuTrebuli saxis sal-
icenzio SeTanxmebisas licen-
ziats eZleva gamogonebis gamoy-
enebis gansakuTrebuli ufle-
ba da licenziars ukve aRar
SeuZlia sxva pirebs an firmebs
misces igi analogiuri pirobe-
biT. sruli saxis salicenzio
SeTanxmebisas licenziari mTli-
anad licenziats uTmobs ga-
momgoneblis yvela uflebas xe-
lSekrulebis moqmedebis mTe-
li vadis ganmavlobaSi.
salicenzio obieqti Sei-
Zleba iyos teqnologiuri xa-
siaTis nebismieri damuSaveba,
masala Tu Senadnobi, nivTiereba,
mkurnalobis meTodi, sasargeb-
licenzialicenzialicenzialicenzialicenzia
212
lo wiaRiseulis mopovebis wesi,
organizaciuli, finansuri, mmar-
TvelobiTi xasiaTis cnobebi da
a.S. licenziis gayidvis nebar-
Tvis misaRebad aucilebelia
Sesabamisi dokumentebis momza-
deba, romelTagan ZiriTadia
salicenzio pasporti, gayidvis
mizanSewonilobis teqnikur-----
ekonomikuri dasabuTeba da sa-
reklamo teqnikuri aRweris
proeqti.
licenziari licenziari licenziari licenziari licenziari (licensor) -----gamogonebis, teqnologiuri
codnis da a.S. mesakuTre iu-
ridiuli piri, romelic li-
cenziatze gascems licenzias
gansazRvrul farglebSi Tavi-
si uflebebis gamoyenebisaTvis.
licenziati licenziati licenziati licenziati licenziati (licensee) [<laT.licentiatus daSvebuli] - - - - - iurid-iuli piri, romelic licen-
ziarisgan SeiZens licenzias
misi gansazRvrul farglebSi
gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis.
lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola (LousanneSchool) – SveicariaSi lozanis
universitetSi arsebuli ekono-
mikuri azris skola, romel-
sac didi Rvawli miuZRvis
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-
nebiT sabazro ekonomikaSi ba-
zris ekonomikur agentTa ur-
TierTdamokidebulebis axsnaSi.
j. hiksi, k. erou da f. hani
didad arian davalebulni sayo-
velTao wonasworobis Teori-
iT TavianTi winamorbedebis, lo-
zanis skolis TvalsaCino war-
momadgenlebis l. valrasisa da
v. paretos Semoqmedebisadmi.
lombardi lombardi lombardi lombardi lombardi (pawnshop) -----sakredito dawesebuleba, ro-
melic gascems sesxs moZravi
qonebis dagiravebis safuZvelze.
es qoneba inaxeba lombardSi. pir-
velad daarsda safrangeTSi
XV saukuneSi.lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi (Lorents
curve) - - - - - grafiki, romelic gviC-
venebs Semosavlebis ganawile-
baSi uTanabrobis xarisxs mo-
saxleobis jgufebis mixedviT
da realuri Semosavlebis mru-
dis gadaxris sidides absolu-
turi Tanasworobis mrudisgan.
ix. agreTve jinis koeficienti.
loti loti loti loti loti (lot) [holand. loodpartia, seria] - - - - - 1. sazomi er-Teuli sabirJo garigebisas. ro-
gorc wesi, gamoiyeneba masSta-
bur garigebebSi. safondo bir-
Jebze ganasxvaveben srul da
arasrul lots. sruli lotisruli lotisruli lotisruli lotisruli loti
Seicavs sarealizacio fasiani
qaRaldebis yoveli birJisTvis
mkacrad gansazRvrul raode-
nobas (mag., niu-----iorkis safon-
do birJaze 100 cali fasiani
qaRaldi Seadgens erT partias,
romelic miRebulia am birJaze
garigebis erTeulad). arasru-arasru-arasru-arasru-arasru-
li lotili lotili lotili lotili loti fasiani qaRaldebis
is partiaa, romelic ar fiq-
licenziarilicenziarilicenziarilicenziarilicenziari
213
sirdeba da Cveulebriv mcire
garigebebSi gamoiyeneba; 2.
saqonlis partia, misi mTliani
raodenobis nawili, romelic
iyideba xelSekrulebiT.
luisluisluisluisluis-----feisfeisfeisfeisfeis-----reinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis mo-----
delidelidelidelideli (Levis-----Fei-----Ranis model) -----umuSevrobis ekonomikuri mod-
eli ganviTarebad qveynebSi,
romelic Seqmna luisma 1954-----
1958 wlebSi da ganaviTares
feim da reinisma 1964 wels.
modelSi dasabuTebulia ekono-
mikis samrewvelo da sasof-
lo-----sameurneo seqtorebad day-
ofis aucilebloba da ganxi-
lulia maT Soris samuSao Za-
lis moZraobis problemebi. sa-
soflo-----sameurneo seqtorSi,
romelic awarmoebs arsebobi-
saTvis aucilebel saSualebebs,
aris Warbi samuSao Zala, rome-
lic TandaTanobiT gadaadgild-
eba samrewvelo seqtorSi. am
ukanasknelis mier samuSao Za-
lis STanTqma damokidebulia
kapitalis dagrovebis tempze
da, Sesabamisad, mogebis don-
eze. luisi ganixilavda xel-
fasis dones mrewvelobaSi mud-
miv sidided, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia saarsebo minimumTan
sasoflo-----sameurneo seqtorSi,
sruli dasaqmeba ki miiRweva
maSin, rodesac Warbi samuSao
Zala gadava sasoflo-----sameur-
neodan samrewvelo raionebSi
da mas mTlianad STanTqavs
mrewveloba. am modelma mniS-
vnelovani wvlili Seitana qa-
laqisa da soflis urTierTo-
bis problemebis garkvevaSi, amas-
Tan, empiriulma gamoTvlebma uar-
yo misi ori ZiriTadi debule-
ba: pirveli, rogorc wesi, sa-
soflo-----sameurneo raionebSi
ar aris maRali umuSevroba sam-
rewvelo raionebTan SedarebiT;
meore, mrewvelobaSi xelfasi
ar aris mudmivi sidide da ganu-
wyvetliv izrdeba, rac mniS-
vnelovnad gansxvavdeba xelfasis
donisagan soflis meurneoba-
Si.
luisluisluisluisluis-----feisfeisfeisfeisfeis-----reinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis modelidelidelidelideli
214 maastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulebababababa
mmmmmmaastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-
bababababa (Maastricht treaty) – 1993 wlis1 noembris xelSekruleba, rom-
lis safuZvelze evropuli ga-
erTianebis (EC) bazaze SeiqmnaevrokavSiri.
maklermaklermaklermaklermakleri i i i i (broker, jobber) [<germ.makler] - - - - - Suamavali, rwmunebu-
li garigebebis dadebisas safon-
do, saqonlis da valutis bir-
Jebze. safondo birJaze fasi-
ani qaRaldebis makleri vaWro-
bis monawilea, romelic afiq-
sirebs garigebebs safondo bir-
Jis wevrebs _ _ _ _ _ brokerebsa da
dilerebs Soris. vaWrobaze
makleris daSveba ganisazRvre-
ba Sesabamis birJaze miRebuli
konkretuli meqanizmiT. amitom
maklerebi yvela safondo birJa-
ze ar arian. makleris Semosa-
vals _ _ _ _ _ kurtaJs Seadgens bir-
Jis im wevrebis mier gadaxdili
Tanxa, romelTa garigebebsac igi
afiqsirebs. birJaze makleri
moqmedebs rogorc rwmunebuli
da ar SeiZleba uSualod monawi-
leobdes garigebaSi Tavisi sax-
eliTa da Tavisi xarjiT. sa-
birJo maklerad muSaobisaTvis
saWiroa specialuri kursebis
gavla, praqtikuli gamocdileba
da saxelmwifo licenzia.
makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika (macro-
economics) [<berZn. macros gr-Zeli, didi]- - - - - 1. qveynis mTliani
meurneoba; gamoxatavs ekonomi-
kis zogad mdgomareobas, gan-
icdis sabiujeto-----safinanso,
sakredito-----fuladi da sxva
samTavrobo politikis gavlenas;
2. ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyo-
fileba ekonomikis, rogorc
erTiani mTlianis, warmarTvis
Sesaxeb. swavlobs ekonomikis
cikluri meryeobis mizezebs,
urTierTdamokidebulebas sa-
warmoebisa da dasaqmebis di-
namikas Soris, inflacias, umu-
Sevrobas, ekonomikur zrdasa da
sxva makroekonomikur proble-
mebs. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ mikroeko-
nomika.
makroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igi-----
veveveveveoba oba oba oba oba (income identity) - - - - - makro-ekonomikuri damokidebuleba,
romelic axasiaTebs warmoebu-
li erToblivi Semosavlebis
igiveobas moxmarebulTan.
makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-
veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi (macroeconomic in-dicators) - - - - - maCvenebelTa (indika-
torTa) sistema, romelic gam-
oiyeneba qveynis mTeli ekono-
mikis, msxvilmasStaburi ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da procese-
bis Sesaswavlad. masSi Sedis:
1. ekonomikuri zrdis indika-
torebi (mTliani Sida produ-
qti, mTliani erovnuli produ-
qti, erovnuli Semosavali,
215
ekonomikis mTliani mogeba, eko-
nomikis wminda mogeba, mTliani
erovnul danazogi, wminda erov-
nuli danazogi da a.S.); 2. qvey-
nis bunebriv-----resursuli da
mecnierul-----teqnologiuri po-
tencialis indikatorebi (re-
sursebiT qveynis uzrunvely-
ofis done da xarisxi, ara-
kvlavwarmoebadi bunebrivi re-
sursebis upirates gamoyeneba-
ze gadasvlis teqnologiuri
uzrunvelyofis done da xaris-
xi da a.S.); 3. erovnuli ekonomi-
kis mdgradi ganviTarebis don-
eze damokidebuli indikator-
ebi (inflaciis done da tempi,
umuSevrobis norma, erovnuli
valutis stabilurobis done,
savaluto rezervis odenoba,
jinis koeficienti (anu Semo-
savlebis ganawilebaSi uTanab-
robis xarisxi), sakuTrebis
pluralizmis xarisxi, faru-
li ekonomikis masStabebi, sax-
elmwifo valis odenoba da
a.S.).
makroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri poli-li-li-li-li-
tika tika tika tika tika (macroeconomic policy) -----ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-
lirebis RonisZiebaTa erTob-
lioba, mimarTuli qveynis mdgra-
di ganviTarebis miRwevisa da
SenarCunebisaken ekonomikis
cikluri meryeobis Senelebis,
inflaciuri da deflaciuri
procesebis aRmofxvris, Semo-
savlebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri
uTanabrobis daZlevis, sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis warmoebis,
urayofiTi gare efeqtebis nive-
lirebis, umuSevrobis Semcir-
ebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis
safuZvelze. am mizniT saxelm-
wifos ekisreba alokaciuri,
gadamanawilebeli da stabili-
zaciis funqciebis Sesruleba.
makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-
lizacializacializacializacializacia (macroeconomic stabi-lisation) - - - - - ekonomikis normaluri
funqcionirebis Semadgeneli
nawili, romlis gareSe insti-
tuciuri, mikro-----, mezo-, makro-----
da megaekonomikuri procesebi
deformirebul xasiaTs iRebs.
ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs
ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqm-
nebis struqturaSi. ekonomikis
konversiis procesSi masze mniS-
vnelovnad aris damokidebuli
qveynis instituciuri gardaqm-
nebi (sakuTrebis gansaxelmwi-
foebriveba, sabazro infrastru-
qturis Camoyalibeba, resurse-
bis, saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis bazrebis formireba, axali
sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna da
sxv.), mikroekonomikuri gardaqm-
nebi (fasebis liberalizacia,
ekonomikis demonopolizacia, an-
timonopoliuri regulireba da
sxv.) da megaekonomikuri gar-
daqmnebi (sagareo-----ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis liberalizacia,
makroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stabilizaciabilizaciabilizaciabilizaciabilizacia
216
Caketili ekonomikidan Ria
ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv.).
mag., makroekonomikuri arasta-
bilurobis pirobebSi sabazro
infrastruqturis institute-
bi aSkara, daufarav spekulaci-
ur orientacias iRebs, fasebis
liberalizacia SeiZleba hiper-
inflaciaSi gadaizardos da a.S.
Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri
stabilizacia SeuZlebelia in-
stituciuri, mikro-, mezo- da
megaekonomikuri gardaqmnebis
gareSe ganxorcieldes. Caketi-
li ekonomikis pirobebSi, saba-
zro urTierTobebisa da Sesa-
bamisi institutebis gareSe, igi
direqtiul-----centralizebul
formas iRebs.
makroekonomikuri stabili-
zacia didad aris damokidebu-
li im modelis prioritetze,
romelic qveyanam airCia gar-
damaval ekonomikaSi, sistemuri
gardaqmnebis sawyis etapze.
msoflio ekonomikam am Tval-
sazrisiT Tanamedrove pirobeb-
Si wina planze e.w. `Sokuri
Terapiisa~ da gradualisturi
modelebi wamowia.
cnobilia makroekonomikuri
stabilizaciis Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi tipebi: ooooorTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,
heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-
turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.
orTodoqsul midgomaSi aq-
centi keTdeba saxelmwifo bi-
ujetis deficitis Semcireba-
ze rogorc saxelmwifo xar-
jebis (saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis, Tavdacvis, socialuri
dacvis xarjebis, saxelmwifo
transferebis, subsidiebis, kapi-
taldabandebebisa da a.S.) Sem-
cirebis gziT, ise saSemosavlo
bazis gadidebiT. es ukanaskne-
li miiRweva sagadasaxado poli-
tikis gamkacrebiT, sagadasaxa-
do SeRavaTebis SemcirebiTa da
gadasaxadebis gadidebis gziT,
privatizaciidan miRebuli Se-
mosavlebis gazrdiTa da a.S.
mkacr sabiujeto politi-
kas Tan axlavs fulad-----sakredi-
to politikis gamkacrebac, rac
`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi
aisaxeba. igi gamoixateba fu-
lis miwodebis SezRudviT an
SewyvetiT (risi erTaderTi
gzac fulis emisiasTan erTad,
komerciuli bankebis rezerve-
bis Semcirebaa), centraluri
bankis kreditebis SemcirebiT,
saprocento ganakveTis amaRle-
biT (rac amcirebs komerciu-
li bankebis dainteresebas, gaz-
ardon TavianTi rezervebi cen-
traluri bankisgan sesxis aReb-
is meSveobiT), bankTaSorisi
sarezervo normis gadidebiT
(rac avtomaturad amcirebs ko-
merciuli bankebis rezervebs),
safondo bazarze saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviTa
makroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabilizacializacializacializacializacia
217
da a.S.
makroekonomikuri stabili-
zaciis orTodoqsuli tipis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-
kuri stabilizatorebis (e.w.
`Ruzis~) arCevis ori gza. pirv-
el SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-
ba mimoqcevaSi erovnuli fu-
lis SezRudvaze, e.i. `fuladfuladfuladfuladfulad
RuzazeRuzazeRuzazeRuzazeRuzaze~, romelsac safuZvlad
monetaruli meTodebi udevs.
igi emyareba mkacr sabiujeto,
sagadasaxado, fulad-----sakredi-
to politikas ̀ mcuravi~ gacv-
liTi savaluto kursis piro-
bebSi, rodesac antiinflaciuri
RonisZiebebi dayvanilia er-
Toblivi moTxovnis Semcirebasa
da fuladi masis SezRudvaze.
meore SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keT-
deba savaluto kursis stabi-
lizaciaze fiqsirebuli kur-
sis da savaluto `derefnis~
dadgenis gziT, e.i. `savalu-savalu-savalu-savalu-savalu-
to Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzaze~. es RonisZiebebi
xels uwyobs inflaciuri mo-
lodinis Semcirebas, bazris sub-
ieqtebis ekonomikuri qcevis
winaswar ganWvretasa da a.S.
am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-
ba ucxour valutaze, pirvel
yovlisa, aSS-----is dolarze da
gacvliTi valutis kursis sta-
bilur SenarCunebaze.
amrigad, makroekonomikuri
stabilizaciis orTodoqsuli
tipi, erTi mxriv, monetaruli
(`fuladi Ruza~) politikis,
xolo, meore mxriv, fiqsirebu-
li savaluto kursis (`savalu-
to Ruza~) gamomxatvelia. igi
warmoSobs iseT mniSvnelovan
problemebs, rogoricaa: dabali
sainvesticio da saqmiani aqti-
uroba, mecnierul-----teqnolo-
giuri potencialis Sesusteba,
saSinao bazarze samamulo war-
moebis produqciis wilis dace-
ma, sagadasaxado bazis Sekveca,
qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis Sesusteba, saxelmwifo
biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis
Semcireba da a.S.
heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-
ma ma ma ma ma aqcents akeTebs Semosav-
lebisa da fasebis `gayinvaze~,
rac ekonomikur Teoriasa da
praqtikaSi finansuri stabili-
zaciis `mesame Ruzis~ saxel-
wodebiTaa cnobili. es midgo-
ma, gansakuTrebiT ̀ Sokis~ for-
miT, iZleva antiinflaciur
efeqts, magram warmoqmnis nega-
tiur Sedegebsac: qreba war-
moebis ganviTarebis stimule-
bi, Cndeba sasaqonlo defici-
tis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba,
xdeba fasismieri impulsebis de-
formacia da a.S.
makroekonomikuri stabili-
zaciis mesame varianti _ struq-_ struq-_ struq-_ struq-_ struq-
turulturulturulturulturul-warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili-
zacia zacia zacia zacia zacia aris gradualizmis vari-
anti, romelic ̀ Sokisagan~ gan-
makroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabilizacializacializacializacializacia
218
sxvavebiT xorcieldeba Tanda-
TanobiT, evoluciurad. misi
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: sax-
elmwifos mxardaWera ara mxo-
lod regulirebis aprobirebu-
li meTodebis gamoyenebiT, ara-
med sainvesticio da progre-
suli struqturuli politikis
gatarebiT, saxelmwifos mier
ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebis
marTvis SenarCunebiT, warmoeb-
is modernizaciiT, adgilobriv
mwarmoebelTa dacviT, mecnier-
uli gamokvlevebis waxalise-
biTa da a.S.
struqturul-----warmoebrivi
stabilizacia finansuri sta-
bilizaciis mizniT iTvaliswi-
nebs ara erToblivi moTxovnis
SezRudvas, aramed mis stimu-
lirebas, rogorc Sinameur-
neobebis, ise firmebis mimarT.
es varianti ekonomikis konver-
siis TvalsazrisiT, ̀ Sokuri Te-
rapiis~ antipodia, xolo makro-
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis
TvalsazrisiT, orTodoqsuli
da geterodoqsuli stabili-
zaciis antipodi.
makrostabilizaciis am mo-
delSi garkveulwilad gaer-
Tianebulia rogorc keinzianuri,
ise neoklasikuri Teoriebis
ZiriTadi postulatebi da igi
amiTac imsaxurebs yuradRebas.
struqturul-----warmoebrivi
stabilizaciis nimuSia iaponia,
romelmac ukanasknel period-
Si aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli
politika gaatara ekonomikis
struqturuli gardaqmnebis
TvalsazrisiT. amis magaliTad
Tanamedrove CineTic gamodge-
ba, romelic sabazro sawyiseb-
ze axorcielebs warmoebriv-----eko-
nomikuri potencialis mZlavr
modernizacias.
aqtiuri struqturuli,
warmoebrivi da sainvesticio
politika ganapirobebs, ekonomi-
kuri potencialis ganaxlebi-
sa da datvirTvis mizniT, war-
moebis xarjebis Semcirebisa da
produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis
safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-
bis produqciis konkurentunar-
ianobis amaRlebas, erToblivi
miwodebis zrdas, rac iwvevs
antiinflaciur efeqts. paral-
erulad xorcieldeba erTob-
livi moTxovnis zrda, rac
erTdroulad socialuri prob-
lemebis gadaWris sawindaria.
aRniSnuli efeqtis Sedegad
struqturul-----warmoebrivi sta-
bilizaciis programebi iwvevs
sakredito SezRudvebis Ser-
bilebas, damatebiTi fuladi
emisiis SesaZleblobas. es in-
flaciis zrdis saSiSroebas
warmoqmnis, Tumca, misi Sekave-
ba SesaZlebelia inflaciis kon-
trolis gaZlierebiT, rac gam-
oixateba bunebrivi monopolie-
makroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabilizacializacializacializacializacia
219
bis produqciaze fasebis kon-
troliT, unaRdo angariSswore-
bis formebis ganviTarebiT da,
saerTod, makroekonomikuri di-
namikisadmi mudmivi yuradRebiT.
amasTan, aseTi gziT warmoSo-
bili inflacia moklevadiania.
igi mxolod sawyis etapze vlin-
deba, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis
gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis
safuZvelze, TandaTan qreba.
amrigad, amgvari gziT miR-
weuli finansuri stabiliza-
cia arsebiTad gansxvavdeba li-
beralur-----monetaristuli poli-
tikisagan. rac mTavaria, igi
iZleva samamulo produqciiT
bazris gajerebis SesaZleblo-
bas, amasTan, qveynis ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa
da erovnuli ekonomikis ̀ saned-
leulo danamatad~ gardaqmnis
ardaSvebis garantias.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikis
konversiis makroekonomikuri
politika orientirebulia mak-
roekonomikuri stabilizaciis
orTodoqsul tipze. es aris
liberalur-----monetaristuli
politika, romelic ̀ Zviri fu-
lis~ politikaSi aisaxa. mas
win uZRoda sabazro ekonomi-
kaze gadasvlis ̀ Sokuri~ gza, ro-
melic Semdgom TviT postva-
Singtonis konsensusmac ki uary-
ofiTad Seafasa. makroekono-
mikuri stabilizaciis gradu-
alisturi gziT ganxorcieleb-
is SesaZleblobebi saqarTvelom
xelidan gauSva.
mandelmandelmandelmandelmandel-----flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-
lilililili (Mundell-----Fleming model) - - - - - 1. RiaekonomikaSi saqonlisa da finan-
suri bazrebis erTdrouli wo-
nasworobis modeli; 2. erTma-
neTisgan damoukideblad ori
ekonomistis mier SemuSavebu-
li modeli, romelic gviCvenebs,
rom rogorc fiskaluri, ise
fulad-----sakredito politikis-
agan miRebuli efeqti damok-
idebulia savaluto kursebis
reJimze. kapitalis absolu-
turi mobilurobis daSvebisas,
modeli gviCvenebs fulad-----sak-
redito politikis araefeqti-
anobas valutis fiqsirebuli
kursis pirobebSi da fiskaluri
politikisa _ _ _ _ _ valutis gacv-
liTi kursis pirobebSi.
`̀̀̀̀mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ (“viciouscircles”) - - - - - termini, romelic
Cveulebriv axasiaTebs ganvi-
Tarebadi qveynebis ekonomikur
mdgomareobas. iTvleba, rom am
qveynebis ekonomika, sadac iwar-
moeba mxolod arsebobisaTvis
aucilebeli saSualebebi, ar
eqvemdebareba gardaqmnas, vinaid-
an dabalia warmoebis mTliani
moculoba da sarezervo ma-
ragebi umniSvneloa an, saer-
Tod, ar iqmneba. aqedan gamom-
dinare, moxmarebis Semdeg ar
`̀̀̀̀mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~
220
arsebobs nameti kapitalis
dagrovebisaTvis, romlis gare-
Sec naklebad SesaZlebelia
warmoebis gadideba. am `manki-
eri wris~ gasaRebi kapitalis
dagrovebaa. Tu qveyana SeZlebs
Tavi daaRwios am wres, maSin
warmoiqmneba sawinaaRmdego
procesi. rogorc ki daiwyeba
kapitalis dagroveba, warmoeb-
is moculoba izrdeba, xolo
Semdeg iwyebs zrdas Semosav-
lebic, romelic qmnis namets
investirebisa da dagrovebi-
saTvis.
mamamamamanqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba (mecha-nical enjeneering) - - - - - gadammuSave-beli mrewvelobis dargTa ko-
mpleqsi. moicavs: zogad man-
qanaTmSeneblobas, satranspor-
to manqanaTmSeneblobas, radi-
oeleqtronul, eleqtroteqni-
kur, xelsawyoTmSenebel mrewve-
lobas, sasoflo-----sameurneo man-
qanaTmSeneblobas, dazgaTmSe-
neblobas, energetikul manqanaT-
mSeneblobasa da a.S.
manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba (me-chanized production) - - - - - industri-uli warmoebis materialuri
safuZvlis Seqmnis mniSvnelo-
vani stadia, ris safuZvelzec
manufaqtura (xeliT Sromaze
dafuZnebuli warmoeba) Seicv-
ala fabrikiT. warmoiSva sam-
rewvelo gadatrialebis Sede-
gad XVIII saukunis II naxevar-
Si. manqanuri warmoebis Semdgo-
mi safexuri ukavSirdeba mec-
nierul-----teqnikur revolucias,
romelic saTaves iRebs XXsaukunis II naxevridan.
maragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investicia (in-ventory investment) - - - - - maragebisdagroveba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
sac warmoeba aRemateba gayid-
vaTa faqtobriv moculobas. Tu
warmoebis moculoba gayidvis
moculobaze dabalia, maragebi
mcirdeba. xSirad aseTi inves-
ticiebi gauTvaliswinebelia da
buferis rols asrulebs ga-
moSvebis moculobasa da gay-
idvis ganusazRvrel moculo-
bas Soris.
maragimaragimaragimaragimaragi (stock) – mocemuli
TariRisaTvis ekonomikur brun-
vaSi CarTuli aqtivi da valde-
buleba.
maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-
mwifomwifomwifomwifomwifo komisia komisia komisia komisia komisia (regulatory statecommission) - - - - - iqmneba im dargeb-sa da sferoebSi, sadac arse-
bobs monopoliis gansakuTrebu-
li saxeoba _ _ _ _ _ bunebrivi mono-
polia. sadReisod igi bunebrivi
monopoliebis saxelmwifo reg-
ulirebis nacadi institutia.
maregulirebeli komisieb-
is samSobloa aSS. Semdeg maT
iwyes gavrceleba sxva qveyneb-
Si, Tumca, bevr qveyanaSi (did
britaneTSi, argentinaSi, nor-
vegiaSi, SvedeTSi da a.S.) isi-
mamamamamanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSenebloba
221
ni gvian Seiqmna. dRes aseTi
komisiebi postkomunisturi qve-
ynebis did nawilSic (ungreTi,
poloneTi, makedonia, rumineTi,
slovakeTi, CexeTi, ruseTi, bal-
tiispira qveynebi, yazaxeTi da
a.S.) aris Seqmnili.
saqarTveloSi pirveli ma-
regulirebeli komisia Seiqmna
energetikaSi 1996 wels ekono-
mikis saministrosTan, xolo 1997
wlidan igi dRemde damoukide-
blad funqcionirebs. romelic
funqcionirebs. 1997 wels Se-
iqmna transportisa da fasi-
ani qaRaldebis maregulirebeli
erovnuli komisiebi, romlebic
gauqmda 2007 wels. amJamad gar-
da energetikisa, aseTi komisia
moqmedebs komunikaciebis sfero-
Si, romelic Seiqmna 2000 wels.
`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi
(“managerial” kapitalism) – Tana-medrove kapitalizmSi iseTi
tendenciebis ganviTareba, eko-
nomikis iseTi organizacia, ro-
melSic arsebiT rolsa da sak-
vanZo funqciebs umsxvilesi ko-
rporaciebi asruleben, xolo
resursebis gamoyeneba xorci-
eldeba menejerTa jgufis mier
resursebis mesakuTreTagan gan-
calkevebiT da mniSvnelovan-
wilad maTi kontrolis gareSe.
aseTi situacia ar aris niSan-
doblivi korporatiuli kapi-
talizmisTvis, vinaidan mene-
jerebs SeiZleba saxelmwifosa
da sazogadoebis miznebisagan
gansxvavebuli miznebi hqondeT.
am tendenciebis gamovlenaSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZR-
viT j. gelbreits, a. berlisa
da sxva cnobil ekonomistebs.
marketingi marketingi marketingi marketingi marketingi (marketing) [<mar-ket bazari, gasaReba]-----komerciu-li saqmianobis RonisZiebaTa
sistema, romelic bazris Ses-
wavliTa da samomxmareblo
moTxovnaze aqtiuri zemoqme-
debiT, fasis sworad dadgeniT,
saqonlis moraluri cveTis
prognoziT, sareklamo strate-
giiTa da a.S. ganapirobebs war-
moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis Seuferxebel gasaRebas.
igi moicavs: 1. saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze rogorc arse-
buli, ise potenciuri moTxov-
nis yovelmxriv Seswavlas ba-
zris kompleqsuri gamokvlev-
iTa da misi ganviTarebis prog-
nozirebiT; 2. samecniero-----kvlev-
iTi saqmianobisa da sacdel-----
sakonstruqtoro damuSavebis
organizacias; 3. produqciis
(momsaxurebis) gasaRebis siste-
misa da meTodebis organizaci-
asa da srulyofas; 4. firmis
saqmianobis regulirebas, dafi-
nansebis koordinirebas, warmoe-
bis dagegmvas, produqciis Se-
fuTvas, mis transportirebas,
teqnikur momsaxurebas (saga-
marketingimarketingimarketingimarketingimarketingi
222
rantios, gayidvis Semdgoms,
servisuls), yvela donis muSak-
Ta momzadebasa da kvalifikaci-
is amaRlebas, sareklamo stra-
tegias da a.S.
gamoyenebis arealis mixed-
viT gamoyofen marketingis Sem-
deg saxeebs: Sida marketingi;
pirdapiri investiciebis mar-
ketingi; eqsportuli da impor-
tuli marketingi; marketingi
saqonlis (momsaxurebis) saxeo-
baTa mixedviT; arakomerciuli
saqmianobis marketingi; saerTa-
Soriso marketingi.
marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo (mar-keting environment) - - - - - gamoyofenxuT ZiriTad komponents, rom-
lebic marketingis sistemaze
axdenen rogorc dadebiT, ise
uaryofiT gavlenas. es kompo-
nentebia: ekonomika, politika, de-
mografia, samarTali, kultura.
markireba markireba markireba markireba markireba (labeling) – sai-dentifikacio pirobiTi aRniS-
vna, romelic keTdeba tvirTze
(yuTze, tomaraze) da moicavs
informacias, romelic aucile-
belia tvirTis gadatanisa da
myidvelisaTvis Casabareblad.
saTanado markirebis ararse-
bobam SesaZlebelia damzRvevs
CamoarTvas dazRvevis anazRau-
rebis miRebis ufleba.
markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari (1927) (Mar-kovitz Harry) – amerikeli ekono-
mist-finansisti, finansuri mar-
Tvis Teoriisa da praqtikis
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, ekono-
mikis dargSi nobelis premiis
laureati (1990) m. milerTan
(Miller) da u. SarpTan (Sharpe)erTad, finansuri riskebis mar-
TvaSi Setanili novatoruli
wvlilisaTvis.
XX saukunis 50-ian wleb-
Si markovicis naSromebma safuZ-
veli Cauyara portfelis (port-folio) Tanamedrove Teorias. Tav-dapirvelad man SeimuSava port-
felis arCevis Teoria, romel-
Sic warmodgenilia korpora-
ciebis mier sainvesticio fasi-
ani qaRaldebis SerCevis Ziri-
Tadi principebi. es Teoria sa-
investicio sferoSi menejer-
Ta normatiuli modeli gaxda.
markovicis ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `portfelis arCeva:
investirebis efeqtiani diver-
sifikacia~(1959) (“Portfolio se-lection: Efficient Diversification ofInvestment”) da `portfelis
arCevisas saSualosa da dis-
persiis (saSualosgan gadaxris
_ r.a.) analizi da kapitalis
bazrebi~(1987)(“Mean-VarianceAnalysis in Portfolio Choice andCapital Markets”).
marJa marJa marJa marJa marJa (margin, spread) [<frang.marge kide, are]-----sxvadasxva maC-venebels (fasebs, procentul
ganakveTebs, fasiani qaRaldeb-
is kursebs da a.S.) Soris sxva-
marketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemo
223
obis gamomxatveli sidide. mag.,
safondo birJaze fasiani qaRal-
debis gayidvisas marJa aris
sxvaoba myidvelis fassa da gam-
yidvelis fass Soris. gamoiye-
neba savaWro, sabirJo, sadazRve-
vo da sabanko praqtikaSi.
marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi (marginal-ism) [<frang. margina ukidure-si, zRvruli]----- erT-----erTi mim-dinareoba, meTodologiuri prin-
cipi, romlis ZiriTadi meTo-
debi da instrumentebi gamoiy-
eneba neoklasikur ekonomikur
TeoriaSi. igi iTvaliswinebs
ekonomikuri movlenebisa da
procesebis kvlevaSi zRvruli
sidideebis gamoyenebas, efuZne-
ba raodenobriv analizs da
iyenebs ekonomikur-----maTematikur
meTodebs. marJinalizmi saqon-
lis Rirebulebas (faseulobas)
gansazRvravs im sasargeblo
efeqtiT, romelic mas moaqvs
momxmareblisaTvis. aqedan ga-
momdinare, igi upirispirdeba
klasikuri skolis SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teorias. marJi-
nalizmi moicavs zRvruli sar-
geblianobis, zRvruli mwarmoe-
blurobis, zRvruli xarjebi-
sa da a.S. Teoriebs. ZiriTadi
marJinalisturi koncefciebi
gamoiyeneba moTxovnis, fasis,
sabazro wonasworobisa da a.S.
TeoriebSi.
marJinalizmma farTo gan-
viTareba pova XIX saukunismeore naxevarSi h. klarkis, f.
ejuorTis, i. fiSeris, a, marSa-
lis, v. paretos, l. valrasis,
k. viqselisa da sxvaTa naS-
romebSi. am Teoriam TvalsaCi-
no roli Seasrula ekonomikuri
azris ganviTarebaSi da `mar-mar-mar-mar-mar-
Jinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciis~
saxeliTaa cnobili.
martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi (promis-sory note) - - - - - valdebuleba gan-
sazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis
Sesaxeb garkveuli drois gan-
mavlobaSi. martivi Tamasuqi
moicavs: 1. dasaxelebas _____
`Tamasuqi~, romelic CarTulia
teqstSi im enaze, romelzec
es dokumentia Sedgenili; 2.
martiv dapirebas gansazRvru-
li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb,
rac arafriT ar aris Sepirobe-
buli; 3. gadaxdis vadis mi-
TiTebas; 4. im adgilis aRniS-
vnas, sadac Tanxa unda gadaix-
adon; 5. im piris dasaxelebas,
visTvis an visi brZanebiTac unda
gadaixadon; 6. Tamasuqis Sedge-
nis TariRisa da adgilis mi-
TiTebas; 7. Tamasuqis gamcemi
piris xelmoweras.
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis-
agan gansxvavebiT, martiv Tama-
suqSi ar aris miTiTebuli gad-
amxdeli. martiv Tamasuqs ga-
mowers da xels awers mevale.
marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl (1818-----1883)
marqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karl
224
(Marx Karl) _ _ _ _ _ germaneli filo-
sofosi, ekonomisti, sociolo-
gi, istorikosi da politolo-
gi. swavlobda bonis, berlinisa
da ienis universitetebSi. ien-
is universitetis filosofiis
doqtori aqtiurad Caeba poli-
tikur brZolaSi. misi pirveli
statiebi gamoqveynda `reinis
gazeTSi~, sadac igi politikur
ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelob-
da.
marqsma Tavisi cxovrebis
udidesi nawili ukidures siR-
aribeSi gaatara. 1849 wlidan
cxovrobda inglisSi da Tavisi
megobrisa da kolegis engel-
sis finansuri daxmarebiT mra-
valricxovan ojaxs inaxavda.
marqsma uaryo hegelis ko-----
nservatuli politikuri filo-
sofia da ganaviTara misi di-
aleqtikuri meTodi. kapitaliz-
mis ganviTarebis kanonebi ax-
sna naSromSi `kapitali~ (I t. _1867, II t. _ 1885 da III t. _1894). meore da mesame tomebi
gamovida engelsis redaqciiT.
ekonomikis sferoSi marqsis
sxva mniSvnelovani naSromebia
`zedmeti Rirebulebis Teorie-
bi~ (sam nawilad, 1905-----1910)
da ̀ politikuri ekonomiis kri-
tikisaTvis~ (1859).
ekonomikis dargSi mecnier-
uli miRwevebiT marqsi aRiare-
bulia msoflios udides moaz-
rovned, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misma zogierTma daskvnam ver
pova praqtikuli aRiareba.
marqsistuli ekonomikuri
moZRvrebis RerZia Rirebulebisa
da zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-
riebi. marqsma gacvlis proce-
sis ganviTarebis safexurebi,
rogorc istoriulisa da lo-
gikuris asaxva, detalurad ga-
aanaliza `kapitalis~ pirvel
tomSi.
engelsTan erTad, marqsma
dawera `komunisturi partiis
manifesti~ (1848), sadac ganx-
ilulia komunisturi sazoga-
doebis principebi. es naSromi
gaxda saprogramo dokumenti
im saxelmwifoebisTvis, rom-
lebic Seecadnen aeSenebinaT so-
cialisturi sazogadoeba. mar-
qsis saxelTan aris dakavSire-
buli miwasa da sxva warmoeb-
is saSualebebze kerZo sakuTre-
bis gauqmeba da sazogadoebis
TiToeuli wevris Tanabari uf-
lebiT sazogadoebrivi sakuT-
rebis centralizebuli marTvis
safuZvelze saxelmwifo tipis
ekonomikis Seqmna. sakuTrebiT
urTierTobebs marqsi aniWebda
pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas
da miiCnevda warmoebiTi urT-
ierTobebis dedaarsad. k. marq-
sis mixedviT, antagonizmi war-
moiqmneba sakuTrebiTi urTier-
Tobebis wiaRSi, amitom kerZo
marqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karl
225
kapitalistur sakuTrebaze da,
aqedan gamomdinare, eqsploat-
aciaze dafuZnebuli kapital-
izmis kraxi gardauvalia. k.
marqsma Rrmad Seiswavla adre-
uli kapitalizmis buneba, ma-
gram ver SeZlo ganeWvrita misi
momavali bedi da aRmoCnda ko-
munisturi sazogadoebis Sesa-
xeb cru warmodgenebis tyveo-
baSi.
maSin, rodesac fulis wa-----
rmoSobis racionaluri konce-----
fcia fuls Zveli kanonmdebleb-
is genialuri Canafiqrisa da,
aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli kanon-
mdeblobis nayofad Tvlis (fu-
lis warmoSobisadmi subieq-
tur-----fsiqologiuri midgoma _____
idea, romelic fulis wa-----
rmoSobas ukavSirebs adamianebs
Soris SeTanxmebis Sedegs),
pirvelad aristotelesTan gvx-
vdeba (Àðèñòîòåëü. Íèêîìà-õîâà ýòèêà. Ñî÷. Ò. 4. Ì., 1983,ñ. 156-157) da ganuyoflad
batonobda XVIII saukunis bo-lomde. evoluciuri koncef-
cia fulis warmoSobas ekono-
mikur urTierTobaTa ganviTare-
bis obieqtur procesad miiC-
nevs. marTalia, evoluciuri
koncefcia saTaves a. smiTisa
da d. rikardosgan iRebs, ma-
gram am mimarTulebis fuZem-
deblad aRiareben k. marqss, ro-
melsac mxars uWeren p. samu-
elsoni, v. nordhausi, r. bari
da sxva cnobili mecnierebi.
marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred (1842-----
1924) (Marshall Alfred) _ _ _ _ _ ing-liseli ekonomisti (ganaTlebiT
maTematikosi), kembrijis uni-
versitetis profesori (1885-----
1908). miuxedavad imisa, rom
zRvruli analizis fuZemdebe-
li iyo, arasdros ar uaryof-
da Tavis kavSirs inglisur
klasikur ekonomikur skolas-
Tan. man daarsa inglisur-----ame-
rikuli skola da XX sauku-nis dasawyisSi wamoayena al-
ternatiuli Rirebulebis (fa-
seulobis) Teoria, romelic in-
glisur-----amerikuli skolis Te-
oriis saxeliTaa cnobili.
marSalma Rirebulebis sxva
Teoriebis (SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teoria, warmoebis danaxar-
jebis Teoria, moTxovna-----miwode-
bis Teoria) SeerTebiT Seqmna
Rirebulebis axali Teoria,
romelSic amosavali postula-
tia moTxovna-----miwodebis kano-
ni. am Teoriis mixedviT saqon-
lis miwodebas gansazRvravs
warmoebis danaxarjebi, xolo
moTxovnas _ _ _ _ _ saqonlis zRvru-
li sargeblianoba. amrigad,
aRniSnul TeoriaSi gaTval-
iswinebulia rogorc imaTi
Tvalsazrisi, vinc Rirebule-
bas obieqturi faqtorebiT gan-
sazRvravs, ise imaTic, vinc maT
marSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfred
226
subieqturi faqtorebiT gan-
sazRvravs. maSasadame, Rire-Rire-Rire-Rire-Rire-
bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-
ria obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqtu-----
ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-
is gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburi
sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia. igi asabuTebs Rire-
bulebasa da sargeblianobas
Soris funqcionalur kavSirs
da fass, rogorc saqonlis sa-
yidlad gadaxdil fulis rao-
denobas, ganixilavs Rirebuleb-
isa da sargeblianobis er-
Tobliobad.
a. marSalis naSromebis fun-
damenturi idea mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom moTxovna da miwodeba
gansazRvraven wonasworobis sa-
bazro fasebs. igi akritikebda
rogorc klasikur, ise avstri-
ul skolebs da asabuTebda, rom
isini calmxrivad ganixilavd-
nen faswarmoqmnas. marSali
amtkicebda, rom rogorc moTx-
ovna, ise warmoebis danaxarje-
bi mniSvnelovan rols asrule-
ben wonasworobis fasebis for-
mirebaSi.
alfred marSalma SemoiRo
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elas-
tikurobis cnebebi, leon val-
rasTan erTad Seqmna moTxov-
na-----miwodebis martivi modeli,
romelmac didi roli Seasru-
la bazris funqcionirebis me-
qanizmis garkvevaSi. man xidi
aago klasikur (obieqtur) da
neoklasikur (subieqtur) Te-
oriebs Soris. misi ZiriTadi
naSromebia: ̀ ekonomiqsis princi-
pebi~ (1890), `industria da
vaWroba~ (1919), ̀ fuli, kredi-
ti da komercia~ (1923) da sxv.
marSalis naSromebma udidesi
roli Seasrules ara mxolod
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis
marTvaSi, aramed Tanamedrove
mikroekonomikis formirebaSic.
marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-
ba ba ba ba ba (Marshall-Lerner condition) –piroba, romelic ori ekono-
mistis _ alfred marSalisa da
aba lerneris saxels atarebs,
gulisxmobs gaufasurebis Sem-
deg savaWro balansis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis eqsportis gazr-
dasa da importis Semcirebas,
raTa moxdes importis fasis
zrdis kompensireba. aqedan
daskvna: realuri gaufasureba,
saboloo angariSiT, wminda
eqsportis zrdas iwvevs.
masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-
li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia (economies ofscale) - - - - - ekonomia, romelic mi-
iRweva grZelvadian periodSi
warmoebis moculobis gadide-
bis pirobebSi saSualo mTliani
danaxarjebis SemcirebiT.
masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti (returnsto scale) - - - - - warmoebis moculo-
bis cvlilebis koeficienti yve-
la gamoyenebuli resursis ra-
odenobis cvlilebisas. Tuki,
marSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris pirobababababa
227
magaliTad, rogorc resursebi
orkecdeba, imave odenobiT iz-
rdeba warmoebis moculoba, ma-
Sin amboben, rom masStabis ef-
eqts ar hqonia adgili, Tuki
warmoebis moculoba izrdeba
orjer ufro naklebad, maSin
uaryofiTi masStabis efeqts aqvs
adgili, xolo Tu igi izrdeba
orjer ufro metad, maSin _____
dadebiTi masStabis efeqts. es
movlena unda ganvasxvaoT mx-
olod erTi resursis cvlileb-
is SemTxvevisgan, romelic, sab-
oloo angariSiT, gamoxatavs
klebadi ukugebis kanons. mzar-
di masStabis efeqts (increas-ing returns to scale) adgili aqvs
im SemTxvevaSi, roca firmis gr-
Zelvadiani saSualo danaxar-
jebi ecema gamoSvebuli produ-
qciis zrdis paralelurad.
matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi (rate of growth)- - - - - gviCvenebs mocemuli sidide
procentuli gamoxatulebiT
ramdeniT gaizarda saanalizo
periodSi. matebis tempi aris
zrdis temps minus 100%.
materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-
reba reba reba reba reba (material service) - - - - - Sro-
mis specifikuri ekonomikuri
forma, romlis sasargeblo
efeqtic materializebul mom-
saxurebaSi vlindeba. saerTa-
Soriso dargobrivi klasifika-
toris mixedviT, materialuri
momsaxureba or jgufad iyo-
fa: pirveli jgufi ukavSirde-
ba produqtebis moZraobas uSu-
alod materialuri dovlaTis
warmoebis procesSi, xolo me-
ore _ _ _ _ _ sakuTriv warmoebis ga-
reT materialuri dovlaTis
moZraobas. pirvel jgufSi Se-
dis: satvirTo transporti, war-
moebrivi daniSnulebis kavSir-
gabmuloba, sabiTumo vaWroba,
sasawyobo meurneoba, eleqtro-----,
gaz- - - - - da wyalmomarageba, war-
moebrivi daniSnulebis remon-
ti, saqmiani da sainformacio-----
sakonsultacio momsaxureba,
safinanso-----sakredito momsaxure-
ba. meore jgufs miekuTvneba:
sacalo vaWroba, sazogadoe-
brivi kveba, sayofacxovrebo
saqonlisa da piradi moxmare-
bis sagnebis SekeTeba, teqnikuri
momsaxureba, sabinao-----komu-
naluri momsaxureba, kavSirgab-
muloba mosaxleobis momsax-
urebis nawilSi, samgzavro
transporti. aseTi dayofa ram-
denadme pirobiTia, vinaidan
arsebobs momsaxurebis saxeebi,
romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.
mag., saqmiani da sainformacio-----
sakonsultacio momsaxureba ar
SeiZleba mTlianad ekuTvnodes
materialuri momsaxurebis pir-
vel jgufs, vinaidan masSi Se-
dis momsaxurebis iseTi saxee-
bic, romlebic logikurad ma-
materialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxureba
228
terialuri momsaxurebis meore
jgufSi unda Sediodes, ker-
Zod, samomxmareblo saqonlis
arendasTan dakavSirebuli sal-
izingo momsaxureba da a.S.
materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-
reba reba reba reba reba (material stimulation) - - - - - war-moebis muSakTa Sromisadmi waxa-
lisebis ekonomikuri formebisa
da meTodebis sistema, maTi
SromiTi aqtiurobisa da dain-
teresebulobis amaRleba war-
moebis saboloo Sedegebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis.
materialurmaterialurmaterialurmaterialurmaterialur-----nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-
vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero (mate-rial production area, tangible assets)- - - - - erovnuli ekonomikis im darg-
Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-
moeben materialur dovlaTs
nivTobrivi produqtisa da en-
ergiis formiT. gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----
is struqturaSi, romelic war-
modgenilia sami seqtoris saxiT,
pirveli ori seqtori Seadgens
materialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-
bis sferos, xolo mesame _____
momsaxurebis sferos.
materialur-----nivTobrivi war-
moebis sfero oTx ganyofile-
bas moicavs. aqedan pirvel se-
qtorSi Sedis erTi ga-----nyofile-
ba: 1. soflis meurneoba, sa-
tyeo meurneoba, nadiroba da
meTevzeoba. meore seqtori mo-
icavs danarCen sam ganyofile-
bas: 2. samTomopovebiTi mre-----
wveloba; 3. gadammuSavebeli
mrewveloba; 4. mSenebloba.
mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli (inferiorgood) - - - - - saqoneli, romelzec, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi, moTxovna
mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan
erTad.
mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba (sus-tainable development) – ekonomi-kis iseTi mdgomareoba, roca
gamoSveba, kapitali da efeq-
tiani Sroma (Sroma gamravle-
buli teqnologiis doneze)
erTnairi tempiT anu dabalan-
sebulad izrdeba. am SemTxveva-
Si gamoSveba kapitaliTa da ef-
eqtiani SromiT warmoebuli sa-
qoneli an momsaxurebaa. mdgrad
mdgomareobaSi erT muSakze ga-
moSvebisa da erT muSakze kap-
italis zrdis tempi teqnolo-
giuri progresis zrdis tem-
pis tolia, anu gamoSveba da
kapitali imave tempiT izrde-
ba, rogoriTac efeqtiani samu-
Sao Zala.
mdgrad mdgomareobaSi ga-
moSvebis zrdis tempi dazogvis
normaze damokidebuli ar aris,
Tumca, dazogvis normis zrda
mdgrad mdgomareobaSi efeqtian
muSakze zrdis gamoSvebis moc-
ulobas.
rodesac ekonomika mdgrad
mdgomareobaSia, mas axasiaTe-
ben rogorc dabalansebuli
zrdis traeqtoriaze myof eko-
materialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulirebarebarebarebareba
229
nomikas.
mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda (steady growth)- - - - - ekonomikis dinamikuri mdgo-
mareoba, rodesac ganviTareba
xdeba mudmivi proporciuli tem-
pebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
ria ikvlevs mdgradi ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblo-
bebs.
megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika (megaeco-nomics) - - - - - saerTaSoriso ekono-mikuri urTierTobebi da maTi
Semswavleli saerTaSoriso eko-
nomika. ikvlevs saerTaSoriso
masStabiT iseT globalur
problemebs, rogoricaa saer-
TaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-
Soriso savaluto urTierTo-
bebi, saerTaSoriso sakredito
urTierTobebi da a.S.
mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika (mesoeco-nomics) - - - - - qveynis ekonomikis qve-sistemebis (infrastruqturis,
saTbob-----energetikis, momsaxure-
bis sferos da a.S.) ekonomika.
Seiswavlis ekonomikis qvesiste-
mebs seqtoruli ekonomikis sa-
xiT.
melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani (1912-----
1981) (Melkadze Valerian) _ _ _ _ _ sa-qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is wevr-----korespondenti (1979),
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
tori (1972), profesori (1977),
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-
is laureati mecnierebisa da
teqnikis dargSi (1975). daam-
Tavra Tsu ekonomikis fakul-
teti (1937). 1946-----1948 wleb-
Si muSaobda saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis
institutSi, paralelurad Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universite-
tSi kiTxulobda leqciebs.
1948-----1963 wlebSi imyofeboda
partiul da xelmZRvanel sam-
uSaoebze. iyo saqarTvelos cen-
traluri statistikuri sam-
marTvelos ufrosi (1958-----1960),
Tsu-----is ekonomikis fakultetis
dekani (1960-----1963), saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo sagegmo ko-
mitetTan arsebuli saxalxo
meurneobis, dagegmvisa da mar-
Tvis samecniero kvleviTi in-
stitutis damaarsebeli da
direqtori (1963-----1981). v. mel-
qaZem saqarTveloSi safuZveli
Cauyara ekonomikuri mecniere-
bis axal dargs _ _ _ _ _ regionalur
ekonomikas; SeimuSava Sidares-
publikuri teritoriuli erTe-
ulebis mixedviT erovnuli
Semosavlis analizuri kvle-
vis meTodi; originaluri naS-
romebi Seqmna ekonomikis mar-
Tvis, prognozirebis, warmoebis
specializaciisa da kompleq-
suri ganviTarebis probleme-
bze. ZiriTadi Sromebia: ̀ kanon-
zomierebebi saqarTvelos erov-
nuli Semosavlis warmoebaSi.~
Tb., 1974 (rusul enaze); ̀ saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikis ganviTare-
melqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valeriani
230
bis kompleqsuri programa~. Tb.,
1975; ̀ saqarTvelos sazogadoe-
brivi produqtisa da erovnu-
li Semosavlis regionaluri
struqtura~. Tb., 1978.
mengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karliiiii (1840-1921)
(Menger Carl) – avstrieli eko-
nomisti, avstriuli ekonomi-
kuri skolis fuZemdebeli.
zRvruli sargeblianobaze age-
buli faseulobis Teoriis erT-
erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li (misgan damoukideblad es
Teoria Seqmnes agreTve jevon-
sma da valrasma). saqonlis fa-
seulobas gansazRvravs misi sar-
geblianoba da ara warmoebis
danaxarjebi – es Teza safuZ-
vlad daedo mengeris Semoqmede-
bas, riTac igi (iseve rogorc
bevr sxva ekonomists) daupir-
ispirda inglisuri klasikuri
skolis warmomadgenlebs.
dovlaTis zRvruli sar-
geblianobis SefasebaSi menge-
ri did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
mis iSviaTobas. rodesac dov-
laTis raodenoba izrdeba,
zRvruli sargeblianoba mcir-
deba. mengeris mier damtkice-
bulma am damokidebulebam
klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-
anobisanobisanobisanobisanobis kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba
miiRo.
mengers ekuTvnis agreTve
faqtoruli Semosavlebis gana-
wilebis Teoria.
menejeri menejeri menejeri menejeri menejeri (manager) [ingl.
manager<manage marTva] - - - - - war-moebis marTvis specialisti,
mmarTveli, romelsac qiraobs
saxelmwifo, kompania an kerZo
mewarme.
menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi (managerial-ism) - - - - - Tanamedrove ekonomikuriTeoria, romlis mixedviTac war-
moebis kontroli kerZo me-
sakuTreebisagan gadadis da-
qiravebuli mmarTvelebis _ _ _ _ _ me-
nejerebis xelSi.
menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti (management)[<ingl. management marTva,gamgebloba] ----- warmoebis marTva,warmoebis principebis, meTode-
bis, saSualebebisa da formeb-
is erToblioba, gamoyenebuli
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-
lebisa da mogebis gadidebis
mizniT. menejmenti oTxi fun-
qciisgan Sedgeba: dagegmva, or-
ganizacia, motivacia da kon-
troli. ganasxvaveben saerTosaerTosaerTosaerTosaerTo
da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments. saer-
To menejmenti gulisxmobs
mTlianad firmis marTvas, fun-
qciuri menejmenti ki dakavSire-
bulia firmis calkeuli qve-
sistemebis marTvasTan. am qve-
sistemebis (SromiTi resurse-
bi, finansebi, uSualod warmoe-
bis procesi da sxv.) urTierT-
dakavSirebuli funqcionireba
funqciuri menejmentis prerog-
ativaa.
mengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karli
231
menejmenti, rogorc saba-
zro meurneobis gaZRolis ax-
ali mimarTuleba, warmoebis
marTvis xelovnebisa da mec-
nierebis sinTezia. igi efuZne-
ba mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi
Tanamedrove formebis, meTode-
bis, principebisa da saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebas. menejmenti,
rogorc codnis specialuri
dargi, damoukidebel mecnier-
ul disciplinad Camoyalibda
XX saukunis 40-----ian wlebSi.
menejmentis areali Semoi-
fargleba mxolod biznes-----saqmi-
anobiT, amitom igi gansxvavde-
ba marTvisagan, romelSic sax-
elmwifoebrivi marTva igulis-
xmeba.
meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi (secon-dary resources) - - - - - erTjeradad
gamoyenebuli materialuri re-----
sursebi an warmoebis narCene-
bi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva
warmoebaSi.
meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari (sec-ondary market) - - - - - mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva-----gayidva dilerebis an bro-
kerebis mier.
meoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazari
(secondary labor market) – Sro-mis bazari, sadac xelfasebi
dabalia, Sromis pirobebi cudi,
droebiTi daTxovnebi ki maRa-
li. igi pirveladi Sromis ba-
zris sapirispiroa.
merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi (mercan-tilism) [<ital. mercante vaWari,movaWre] - - - - - pirveli ekonomikuri
mimarTuleba, mimdinareoba,
romelic savaWro burJuaziis
interesebs gamoxatavda XV-----
XVII saukuneebSi. am moZRvreb-is principi aseTi iyo: mogeba
warmoiqmneba mimoqcevis sfer-
oSi. fulis sazRvargareT ga-
tana amcirebs qveynis simdi-
dres, Semotana ki _ _ _ _ _ amdidrebs.
am princi pidan gamomdinare,
adrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmis
(aRmocenda XV saukunis uka-
nasknel mesamedSi, arsebobda
XVI saukunis Sua periodamde)warmomadgenlebs (u. stafor-
di, g. skarufi, d. santisi da
sxv.) qveynis simdidris zrdis
aucilebel pirobad miaCndaT
aqtiuri fuladi balansi, gvi-gvi-gvi-gvi-gvi-
andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis (gan-
viTarda XVI saukunis Sua peri-odidan, ayvavebas miaRwia XVIIsaukuneSi, daSla daiwyo XVIIIsaukunidan, XVIII saukunis me-ore naxevarSi Seicvala fizi-
okratizmiT) warmomadgenlebs
(T. meni, a. sera, a. monkretieni
da sxv.) ki _ _ _ _ _ aqtiuri savaWro
balansi. XVIII saukunis Sua
xanebSi ekonomistTa yuradRebam
mimoqcevis sferodan warmoeb-
is sferoSi gadainacvla. mer-
kantilizmi Seicvala fiziokra-
tizmiT.
merkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmi
232
merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri (mercan-tile) [<ital. mercante vaWari,movaWre] - - - - - 1. savaWro, komerci-uli; 2. vaWruli, mewvrilma-
nuri.
meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi (sliding price)----- xelSekrulebis moqmedebis
ganmavlobaSi cvalebadi fasi.
aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSek-
rulebiT saboloo fass ar
adgenen, mxareebi Tanxmdebian
mxolod misi dadgenis wesze.
meryevi fasis saxesxvaobaa fasi
Semdgomi fiqsaciiT.
metraJi metraJi metraJi metraJi metraJi (metric area) (frang.metrage) - - - - - 1. raimes sigrZe, ga-moxatuli metrebSi; 2. raimes
farTobi, gamoxatuli kvadrat-
ul metrebSi.
mewarme mewarme mewarme mewarme mewarme (entrepreneur) - - - - - pi-ri, romelic samewarmeo saqmi-
anobas eweva. ekonomikur analiz-
Si mewarmis saqmianoba ganix-
ileba rogorc warmoebis damo-
ukidebeli faqtori. mewarmeebs
eniWebaT pasuxismgebloba eko-
nomikuri gadawyvetilebisaTvis:
ra awarmoon, ra raodenobiT,
warmoebis ra meTodiT. vinaid-
an gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da
warmoebuli saqonlis realiza-
cias Soris arsebobs garkveu-
li dro, mewarme valdebulia
gaakeTos moTxovnis progonozi.
es moTxovna gamomdinareobs
iqidan, rom mewarmeobas axlavs
riski, romelic dakavSirebulia
am periodSi moTxovnis ryevebT-
an. individualur firmebSi me-
warme erTdroulad iRebs Tavis
Tavze sawarmos finansur risks
da mtkice pasuxismgeblobas
firmis marTvis TvalsazrisiT.
aqcionerul kompaniebSi es ori
funqcia dayofilia aqcionereb-
sa, e.i. mesakuTreebsa (romlebic
ewevian finansur risks) da
direqtorTa sabWos (romlebic
faqtobrivad marTaven firmas)
Soris.
mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba (entrepreneur-ship) - - - - - Semosavlis, mogebis miRe-
bisaTvis gamiznuli fizikuri
an iuridiuli pirebis damouki-
debeli, kanoniT nebadarTuli
samewarmeo (sameurneo) saqmi-
anoba, romelic xorcieldeba
sakuTari saxeliT, finansuri
riskiTa da qonebrivi pasux-
ismgeblobiT.
mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba (grossoutput) - - - - - drois garkveul pe-
riodSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-
Toblioba sabazro fasSi.
mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-
rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba (gross value added)- - - - - sxvaoba mTlian gamoSvebasa
da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.
mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi (grosssavings) - - - - - mTliani gankargvadi
Semosavlis nawili. miiReba
danazogisgan ZiriTadi kapita-
lis moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
merkantilurimerkantilurimerkantilurimerkantilurimerkantiluri
233
mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji (totalcost - - - - - TC) - - - - - firmis mier pro-duqciis warmoebaze gaweuli
danaxarjebis erToblioba, gamo-
xatuli fuladi formiT. fir-
mam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi ba-
zris moTxovnas unda Seufar-
dos, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcios warmoebis danaxarje-
bis Semcirebas. amitom man unda
gansazRvros ra unda awarmoos,
ramdenad konkurentunariani iq-
neba misi produqcia, ra fasad
SeiZens warmoebriv resursebs,
ra daujdeba kvalificiuri
samuSao Zalis daqiraveba da
a.S. minimaluri danaxarjebiT
maqsimaluri Sedegis miRweva
firmis saqmianobis laitmotivia,
romelSic erT-----erTi ganmsaz-
Rvreli roli mTlian danaxar-
jebs ekuTvnis.
mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-
zogi zogi zogi zogi zogi (gross national savings) -----gankargulebaSi darCenili mTli-
ani erovnuli Semosavlis nawi-
li, romelic ar Sedis saboloo
moxmarebaSi.
mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-
duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (mepmepmepmepmep) (gross national prod-uct - - - - - GNP) - - - - - makroekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-
avs erovnuli ekonomikis fun-
qcionirebis saboloo Sedegebs
gansazRvrul periodSi (Tve,
kvartali, weli) da warmoad-
gens sabazro fasebiT pirve-
ladi Semosavlebis (Sromis
anazRaureba, mogeba, warmoeba-
ze gadasaxadebi, sakuTrebidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi _ _ _ _ _ sarge-
beli, dividendi, renta da a.S.)
jams, miRebuls mocemuli qvey-
nis rezidentebis mier maTi
pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri
monawileobiT Tavisi qveynis
mepmepmepmepmep-----isa da sxva qveynebis mepmepmepmepmep-----
is warmoebaSi. mepmepmepmepmep, rogorc wesi,
metia mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----ze im pirveladi Se-
mosavlebis jamiT, romelic
miRebulia mocemuli qveynis
rezidentebis mier sazRvarga-
reT. amasTan, igi ar moicavs
ararezidentebis Semosavlebs
mocemuli qveynis ekonomikur
teritoriaze.
mep mep mep mep mep udris sabazro faseb-
Si mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----s plus Sromis anazRa-
urebis jami, sakuTrebidan Se-
mosavlebi, samewarmeo Semosava-
li miRebuli `danarCeni msof-
liodan~, minus maTi Sesabamisi
nakadebi gadaxdili `danarCeni
msofliosaTvis~.
1968 wlamde VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----s mTli-
ani erovnuli Semosavali ewo-
deboda. raodenobrivi Tanafar-
dobis TvalsazrisiT, VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----sa da
mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----s Soris gansxvaveba didi
ar aris. rogorc wesi, ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebisaTvis igi
1%-----s ar aRemateba. VTG VTG VTG VTG VTG SeiZ-
leba gaizomos erovnuli war-
moebiT, SemosavlebiTa da sab-
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)
234
oloo moxmarebiT.
warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili VTG
udris gansazRvrul periodSi
qveynis seqtor-----rezidentebis
mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli momsaxurebis erTob-
liv sabazro Rirebulebas Sua-
leduri moxmarebis gamoklebiT.
SemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomili
VTG aris faqtoruli Semosav-
lebis jami, miRebuli Sida war-
moebidan xelfasis, procenti-
sa da firmis mogebis saxiT,
agreTve sazRvargareTis seq-
tor-----rezidentebis wminda faq-
toruli Semosavlebi.
saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-
zomili zomili zomili zomili zomili VTG im saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis erToblivi saba-
zro Rirebulebaa, romelsac
iZenen Sinameurneobebi (haus-
holdebi), firmebi da mTavrobebi
ZiriTadi kapitaldabandebebisa
da ararealizebuli produqciis
naSTis CaTvliT.
VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is gazomvis samive me-
Todi erTsa da imave raodeno-
briv Sedegs iZleva.
mepmepmepmepmep-----is gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeli
deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-
si si si si si (GNP implicit price deflator) -----maCvenebeli, romelic gamoxa-
tavs mimdinare fasebSi VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is
Sefardebas Sesadar fasebSi
VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----Tan, anu Tanafardobas nomi-
nalur da realur VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----ebs So-
ris.
VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-
SorSorSorSorSoreba eba eba eba eba (sxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaoba) (GNP
gap) - - - - - potenciuri da realuri
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
doneebis erTmaneTisagan mow-
yveta.
mepmepmepmepmep-----is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi - - - - - defla-defla-defla-defla-defla-
torebi torebi torebi torebi torebi (GNP deflators) - - - - - inde-qsTa jgufi, romelsac iyeneben
VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is maCvenebelTa agebisaTvis
Sesadar fasebSi. masSi Sedis:
fasebis agregatuli indeqsi,
VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is gamoucxadebeli defla-
toris fasebis indeqsi, fasebis
jaWvuri indeqsi, samomxmareb-
lo fasebis indeqsi, mwarmoe-
belTa fasebis indeqsi, agreTve,
specialurad agebuli indeqsebi.
mTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investicia (grossinvestment) - - - - - ekonomikaSi inves-ticiebis mTliani moculoba
drois garkveul monakveTSi. igi
Sedgeba wminda investiciebisa
da im investiciebisagan, rom-
lebic gamoiyeneba mwyobridan
gamosuli ZiriTadi kapitalis
Sesacvlelad.
mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba (gross pro-fit) - - - - - sawarmos mogebis mTliani
Tanxa daqviTvasa da gadaricx-
vamde. igi damatebuli Rire-
bulebis is nawilia, romelic
rCeba mewarmeebs daqiravebuli
muSakebis Sromis anazRaureb-
is, warmoebasa da importze
wminda gadasaxadebTan dakav-
Sirebuli xarjebis gamoqviTvis
mepmepmepmepmep-----is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris ...............
235
Semdeg. mTliani mogeba wminda
mogebisa da ZiriTadi kapitalis
moxmarebis jamia.
mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali (grossincome) - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvene-beli, romelic mogebasTan er-
Tad gamoxatavs sawarmos war-
moebrivi da safinanso-----sameur-
neo saqmianobis saboloo Sede-
gebs. ganisazRvreba, rogorc
sxvaoba saqonlis gayidvidan
miRebul fulad amonagebsa da
am saqonlis warmoebaze gaweul
materialur danaxarjebs Soris.
mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-
ti ti ti ti ti (VVVVVSpSpSpSpSp) (gross domestic product----- GDP) - - - - - makroekonomikuri indi-katori, qveynis Sida ekonomikis,
erovnuli Semosavlebis anga-
riSSi erToblivi gamoSvebis
yvelaze ganzogadebuli maCve-
nebeli, ekonomikuri aqtiuro-
bis sazomi, romelic gamoxat-
avs gansazRvruli drois gan-
mavlobaSi, rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi mocemuli
qveynis ekonomikur teritori-
aze (ix.) rezidentebisa da ara-
rezidentebis mier warmoebu-
li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
erTobliv sabazro Rirebule-
bas. VTG VTG VTG VTG VTG amosaval makroekono-
mikur maCveneblad iTvleba gae-
ros erovnuli angariSebis sis-
temaSi. masze orientirebulia
axali erovnuli angariSebis
sistema.
1990-ian wlebamde qveynebis
umravlesoba erToblivi aqtive-
bis mTavar sazomad iyenebda mTli-
an erovnul produqts. 1990-iani
wlebidan am ukanasknelis adgils
ikavebs mTliani Sida produqti.
mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is gaanalizeba xdeba ro-
gorc warmoebis, ise Semosav-
lebis mxridan.
mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si warmoebis mxridan
Sedis: piradi samomxmareblo
xarjebi; grZelvadiani da mok-
levadiani saqoneli, momsaxureba,
mTliani kerZo Sida investicie-
bi ZiriTad kapitalSi, arasabi-
nao investiciebi, Senoba-nage-
bobebi, mowyobilobebi da pro-
gramuli uzrunvelyofa, binaT-
mSenebloba, saxelmwifo Sesy-
idvebi, erovnuli Tavdacva, eqs-
porti, importi, wminda eqspor-
ti, biznesis sasaqonlo-materi-
aluri maragebis cvlileba.
Semosavlebis mxridan mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-
Si aisaxeba danarCeni msofli-
odan faqtoruli Semosavali da
gamoakldeba danarCeni msofli-
osTvis faqtoruli Semosavali,
ris Sedegadac miiReba mTli-
ani erovnuli produqti.
mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Siddddda produqa produqa produqa produqa produq-----
tititititis deflatori s deflatori s deflatori s deflatori s deflatori (gross dome-stic product deflator) - - - - - Tanafar-doba VIGVIGVIGVIGVIG-----is nominalur zrda-
sa da realur zrdas Soris. gar-
kveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
warmoebuli saboloo produq-
mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Siddddda produqa produqa produqa produqa produqtititititis deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatori
236
tis (saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis) fasebis cvlilebis sazomi.
mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-
tis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqtura (structure ofgross domestic production) – mox-marebis, fiqsirebuli investi-
ciebis, saxelmwifo xarjebis, ma-
ragebSi investiciebisa da wmin-
da eqsportis jami. aqedan, mox-mox-mox-mox-mox-
marebamarebamarebamarebamareba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is yvelaze didi
komponentia. igi moicavs yve-
la im saqonelsa da momsax-
urebas, romelsac momxmareblebi,
vTqvaT, 1 wlis manZilze Sei-
Zenen. fiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebuli inves- inves- inves- inves- inves-
ticiebiticiebiticiebiticiebiticiebi arasabinao investicie-
bisa da binaTmSeneblobaSi in-
vesticiebis jamia; saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-
wifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebi gulisxmobs
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sax-
elmwifo Sesyidvebs; marageb-marageb-marageb-marageb-marageb-
Si investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebi warmoebasa
da gayidvebs Soris sxvaobaa.
Tu warmoeba aWarbebs gayidvas,
maSin maragebSi investiciebi
dadebiTia, xolo Tu warmoeba
gayidvebze naklebia, maSin mara-
gebSi investiciebi uaryofiTia.
wminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsporti eqsportsa
da imports Soris sxvaobaa. Tu
eqsporti aWarbebs imports, ma-
Sin qveyanas aqvs dadebiTi sava-
Wro saldo, xolo Tu eqsporti
importze naklebia, maSin adgi-
li aqvs savaWro deficits.
midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-
sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi (propensity to the savings)
- - - - - Semosavlis gadidebis kvalo-
baze danazogis wilis gadide-
ba. ix. universaluri fsiqolo-
giuri kanoni ekonomikaSi.
midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-
rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi (propensity to im-port) - - - - - importze gaweuli xarje-
bis wilis zrda SemosavalSi.
midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-
bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi (propensity to invest) -----erovnuli Semosavlis is wili,
romelic xmardeba kapitalda-
bandebebs.
midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-
sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi (propensity to consume) -----samomxmareblo xarjebis wilis
zrda SemosavalSi.
miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi (saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-
ciociociociocio) fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (quide price) - - - - - gamo-iyeneba evrokavSiris qveynebSi
ama Tu im produqciaze gada-
saxadis sididis gansazRvri-
saTvis erTiani sasoflo-----same-
urneo politikis gatarebis miz-
niT.
mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika (micro-economics) [<berZn. mikros pat-ara] - - - - - 1. erovnuli meurneobis
nawilis (seqtoris, dargis,
sawarmos) ekonomika; 2. ekono-
mikuri Teoriis ganyofileba,
romelic Seiswavlis calkeu-
li sameurneo erTeulebis _____
Sinameurneobis (hausholdis
blokis), biznesis blokis, sam-
Tavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmi-
anobas.
mTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqtis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqtura
237
mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi (cur-rent account) – 1. bankis angariSi,romelic emsaxureba fuladi
saxsrebis Senaxvasa da angariS-
sworebas (ZiriTadad Cekebis
meSveobiT. mimdinare angariSe-
bia, aseve, sawarmoebisa da fil-
ialebis samewarmeo saqmianobis
mimdinare operaciebis gansax-
orcieleblad bankSi gaxsnili
angariSi; 2. angariSi, romel-
sac uxsnis banki Tavis mudmiv
klientebs, maT Soris urTierT-
angariSsworebisaTvis.
mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-
do do do do do (current account balance) –wminda gadaxdebis jami danar-
Ceni msofliosTvis da danar-
Ceni msofliosgan. Tu wminda
gadaxdebi danarCeni msoflios-
gan dadebiTia, qveyanas mimdinare
angariSis proficiti aqvs, xolo
Tu is uaryofiTia, qveyanas mim-
dinare angariSis deficiti aqvs.
mimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebuli
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli (money in circulation) -----saxelmwifos mier mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli qaRaldisa da liTo-
nis uprocento fulis niSnebi.
mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba (warrant) -----ix. varanti.
minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba (mini-mal profit) – mogebis qveda zRva-ri, romelic aucilebelia fir-
mis funqcionirebisa da Senar-
CunebisaTvis, gakotrebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT.
minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-
lololololo biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti (minimum consumersbudget) - - - - - ZiriTadi fiziolo-
giuri da socialur-----kultu-
ruli moTxovnilebebis dakmay-
ofilebisaTvis aucilebeli
kvebis produqtebis, arasasur-
saTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis Se-
jamebuli Rirebuleba erT
sulze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi
(an TveSi). gamoiTvleba samomx-
mareblo kalaTis safuZvelze
da sacalo fasebisa da tarife-
bis donis gaTvaliswinebiT. ro-
gorc wesi, minimaluri samomx-
mareblo biujeti weliwadSi
erTxel unda gadaisinjos sa-
momxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo biuje-
tis struqturisa da Rire-
bulebis Sesaxeb monacemebi _____
regularulad unda qveynde-
bodes. minimaluri samomxmare-
blo biujeti SeiZleba ganxi-
lul iqnes rogorc adamianis
normaluri cxovrebis qveda
zRvari, anu SefardebiTi (da
ara absoluturi) siRatakis
done.
minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi (qua-ranteed (minimum) wage) - - - - - kano-niT dadgenili yvelaze daba-
li Sromis anazRaureba.
miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli (1902-----
1986) (Mikeladze Irakli) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1969), ekonomi-
miqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe irakli
238
kur mecnierebaTa doqtori (1961),
profesori (1963), saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo premiis laureati
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
(1972), saqarTvelos mecniere-
bis damsaxurebuli moRvawe
(1962). 1925 wels daamTavra
Tsu socialur-----ekonomikuri
fakulteti. iyo Tsu saxalxo
meurneobis dagegmvis, Semdgom-
Si, mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis ekonomikis kaTedris
gamge (1937-----1977), ekonomikis
fakultetis dekani (1954-----1956),
saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa
sabWosTan arsebuli saxelm-
wifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmj-
domaris moadgile (1956-----1968),
1960 wlidan moadgile minis-
tris statusiT.
i. miqelaZis kvlevis Ziri-
Tadi sfero moicavda mrewvelo-
bis ekonomikas. misi naSromebi
exeba qveynis meurneobis dageg-
mvis Teoriul da praqtikul
sakiTxebs, ekonomikis special-
izaciisa da kompleqsuri gan-
viTarebis, tempebis, proporcie-
bisa da struqturis, eleqtro-
energetikis funqcionirebis,
Sromis teritoriuli da dar-
gobrivi danawilebis proble-
mebs. ZiriTadi naSromebia: `sa-
qarTvelos saxalxo meurneo-
bis specializacia da kompleq-
suri ganviTareba~. moskovi, 1964
(rusul enaze); `saqarTvelos
mrewvelobis ekonomikis sakiTx-
ebi~. Tb., 1977; ̀ teritoriuli
dagegmvis problemebi~. Tb., 1980.
miwa miwa miwa miwa miwa (land) - - - - - es termini ga-moiyeneba ekonomikaSi ara mxo-
lod dedamiwis zedapiris im
nawilis aRsaniSnavad, romel-
ic ar aris dafaruli wyliT,
aramed rogorc bunebrivi re-
sursi, romlis gamoyeneba Sesa-
Zlebelia warmoebaSi. amitom
miwa, Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba
rogorc warmoebis faqtori.
miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi (landtax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, romelic am-
oiReba fizikuri an iuridiu-
li pirebis sakuTrebaSi arse-
bul miwis farTobze.
miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta (land rent) -----miwis mesakuTris Semosavali,
romelic uSualod ar ukav-
Sirdeba mis warmoebriv saqmi-
anobas da mas igi miwis gamoye-
nebis uflebis gacemisaTvis
iRebs. miwis renta miwis, ro-
gorc bunebrivi resursis, gamoye-
nebisgan miRebuli mogebis naw-
ilia.
miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba (supply) - - - - - eko-
nomikuri kategoria da bazris
mniSvnelovani elementi _____
saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSao
Zalis, fulisa da a.S. is er-
Toblioba, romelic bazarzea
mocemul momentSi. moicavs or
elements: 1. ama Tu im saqon-
lis gasxvisebisaTvis mzadyof-
miwamiwamiwamiwamiwa
239
nas; 2. pirobebs, romliTac mwar-
moebeli Tanaxmaa gayidos Tavisi
saqoneli. miwodebis ZiriTadi
wyaroebia saqonlis warmoeba,
misi importi, sasaqonlo mara-
gi da a.S. miwodeba piradi da
sazogadoebrivi interesebis
dakmayofilebis materialuri
safuZvelia.
miwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikuri
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (supply-----side economics)- - - - - doqtrina, romelSic aqcen-
ti keTdeba imaze, rom erovnu-
li warmoebis zrdis mTavari
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,
rogorc grZelvadian, ise mok-
levadian periodebSi, ekonomi-
kaSi Sromisa da kapitalis
alokacia da efeqtiani gamoy-
enebaa. amis Sesabamisad yura-
dRebaa gamaxvilebuli im wina-
aRmdegobebze, romlebic xels
uSlis warmoebis faqtorebis
miwodebasa da maT efeqtian
gamoyenebas. praqtikaSi es niS-
navs imas, rom gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva erToblivi
miwodebis mrudis mdgomareobas,
nawilobrivi umuSevrobis bune-
brivi donis ganmsazRvrel faq-
torebs da ara efeqtiani moTx-
ovnis moklevadian dones, ro-
gorc es miRebulia keinzianuri
moTxovnis TeoriaSi. miwodeb-
is Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomi-
kuri zrdis mTavari Semaferx-
ebeli faqtorebia Sromisa da
investirebisadmi stimulireb-
is ararseboba, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, ukavSirdeba gadasaxade-
bis araadekvatur struqturas,
agreTve im instituciur bari-
erebs, romlebic aferxeben
resursebis efeqtian alokacias.
am Teoriidan gamomdinare, re-
komendaciebi mdgomareobs ga-
dasaxadebis Semcirebasa da
konkurenciis gaZlierebaSi.
miwodebis ekonomikuri Teo-
ria safuZvlad daedo aSS-----is
ekonomikur politikas gasuli
saukunis 80-----iani wlebis dasa-
wyisSi, konservatoruli admin-
istraciis arCevis Semdeg, reiga-
nis prezidentobis periodSi.
igi ekonomikur politikaSi or-
Todoqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-
kuri Teoriis dabrunebis naTe-
li magaliTia da Tanamedrove
Teoriis _ _ _ _ _ `axali klasikuri
makroekonomikis~ Semadgeneli
nawili.
miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia (sup-ply-----push inflation) - - - - - warmoebis
xarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli
inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo
donis zrdaSi vlindeba.
miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi (sup-ply curve) - - - - - mrudi, romelic
gamoxatavs damokidebulebas mi-
wodebis fassa da miwodebis
moculobas Soris. igi asaxavs
gamyidvelTa sabazro qcevas. mi-
wodebis mrudis yoveli werti-
miwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudi
240
li gviCvenebs mocemuli saqon-
lis im raodenobas, romlis
warmoebazec mwarmoeblebi Ta-
naxma arian Sesabamisi fasiT.
miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi (supplyprice) - - - - - minimaluri (zRvruli)
fasi, romelze dablac ar Sei-----
Zleba sabazro fasi daeces. es
warmoebas ararentabelurs gax-
dis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mimwode-
belTa ekonomikur interesebs.
mwarmoeblebi jer kidev Tanaxma
arian am fasad gayidon saqoneli.
miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki (supplyshock) - - - - - makroekonomikaSi war-moebis danaxarjebis an mwar-
moeblurobis moulodneli
cvlileba, romelic mniSvnelo-
van da Sokisebur gavlenas ax-
dens erTobliv miwodebaze. mi-
wodebis Sokis Sedegad xdeba
realuri VIGVIGVIGVIGVIG-----isa da fasebis
donis uecari cvlileba.
mogeba mogeba mogeba mogeba mogeba (profit) - - - - - sxvaoba fir-mis erTobliv Semosavlebsa da
danaxarjebs Soris (rodesac
erToblivi Semosavali sWar-
bobs danaxarjebs). makroeko-
nomikaSi mogebis gaangariSebi-
sas masSi SeaqvT mogeba saku-
Tari kapitalidan, xolo sases-
xo kapitalze sargeblis sid-
ide danaxarjebSi Sedis.
mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)
norma norma norma norma norma (rate of return) – fizikurian finansuri kapitalis (aseve,
adamianiseuli kapitalisac)
warmoebaSi (metwilad biznes-
Si) dagrovebidan miRebuli Se-
mosavali, wili kapitaldaban-
debidan. mogebis norma, rogorc
wesi, ganisazRvreba wminda moge-
bis SefardebiT sainvesticio
kapitalTan.
modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli (model) – ekonomi-kuri analizis amsaxveli sqe-
ma, (formaluri an araforma-
luri), romelic realuri sam-
yaros sirTuleebisgan abstra-
hirebis mcdelobaa. modeli, gan-
saxilveli ekonomikuri sis-
temis maxasiaTeblebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, qveyanaSi arsebu-
li organizaciuli, teqnikuri
da a.S. urTierTkavSirebis ax-
snis saSualebas iZleva, rac
xels uwyobs ekonomikuri mov-
lenebisa da procesebis gaana-
lizebasa da mis safuZvelze
ekonomikuri prognozebis Se-
muSavebas.
moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna (demand) - - - - - ga-
daxdisunariani moTxovnileba,
fuliT uzrunvelyofili moTx-
ovnileba. moTxovna aris bazar-
ze arsebuli moTxovnilebis
gamovlenis forma da misi ganm-
sazRvreli. igi Seicavs or
elements: 1. moTxovnilebas anu
ama Tu im saqonlis SeZenis
survils; 2. fulad saxsrebs,
rac individs aqvs mocemuli
saqonlis SesaZenad.
moTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovna-----miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-
miwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasi
241
oria oria oria oria oria (the theory of demand andsupply) - - - - - am Teoriis warmo-----
madgenlebi (g. makleodi, d.
lodlerdeli da sxvebi) Rire-
bulebas aigiveben fasTan da
mas gansazRvraven moTxovna-----mi-
wodebis TanafardobiT. maTi
azriT, Rirebulebis regula-
tori sabazro pirobebia.
moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia (de-mand-----push inflation) - - - - - erToblivi
moTxovnis zrdiT gamowveuli
inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo
donis zrdaSi vlindeba.
moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi (demandcurve) - - - - - moTxovnis funqciis
grafikuli ilustracia. mru-
di, romelic gamoxatavs damok-
idebulebas moTxovnis fassa
(sabazro fassa) da moTxovnis
moculobas (gansazRvruli saqon-
lis raodenoba, romelzec aris
moTxovna) Soris. igi momxmare-
belTa sabazro qcevis gamomx-
atvelia. moTxovnis mrudis
yoveli wertili gviCvenebs
garkveuli saqonlis im raode-
nobas, romlis yidvac surT mo-
mxmareblebs Sesabamisi fasiT.
moTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulireba
(regulation of demand) - - - - - erTobli-
vi moTxovnis regulireba fu-
lad-----sakredito da fiskaluri
politikis meSveobiT.
moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi (cost of de-mand) - - - - - ukiduresad maRali
(zRvruli) fasi, romlis zevi-
Tac sabazro fasi veRar aiw-
evs. momxmareblebi jer kidev
Tanaxma arian am fasad SeiZ-
inon erTeuli saqoneli. igi
ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa
SemosavlebiT da arsebiTad
gamoxatavs SesaZeni dovlaTis
zRvrul sargeblianobas.
moklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligacia
(short-term bond) – obligacia,
romlis dafarvis vada maqsi-
mum erTi welia.
momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba (service, main-tenance) - - - - - Sromis ekonomikuriforma, ekonomikuri kategoria,
romelic gamoxatavs urTier-
Tobas Sromis sargeblianobis
safuZvelze. momsaxurebis sa-
sargeblo efeqti vlindeba ma-
terialuri da aramaterialuri
momsaxurebis saxiT. gamoyofen
momsaxurebis Semdeg jgufebs:
a). warmoebaze orientirebuli
(am jgufSi Sedis saqmiani mom-
saxurebisa da materialuri
dovlaTis warmoebis momsaxure
sxva dargebi); b). savaWro; g).
piradi da d). socialuri mom-
saxureba.
yvela saxis ekonomikuri
saqmianobis saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli samrewvelo klas-
ifikaciis mixedviT, momsaxurebis
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli dargebi
qmnian momsaxurebis sferos.
momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari (ser-vices market) - - - - - materialuri da
momsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazari
242
aramaterialuri momsaxurebis
yidva-----gayidvis aqtebis erTob-
lioba.
ekonomikur urTierTobebSi
momsaxurebis mravali saxe gam-
oiyeneba. ukanasknel periodSi
mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda misi
iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa ̀ nou-----
hau~ da salicenzio momsaxu-
reba, inJineringi, lizingi, faq-
toringi, forfeitingi, satrans-
porto, turistuli, sadazRve-
vo momsaxureba da a.S. saba-
zro urTierTobebi sul ufro
ikidebs fexs ganaTlebaSi, jan-
mrTelobis dacvaSi, fizkul-
turasa da sportSi. amitom
momsaxurebiT vaWroba, Sesabam-
isad, calkeul, ufro viwro
bazrebad iyofa.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi mec-
nierul-----teqnologiuri progre-
sis swrafma tempma kolosa-
lurad gazarda moTxovna ro-
gorc materialur, ise arama-
terialur momsaxurebaze, daaC-
qara specializebuli servisuli
firmebis Camoyalibeba. maT
ikisres is funqciebi, romleb-
sac winaT TviT samrewvelo
kompaniebi asrulebdnen. servi-
seuli biznesis masStabebis ga-
farToebam da momsaxurebis
speqtris ganuwyvetelma ganax-
lebam mkveTrad gazarda mom-
saxurebis moxmareba. momsaxu-
rebis iseTma seqtorebma, rogori-
caa sabanko saqme, dazRveva,
ganaTleba, reklama, sasastum-
ro da sarestorno biznesi,
bazrebis gamokvleva, sainfor-
macio servisi, konsultaciebi
marTvis sakiTxebSi, msxvili kor-
poraciebis Stab-----binebis mowy-
oba da maTi momsaxureba, tur-
izmi da a.S., ekonomikisaTvis
strategiuli mniSvneloba SeiZ-
ina. gaizarda momsaxurebis
wili piradi moxmarebis stru-
qturaSi. ukanasknel periodSi
aSS-----Si igi Seadgens saSualod
31%-----s, inglisSi _ _ _ _ _ 37%-----s, Sve-
deTSi _ _ _ _ _ 41%-----s da a.S. msof-
lioSi es maCvenebeli yvelaze
maRalia iaponiaSi _ _ _ _ _ 52,7%.
servisuli saqmianobis gan-
viTarebis mTavar wyarod teqno-
logiuri siaxleni iqca. amJa-
mad yvelaze dinamikuri is
dargebia, romlebic bazars mow-
inave sainformacio teqnologi-
iT warmoebul momsaxurebas awv-
dian da TviTon informaciiT
vaWroben. teqnikurma siaxleebma,
sainformacio momsaxurebaze mo-
Txovnis naxtomiseburma zrdam,
kerZo korporaciebis sasarge-
blod ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebis cvlilebebma ga-
napiroba eleqtronuli infor-
maciis giganturi bazris Seqm-
na. informaciuli servisi eko-
nomikis mesameuli seqtoris yve-
laze dinamikuri nawili gax-
momsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazari
243
da. kompiuterul avtomatiza-
cias informaciis damuSave-
basTan dakavSirebuli saqmiano-
bis moculobisa da, Sesabamis-
ad, am dargSi dasaqmebulTa
(`TeTrsayeloianebis~) ricxvis
zrda mohyva. Zalze gaizarda
sainformacio produqciis `sa-
qonluroba~, Camoyalibda didi
moculobis damoukidebeli ba-
zrebi, xolo firmebma daiwyes
farTomasStaburi `eqsternal-
izacia~.
momsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketin-----
gisgisgisgisgis saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi
(International models of marketingservices) – Teoriuli modele-
bi, koncefciebi. saTaves iRebs
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan
da im movlenis gamoZaxilia,
romelic `momsaxurebis seq-
toris revoluciis~ saxel-
wodebiTaa cnobili. am perio-
didan moyolebuli ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi farTod gavr-
celda jer ratmelis modeli
(1974), Semdeg meigliesa da lan-
greardis modeli (1976), gren-
roosis modeli, bitneris mode-
li, kotleris modeli da a.S.
sxvadasxva principze agebul
modelebSi naCvenebia, realur
da momsaxurebis seqtorebs So-
ris arsebul funqcionalur
gansxvavebebTan erTad, saerTo
struqturuli da konceptua-
luri niSnebi. TiToeuli avto-
ri aRiarebs momsaxurebis mar-
ketingis marTvisaTvis damate-
biTi strategiebis (Sida da in-
teraqtiuli marketingebis)
gamoyenebis aucileblobas.
miuxedavad momsaxurebis
marketingis saerTaSoriso mod-
elebis simravlisa, Teoriuli
sakiTxebi dRemde diskusiis
sagania da dasrulebuli Teo-
ria dRemde ar arsebobs. amis
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi Tan-
amedrove msoflioSi momsax-
urebis farTo diversifikaciaa.
momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero (ser-vices sphere, sector) - - - - - erovnuli
ekonomikis im dargTa da ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis im saxeoba-
Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-
moeben materialur da arama-
terialur momsaxurebas. mom-
saxurebis sfero gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----
is mixedviT, ekonomikis mesa-
meuli seqtoria. pirvelad se-
qtorad aRiarebulia soflis
meurneoba (masTan erTad: nad-
iroba, satyeo meurneoba da
meTevzeoba), xolo meoreulad
_ _ _ _ _ industria (samTomopovebi-
Ti da gadammuSavebeli mrew-
veloba, mSenebloba). amasTan, me-
sameul seqtorSi gaTval-
iswinebulia momsaxurebis mx-
olod ̀ xiluli~ saxeebi, rom-
lebic ekonomikis ganviTarebis
kvalobaze calke, damoukidebel
dargebad da qvedargebad Camoy-
momsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sfero
244
alibda. masSi ar Sedis mom-
saxurebis is `uxilavi~ saxee-
bi, romlebic Serwymulia meur-
neobis pirveladi da meoreu-
li seqtorebis uSualo ekono-
mikur saqmianobasTan. esenia: sam-
marTvelo samsaxuris, firmeb-
is, sakonstruqtoro, saproeq-
to ganyofilebebis momsaxureba,
saqarxno mecniereba, muSakTa
Sidawarmoebrivi swavleba da
a.S.
ekonomikis mesameuli seq-
toris mkveTrad gansxvavebul
dargTa erT sferoSi gaer-
Tianebas ganapirobebs is gare-
moeba, rom maTSi dasaqmebulTa
Sromis sasargeblo efeqti mom-
saxurebis saxiT vlindeba.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciaSi,
saxeldobr, `ekonomikuri sax-
eebis produqciis klasifika-
ciaSi~ momsaxurebis sfero day-
ofilia sabazro da arasaba-
zro momsaxurebad, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, iyofa oTx jgu-
fad: 1. sabazro momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli dargebi, anu saba-
zro dargebi; 2. arasabazro
momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli sax-
elmwifo mmarTvelobis orga-
noebis dargebi; 3. arasabazro
momsaxurebis kerZo arakomer-
ciuli organizaciebis darge-
bi; 4. dargebi, romlebic Sedgeba
saojaxo meurneobis mier war-
moebuli sxvadasxva saxis ara-
sabazro momsaxurebisagan.
momsaxurebis sferos ase-
Ti dayofa saSualebas aZlevs
statistikur organoebs, am niS-
nis mixedviT awarmoon gaan-
gariSebebi. mag., XXI saukunisdasawyisSi sabazro momsaxure-
bis xvedriTi wona evropuli
gaerTianebis eqvsi wamyvani qvey-
nis (didi britaneTis, safrange-
Tis, italiis, gfr-----is, holandi-
is) erTobliv damatebul Rire-
bulebaSi Seadgenda 50%-----s, ma-
Sin rodesac gadammuSavebeli
mrewvelobis xvedriTi wona
mxolod 30%-----s udrida.
monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi (monetarism) -----erT-----erTi ZiriTadi makroeko-
nomikuri Teoria, romelic ikv-
levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan
aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas erov-
nul ekonomikaze. monetaruli
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi (m.
fridmeni, f. keigani, a. melt-
ceri, f. haieki da sxv.) icaven
debulebas ekonomikuri siste-
mis TviTregulirebis Sesaxeb,
xolo ekonomikis arastabil-
urobas fuladi sistemis mer-
yeobiT xsnian.
termini monetarizmi Semo-
iRo karl brunerma 1968 wels
da Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba im
Sexedulebis gamosaxatavad,
romlis momxreebic Tvlian, rom
erToblivi fuladi Semosavlis
monetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmi
245
donis cvlilebas ZiriTadad
ganapirobebs fuladi masis mocu-
lobis cvlileba.
monetarizmis fuZemdeblad
aRiarebulia milTon fridmeni,
romelmac Tavis naSromebSi _____
`fulis raodenobrivi Teoria.
axali formulireba~, `fulis
mimoqcevis istoria amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi 1867-----1960
wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)
_ _ _ _ _ daasabuTa fulis axali ro-
li Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, fu-
lad-----sakredito regulirebis
prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-
lizaciaSi.
monetarizmi fulis raode-
nobrivi Teoriis saxeSecvlili
variantia. misi arsi gamoix-
ateba SemdegSi: fuli sabazro
meurneobis mTavari mamoZrave-
beli Zalaa. mimoqcevaSi arse-
buli fulis raodenoba ganm-
sazRvrel zemoqmedebas axdens
warmoebis dinamikasa da faseb-
is doneze. amitom ekonomikis
stabilizaciisaTvis sakmarisia
saxelmwifom gaataros aqti-
uri fuladi politika da ar
gamoiyenos sabiujeto-----sagada-
saxado berketebi. centralurma
bankma zemoqmedeba unda moax-
dinos fulad miwodebaze. fu-----
ladi masis matebis tempi we-
liwadSi ar unda aRematebodes
3-----5%-----s. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-
Si kerZo mewarmeobis meqanizmi
daingreva da inflacia gaizrde-
ba. ekonomikaze saxelmwifos
zemoqmedeba Semoifargleba fu-
ladi masis mudmivi zrdis tem-
pebis SenarCunebiT.
monetarizmi daupirispir-
da keinzianelobas da igi `an-
tikeinzianur revoluciad~ aris
aRiarebuli. fridmeni da `Cik-
agos skolis~ sxva warmomad-
genlebi, keinzisagan gansxvave-
biT, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis winaaRmdegni arian. maTi
azriT, saxelmwifos social-
uri danaxarjebi, erTi mxriv,
zrdis biujetis deficitsa da
inflacias, meore mxriv, Sro-
mis stimulebis dacemiT aqvei-
Tebs warmoebis efeqtianobas.
monetaristebisaTvis ekonomika,
pirvel yovlisa, aris bazari,
xolo bazari _ TviTregulire-
badi sistema, romelzedac ze-
moqmedeba SesaZlebelia upi-
ratesad fuladi masis mocu-
lobis regulirebiT.
XX saukunis 90-----iani wle-----
bis II naxevridan monetarizmisafuZvlad daedo aSS-----isa da
msoflios mravali qveynis
ekonomikur politikas. bolo
periodSi monetaruli Teori-
is naklovanebebma Tavi iCina
msoflio ekonomikur politika-
Si. globaluri finansuri
krizisis warmoSobis erT-----erT
mTavar mizezs swored m. frid-
monetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmi
246
menis monetarul Teorias ukav-
Sireben. qveynis fulad-----sakredi-
to politikaSi sakredito
regulirebis Sesustebam, sabi-
ujeto-----sagadasaxado reguli-
rebis ignorirebam, wina planze
fulis fenomenis wamowevam gza
gauxsna virtualur ekonomikas
da msoflios finansuri krizi-
sisken ubiZga, rasac mohyva eko-
nomikuri zrdis tempebis Sene-
leba da erToblivi moTxovnis
dacema.
monetarizmis `inteleqtu-
alurma kolafsma~ kiTxvis qveS
daayena neoliberaluri ekono-
mikuri politika. aseT situa-
ciaSi wina planze isev kein-
zianuri Teoriis postulatebma
wamoiwia.
monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia (monopoly) [berZ.monos erTi, pole vyidi] - - - - - 1. war-moebis, vaWrobis, rewvis da a.S.
gansakuTrebuli ufleba, romel-
ic ekuTvnis erT pirs, pirTa
gansazRvrul jgufs an sax-
elmwifos; 2. msxvil mewarme-
Ta gaerTianeba, romelic war-
moiqmneba warmoebisa da kapi-
talis koncentraciisa da cen-
tralizaciis safuZvelze. mo-
nopoliis ZiriTadi saxeebia:
karteli, sindikati, tresti,
koncerni, konsorciumi, kon-
glomerati; 3. sabazro situa-
cia, rodesac bazarze aris erT-
saxovani produqciis erTi mwar-
moebeli (gamyidveli, mimwode-
beli) da mravali momxmarebe-
li, myidveli. (sapirispiroa _____
monopsonia). Tu bazarze erTi
gamyidveli da erTi myidvelia,
maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv mo-
nopoliasTan. aseT situacias
absolutur monopolias uwo-
deben, Tumca, rogorc srulyo-
fili konkurencia, aseve, abso-
luturi monopolia ar gvx-
vdeba realur cxovrebaSi.
monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia (monop-olization) - - - - - monopoliis damyare-
bis procesi.
monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti (monopo-list) - - - - - 1. monopoliis mflobe-
li; 2. monopolisturi kapi-
talis warmomadgeneli.
monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-
ciaciaciaciacia (monopolistic competition) -----arasrulyofili konkurenciis
forma. monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria Seqmnes e. Cember-
linma (`monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria~, 1933) da j. ro-
binsonma (`arasrulyofili kon-
kurenciis ekonomikuri Teor-
ia~, 1933).
bazris faqtobrivi stru-
qtura ar Seesabameba mis uki-
dures situaciebs _ _ _ _ _ monopo-
lias an srulyofil konkuren-
cias. firmebi, romlebic awar-
moeben msgavs, magram araiden-
tur produqcias, muSaoben mo-
nopoliuri konkurenciis piro-
monopoliamonopoliamonopoliamonopoliamonopolia
247
bebSi. produqciis diferenci-
acia firmebs aniWebs monopo-
liuri Zalauflebis element-
ebs _ _ _ _ _ yoveli maTganisaTvis
moTxovnis mruds aqvs uary-
ofiTi daxriloba, amitomac
firmas SeuZlia gavlena moax-
dinos sabazro fasze. magram
zemogebis xangrZlivad miReb-
is SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia
dargSi Tavisuflad SeRwevis
gamo, vinaidan axal firmebs Seu-
ZliaT SeimuSaon da awarmoon
erTi da imave produqciis sx-
vadasxva marka analogiuri war-
moebis danaxarjebis pirobeb-
Si. aqedan gamomdinare, nebis-
mieri moklevadiani mogeba qreba
grZelvadian periodSi axali
konkurentebis warmoqmniT.
monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-
ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria (theory of mono-polistic competition) - - - - - sabazro
qcevis modeli, Seqmnili e. Cem-
berlinisa da j. robinsonis
mier 1933 wels. mis mixedviT,
bazris faqtobrivi struqtu-
ra ar Seesabameba Tavisufali
konkurenciis an monopoliebis
ukidures situaciebs. msgavsi,
magram araidenturi produqci-
is mwarmoebeli firmebi muSa-
oben monopoliuri konkurenciis
pirobebSi da SeuZliaT saba-
zro fasebze aqtiuri zemo-
qmedeba. magram zemogebis xan-
grZlivad miRebis SesaZlebloba
gamoricxulia dargSi Tavisu-
fali SeRwevis gamo. aqedan ga-
momdinare, nebismieri mokleva-
diani mogeba qreba grZelvadi-
an periodSi axali konkurenciis
warmoqmniT.
monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia (monopsony) -----sabazro situaciis erT-----erTi
saxeoba, rodesac bazarze aris
mravali gamyidveli da erTi
myidveli. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ mono-
polia. Tu bazarze aris ramde-
nime gamyidveli da erTi myidve-
li, maSin monopsonia SezRu-
dulia.
moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa (ob-solescence) - - - - - ZiriTadi kapitalis
Rirebulebis Semcireba: a). teq-
nikuri progresis safuZvelze
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zr-
dis Sedegad; b). ufro sru-
lyofili, ekonomikurad gaum-
jobesebuli manqana-----danadgare-
bis warmoebiT moqmedi manqana-----
danadgarebis daZveleba da maTi
fizikurad gacveTamde warmoe-
bidan gandevna.
mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-
is done is done is done is done is done (expected rate of inflati-on) - - - - - inflaciis done, romel-
ic momavali periodisTvis aris
mosalodneli arsebuli so-
cialur-----ekonomikuri infor-
maciis safuZvelze.
mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-
ba ba ba ba ba (net present value) – momaval-
mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .... .. .. .. .
248
Si gansaxorcielebeli opera-
ciebis dRevandeli Rirebule-
ba. am SemTxvevaSi momavalSi
gadaxdis fasi dRevandeli fu-
ladi erTeuliT ganisazRvre-
ba, sityva ̀ diskontirebuli~ ki
aRniSnavs im faqts, rom mo-
mavali wlis Rirebuleba dis-
kontirebulia.
mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri
dacva dacva dacva dacva dacva (social security, welfare) -----kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli
ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da
socialuri garantiebis mizno-
brivi sistema, romelic mo-
qmedebs destabilizaciis faq-
torebis, pirvel yovlisa, umu-
Sevrobis, inflaciis, siRatakis
winaaRmdeg. igi ise unda aigos,
rom Sromis demotivizacia ar
gamoiwvios.
moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi (actionlag) - - - - - drois Sualedi politi-
kur gadawyvetilebasa (gansa-
kuTrebiT makroekonomikaSi) da
mis ganxorcielebas Soris. Cve-
ulebriv moqmedebis lags win
uZRvis gadawyvetilebis lagi.
es ukanaskneli politikuri
lagis Semadgeneli nawilia.
moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-
si si si si si (flexible exchange rate) - - - - - sx-vadasxva qveynis valutebis
gacvliTi kursis gansazRvris
sistema, romlis drosac valu-
tis kursi yalibdeba umTavre-
sad sabazro Zalebis zemo-
qmedebiT, e.i. moTxovna-----miwode-
bis safuZvelze da ara saxel-
mwifos mier. zogjer mas mcu-
ravi valutis kursis sistema-
sac uwodeben. rodesac saxel-
mwifo uars ambobs valutis
kursis funqcionirebaSi ama Tu
im saxiT Carevaze, am sistemas
mcuravi valutis kursis wminda
sistemas uwodeben.
moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi (flexible pri-ces) - - - - - fasi, romelic advilad
icvleba ekonomikaSi erToblivi
moTxovnis cvlilebisas.
moxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspertttttTa sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-
erererererTaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)
(International Corps of VolunteersExperts) - - - - - arakomerciuli da
arasaxelmwifoebrivi organiza-
cia, romelic mowodebulia
mravalmxrivi daxmareba gauwios
sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs
socialur-----ekonomikur sfero-
Si. mesk mesk mesk mesk mesk Seiqmna 1969 wels da
amJamad 12 aTasze met eqspert-----
specialists iTvlis. mas afi-
nanseben aSS-----is saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagento, sxvadas-
xva qveynis mTavrobebi, 200-----ze
meti umsxvilesi korporacia
da sxv. meskmeskmeskmeskmesk exmareba kerZo
da saxelmwifo struqturebs,
gansakuTrebiT janmrTelobis
dacvis, kulturis, ganaTlebis
dawesebulebebs sabazro urT-
ierTobebze gadasvlaSi. igi afi-
nansebs ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel
mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri dacvadacvadacvadacvadacva
249
dargebSi progresis daCqareb-
is proeqtebs. mniSvnelovania
meskmeskmeskmeskmesk-----is saqmianoba marketing-
is sferoSi. igi investiciebiT
didad uwyobs xels mcire da
saSualo biznesis ganviTare-
bas. meskmeskmeskmeskmesk-----ma saqarTvelosTan
TanamSromloba daiwyo 1993
wlis ivlisidan.
moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba (consumption) -----kvlavwarmoebis ciklis bolo
stadia, saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis gamoyenebis procesi
warmoebrivi da arawarmoebrivi
(saboloo) moxmarebis saxiT.
moxmareba damokidebulia
rogorc simdidreze, ise mim-
dinare Semosavalze (mosalod-
neli SromiTi Semosavlidan ga-
dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg
darCenili Rirebuleba).
mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba (industry) -----gaeros saerTaSoriso stan-
dartuli dargobrivi klas-
ifikaciisa da erovnul angariS-
Ta sistemis mixedviT, ekonomikis
meoreuli seqtoris _ _ _ _ _ indus-
triis umsxvilesi Semadgene-----
li nawili, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
iyofa mopovebiT da dammuSave-
bel mrewvelobad.
msoflimsoflimsoflimsoflimsoflio o o o o bazarbazarbazarbazarbazari i i i i (Worldmarket) - - - - - saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis saerTaSoriso gacv-
lis sfero, romelic efuZneba
Sromis saerTaSoriso danaw-
ilebas. im qveynebis bazrebis
erToblioba, romlebic erT-
maneTTan arian dakavSirebulni
sasaqonlo-----ekonomikuri urT-
ierTobebiT. msoflio bazarma
wanamZRvrebi Seqmna msoflio
meurneobis warmoSobisaTvis.
msoflio bazris ganviTarebis
done gamoxatavs warmoebis in-
ternacionalizaciis dones.
msoflimsoflimsoflimsoflimsoflio o o o o banki banki banki banki banki (WorldBank) - - - - - aerTianebs gaeros sis-temaSi Semaval saerTaSoriso
finansuri organizaciis xuT
jgufs. esenia: rekonstruqci-
isa da ganviTarebis saerTa-
Soriso banki (aerTianebs 185
qveyanas), ganviTarebis saerTa-
Soriso asociacia (aerTianebs
166 qveyanas), saerTaSoriso fi-
nansuri korporacia (aerTianebs
179 qveyanas), mravalmxrivi in-
vestirebis garantiis saagento
(aerTianebs 172 qveyanas) da
sainvesticio davebis gadaWris
saerTaSoriso centri (aer-
Tianebs 143 qveyanas). am xuT
jgufs hyavs saerTo xelmZRva-
neloba da aqvs saerTo mizani
_ _ _ _ _ ganviTarebadi qveynebis fin-
ansuri daxmareba da cxovreb-
is donis amaRleba. saqarTve-
lo xuTive jgufis wevria.
msoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikuri
fofofofoforumi rumi rumi rumi rumi (World Economic Forum- WEF) – Camoyalibda 1971 wels
evropuli menejmentis foru-
mis saxiT, romlis ZiriTadi mi-
msoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumi
250
zani iyo amerikuli menejmen-
tis meTodebis damkvidreba ev-
ropul kompaniebSi. 1987 wels,
funqciebis gafarToebasTan
dakavSirebiT Seecvala saxel-
wodeba da msoflio ekono-
mikuri forumi ewoda.
msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba -----
(world economy) - - - - - msoflios yve-
la qveynis erovnul meurneo-
baTa erToblioba, maTi ekonomi-
kuri urTierTkavSiri, romel-
ic moicavs sagareo vaWrobas,
kapitalis gatanas, samuSao Za-
lis (SromiTi resursebis) mig-
racias, saerTaSoriso ekonomi-
kuri organizaciebis Seqmnas,
samecniero-----teqnologiuri in-
formaciis gacvlas, ekonomikuri
xelSekrulebebis dadebasa da
a.S. Tanamedrove pirobebSi glo-
baluri problemebis gamwvave-
bam gaaZliera msofliomeurneo-
brivi kavSirebi.
msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-
tema tema tema tema tema (world monetary system) -----saerTaSoriso savaluto urT-
ierTobis organizaciis for-
maTa erToblioba, romelic
moicavs fulad-----sakredito mi-
moqcevas qveynis SigniT da
saerTaSoriso angariSsworeb-
is sferos. man Tavis ganviTare-
baSi ganvlo oTxi etapi. pirve-pirve-pirve-pirve-pirve-
li etapi li etapi li etapi li etapi li etapi iwyeba XIX saukuni70-----iani wlebidan da grZelde-
ba pirvel msoflio omamde. igi
cnobilia oqros standartis
Tavdapirveli formis _ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-
moneturimoneturimoneturimoneturimoneturi standartis standartis standartis standartis standartis saxiT.
es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda: 1.
oqros monetebis Tavisufal
moWras; 2. Rirebulebis niSne-
bis Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas
oqros monetebze; 3. oqros Ta-
visufal eqsport-----imports. va-
lutis Seqcevadobis srulyo-
fili xasiaTi, rac gamoixate-
boda erTi qveynis valutis fiq-
sirebuli paritetis mixedviT
gacvlaSi ara mxolod sxva va-
lutaze, aramed oqrozec, oq-----
romoneturi standartis krax-
amde SemorCa.
pirveli msoflio omis Sem-
deg ekonomikis swrafma aRmav-
lobam bevr qveyanaSi (inglisi,
safrangeTi, germania da a.S.)
aRadgina valutis srulyofili
Seqcevadoba ara oqros mon-
etebSi, aramed oqros zodebSi.
Camoyalibda oqros standart-
is meore forma _ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-
ri standartiri standartiri standartiri standartiri standarti, romelic moq-
medebda XX saukunis 30-----ian
wlebamde. es periodi msoflio
savaluto sistemis ganviTare-
bis meore etapiameore etapiameore etapiameore etapiameore etapia, romlisTvi-
sac damaxasiaTebelia Rirebu-
lebis niSnebis gadaxurdaveba
oqros zodebze. zogierT qvey-
anaSi (metwilad koloniur qvey-
nebSi), oqros fondis simciris
gamo, SemoiRes oqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizuri
msoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneoba
251
standartistandartistandartistandartistandarti, romelic Ziri-
Tadad iTvaliswinebda banknote-
bis ucxour valutaze gadax-
urdavebas. rogorc oqrozo-
duri, ise oqrodevizuri stan-
dartis dros nebadarTuli iyo
Tavisufali eqsport-----importi.
msoflio savaluto sistemis
organizaciis es axali tipi iu-
ridiulad gaformda 1922 wels
genuis saerTaSoriso konfer-
enciaze. mis safuZvels oqros
zodebi da devizebi Seadgenda.
valutis srulyofili Se-
qcevadoba (e.i. oqros stan-
dartuli sistema) gagrZelda
1929-----1933 wlebis msoflio
ekonomikur krizisamde. `didi
depresiis~ wlebma mZlavri dar-
tyma miayena oqros standarts
da sabolood dausva wertili
mis arsebobas. daiwyo msof-
lio savaluto sistemis kriz-
isi, rac gamoixata savaluto
SezRudvebis SemoRebiT, oqros
Tavisufali gatana-----Semotanis
akrZalviT, sxvadasxva qveynis
valutebis gaufasurebiT da a.S.
meore msoflio omma kidev uf-
ro gaaRrmava genuis savalu-
to sistemis krizisi.
msoflio savaluto siste-
mis mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi ukavSirdeba
breton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savaluto
sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis Seqmnas. igi iuridi-
ulad gaformda breton-----vud-
sis (aSS-----is kurorti) cnobil
konferenciaze, romelmac gan-
sazRvra axali msoflio sava-
luto sistemis Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi funqciebi: 1) oqrosavalu-
to standartis SemoReba; 2)
fiqsirebuli savaluto kurse-
bis daweseba; 3) msoflio sa-
valuto-----sakredito sistemis
Seqmna. breton-----vudsis savalu-
to sistemis SeqmniT safuZve-
li Caeyara sxvadasxva qveynis
savaluto kavSirebis saxelmwi-
foTaSoris regulirebas. Seiqm-
na erovnuli valutebis urT-
ierTgacvlis anu urTierTkon-
vertirebis samarTlebrivi me-
qanizmi. savaluto rezervs oq-
rosTan erTad wamyvani valute-
bic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-
luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-
li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-
ri gaxda. mas daekisra mTa-
vari sarezervo valutis roli.
amasTan, 60-----ian wlebSi stabi-
luri kursi daimkvidra gfr-----is
markam da iaponurma ienma.
breton-----vudsis konferenci-
is gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna
saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
di da rekonstruqciisa da gan-
viTarebis saerTaSoriso banki.
70-----iani wlebis dasawyisSi
transnacionaluri kapitalis
Camoyalibebam gaaZliera msof-
lio kapitalisturi meurneo-
bis internacionalizacia. aSS-----
ma Sewyvita dolaris oqroze
msoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sistematematematematema
252
gacvla oficialuri fasebiT,
ris gamoc saerTaSoriso sava-
luto meqanizmis ZiriTadi rgo-
lebi mwyobridan gamovida. dai-
wyo msoflio savaluto siste-
mis krizisi, ramac dRis wes-
rigSi daayena misi reformis
aucilebloba. breton-----vudsis
savaluto sistemam arseboba
Sewyvita.
1976 wlidan msoflio sa-
valuto sistemis ganviTareba-
Si daiwyo meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. ia-
maikis qalaq kingstonSi gani-
sazRvra axali msoflio sava-
luto sistemis konturebi. sa-
erTaSoriso savaluto fondis
gadawyvetilebiT 1978 wels
gauqmda oqros pariteti.
oqro, romelic savaluto
sistemaSi XX saukunis 70-----ianwlebamde mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda, gamoidevna saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebis sfer-
odan. miRebul iqna gadawyveti-
leba misi saboloo demoneti-
zaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari valu-
tis statusi mieniWa amerikul
dolars, xolo ganmsazRvreli
roli _ _ _ _ _ saerTaSoriso savalu-
to fondsa da msoflio banks.
dolari, faqtobrivad, darCa
saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo
da sarezervo saSualebad. es
ZiriTadad ganapiroba aSS-----is
udidesma ekonomikurma poten-
cialma da msoflioSi misma yve-
laze didma oqros maragma (mso-
flioSi arsebuli oqros ma-
ragis 35,8 aTasi tonidan 8,14
aTasi tona aSS-----ze modis).
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tan-
amedrove msoflio savaluto
sistemas dolaris standart-
sac uwodeben. iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-
luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi axali savalu-
to reJimis damyarebiT dakanon-
da mcuravi gacvliTi kursi.
amis gamo, amJamindeli savalu-
to sistema cnobilia mcuravi
kursis sistemis saxelwodebiT.
msoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro orga-ga-ga-ga-ga-
nizacianizacianizacianizacianizacia-----msomsomsomsomso (world trade orga-nization-----WTO) - - - - - ix. tarifebisada vaWrobis Sesaxeb genera-
luri SeTanxmeba.
msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi (world mar-ket price) - - - - - fasi, romelic gamo-
iyeneba msoflio bazarze saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis reali-
zaciisas. saerTaSoriso vaWro-
bis praqtikaSi msoflio fasi
Cveulebriv aris ama Tu im saxis
saqonlis umsxvilesi gamyid-
velebisa da myidvelebis gari-
gebis an ZiriTadi msoflio
savaWro centrebis (mag., Cika-
gos savaWro birJis, niu-----iorkis
bambis birJis, londonis lion-
is birJis da a.S.) fasi. Tana-
medrove msoflio bazrisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia erTsa da imave
saqonelze mravalgvari fasi,
rac ganpirobebulia ekonomi-
msoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro organizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizacia
253
kuri, politikuri da sxva xa-
siaTis faqtorebiT (sabaJo da
sagadasaxado barieri, saxelm-
wifo proteqcionizmi, vaWro-
bis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi
Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi).
amitom garkveul periodSi ama
Tu im regionSi gansazRvrul
saqonelze realuri fasi Sei-
Zleba arsebiTad gansxvavde-
bodes msoflio fasisagan.
arsebobs msoflio fasis
ramdenime saxeoba: savaWro gari-
gebebisas _ _ _ _ _ fasebi Tavisuflad
konvertirebadi valutis gada-
xdiT; savaWro garigebebisas _____
fasebi arakonvertirebadi valu-
tis gadaxdiT; kliringuli
SeTanxmebis fasebi; arasavaWro
operaciebis fasebi; transfer-
uli fasebi.
`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis~~~~~ norma norma norma norma norma (sacri-fice ratio) – Warbi umuSevrobiswliuri erTeulis odenoba, ro-
melic saWiroa inflaciis 1%_iT
Semcirebis misaRwevad.
mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-
veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna (preda-tory pricing) - - - - - fasebis droebi-Ti dacema warmoebis danaxar-
jebze dabla, konkurenciis Sevi-
wroebis an Sesustebis mizniT.
aseTi praqtika damaxasiaTebe-
lia, rogorc wesi, msxvili
mravalprofiliani an ramden-
ime bazarze momuSave firmebi-
saTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT
gauZlon fasebis xangrZliv
Semcirebas produqciis erT sa-
xeobaze an fasebis dacemas erT
bazarze sxva produqciaze an
sxva bazarze zaralis kompen-
saciis gziT, mogebis zrdis mo-
lodiniT mas Semdeg, rogorc
ki konkurentebi iqnebian Seviw-
roebulni da Sesustebulni.
mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi (fixed, firm price)- - - - - ucvleli fasi xelSekruleb-
is dadebis momentidan misi
moqmedebis mTeli periodis gan-
mavlobaSi. moklevadian perspeq-
tivaSi erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlilebebi masze gavlenas ar
axdens. grZelvadian garigebebSi
mxareebi Cveulebriv gaurbian
mtkice fasebs, riTac cdiloben
Seamciron danakargebi sabazro
fasebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi.
mtkice fasebis daweseba xel-
sayrelia gamyidvelisaTvis fa-
sebis dacemisas, xolo myidve-
lisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ fasebis gazrdisas.
mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji (fixedcost) - - - - - danaxarji, romlis moc-
ulobac ar icvleba warmoebis
moculobis cvlilebis propor-
ciulad. es is danaxarjia, ro-
melic moklevadian periodSi
ar SeiZleba gadiddes an Sem-
cirdes produqciis gamoSveb-
is gadidebis an Semcirebis
proporciulad. mudmiv danax-
arjs firma gaiRebs maSinac,
roca warmoeba ar funqcioni-
mudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarji
254
rebs. mas miekuTvneba: rentuli
gadasaxadi, sesxze sargebeli,
sadazRvevo Senatanebi, dacvis,
Senobis ganaTebis danaxarjebi,
administraciuli xarjebi da
a.S.
multimultimultimultimultiplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrri i i i i (mul-tiplier) [<laT. multiplicator mamrav-li] - - - - - koeficienti (K), romel-
ic gamoxatavs garkveul raode-
nobriv Tanafardobas funqcio-
nalurad erTmaneTze damokide-
bul or an met cvalebad eko-
nomikur sidides Soris. er-
Toblivi moTxovnis matebis erT
erTeulze erToblivi miwode-
bis cvlilebis koeficienti.
dasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multi plika-plika-plika-plika-plika-
tori tori tori tori tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv
Tanafardobas erToblivi dasaq-
mebis namatsa da investiciebis
namats Soris.
investiciis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multi pli-pli-pli-pli-pli-
katori katori katori katori katori asaxavs raodenobriv
Tanafardobas Semosavlebisa da
investiciebis namats Soris. Tu
investiciis moculoba izrde-
ba, Semosavali matulobs im si-
didiT, romelic K-----jer meti
iqneba investiciis namatze. mag.,
Tu investiciis 10 mln dola-
riT zrda iwvevs Semosavlis
zrdas 40 mln dolariT, maSin
multiplikatori 4-----is toli
iqneba.
Semosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multi plika-plika-plika-plika-plika-
tori tori tori tori tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv
damokidebulebas Semosavlebis
namatsa da investiciebis gan-
sazRvrul sidides Soris. Se-
mosavlebis namati udris in-
vesticiebis namats, gamravle-
buls multiplikatorze. for-
muliT gamoixateba ase:
iwkYW &
multimultimultimultimultiplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-
eqti eqti eqti eqti eqti (multiplier effect) - - - - - realu-
ri investiciebis an erToblivi
moTxovnis sxva komponentebis
cvalebadobisas realuri er-
Toblivi moTxovnis sididis
ufro mniSvnelovani cvlileb-
is efeqti. mag., rodesac sabiu-
jeto politika iwvevs ekono-
mikis subieqtebis Semosavleb-
is zrdas, Sesabamisad izrdeba
samomxmareblo xarjebic.
municimunicimunicimunicimunicipalizacia palizacia palizacia palizacia palizacia (muni-cipalization) [<laT. municipiumTviTmmarTveli Temi] - - - - - saxelm-
wifo xelisuflebis mier ker-
Zo pirTaTvis sakuTrebis Camo-
rTmeva da gadacema qalaqis an
soflis TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis
_ _ _ _ _ municipalitetisaTvis.
municimunicimunicimunicimunicipalipalipalipalipaliteti teti teti teti teti (munici-pality) [<laT. municipium TviT-mmarTveli Temi] - - - - - 1. adgilob-
rivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-
no, agreTve Senoba, romelic am
organos ukavia; 2. dabali admi-
nistraciul-----teritoriuli er-
Teuli avstraliaSi, venesuela-
multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrriiiii
255
sa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi.
myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari (buy-er’s market) - - - - - situacia bazarze,rodesac miwodeba aRemateba
moTxovnas, ris gamoc fasi ecema
da gamyidvelebs uWirT produ-
qciis realizacia.
mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi (small busi-ness) - - - - - sabazro struqturis
mniSvnelovani elementi, same-
warmeo saqmianobis yvelaze
moqnili da dinamikuri forma,
romelic wvrili mewarmeobis
principebzea dafuZnebuli da
warmodgenilia umciresi da
mcire firmebis saxiT. misi gan-
viTareba jansaRi sabazro gare-
mos formirebis aucilebeli
pirobaa. mcire sawarmoTa sim-
ravle xels uwyobs konkuren-
ciis warmoqmnas, monopolizmis
aRmofxvras, axali samuSao adg-
ilebis Seqmnas, yvela saxis
resursis, maT Soris, SromiTi
resursebis racionalur gamoy-
enebas, nedleulis wyaroebTan
da gasaRebis bazrebTan siax-
lovis Sedegad satransporto
xarjebis minimumamde dayvanas,
rogorc qalaqSi, ise soflad
Tanamedrove standartebisa da
cxovrebis stilis gavrcele-
bas, rac, saboloo angariSiT,
ganapirobebs msxvili saqalaqo
aglomeraciis zrdis SezRud-
vas (saqarTvelos sinamdvile-
Si swored mcire biznesis gan-
viTarebas unda davukavSiroT
mravali miviwyebuli soflis
aRdgena-----ganviTarebis sakiTxi).
mcire biznesis safuZvelze
warmoqmnili ekonomikuri agen-
tebis simravle mosaxleobisaT-
vis ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
samomxmareblo saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas. yovelive es, er-
Tad aRebuli, myar safuZvels
qmnis socialuri ganviTarebi-
saTvis. amitom aris, rom mTel
msoflioSi aRiniSneba mcire bi-
znesis swrafi ganviTareba,
Tumca, ar SeiZleba misi abso-
lutizeba da panacead miCneva.
mcire bizness ar Seswevs
Zala ZviradRirebuli ekonomi-
kuri problemebis gadaWrisaT-
vis. mcire biznesi Zalze mgrZno-
biarea bazris koniunqturis cv-
lilebisadmi. masze zogjer ga-
manadgurebel gavlenas axdens
ekonomikis ganviTarebis cik-
luri xasiaTi. mcire biznesis
warmarTvaSi erT-----erTi mniS-
vnelovani problemaa kreditze
procentis ganakveTis done.
saqme isaa, rom mcire firmebi
gamudmebiT ganicdian kapitalis
naklebobas da msxvil kompani-
ebze metad arian damokidebu-
li mimdinare brunvis dakred-
itebaze. bankebi ki saerTod
gaurbian maT dakreditebas an
cdiloben gaweuli riskisaTvis
am firmebisagan, rogorc nak-
mcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesi
256
lebad saimedo msesxeblebisa-
gan, kompensacia miiRon Cveu-
lebrivze maRali procentis
dawesebiT. biznesis mcire mas-
Stabi wvril sawarmoebs ar
aZlevs saSualebas, gamoiyenon
kapitalis mozidvis sxva wya-
roebi, magaliTad, gamouSvan
aqciebi. maT uWirT iseTi in-
vestorebis moZebna, romlebic
dainteresebulni iqnebian Ta-
vianTi saxsrebis am firmebis
saqmeSi dabandebiT. mcire bi-
znesis problemebs kidev ufro
arTulebs inflaciuri proces-
ebis gaZliereba, kerZod, faseb-
is zrdis gamo matulobs ful-
ze moTxovna. inflaciis dros
mcire sawarmoebs ar SeuZli-
aT kontroli gauwion Tavian-
Ti produqciis sabazro fase-
bisa da danaxarjebis dones, rac
bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomia
msxvili firmebisaTvis. yovelive
amis gamo, mcire firmebi xSir-
ad ver uZleben konkurencias
da kotrdebian. mag., didi bri-
taneTis dasaqmebis saministros
monacemebiT, mcire firmebis ̀ si-
cocxlis saSualo xangrZlivo-
ba~ 7 welia.
aRniSnuli naklovanebebis
miuxedavad, mcire biznesis uar-
yofiT mxareebs udavod sWar-
bobs dadebiTi, ramac Tanamed-
rove msoflio ekonomikaSi Sesa-
Zlebeli gaxada gigantebisa da
mcire firmebis Tanaarseboba.
am ukanasknelTa sicocxlisu-
narianobas didad uwyobs xels
maT dasacavad gamiznuli saxel-
mwifo politika, romelic gu-
lisxmobs sagadasaxado, sakre-
dito da sxva SeRavaTebs, te-
qnikur da sakonsultacio mom-
saxurebas da a.S. mcire biznessmcire biznessmcire biznessmcire biznessmcire bizness
icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-
warwarwarwarwarmoTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-
cia .cia .cia .cia .cia .
amrigad, mcire biznesis si-
cocxlisunarianobaze gansakuT-
rebul gavlenas axdens Semde-
gi xuTi ZiriTadi faqtori: 1.
sabazro koniunqturis mdgo-
mareoba; 2. kreditze procen-
tis ganakveTis done; 3. . . . . kapita-
lis mozidvis SesaZleblobebi;
4. inflaciis tempebi; 5. bizne-
sis samTavrobo reglamentacia.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi umcir-
es, mcire, saSualo da msxvil
sawarmoTa kriteriumebi gansx-
vavebulia. erT-----erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli kriteriumia
dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, rome-
lic sxvadasxva parametriT xa-
siaTdeba. mag., aSS-----Si umcire-
sad iTvleba firma, romelSic
10 kacamdea dasaqmebuli, mcired
_ _ _ _ _ 10-----dan 500 kacamde, xolo
msxvil firmad _ _ _ _ _ 500 da meti
dasaqmebuli. italiaSi umcir-
es firmaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba
sawarmoebi, sadac 1-----dan 20-----mde
mcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesi
257
kaci muSaobs, mcire sawarmoebSi
dasaqmebulia 20-----dan 100-----mde
kaci, saSualoSi 100-----dan 500-----
mde, xolo msxvil firmebSi _____
500 da meti. safrangeTSi sawar-
mo, sadac 10-----mde kacia dasaqme-
buli umciresi firmaa, 10-----dan
50 kacamde _ _ _ _ _ mcire, 50-----dan
500-----mde saSualo, 500 da meti
_ _ _ _ _ msxvili. did britaneTSi
mcire firmebs miekuTvneba sa-
warmo, sadac dasaqmebulia 1-----dan
100-----mde kaci, saSualos _ _ _ _ _ 100-----
dan 500-----mde. gfr-----Si mcired
iTvleba sawarmo dasaqmebul-
Ta ricxovnobiT 1-----dan 50 ka-
camde, xolo saSualos mi-
akuTvneben iseT firmebs, sadac
50-----idan 500-----mde kaci muSaobs.
saqarTveloSi mcires mie-
kuTvneba firma, romelSic 20-----
mde kacia dasaqmebuli, xolo
saSualowliuri brunva 500
aTas laramdea, saSualos mie-
kuTvneba 20-----dan 100-----mde kaci
(saSualowliuri brunva 500
aTasidan 1,5 mln laramde), msx-
vils _ _ _ _ _ 100 da meti (saSualo-
wliuri brunva 1,5 mln lari
da meti).
ukanasknel periodSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT 80-----iani wlebidan,
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekono-
mika wvrili mewarmeobis swrafi
zrdiT xasiaTdeba. mag., aSS-----Si
mcire bizness eweva firmebis
99%, romelTa wiladac modis
mTliani erovnuli produqtis
40%, maT Soris, momsaxurebis
sferoSi _ _ _ _ _ 81%; iaponiaSi sul
iTvlian 9 mln firmas, aqedan,
85%-----mde mcirea. mcire bizness
iq eweva dasaqmebulTa 3/4; saf-rangeTSi gansakuTrebiT gavr-
celebulia umciresi firmebi.
isini Seadgenen sawarmoTa saer-
To raodenobis 96,6%-----s, mcire
sawarmoebi _ _ _ _ _ 2,8%-----s, saSualo
_ _ _ _ _ 0,5%-----s (e.i. sul umcires,
mcire da saSualo firmebze
modis 99,9%), xolo msxvili
kompaniebi _ 0,1%-----s; italiaSi
yovel 15 kacze modis erTi
mcire an umciresi firma; bri-
tanul ekonomikaSi swrafad vi-
Tardeba mikrobiznesi. erTka-
ciani sawarmo sakmaod mraval-
ricxovani kategoriaa didi bri-
taneTis dasaqmebis struqtur-
aSi, gansakuTrebiT momsaxure-
bis sferoSi. es Tavisebureba
damaxasiaTebelia SvedeTisaT-
visac, sadac momsaxurebis seq-
toris zogierT dargSi fir-
mebis naxevarze meti erTi kac-
iTaa warmodgenili. germaniaSi
mcire biznesi sameurneo gan-
viTarebis stabilizaciisa da
socialuri amocanebis gada-
WrisaTvis gamiznuli programe-
bis realizaciis ZiriTadi gzaa.
am saqmiT momsaxurebis sfer-
oSi dakavebulia momuSaveTa
75%; ukanasknel periodSi didi
mcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesi
258
gaqaneba mieca mcire biznesis
ganviTarebas samxreT koreaS-
ic. bolo aTwleulSi am ti-
pis sawarmoTa ricxvi firmeb-
is saerTo raodenobaSi 9-----idan
62%-----mde gaizarda. ukanasknel
periodSi es procesi saqarTve-
loSic daiwyo. bolo monace-
mebiT, mcire sawarmoTa ricxv-
ma 17 aTass gadaaWarba, xolo
saSualo sawarmoTa ricxvma _____
3 aTass.
mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia (smallprivatisation) - - - - - saxelmwifo sa-
kuTrebis kerZo sakuTrebad
gardaqmna vaWrobis, sazogadoe-
brivi kvebisa da sayofacxovre-
bo momsaxurebis sferoSi,
agreTve mrewvelobisa da sxva
dargebis mcire sawarmoebSi.
mcire privatizacia, rogorc
wesi, mokle droSi xorcield-
eba, rasac uzrunvelyofs Ro-
nisZiebaTa kompleqsis gamoyeneba
saboloo SedegebiT privati-
zaciis monawileTa materi-
aluri dainteresebisaTvis.
SromiT koleqtivebs eZlevaT
finansuri SeRavaTebi sawarmoTa
SesaZenad. mcire privatizaci-
is principebi iTvaliswinebs
diferencirebul midgomas sapri-
vatizacio sawarmoebisadmi ise-
Ti monacemebis mixedviT, rogor-
icaa farTobi, ZiriTadi kapi-
talis Tavdapirveli Rirebule-
ba, dasajdomi adgilebis raode-
noba da sxv. mcire privati-
zaciis obieqtebs miekuTvneba:
150 kv. m-----ze naklebi farTobis
mqone maRaziebi, sazogadoebrivi
kvebis sawarmoebi, sadac 50-----ze
naklebi dasajdomi adgilia, pa-
vilionebi, fardulebi, kioskebi,
savaWro avtomatebi da sxva
wvrili obieqtebi. mcire priva-
tizacia formdeba myidvelebsa
da gamyidvelebs Soris yidva-----
gayidvis xelSekrulebis dade-
biT.
`mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ (small coun-tries) - - - - - Ria erovnuli ekonomi-
kebi, romlebic zogierTi sax-
is saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fasebis gansazRvrisas msoflio
bazris fasebs iyeneben. erTsa
da imave qveyanas SeuZlia ukar-
naxos msoflio bazars fasebi
saqonlis calkeul jgufebze
da warmoadgendes `mcire qvey-
anas~ saqonlis sxva jgufebze
msoflio fasebis formirebi-
sas anu miiRos sxvis mier dad-
genili msoflio fasebi.
mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-
si si si si si (floating exchange rate) - - - - - gacv-liTi kursi, romelic valutis
bazarze centraluri bankis in-
tervenciis gareSe, moTxovna_
miwodebis safuZvelze ganisaz-
Rvreba. valutis kursis mar-
Tvis meTodi. gamoiyeneba saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondis mi-
er gamocxadebuli valutebis
mcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizacia
259
oficialuri kursis regulire-
bisaTvis. qveynebs aqvT ufleba,
Secvalon gacvliTi kursi Sida
bazris gawonasworebis mizniT.
mwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebis
indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (producer price index)- - - - - maCvenebeli, romelic gamox-
atavs Sualeduri moxmarebis
nedleulze, masalebsa da sxva
saqonelze fasebis cvaleba-
dobis saSualo dones sabaziso
periodTan SedarebiT. gamoiy-
eneba VTG-----is maqsimalurad deta-
lizebuli komponentebis Sesa-
dar fasebSi gasaangariSeblad.
mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi (pro-ducer price) - - - - - fasi, romelic
moicavs saqonlis (momsaxure-
bis) sabaziso fass, yvela ara-
pirdapir gadasaxads (damate-
bul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadis
garda) da gamoricxavs subsi-
diebs.
mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba (pro-ductivity) - - - - - warmoebis realuri
moculobis damokidebuleba
gamoyenebuli resursebis rao-
denobis mimarT. gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
K
QE
^
sadac E mwarmoeblurobaa, Q -----
warmoebis realuri moculoba,
K - - - - - danaxarji. produqciis er-
Teulze danaxarjis Semcireba
iwvevs mwarmoeblurobis ga-
didebas da, piriqiT.
mwarmoeblurobis zrda kap-
italisa da Sromis gamoyeneb-
is efeqtianobis zrdis Sede-
gia, Tumca, xSirad SeuZlebe-
lia kapitalisa da Sromis mwar-
moeblurobis gamijvna. praq-
tikaSi es termini, Cveulebriv,
gamoiyeneba Sromis mwarmoe-
blurobasTan mimarTebaSi.
mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-
riebi riebi riebi riebi riebi (theory of productivity) -----ekonomikuri Teoriebi, rom-
lebic ganixilaven warmoebisa
da ganawilebis urTierTmoqmede-
bas, mis Sedegebs da gavlenas
warmoebis monawileebze. Tavda-
pirvelad gamodioda warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-
bisbisbisbisbis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis (J.b.
sei, f. bastia da sxv.) saxiT,
romelTa mixedviT warmoebis
TiToeuli faqtori (Sroma, kapi-
tali, miwa) monawileobs sa-
zogadoebrivi produqtis Seq-
mnaSi da, Sesabamisad, Semosaval-
ic nawildeba xelfasis, mogeb-
is da rentis saxiT. XIX sauku-nis bolos amerikeli ekono-
mistis j.b. klarkis mier Se-
muSavebul iqna zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-
moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria. Tavda-
pirvelad warmoiSva rogorc Ri-
rebulebis Seqmnisa da ganawi-
lebis Teoria, meore msoflio
omis Semdeg ki man biZgi misca
ekonomikuri zrdis neoklasi-
kuri Teoriis ganviTarebas.
mwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teoriebiriebiriebiriebiriebi
260
nnnnnnavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiori
qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia (Or-ganization of Petroleum ExportingCountries - - - - - OPEC) - - - - - saerTa-
Soriso oligopoliuri orga-
nizacia, romelic daarsda 1960
wels da aerTianebs ̀ mesame sam-
yaros~ navTobis eqsportior 13
qveyanas. esenia: venesuela, sau-
dis arabeTi, alJiri, nigeria,
libia, quveiTi, arabeTis gaer-
Tianebuli saamiroebi, irani,
erayi, ekvadori, katari, gaboni
da indonezia. organizaciis
mTavari mizania navTobis mop-
ovebis koordinacia, eqsporti-
ori qveynebisaTvis navTobze
fasismieri politikisa da war-
moebrivi strategiis SemuSaveba.
amasTan, igi iTvaliswinebs kred-
itebis micemiT arawevri ganvi-
Tarebadi qveynebisaTvis finan-
suri daxmarebis gawevas, ro-
gorc sagadasaxdelo balansis
deficitis dasafaravad, ise gan-
viTarebis proeqtebis dasafin-
anseblad.
organizaciis gavlena mkveT-
rad daeca 80-----iani wlebis me-
ore naxevridan, rodesac msof-
lioSi gaizarda navTobis mi-
wodeba arawevri qveynebidan.
naturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneoba
(subsistence economy) - - - - - meurneo-
bis tipi, romlis drosac Sro-
mis produqtebi iwarmoeba TviT
mwarmoebelTa moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad da ara
gasayidad.
naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari (spot mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac xorcielde-
ba saqonliT an valutiT vaWro-
ba dauyovnebeli miwodebiT. ase-
Ti bazrebi unda ganvasxvaoT
fiuCersuli an forvarduli ba-
zrebisagan, sadac ideba kon-
traqtebi samomavlod, rome-
liRac TariRisTvis miwodeba-
ze. saqonlis bazrebze fasebs
uwodeben `naRd fasebs~ _____
`naRd kurss~ an `spot kurss~.
nacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacia (nationa-lization) – kerZo sakuTrebis sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebad gardaqmna
anu privatizaciis sawinaaRmde-
go procesi.
negocianti negocianti negocianti negocianti negocianti (merchant) -----biTumad movaWre, komersanti,
romelic monawileobs saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis operaciebSi.
nekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomika (necroeco-nomy) – ekonomikis paTolo-
giuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkvdari
nawili, romelic mcdari gziT
ganviTarebuli komunisturi da
amJamad postkomunisturi qvey-
nebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
nekroekonomika marTalia axor-
cielebs miwodebas, magram mis
mier warmoebuli produqcia
arakonkurentunariania (dabalx-
navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...
261
arisxiani an ZviradRirebuli)
saerTaSoriso standartebTan
SedarebiT. amitom aseT produ-
qciaze ar arsebobs moTxovna,
Tumca, ramdenadac alogikurad
unda mogveCvenos, mTavrobis
xelSewyobiT arsebobs miwodeba
(warmoeba).
nekroekonomika funqcioni-
rebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise
kerZo seqtorebis gadammuSave-
beli mrewvelobis msxvil da
saSualo sawarmoebSi.
rogorc cnobili mecnieri
da ekonomikis eqsperti v. pa-
pava aRniSnavs, ̀ iq warmoebuli
produqti, saxeobaTa daniS-
nulebidan gamomdinare, Sefase-
bulia rogorc strategiuli,
Tumca, arakonkurentunariano-
bis gamo, es sawarmoebi bazris
pirobebSi mkvdaria~ (v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-
va.va.va.va.va. aratradiciuli ekonomik-
si. Tbilisi, 2011).
nekroekonomikisadmi saxel-
mwifo mxardaWeris politika
xels uSlis aRniSnul qveynebs
ganTavisufldnen am aratradi-
ciuli ekonomikisagan. privati-
zaciis procesma kidev ufro
daamZima igi, vinaidan saxelm-
wifo sakuTrebidan kerZo
sakuTrebaSi gadasvla sulac
ar niSnavs aseTi, bazris araade-
kvaturi sawarmoebis avtoma-
tur amoqmedebas. reformebis
sawyis etapze, investirebisgan
izolirebulad, privatizaciis
warumateblobis erT-erTi mTa-
vari mizezi esec iyo, rac gan-
sakuTrebiT mcire postkomu-
nisturi qveynebisTvis gaxda
TvalCenili. ix. rutina.
neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi (neoglo-balism) – (neoglobalism) ----- ameriku-li doqtrina, romelic cno-
bilia ̀ reiganis doqtrinis~ sa-
xelwodebiT, Seiqmna XX sauku-nis 80-----iani wlebis Sua peri-
odSi da iTvaliswinebs aSS-----is
gavlenas ̀ mesame samyaros~ qvey-
nebze. iTvaliswinebs msoflios
qveynebsa da regionebSi mim-
dinare socialur-ekonomikuri,
politikuri, mecnierul-teqno-
logiuri da a.S. procesebis
unifikacias (erTian sistemaSi
moqcevas), mis safuZvelze axa-
li msoflio wesrigis gansaz-
Rvras, romelSic dominirebu-
li pozicia aSS-s ukavia, Tum-
ca, 1997 wlidan am procesSi
monawileobs `Crdiloatlan-
tikuri partniorobis sabWos~
gafarToebis safuZvelze Seqm-
nili `evroatlantikuri Tan-
amSromlobis sabWos~ sxva um-
sxvilesi qveynebic.
neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba (Neo-----Keynesianism) - - - - - erT-----erTi Ziri-Tadi mimarTuleba ekonomikur
TeoriaSi, ekonomikis saxelm-
wifo regulirebis Tanamedrove
Teoria, romelic aRmocenda XX
neokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianeloba
262
saukunis 50-----ian wlebSi kein-
zianelobis safuZvelze da misi
modernizebuli formaa. neokein-
zianelebma (domari, kaldori,
harodi, felneri, robinsoni, ham-
bergi, hanseni da sxv.) keinzis
Teoria gamoiyenes, rogorc
placdarmi, meTodologiuri
safuZveli axali procesebis
analizisaTvis, ekonomikis sax-
elmwifo regulirebis axali
meTodebis dasabuTebisaTvis.
keinzis Teoriaze dayrdnobiTa
da, amave dros, misi kritikiT,
maT Seqmnes sruliad axali
koncefcia. neokeinzianelebi as-
abuTeben im saxelmwifo orga-
noebis saqmianobis centrali-
zebuli koordinaciis aucile-
blobas, romlebic ekonomikis
grZelvadiani ̀ dagegmvis~ safuZ-
velze zemoqmedebas axdenen
qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze.
saqme exeba indikatur dagegm-
vas, romelic ar zRudavs ker-
Zo kapitalis suverenul ufle-
bebs. neokeinzianelebi di-
namikuri wonasworobis piro-
bad erovnuli Semosavlis mate-
bis myar temps miiCneven, xolo
erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas
mxolod kapitalis dagroveb-
is funqciaSi xedaven, danarCen
faqtorebs ki (dasaqmebis ga-
didebas, mowyobilobaTa gamoye-
nebis xarisxs, warmoebis orga-
nizaciis srulyofas da sxv.)
mTlianad gamoricxaven.
neokeinzianeloba upiris-
pirdeba neoklasikur mima-
rTulebas: pirveli yuradRebas
amaxvilebs moTxovnaze, meore
_ _ _ _ _ miwodebaze. neokeinzianele-
bi moiTxoven ekonomikuri zr-
dis eqstensiuri faqtorebis
stimulirebas saxelmwifo xar-
jebis gadidebis safuZvelze,
xolo neoklasikosebi, piriqiT,
saxelmwifo saxsrebis ekonomi-
is aucileblobaze miuTiTeben
da xazs usvamen intensiuri faq-
torebis mniSvnelobas ekono-
mikuri zrdis tempebis amaR-
lebaSi. ekonomikis stabiliza-
ciaSi neokeinzianelebi upirate-
sobas aniWeben sabiujeto-----sa-
gadasaxado regulirebis in-
strumentebis gamoyenebas, xolo
neoklasikosebi _ _ _ _ _ fulad-----
sakredito sistemas.
neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-
kurikurikurikurikuri Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (neoclassic econo-mic theory) - - - - - ekonomikuri Teo-riis erT-----erTi ZiriTadi mima-
rTuleba. warmoiSva XIX sauku-nis 70-----ian wlebSi. mis saTa-
veebTan idgnen k. mengeri, f.
vizeri, e. bem-----baverki (avstri-
uli skola), u. jevonsi, l.
valrasi, v. pareto (maTematiku-
ri skola) j. b. klarki (zRvru-
li mwarmoeblurobis ameriku-
li skola). neoklasikurma mi-
marTulebam dasrulebuli saxe
neoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomikurikurikurikurikuri Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria
263
a. marSalis (kembrijis skola)
naSromebSi miiRo. misi Tanamed-
rove warmomadgenlebi arian j.
hiksi (didi britaneTi), r. so-
lou, m. brauni (aSS) da sxvebi.
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoria eyrdnoba XX saukunismarJinalizmis ZiriTad me-
Todebsa da instrumentebs. igi
warmoiSva, pirvel yovlisa,
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis
kritikuli gadasinjvis safuZ-
velze. avstriuli da maTema-
tikuri skolis warmomadgenleb-
ma, agreTve j. b. klarkma, dasa-
bami misces zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teorias. pirveli
ekonomikur-----maTematikuri mode-
li, romelSic zRvruli sarge-
blianoba fasis erTaderT sa-
fuZvlad aris miCneuli, Seqmna
jevonsma. mogvianebiT es kon-
cefcia ganaviTara valrasma sa-
yovelTao ekonomikuri wonas-
worobis modelis asagebad.
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riis zogadma principebma Sem-
dgomi ganviTareba pova klarkis
zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Te-
oriaSi.
neoklasikur Teorias se-
riozuli dartyma miayena kein-
zianelobis warmoSobam. kein-
zianelebis kritikisa da ekono-
mikaSi warmoqmnili axali moTx-
ovnilebebis gavleniT, neokla-
sikuri mimarTulebis mimdevreb-
ma gadasinjes zogierTi Zveli
koncefcia da nawilobriv Sec-
vales TavianTi damokidebule-
ba saxelmwifos mimarT. isini
aRiareben ekonomikaSi saxelm-
wifos Carevis aucileblobas
sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali
moqmedebis uzrunvelyofisaT-
vis. amasTan, neoklasikuri mi-
marTulebis Tanamedrove war-
momadgenlebic, keinzianelebisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, uaryofen sax-
elmwifo kontrols kvlavwar-
moebis procesebisadmi, gansa-
kuTrebiT saxelmwifo xarjeb-
is zrdisadmi da moiTxoven
ekonomikaSi Carevis Semofar-
gvlas regulirebis fulad-----
sakredito formebiT.
ukanasknel periodSi ekono-
mikis regulirebis keinzianuri
modelis winaaRmdeg gansakuTre-
biT mwvaved gailaSqra neokla-
sikuri mimarTulebis erT-----erTma
yvelaze gavlenianma nairsaxe-
obam _ _ _ _ _ monetarizmma. misi mTa-
vari warmomadgenelia amerikeli
ekonomisti m. fridmeni. am mim-
dinareobas dasavleTSi ̀ frid-
menis antikeinzianur revolu-
ciasac~ ki uwodeben. monetar-
istebi ekonomikur ganviTare-
baSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas
fulad sferos aniWeben, mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
mTavar pirobad Tvlian mimoq-
cevaSi fuladi masis myar zr-
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
264
das wliurad 3-----5%-----is fargleb-
Si da moiTxoven ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos Carevis yvela
formis mkveTr SezRudvas.
arsebiTi evolucia ganica-
da zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis
TeoriamTeoriamTeoriamTeoriamTeoriam. faswarmoqmnis pro-
cesebis analizis aucileblo-
bam mis warmomadgenlebs ukar-
naxa, uareyoT am procesebis
axsna mxolod sargeblianobis
subieqturi faqtoris safuZ-
velze. amis Sedegad yuradRebis
centrma sargeblianobidan fas-
warmoqmnis faqtorebis komp-
leqsze gadainacvla. amaSi gan-
sakuTrebiT didi roli Seas-
rula a. marSalma. man kvlevis
centrSi moaqcia fasebis for-
mireba sxvadasxva bazarze mo-
Txovnisa da miwodebis urTi-
erTmoqmedebis gavleniT. amasTan,
igi im azris iyo, rom sargeb-
lianoba fasebis gansazRvraSi
SeiZleba mTavar rols asru-
lebdes drois mcire monakveT-
Si, magram xangrZlivi periodi-
saTvis upirveles mniSvnelobas
iZens warmoebis danaxarjebi.
marSalis moZRvrebidan iRebs
saTaves agreTve Tanamedrove
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ori
ganStoeba _ _ _ _ _ firmis Teoria da
keTildReobis Teoria. zRvru-
li sargeblianobis Teoria ar-
sebiTad samomxmareblo arCev-
nis TeoriaSi gadaizarda, amas-
Tan, amosavalma debulebebma
kardinaluri cvlilebebi gani-
cada.
zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-
robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria Tavdapirvelad
warmoiSva rogorc Rirebulebis
Seqmnisa da ganawilebis Teor-
ia, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
ki man biZgi misca ekonomikuri
zrdis neoklasikuri Teoriis
ganviTarebas. amasTan, neoklasi-
kosebma yuradReba gaamaxviles
makroekonomikuri meTodebis
analizze. maT mTavar miznad
iqca ekonomikis balansirebu-
li zrdis pirobebis analizi,
agreTve ekonomikuri zrdis
calkeuli faqtorebis rolis
Sefaseba, ramac warmoebrivi
funqciebis kvlevis ganviTare-
ba ganapiroba.
neoklasikuri principebis
realizaciis axali sfero teq-
nologiuri cvlilebebis anu
teqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teo-----
ria ria ria ria ria gaxda. am Teoriis mimdev-
rebi arian r. solou, m. brauni
da sxv.
ekonomikaSi mimdinare teq-
nikur cvlilebebs warmoebrivi
funqciebis parametrebis cvli-
lebebs ukavSireben. neoklasi-
kurma mimarTulebam, keinziane-
lobasTan erTad, safuZveli
Cauyara ̀ neoklasikur sinTezs~,
romelmac farTo ganviTareba
pova ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria
265
riaSi.
`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~
(@neoclassical synthesys#) - - - - - kein-zianuri da neoklasikuri Se-
xedulebebis Taviseburi sin-
Tezi anu rogorc keinzianuri,
ise neoklasikuri midgomebis
mniSvnelovani elementebis gaT-
valiswineba saxelmwifosa da
bazris urTierTobaSi. neokla-
sikuri sinTezi makroekonomi-
kuri wonasworobisa da erovnu-
li Semosavlis zrdis koncef-
cias aerTianebs neoklasikuri
Teoriis CarCoebSi Camoyali-
bebul faswarmoqmnisa da Semo-
savlis ganawilebis zogad kon-
cefciasTan. igi gulisxmobs
ekonomikuri dacemis pirobeb-
Si moTxovnis regulirebis kein-
zianuri meTodebis gamoyenebas
da, piriqiT, sawarmoo sim-
Zlavreebisa da samuSao Zalis
arsebuli rezervebis amowur-
visas warmoebrivi potencial-
is zrdis yovelmxriv stimu-
lirebas. neoklasikuri sinTezi
wina planze problemaTa or
jgufs ayenebs: ekonomikis di-
namikuri (mdgradi) wonasworo-
bisa da potenciuri SesaZle-
blobebis zrdis problemebs,
romelTa gadaWraSi makroeko-
nomikur proporciebs ganmsaz-
Rvrel rols aniWebs.
ukanasknel periodSi gan-
viTarebuli qveynebis ekonomi-
kaSi makroekonomikuri regu-
neoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmi
lirebis ̀ tradiciulma model-
ma~ arsebiTi cvlilebebi gani-
cada. gamoikveTa sabazro siste-
mis ganviTarebis axali mima-
rTulebebi, romlebic atareben
ara koniunqturul, aramed gr-
Zelvadiani tendenciebis xasi-
aTs. XX saukunis 80-----ian wleb-
Si maT ekonomikur ganviTare-
bas safuZvlad daedo ̀ neokla-
sikuri sinTezi~, romelic erT
aTeul welze met xans gamo-
iyeneboda warmatebiT am qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi (neolibe-ralization) - - - - - neoklasikuri da tra-
diciuli liberalizmis baza-
ze, istoriuli skolis gavlen-
iT XX saukuneSi aRmocenebuli
ekonomikuri doqtrina, romel-
ic farTod gavrcelda germa-
niaSi, II msoflio omis Semdeg
ki sxva qveynebSic. igi keinzia-
nelobis paralelurad warmo-
iSva rogorc ̀ did depresiaze~
reaqcia. am mimdinareobis mamam-
Tavaria valter oikeni.
keinzianelobisgan gansxvave-
biT, neoliberalizmi kapital-
izmis krizisis mTavar mizezs
ekonomikis monopolizacias ukav-
Sirebs, xolo gamosavals konku-
renciis TamaSis wesebis dadge-
nasa da mis ganviTarebaSi xedavs.
neoliberalizmSi centraluri
adgili ar uWiravs marJina-
lizms, samagierod, yuradRebaa
gamaxvilebuli saxelmwifos
266
rolze socialuri sakiTxebis
mogvarebaSi.
neoliberalizmis erT-erTi
TvalsaCino mimarTulebaa ordo-ordo-ordo-ordo-ordo-
liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi. ordolibera-
lebma (v. oikeni, v. riopke, l.
erhardi, a. miuler-armaki, a. ri-
ustovi da a.S.) ekonomikur po-
litikaSi gamohyves Semdegi mi-
marTulebebi: 1. saxelmwifo da
kerZo sakuTrebis Tanafardobis
regulireba; 2. konkurentuli
wesrigis damyareba, monopoli-
isa da konkurenciis regulire-
ba; 3. samewarmeo kanonmdeblo-
bis Seqmna; 4. ekonomikuri zr-
dis regulireba. maT gamijnes
ordoliberaluri ideebi kapi-
talizmisa da socializmis sxva
analogiuri ideebisgan da `me-
same gzis~ koncefcia airCies.
maTi azriT, Zlieri saxelmwi-
fos winapirobaa ekonomikuri
wesrigis politikis damyareba,
antimonopoliuri samsaxuris
meSveobiT konkurenciis Tavisu-
flebis principiT moqmedeba.
neto neto neto neto neto (net)[<laT. netto -----wminda] - - - - - saqonlis sufTa wona
taris, SefuTvis gareSe. sapir-
ispiroa _ _ _ _ _ bruto.
netonetonetonetoneto-----balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (trade bal-ance) - - - - - eqsportisa da importistolobis amsaxveli balansi.
niuniuniuniuniu-----iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-
Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja (New York stock exchange) -----aSS-----is mTavari safondo bazari,
sadac 1000-----ze meti dasaxelebis
fasiani qaRaldis kotireba xdeba.
novacia novacia novacia novacia novacia (novation) [<laT.
novatio ganaxleba, Secvla] - - - - - val-
debulebis gauqmeba mxareTa Se-
Tanxmebis safuZvelze misi axa-
li valdebulebiT Secvlis gziT.
nominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTi
kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi (nominal exchange rate) -----Tanafardoba erovnuli da ucxo-
uri valutebis erTeulebis ra-
odenobas Soris, romlis safuZ-
velzec angariSsworeba SeiZle-
ba moxdes rogorc fiqsirebu-
li, ise mcuravi kursis mixedviT.
nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-
dadadadada produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (nominal gross do-mestic product) - - - - - warmoebuli
saboloo produqtis mTliani
raodenobis mis mimdinare fase-
bze namravlTa jami. igi mTliani
Sida produqtis deflatorisa
da realuri mTliani Sida pro-
duqtis namravlis tolia. zr-
dis tempis TvalsazrisiT, nom-
inaluri mTliani Sida produq-
tis zrdis tempi inflaciis
tempisa da realuri mTliani
Sida produqtis zrdis tempis
jamis tolia.
nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi (nomi-nal price) - - - - - pirobiTi fasi, ro-melic ganisazRvreba sabirJo
vaWrobis centrebSi informaci-
is arqonis SemTxvevaSi realur
garigebebze gamyidvelTa dauk-
mayofilebeli miwodebis an
myidvelTa moTxovnis monace-
mebis Sefasebis safuZvelze.
netonetonetonetoneto
267
nominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebuleba
(par value) – 1. korporaciis wes-debaSi erT aqciaze mikuTvnebu-
li Tanxa, romelic sertifikat-
Sia miTiTebuli da warmoad-
gens aqciaze kanonier wils.
nominaluri Rirebuleba aq-
cioneruli kapitalis angariSSi
Casaweri Tanxaa, romelic, Cveu-
lebriv, erTi aqciis sabazro
fasze dabalia; 2. oficialurad
gamocxadebuli Rirebuleba,
romelic miTiTebulia fulis
niSnebze, fasian qaRaldebze,
banknotebsa da monetebze.
nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ (no-minal `anchor~) _ _ _ _ _ makroekono-mikuri maCvenebeli, romelic gan-
sazRvrul doneze fiqsirdeba.
stabilizaciis programebis gan-
xorcielebisas nominaluri ̀ Ru-
zis~ saxiT xSirad gamoiyeneba
fiqsirebuli valutis kursi.
nominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebi
(nominal variables) - - - - - fuladi er-
TeulebiT gazomili sidideebi
(ix. klasikuri dihotomia).
nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi (no-minal wage) - - - - - xelfasi fulad
gamoxatulebaSi.
norTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesili
(daib. 1920) (Douglas Cecil North)- - - - - amerikeli ekonomisti, klio-
metrikis (ekonomikuri istori-
is Semswavleli disciplina)
erT-----erTi fuZemdebeli, nobelis
premiis laureati robert fo-
gelTan erTad (1993) naSrome-
bisaTvis axali ekonomikuri is-
toriis sferoSi. man vaSington-
Si Camoayaliba politikuri eko-
nomiis centri, romelic iqca
axali ekonomikuri istoriis
kvlevis centrad. norTis naS-
romebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsa-
niSnavia `institutebi, insti-
tucionaluri cvlilebebi da
ekonomikis funqcionireba~
(1990), romelSic dasabuTebu-
lia institutebis roli eko-
nomikis ganviTarebaSi, simdid-
ris zrdasa da siRaribis da-
ZlevaSi. garda amisa, d. nor-
Tis naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia:
`dasavleTis samyaros aRmavlo-
ba: axali ekonomikuri isto-
ria~ (1973), `ekonomikuri is-
toriis struqtura da moZ-
raoba~ (1981) da sxv.
normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba (nor-mal profit) - - - - - minimaluri mogeba,
romelic unda miiRos firmam
saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad. Tu
mTliani amonagebi ubralod fa-
ravs yvela alternatiul dana-
xarjs adgili aqvs mogebis nu-
lovan dones. normaluri moge-
bisgan ganasxvaveben zenorma-
lur mogebas.
normaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqoneli
(normal good) - - - - - saqoneli, ro-
melzec, sxva Tanabar pirobeb-
Si, moTxovna izrdeba Semosav-
lis zrdasTan erTad.
normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-
ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria (normative econom-
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teoria
268
ics) - - - - - ekonomikuri Teoriis nawi-li, ekonomikuri analizis is
tipi, romelic Seiswavlis, ram-
denad efeqtiania esa Tu is eko-
nomikuri pirobebi da politi-
ka, upasuxebs kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra
unda iyos~ da ara _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ra aris~
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-
ria iZleva samomavlo reko-
mendaciebs. igi principulad
gansxvavdeba pozitiuri ekono-
mikuri Teoriisagan, romelic
swavlobs ekonomikas iseTs, ro-
goric aris faqtobrivad. nor-
matiuli ekonomikuri Teoria
eyrdnoba pozitiur ekonomikur
Teorias da faqtebze dayrd-
nobiT upasuxebs iseT kiTxvebs,
rogoricaa: vin unda uzrunve-
lyos samuSao adgilebi _____
sazogadoebrivma seqtorma Tu
kerZo seqtorma (biznesma)? ra
gziT unda Semcirdes sabiu-
jeto deficiti _ _ _ _ _ maRali be-
garis SemoRebiT Tu saxelm-
wifo xarjebis SemcirebiT?
`nou`nou`nou`nou`nou-----hau~ hau~ hau~ hau~ hau~ (“know-----how”)[<ingl. know-----how vici rogor]- - - - - warmoebis saidumloebaTa
amsaxveli ganzogadebuli ter-
mini, mTlianad an nawilobriv
konfidencialuri (saidumlod
gasandobi) codnis, teqnolo-
giuri, ekonomikuri, administra-
ciuli, finansuri xasiaTis cno-
bebis erToblioba, romelTa ga-
moyeneba gansazRvrul upirate-
sobebs aniWebs maT mimReb pi-
`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~
rovnebas Tu firmas. `nou-----hau~
daupatentebeli licenziaa. uf-
lebrivi dacvis arqonam gan-
sazRvra ̀ nou-----haus~ xelSekru-
lebis specifika, romelic Sei-
cavs specialur punqts gada-
cemuli informaciis konfiden-
cialurobis dacvisa da misi
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi zaralis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. ̀ nou-----hau~
(iseve rogorc licenzia) aris
realizacia warmoebrivi daniS-
nulebis arakvlavwarmoebadi
codnisa, romelsac flobs gamy-
idvelTa SezRuduli raodenoba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi yidva-----gayid-
vis obieqti xdeba ara codnis
gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis gaweuli momsaxureba,
aramed TviT codna, rogorc mo-
nopoliuri saqoneli. amis Sed-
egad, `nou-----haus~ fasi monopo-
liuria da ganisazRvreba masze
moTxovna-----miwodebis Tanafar-
dobiT.
numizmati numizmati numizmati numizmati numizmati (numismatist) [<laT.numisma moneta] - - - - - piri, romel-
ic misdevs numizmatikas. mon-
etebisa da medlebis Semgrove-
beli an mcodne.
numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika (numismatics)[<laT. ix. numizmati] - - - - - mon-
etebis Semswavleli damxmare
istoriuli disciplina. numiz-
matikaSi Sedis bonistika, ag-
reTve medlebis, ordenebis, Je-
tonebisa da a.S. Seswavla.
269
oooooobligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia (bond) [<laT.
obligation valdebuleba] - - - - - 1. gan-sazRvruli vadiT gamoSvebu-
li myari kursis mqone fasiani
qaRaldi, romelic Seicavs mi-
TiTebul droSi sesxis dafar-
visa da procentis yovelwli-
uri gadaxdis valdebulebas;
sagadasaxado valdebuleba, rom-
lis mixedviTac kreditori
yovelwliurad iRebs Semo-
savals fiqsirebuli procen-
tis saxiT. obligaciebs uSve-
ben saxelmwifo da aqcioner-
Ta sazogadoebebi; 2. fiqciuri
kapitalis erT-----erTi forma.
overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti (overdraft) -----sabanko dakreditebis sistema,
pirvelad gamoyenebuli Sot-
landiuri bankebis mier, rom-
lis mixedviTac msesxebels
eZleva ufleba, gamoweros Ceki
Tavisi sabanko angariSis bal-
anss zemoT ricxuli Tanxidan
specialurad SeTanxmebul ode-
nobamde da gadaixados yovel-
dRiuri procenti am Tanxidan.
banks SeuZlia moiTxovos an
ar moiTxovos kreditis uzrun-
velyofa.
oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia (oligopoly)[<berZn. oligos mcire, umniSvne-lo poleo vyidi] - - - - - 1. ekonomikiserT romelime dargSi ramden-
ime msxvili firmis batonoba;
2. ekonomikuri situacia, rode-
sac bazarze ramdenime mwar-
moebeli (gamyidveli) da mrava-
li momxmarebelia (myidvelia).
Tu bazarze ramdenime gamyid-
veli da ramdenime myidvelia,
maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv oli-
gopoliasTan. sapirispiroa _____
oligopsonia.
oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia (oligopsony)- - - - - ekonomikuri situacia, rode-
sac bazarze ramdenime myidve-
li da mravali gamyidvelia. sa-
pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ oligopolia.
omologacia omologacia omologacia omologacia omologacia (omologation)- - - - - bazris moTxovnebTan produ-
qciis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba,
bazris mdgomareobis analizi
da Sefaseba. produqciis Se-
faseba xdeba misi ZiriTadi
parametrebis _ xarisxis, fasis,teqnikur-----ekonomikuri maCveneb-
lebis da a.S. mixedviT. omo-
logacia xorcieldeba sxvada-
sxva meTodiT: saqonlis sacde-
li partiebis realizaciiT, po-
tenciuri myidvelebis gamok-
iTxviT, specialistTa saeqsper-
to Semowmebis safuZvelze da
sxv. msxvili firmebi omologa-
ciis Casatareblad iyeneben Tavi-
anTi distribiutorebis qsels.
operatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingi
(operating lease) - - - - - manqanebisa damowyobilobebis arenda 3-----dan
9 wlamde vadiT, arendis peri-
operatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingi
270
odSi maTi nawilobrivi amor-
tizaciiT.
operaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarze
(open-market operation) – centra-luri bankis mier fulis mi-
wodebis cvlilebis (zrda an
Semcireba) ganxorcieleba sax-
elmwifo yidva-gayidvis gziT.
Tuki centralur banks surs
ekonomikaSi arsebuli fulis
raodenoba gazardos, maSin is
yidulobs obligaciebs, mimo-
qcevaSi zrdis fulis raode-
nobas. Tuki centralur banks
surs ekonomikaSi fulis raode-
noba Seamciros, igi yidis mis
xelT arsebul obligaciebs,
riTac mimoqcevidan amoiRebs
fulis garkveul raodenobas.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs
Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-
raciebsraciebsraciebsraciebsraciebs (vinaidan fulis mi-
wodebis eqspansias axdens),
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ RiaRiaRiaRiaRia
bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-
ciebs ciebs ciebs ciebs ciebs (vinaidan centraluri
banki fulis miwodebas zRu-
davs, amcirebs).
eqspansiuri operaciebi Ria
bazarze obligaciebis fasebis
zrdasa da saprocento ganakve-
Tis Semcirebas ganapirobebs.
SemzRudveli operaciebi Ria
bazarze obligaciebze fasebis
Semcirebasa da saprocento
ganakveTis zrdas ganapirobebs.
opcioni opcioni opcioni opcioni opcioni (option) - - - - - riskis
dazRvevis erT-----erTi forma, kon-
traqti, romlis Tanaxmadac my-
idvels eniWeba ufleba (da ara
valdebuleba), SeTanxmebuli
fasiT drois gansazRvrul
monakveTSi, momavalSi iyidos
saqoneli an fasiani qaRaldi.
Tu, vTqvaT, fasiani qaRaldis
sabazro fasi izrdeba, maSin
myidveli sargeblobs dadebu-
li kontraqtiT da yidulobs
mas sabazroze dabal fasad. Tu
sabazro fasi ecema, maSin myi-
dveli dadebuli kontraqtiT
ki ar sargeblobs, aramed fa-
sian qaRaldebs yidulobs ba-
zarze kontraqtSi gaTvalis-
winebulze iafad. am SemTxvevaSi
igi agebs im Tanxas, rac kontraq-
tis dadebisas daxarja, magram
daculia riskisagan.
xelSekrulebas gayidvaze
put-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioni ewodeba, xolo
yidvaze _ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni. xSi-
rad maT uwodeben mokled _____
`put~ da `kol~.
ormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazari
(dual labor market) – Sromis ba-zari, romelic aerTianebs pirve-
lad da meoreul Sromis ba-
zrebs.
ormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopolia (bila-teral monopoly) – bazris funq-cionirebis forma, sabazro
situacia, rodesac bazarze mo-
cemuli saqonlis (momsaxure-
bis) erT myidvels upirispird-
operaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarze
271
eba mxolod erTi gamyidveli.
oukenisoukenisoukenisoukenisoukenis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni (Okun’slaw) - - - - - kanoni, romelic atarebs
amerikeli ekonomistis artur
oukenis (1928-----1980) saxels,
gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-
bulebas mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is ciklur rye-
vadobasa da umuSevrobis dones
Soris. am kanonis mixedviT,
umuSevrobis 1%-----iT zrda iwvevs
faqtobrivi mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is 3%-----iT Sem-
cirebas da, piriqiT, faqtobrivi
mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is 3%-----iT gazrda iwvevs
umuSevrobis 1%-----iT Semcire-
bas. amJamad, axali empiriuli
monacemebis safuZvelze, es
Tanafardobaa 2 : 1.
oferta oferta oferta oferta oferta (offer) [<laT. of-fertus winadadebis SeTavazeba]-----1. garigebis Sesaxeb winadade-
bis formaluri SeTavazeba ama
Tu im pirisTvis yvela auci-
lebeli pirobis miTiTebiT; 2.
garkveuli formis oficialuri
ganacxadi sakonkurso vaWroba-
Si monawileobis Sesaxeb. vaWro-
bis organizatori (Cveulebriv,
tenderis komiteti) TviTon
adgens ofertis formas, sa-
konkurso vaWrobaSi monawile-
obisaTvis aucilebel moTx-
ovnebs, saWiro dokumentebis sias
da ugzavnis mas oferentebs _____
vaWrobaze mowveul kompaniebs,
firmebs. rogorc wesi, ofer-
tis wardgenis vadaa sami Tve,
zogjer ki metic.
oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-
mismismismismis done done done done done (offfical level of moneta-rism) - - - - - fuladi masis Sefarde-
ba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----Tan. misi zRvruli norma
30%-----ia. ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si es maCvenebeli 100%-----ze me-
tia (mag., iaponiaSi 110-----112%-----
ia), xolo ganviTarebad qvey-
nebSi _ _ _ _ _ 40%.
ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi (offsho-re business) - - - - - gadasaxadebis Tavi-dan acilebisa (an Semcirebis)
da mogebis gazrdis mizniT
ganxorcielebuli biznesi moce-
muli iurisdiqciis farglebs
gareT. ofSoruli biznesis Ca-
moyalibeba-----ganviTarebaSi aqti-
uri roli Seasrula didma
britaneTma. Tanamedrove of-
Soruli biznesis safuZvlebi
Seqmnilia britaneli iuriste-
bis, bankirebis, damzRvevebisa da
sxvaTa mier.
ofSoruli biznesis ganvi-
Tarebis xelSemwyob faqtor-
Ta Soris gansakuTrebuli ad-
gili informaciul teqnolo-
giebs ukavia. maTi CamoyalibebiT
amaRlda ofSoruli struqtu-
rebis funqcionirebis efeqti-
anoba, radgan internetis meS-
veobiT erT qveyanaSi registri-
rebuli, meore (an ramdenime)
qveyanaSi moqmedi, mesame qveya-
naSi sabanko angariSis mqone
kompaniebisa da meoTxe qveya-
naSi mcxovrebi mesakuTris kav-
ofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesi
272
SirurTierToba araviTar prob-
lemas ar warmoadgens.
ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona (offsho-re zone) - - - - - TezTezTezTezTez-----is gansakuTre-
buli saxeoba, romelSic kon-
centrirebulia sabanko da sa-
dazRvevo biznesi. maTi meSve-
obiT xorcieldeba sainvesti-
cio, satrasto da konsaltin-
guri saqmianoba, eqsport-----impor-
tis operaciebi, agreTve opera-
ciebi uZravi qonebiT.
ofSoruli zonebi, Cveu-
lebriv, mcire qveynebi da teri-
toriebia. isini ZiriTadad gan-
lagebulia zRvis sanapiroebsa
da ganviTarebuli saerTaSo-
riso turizmis adgilebSi, ax-
orcieleben ucxouri kapital-
is mozidvis politikas, rom-
lis gasatareblad gamoiyeneba
sagadasaxado da sxva saxis Se-
RavaTebi.
ofSoruli zonebi funq-
cionireben Sesabamisi iuris-
diqciiT, romlis safuZvelzec
maT garkveuli specializacia
da statusi aqvT. ofSoruli
zonis statuss gansazRvravs
misi finansur-----ekonomikuri saq-
mianobis Sinaarsi, romlis mi-
xedviT ofSoruli iurisdiq-
ciebi iyofa 4 jgufad:
I jgufSi Sedis sagadasax-ado oazisebi, 100%-----iani of-
Sorebi, romlebic axorciele-
ben ucxouri sakredito kapi-
talis mozidvis politikas sa-
gadasaxado da sxva SeRavaTe-
biT. es jgufi warmodgenilia
mcire kunZulovani saxelmwi-
foebiT an TviTmarTvadi teri-
toriebiT. masSi Sedis karibis
regionis ofSoruli zonebi,
romelTa umravlesoba didi
britaneTis yofili koalicie-
bia (mag., britanuli virjiniis,
bermudis, kaimanis da sxva kun-
Zulebi), agreTve evropuli sa-
gadasaxado navsayudlebi;
II jgufSi Sedis saqmiano-bis calkeul saxeebze SeRava-
Tiani sagadasaxado reJimis
mqone ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi.
masSi Semavali ofSoruli fir-
mebi gadasaxads ixdian minima-
luri ganakveTiT da maTi saqmi-
anoba kontrols eqvemdebare-
ba. ZiriTadad am jgufSi Se-
dis niderlandis, luqsembur-
gis, Sveicariis holdinguri kom-
paniebi da sainvesticio fond-
ebi, salicenzio da servisuli
firmebi;
III jgufSi Sedis qveynis
SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli of-
Soruli reJimis mqone adminis-
traciul-----teritoriuli war-
monaqmnebi (ofSoruli terito-
riebi). am jgufis ofSorebi
ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia
federaluri wyobis mqone qvey-
nebisaTvis (mag., aSS-----Si delave-
ris, vaiomingisa da nevadis Sta-
ofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zona
273
tebi, SveicariaSi _ _ _ _ _ neSteli,
friburgi, cugi);
IV jgufSi Sedis aratrad-iciuli ofSoruli zonebis un-
iversaluri ofSoruli iuris-
diqciebi (mag., irlandia, kvip-
rosi, malta).
ofSoruli zonebis SerCe-
visas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
ba eqceva gadasaxadebis dones,
angariSgebis aucileblobas, or-
magi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, konfiden-
cialobas. maTi gaTvaliswinebiT
ofSoruli zonebi iyofa sam
jgufad:
pirveli jgufis ofSoru-
li zonebi xasiaTdeba dabegvris
dabali doniT, aRricxvis arar-
sebobiT da konfidencialobis
maRali doniT. am jgufSi Se-
dis `mesame samyaros~ patara
qveynebi. es ofSorebi cnobil-
ia `qoqosis ofSorebis~ sax-
elwodebiT. esenia: bahamis, kaim-
anis, panamis, britanuli virji-
niis kunZulebi, meni, terksi, kai-
kosi da sxv. am zonebSi ko-
mpaniebi gadasaxadebs ar ixdi-
an, magram gaTvaliswinebulia
yovelwliuri fiqsirebuli mo-
sakrebeli.
meore jgufis ofSorebSi
dawesebulia sagadasaxado Se-
RavaTebi, amasTan, aucilebelia
finansuri angariSgeba. am jguf-
Si Sedis kviprosi, aSS-----is de-
laverisa da vaiomingis Statebi.
mesame jgufSi Sedis is
qveynebi, romlebic formalu-
rad ar miekuTvneba ofSorul
zonebs, magram maTi sagadasax-
ado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs
dabal dabegvras. es qveynebia:
avstria, didi britaneTi, bel-
gia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,
Sveicaria da sxv.
ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania (of-fshore company) - - - - - firma, romel-
ic mTlianad Tavisufldeba ga-
dasaxadebisagan, an sargeblobs
mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado Se-
RavaTebiT. igi, rogorc wesi,
ar SeiZleba iyos Tavisi ofi-
cialuri iurisdiqciis rezi-
denti, e.i. ararezidentulia im
teritoriaze, sadac registr-
irebulia. aqedan warmodgeba
termini offshore, rac `napirsgareT~ saqmianobas gulisxmobs.
es imas niSnavs, rom misi mar-
Tvis centri sazRvargareT mde-
bareobs. aRniSnuli termini
pirvelad gamoiyenes did bri-
taneTSi, sadac igi amave dros
niSnavs saqmianobas `sazRvris
gareT~.
ofSoruli kompaniis nebi-
smieri komerciuli operacia
unda xorcieldebodes iuris-
diqciis zRvars iqiT, sadac reg-
istrirebulia kompania. igi ix-
dis mxolod yovelwliur sare-
gistracio gadasaxads. aseT kom-
ofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompania
274
paniebSi gamartivebulia sar-
egistracio procedura da mmar-
Tveloba, ar xorcieldeba sava-
luto kontroli. maT ar mo-
eTxovebaT auditoruli Semow-
meba, minimumamdea dayvanili
safinanso angariSgeba.
ofSoruli kompaniis mflo-
beloba xorcieldeba anonimu-
robisa da konfidencialuro-
bis maRali garantiiT, rac gan-
mtkicebulia sayovelTao ufle-
baTa normebiT da im kanonmde-
blobiT, sadac registrirebu-
lia igi. ofSorul kompanias
SeiZleba hqondes warmomadgen-
lobebi da filialebi sazR-
vargareTac. ukanasknel peri-
odSi ofSoruli momsaxureb-
is maregulirebeli kanonmde-
bloba sul ufro moqnili xdeba.
am bolo dros yuradRebas ip-
yrobs dabegvris ̀ mcocavi~ ska-
lis mqone saerTaSoriso ko-
mpaniebis gamoCena, romelTaT-
visac gadasaxads adgenen Semo-
savlebis wyaros Sesabamisad.
Semosavalze gadasaxadi tra-
diciul kompaniebTan Sedare-
biT bevrad naklebia ofSoru-
li kompaniis mimarT, an saer-
Tod ar arsebobs. isini SeRa-
vaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT
sargebloben.
ofSoruli tipis firmebis
ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve ko-
mpaniebi `kerZo~ ofSoruli
reJimiT. saqme exeba iseT kom-
paniebs, romelTa ofSoruli
operaciebi ganTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadebis nawilisagan. amg-
vari kompaniebi registrirebu-
lia, magaliTad, SveicariaSi. am
qveynis kanonmdebloba gansaz-
Rvruli tipis firmebs ofSo-
ruli saqmianobis ganxorcie-
lebis nebas rTavs.
ofSoruli firmebis fin-
ansuri momsaxurebisTvis iqm-
neba ofSoruli bankebi, sxva-
dasxva saxis safinanso kompanie-
bi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zo-
gierT qveyanaSi arsebobs `an-
tiofSoruli~ kanonmdebloba,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis rTul sistemaSi
ofSoruli biznesis potencia-
li sakmaod didia. kerZod,
ofSoruli kompaniis mflobels
eniWeba ucxouri kompaniis sax-
eliT xelmoweris ufleba, misi
sabanko angariSis operatiuli
marTvis nebarTva, ucxouri ko-
mpaniis saxeliT xelSekrulebis
dadebis SesaZlebloba, Svilo-
bili kompaniebisa da sazRvarg-
areT Tavisi warmomadgenlobe-
bis Seqmnis ufleba da a.S. of-
Soruli firmis SeqmniT misi
mflobelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
xdeba safinanso da sainvesti-
cio momsaxurebiT sargeblo-
ba. mag., farTod aris daner-
ofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompania
275
gili ofSoruli firmis meS-
veobiT, korporaciul-----debeturi
da sakredito-----sabanko baraTe-
bis gaxsna.
ofSoruli kompaniebis re-
gistraciis forma ganisazRvre-
ba inglisur-----saqsonuri da fran-
ko-----germanuli samarTlebrivi
sistemebiT.
inglisur-----saqsonuri samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis organiza-
ciuli formebia: individu-
aluri sawarmo, sruli part-
nioroba, SezRuduli part-
nioroba, kerZo kompania, saja-
ro kompania (korporacia), saer-
TaSoriso biznesis kompania.
franko-----germanuli samarT-
lebrivi sistemis organizaciu-
li formebia: individualuri sa-
warmo, sruli amxanagoba, koman-
dituri amxanagoba, daxuruli
aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, Ria
aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, saer-
TaSoriso biznesis kompania.
ofSoruli kompaniis reg-
istracia xorcieldeba mocemu-
li qveynis kanonmdeblobis
safuZvelze
oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari (gold mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac oqros yid-ian da yiduloben monetebisa
da zodebis saxiT. oqros baz-
ari arsebobs yvela mTavar fi-
nansur centrSi, niu-----iorkis
gamoklebiT, Tumca oqroTi Se-
uzRudavi vaWroba yvela qveya-
naSi ar xorcieldeba.
oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti (goldenparity) - - - - - Tanafardoba sxvadasx-va qveynis valutebs Soris
oqros woniTi raodenobis,
oqros Semcvelobis mixedviT.
oqros pariteti gauqmda 1978
wels (ix. msoflio savaluto
sistema).
`oqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrda
(“golden age” growth) - - - - - balan-
sirebuli zrda ekonomikuri
zrdis TeoriaSi, rodesac
ekonomikuri zrdis garantire-
buli tempi sruli dasaqmebis
pirobebSi bunebrivi zrdis
tempis tolia. termini SemoiRo
joan robinsonma, romlis azri-
Tac, aseTi situacia warmoiqm-
neba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Caurevlobis pirobebSi.
oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia (hoar-ding of gold) - - - - - 1. oqros dagrovebaganZis saxiT; 2. qveynis oqros
maragis Seqmna; 3. fulis da-
groveba mimoqcevidan misi amo-
RebiT.
oqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavracia
276 pablisitipablisitipablisitipablisitipablisiti
ppppppablisiti pablisiti pablisiti pablisiti pablisiti (publicity) - - - - - rek-
lama, popularoba; saqonelmi-
moqcevis arxebSi informaciis
gavrceleba saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis da maTi mwarmoebe-
li firmebis Sesaxeb moTxov-
nis stimulirebis mizniT; pro-
pagandistuli kampania.
pai pai pai pai pai (share) - - - - - wili fuladi
Senetanis saxiT firmis kapital-
Si fizikuri an iuridiuli pi-
rebis mier.
panama panama panama panama panama (panama) - - - - - Tanamde-bobis pirebis mosyidvasTan
dakavSirebuli msxvili TaRli-
Toba.
papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri (daib.
1955)(Papava Vladimer) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis wevr-----korespondenti
(1997), ekonomikur mecniereba-
Ta doqtori (1990), profesori
(1995), saqarTvelos strate-
giisa da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-
vari mecnier-----TanamSromeli.
daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sainJinro-----eko-
nomikuri fakulteti ekonomi-
kuri kibernetikis specialobiT
(1977), ssrk mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis centraluri ekonomikur-----
maTematikuri institutis aspi-
rantura (moskovi, ruseTi, 1982).
iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis ekonomikisa da samar-
Tlis institutis umcrosi mec-
nier-----TanamSromeli (1977-----1978);
ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis
centraluri ekonomikur-----maTema-
tikuri institutis staJiori-----
mkvlevari (1978-----1979); sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is ekonomikisa da samarTlis
institutis umcrosi (1982),
ufrosi (1982-1987), wamyvani
(1987-1989), mTavari (1989-
1991) mecnier-TanamSromeli;
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis paata guguSvilis saxe-
lobis ekonomikis institutis
direqtori (1991-----1996); saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikis ministri
(1994-----2000); saqarTvelos pre-
zidentis saparlamento mdiv-
nis moadgile (2000-----2001);
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis makroekonomikis kaT-
edris gamge (2003-----2005); jons
hopkinsis saxelobis univer-
sitetis saerTaSoriso urTier-
TobaTa skolis, centraluri
aziisa da kavkasiis institu-
tis miwveuli mkvlevari (2005-----
2006); saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis wevri da safinanso-----sabiu-
jeto komitetis Tavmjdomaris
moadgile (2004-----2008). 2001
wlidan aris saqarTvelos stra-
tegiisa da saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-
vari mecnier-----TanamSromeli. da-
culi aqvs sakandidato dis-
277
ertacia Temaze: ̀ regionis sam-
Seneblo kompleqsis modelireba
saxalxo meurneobis ganviTare-
bis erTian ekonomikur-----maTema-
tikur modelTa sistemaSi~
(1982), sadoqtoro _ _ _ _ _ ̀ sazoga-
doebrivi warmoebis produqti-
uloba da misi dargTaSorisi
analizi~ (1989).
v. papava aris 200-----mde sa-
mecniero naSromis _ monogra-fiebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da
statiebis avtori, maT Soris:
`sazogadoebrivi warmoebis
produqtiuloba da dargTa-
Sorisi balansis modelebi~
(rusul enaze, Tbilisi, `mec-
niereba~, 1989); `saqarTvelo
sabazro ekonomikis gzaze~ (qar-
Tul da rusul enebze, Tbili-
si, `mecniereba~, 1995); `saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondi
saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da
Secdomebi~ (rusul enaze, Tbi-
lisi, `imperiali~, 2000);
`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-
mis politikuri ekonomia da sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika~ (qarTul
enaze, Tbilisi, `pdp~, 2002);
`saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
dis brwyinvaleba da siRatake
postkomunistur saqarTvelo-
Si~ (inglisur enaze, laredo
(aSS), `vi pabliSkomi~, 2003);
`safinanso globalizacia da
postkomunisturi saqarTvelo~
(Tanaavtori vefxia Coxeli,
inglisur enaze, niu-----iorki,
`aiuniversi~, 2003); `makro-
ekonomikuri regulirebis me-
Todebi da modelebi~ (Tanaav-
torebi iuri ananiaSvili, ia-
kob mesxia, avTandil silagaZe,
giorgi wereTeli. qarTul
enaze, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~,
2003); `centraluri kavkasia
da saqarTvelos ekonomika~
(Tanaavtorebi Teimuraz beri-
Ze da eldar ismailovi, rusul
enaze, baqo (azerbaijani), ̀ nur-
lani~, 2004); `postkomunis-
turi gardamavali periodis
makroekonomika~ (qarTul enaze,
Tbilisi, ̀ Tbilisis universite-
tis gamomcemloba~, 2005);
`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-
mis politikuri ekonomiis
narkvevebi~ (Tanaavtori Teimu-
raz beriZe, rusul enaze, mosk-
ovi (ruseTi), ̀ delo i servis~,
2004); `nekroekonomika: post-
komunisturi kapitalizmis
politikuri ekonomia~ (ingli-
sur enaze, niu-----iorki, `aiuni-
versi~, 2005); `centraluri
kavkasia: geopolitikidan geoeko-
nomikamde~ (Tanaavtori eldar
ismailovi, rusul enaze, stok-
holmi, ̀ saispresi~, 2006); ̀ cen-
traluri kavkasia: geopolit-
ekonomikuri narkvevebi~ (Tanaav-
tori eldar ismailovi, ingli-
sur enaze, stokholmi, ̀ saispre-
si~, 2006); ̀ centraluri kavka-
sia: istoria, politika, ekono-
mia~ (Tanaavtori eldar is-
papava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeri
278
mailovi, rusul enaze, moskovi
(ruseTi), `misli~, 2007); “ga-
dasaxadebi, moTxovna da mi-
wodeba: lafer-keinzianuri sin-
Tezi” (Tanaavtori iuri ana-
niaSvili, Tbilisi, “siaxle”,
2009); centraluri kavkazia
(geopolitekonomiuri narkvevi)
(Tbilisi, ̀ siaxle”, 2009); ̀ Savi
zRvis regionis kompleqsuri
ekonomikuri ganviTareba: globa-
luri finansuri da ekonomikuri
krizisis zegavlena” (inglisur
enaze, aTeni, Savi zRvis Sems-
wavleli saerTaSoriso centri,
2010); `centraluri evraziis
axlebuli geopolitikuri ga-
azreba” (Tanaavtori eldar is-
mailovi, inglisur enaze, vaSin-
gtoni, jon hopkinsis univer-
siteti, 2010; rusul enaze,
stokholmi, ̀ saispresi~, 2010);
`lafer-keinzianuri sinTezi da
makroekonomikuri wonasworo-
ba” (Tanaavtori iuri ananiaS-
vili, rusul enaze, stokholmi,
`saispresi~, 2010); `nekroe-
konomikis zombireba (global-
uri finansur-ekonomikuri
krizisis zegavlena Savi zRvis
regionis qveynebze)” (Tbilisi,
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis gamomcemloba,
2010); `aratradiciuli eko-
nomiksi” (Tbilisi, paata gugu-
Svilis ekonomikis institut-
is gamomcemloba, 2011) da sxv.
v. papava aris Semdegi akad-
emiebis, sazogadoebebisa da
asociaciebis wevri: ekonomikuri
Teoriis miRwevebis sazogadoeba
(aSS, 1990), danaxarjebi-----gamoS-
vebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
(avstria, 1992), informatizaci-
is saerTaSoriso akademia (gae-
ro, 1994), saqarTvelos ekono-
mikur mecnierebaTa akademia
(saqarTvelo, 1994), niu-----iorkis
mecnierebaTa akademia (aSS, 1995),
dasavleTis saerTaSoriso eko-
nomikuri asociacia (aSS, 1996),
mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, mrew-
velobisa da xelovnebis saer-
TaSoriso akademia (aSS, 1997),
samefo ekonomikuri sazogadoe-
ba (didi britaneTi, 1997), saer-
TaSoriso atlantikuri ekono-
mikuri sazogadoeba (aSS, 1998),
ludvig fon mizesis institu-
ti (aSS, 2006), amerikis ekono-
mikuri asociacia (aSS, 2006),
centraluri evraziis Semswav-
leli sazogadoeba (aSS, 2006),
SedarebiTi ekonomikuri kvleve-
bis evropuli asociacia (ita-
lia, 2006), amerikis politikur
mecnierebaTa asociacia (aSS,
2006), politikur da social-
ur mecnierebaTa amerikis aka-
demia (aSS, 2006).
sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal ̀ sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is macne~ – ekonomikis seria,
mTavari redaqtori (1992-----
2005), saqarTvelos swavlul
eqspertTa sabWos ekonomikis
papava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeri
279
seqciis Tavmjdomare (1992-----
2003), saqarTvelos preziden-
tis ekonomikuri sabWos wevri
(1993-----2003, 2005 wlidan dRem-
de), msoflio bankis alterna-
tiuli mmarTveli (aSS, 1994-----
2000), Jurnal `gardamavali
ekonomikis problemebis~ red-
kolegiis wevri (aSS, 1997
wlidan dRemde), Jurnal `sa-
zogadoeba da ekonomikis~ red-
kolegiis wevri (ruseTi, 1998
wlidan dRemde), saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademi-
is samecniero ekonomikuri sa-
bWos Tavmjdomare (2002 wl-
idan dRemde), Jurnal ̀ kavkasia
da globalizaciis~ redkolegi-
is wevri (SvedeTi, 2006 wli-
dan dRemde), demokratiuli
gardaqmnebis proeqtis trans-
atlantikuri mmarTveli jgu-
fis wevri, (aSS, 2006 wlidan
dRemde), jon hopkinsis univer-
sitetis centraluri aziisa da
kavkasiis institutis da stok-
holmis usafrTxoebisa da gan-
viTarebis politikis institu-
tis, abreSumis gzis Semswav-
leli programis erToblivi
transatlantikuri samecniero
centris asocirebuli ufrosi
mecnier-----TanamSromeli (aSS-----Sve-
deTi, 2006 wlidan dRemde), so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri kvle-
vebis centris mrCevelTa sab-
Wos wevri (poloneTi, 2007 wl-
idan dRemde).
jildoebi: saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis saministros res-
publikuri premiis laureati
wignisaTvis ̀ samrewvelo sawar-
mos organizacia da dagegmva~
(Tanaavtori giorgi papava, 1987),
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-
is laureati naSromTa cikli-
saTvis ̀ makroekonomikuri reg-
ulirebis meTodebi da modele-
bi (TanaavtorobiT, 2004), sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis filipe gogiCai-
Svilis saxelobis premiis lau-
reati monografiisTvis `nek-
roekonomika: postkomunisturi
kapitalizmis politikuri eko-
nomia~ (2008).
paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi (paralogism)[berZ. paralogismos] - - - - - winaswar-ganzraxulad daSvebuli logi-
kuri Secdoma, rogorc kanone-
bisa da dadgenili wesebis dar-
Rvevis Sedegi. axlosaa sofiz-
mTan.
paretoparetoparetoparetopareto-----gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba (Pare-to-----improvement) - - - - - resursebis
iseTi gadanawileba, rodesac
ekonomikuri agentebis erTi
nawilis keTildReobis zrda ar
amcirebs meore nawilis keTil-
dReobis dones. paretos Teo-
ria aRiarebulia keTildReo-
bis axal ekonomikur Teoriad.
pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo (1848-----
1923) (ParetoVilfredo) - - - - - italie-
li ekonomisti da sociologi,
pareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredo
280
romelmac farTo ganaTleba mi-
iRo maTematikis sferoSi, saer-
Tod, sabunebismetyvelo da teq-
nikur mecnierebebSi. 1892 wels
gaxda leon valrasis memkvidre
lozanis universitetis ekono-
mikis kaTedris xelmZRvanelis
postze. 1896-----1899 wlebSi
kiTxulobda politikuri eko-
nomiis kurss. didi wvlili
miuZRvis ekonomikur TeoriaSi
statistikisa da maTematikuri
modelebis gamoyenebaSi. naSrom-
Si ̀ politikuri ekonomiis sax-
elmZRvanelo~ (1906) pareto
uaryofda kardinaluri sarge-
blianobis koncefcias, gacvlis
optimaluri pirobebis kvleva-
Si iyenebda ganusazRvrelobis
mrudebs, romlebic mecnierul
brunvaSi pirvelad Semoitana
ejuorTma. paretom Seqmna ke-
TildReobis ekonomikuri Teo-
riis safuZvlebi, riTac didi
wvlili Seitana ekonomikuri
mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi (((((Pare-to optimum) - - - - - resursebisa da
mza produqciis iseTi ganawi-
leba, rodesac ar xdeba gada-
nawileba imgvari saxiT, rac
gaaumjobesebda erTi individis
mdgomareobas sxvaTa mdgomare-
obis gauaresebis xarjze. es
koncefcia ekuTvnis vilfredo
paretos da atarebs mis sax-
els. keTildReobis ekonomikuri
Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili
dakavSirebulia im pirobebis
analizTan, romelTa SemTxveva-
Sic SeiZleba paretos opti-
mumis miRweva. miuxedavad am
ukanasknelis didi Teoriuli
daniSnulebisa, paretos krite-
riumis praqtikuli gamoyeneba
Zalze SezRudulia, vinaidan igi
miuRebelia im alternativebis
SerCevisas, romelic gulisx-
mobs erTi individis mdgomar-
eobis gaumjobesebas sxvaTa
xarjze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
nebismier ekonomikur politi-
kas moaqvs ziani adamianTa ama
Tu im jgufisaTvis, es gare-
moeba seriozulad zRudavs
paretos optimumis praqtikul
gamoyenebas. am SezRudvis ga-
dasalaxavad zogierTi ekono-
misti cdilobs samarTliani ga-
nawilebis koncefciiT, an ko-
mpensaciis kriteriumebis gamoye-
nebiT Seavsos da ganamtkicos
paretos optimumi.
`parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ (@ParisClub#) - - - - - araformaluri organi-
zacia, romlis CarCoebSi kred-
itori-----qveynebi awarmoeben mo-
laparakebebs movale-----qveynebTan
saxelmwifo valis pirobebisa
da struqturis cvlilebebis
gadasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT.
parizis klubs ara hyavs mud-
mivi wevrebi. igi Riaa yve-
lasTvis, visac moswons misi
praqtikuli saqmianoba da
muSaobis pirobebi.
paretoparetoparetoparetoparetosssss optimumioptimumioptimumioptimumioptimumi
281
pariteti pariteti pariteti pariteti pariteti (parity) [<laT.
paritas (paritatis) Tanasworoba] -----1. toloba, tolfasovneba, Ta-
nasworoba, Tanabari mdgomare-
oba; 2. Tanafardoba sxvadasx-
va qveynis valutebs Soris maTi
msyidvelobiTi unaris mixed-
viT (msyidvelobiTunarianobis
pariteti).
partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba (partnership) -----firmis erT-----erTi organizaci-
uli forma, romelic aerTianebs
ori an meti sameurneo subieq-
tis kapitals. arsebobs part-
niorobis ori saxe: generaluri
da SezRuduli.
generaluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partnioroba
gulisxmobs firmis yvela val-
debulebaze misi TiToeuli me-
sakuTris SeuzRudav pasux-
ismgeblobas. mag., firmis ga-
kotrebis SemTxvevaSi kompan-
ioni, romelsac ekuTvnis fir-
mis sakuTrebis 1%, iseve pasu-
xismgebelia, rogorc is, visac
danarCeni 99% ekuTvnis.
SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-
bisas bisas bisas bisas bisas valdebulebebze pasux-
ismgebloba ganisazRvreba kom-
panionebs Soris iuridiulad
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis
Sesabamisad.
parcela parcela parcela parcela parcela (parcel) [<frang.parcelle nawilaki] - - - - - miwis mcirenakveTi, romelzec meurneobas
ewevian.
pasivi pasivi pasivi pasivi pasivi (passive voice, liability)- - - - - 1. sawarmos valebisa da val-
debulebebis erToblioba (sa-
pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ aqtivi); 2. dana-
xarjis gadameteba Semosavle-
bze; 3. buRaltruli balansis
marjvena mxare, romelic aRni-
Snavs sawarmos saSualebebis war-
moqmnisa da dafinansebis wyaro-
ebs.
pasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (unfavourable pay bal-ance) - - - - - sagadasaxdelo balan-
si, romelSic qveynis mier sazR-
vargareT gaweuli xarjebi da
gadasaxdelebi aRemateba sazR-
vargareTidan Semosul fulad
saSualebebs.
pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-
sisisisisi (unfavourable trade balance) -----savaWro balansi, romelSic im-
porti aRemateba eqsports.
patenti patenti patenti patenti patenti (patent) [<laT.
patens (patentis) Ria, aSkara] -----oficialuri mowoba, gacemuli
kompetenturi saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis mier gamomgoneblis an
im piris saxelze, romelsac
gamomgonebelma dauTmo Tavisi
gamogoneba. es mowmoba mflo-
bels aniWebs gansakuTrebul
monopoliur uflebas akontro-
los Tavisi gamogonebis gamoye-
neba drois gansazRvrul peri-
odSi (vTqvaT, 20 wlis manZi-
lze) da miiRos garkveuli saz-
Rauri Tavisi gamogonebisaTvis.
paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi (paternal-ism) [<laT. paternus mamobrivi]- - - - - ideologiuri doqtrina war-
paternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmi
282
moebaSi dasaqmebulTa mimarT
mesakuTris damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb da am doqtrinis Sesa-
bamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis
politika.
pauperi pauperi pauperi pauperi pauperi (pauper) [<laT.
pauper Rataki] - - - - - maTxovari, ar-sebobis saSualebebs yvela
mxriv moklebuli adamiani.
pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa (sum to-tal) (germ. pauschal) - - - - - erTianadaRebuli mTliani Tanxa, misi
Semadgeneli nawilebis difer-
enciaciis gareSe; mag., savaWro
garigebisas gansazRvruli mom-
saxurebisaTvis dawesebuli Tan-
xa da a.S.
pensia pensia pensia pensia pensia (pension) - - - - - sapensio,sadazRvevo da sxva fondebidan
gacemuli regularuli fula-
di Tanxa im moqalaqeebze, rom-
lebsac SeusruldaT sapensio
asaki, agreTve invalidobasTan
an marCenalis dakargvasTan
dakavSirebiT, aseve, zogierT
sxva SemTxvevaSic. igi, rogorc
wesi, arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa
da ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras.
peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam (1623-----1687)
(Petty William) - - - - - ingliseli ekon-
omisti da mravalmxriv gans-
wavluli mecnieri. klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis mamamTa-
vari. petim jer medicina Seis-
wavla leidenis, parizisa da
oqsfordis universitetebSi,
xolo 1649 wels oqsfordis
universitetSi fizikis doq-
toris xarisxi miiRo, 1651
wels ki anatomiisa da musikis
profesori gaxda. petis spe-
cialuri ekonomikuri ganaTleba
ar hqonia. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli me-
Todologia da principebi mas
ekonomikis Rrmad SeswavlaSic
daexmara. petis didi damsax-
urebaa is, rom man pirvelma
miaqcia yuradReba simdidris
or faqtors _ _ _ _ _ Sromasa da mi-
was. igi simdidris wyarod mi-
iCnevda ara mimoqcevis, aramed
mTlianad warmoebis sferos.
peti aRniSnavda: `Sroma mamaa
da uaqtiuresi wyaro simdid-
risa, xolo miwa dedaa misi~.
petim pirvelma daayena sakiTxi
diferenciuli rentisa da mi-
wis fasis Sesaxeb. man gan-
sazRvra Rirebuleba, rogorc
daxarjuli Sromis Sedegi, da-
adgina raodenobrivi damokide-
buleba Rirebulebis sididesa
da Sromis mwarmoeblurobas
Soris, magram Rirebulebis si-
didis gazomvas cdilobda mx-
olod ori faqtoriT: miwiTa
da SromiT. igi sazogadoebis
ekonomikur ganviTarebas ganixi-
lavda ekonomikur kanonebTan
damokidebulebaSi, Tumca, aigi-
vebda sazogadoebriv, ekonomi-
kur da bunebis kanonebs, ganixi-
lavda maT rogorc mudmivsa
da Seucvlels.
petis kalams ekuTvnis Sem-
pauperipauperipauperipauperipauperi
283
degi naSromebi: `traqtati ga-
dasaxadebisa da mosakrebleb-
is Sesaxeb~ (1662), ̀ irlandiis
politikuri anatomia~ (1672),
`politikuri ariTmetika~ (1683),
`zogi ram fulis Sesaxeb~ (1682),
`sityva brZenTaTvis~ (1662) da
a.S.
pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur (1877-----1959)(Pigou Arthur) - - - - - cnobili ingli-
seli ekonomisti. 1908-----1944
wlebSi kembrijis universitet-
Si iyo ekonomikis kaTedris xe-
lmZRvaneli. didi Rvawli mi-
uZRvis dabegvris Teoriis gan-
viTarebaSi. pigum safuZveli
Cauyara gare efeqtebis (eqster-
naliebis) Teorias. uaryofiTi
gare efeqtebis neitralizaci-
is piguseul meTods pigus ga-
dasaxadi ewoda.
paretos keTildReobis eko-
nomikuri Teoriisagan gansxvave-
biT, pigu amtkicebda, rom vi-
naidan gadanawileba ar amcir-
ebs mTlian Semosavals, xolo
zRvruli sargeblianoba Semo-
savlis klebadi funqciaa, ami-
tom simdidris gadacema mdi-
drebisagan RaribebisTvis gazr-
dis saerTo keTildReobas.
pigus naSromebi fulisa da
Semosavlebis TeoriaSi _ _ _ _ _ `da-
saqmebis Teoria~ (1933) da
`dasaqmeba da wonasworoba~
(1941) _ _ _ _ _ ZiriTadad asaxaven da-
saqmebisa da Semosavlebis kla-
sikuri Teoriis Sinaarss. amis
gamo, keinzis mxridan kritika
umTavresad pigus daatyda Tavs.
miuxedavad amisa, man Seqmna
sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis
meqanizmi keinzianuri sistemis
CarCoebSi. am meqanizmma miiRo
pigus efeqtis saxelwodeba. igi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: arasru-
li dasaqmebis pirobebSi fase-
bis dacema zrdis naRdi fu-
lis raodenobas. es iwvevs sa-
qonelze moTxovnis zrdas da Se-
sabamisad, dasaqmebis gadidebas.
pigus mtkicebiT, fasebis
zrdasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
sabazro wonasworobis darRve-
vas Tan sdevs momxmarebelTa
Sesabamisi sabazro qceva: mim-
dinare moTxovnis xarjze fu-
ladi Semosavlebis tezavrire-
buli nawilis gadideba. amas
mohyveba moxmarebisaTvis gan-
kuTvnili fuladi Semosavlebis
odenobis Semcireba, rac uary-
ofiT gavlenas moaxdens mim-
dinare moTxovnaze, gamoiwvevs
fasebis Semcirebas da sabazro
wonasworobis aRdgenas. fuladi
Semosavlebis gamoyenebis sf-
eroSi moqmedi meqanizmis gare
efeqti, romelic aisaxeba eko-
nomikuri wonasworobis Senar-
CunebaSi, atarebs a. pigus sax-
els da cnobilia pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-
tis tis tis tis tis saxelwodebiT.
pigus naSromebidan, agreTve
aRsaniSnavia: `simdidre da ke-
TildReoba~ (1912), ̀ keTildRe-
pigu arturpigu arturpigu arturpigu arturpigu artur
284
obis ekonomika~ (1921), `nar-
kvevebi gamoyenebiT ekonomikur
TeoriaSi~ (1923), ̀ samrewvelo
ryevebi~ (1927), ̀ sruli dasaq-
mebidan gadaxra~ (1945) da a.S.
pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi (Pigouiantax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, dawesebuli
uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis (eqs-
ternaliebis) koreqtirebisa da
nivelirebisaTvis. pigus gada-
saxadiT ibegreba aseTi gare efeq-
tis warmomqmneli. amasTan, ga-
dasaxadis odenoba unda gani-
sazRvros imgvarad, rom gare
efeqtis kerZo danaxarjebi sazo-
gadoebrivi xarjebis toli iyos.
piki piki piki piki piki (peak) - - - - - warmoebis aRmav-lobis zeda wertili, romelic
xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri zrdis
umaRlesi tempiT. pikis Semdeg
iwyeba warmoebis dacema.
pinta pinta pinta pinta pinta (pint) - - - - - moculobisa
da tevadobis erTeuli aSS-----Si,
did britaneTsa da zogierT
sxva qveyanaSi; did britaneT-
Si 1 p = 1/8 galons anu 0,568
litrs; aSS-----Si ganasxvaveben
Txevad pintas (udris 1/8 ame-rikul galons, anu 0,473 litrs)
da fxvier pintas (utoldeba
1/64 amerikul buSels, Tavis
mxriv, buSeli udris 0,551
litrs).
piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba (per-sonal service) - - - - - momsaxurebis issaxeebi, romlebic uSualo ze-
moqmedebas axdenen adamianze.
am jgufSi pirobiTad Sedis mom-
saxurebis sferos Semdegi dar-
gebi: ganaTleba, xelovneba, kul-
tura, janmrTelobis dacva, say-
ofacxovrebo momsaxureba, so-
cialuri uzrunvelyofa, fiz-
kultura da sporti, rekreaci-
uli momsaxureba, Sinamosamsa-
xureTa momsaxureba.
piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali (perso-nal income) - - - - - calkeuli fizi-
kuri pirebis Semosavali gada-
saxadebis gadaxdamde. Sedgeba
xelfasisa da damatebiTi Semo-
savlebisagan _ dividendis, sar-
geblis, rentis, premiis, trans-
feris CaTvliT. ganasxvaveben no-
minalur Semosavals, romelic
gaiangariSeba uSualod fulad
formaSi da realur Semosavals,
romelic gaiangariSeba fasebis
doniT fulis msyidvelobiTuna-
rianobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
pirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadi
(direct tax) - - - - - regularuli saga-
dasaxado anaricxi, romelsac
mocemuli qveynis fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebi uxdian sax-
elmwifos (xelisuflebis adg-
ilobriv organoebs) Semosav-
lis yvela saxidan, mogebisa da
sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-
savlebis CaTvliT. pirdapir
gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba moge-
baze gadasaxadi, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi, qonebis gadasaxadi
da a.S.
pigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadi
285
pirvepirvepirvepirvepirveladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari (prima-ry market) - - - - - bazari, sadac fasianqaRaldebs yidian maTi emiten-
tebi.
pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-
lilililili (senior mortgage) - - - - - uZravi qo-nebis uzrunvelyofili nawili,
romelic valis daubruneblo-
bis SemTxvevaSi kreditors
aZlevs upirates uflebas da-
giravebuli qonebis gayidvis
Sedegad misaReb Senatanebze.
pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi (con-ditional forecast) - - - - - samomavlo
ekonomikuri movlenebis ganWvre-
ta, gamoxatuli gansazRvruli
formiT.
plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi (plas-tic card) - - - - - yvela saxis sagadasax-
delo baraTi _ _ _ _ _ sabanko-----sakre-
dito, debitoruli, samgzavro
da a.S.
plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti (plebiscite) [<laT.plebiscitum xalxis gadawyveti-
leba] - - - - - saerTo-----saxalxo kenWis-
yra, referendumi.
plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-
rarararara (plebiscite’s dictatorship) - - - - - sa-xelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseTi
meqanizmi, romlis drosac Cveu-
lebrivad tardeba arCevnebi,
oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom
mmarTvel fenebs an, ufro swo-
rad, ramdenime mmarTvel pirs
yovelTvis aqvT arCevnebSi sa-
surveli Sedegis miRwevis re-
aluri SesaZlebloba.
pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi (positivism) -----
ekonomikuri mecnierebis filoso-
fia, filosofiuri doqtrina,
romelic amtkicebs, rom daskvne-
bi, romlebic ar SeiZleba Semow-
mebuli iyos empiriulad, meti
rom ara vTqvaT, aramecnierulia.
pozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuri
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (positive economics) -----ekonomikuri Teoriis nawili da
ekonomikuri analizis is tipi,
romelic eyrdnoba faqtebiT
ganmtkicebul debulebebsa da
daskvnebs. igi swavlobs ekonomi-
kas iseTs, rogoric aris, upa-
suxebs kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra aris~ da
ara kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra unda iyos~.
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teori-
isagan gansxvavebiT, pozitiuri
ekonomikuri Teoria ar iZleva
samomavlo rekomendaciebs. igi
normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-
riis sayrdenia, faqtobrivi
mtkicebiT upasuxebs iseT kiTx-
vebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mo-
saxleobis ramdeni procentia
umuSevari.
polisi polisi polisi polisi polisi (policy) [<ital. po-lizza xelwerili, qviTari] - - - - - mow-moba, gacemuli sadazRvevo kom-
paniis mier fizikuri an iuri-
diuli piris saxelze, romel-
mac am kompaniaSi raime daaz-
Rvia. Seicavs dazRvevis Sesaxeb
dadebuli xelSekrulebis piro-
bebs.
politikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomia
(political economy) - - - - - mecniereba,romelic saTaves iRebs XVIII
politikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomia
286
saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi
klasikur-----liberaluri ekono-
mikuri mimdinareobis warmo-
Sobis safuZvelze klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis saxiT,
Tumca, es saxelwodeba pirvelma
SemoiRo frangma a. monkretienma,
rodesac gamosca naSromi `po-
litikuri ekonomiis traqtati~
(1615).
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis aRmocenebiT mecniereb-
is erTian sistemas gamoeyo
ekonomika, rogorc damoukide-
beli mecniereba. klasikurma
politikurma ekonomiam cod-
nis mTel arsenals sakvlevi
problemis irgvliv mouyara
Tavi, siRrmiseulad gaaanaliza
da erTian sistemaSi moaqcia.
amasTan, man mecnieruli kvle-
vis sfero gaafarTova da ar
Semoifargla mxolod soflis
meurneobiT, mecnierulad daas-
abuTa, rom simdidris wyaro
unda veZioT ara mimoqcevaSi
(merkantilisturi midgoma) an
mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi (fiz-
iokratuli midgoma), aramed
mTlianad warmoebaSi. klasiku-
ri politikuri ekonomia Tavi-
si masStabebiTa da mecnieru-
li siRrmiT, realuri ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da amocaneb-
is adekvaturi axsniTa da sis-
temuri midgomiT WeSmarit mec-
nierebad Camoyalibda, romelic
saukunenaxevarze met xans (XVIII
saukunis 70-----iani wlebidan XXsaukunis 30-----ian wlebamde) sa-
fuZvlad edo msoflios wamy-
vani kapitalisturi qveynebis
ekonomikur politikas.
klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-
dasxva ekonomikuri mimdinare-
oba. erT-----erTi aseTi mimdinar-
eobaa marqsistuli politikuri
ekonomia, romelmac farTod
moikida fexi da saprogramo
dokumentad iqca socialistu-
ri sazogadoebis aSenebis msur-
veli qveynebisaTvis. marqsis-
tulma politikurma ekonomi-
am, erTi mxriv, klasikuri poli-
tikuri ekonomiis mier gamokv-
leuli zogierTi Teoria ga-
naviTara da gaaRrmava, meore
mxriv ki, klasikuri politikuri
ekonomiisgan gansxvavebuli Te-
oria Seqmna. marqsistuli poli-
tikuri ekonomiis kvlevis sa-
gani warmoebiT urTierTobaTa
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebia.
marqsistul politikur
ekonomias daukavSirda leni-
nis Teoria, ris safuZvelzec
Camoyalibda marqsistul-----leni-
nuri politikuri ekonomia. es
ukanaskneli ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba. pirveli nawilia kapi-
talizmis, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ soci-
alizmis politikuri ekonomia.
kapitalizmis politikuri eko-
nomia agebulia marqsis moZRvre-
baze, ZiriTadad marqsis `kapi-
polisipolisipolisipolisipolisi
287
talze~, romelSic gaanalize-
bulia imdroindeli kapital-
izmis ekonomikuri sistema. mas
agvirgvinebs leninis imperial-
izmis Teoria. meore nawili _____
socializmis politikuri eko-
nomia xotbas asxams da ikvlevs
im socializms, romelic arse-
bobda komunistur qveynebSi.
XX saukunis 90-----iani wle-
bis dasawyisidan marqsistul-----
leninurma politikurma eko-
nomiam, romelic safuZvlad edo
sabWoTa kavSirisa da sxva ko-
munisturi qveynebis ekonomikur
politikas, adgili dasavlur
Teoriebs dauTmo.
Tanamedrove dasavlur li-
teraturaSi termini _ _ _ _ _ ̀ poli-
tikuri ekonomia~ gulisxmobs
im politikuri faqtorebis kv-
levas, romlebic moqmedeben
qveynis ekonomikur politika-
ze. ̀ axali politikuri ekono-
mia~ Seiswavlis politikisa da
ekonomikis urTierTmoqmedebis
kanonzomierebebs, urTierTkav-
Sirs politikuri saqmianobis
praqtikul aspeqtebsa da wmin-
da ekonomikur Teorias Soris.
posesia posesia posesia posesia posesia (possessoin) [laT.
possessio] - - - - - miwis arenduli mflo-
beloba.
postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-
gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba (postindustrial society)– es termini samecniero brun-
vaSi Semoitana amerikelma mec-
nierma daniel belim. naSromSi
`postindustriuli sazogadoe-
bis momavali~ (1973) man Camo-
ayaliba postindustriuli sa-
zogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li Semdegi xuTi niSani: 1. ma-
terialur-nivTobriv warmoe-
basTan SedarebiT, momsaxureb-
is sferos wingamswrebi tem-
piT ganviTareba; 2. teqnologi-
ebisa da teqnologiuri Sefase-
bebis gansakuTrebuli rolis
warmoCena; 3. axali `inteleq-
tualuri~ teqnologiebis Seq-
mna; 4. dasaqmebis struqtura-
Si profesiul-teqnikuri per-
sonalis upiratesobis zrda;
5. Teoriuli codnis, rogorc
siaxleebis danergvisa da ekono-
mikuri politikis Camoyalibebis
safuZvlis, rolis amaRleba.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi,
sadac socialuri problemebi
ukeTesad wydeba, belis ganmarte-
biT, mTavaria ara Zlieri kunTe-
bi, aramed codna da informacia.
saqme isaa, rom XX sauku-
nis 60-iani wlebidan aSS-sa da
dasavleT evropis qveynebis eko-
nomikaSi (iaponiaSi ki 70-iani
wlebidan) gamoikveTa axali Ta-
visebureba _ mecnierul-teqni-
kuri progresis ZiriTad mimar-
TulebaTa farTod danergva,
ramac daaCqara momsaxurebis
sferos ekonomikis mesameul
seqtorad Camoyalibeba, misi
xvedriTi wonis arsebiTi ga-
dideba sazogadoebriv warmoe-
postindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazogadoebagadoebagadoebagadoebagadoeba
288
basa da moxmarebis struqtur-
aSi. yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,
maT Soris dasaqmebulTa ricx-
ovnebiT, man win gauswro mate-
rialur-nivTobriv warmoebas da
gadaiqca ekonomikis umsxviles
seqtorad. warmoebis procese-
bis avtomatizaciam, energiis axa-
li wyaroebisa da bioteqnolo-
giis gamoyenebam, mikroeleqtro-
nikisa da telekomunikaciuri
teqnikis miRwevaTa aTvisebam
Tvisebrivad axali etapi Seqm-
na ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sa-
warmoo Zalebis arnaxulma prog-
resma gamoiwvia kapitalizmis
transformacia axal sazogado-
ebaSi, Seqmna ganviTarebis Sem-
dgomi, ufro maRali safexuri.
winaindustriuli sazogadoeba
Secvala industriulma, xolo
es ukanaskneli _ postindus-
triulma. ganviTarebul qveyneb-
Si daiwyo maRali masobrivi
moxmarebis xana, rac gamoixa-
ta SemdegSi: a. mkveTrad gaizar-
da im umaRlesi xarisxis saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi
moxmareba, romlebic winaT xel-
misawvdomi iyo mxolod mosax-
leobis Zalze mcire nawilisaT-
vis; b. sagrZnoblad Semcirda
siRaribe; g. mosaxleobis 10%-
ma fufunebis dones miaRwia
(winaT igi xelmisawvdomi iyo
erTeulebisTvis). masobriv mox-
marebaze gadasvlas mohyva prog-
resuli ukuSedegebi qveynis eko-
nomikis ganviTarebaSi.
potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep (potentialGNP, potential output) - - - - - VTG, rom-
lis warmoebac SeiZleba arse-
buli kapitaluri resursebisa
da samuSao Zalis pirobebSi.
potenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebis
moculoba moculoba moculoba moculoba moculoba (potential output) -----firmis, dargis, seqtoris an
mTlianad ekonomikis maqsimalu-
rad SesaZlebeli warmoebis
moculoba, gansazRvruli war-
moebis faqtorebis uzrunvel-
yofiT. sxvaoba potenciur da
faqtobriv warmoebis mocu-
lobebs Soris Warbi simZlav-
reebis tolia.
prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti (presenter)[<laT. praesentans warmomdge-ni] - - - - - Tamasuqis warmomdgeni.
prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia (presentation)[<laT. presentatio] - - - - - 1. firmis,saqonlis da a.S. wardgena misi
gacnobis an reklamis mizniT;
2. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis
wardgena trasatisaTvis, pir-
isTvis, romelic valdebulia
es Tamasuqi gaanaRdos.
preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti (price-----cur-rent) [<frang. prix - - - - - fasi corantmimdinare] - - - - - sxvadasxva saxis
produqtis, saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis fasebis cnobari.
preferencia preferencia preferencia preferencia preferencia (preference)[<laT. praeferre - - - - - upiratesobisminiWeba] - - - - - 1. upiratesoba, SeRa-vaTi, SeRavaTiani sabaJo gada-
potenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri mep
289
saxadebi, dadgenili saxelmwi-
fos mier zogierTi qveynis yve-
la an calkeuli saxis saqonel-
ze, rac sxva qveynebis produ-
qciaze ar vrceldeba; 2. savaW-
ro SeRavaTi, dawesebuli saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze qveynebs Soris vaWro-
bis gafarToebis mizniT.
privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia (privatizati-on) [<laT. privatus - - - - - kerZo] - - - - - sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebis gardaqmna
personificirebul kerZo sakuT-
rebad.
privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia (pre-ference share) - - - - - aqcia garantire-buli fiqsirebuli dividendis
miRebis uflebiT. mis mflo-
bels xmis micemis ufleba ara
aqvs da amdenad, ar monawile-
obs aqcioneruli sazogadoeb-
is marTvaSi.
prprprprprinciinciinciinciincipali pali pali pali pali (principal) [<laT.principalis mTavari] - - - - - 1. mTavari,ZiriTadi mevale valdebule-
baSi; 2. piri, romlis saxeli-
Tac moqmedebs agenti.
prprprprprinciinciinciinciincipi pi pi pi pi - - - - - `vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-
rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ (polluter paysprinciple) - - - - - idea, romlis arsi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom vinc ab-
inZurebs garemos, man unda gada-
ixados am qmedebisaTvis. ro-
gorc ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisa da ganviTarebis orga-
nizaciam ganacxada, am princips
Seesabameba pigus gadasaxadi,
agreTve nebismieri gadasaxadi
an mosakrebeli, romelic astim-
ulirebs garemos dabinZurebis
Semcirebis RonisZiebebs.
prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba (forecast-ing) _ _ _ _ _ mecnierulad dasabuTe-
buli msjeloba, daskvnebi qveynis
momavali ekonomikis an misi
calkeuli sferoebis SesaZle-
beli mdgomareobis, agreTve ama
Tu im donis miRwevis alter-
natiuli gzebis, meTodebisa da
vadebis Sesaxeb.
programuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujeti
(programme budget) _ _ _ _ _ mTavro-bis mier dasaxuli prioritete-
bis misaRwevad gansaxorciele-
beli RonisZiebebis, programeb-
is, mosalodneli Sedegebisa da
Sefasebis indikatorebis er-
Toblioba. sainvesticio xasi-
aTis programuli biujeti kap-kap-kap-kap-kap-
italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.
progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-
di di di di di (progressive tax) - - - - - gadasaxa-di, romlis saSualo ganakveT-
ic izrdeba Semosavlis zr-
dasTan erTad. progresiuli
gadasaxadi SeiZleba arsebob-
des danaxarjebzec, roca sa-
gadasaxado ganakveTi izrdeba
samomxmareblo danaxarjebis
zrdis kvalobaze.
dasavleTis qveynebis sagada-
saxado sistemebis umravlesoba-
Si gadasaxadebi progresiulia.
produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (product) [<laT.
productus warmoebuli] - - - - - Sromismaterialuri (nivTobrivi) an
produqtiproduqtiproduqtiproduqtiproduqti
290
aramaterialuri (mecnieruli
aRmoCena, idea da a.S.) Sedegi.
produqcia produqcia produqcia produqcia produqcia (product) [laT.
productic, producire mzadeba, keTe-ba] - - - - - msoflioSi, qveyanaSi, meur-
neobis dargSi, sawarmoSi, cal-
keuli muSakebis mier drois
gansazRvrul monakveTSi war-
moebuli produqtebis erTob-
lioba.
produqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSveba
(output) - - - - - resursebis dovlaT-
ad gardaqmnis saboloo pro-
cesi. ar aris aucilebeli pro-
duqciis gamoSveba zustad emTx-
veodes sargeblianobis momtan
dovlaTs: produqcia SeiZleba
flobdes nulovan da zogjer
uaryofiT sabazro fassac ki.
ar aris aucilebeli pro-
duqcias hqondes nivTobrivi for-
ma. samedicino da saganmanaT-
leblo momsaxurebac produq-
ciaa. pirveli jandacvis indust-
riis Sedegia, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ ga-
naTlebis sistemis saqmianobisa.
producenti producenti producenti producenti producenti (producer)[<laT. producens (prodocentis)mwarmoebeli] - - - - - mwarmoebeli; ama
Tu im saqonlis mwarmoebeli
qveyana.
prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia (prolonga-tion) [<laT. prologare gagrZele-
ba] - - - - - xelSekrulebis, sesxis,
Tamasuqisa da a.S. moqmedebis
vadis gagrZeleba.
promesa promesa promesa promesa promesa (promise) [<frang.promesse dapireba] - - - - - 1. doku-
menti, romlis Tanaxmadac mo-
mgebiani sesxis, obligaciis an
latariis bileTis mflobeli
(promesis gamyidveli) valde-
bulebas iRebs, garkveul fasSi
dauTmos sxva pirs Tavisi moge-
ba; 2. obligaciis gamyidvelis
valdebuleba, gadacvalos ob-
ligacia sxva obligaciaze misi
tiraJis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi.
prompti prompti prompti prompti prompti (prompt) - - - - - saswra-fod dadebuli Carteri.
proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-
di di di di di (proportional tax) - - - - - gadasaxa-di, romlis saSualo ganakveTi
Semosavlis miuxedavad ucvle-
li rCeba.
proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi (protec-tionism) [frang. protectionnisme<laT. protectio dafarva] - - - - - sax-elmwifos ekonomikuri politi-
ka, romlis mizania erovnuli me-
urneobis dacva ucxouri kon-
kurenciisagan saimporto saqo-
nelze maRali baJis SemoRebiT,
garkveuli saxis saqonlis Semo-
tanis SezRudviT an akrZalviT.
proficiti proficiti proficiti proficiti proficiti (surplus) - - - - - biu-jetis dadebiTi saldo, biuje-
tis Semosavlis gadameteba xar-
jze. proficitis dros mTavro-
ba Warb fulad saxsrebs iyenebs
Tavisi davalianebis dasafaravad.
procenti procenti procenti procenti procenti (interest) [<laT.
procentum yovel asze] - - - - - 1. ricx-vis measedi, aRiniSneba niSniT
-%-%-%-%-%; 2. Semosavali, romelsac
mesakuTre iRebs gadasaxadis
produqciaproduqciaproduqciaproduqciaproduqcia
291
saxiT fizikuri da iuridiuli
pirebisagan Tavis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli obieqtebis gamoyeneb-
isaTvis; 3. sasesxo procenti,
sargebeli, romelsac iRebs
kreditori gacemul sesxze.
procentis procentis procentis procentis procentis (sargeblissargeblissargeblissargeblissargeblis)
ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (interest rate) - - - - - kre-ditis an sasesxo kapitalis
gamoyenebisaTvis dawesebuli ga-
dasaxadis procentuli maCvene-
beli, romelic gamoxatavs gas-
esxebuli fuladi niSnis er-
Teulze SemoRebuli wliuri
gadasaxadis odenobas. mas awes-
rigeben bankebi maT mier war-
moebul operaciebze (mokleva-
diani an grZelvadiani dakred-
iteba, anabrebi da sxv.) dade-
bul sakredito SeTanxmebebSi.
procentuli ganakveTi Sei-
Zleba iyos mcocavi an fiq-
sirebuli mTeli vadis ganmav-
lobaSi. misi sidide, wminda pro-
centis garda, damokidebulia
kreditoris danaxarjebisa da
riskis safasurze. rac ufro sa-
riskod miaCnia kreditors kre-
ditis gacema, miT ufro maRa-
lia procentis norma Tanabar
pirobebSi. procentuli ganakve-
Tis norma mewarmisaTvis infor-
maciis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
igi yalibdeba fulis bazarze.
procentis norma damokide-
bulia: a). fuladi saxsrebis
miwodebis sidideze, anu im
droebiT Tavisufal fulad
procentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri ganakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTi
saxsrebze, romlebic Tavs iyris
fulis bazarze; b). saqonlis
fasebze. rac ufro maRalia
fasebis mosalodneli zrda, miT
ufro maRalia procentis norma.
procentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluri
ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (nominal interest) -----fulis raodenoba, romelic
gadaxdilia sasesxo fuladi
niSnis erTeulze garkveul pe-
riodSi (Tve, weli); procen-
tis ganakveTi, romlis mixed-
viTac dairicxeba aqtivebis no-
minaluri Rirebulebis namati
sadepozito angariSebsa da fa-
sian qaRaldebze; procentis
realuri ganakveTisa da infla-
ciis tempis jami. fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-
eqtis eqtis eqtis eqtis eqtis mixedviT, procentis no-
minaluri ganakveTis dinamika
mTlianad emTxveva inflaciis
mosalodneli tempis dinamikas.
procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-
nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi (real interest rate) - - - - - 1.procentis ganakveTi, romlis
mixedviTac izrdeba aqtivebis
realuri Rirebuleba sadepozi-
to anagriSebsa da fasian qa-
Raldebze garkveul periodSi;
2. procentis minimaluri gana-
kveTi, koreqtirebuli mocemul
periodSi mosalodneli infla-
ciis tempis mixedviT; sxvaoba
procentis nominalur ganakveT-
sa da inflaciis temps Soris.
arsebobs mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli (exante) da faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi (ex post)procentis realuri ganakveTi.
292 Jenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferencia
JJJJJJenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia (Ge-
neva Conference) - - - - - ix. tarife-bisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb gene-
raluri SeTanxmeba.
Jenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundi(Geneva ro-und) - - - - - tarifebisa da vaWro-bis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-
xmebis CarCoebSi savaWro mo-
laparakebebis pirveli (1947)
da meoTxe (1955-1956) raun-
debis farTod gavrcelebuli
saxelwodeba.
Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti (endorsee) [<ital.
girante<girare gadagzavna (Tanx-is)] - - - - - igivea, rac indosanti.
Jirati Jirati Jirati Jirati Jirati (endorser) - - - - - igivea,rac indosati.
Jiro Jiro Jiro Jiro Jiro (endorsement) [<ital.
giro brunva, mimoqceva] - - - - - 1. unaRdoangariSsworebis erT-----erTi for-
ma; 2. igivea, rac indosamenti.
JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba (giroaccount) - - - - - unaRdo angariSs-
woreba, romelsac awarmoeben
bankebi erTi angariSidan meo-
reze Tanxis gadaricxviT. igi
gamoiyeneba agreTve unaRdo an-
gariSsworebis mTeli sistemis
aRsaniSnavad.
JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki (giro cheque) -----Ceki, romelic Seicavs Cekis
mflobelis nebarTvas misi
JiroangariSidan Cekis amRebis
angariSze gansazRvruli Tanxis
gadaricxvis Sesaxeb. JiroCeki
gamoiyeneba mxolod unaRdo
angariSsworebisas erTi bankis
farglebSi, sadac gaxsnilia
orive mxaris JiroangariSi.
Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali (girocen-tral) - - - - - sakredito dawesebule-
ba, romelic komunaluri Sem-
naxveli bankebisTvis centra-
luri bankis funqciebs asru-
lebs. yvelaze farTod gavr-
celebulia germaniaSi.
293
rrrrrra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis (what,
how, for whom) - - - - - ekonomikuri
organizaciis sami ZiriTadi
problema, triada. `ra`ra`ra`ra`ra~ _ _ _ _ _ es
aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra saxis da ra raodenobis
saqoneli an momsaxureba unda
vawarmooT SezRuduli resur-
sebis pirobebSi. `rogor`rogor`rogor`rogor`rogor~ _____
es aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra teqnologiiT vawarmooT
es saqoneli an momsaxureba,
xolo ̀ visTvis`visTvis`visTvis`visTvis`visTvis~ _ _ _ _ _ es aris kiTx-
va imis Sesaxeb, Tu samomxmare-
blo dovlaTi rogor ganaw-
ildes mocemul sazogadoeba-
Si. ix. sabazro ekonomika.
rantie rantie rantie rantie rantie (rentier) (frang. ren-tier) - - - - - piri, romlisTvisac Semo-
savlis wyaroa sesxad gacemu-
li kapitalis procenti (sarge-
beli) an fasiani qaRaldebidan
miRebuli Semosavali.
racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-
nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria (rational expecta-tions theory) - - - - - Teoria, romlis
Tanaxmadac mwarmoeblebi da mo-
mxmareblebi _ _ _ _ _ biznesisa da
hausholdis blokebi arsebu-
li socialur-----ekonomikuri in-
formaciis safuZvelze yvelaze
racionalurad gegmaven Tavi-
anT ekonomikur qcevas. isini
varaudoben, rom fulad-----sakre-
dito da sabiujeto politika
garkveul gavlenas moaxdens
ekonomikaze da, xelmZRvanelo-
ben ra sakuTari gamorCenis
surviliT, iseT RonisZiebebs mi-
marTaven, romlebic am poli-
tikas araefeqtians xdis.
racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-
ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ (ratio-nalistic speculative “bubble”) –aqciis fasis iseTi dinamika,
rodesac finansuri investorebi
gamoxataven mzadyofnas, aqcie-
bSi mis namdvil Rirebulebaze
meti gadaixadon, im molodiniT,
rom ̀ sapnis buSti~ ibereba, ami-
tom aqciebi gaagrZelebs ga-
farToebas, rac investorebs ma-
Ti aqciebis ufro maRal fasad
gayidvis saSualebas miscemda.
sinamdvileSi es aqciebi SeiZle-
ba `cxeli~ (zedmetad Sefase-
buli) gaxdes. aqciebis fasis
aseT gadaxras maTi namdvili Ri-
rebulebidan axireba ewodeba.
realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-
si si si si si (real exchange rate) - - - - - gacvli-
Ti kursi, romelic iTvalis-
winebs ori Sesabamisi qveynis
fasebis doneTa Tanafardobas.
gaiangariSeba nominaluri gacv-
liTi kursis gayofiT Sesadar
qveynebSi fasebis indeqsebis
Tanafardobaze.
realuri realuri realuri realuri realuri mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Sidadadadada
produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (real gross domesticproduct) - - - - - saboloo produqtis
realuri realuri realuri realuri realuri mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Sidadadadada produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti
294
mTliani raodenobis mis mud-
miv (da ara mimdinare) fasebze
namravlTa jami. realuri mTli-
ani Sida produqti gamoSvebis
maCvenebelia. masSi cvlilebe-
bi mxolod saqonlis raodeno-
baSi cvlilebebs asaxavs.
realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali (realincome) - - - - - saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis raodenoba, romlis Se-
Zenac SeuZlia individs, ojaxs
an firmas TavianTi fuladi
SemosavlebiT, an kidev, fula-
di Semosavali, romelic ko-
reqtirebulia fasebis indeqsiT.
realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi (realvariables) - - - - - naturaluri erTe-
ulebiT gazomili sidideebi (ix.
klasikuri dihotomia).
realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi (realwage) - - - - - nominaluri xelfasi,
koreqtirebuli fasebis cvale-
badobis donis mixedviT. gai-
zomeba im saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis RirebulebiT, romel-
Ta SeZena SesaZlebelia am xel-
fasiT.
registri registri registri registri registri (register) [<laT.
registrum> sia, CamonaTvali] - - - - - 1.Canawerebis wigni, saaRricxvo
dokumenti Sesabamisi siiT,
romelsac samarTlebrivi mniS-
vneloba aqvs. mag., komerciuli
registri, romelSic Setanil-
ia yvela komerciuli banki;
kreditorebis registri, romel-
Sic Seitaneba ipoTekuri kre-
ditis kreditorebi; uZravi
qonebis registri, romlis Tanax-
madac ganisazRvreba uZravi
qonebis konkretuli obieqtis
flobis ufleba; fasiani qaRal-
debis registri, romelSic
SeaqvT cnobebi firmis yvela
fasiani qaRaldis Sesaxeb; 2.
specialuri organo, romelic
marTvis specialur dargSi ze-
damxedvelobis funqcias asru-
lebs.
regionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomika
(regional economics) - - - - - ekonomi-kuri analizis nawili, romel-
ic Seiswavlis ekonomikuri saq-
mianobis teritoriul ganlage-
bas da regionebs Soris ekono-
mikuri aqtiurobis doneTa So-
ris gansxvavebas. igi ikvlevs
mikro- - - - - da makroekonomikur
problemebs.
regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-
kis kis kis kis kis farglebSi, rogorc wesi,
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva re-
gionebis SedarebiTi analizi,
xolo TviT regionebi ganixi-
leba rogorc erTgvarovani eko-
nomikuri erTeulebi. regionu-
li makroekonomika moicavs erov-
nuli ekonomikis farglebSi sxva-
dasxva regionTa ekonomikuri
zrdisa da umuSevrobis, war-
moebis faqtorTa moZraobisa da
a.S. problemebs.
regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-
ka ka ka ka ka upiratesad dakavSirebulia
realuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavali
295
konkretul ekonomikur obieq-
tebs Soris urTierTzemoqmede-
bis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan. igi
Seiswavlis adgilmdebareobis
gavlenas ekonomikur saqmianoba-
ze da ar ganixilavs region-
ebs rogorc erTgvarovan erTe-
ulebs. didi da patara qalaqe-
bis Taviseburebebis kvlevisTvis
gamoiyeneba termini _ _ _ _ _ `qalaqe-
bis ekonomika~.
regresi regresi regresi regresi regresi (regress, recourse)[laT. regressus dabruneba, ukansvla] - - - - - 1. ganviTarebis ufro ma-Rali formidan dabalze gada-
svla, ukan svla, cvlileba uare-
sisaken (sapirispiroa -----progre-
si); 2. zaralis anazRaurebis
moTxovna, romelsac erTi piri
warudgens meores.
regresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadi
(regressive tax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, rom-lis saSualo ganakveTic Se-
mosavlis zrdasTan erTad ece-
ma. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis
umravlesoba regresiulia.
reestri reestri reestri reestri reestri (register) (laT.
regictrin) - - - - - ix. kadastri.reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti (reexport) [laT.
reexsportore] - - - - - adre importire-buli saqonlis gatana (gada-
muSavebis gareSe) mesame qveya-
naSi.
revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia (revaluation)[re + <frang. evalastion Sefase-ba] - - - - - sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ valorizacia,
revalorizacia _ _ _ _ _ fulad erTe-
ulSi oqros Semcvelobis an
misi kursis oficialuri gazr-
da sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
vinaidan Tanamedrove piro-
bebSi fuls aRar aqvs oqroSem-
cveloba, amJamad revalvacia
gulisxmobs mxolod fulis
kursis oficialur gazrdas
sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-
darebiT.
saqme isaa, rom iamaikis sa-
valuto sistemis Camoyalibeb-
is (1976) Semdeg, CCA-----is ga-----
dawyvetilebiT, 1978 wels ga-
uqmda oqros pariteti (Tana-
fardoba sxvadasxva qveynis
valutebs Soris oqros won-----
iTi raodenobis, oqros Semcv-----
elobis mixedviT). oqro, rome-----
lic savaluto sistemaSi XXsaukunis 70-----ian wlebamde mni-----
Svnelovan rols asrulebda,
gamoidevna saerTaSoriso anga-----
riSsworebis sferodan. miiRes
gadawyvetileba misi saboloo
demonetizaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari
valutis statusi amerikul
dolars mieniWa. revalvacia gu-
lisxmobs fulis msyidvelo-
biTi unaris amaRlebas garkve-
ul donemde. es done SeiZleba
iyos iseTive, rogoric inflaci-
is dasawyisSi; SeiZleba iyos
ufro maRali, vidre im momen-
tSi, rodesac inflaciam maqsi-
mums miaRwia. amrigad, reval-
revalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvacia
296
vacia qaRaldis fulis infla-
ciamdeli Rirebulebis Tanda-
TanobiTi aRdgenis procesia,
rac faqtobrivad valutis
kursis amaRlebas niSnavs. mag.,
1961 wels moxda dasavleT-
germanuli markis revalvacia.
misi oqroSemcveloba gaizar-
da 0,211588-----dan 0,222168 gram
wminda oqromde, ris Sedegad
aSS-----is dolaris mimarT am fu-
lis kursi, nacvlad 4,2 markisa,
gaxda 4 marka.
revalvacia ekonomikis reg-
ulirebis erT-----erTi saSuale-
baa, Tumca, saerTaSoriso sava-
luto praqtikaSi igi iSviaT
movlenas warmoadgens. es imiT
aixsneba, rom qveyana, romelic
valutis revalvacias axor-
cielebs, sxva qveynebTan Sedar-
ebiT, araxelsayrel mdgomare-
obaSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs sa-
gareo vaWrobis, ucxouri kap-
italis mizidvisa da saerTa-
Soriso turizmis sferoSi. es
gamoixateba SemdegSi: 1. reval-
vacia mocemuli qveynis valu-
tis kursis aweviT sxva sax-
elmwifoebis valutebTan Seda-
rebiT iwvevs ucxour valutaSi
saeqsporto saqonlis fasebis
zrdas, riTac amcirebs qveynis
konkurentunarianobas msoflio
bazarze, aferxebs saqonlis
eqsports. rac Seexeba saqon-
lis imports, revalvacia, piri-
qiT, amcirebs masze sakuTar
valutaSi gamoxatul fasebs,
riTac zrdis moTxovnas im-
portul saqonelze da, saer-
Tod, imports; 2. mocemuli qvey-
nis revalvirebul valutasa da
sxva qveynebis valutebs Soris
warmoqmnili axali savaluto
pariteti araxelsayrels xdis
ucxouri kapitalis dabandebas
am qveyanaSi, vinaidan valuteb-
is gacvlisas maTi mflobele-
bi adgilobrivi valutiT nak-
leb Tanxas iReben. meore mxriv,
qveynebisTvis, romlebmac Tavi-
anTi valutis revalvacia moax-
dines, kapitalis eqsporti uf-
ro xelsayrelia, vinaidan iqm-
neba ucxouri valutis Sedare-
biT iafad yidvis SesaZleblo-
ba; 3. revalvacia amcirebs qvey-
nis Semosavals saerTaSoriso
turizmis sferoSi, vinaidan
ucxoel turistebs am qveyana-
Si mogzauroba Zviri ujdebaT,
da piriqiT, stimuls aZlevs
adgilobriv turistebs sazR-
vargareT mogzaurobisTvis, rad-
gan maTTvis ucxouri valuta
iafi xdeba.
revalvacia inflaciis wina-
aRmdeg brZolis erT-----erTi sa-
Sualebaa. ucxouri valutis mo-
Zalebis SezRudviT igi garkve-
ulwilad xels uwyobs mimo-
qcevaSi fuladi masis zrdis
SeCerebas da amis safuZvelze
revalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvacia
297
fasebis matebis Senelebas. fase-
bis zrdas aferxebs agreTve
revalvaciis Sedegad importze
gaweuli xarjebis Semcireba.
sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ devalvacia.
reversi reversi reversi reversi reversi (reversion) - - - - - qone-bis dabruneba Tavdapirveli
mflobelisaTvis.
revizia revizia revizia revizia revizia (revision, audit) -----rwmunebuli saxelmwifo or-
ganos mier sawarmos, dawese-
bulebis an Tanamdebobis pire-
bis sameurneo-----safinanso saqmi-
anobis Semowmeba muSaobaSi na-
klovanebebis gamovlenisa da da-
Zlevis mizniT, agreTve maTi mo-
qmedebis kanonierebisaTvis.
revokacia revokacia revokacia revokacia revokacia (revocation) -----Cekis gamcemis winadadeba gace-
muli Cekis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.
rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti (resident) [laT.
residens (residents) mjdomare] -----iuridiuli an fizikuri piri,
romelic registrirebulia an
xangrZlivad (1 welze met
xans) cxovrobs mocemul qvey-
anaSi. rezidentze srulad vr-
celdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli sa-
gadasaxado da sakanonmdeblo
reJimi.
reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma (raider firm)– firma, romelsac aqvs Sesa-
Zlebloba iyidos sxva kompa-
nia; reideri firma STanTqavs
sxva kompaniebs.
reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika (Reaganom-ics) - - - - - neoklasikuri Teoriebis,
pirvel yovlisa, miwodebis
Teoriisa da monetarizmis Zir-
iTadi debulebebis asaxva aSS-----
is prezident reiganis adminis-
traciis (1981-----1988) ekonomi-
kur politikaSi. reiganomika
moicavs ekonomikuri politikis
Semdeg ZiriTad mimarTulebebs:
1. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis zrdis SeCerebas saxel-
mwifo xarjebis Semcirebis
safuZvelze; 2. saxelmwifo so-
cialuri xarjebis gazrdas; 3.
kerZo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo
regulirebis masStabis mniS-
vnelovan Semcirebas; 4. admin-
istraciis mier sarezervo sis-
temis waxalisebas fuladi ma-
sis zrdis tempis im doneze
SesanarCuneblad, romelic sak-
marisi iqneboda ekonomikuri
zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis; 5.
piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxa-
disa da korporaciebis moge-
baze gadasaxadis mkveTr Sem-
cirebas.
reimporti reimporti reimporti reimporti reimporti (reimport) [laT.
reimportate] - - - - - sazRvargareTidansamamulo warmoebis saqonlis
(gausaReblis, dawunebulis da
a.S., droebiT gatanilis, magal-
iTad, gamofenaze) ukan Semot-
ana.
rekambio rekambio rekambio rekambio rekambio (renewed bill) [ital.
recambio SebrunebiTi Tamasuqi]----- sxvagvarad retrata _ _ _ _ _ 1. Tama-
suqis moTxovna valdebuli piris
rekambiorekambiorekambiorekambiorekambio
298
mimarT, romelsac waradgens
gaprotestebuli Tamasuqis gam-
naRdebeli gadaxdili Tanxis,
procentis, sauravis (jarimis)
da gaprotestebasTan dakavSire-
buli xarjebis anazRaurebis
mizniT; 2. bankis angariSi inka-
sod miRebuli Tamasuqis gapro-
testebasTan dakavSirebuli xar-
jebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.
reketi reketi reketi reketi reketi (racketeering) - - - - - me-warmeebisagan fulis ukanono
gamoZalva SantaJis gziT.
rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti (requisite) [<laT.
requisitum saWiro, aucilebeli] -----dokumentebisaTvis kanoniT dad-
genili savaldebulo monaceme-
bi. Tu rekvizits Tundac erTi
monacemi aklia, mis mflobels
ufleba ara aqvs, daniSnulebi-
samebr gamoiyenos igi.
reklama reklama reklama reklama reklama (advertising) - - - - - in-formaciis wyaro potenciuri mo-
mxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomi
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-
bisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. igi
zrdis sabazro informaciis na-
kadebs da xels uwyobs konku-
renciis ganviTarebas. reklama
firmis saqmianobis erT-----erTi
formaa, romelic mimarTulia
produqciis gayidvis moculo-
bis gadidebisaken. misi ZiriTadi
mizania momxmarebelTa raode-
nobis gadideba da amiT konkuren-
tebTan upiratesobis mopoveba
(romlebic upiratesobas miani-
Weben am firmis produqcias mis
konkurentebTan SedarebiT). Tan-
amedrove ekonomikur liter-
aturaSi reklamas ganixilaven
rogorc kapitaldabandebas. re-
klamis aqtivebi Sedis firmis
aranivTobrivi aqtivebis Rire-
bulebaSi.
rekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa da
ganganganganganviTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-
so banki so banki so banki so banki so banki (International Bank forReconstruction and Development-----IBRD) - - - - - saerTaSoriso finansuri-----sakredito instituti, romlis
Stab-----bina vaSingtonSia. daars-
da 1945 wels saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondTan erTad da
gaeros breton-----vudsis konfer-
enciis gadawyvetilebiT (romel-
ic Catarda 1944 wlis ivlis-
Si). araoficialurad msoflio
bankad wodebul organizacias
1947 wels mieniWa gaeros spe-
cialuri organos statusi.
Tavdapirvelad banki dakave-
buli iyo kapitaluri resurse-
bis TavmoyriTa da ganawilebiT
omisSemdgomi evropis aRsadgenad.
aRdgenis evropuli programis
mTavari amocana iyo ganviTareb-
is monawile qveynebisaTvis Se-
RavaTiani sesxebis gacema 5 wlis
vadiTa da 15 wlis an meti xniT
dafarvis pirobiT. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi erT-----erTi mTavari
amocanaa ̀ mesame samyaros~ qveyne-
bis ganviTarebis dakrediteba.
reketireketireketireketireketi
299
bankis saqmianoba finansde-
ba monawile qveynebis Senataneb-
is xarjze (am qveynebis raode-
noba 1990 wels 153 iyo, amJa-
mad 185-----ia). banki agreTve ax-
orcielebs da koordinacias uw-
evs teqnikuri daxmarebis mrava-
li saxis programas. amasTan,
igi TanamSromlobs ganviTare-
bis problemebiT dakavebul sx-
vadasxva saerTaSoriso da re-
gionul organizaciebTan, xe-
lmZRvanelobs ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis institutebs, monaw-
ile qveynebis im samTavrobo
Cinovnikebis momzadebis saswav-
lo dawesebulebebs, romlebic
uSualod monawileoben ganvi-
Tarebis programebis Sefasebasa
da SesworebaSi. sesxebis gace-
masa da teqnikur daxmarebaSi
bankis saqmianobas avsebs kidev
sami organizaciis monawileo-
ba, esenia: saerTaSoriso finan-
suri korporacia, ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso asociacia, mra-
valmxrivi investirebis garan-
tiis saagento, romlebic, Sesa-
bamisad, Seiqmnen 1956, 1960 da
1988 wlebSi.
remarka remarka remarka remarka remarka (remark) [frang.remarque] - - - - - SeniSvna, minawerian aRniSvna savaWro wignSi, an-
gariSSi da sxv.
remisia remisia remisia remisia remisia (remission) [<laT.
Semcireba] - - - - - komerciuli fas-
Camokleba angariSis mixedviT
gadasaxdeli Tanxis damrgva-
lebis mizniT.
remitenti remitenti remitenti remitenti remitenti (remitter) [<laT.
remittens (remittentis) gamgzavni]- - - - - fulis mimRebi gadasapirebe-
li TamasuqiT, e.i. piri, romel-
sac uxdian TamasuqSi aRniS-
nul Tanxas. remitenti SeiZle-
ba iyos rogorc mesame piri,
ise trasanti.
renovacia renovacia renovacia renovacia renovacia (renovation, re-newal) - - - - - fizikuri da moralu-
ri cveTis Sedegad warmoebidan
gamosuli manqana-----mowyobilobe-
bis, instrumentebis saamorti-
zacio anaricxebis xarjze Secv-
lis procesi.
renta renta renta renta renta (rent) [<laT. redditadabrunebuli] - - - - - 1. regularu-
li Semosavali kapitalidan,
qonebidan an miwis nakveTidan,
romelic ar ukavSirdeba misi
mimRebis samewarmeo saqmianobas;
2. yovelwliuri Tanxa, romel-
sac sadazRvevo kompania uxdis
dazRveuls.
rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma (ope-rating ratio, profitability) - - - - - danaxar-jebis efeqtianobis erT-----erTi
ZiriTadi maCvenebeli. gaianga-
riSeba mogebis SefardebiT
warmoebrivi ZiriTadi kapital-
isa da normirebuli sabrunavi
saSualebebis jamTan.
rentingi rentingi rentingi rentingi rentingi (renting) - - - - - man-
qanebisa da mowyobilobebis mok-
levadiani arenda, arendatoris
rentingirentingirentingirentingirentingi
300
mier maTi Semdgomi gamosyid-
vis uflebis gareSe. arendis
gadasaxadi rentingis mixedviT
ufro maRalia, vidre finana-
suri lizingisa.
reparacia reparacia reparacia reparacia reparacia (reparation) [<laT.
reparatio aRdgena] - - - - - damarcxe-
buli saxelmwifos mier omiT
miyenebuli zaralis anazRau-
reba im saxelmwifosaTvis,
romelmac ganicada Tavdasxma.
reporti reporti reporti reporti reporti (contango; over-spot) - - - - - spekulaciuri sabirJo
garigeba fasiani qaRaldebis
bazarze. iTvaliswinebs fasi-----
ani qaRaldebis kursis amaR-
lebas sakurso sxvaobis miRe-
bis mizniT.
reprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizacia (pre-priva-tization) – adre kerZo sakuTreba-Si arsebuli, Semdgom nacionali-
zebuli qonebis kvlav yofil
mesakuTreze kerZo sakuTreba-
Si dabruneba.
restanti restanti restanti restanti restanti (rest) – 1. balan-
sis Sedgenis Semdeg darCenili
firmis vali. 2. gauyidavi saqon-
lis naSTi.
restitucia restitucia restitucia restitucia restitucia (restitution) –1. qonebis dabruneba, romelic
aramarTlzomierad iyo mita-
cebuli da gatanili meomari
saxelmwifos mier mowinaaRm-
degis teritoriaze. 2. garige-
bis damdebi mxareebis mier xel-
SekrulebiT miRebuli fulisa
da saqonlis urTierT dabruneba
im SemTxvevaSi, roca garigeba
miCneulia baTilad. Tu saqon-
lis dabruneba naturaluri
saxiT SeuZlebelia, maSin misi
dabruneba fuladi saxiT xor-
cieldeba. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom
garigebis kanonierebis darRveva-
Si damnaSave erT-erTi mxarea,
restitucia calmxrivi xdeba,
e.i. saxsrebis dabrunebas mx-
olod damnaSave mxare axor-
cielebs.
restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia (restriction) [laT.restrictio SezRudva] - - - - - 1. monop-oliebis mier saqonlis war-
moebis, gayidvisa da eqsportis
SezRudva fasebis xelovnurad
gazrdis mizniT; 2. centraluri
bankis mier komerciul banke-
bze gasacemi kreditebis Sez-
Rudva, rac iwvevs samrewvelo
da savaWro sawarmoebis kred-
itebis saerTo Semcirebas, war-
moebis Sekvecas an misi zrdis
tempebis dacemas.
restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia (res-truqturing) – kontrolirebadi
programa, Sedgenili sawarmos
xelmZRvanelobis mier, romel-
ic mniSvnelovnad cvlis sawar-
mos saqmianobis sferos, an
saqmianobis warmarTvis xerx-
ebs. restruqturizaciis ma-
galiTebia aseve: saqmianobis
nawilis gayidva an Sewyveta;
saqmianobis daxurva romelime
qveyanaSi an regionSi; saqmi-
reperaciareperaciareperaciareperaciareperacia
301
anobis gadatana erTi qveynidan
an regionidan meore qveyanaSi
an regionSi; menejmentis stru-
qturis cvlileba; fundamen-
turi reorganizacia, romelic
arsebiT gavlenas moaxdens
sawarmos saqmianobis xasiaTsa
da mimarTulebaze. bolo xanebSi
es termini gamoiyeneba valebTan
mimarTebaSi _ valebis restru-
qturizacia, rac niSnavs axa-
li pirobebisa da vadebis gan-
sazRvras valis dafarvasTan mi-
marTebaSi.
resursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvis
mmmmmodeli odeli odeli odeli odeli (The circular - - - - - flow mo-del) - - - - - ekonomikis vizualuri mo-
deli, makroekonomikuri wre-
brunvis modeli, romelic
gviCvenebs, rogor moZraobs re-
sursebis nakadi Sinameurneobeb-
sa da firmebs Soris sxvadasxva
bazris (resursebis, saqonlis,
momsaxurebis) gavliT. sxvag-
varad, mas saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-
bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-
dis modelsdis modelsdis modelsdis modelsdis models uwodeben.
retrata retrata retrata retrata retrata (renewed bill) (ital.ritratta) - - - - - igivea, rac rekambio.
refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia (discount) [frang.refoction] - - - - - fasis an wonis dak-leba saqonelze, romlis xaris-
xic xelSekrulebiT gaTvalis-
winebulze dabalia (ix. boni-
fikacia).
referendumi referendumi referendumi referendumi referendumi (referendum)[<laT. referendum is, rac unda
Seatyobinon] - - - - - saerTo-----saxalxo
kenWisyra saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis mqone ama Tu im
sakiTxze.
referencia referencia referencia referencia referencia (reference) [<laT.referre vacnobeb] - - - - - daxasiaTeba,romelsac saqmian wreebSi ndo-
biT aRWurvili organizacia,
banki, aqcioneruli sazogadoe-
ba da a.S. aZlevs fizikur an
iuridiul pirs. masSi aRniS-
nulia im piris Tvisebebi da
kreditunarianoba, visac daxa-
siaTeba eZleva.
refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba (refinanc-ing) - - - - - Zveli grZelvadiani valis
dafarva axali grZelvadiani
sesxis daxmarebiT. vTqvaT, ko-
mpanias sami weli darCa xuTi
wliT aRebuli 50 aTasi dola-
ri kreditis (wliurad Tana-
bari gadaxdis pirobiT) dasa-
faravad. darCenili 30 aTasi
dolari man SeiZleba dafaros
axali xuTwliani obligacieb-
is gamoSvebis gziT.
recepisa recepisa recepisa recepisa recepisa (receipt) [laT.
recepisse<recipore miReba] - - - - - wi-naswari sazRvao xelwerili
(ix. konosamenti) saqonlis mi-
Rebis Sesaxeb.
recesia recesia recesia recesia recesia (recession) [laT.
recessus ukan daxeva] - - - - - ekonomikiszomieri dacema (uaryofiTi
zrda) an ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis Seneleba. aisaxeba so-
cialuri Semosavlis Semcire-
recesiarecesiarecesiarecesiarecesia
302
basa da umuSevrobis donis amaR-
lebaSi.
rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti (com-pound, complex interest) - - - - - procen-tul Semosavalze daricxuli
procenti. am SemTxvevaSi pro-
centis ganakveTi gaiangariSeba
im Tanxidan, romelic moicav-
da adre daricxul procents.
mag., Tu investiciebma Seadgina
1, xolo procentis ganakveTi
r-is tolia, maSin erTi wlis gas-
vlis Semdeg Tanxa iqneba(1 x r).Tu miRebuli procenti amogebu-
li iqneba, maSin darCeba 1, rome-
lic Semdeg wels isev moitans
r procents, magram Tu darCeba(1 + r), maSin es Tanxa momdevnowels moitans (1 + r) x r pro-cents. meore wlis bolos
Tanxa iqneba (1 + r)+(1 + r) x r.rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid (1772-----1823)
(Ricardo David) - - - - - ingliseli eko-
nomisti, romelmac novatoru-
li wvlili Seitana ekonomikis
ara erTi sferos kvlevaSi.
rikardos mTavari da cnobili
naSromia ̀ politikuri ekonomi-
isa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~
(1817), sadac man sxva sakiTxeb-
Tan erTad, absoluturi upira-
tesobis Teoriis ganviTarebis
safuZvelze, daamuSava Sefar-
debiTi upiratesobis Teoria.
rikardom 14 wlisam daiw-
yo muSaoba safondo birJaze
jer brokerad, xolo Semdeg
maklerad. 42 wlis asakSi man
didi simdidre daagrova, ra-
mac saSualeba misca mietove-
bina am sferoSi saqmianoba da
Tavisi SesaZleblobebi moesin-
ja literaturaSi, gansakuTre-
biT ki, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi.
ekonomikuri mecnierebisad-
mi rikardos interesis ga-
ZlierebaSi udidesi roli Sea-
srula a. smiTis naSromma _____
`gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris
bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~.
rikardos pirveli naSromi iyo
1809 wels gamoqveynebuli saga-
zeTo statia, romelic safuZ-
vlad daedo mis pirvel did
traqtats _ _ _ _ _ `oqros zodebis
maRali fasi~ (1810). am naSrom-
Si rikardo amtkicebda, rom mim-
dinare inflacia gamowveulia
fuladi masis SezRudviT da
`inglisis bankis~ warumateblo-
bis Sedegia.
rikardos didi wvlili
miuZRvis SromiTi Rirebuleb-
is Teoriis SeqmnaSi. Semdeg es
Teoria ganaviTara k. marqsma.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rikardo
xedavda siZneleebs SromiTi
danaxarjebiT Rirebulebis (fa-
seulobis) axsnaSi, igi eyrd-
noboda Sexedulebas, rom Sroma
xarjebisa da fasebis mTavari
Semadgenelia.
mecnierTa erTi nawili upi-
rispirdeba rikardos SromiTi
rTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procenti
303
Rirebulebis Teorias da mas
empiriul Teoriad miiCnevs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom d. rikar-
dos `politikuri ekonomiisa
da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ in-
glisuridan qarTul enaze 1937
wels Targmna laipcigis uni-
versitetis kursdamTavrebul-
ma, cnobilma qarTvelma ekono-
mistma, profesorma fili pe
gogiCaiSvilma (rusul enaze
iTargmna mxolod oTxi wlis
Semdeg _ _ _ _ _ 1941 wels).
rikardorikardorikardorikardorikardo-----baros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teorema
(Ricardo-Barro proposition) - - - - - Teo-rema, romlis mixedviT, ekonomi-
kur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedebas
ar axdens arc biujetis defi-
citi da arc saxelmwifo vali.
es mosazreba cnobilia agreTve
rikardos ekvivalenturobis
saxelwodebiT.
robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan (1903-1983)
(Robinson Joan) – britaneli
ekonomisti, postkeinzianuri
periodis gavleniani Teoreti-
kosi, kembrijis universitetis
profesori (1931-1971), kembri-
jis skolis erT-erTi Tvalsa-
Cino warmomadgeneli. naSromiT
`arasrulyofili konkurenciis
ekonomikuri Teoria~ (1933)
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
srulyofili konkurenciis
koncefciaze agebuli faseulo-
bis Teoriis kritikasa da aras-
rulyofili konkurenciis Teo-
riaSi (misgan damoukideblad
msgavsi Teoria SeimuSava e.
Cemberlinma). robinsoni ganic-
dida k. marqsisa da j. keinzis
naSromebis gavlenas, akritikeb-
da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Caurevlobis (Laissez-Faire) Teo-rias, zRvrul sargeblianobaze
dafuZnebul Semosavlebis ga-
nawilebis neoklasikur Teor-
ias. mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ekonomikuri zrdis
TeoriaSi.
j. robinsonis naSromebidan
aRsaniSnavia: ̀ narkvevi marqsis-
tuli ekonomikuri Teoriis Se-
saxeb~ (1942), ̀ ekonomikuri fi-
losofia~ (1962), ̀ ekonomikuri
zrdis Teoriis narkvevebi~
(1963), `ekonomikuri mecniere-
ba CixSi~ (1966), `Tavisufle-
ba da movaleoba~ (1970), ̀ eko-
nomikuri eresi~ (abdaubda _
r.a.) (1971) da a.S.
rodi rodi rodi rodi rodi (rod) - - - - - sigrZis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi; 1 rodi udris 51/2 iardsanu 5,0292 metrs.
roialti roialti roialti roialti roialti (royalties) - - - - - sali-
cenzio gasamrjelo periodu-
li gadaricxvis formiT li-
cenzirebuli teqnologiiT
damzadebuli produqciis gay-
idviT miRebuli Tanxidan.
roloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli krediti
(roll-over credit) - - - - - iTvaliswinebs
procentis (sargeblis) ganakve-
roloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli krediti
304
Tis periodul gadasinjvas. sax-
elSekrulebo vada iyofa mok-
le periodebad (3-----6 Tved),
xolo mtkice procentuli
ganakveTi dgindeba mxolod
pirvel etapze. yovel momdevno
etapze xdeba misi koreqtire-
ba fasebis, procentis ganakve-
Tisa da valutis kursis cv-
lilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
roloveruli krediti Tavidan
acilebs sabazro risks rogorc
kreditors, ise msesxebels.
`romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ (“Club ofRome”) -----saerTaSoriso arasam-Tavrobo organizacia. daars-
da 1968 wels romSi. civili-
zebuli samyaros ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove tendenciebis sa-
fuZvelze igi ikvlevs sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis global-
ur perspeqtivebs. ̀ romis klub-
Si~ gaerTianebuli arian mec-
nierebi, sazogadoebrivi da
politikuri moRvaweebi, klubis
damfinansebeli korporaciebi
da fondebis xelmZRvanelebi.
misi kvlevis mTavari mimarTule-
baa kacobriobis ganviTarebis
prognozi erTi saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi.
rudi rudi rudi rudi rudi (rood) - - - - - farTobis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi. 1r. udris 42 kv. rods anu
1011,71 m22222-s.
ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti (Roosa ef-fect) - - - - - termini, romelic adre
gamoiyeneboda im movlenis asax-
snelad, rasac amJamad uwode-
ben `gayinvis~ efeqts. saxel-
wodeba warmodgeba amerikeli
bankirisa da ekonomistis rob-
ert v. ruzis gvarisgan, romel-
mac pirvelma miuTiTa am efeq-
tis mniSvnelobaze.
ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia (ruraliza-tion) - - - - - urbanizaciis sapirispiroprocesi, rodesac xdeba mosax-
leobis gadanacvleba qalaqidan
soflad. Tanamedrove pirobeb-
Si damaxasiaTebelia ganviTare-
buli qveynebisaTvis (aSS, in-
glisi, safrangeTi da a.S.).
rutinarutinarutinarutinarutina (routines) – firma-Si Camoyalibebuli qcevis wesebi
da xerxebi, kvlavwarmoebis ma-
regulirebeli stereotipi, nek-
roekonomikis arsebobis mTavari
faqtori, romelic sawarmoebs
arsebuli ekonomikis reJimSi
muSaobas aiZulebs. amis gamo
maTi sawyobebi konkurentuun-
aro produqciiTaa gadavsebuli,
xolo saxelmwifo biujeti da
rigi sawarmoebisa urTierT-
davalebebis CaxlarTul qsel-
Sia gaxveuli.
aseT pirobebSi valebis Camo-
weris arsebuli meqanizmi is dam-
kvidrebuli rutinaa, romelic
periodulad vlindeba postko-
munistur qveynebSi ̀ sagadasaxa-
do amnistiis~ sxvadasxva for-
miT.
`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~
305sabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasi
ssssssaarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi (sub-
sistence level) - - - - - fuladi saxs-
rebis minimumi, rac aucilebe-
lia adamianis qmedunarianobis
SenarCunebisa da samuSao Za-
lis aRdgenisaTvis. igi sakma-
risi unda iyos muSakisa da
misi ojaxis wevrebis sazoga-
doebrivad aucilebeli moTx-
ovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis sawarmoo Zalebis gan-
viTarebis donis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT. saarsebo minimumi gamo-
xatavs sazogadoebrivad auci-
lebeli cxovrebis donis qve-
da zRvars. sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis mocemul pirobebSi
misi gansazRvris meTodika ef-
uZneba minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujetis (saarsebo minimu-
mis biujetis) Seqmnas, romelic
garkveuli sididis ojaxis an
erTi muSakis Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis balanss warmoadgens
(ix. samomxmareblo kalaTa).
saamortizasaamortizasaamortizasaamortizasaamortizaWBo anari-o anari-o anari-o anari-o anari-
cxebicxebicxebicxebicxebi (capital allowances) - - - - - Ziri-Tadi kapitalis cveTis kvalo-
baze misi Rirebulebis mza pro-
duqciaze gadatanis Sedegad
warmoebis danaxarjebSi Sesu-
li anaricxebi, romelic, am pro-
duqciis realizaciis Semdeg,
sxva danaxarjebTan erTad, ub-
rundeba sawarmos ZiriTadi ka-
pitalis fizikuri aRdgeni-
saTvis.
sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti (basis po-int) - - - - - procentis measedi nawi-li; maCvenebeli, gamoyenebuli
procentul ganakveTebSi sxvao-
bis, fasiani qaRaldebiT miRe-
buli Semosavlebis cvlilebe-
bisa da a.S. daxasiaTebisTvis.
sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso (amosavaliamosavaliamosavaliamosavaliamosavali) fa-fa-fa-fa-fa-
sisisisisi (base price) - - - - - 1. fasi, romelic
gamoiyeneba bazisad ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis gaangariSebisas
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. sa-
fuZvlad udevs saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi (saeqsporto da saim-
porto) fasebis gansazRvras
mTel saqonelsa da mis calke-
ul jgufebze; 2. nawarmis fasi
garkveuli fiqsirebuli parame-
trebiT, romelic gamoiyeneba
nimuSad mocemuli produqci-
is sagareo vaWrobis fasis gan-
sazRvrisas; 3. msoflio sasa-
qonlo bazris fasi, romelic
amosavalia sakontraqto fase-
bis gansazRvraSi. mxareebi iT-
valiswineben agreTve sabaziso
xarisxidan dasaSveb gadaxrebs
da amitom aTanxmeben ara mxo-
lod sabaziso fasis sidides,
aramed fasze wanamatisa da fas-
daklebis odenobas xarisxis
amaRlebis an dacemis SemTxve-
vaSi, Sesabamisad wodebuls boni-
fikaciad da refaqciad.
306
sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika (mar-ket economy) - - - - - kapitalizmis
transformaciis, misi evolu-
ciuri ganviTarebis gziT war-
moqmnili Tvisebrivad axali
ekonomikuri sistema, romelic
myarad damkvidrda ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi gasuli sauku-
nis 60-----iani wlebidan. mis war-
moSobas safuZveli Cauyara
`keinzianurma revoluciam~,
rogorc 30-----iani wlebis Rrma
ekonomikuri krizisiT (`didi
depresiis~) wamoWrili mZime
socialur-----ekonomikuri prob-
lemebis Taviseburma gamoZax-
ilma da XX saukunis Sua xaneb-Si dawyebulma mecnierul-----te-
qnikurma revoluciam, romel-
sac Tan axlda momsaxurebis
mwarmoebeli dargebis swrafi
ganviTareba.
sxva ekonomikuri sisteme-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, sabazro
ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi
Taviseburebaa sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmi anu sakuTrebis mra-
valformianoba, TiToeuli for-
mis Tanabari uflebiT.
sabazro ekonomika sabazro
meqanizmiT regulirebuli eko-
nomikuri urTierTobebis erTob-
liobaa, sadac sameurneo saqmi-
anobis koordinacia da misi mar-
Tva xorcieldeba konkurenci-
is pirobebSi bazrebis siste-
mis meSveobiT. aseTi tipis eko-
nomika TviTon adgens, sazoga-
doebam ra ra ra ra ra unda awarmoos (am
sakiTxs momxmareblebi wyveten
TavianTi gadaxdisunariani
moTxovnilebis mixedviT),
rogor rogor rogor rogor rogor unda awarmoos (amas
gansazRvraven mwarmoeblebi ma-
Rali Semosavlis miRebis mcde-
lobiT) da visTvis visTvis visTvis visTvis visTvis unda awar-
moos (es sakiTxi imaT sasarge-
blod wydeba, visac meti Semo-
savali aqvs). saboloo anga-
riSiT, sazogadoeba aRwevs ar-
sebuli resursebis efeqtian
gamoyenebas, SesaZlebeli xdeba
warmoebis optimaluri stru-
qturuli proporciebisa da
moculobis dadgena, yalibdeba
iseTi warmoebis wesi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs danaxarjebis
minimizaciasa da mogebis maq-
simizacias. amitom saxelmwi-
fos monawileoba ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi Zalze SezRudu-
lia. amasTan, sabazro ekonomi-
ka ̀ wminda~ saxiT, sadac avto-
maturad xdeba ZiriTadi ekono-
mikuri problemebis efeqtiani
gadawyveta, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar
arsebobs.
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
qcevis zemoT ganxiluli mod-
eli sabazro ekonomikis Tavise-
buri abstraqtuli modelia,
romlis warmodgenac mxolod
Teoriulad SeiZleba. am mo-
dels uaxlovdeba mxolod Ta-
sabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomika
307
visufali konkurenciis ekono-
mika, sadac saxelmwifos roli
dayvanilia TiTqmis mxolod
kerZo sakuTrebis dacvasa da
iseTi samarTlebrivi struq-
turebis Seqmnamde, romlebic
Tavisufali bazrebis funqcion-
irebas uzrunvelyofen. realur
sabazro ekonomikaSi, bunebriv-
ia, gvxvdeba gadaxrebi idealuri
modelidan, kerZod, es gadaxrebi
aisaxeba: 1. sxvadasxva monopo-
liebis warmoqmnasa da funq-
cionirebaSi, romlebic faswar-
moqmnis deformacias iwveven da
aferxeben konkurenciis monaw-
ileTa Tavisufal SeRwevas ba-
zarze; 2. kapitalisa da Sromi-
Ti resursebis Tavisufali gada-
adgilebis SeferxebaSi; 3. in-
flaciaSi, romelic iwvevs sa-
bazro meqanizmis moqmedebis da-
maxinjebas; 4. ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis ciklurobaSi; 5. Se-
fardebiT WarbwarmoebaSi; 6. umu-
SevrobaSi, romelic aRemateba
bunebriv dones; 7. bazris ko-
niunqturis gansazRvrisas daS-
vebul SecdomebSi, romelTa
erT-----erTi mizezi sruli da
utyuari informaciis arqonaa
da a.S. garda amisa, sazoga-
doebaSi arsebobs bevri mwvave
problema, romelTa gadaWra
bazars ar SeuZlia. esenia: so-
cialuri problemebis (ganaTle-
ba, janmrTelobis dacva, kul-
tura, umuSevarTa Senaxva, xe-
lmokleTa daxmareba da sxv.)
kompleqsi, bunebis dacva, fun-
damenturi mecnierebis ganvi-
Tareba da a.S. amitom sameur-
neo cxovrebis koordinaciisa
da marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba ara
mxolod bazris meqanizmi, ara-
med saxelmwifo regulirebac
iseTi berketebis meSveobiT,
rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da
samTavrobo xarjebi, fulad-----
sakredito politika, Semosav-
lebis regulireba, socialuri,
antimonopoliuri da sagareo-----
ekonomikuri politika. ekono-
mikuri cxovrebis stabiluro-
bis uzrunvelyofaSi saxelm-
wifos farTod monawileobis
magaliTad SeiZleba davasax-
eloT SvedeTi, sadac mTavroba
energiulad axorcielebs Se-
mosavlebis gadanawilebas (da-
begvris done mep-----is 50%-----s
Seadgens) da atarebs aqtiur
socialur politikas; iaponia,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
saerTo-----saxelmwifoebrivi in-
dikaturi dagegmvis ganviTare-
buli sistema; ̀ axalindustri-
uli qveynebis~ ekonomika (ker-
Zod, samxreT koreis ekonomikur
zrdaze mniSvnelovani zemo-
qmedeba moaxdina mTavrobis mier
momzadebulma sameurneo gan-
viTarebis xuTwlianma indika-
turma gegmebma) da sxv., mag-
sabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomika
308
ram saxelmwifos monawileoba
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Sesa-
Zlebelia mxolod garkveul
sazRvramde, romlis iqiTac
ekonomikaSi arsebobas wyvets
sabazro meqanizmi. saxelmwifo,
gadasaxadebis saSualebiT, pro-
centis ganakveTiT, saxelmwifo
xarjebiT, SeRavaTebiTa da a.S.
mxolod institutebisa da in-
dividuumebis ekonomikuri qce-
vis wesebs adgens, magram maT
saqmianobaSi TviTon ar ereva,
ar angrevs sabazro meqanizms,
piriqiT, mas aZlevs SesaZle-
blobas, gansazRvros fasebi,
resursebis gamoyenebis mima-
rTulebebi. amrigad, ekonomikas
`sabazro~ SeiZleba vuwodoT,
Tu sabazro meqanizmis yvela
rgoli muSaobs.
sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-
rarararara (market infrastructure) - - - - - saxel-
mwifo da komerciuli sawar-
moebis, dawesebulebebisa da or-
ganizaciebis erToblioba, rome-
lic uzrunvelyofs saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, kapitalis, samu-
Sao Zalisa da a.S. bazrebis nor-
malur funqcionirebas. am ba-
zrebis momsaxurebis formebi
sxvadasxvagvaria.
saqonlis bazris infrast-
ruqturaSi Sedis sabiTumo da
sacalo vaWrobis mTeli qse-
li _ _ _ _ _ maRaziebi, univermaRebi,
universamebi da a.S., agreTve, au-
qcionebi, bazrobebi, komerciu-
li saSuamavlo centrebi da
saqonlis birJebi, specialuri
saxelmwifo organoebi: antimo-
nopoliuri komiteti, fasebis
kontrolis inspeqcia, sakon-
traqto sistemis dawesebule-
bebi da sxv. sagareo vaWrobas
aqvs Tavisi infrastruqtura,
romelSic Sedis komerciuli
centrebi, savaWro-----samrewvelo
palatebi, sagamofeno pavilion-
ebi, savaWro saxlebi da a.S.
kapitalis bazris infras-
truqtura moicavs mTel sa-
banko sistemas, maT Soris, ko-
merciul bankebs, safondo bir-
Jebs, valutis birJebs, sabro-
kero da sadazRvevo kompaniebs,
holdingebs da a.S. masSi Sedis
agreTve saauditoro firmebi,
romlebic komerciul sawyise-
bze axorcieleben sxvadasxva
safinanso-----sakredito momsaxure-
bas, rigi saxelmwifo organoe-
bisa: fasian qaRaldebze kon-
trolis inspeqcia, saxelmwifo
qonebis fondi da sxv.
Sromis bazari aseve moiTx-
ovs Sesabamis infrastruqtu-
ras, romelSic Sedis Sromis
birJebi, samuSao Zalaze moTx-
ovna-----miwodebis Seswavlis, ka-
drebis gadamzadebis, migraci-
is regulirebisa da sxva sax-
elmwifo sistemebi.
sabazro infrastruqtur-
is zogierTi rgolis daniS-
nulebaa ara calkeuli bazre-
sabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqturarararara
309
bis, aramed mTeli sabazro meur-
neobis momsaxureba. esaa: gamy-
idvelTa da myidvelTa iurid-
iuli momsaxureba, satranspor-
to-----sasawyobo sistema, sainfor-
macio da sareklamo momsaxu-
reba da a.S.
sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba (mar-ket service) - - - - - momsaxureba, rome-lic iyideba sabazro fasiT da
erTeuli momsaxurebis mwarmo-
ebeli resursebi (50 procen-
ti da meti) iqmneba momsaxu-
rebis realizaciiT miRebuli
amonagebidan.
gaeros erovnuli angariSe-
bis sistemis klasifikaciis
mixedviT, sabazro momsaxure-
bas miekuTvneba: narCenebis (jar-
Tis, makulaturis, Cvrebis da
a.S.) utilizaciasTan dakav-
Sirebuli momsaxureba; avto-
mobilebis, motociklebis, say-
ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da
piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
remontTan dakavSirebuli mom-
saxureba; sabiTumo da saca-
lo vaWrobis, komerciuli Sua-
mavlobis, sabinao meurneobisa
da sazogadoebrivi kvebis sawar-
moebis, sarkinigzo transpor-
tisa da Tanmxlebi momsaxure-
ba, saqalaqo transportis
(metros, tramvais xazebisa da
regularuli saavtobuso mi-
mosvlis CaTvliT), saqalaqTa-
Soriso samgzavro da satvir-
To saavtomobilo transpor-
tis, milsadeni transportis,
sxva saxis saxmeleTo trans-
portis (funikuliori, sabagi-
ro gza), wylis transportis,
sazRvao da sahaero transpor-
tis, damxmare satransporto,
satransporto saagentoebisa da
satransporto Suamavlebis
momsaxureba; sasawyobo momsax-
ureba; kavSirgabmulobis, safi-
nanso, sadazRvevo dawesebule-
bebis momsaxureba (savaldebu-
lo socialuri dazRvevis gar-
da); sawarmoebisaTvis gaweu-
li saqmiani momsaxureba (sa-
finanso da sadazRvevo agen-
tebis, iuristebis, konsultan-
tebis momsaxureba gadasaxade-
bisa da marTvis sferoSi, sarek-
lamo momsaxureba, monacemebis
damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
momsaxureba; moZravi qonebis
arendasTan dakavSirebuli mom-
saxureba; sabazro momsaxure-
ba ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli
kvlevis sferoSi (umaRlesi
saswavleblebi, zogadsagan-
manaTleblo skolebi, profesi-
ul-----teqnikuri saswavleblebi,
skolamdeli dawesebulebebi,
samecniero-----kvleviTi dawese-
bulebebi); sabazro momsaxureba
janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-
Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,
sanatoriumebi, samedicino per-
sonalis kerZo praqtika); sa-
sabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxureba
310
bazro momsaxureba dasvenebi-
sa da kulturis sferoSi, pi-
radi momsaxureba xelovnebis,
literaturisa da a.S. sfero-
Si; nagvis gatanasTan, sanitar-
iasa da dalagebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli sabazro momsaxure-
ba; turistuli bazebis, pro-
fesiuli, komerciuli da same-
warmeo gaerTianebebis momsaxu-
reba; samrecxaoebis, qimwmendis,
saparikmaxeroebis, silamazis
salonebis, fotostudiebis da
sxva piradi momsaxureba; saqor-
wino da damkrZalavi saagentoe-
bis momsaxureba, mkiTxaoba da a.S.
sabazro momsaxureba dam-
axasiaTebelia materialuri
momsaxurebisaTvis, Tumca, naw-
ilobriv, aramaterialurSic
gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac ara-
sabazro momsaxureba niSan-
doblivia ZiriTadad aramate-
rialuri momsaxurebisaTvis.
sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi (market price)- - - - - fasi, romelic yalibdeba ba-
zarze moTxovnisa da miwodeb-
is gavleniT da gasayidi saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) erTeulze
subieqturi sargeblianobis
mixedviT. masSi, garda warmoe-
bis danaxarjebisa da mogebisa,
Sedis arapirdapiri gadasaxa-
debi da wvrilmani gasamrje-
lo. sabazro fasi is faqto-
brivi fasia, romelsac myidvele-
bi ixdian saqonlis (momsax-
urebis) SesaZenad.
sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi (ba-lance account) - - - - - buRaltruli
aRricxvis angariSi, romlis
maCveneblebi aisaxeba buRal-
trul balansSi, Tumca, es ar
niSnavs imas, rom sabalanso
muxlebis saxelwodeba unda
Seesabamebodes balansis mux-
lebis saxelwodebas. erTi sa-
balanso angariSis monacemebi
SeiZleba aisaxos balansis ram-
denime muxlSi.
sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba (balan-ce profit) - - - - - sawarmos mogebis mTli-
ani Tanxa, miRebuli warmoebrivi
saqmianobis yvela saxidan da
asaxuli mis balansSi.
sabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebuleba
(bookvalue) - - - - - aqtivebis Rirebu-leba, romelic Setanilia ko-
mpaniis sabuRaltro wignSi
(Cveulebriv amortizaciis gamo-
qviTviT).
sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti (bank-er’s acceptance) - - - - - msxvili banke-
bis mier aqceptirebuli gada-
sapirebeli Tamasuqi. Tamasu-
qis aqceptirebisaTvis banki
iRebs sakomisios.
sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti (bankcredit) - - - - - bankis mier akumulire-
buli Tavisufali fuladi sax-
srebisa da sakuTari kapitalis
gacema klientebze droebiTi
sargeblobisaTvis. xorcield-
eba sesxis gacemis, bankis mier
sabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasi
311
klientis Tamasuqis diskon-
tirebis, Tamasuqis Rirebuleb-
is klientis angariSsworebis
angariSze moTavsebisa Tu sxva
formiT. sagareo vaWrobaSi
sabanko kreditis formebia:
forfeitingi, aqcepturi kred-
iti, aqceptur-----rambusnuli kred-
iti da sxv.
sabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri sax-----
srebi srebi srebi srebi srebi (bank liquidity resources)- - - - - Sedgeba naRdi fulis, mok-
iTxvamde anabrebis angariSebze
arsebuli naSTis, sxvadasxva
moklevadiani (erT Tvemde)
depozitebis, kerZo da saxelm-
wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, ko-
merciuli Tamasuqisa da bank-
is sxva advilad realizebadi
saxsrebisagan.
sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi (bankreserves) - - - - - sabanko Senatanebisis nawili, romelsac banki ina-
xavs naRdi fulis saxiT, agreT-
ve centralur bankSi Setanili
uprocento depozitebi.
sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi (bank loan) -----bankis fuladi saxsrebi, gace-
muli kreditis saxiT procen-
tis gadaxdis wesiT. ganasx-
vaveben mokle-, saSualo- da
grZelvadian sesxebs.
sabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobis
sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo (Customs Cooperative Con-sil) - - - - - Seiqmna 1950 wels saba-
Jo saqmianobis srulyofis
mizniT. Tavdapirvelad sabWo
funqcionirebda rogorc sakon-
sultacio organo. amasTan, igi
qmnida sabaJo TanamSromlobis
proeqtebs, Sesabamis organiza-
ciebs awvdida informacias sa-
baJo procedurebis Sesaxeb da
axorcielebda zedamxedvelo-
bas saerTaSoriso normebis
dacvis mizniT. garda amisa,
sabWo, romelic 1985 wels ukve
aerTianebda 85 qveyanas, teqni-
kur daxmarebas uwevda im gan-
viTarebad qveynebs, romlebic
cdilobdnen TavianTi sabaJo
tarifebis sistema gardaeqmnaT
briuselis satarifo klasi-
fikaciis Sesabamisad.
sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri (CustomsUnion) - - - - - qveynebis jgufi, ro-melTa SigniT likvidirebulia
sabaJo SezRudvebi. es qveynebi
atareben SeTanxmebul sagareo
savaWro politikas sxva qvey-
nebTan da adgenen saerTo sa-
gareo sabaJo tarifs importze,
Tumca, satarifo ganakveTi sxva-
dasxva saqonelze SeiZleba gan-
sxvavebuli iyos.
sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba (wholesale trade) - - - - - Sida vaWrobis for-ma, romelic gulisxmobs mwar-
moebeli sawarmoebis mier sa-
momxmareblo saqonlis didi
partiebiT gayidvas sacalo
vaWrobis sawarmoebze, an war-
moebis saSualebebis nawilis
miyidvas am produqciis momx-
sabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWroba
312
marebeli sawarmoebisaTvis.
sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi (whole-sale price) - - - - - fasi, romliTac sa-
kuTrebis nebismieri formis
mqone sawarmo an gamsaRebeli
organizacia Tavisi produqci-
is realizacias axdens msxvili
partiebiT, biTumad gasayidi sa-
qonlis fasi. Cveulebriv, fasi
saqonlis did partiebze Seda-
rebiT naklebia, vidre mcireze
da sagrZnoblad dabalia saca-
lo fasze. ganasxvaveben sawar-
mos sabiTumo fassa da mrewv-
elobis sabiTumo fass.
sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli (com-modity exchange, commodity mar-ket) - - - - - masobrivi warmoebis stan-dartuli da erTsaxovani saqo-
neli, romlis realizaciac SeiZ-
leba didi partiebiT nimuSebis
an teqnikuri dokumentebis mi-
xedviT. sabirJo saqonelia: xor-
bali, simindi, Svria, zeTisxilis
zogierTi produqti, feradi li-
Toni (spilenZi, alumini da sxv.),
samasale merqnis zogierTi sa-
xeoba, energomatareblebis naw-
ili (navTobi, saTbobi, mazuTi,
gazi propani da a.S.), bamba, Sa-
qari, kakao, cocxali da daklu-
li rqosani pirutyvi da sxv.
sabiujetosabiujetosabiujetosabiujetosabiujeto-----sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-
dododododo politika politika politika politika politika (fiscal policy) - - - - - sa-xelmwifo xarjebis, sagadasaxa-
do ganakveTisa da saxelmwifo
sesxebis donis regulirebis
politika ekonomikuri aqti-
urobis saerTo doneze zemo-
qmedebis mizniT.
sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-
mi mi mi mi mi (budget federalism) - - - - - centr-sa da regionebs Soris sabiu-
jeto mowyobis forma, ara mx-
olod finansuri resursebis,
aramed sagadasaxado uflebam-
osilebisa da sabiujeto poli-
tikisadmi politikuri pasux-
ismgeblobis ganawileba. sabi-
ujeto federalizmi aris da-
begvrisa da saxelmwifo xar-
jebis sistema, romelic gulisx-
mobs Semosavlebis miRebasa da
xarjebis marTvaSi garkveuli
uflebebis micemas saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva do-
neebisTvis _ _ _ _ _ centraluri, re-
gionuli da adgilobrivi or-
ganoebisTvis. sabiujeto fed-
eralizmi asaxavs qveynis fin-
ansuri sistemis funqcionire-
bis wess.
sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-
mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi (budget feder-alism models) - - - - - arsebobs decen-tralizebuli da kooperaciu-
li modelebi. decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-
buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSnebia: 1. xelisuflebis
saxelmwifo organoebis sami
mTavari funqciidan _ _ _ _ _ stabili-
zaciuri, distribuciuli da
alokaciuri funqciebidan _____
pirveli oris mikuTvneba xeli-
sabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasi
313
suflebis centraluri organo-
ebisaTvis, xolo mesamis _ _ _ _ _ xe-
lisuflebis samive dones So-
ris ganawileba; 2. xelisufle-
bis sxvadasxva doneTa Soris
sagadasaxado uflebamosilebis
dayofa zemoaRniSnuli fun-
qciebis ganawilebis Sesabami-
sad. kooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modelis
ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. regionu-
li xelisuflebis SedarebiT
farTo monawileoba erovnuli
Semosavlis gadanawilebasa da
makroekonomikur stabilizacia-
Si; 2. regionuli xelisufleb-
is rolis amaRleba sagadasaxa-
do Semosavlebis gadanawilebis
sistemaSi; 3. horizontaluri
sabiujeto gamoTanabrebis aq-
tiuri politikis gatareba,
centris pasuxismgeblobis am-
aRleba regionebis saxelmwifo
dafinansebis, teritoriebis
socialur-----ekonomikuri ganvi-
TarebisaTvis, rac ganapirobebs
centris mxridan kontrolis
gaZlierebasa da regionuli xe-
lisuflebis damoukideblobis
garkveul SezRudvas.
sablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamenti
(endorsement) - - - - - gadacemis aRm-niSvneli warwera beneficiaris
saxelis miuTiTeblad.
saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba (finalconsumption) - - - - - saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis saboloo gamoyenebis
procesi.
saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti (end-product) - - - - - saboloo gamoyenebi-
saTvis da ara Semdgomi gada-
muSavebisaTvis warmoebuli
produqti.
sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma (bro-kerage firm) - - - - - saSuamavlo fir-
ma, romelic specializebulia
saSuamavlo sabirJo operacie-
bze.
sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali (cur-rent capital) - - - - - kapitalis is nawi-
li, romelic warmoebas emsax-
ureba erTi ciklis manZilze
da misi Rirebuleba mTlianad
gadadis mza produqciis Rire-
bulebaSi.
sagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTi
(tax rate) - - - - - Semosavlebis, samom-
xmareblo xarjebis an mogebis
procentuli wili, romelsac
saxelmwifos uxdis yvela iu-
ridiuli da fizikuri piri, Tuki
maT qveynis kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisi dabegvra exebaT.
sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-
li li li li li (tax proceeds, tax income) -----Semosavali, romelic miiReba da-
matebuli Rirebulebis gadax-
didan, aqcizidan, mogebis gada-
saxadidan da a.S., romelzec
dawesebulia sagadasaxado ka-
nonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebu-
li garkveuli sagadasaxado
ganakveTi.
sagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansi
(balance of payments) - - - - - qveynis
sagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansi
314
transaqciebi danarCen msof-
liosTan, romelic moicavs
rogorc rogorc savaWro, ise
finansur nakadebs, dajamebuli
angariSebis saxiT. statisti-
kuri angariSi, romelic gamox-
atavs Tanafardobas qveynis
mier sazRvargareTidan miRebul
fulad Semosavlebsa da sxva
qveynebisaTvis gadaxdil gada-
saxdelebs Soris drois garkve-
ul monakveTSi. masSi asaxulia
ekonomikuri operaciebis erTob-
lioba erovnul ekonomikasa da
danarCen samyaros Soris.
arsebobs aqtiuri da pasi-
uri sagadasaxdelo balansebi.
termini _ _ _ _ _ sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva mniS-
vnelobiT. maT Soris yvelaze
gavrcelebulia `sabazro saga-
dasaxdelo balansi~ da `saan-
gariSsworebo sagadasaxdelo
balansi~. pirveli termini ga-
moxatavs mimdinare Tanafar-
dobas gadasaxdelebis or na-
kads Soris _ _ _ _ _ qveyanaSi Semo-
sul da misgan gasul nakadebs
Soris. meore termini _ _ _ _ _ saanga-
riSsworebo sagadasaxdelo ba-
lansi _ _ _ _ _ statistikuri anga-
riSia. igi aRricxavs ekonomi-
kuri operaciebis erTobliobas
erovnul ekonomikasa da dan-
arCen samyaros Soris drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlo-
baSi, anu asaxavs saqonlis, mom-
saxurebis, finansuri aqtivebi-
sa da valdebulebebis nakadeb-
is moZraobas erovnul ekonomi-
kasa da sazRvargareTs Soris.
sagadasaxdelo balansi are-
gistrirebs operaciebs qveynis
rezidentebsa da arareziden-
tebs Soris. struqturulad
igi Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi an-
gariSisagan. esenia: mimdinare an-
gariSi, kapitalis angariSi da
finansuri angariSi.
mimdinare angariSi moicavs
savaWro balanss, Semosavlis ba-
lanssa da mimdinare transfe-
rebs.
kapitalisa da finansuri
angariSi moicavs: kapitalur
transferebs, pirdapir investi-
ciebs, portfelis investicieb-
sa da sxva investiciebs.
monacemebi sagadasaxdelo
balansis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs sa-
Sualebas warmodgena viqoni-
oT qveynis ekonomikis mdgo-
mareobaze, vinaidan isini asax-
aven qveynis finansur mdgomar-
eobas saerTaSoriso bazarze.
dadebiTi sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi metyvelebs imaze, rom
garkveuli drois periodSi
qveynis ekonomikaSi Semodis
imaze meti fuli, vidre gadis
imave periodSi.
sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis
aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo (trade surplus)- - - - - 1. rezidentebsa da ararezi-
sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri ...............
315
dentebs Soris mimdinare op-
eraciebis, kerZod, realuri
ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-
lis saldo. igi gviCvenebs Tu
ramdenad meti realuri ekono-
mikuri faseulobebi warudgines
rezidentebma ararezidentebs;
2. eqsportis gadameteba impor-
tze.
sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-
sississississis pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo (savaW-savaW-savaW-savaW-savaW-
ro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficiti )
(trade deficit) - - - - - 1. gviCvenebs re-----zidentebsa da ararezidentebs
Soris mimdinare periodSi
ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-
lis saldos, kerZod, Tu ramde-
nad meti realuri ekonomikuri
faseulobebi warudgines ara-
rezidentebma rezidentebs; 2.
importis gadameteba eqsportze.
sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali (externaldebt) - - - - - mocemuli qveynis mier
saerTaSoriso safinanso or-
ganizaciebidan, ucxouri qvey-
nebis mTavrobebisgan da komer-
ciuli daproeqtebis insti-
tutebidan miRebuli ucxour
valutaSi denominirebuli aq-
tivebi, romlebic am qveyanas
aZlevs investirebisa da mox-
marebis imaze met SesaZleblo-
bas, vidre misi ekonomika qmnis.
nebismieri qveynisTvis sagareo
valis mozidva Semdegi ori
faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: 1. ra
raodenobis ucxouri kapitalis
aTviseba SeuZlia qveyanas; 2.
ra raodenobis valis momsax-
ureba SeuZlia qveyanas riskis
gareSe. sagareo valis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis, oqros rezervis
garda, gamoiyeneba Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi maCveneblebi: 1. sagareo va-
lis Sefardeba VIG-----Tan; 2. saga-
reo valis Sefardeba eqsport-
Tan; 3. sagareo valis momsaxu-
rebisTvis gadasaxdelebis saer-
To Tanxis Sefardeba eqsport-
Tan da saxelmwifos Semosav-
lebTan: 4. saprocento Tanxis
Sefardeba eqsportTan; 5. saga-
reo sesxebis wili biujetis
deficitis dafinansebaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, arsebobs Sesabamisi
kriteriumebi, romelTac unda
Seesabamebodes sagareo valis
parametrebi.
sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba (foreigntrade) - - - - - saxelmwifos social-
ur-----ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTarebis donis mniSvnelo-
vani indikatori, saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
erT-----erTi ZiriTadi forma.
moicavs saqonlis eqsportsa da
imports.
sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-
si si si si si (balance of foreign trade) -----qveynis sagadasaxdelo balan-
sis nawili, romelSic asaxulia
saqonlis sazRvargareT gata-
nasa Tu SemotanasTan dakav-
Sirebuli operaciebi, anu `xi-
sagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansisisisisi
316
luli~ eqsporti da importi.
sagareo vaWrobis balansi ̀ ux-
ilavi~ operaciebis angariSTan
(momsaxurebis eqsporti da im-
porti) erTad qmnis mimdinare
operaciebis balanss.
sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-
mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti (economic ef-fect of foreign trade) - - - - - sxvaoba im-portis misaRebad gamiznuli
produqciis samamulo warmoe-
bisa da saeqsporto saqonlis
warmoebis danaxarjebs Soris.
sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-
tika tika tika tika tika (foreign trade policy) - - - - - qve-yanaSi miRebuli sagareo vaWro-
bis regulirebis wesi. saxelm-
wifo politika, romelic ze-
gavlenas axdens sagareo vaWro-
baze gadasaxadebiT, subsidie-
biT, eqsportisa da importis
SezRudvebiTa da a.S. misi erT-----
erTi ukiduresi SemTxvevaa
Tavisufali vaWrobis politi-
ka, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ avtarkiis
politika. am ukidures SemTxve-
vebs Soris arsebobs sxvadasxva
xarisxis proteqcionizmi, rome-
lic realizdeba tarifebis,
kvotebis, savaluto kontroli-
sa da a.S. meSveobiT.
sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli (mor-tgage) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldis nair-
saxeoba, romelsac uSvebs i po-
Tekuri banki grZelvadiani sesx-
is gasacemad uZravi qonebis
dagiravebis safuZvelze.
sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania (in-surace company) - - - - - organizacia,romelic eweva momsaxurebas
dazRvevis sferoSi da gamo-
dis Tavisi klientebis qonebi-
sa da sicocxlis damzRvevis
rolSi. sadazRvevo kompania
Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebule-
bas, sxvadasxva gauTvaliswine-
beli viTarebisas anu sadazRve-
vo SemTxvevisas aunazRauros
klientebs zarali. sakuTrebis
formis mixedviT, sadazRvevo
kompania SeiZleba iyos saxelm-
wifo, saxelmwifo-----komerciuli,
aqcioneruli, kooperaciuli da
kerZo. sabazro sistemaSi am
kompaniebis sxvadasxva varian-
tis Tanaarseboba warmoqmnis
sadazRvevo bazars, sadac yal-
ibdeba konkurencia sadazRve-
vo kompaniebs Soris. saxelm-
wifo, rogorc wesi, wamyvan
rols asrulebs savaldebulo
dazRvevis momsaxurebis bazarze,
romelic moicavs moxucebulo-
bis (sapensio uzrunvelyofa),
invalidobis, avadmyofobis,
umuSevrobis da a.S. dazRve-
vas. amasTan, bolo xans SeimC-
neva kerZo sadazRvevo kompanie-
bis aqtiuri SeWra savaldebu-
lo dazRvevis momsaxurebis ba-
zarze. isini Cveulebriv upi-
ratesobas aniWeben nebayoflo-
biT sadazRvevo momsaxurebas.
vinaidan dasavleTSi sadazRvevo
sagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonomikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqti
317
momsaxurebaze arsebobs myari
da maRali moTxovna rogorc
kompaniebis, ise mosaxleobis
mxridan, sadazRvevo biznesi
kapitalis dabandebis Zalze
momgebiani formaa. sadazRvevo
kompaniebis Semosavali iqmneba
rogorc sadazRvevo gadasax-
delebis Tanxidan, ise sadazRve-
vo polisebis gayidviT. mTlian
Semosavals gamoklebuli sadaz-
Rvevo anazRaureba, sadazRvevo
agentebisa da brokerebis sa-
komisio gasamrjelo da sxva
xarjebi Seadgens kompaniis
mogebas. sadazRvevo kompanieb-
is droebiT Tavisufali fu-
ladi saxsrebi investirdeba
kerZo kompaniebis aqciebsa da
obligaciebSi, daideba de-
pozitze komerciul bankebSi.
sadazRvevo kompaniebis umrav-
lesobis saqmianobis ZiriTadi
saxea komerciuli riskis, sax-
eldobr, sakredito riskis
dazRveva. moTxovna momsaxure-
bis am saxeze ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom bankebi uars amboben
kreditebis gacemaze sadazRvevo
kompaniebis garantiis gareSe:
krediti gaicema sadazRvevo
polisis giraos an mzRvevelis
sagarantio werilis safuZ-
velze. sadazRvevo kompania
iRebs valdebulebas, gadauxde-
lobis SemTxvevaSi vali Tvi-
Ton aanazRauros. am gziT banki
Tavs izRvevs sakredito risk-
isagan da Tavisufldeba kli-
entis gadaxdisunarianobis do-
nis dazustebisagan. piradi
dazRvevis sferoSi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formebia samed-
icino dazRveva, sicocxlis
progresuli dazRveva, inflaci-
isagan anabrebis dacvis siste-
mebi da sxv.
sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-
kati kati kati kati kati (depositary certificate) -----fulad-----sakredito regulire-
bis axali instrumenti, erovnu-
li valutiT denominirebuli
fasiani qaRaldi, romelsac
aramaterializebuli forma
aqvs da fasiani qaRaldebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela funqci-
iTaa aRWurvili. Tavisi likvi-
duri xasiaTidan gamomdinare,
fasiani qaRaldis es axali
saxeoba bazris kontrahentebs
gacilebiT met SesaZleblobebs
sTavazobs TavianTi saxsrebis
uriskod dabandebis Tval-
sazrisiT. sadepozito serti-
fikati mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs qveyanaSi fulis ba-
zris ganviTarebisaTvis, vinaidan
komerciul bankebs eZlevaT
SesaZlebloba meorad bazarze
ivaWron am instrumentiT.
saqarTvelos erovnulma
bankma, `holandiuri daavadeb-
is~ Semdgomi gamwvavebis risk-
is Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Sem-
sadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikati
318
oiRo sadepozito sertifikate-
bi. maTi gamoSveba emsaxureba
Warbi fulis sterilizaciasa
da ucxouri kapitalis nakade-
bis uaryofiTi efeqtebis gan-
muxtvas.
saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki (bank ofissue) - - - - - saxelmwifo sakredi-
to dawesebuleba, centraluri
banki, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs
sabanko bileTebis (banknotebis)
gamoSvebis, fulis mimoqcevis,
kreditis, savaluto kursis
regulirebisa da kontrolis,
oficialuri oqros savaluto
rezervis dacvis monopoliuri
ufleba.
saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-
sworebissworebissworebissworebissworebis banki banki banki banki banki (Bank for Inter-national Settlements - - - - - BIS) - - - - - cen-traluri bankebis saerTaSo-
riso savaluto-----sakredito or-
ganizacia. daarsda 1830 wels
q. bazelSi (Sveicaria).
saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-
mikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebB (in-ternational economic relations) -----sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris Camo-
yalibebuli ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebi saerTaSoriso vaWro-
bis, saerTaSoriso savaluto,
sakredito da a.S. sferoebSi.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWroba
(international trade) - - - - - saqonliTa
da momsaxurebiT vaWroba qvey-
nebs Soris. saerTaSoriso anu
sagareo vaWroba, saSinao vaWro-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, gulisx-
mobs sxvadasxva valutis gamoy-
enebas da regulirdeba tarife-
bis, kvotebis da savaluto kon-
trolis meSveobiT.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ar-
sebobas ganapirobebs qveynebs
Soris xarjebSi gansxvaveba da
gansazRvruli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis ararseboba zogi-
erT qveyanaSi. SefardebiTi upi-
ratesobis Teoriidan gamomdi-
nare, zog SemTxvevaSi es gan-
sxvaveba aris ara absoluturi,
aramed SefardebiTi upirate-
sobis gamomxatveli.
saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-
ti ti ti ti ti (international credit) - - - - - kredi-ti, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva-
dasxva qveynis firmebsa da sax-
elmwifoebs Soris sakredito
urTierTobebSi. arsebobs ko-
merciuli, sabaJo da saxelm-
wifo kreditis saxiT.
saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-
to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi (ssfssfssfssfssf) (internationalmonetary fund) - - - - - Seiqmna 1945
wels breton-----vudsSi, savalu-
to-----safinanso sakiTxebisadmi
miZRvnil gaeros konferenciaze
miRebuli SeTanxmebis (1944)
ratifikaciis Sedegad. fondi
gaxda gaeros specialuri or-
gano. misi Tavdapirveli amocana
iyo valutebis kursebis saer-
TaSoriso sistemis regulire-
ba, mogvianebiT ki man moaxdina
saemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio banki
319
Tavisi saqmianobis modificir-
eba. CCA-----is ZiriTadi amocanebia:
saerTaSoriso savaluto Tan-
amSromlobis stimulireba, saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobis balansire-
buli ganviTarebisaTvis xelSew-
yoba, monawile qveynebisadmi
daxmareba maTi sagadasaxdelo
balansis deficitis koreqtire-
basa da valutis kursis sta-
bilizaciis miRwevaSi.
fondis mier Seqmnili bre-
ton-----vudsis saerTaSoriso sava-
luto sistema eyrdnoboda
valutis fiqsirebuli kursis
politikas, savaluto SezRud-
vebis akrZalvas, valutebis kon-
vertirebadobisa da saerTaSo-
riso gadasaxadebis mravalmx-
rivi sistemis ganviTarebas. va-
lutebis kursi eyrdnoboda pa-
ritetul sistemas, romelic mo-
nawile qveynebisgan moiTxovda
maTi valutebis kursis meryeo-
bis SezRudvas plus-----minus er-
Ti procentis farglebSi (gamo-
xatuli dolarebSi). misi uSu-
alo konvertireba xdeboda
oqroSi fiqsirebuli kursiT.
aSS-----is mier 1971 wels miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebis kvalda-
kval _ _ _ _ _ SeeCerebinaT dolaris
konvertirebadoba oqroSi, aTi
qveynis (aSS, kanada, didi brit-
aneTi, safrangeTi, iaponia, gfr,
belgia, italia, SvedeTi, nider-
landi, agreTve Sveicaria (fon-
dis asocirebuli wevri) mTav-
robebma amave wels miiRes ̀ smiT-
sonovis SeTanxmeba~, romelic
iTvaliswinebda dolaris aT-
procentian devalvacias, yve-
la valutis kursis gadasin-
jvas da maTi meryeobis ufro
farTo sazRvrebis dadgenas.
1973 wels dolaris Semdgomi
devalvaciis Semdeg regulire-
badi paritetis sistemaze uari
Tqves agreTve evropuli gaer-
Tianebis qveynebma da SemoiRes
TavianTi valutebis mcuravi
kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi.
breton-----vudsis sistemis krizi-
sis kvaldakval, 1972 wels
ssfssfssfssfssf-----ma mis mier Camoyalibebul
saerTaSoriso savaluto siste-
mis reformis komitetSi Seimu-
Sava rekomendaciebis kompleq-
si, romelic miiRes 1976 wels
iamaikis SeTanxmebis farglebSi.
fondi Tavis saqmianobas
afinansebs monawile qveynebis
Senatanebisa da sesxebis safuZ-
velze. Senatanebis sidide,
gacemuli nasesxobis special-
uri wesis mixedviT, ganisazR-
vreba TiToeuli monawile qvey-
nis kvotebis damdgeni sistemiT.
es ukanaskneli eyrdnoba moce-
muli qveynis erovnul Semosa-
vals, savaluto rezervebsa da
sxva ekonomikur indikatorebs.
monawile qveynebis kvotebi, ro-
melic sistematurad gadais-
saerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savaluto fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi (((((ssfssfssfssfssf)))))
320
injeba da icvleba, gansazRvravs
agreTve mocemuli qveynis sesx-
ebis aRebis uflebas rogorc
regularul, ise specialur kre-
ditebze.
kreditebis gacemasTan er-
Tad CCA-----is meore mniSvnelo-
vani amocanaa valutis kurse-
bis sferoSi monawile qveyneb-
is politikisTvis Tvalyuris
devneba msoflio doneze Tan-
mimdevruli makroekonomikuri
politikis SenarCunebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-
delo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistema (international pay-ment system) – zogadi terminiim meTodebisa, romelTa saSu-
alebiT xorcieldeba saerTa-
Soriso finansuri operaciebi
sxvadasxva qveynis rezident-
ebs Soris sxvadasxva erovnul
valutaSi. moicavs savaluto
kontrolsa da saerTaSoriso
likvidurobasTan dakavSirebul
problemebs.
saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-
ri korporaciari korporaciari korporaciari korporaciari korporacia (InternationalFinance Corporation) - - - - - Seiqmna
1956 wels msoflio bankis ope-
raciebis mxardasaWerad. gas-
cems kredits ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebis kerZo samewarmeo struq-
turebze, upirveles yovlisa,
mrewvelobaSi.
`saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ (Com-mon Market) - - - - - evrokavSiris wi-namorbedi; daarsda 1957 wels
saerTo (evropuli) bazris sax-
elwodebiT safrangeTis, bel-
giis, gfr-----is, italiis, luqsem-
burgisa da niderlandis mTav-
robebis mier xelmowerili ro-
mis xelSekrulebis safuZvel-
ze. iTvaliswinebda sabaJo kav-
Siris Seqmnas, kapitalisa da
samuSao Zalis Tavisufal gada-
adgilebas, saerTo sasoflo-----
sameurneo da satransporto
politikis SemuSavebas. 1973
wels daemata dania, irlandia
da didi britaneTi, 1982 wels
_ _ _ _ _ saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels
_ _ _ _ _ portugalia da espaneTi.
1967 wels saerTo bazari Seer-
wya naxSirisa da foladis ev-
ropul gaerTianebebs (EASC)da atomuri energiis sferoSi
evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC)struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec
Camoyalibda evropuli gaerTi-
aneba, xolo 1993 wlis bolos
evrogaerTianebam miiRo evrokav-
Siris saxelwodeba.
saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti (ex-port credit) - - - - - krediti, romelic
gaicema sazRvargareTis qvey-
nebis iuridiul an fizikur pi-
rebze saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis eqsportis dafinansebis
mizniT.
saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi (ex-port lease) - - - - - manqanebis, mowyobi-lobebisa da sxva qonebis aren-
da, gacemuli ucxoel iuridi-
saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistema
321
ul an fizikur pirebze.
savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-
bis norma bis norma bis norma bis norma bis norma (srnsrnsrnsrnsrn) (norm of oblig-atory reserves) - - - - - fuladi Tanxa,
romlis sesxad gacemis ufle-
bac komerciul bankebs ara aqvT
da romelic TavianT angariSze
unda iqonion centralur bankSi.
inflaciur situaciaSi, rode-
sac aucilebelia mimoqcevaSi
fuladi masis zrdis Seneleba,
centraluri banki amaRlebs
srnsrnsrnsrnsrn-----s; rodesac aucilebelia
mimoqcevaSi fulis raodeno-
bis gazrda, centraluri banki
dabla swevs srnsrnsrnsrnsrn-----s da amis
safuZvelze SesaZleblobas
aZlevs komerciul bankebs, Ta-
vianTi saxsrebis droebiT ̀ gay-
inuli~ nawili kreditad aq-
cion.
savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-
ririririri dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva (obligatory socialinsurance) - - - - - mosaxleobis mate-
rialuri uzrunvelyofis sax-
elmwifo sistema. gulisxmobs
dazRvevas droebiT Sromisuuna-
robis, moxucebulobis, invali-
dobis, marCenalis dakargvis,
ubeduri SemTxvevisa da umu-
Sevrobis gamo. masSi SeiZleba
Sevides riskis ufro konkre-
tuli saxeebi, gamowveuli Se-
mosavlebis dakargviT daqirave-
bis, droebiTi Sromisuunaro-
bis da a.S. gamo. eyrdnoba Se-
sabamis kanons da vrceldeba
mTel mosaxleobaze. xorcield-
eba xelfasis fondidan anar-
icxebis xarjze. savaldebulo
socialuri dazRveva calke
ganyofilebad Sedis gaeros
CCLR-----is mesame variantis struq-
turaSi.
savaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaureba
(currency self-----repayment) - - - - - sawar-moTa da organizaciaTa saga-
reo-----ekonomikuri saqmianobis
princi pi, romelic iTvalis-
winebs maTi danaxarjebis valu-
tiT anazRaurebas sakuTari sa-
valuto Semosavlebidan.
savaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJi
(currency arbitrage) - - - - - ucxouri
valutis yidva erT valutis
bazarze imavdroulad meoreze
misi gayidvis mizniT, sxvadasxva
bazarze valutis kursis sx-
vaobis safuZvelze mogebis mis-
aRebad.
savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi (cur-rency dumping) - - - - - saqonlis ga-
tana gaufasurebuli valutis
mqone qveynidan mtkice an nak-
lebad gaufasurebuli valu-
tis mqone qveyanaSi msoflio
fasze dabali fasiT.
savaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervencia
(currency intervention) - - - - - valut-
is bazarze saxelmwifos mier
erovnuli valutis yidva-----gay-
idva mis gacvliT kursze zemo-
qmedebis mizniT.
savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi (cur-
savaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringi
322
rency clearing) - - - - - samTavrobaTa-Soriso SeTanxmeba Semxvedri
moTxovnebisa da valdebule-
bebis urTierTCaTvlis Sesaxeb,
saqonlis miwodebisa da gaweu-
li momsaxurebis Rirebulebi-
Ti tolfasovnebis safuZvelze.
savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli (ex-change control) - - - - - sistema, rom-lis farglebSic saxelmwifo
axorcielebs ucxouri valu-
tisa da oqros kontrols yve-
la an zogierT im operaciaze,
romelSic monawileobs am qvey-
nis moqalaqe. savaluto kon-
troli gamoiyeneba sagadasaxde-
lo balansis dasacavad, agreTve
valutis kursis dacemis Tavi-
dan asacileblad savaluto
operaciebis sruli Tavisuf-
lebis pirobebSi. savaluto
kontroli pirvelad SemoiRes
did britaneTSi 1939 wels.
1950 wels igi sagrZnoblad Se-
sustda, xolo mTlianad lik-
vidirebul iqna 1979 wels, ro-
desac uaryves ucxour valu-
tasTan da oqrosTan dakavSire-
buli yvela SemzRudavi Ronis-
Zieba.
savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti (fo-reign exchange loan) - - - - - ucxourivalutiT aRebuli krediti.
savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-
pi~ pi~ pi~ pi~ pi~ (“SWAP” currency operations)- - - - - operacia, romelic gulisx-
mobs erT-----erTi valutis gayi-
dvas gansazRvruli drois Sem-
deg imave raodenobiTa da gari-
gebis momentSi fiqsirebuli
kursiT ukan dabrunebis piro-
biT.
savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia (cur-rency position) - - - - - ucxour valu-
taze bankis moTxovnebisa da
valdebulebebis Tanafardoba.
Tu isini tolia, savaluto
pozicia iTvleba daxurulad
(Caketilad), xolo sxva SemTx-
vevaSi _ _ _ _ _ Riad.
savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi (ex-ternal reserve) - - - - - saerTaSoriso
doneze aRiarebuli sagadasaxde-
lo saSualeba, gamiznuli sa-
gareo sagadasaxdelo defici-
tis dasafaravad da sakuTari
valutis kursis cvlilebebis
kontrolis RonisZiebebis uz-
runvelsayofad. aseT rezervs
warmoadgens ZiriTadad oqro
da is ucxouri valuta (valu-
tebi), romelic farTod gamo-
iyeneba saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa
da angariSsworebaSi. istori-
ulad mTavari valutebi iyo
girvanqa sterlingi da aSS-----is
dolari. girvanqa sterlingis,
rogorc savaluto rezervis,
roli Zlier daeca XX sauku-nis 60-----ian wlebSi, xolo
dolari isev rCeba mTavar saer-
TaSoriso sarezervo valutad.
2002 wlis 1 ianvridan saer-
TaSoriso sarezervo valutis
savaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontroli
323
rols, dolarTan erTad, as-
rulebs evroc.
savaluto rezervis mniS-
vneloba gansakuTrebiT izrde-
ba maSin, rodesac qveyana ax-
orcielebs savaluto kursis
stabilizacias. am mizniT igi
unda iyos mzad ganaxorcie-
los intervencia valutis ba-
zrebze Tavisi valutis kur-
sis SenarCunebisaTvis. am Ronis-
Ziebis gasatareblad ki qveya-
nas unda hqondes savaluto re-
zervi.
savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski (risk ofcurrency depreciation) - - - - - savalu-
to danakargebis saSiSroeba,
romelic warmoiqmneba sagareo-----
savaWro, sakredito da savalu-
to operaciebis Catarebisas da
ukavSirdeba ucxouri valut-
is kursis cvlilebebs.
savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro (cur-rency fund) - - - - - qveynis fuladi
gadasaxadebisa da Senatanebis
erToblioba, gamoxatuli ucxo-
ur valutaSi.
savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema (ex-change system) - - - - - valutis flo-
basa da gankargvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli ekonomikuri urTier-
Tobebis organizaciuli for-
ma, romelic moicavs fulad-----
sakredito mimoqcevas qveynis
SigniT da saerTaSoriso an-
gariSsworebis sferos. igi ay-
alibebs im maregulirebel gare-
mos, romlis farglebSic sax-
elmwifo axorcielebs savalu-
to politikas. savaluto urT-
ierTobis sistemaSi mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs valutis
kursis gansazRvris reJimi, misi
koreqtirebisa Tu cvlilebis
wesi, saxelmwifo da saerTa-
Soriso organoebis saqmiano-
bis gaTvaliswineba savaluto
regulirebis sferoSi da sxv.
saerTaSoriso angariSswo-
rebis sferoSi istoriulad
yvelaze mniSvnelovania oqros
standartis, breton-----vudsisa da
Tanamedrove (iamaikis) savalu-
to sistemebi.
savaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulacia
(currency speculations) - - - - - bankeb-is, firmebis, iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebis mier ganx-
orcielebuli operacia, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs mogebis miRe-
bas sxvadasxva dros an sxva-
dasxva bazarze valutis kur-
sis cvlilebis Sedegad, agreTve
winaswari ganzraxviT savalu-
to risks.
savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari (currencyboard) - - - - - erovnuli valutis fiq-
sirebuli kursiT mibma rome-
lime stabilur valutaze an va-
lutaTa kalaTaze da misi gacv-
la maTze avtomatur reJimSi,
yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe.
valutebis gacvliTi opera-
ciebis Seuferxebeli ganxor-
savaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto fari
324
cieleba da, saerTod, savalu-
to faris institutis SemoReba
mocemul qveyanaSi moiTxovs: 1.
ucxouri valutis did raode-
nobas. rogorc wesi, ucxouri
valutis rezervi emitirebu-
li fulis 100%-----ze meti unda
iyos; 2. ucxouri valutis Se-
modinebisa da savaluto rezer-
vis stabiluri wyaros arse-
bobas; 3. aradeficituri saxel-
mwifo biujetis uzrunvelyofi-
saTvis efeqtiani fiskaluri
politikis gatarebasa da makro-
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis fon-
dis Seqmnas, vinaidan defici-
turi biujeti SeuZlebels
xdis savaluto faris meqaniz-
mis amoqmedebas.
savaluto faris institu-
tis Seqmna zRudavs xelisu-
flebis diskreciul uflebebs
da gamoricxavs mavne praqti-
kas damaxasiaTebels gansakuT-
rebiT gardamaval periodSi
myofi qveynebisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ centra-
luri bankis mier mTavrobi-
saTvis sesxis micemas, vinaidan
centraluri bankis institu-
tis Canacvleba xdeba savalu-
to faris institutiT. Tumca
centralur banks aqvs qveyana-
Si zomieri inflaciis Senar-
Cunebis bevrad meti berketi
da garantia, vidre mTavrobas,
romelic xdeba erTaderTi pa-
suxismgebeli savaluto faris
pirobebSi. savaluto fari ai-
Zulebs mTavrobas uari Tqvas
deficitur saxelmwifo biu-
jetze (hqondes mcireodeni
proficiti mainc) da gaata-
ros makroekonomikuri stabi-
lizaciis RonisZiebebi. meore
mxriv, savaluto faris reJi-
mis pirobebSi komerciuli ban-
kebi amkacreben sakredito po-
litikas, rac saqmian aqtiuroba-
ze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.
savaluto faris meqanizmi
gamoyenebul iqna XX saukunis90-----ian wlebSi hiperinflaci-
is dros braziliaSi, meqsikaSi,
estoneTSi, litvaSi. aRniSnulma
institutma didi roli Seas-
rula am periodSi inflaciis
tempebis mniSvnelovan Semcire-
basa da makroekonomikuri pro-
cesebis regulirebaSi.
saqarTveloSi 1992-----1994
wlebSi, rodesac mZvinvarebda
hiperinflacia, miuxedavad im-
isa, rom arsebobda savaluto
faris meqanizmis SemoRebis idea,
igi ar iqna gamoyenebuli, vi-
naidan qveyana ver akmayofileb-
da am institutis zemoT xsene-
bul moTxovnebs.
savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva (ex-change restrictions) - - - - - saxelmwi-
fos mier sakanonmdeblo an
administraciuli gziT savalu-
to operaciebis SezRudvis
mizniT gatarebul RonisZieba-
savaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudva
325
Ta sistema, gamoiyeneba sagada-
saxdelo balansis gawonas-
worebis, qveynis valutis kur-
sis dacvisa da savaluto re-
sursebis koncentraciisaTvis.
iTvaliswinebs: 1. oqros, fula-
di niSnebisa da fasiani qaRal-
debis sazRvargareT gatanas,
gzavnilebisa da fuladi gada-
saxadebis regulirebas; 2. ucxo-
uri valutis Tavisuflad yid-
va-----gayidvis akrZalvas; 3. ucxo-
uri valutis aucileblad
Cabarebas centralur bankSi da
gacvlas erovnul valutaze
oficialuri kursiT. savalu-
to SezRudva savaluto poli-
tikis Semadgeneli nawilia,
romelic pasiurs xdis saga-
dasaxdelo balanss da iwvevs
oqros rezervebis Semcirebas.
am dros ucxouri valutiT Ca-
satarebeli operaciebi Tavs iy-
ris centralur bankSi. ucxou-
ri valutiT gamoxatuli sa-
telegrafo gzavnilebi, Cekebi,
Tamasuqebi, sagadasaxado valde-
bulebebi am bankis meSveobiT
iyideba.
savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba (cur-rency reservation) - - - - - piroba saer-TaSoriso vaWrobaSi, sakredito
an sxva SeTanxmebaSi, romelic
iTvaliswinebs fuladi gadasax-
adis gadasinjvas valutis kur-
sis cvlilebis proporciulad,
valutis gaufasurebis risk-
isagan eqsportis an kredi-
toris dazRvevis mizniT.
savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi (balanceof trade) - - - - - saqonlis eqsportisa
da importis balansi, romelic
gamoxatavs sasaqonlo opera-
ciebis dadebiT an uaryofiT
saldos saangariSo periodis
bolos.
savaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dade-----
bibibibibiTi saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo (trade surplus) -----situacia saangariSo periodis
bolos, rodesac eqsportiT
miRebuli Sejamebuli Semosav-
lebi aRemateba importze gawe-
ul xarjebs.
savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-
citi citi citi citi citi (deficit of the trade balan-ce) - - - - - situacia saangariSo peri-odis bolos, rodesac Sejame-
buli danaxarjebi importze
aRemateba eqsportiT miRebul
Semosavlebs.
savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri (tradebarrier) - - - - - savaWro proteqcio-nizmi, anu saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis gacvlis SezRudva
baJis, kvotis, savaluto kon-
trolis saSualebiT.
savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka (trade mark)- - - - - savaWro sawarmos saxelwode-
ba, niSani _ _ _ _ _ simbolo an emble-
ma. safirmo markisagan gansx-
vavebiT, nawarmi savaWro mar-
kiT SeiZleba gaiyidos mxolod
im sawarmos savaWro qselidan,
romlis markiTac aris gamoS-
savaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro marka
326
vebuli saqoneli.
savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli (trade hou-se) - - - - - specializebuli firma, ro-
melic vaWrobs erTi an ram-
denime saxis saqonliT, klient-
Ta davalebiT an Tavisi fuliT.
sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-
gigigigigi (public save) – sxvaoba wmin-da gadasaxadebsa (gadasaxade-
bi transferis gamoklebiT) da
saxelmwifo xarjebs Soris. sa-
zogadoebrivi danazogi dade-
biTia da saxelmwifo biujeti
proficituri, Tu gadasaxade-
bi saxelmwifo xarjebs aRema-
teba; sazogadoebrivi danazo-
gi uaryofiTia da saxelmwifo
biujeti deficituri, Tu ga-
dasaxadebi saxelmwifo xarje-
bze naklebia.
sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-
erebebierebebierebebierebebierebebi (social sciences) - - - - - yove-li mecniereba bunebis an sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis kanon-
zomierebebs swavlobs. TiTo-
eul maTgans Tavisi Tavisebu-
rebebi aqvs. amitom aseT mraval-
ferovan samyaros ara erTi, ara-
med bevri sxvadasxva mecniereba
Seiswavlis. bunebis saidumloe-
bebs sabunebismetyvelo mecnier-
ebebi (astronomia, biologia,
fizika da a.S.) ikvlevs, xolo
sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, sa-
zogadoebaSi mimdinare proces-
ebs _ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebrivi mecnier-
ebebi. maT ricxvs ekonomikuri
mecnierebebic miekuTvneba. gar-
da ekonomikisa, sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mima-
rTulebas Seiswavlis istoria,
samarTalmcodneoba, enaTmecni-----
ereba, sociologia da a.S.
ekonomikur mecnierebas gan-
sakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs So-
ris. es aixsneba misi kvlevis
sferos ganmsazRvreli roliT.
amitomacaa, rom mas sazogado-
ebriv mecnierebaTa mefed aRi-
areben.
sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-
mumi mumi mumi mumi mumi (social optimum) - - - - - sazoga-----doebis resursebis iseTi gan-
lageba, warmoebisa da produ-
qciis ganawilebis iseTi stru-----
qtura, romelic `saukeTesoa~
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.
es cneba farTod gamoiyeneba
keTildReobis ekonomikur Teo-
riaSi, rodesac ganixileba arCe-
vani sxvadasxva situacias So-
ris, romelTaganac TiToeuli
optimaluria paretos mixed-
viT (e.i. TiToeul am situa-
ciaSi erTi individis keTil-
dReobis zrda ar aqveiTebs me-
oris keTildReobis dones). sa-
zogadoebrivi optimumi aris sa-----
zogadoebrivi keTildReobis
funqcia, gamoxatos sazogado-
ebis keTildReoba mTlianad,
iseve, rogorc misi Semadgene-
li individebisa. paretos mixed-
savaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxli
327
viT, yvela optimaluri situ-
aciidan SeiZleba airCes sauke-
Teso, romelic warmoadgens sa-
zogadoebriv optimums.
sazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargeb-----
lobalobalobalobaloba ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan (socialreturns to education) - - - - - damatebiTisargebloba ganaTlebisgan, sxva
damatebiT SemosavlebTan er-
Tad. saxelmwifom unda gan-
sazRvros ganaTlebis faseulo-
ba iseT mniSvnelovan sferoeb-
Si, sadac Semosavali ganaTleb-
isgan ar eqvemdebareba raode-
nobriv Sefasebas (demokratia
da piradi Tavisufleba, sazoga-
doebis socialuri sijansaRe,
magaliTad, danaSaulis Semcir-
ebis SesaZlebloba da sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis SenarCuneba
da sxv.) da ara mxolod gaiT-
valiswinos ganaTlebisgan mTli-
ani Semosavlebi da ganaTleba-
ze saxelmwifo Tu kerZo xar-
jebi. garda amisa, Zalze mniS-
vnelovania ganaTlebis wvlili
ekonomikur zrdaSi, gansakuTre-
biT maSin, roca investiciebi
ganaTlebaSi iseTi fondebidan
gaicema, romelTa gamoyeneba
sxva SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli
iqneboda moxmarebisTvis.
sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-
li li li li li (public goods) - - - - - is saqoneli
da momsaxureba, romlebsac
saxelmwifo moaqcevs arasaba-
zro seqtorSi, sadac naTlad
aris gamokveTili ekonomikuri
sivrcis arqona da bazris uun-
aroba. es gamowveulia rogorc
politikuri, socialuri da
sxva mizezebiT, ise sabazro
meqanizmis moqmedebis sazRvre-
bis SezRudviT. sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli gamoirCeva iseTi niS-
nebiT, rogoricaa: ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-
ba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuri
xasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialuri
daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-
is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-
iratesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wona. gar-
da amisa, igi TiTqmis yvela mo-
mxmareblisaTvis Tanabrad xe-
lmisawvdomia, rac misi miTvise-
bisas gamoricxavs metoqeobas,
e.i. erTi individis mier sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonlis mox-
mareba ar zRudavs mis mox-
marebas sxva individis mier.
moxmarebis xasiaTidan gamom-
dinare, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli,
iseve rogorc kerZo saqoneli,
iyofa individualuri da koleq-
tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.
pirvels miekuTvneba, magaliTad,
saxelmwifo savaWro monopo-
liebis saqoneli (marili, Tam-
baqo da sxv.), xolo meores _
socialur-----kulturuli momsa-
xureba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis, uSiSroebis organoebis
(erovnuli Tavdacvis, sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis dacvis, sax-
anZro dacvis) momsaxureba,
sazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonelilililili
328
erovnuli sainformacio siste-
ma, erTiani energetikuli siste-
ma, komunikaciis erovnuli qse-
li, fundamenturi mecniereba,
amindis erovnuli samsaxuri,
erovnuli parlamenti da sxv.
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
mTeli diapazoni SeiZleba sam
kategoriad daiyos: pirvel ka-
tegorias Seadgens wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-
zogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqoneli, rom-
lis Sinagani specifikac gamor-
icxavs miwodebis sabazro for-
mas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis yve-
la zemoT CamoTvlili niSani.
wminda sazogadoebrivi saqon-
lis ekonomikuri miTvisebis
formaa saxelmwifo sakuTreba
da, Sesabamisad, sayovelTao
ufaso sargeblobis iuridiu-
li ufleba. masze sazogadoe-
brivi moTxovnilebis dakmay-
ofileba saxelmwifos prerog-
ativaa. meore kategorias ekuTv-
nis Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-
vivivivivi saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli, romelic Ziri-
Tadad eqceva sabazro meqaniz-
mis gavlenis qveS, magram misi
miwodebisas bazari avlens Ta-
vis arasrulyofilebas. mas
axasiaTebs sazogadoebrivi sa-
qonlis iseTi niSnebi, rogori-
caa moxmarebis koleqtiuri da
Tanabari xasiaTi, maRali so-
cialuri daniSnuleba, magram
ar axasiaTebs moxmarebisagan
ganuyofloba, ris gamoc zogjer
kerZo saqonlisken gadaixreba.
amitom Sereuli sazogadoeb-
rivi saqoneli (ganaTleba, jan-
mrTelobis dacva da sxv.), erTi
mxriv, qmnis ekonomikis arasabaz-
ro seqtors, romelic ar eqvem-
debareba bazris kanonebs da
mosaxleobas eZleva ufasod an
dabali, dotaciuri fasiT, me-
ore mxriv ki, wminda sabazro
urTierTobaSi CaerTvis da ba-
zris kanonebs emorCileba. am-
rigad, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba
miTvisebis rogorc ufaso, ise
fasiani forma. am SemTxvevaSi
bazari arasrulyofilia, anu
SedarebiT uunaroa da ekonomi-
kaSi saxelmwifos roli gam-
oixateba iseTi problemebis
gadaWriT, romelTa mimarTac
sabazro meqanizmi uZluria.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis praq-
tikaSi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba
Sereuli sazogadoebrivi saqo-
neli, romelic gulisxmobs sa-
zogadoebrivisa da kerZos Tana-
arsebobasa da am ukanaskneli-
sadmi saxelmwifos mxardaWera-
sa da daxmarebas. mesame kate-
gorias Seadgens is saqoneli
da momsaxureba, romlisTvisac,
misi Taviseburebebidan da ba-
zris teritoriuli SezRudu-
lobidan gamomdinare, bunebrivibunebrivibunebrivibunebrivibunebrivi
monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia gardauvalia. amas-
Tan, Teoriulad is kvazisazoga-
sazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonelilililili
329
doebrivi saqonelia. am kate-
gorias miekuTvneba energo-----,
Tbo-----, wyal- - - - - da gazmomarageba,
sarkinigzo mimosvla, safosto,
satelegrafo da satelefono
kavSirgabmuloba da sxv.
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
es kategoriebi mTlianobaSi qm-
nian mkveTrad gamoxatul speci-
fikur saxes, romelic maT kerZo
saqonlisagan ganasxvavebs.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ri ri ri ri ri (public sector) - - - - - saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli ekono-
mikis nawili, romelic gansx-
vavdeba kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar-
sebulisagan. igi ar SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis mwarmoebe-
li seqtori, Tumca, Cveulebriv,
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli Zir-
iTadad swored saxelmwifo
seqtorSi iwarmoeba. sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris sidides gan-
sazRvravs ekonomikis naciona-
lizaciis done da xelisu-
flebis politikuri neba. ami-
tom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misi
wili ekonomikaSi gansxvavebu-
lia. mag., did britaneTSi jan-
dacvis sistema ZiriTadad sax-
elmwifos sakuTrebaa, xolo
aSS-----Si misi mniSvnelovani naw-
ili kerZo sakuTrebaSia.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika (economy ofpublic sector) - - - - - ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis axali dargi, romlis
warmoSoba sabazro ekonomikis
formirebis kvaldakval moxda
XX saukunis meore naxevridan,gansakuTrebiT, 60-----iani wlebidan
da amis pioneri aSS iyo. am
periodidan moyolebuli, kapi-
talizmis transformaciis Sed-
egad kerZo kapitalisturi sa-
kuTrebis batonobaze dafuZneb-
uli ekonomikuri sistemis axal
TvisebriobaSi gadazrdam tra-
eqtoria Seucvala msoflios
ganviTarebas. sakuTrebis plu-
ralizmze dafuZnebuli saba-
zro sistemis ZiriTad maxasi-
aTeblad, bazris principebis
realizaciasTan erTad, social-
uri orientacia iqna aRiarebu-
li, ramac, Tavis mxriv, daadas-
tura ekonomikis saxelmwifo
regulirebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb keinzianuri Teoriis
siswore. saxelmwifom Tavis
Tavze aiRo bazris `Secdome-
bis~ gamosworeba, rac humaniza-
ciis msoflio procesis safuZ-
veli gaxda. socialurad ori-
entirebuli sabazro ekonomikis
formireba drois moTxovna iyo,
metic, igi Tanamedrove msof-
lios ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-
van tendenciad iqca da msof-
lios axali wesrigisa da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis garanta-
daa aRiarebuli. am garemoebam
xeli Seuwyo zneobrivi faseu-
sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomika
330
lobebis wina planze wamowevas,
romelmac Camoitova manamde
fesvebgadgmuli, socialuri in-
stinqtebiT ganpirobebuli mo-
Txovnilebebi da maTze maRla
dadga. Camoyalibda ori tipis
sazogadoeba _ _ _ _ _ Caketili da Ria.
Caketili _ _ _ _ _ totalitaruli sa-
zogadoeba, romlis pirobebSi
pirovneba koleqtivis msxver-
plad iqca da Ria _ _ _ _ _ humanuri
sazogadoeba, romelic demokra-
tiuli faseulobebis ganviTare-
bis sawindaria. ukanasknel pe-
riodSi msoflioSi social-
urobis tendenciis gaZliere-
bam kanonzomieri xasiaTi mi-
iRo, metic, socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-
taciamtaciamtaciamtaciamtaciam sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po-
litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-
riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.
ekonomikisaTvis sicocx-
lisunarianobis miniWebaSi udi-
desi roli 50-----ian wlebSi daw-
yebulma mecnierul-----teqnikur-
ma revoluciam Seasrula, ro-
melmac gamoiwvia sazogadoe-
brivi warmoebis struqturu-
li gardaqmnebi, momsaxurebis
warmoebrivi dargebis daCqare-
buli ganviTareba da moamzada
pirobebi industriuli sazoga-
doebis postindustriulSi ga-
dazrdisaTvis. msoflios ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis axal is-
toriaSi revoluciur maxasi-
aTeblad warmoCnda momsaxure-
bis seqtoris wilis upirate-
si zrda danarCen or seqtor-
Tan SedarebiT. es mniSvnelo-
vani Teoriuli paradigmebi
realurad aisaxa ekonomikaSi
mimdinare procesebSi da safuZ-
vlad daedo gaeros saerTa-
Soriso standartul dargobriv
klasifikaciasa da erovnul
angariSTa sistemas. postin-postin-postin-postin-postin-
dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-
moyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axali
era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-
Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-
rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-
wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.
am istoriul wiaRsvlebSi,
naxtomisebr sazogadoebriv
progresSi udidesi roli Sea-
srula ekonomikurma Teoriam,
rogorc sazogadoebrivma mec-
nierebam. swored ̀ didi depresi-
is~ Semdgom periodSi j. m. ke-
inzis makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis Teoriam udidesi roli
Seasrula ekonomikisaTvis so-
cialuri rolis miniWebasa da
ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove
Teoriebis CamoyalibebaSi.
am obieqturma wanamZRvrebma
safuZveli Cauyares sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-
ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-
bas. bas. bas. bas. bas. ekonomikuri mecnierebis
arc erTi dargisTvis ar aris
niSandoblivi iseTi Zlieri in-
sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomika
331
tegrirebuli sawyisi, rogoric
ekonomikuri Teoriis (kerZod,
makroekonomikuri Teoriis) am
axali ganStoebis _ _ _ _ _ sazoga-
doebrivi seqtoris ekonomiki-
sTvisaa. ekonomikisTvis so-
cialuri orientaciis miniWe-
biT wina planze sazogadoe-
brivi interesebi wamoiwia da
man gazarda saxelmwifos roli
qveynis makroekonomikur regu-
lirebaSi. im fundamenturi
problemebis gadasawyvetad, ro-
melic sabazro ekonomikis cno-
bili treadiT _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ra~ ̀ rogor~
`visTvis~ gamoixateba, sakmari-
si ar aris mxolod moTxovniT
gamoxatuli individualuri mo-
mxmareblebis interesebis gaTva-
liswineba. aucilebelia sazoga-
doebrivi interesebis dacvac,
raSic gadamwyvet rols sax-
elmwifo asrulebs (amitomacaa,
rom ekonomikur literatura-
Si sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomika zogjer gaigivebulia
saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomi-
kasTan).
sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlis
sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-
lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-
mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-
wifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuli
SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-
eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-
sasasasasa da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis
problemas. problemas. problemas. problemas. problemas. am resursebis ra-
cionalur gamoyenebaze didad
aris damokidebuli qveynis
ekonomikis mdgomareoba, gan-
sakuTrebiT is, Tu ramdenad
aris igi socialurad orien-
tirebuli.
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis kvlevis sferoSia
moqceuli ekonomikis arasaba-
zro seqtoric, rac, bazris na-
klovanebebidan gamomdinare,
uSualod ukavSirdeba sazoga-
doebrivi saqonlis warmoebas,
gare efeqtebis gazomvasa da
bunebrivi monopoliebis arse-
bobis aucileblobis dasabuTe-
bas, romelTa gareSe zedmetia
saubari socialur reformebze.
saxelmwifosadmi erT-----erTi
mkacri moTxovnaa alokaciuri
funqciis Sesruleba, rac ukav-
Sirdeba gansazRvruli saxis
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-
moebas, anu dasavleTSi sakmaod
aprobirebuli sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis warmoebas, romelic
ar SeiZleba sabazro fasiT
miewodos mosaxleobas. WeSmar-
iti socialuri reformebi iw-
yeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo
SeimuSavebs qveynis interese-
bidan gamomdinare kanonmdeblo-
bas (maT Soris, antimonopoli-
ursac), moqnili fiskaluri da
fulad-----sakredito politikis
gatarebiT, konkurenciis dacviT,
sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomika
332
jansaRi sainvesticio klimatis
SeqmniT, mcire biznesis waxa-
lisebiT da, saerTod, mosaxle-
obis saqmiani aqtiurobis gaz-
rdiT moaxdens sabazro uwo-
nasworobis minimizacias, iseT
mimarTulebas miscems bazars,
romelic ganapirobebs pirovneb-
is SesaZleblobaTa realiza-
cias. es problemebic, romel-
Ta gadaWrasac socialurad
orientirebuli sabazro ekono-
mikisaken mivyavarT, sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kvle-
vis sferoa.
saxelmwifo xarjebis poli-
tikaSi centraluri adgili sa-
zogadoebaSi socialuri sta-
bilurobis uzrunvelyofis sa-
kiTxebs uWiravs. socialur
sferoSi aqtiuri rolis Ses-
rulebiT, saxelmwifo ̀ keTil-
dReobis saxelmwifos~ niSnebs
iZens. mosaxleobis saSualo
fenis gaZlierebiT mcirdeba
lobizmis negatiuri Sedegebis
masStabebi, Cqardeba ekonomikis
institucionalizmis procesi,
izrdeba kerZo struqturebis
socialuri pasuxismgebloba,
viTardeba samoqalaqo TviTSeg-
neba, farTovdeba TviTmmar-
TvelobiTi struqturebi da
Zlierdeba demokratia. samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis insti-
tutebisa da humanizaciis pro-
cesebis gaZlierebiT warmoSo-
bili axali problemebi amdid-
rebs sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis Sinaarss.
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis
strategiaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis kriteriumebisa
da parametrebis SemuSavebas,
rac sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis prerogativaa.
gadasaxadebi, rogorc eko-
nomikis stimulirebisa da regu-
lirebis umniSvnelovanesi ber-
keti da sabiujeto Semosav-
lis ZiriTadi wyaro, wina plan-
ze ayenebs dabegvris Teoriis
sakiTxebs gadasaxadebisa da
ekonomikuri efeqtianobis urT-
ierTqmedebis WrilSi da sax-
elmwifos rols optimaluri
dabegvris funqcionirebaSi. am
kuTxiTac gadasaxadebis mra-
valwaxnagovani fenomeni sazo-
gadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
kvlevis sferoa.
saxelmwifo biujetis defi-
citis globaluri problema
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs saxelmwifo xarjebis
optimaluri gadanawilebis sa-
kiTxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
metad aqtualuria sabiujeto
federalizmis sakiTxebis kvl-
eva, romelic sazogadoebrivi
seqtoris ekonomikis Seswavlis
erT-----erTi sferoa. misi kvle-
vis sferoa agreTve keTildRe-
sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomika
333
obisa da Semosavlebis gadan-
awilebis problemebic, rom-
lebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven
siRaribisa da minimaluri so-
cialuri garantiebis, inflaci-
isa da mosaxleobis Semosav-
lebis gaufasurebis, qvelmo-
qmedebis, mecnierebisa da ga-
naTlebis saxelmwifo dafin-
ansebis da saxelmwifos mier
mecnierebis stimulirebis sak-
iTxebs.
sabazro ekonomikaze gar-
damavali periodis problemebi
kidev ufro afarToebs sazoga-
doebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis
sakvlev areals.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, didi
yuradReba eqceva sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis ze-
moT CamoTvlili zogadsakaco-
brio amocanebis ganxorcieleb-
is Taviseburebebis Seswavlas
sabazro sistemaze gardamava-
li ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi.
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomika, rogorc saswavlo dis-
ciplina, farTod dainerga mra-
vali qveynis umaRles saswav-
leblebSi, gamovida cnobil mec-
nierTa (J. stiglicis, a. ant-
kinsonis, m. ringkvistis, l. ia-
kobsonis, e. Jilcovisa da a.S.)
saxelmZRvaneloebic. postkomu-
nistur qveynebSi, magaliTad
ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, baltii-
spireTisa da aRmosavleT evro-
pis qveynebSi daiwyo metad
saWiro da drois moTxovniT
warmoSobili ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis am axali dargis aq-
tualuri problemebis kvleva
da sauniversiteto swavleba-
Si danergva, xolo saqarTvelo-
Si jerjerobiT saTanadod ver
ikidebs fexs.
saqarTveloSi sazogadoe-
brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kv-
leva da Sesabamisi rekomenda-
ciebis xelisuflebisaTvis mi-
wodeba garkveul wvlils Seit-
ans qveynis aRmSeneblobis saqme-
Si.
sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-
Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia (Association forStudies of Public Economy -----ASPE) - - - - - dafuZnda 2000 wlis
2-----3 ivniss sankt-----peterburgSi
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris re-
formirebisadmi miZRvnil mesa-
me saerTaSoriso konferenciaze.
ASPE sazogadoebrivi organiza-ciaa, romlis mizania sazogado-
ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikuri
problemebis Seswavla. igi ara-
formaluri gaerTianebaa, rome-
lic Tavis saqmianobas axasi-
aTebs stokholmis universi-
tetisa da sankt-----peterburgis
saxelmwifo universitetis er-
Toblivi proeqtis CarCoebSi da
iTvaliswinebs: yovelwliur
saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-
sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...
334
ferenciis organizebas; asoci-
aciis samecniero moxsenebebis
gamoqveynebas; seminarebis mow-
yobas; ucxoeli specialiste-
bis leqciebis organizebasa da
a.S.
sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-
ma ma ma ma ma (metric system of measures) -----erTeulTa sistema, romelsac
safuZvlad udevs metri (si-
grZis erTeuli) an kilogrami
(masis erTeuli).
saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania (parentcompany) - - - - - deda-----kompania didi,rogorc wesi, transerovnuli
korporaciisa, romelic flobs
masSi Semavali Svilobili kom-
paniebisa da sxva qveganyofile-
bebis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-
ketebs. saTavo kompania tran-
serovnuli korporaciis Stab-----
binaa, romelic strategiuli
marTvis funqciebs asrulebs
iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa war-
moeba, gasaReba, finansebi, mec-
nieruli kvleva da sxv., Tumca,
Svilobil kompaniebs sawarmoo
sagamsaReblo saqmianobis op-
eratiuli sakiTxebis gadaWra-
Si damoukidebloba aqvT mini-
Webuli.
saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi (gamb-ling industry) - - - - - biznesi, romlis
mizania, TamaSebis industriis
safuZvelze azartuli TamaSe-
bis organizebiT, mogebis miReba.
saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia (im-ported inflation) - - - - - inflacia, rome-
lic gamowveulia gare faq-
torebiT _ _ _ _ _ qveyanaSi ucxouri
valutis Warbi mozidviTa da
importis fasebis zrdiT.
sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki (in-vestment bank) - - - - - specialuri sa-
kredito instituti, romelic
axdens grZelvadiani sasesxo
kapitalis mobilizacias da Sem-
deg gascems mas obligaciebis
an sxva saxis sasesxo valdebu-
lebaTa gamoSvebisa da gavrce-
lebis gziT.
sainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitali
(investment capital) - - - - - drois xan-grZlivi periodiT investici-
ebSi dabadebuli kapitali.
sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki (innova-tion bank) - - - - - specializebuli sak-
redito dawesebuleba, romelic
Seqmnilia Soreul efeqtze gaT-
vlili sarisko produqtebis
dasakrediteblad. ZiriTadad
awarmoebs teqnologiuri pro-
gresis, uaxlesi damuSavebebi-
sa da siaxleebis dakreditebas.
sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-
giebigiebigiebigiebigiebi (information technologies- IT) – axali, mzardi saeqspor-
to dargi mTel msoflioSi,
romelic udides rols asru-
lebs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi.
erTi mxriv, Tavad qmnis saeqs-
porto produqcias, meore mxriv
ki, warmoadgens yvela dargis
mecnieruli kvlevebisa da te-
qnologiuri infrastruqtur-
is elements.
sazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistemamamamama
335
personaluri kompiutere-
bis masobrivma moxmarebam sain-
formacio teqnologiebi ganviTa-
rebul qveynebSi sul sxva mas-
Stabebze gaiyvana, bevri qvey-
nis kompaniebs Seuqmna special-
izaciisa da momsaxurebis in-
ternacionalizaciis SesaZleb-
lobebi. naklebad ganviTarebu-
li qveynebisTvis aRmocenda
axali tipis bazari, romelic
ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1. ITservisebis autsorsingi da 2.
sainformacio teqnologiebiTa
da komunikaciebiT aRWurvili
biznesprocesebis autsorsingi.
IT servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors-
ingsingsingsingsings miekuTvneba programireba,
sistemebis integracia, progra-
muli gamoyenebebis testireba,
IT infrastruqtura da misi
momsaxureba, IT konsaltingi,
monacemebis damuSaveba da mo-
nacemTa mxardaWeris momsaxure-
ba, kontentis menejmenti da
ganviTareba da a.S.
sainformaciosainformaciosainformaciosainformaciosainformacio teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo-
giebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da komunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiT
aRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili biznesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebis
autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: qolcentrebi
(momxmareblebTan dakavSirebis
centrebi), momxmarebelTa kav-
Siris (Semavali da gamavali
kavSirebis) centrebi, Sida
ofisis momsaxureba (monacem-
Ta bazis Seqmna, kadrebis admi-
nistrirebis mxardaWera, xelfa-
sebis gacema, finansebi) da a.S.
IT autsorsingis bazris seg-mentze gamudmebiT mZafrdeba
konkurencia. sul ufro meti
qveyana, maT Soris, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze
myofi qveynebic, cdiloben Cae-
ban am globalur biznesSi.
sainformacio teqnologie-
bis bazris moculobam 2010
wels trilion dolars gada-
aWarba, zrdis tempi ki 2011
wlisTvis 7%-ze maRalia. anal-
itikuri kompania `gartneris~
mixedviT, mosalodnelia, rom ITservisebis autsorsingis bazris
moculobam 2011 wlis bo-
losTvis 313,2 mlrd dolars
miaRwios, rac 6,9% zrdaa 2010
welTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelo dgams pirvel
nabijebs sainformacio teqnolo-
giebis ganviTarebis gzaze. qvey-
nis IT servisebis bazarze mcireda saSualo zomis 20-mde ko-
mpaniaa. yvelaze didi kompaniebi,
rogoricaa alta da UGT (200TanamSromliT), bazarze damkvid-
rebisaTvis mimarTaven diversi-
fikaciis strategias da ITservisebTan erTad sTavazoben
kompiuterul da eleqtronul
teqnikas. zogadad, qarTuli
kompaniebi warmodgenilia Sem-
degi produqtebiTa da servise-
biT: safinanso institutebisa
da sxva dargebis didi kompanie-
sainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnologiebigiebigiebigiebigiebi
336
bisaTvis integrirebuli mza
gadawyvetilebebis (SAP, ERP,CRM) morgeba da danergva, mar-
tivi programuli gadawyveti-
lebebis SemuSaveba mcire firme-
bisaTvis (sabuRaltro prog-
ramebi, klientTa momsaxureba),
veb-produqtebis SemuSaveba, do-
kumentaciis menejmenti, qselis
dizaini da administrireba. ba-
zarze arsebuli kompaniebidan,
mxolod erTi-ori asrulebs
ucxour dakveTebs. umniSvnelo
raodenobis SekveTebi modis ad-
gilobrivi biznesidan da mTav-
robidan IT konsaltingze da
strategiis SemuSavebaze. qar-
Tul bazarze ZiriTadad domi-
nirebs saxelmwifo dakveTebi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saminis-
troSi 2010 wels Seiqmna spe-
cialuri infokomunikaciebis sam-
marTvelo, romlis amocanaa ̀ sa-
informacio-satelekomunikacio
teqnologiebis sferoSi sax-
elmwifo politikis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebisa da Sesabamisi
sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli ba-
zis gansazRvra da monitorin-
gi... sainformacio-satelekomu-
nikacio teqnologiebis qseleb-
isa da saSualebebis ganviTare-
bis mokle-, saSualo- da gr-
Zelvadiani strategiisa da pri-
oritetis gansazRvra da maTze
dafuZnebuli programebis Se-
muSaveba, ganxorcieleba da mo-
nitoringi.~ saqarTvelos eko-
nomikisa da mdgradi ganviTare-
bis saministros veb-gverdi:
http://www.economy.ge/?category=20&lang=geo
sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-
giebigiebigiebigiebigiebisssss dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba-
Ta jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWvi (information technolo-gies) – asaxavs sainformacio te-qnologiebSi maTi komponente-
bis, procesebisa da servisebis
meSveobiT Seqmnil Rirebule-
bas, romlis saboloo momxma-
rebelia mosaxleoba, maT Soris,
kerZo da samTavrobo seqtorebi,
sxva IT servisebi, marketingi, kon-saltingi da a.S.
IT strategiis SemuSaveba
biznesisaTvis yvelaze ZviradRi-
rebulia da warmoadgens am
jaWvis zeda nawils, sadac iqm-
neba Rirebulebis 50-55%. Sem-
deg modis programuli uzrun-
velyofis aplikaciebis (gamoy-
enebaTa) dizaini, SemuSaveba da
danergva, sistemebis integra-
cia, romlebzedac Rirebulebis
30_35%-mde nawildeba, dabolos,
qselisa da satelekomunikacio
infrastruqturis administr-
ireba, risTvisac darCenilia
Rirebulebis 10-15%.
rogorc wesi, ganviTareba-
di qveynebis IT kompaniebis po-zicionireba xdeba IT autsors-ingis mcire Rirebulebis ser-
sainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnologiebigiebigiebigiebigiebisssss dargis dargis dargis dargis dargis.... . .. . .. . .. . .
337
visebis segmentze. bazris moTx-
ovnis (ZiriTadad warmodgeni-
li ganviTarebuli qveynebis ko-
mpaniebis moTxovniT) Seswav-
la xdeba IT konsaltinguri
kompaniis mier, romelic aseve
ganviTarebul qveyanaSia da
ugzavnis programuli uzrun-
velyofis ukve mza specifika-
ciebs ofSorul kompaniebs.
`ekonomistis dazvervis
jgufis~ (EIU) monacemebiT bo-
lo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ta-
ivani, indoeTi, korea, singapu-
ri, israeli sakmaod win wai-
wia RirebulebaTa jaWvSi. es
gamowveulia samecniero-kvlevi-
Ti da axali produqciis gan-
viTarebis (R&D) xarjebis zr-
diT, rac sabolood aisaxa ITpatentebis generaciis indeqsis
momatebaSi. taivani, israeli da
singapuri am maCvenebliT pir-
vel xuTeulSi Sevida aSS-Tan
erTad..... Tu 4-5 wlis win indo-
eTi da CineTi iRebdnen SekveT-
ebs mxolod programuli gamoy-
enebebis menejmentSi, programe-
bis kodirebaSi, testirebaSi, in-
frastruqturis menejmentSi,
amJamad isini ufro rTul da
ZviradRirebul SekveTebs iReben
aplikaciebis zeda donis diza-
insa da SemuSavebaSi. am seg-
mentSi ruseTis, baltiispire-
Tis qveynebisa da belarusis
ramdenime kompania warmatebu-
lad uwevs maT konkurencias.
ufro dabal RirebulebaTa
segmentSi, sadac sruldeba
mcire momsaxureba Rirebulebis
dizainSi, sistemebis integra-
ciaSi, infrastruqturis mene-
jmentSi konkurencia gacilebiT
ufra mZafria da ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia indoeTisa da
CineTis ufro dabalanazRau-
rebiani IT kadrebiT. am samu-Saoebze ar modis Seqmnili Ri-
rebulebis meoTxedic ki anu da-
axloebiT es aris 200 mili-
ardiani bazari msoflio mas-
StabiT, sadac Sesvlas cdilobs
bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana.
saTanado kvalifikaciis ka-
drebis nakleboba imdenad mwva-
vea yvela qveyanaSi, TviT indoeT-
Sic ki, rom danarCen qveynebs
gza exsnebaT, raTa maTac miiRon
SekveTebi. yvela ganviTarebadi
qveynis kompania, romelic ukve
damkvidrda dabali Rirebulebis
segmentze, cdilobs win wai-
wios RirebulebaTa jaWvSi.
sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-
bis bis bis bis bis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (core competencetheory) – konkurenciis Teoria,romelic asaxavs im axal tenden-
cias, romelic yalibdeba kom-
paniebSi koleqtiuri codnis
saxiT. urTierTTanamSromlobis
principze agebuli sakvanZo ko-
mpetenturoba xels uwyobs ko-
mpaniebs arsebuli samewarmeo
sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis TeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoria
338
Tvisebebis koordinirebasa da
ganviTarebaSi, inovaciebze ori-
entirebuli, mudmivad cvale-
badi teqnologiuri nakadebis
integrirebaSi.
es termini pirvelad gamo-
qveynda 1990 wels `HarwardBusiness Review~-Si harvardis
biznesskolis warmomadgenlebis
s. prahaladisa da m. hamelis
statiaSi _ ̀ sakvanZo kompeten-
turoba da organizacia~.
sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-
ba ba ba ba ba (compensatory transaction) -----yidva-----gayidvis xelSekrulebis
forma. gamoiyeneba sagareo vaW-
robaSi da iTvaliswinebs saqo-
nelTa urTierTmiwodebas Tana-
bari fasiT. barterisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, sakompensacio gari-
geba moiTxovs SeZenili saqon-
lis Rirebulebis nawilobriv
mainc dafarvas.
sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi (cre-dit card) - - - - - plastikuri baraTi,
saxelobiTi fuladi dokumen-
ti, gacemuli sakredito dawese-
bulebis mier, romelic aZlevs
mis mflobels uflebas SeiZi-
nos saqoneli an momsaxureba
naRdi fulis gadaxdis gareSe.
sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli (creditmoney) - - - - - saemisio bankebis miergamoSvebuli fasiani qaRalde-
bi, romelic Seicavs gansazRv-
ruli Tanxis gadaxdis valde-
bulebebs. misi saxeebia: Tama-
suqi, banknoti, sabanko Ceki, ob-
ligacia da sxv.
sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba (property, own-ership) - - - - - adamianTa Soris sa-zogadoebriv-----ekonomikuri urT-
ierTobebis gamomxatveli kat-
egoria; warmoebis, ganawilebis,
gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-
cesSi Camoyalibebuli obieq-
turi kavSirebis sistema, mate-
rialuri dovlaTis miTvisebis
gansazRvruli socialur-----eko-
nomikuri forma. sakuTreba sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis ga-
momxatveli kategoriaa da ise-
Tive cvalebadia, rogorc sa-
zogadoebis ekonomikuri stru-
qtura.
adamiani bunebas iyenebs ara
rogorc cxoveli, romelic euf-
leba bunebis naboZebs da iT-
visebs mas bunebasTan urTier-
Tobis gacnobierebis gareSe, ara-
med masTan eqceva ekonomikuri
sistemiT ganpirobebul urTier-
TobaSi garkveuli sazogadoe-
brivi formiT.
ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-
xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-
kidebulebas nivTisadmi. amis
sapirispirod ekonomikuri Teo-
ria sakuTrebas ganixilavs, ro-
gorc adamianebs Soris urTi-
erTobas, Camoyalibebuls resu-
rsebisa da maTi meSveobiT Seq-
mnili dovlaTis miTvisebis gamo.
sakuTrebis realizaciis
sakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigeba
339
formebia: sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-
beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva (srulisrulisrulisrulisruli
sakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTreba). . . . . sargeblobis uf-
leba warmoebis saSualebebis
an sxva qonebis eqspluataci-
isa da misgan sargeblobis miRe-
bis SesaZleblobas iZleva;
mflobelobis ufleba warmoe-
bis saSualebebis an sxva qone-
bis faqtobrivad dauflebisa
da sakuTar mflobelobaSi qo-
nis SesaZleblobaa. mflobelo-
ba moicavs sargeblobas, ro-
gorc daqvemdebarebul martiv
moments. gankargvis (sruli sa-
kuTrebis) ufleba mesakuTres
SesaZleblobas aZlevs imoqme-
dos Tavis Sexedulebisamebr da
TviTon gansazRvros sakuTre-
bis obieqti: Tavis sakuTrebaSi
daitovos Tu gaasxvisos, gayi-
dos. sruli sakuTreba moicavs
sargeblobasa da mflobelobas.
sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba (pro-perty rights) - - - - - ufleba, romelic
gansazRvravs resursebis, mate-
rialur-----nivTobrivi dovlaTi-
sa da momsaxurebis gamoyeneb-
is nebarTvas. sakuTrebis ufle-
ba aqtivebze moicavs maT gamoye-
nebas, formisa da Sinaarsis
Secvlas, agreTve uflebis ga-
dacemas maTi gayidvis gziT.
aqtivebze sakuTrebis ufleba
ar aris SeuzRudavi, vinaidan
arsebobs kanoniTa da xelSek-
rulebis pirobiT gansazRvru-
li SezRudvebi.
sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-
va va va va va (protection of property rights) –gulisxmobs qveyanaSi kargi
politikuri sistemis arsebobas,
rodesac Tanamdebobis pirs ar
SeuZlia moqalaqeTa sakuTre-
bis konfiskacia an mitaceba.
es niSnavs jansaR sasamarTlo
sistemas, sadac dava swrafad
da samarTlianad wydeba. sakuT-
rebis dacva niSnavs iseTi kanone-
bis SemoRebas, romlebic mimar-
Tulia safondo bazarze insai-
deruli vaWrobis winaaRmdeg;
es niSnavs iseTi sapatento
kanonebis amoqmedebas, romlebic
stimuls miscemda firmebs Se-
eqmnaT axali produqcia; es
niSnavs antimonopoliuri kano-
nebis arsebobas, romlebic xels
Seuwyobda konkurentuli baz-
ris Camoyalibebasa da monopo-
liuri bazris likvidacias.
saldo saldo saldo saldo saldo (saldo) [<ital. sal-do angariSi, naSTi] - - - - - sxvaoba
sawarmos fulad Semosavleb-
sa da danaxarjebs Soris drois
gansazRvrul monakveTSi; saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaSi _____ sxvao-
ba qveynis eqsportisa da im-
portis Rirebulebas Soris
(savaWro balansis saldo). sa-
erTaSoriso sagadasaxado an-
gariSsworebaSi _ _ _ _ _ sxvaoba qvey-
nis sazRvargareTul gadasax-
delebsa da Semosavlebs Soris
saldosaldosaldosaldosaldo
340
(sagadasaxdelo balansis sal-
do).
salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema (li-cencing system) - - - - - sagareo vaWro-bis operaciebis regulireba
saqonlis Semotanasa da gata-
naze saxelmwifo nebarTvisaTvis
(licenziebis gacemiT).
samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero-----teqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuri
TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba (scientific-technical cooperation) - - - - - saerTaSo-riso ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobis forma, moicavs: erTobliv
samecniero damuSavebebs, licen-
ziebiT vaWrobas, msxvili teq-
nologuri proeqtebis ganxor-
cielebas, obieqtebis erTobliv
mSeneblobas, erovnuli kadrebis
momzadebas, religiur-----saZiebo
samuSaoebis warmoebasa da a.S.
samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero-----teqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuri
progresi progresi progresi progresi progresi - - - - - stp stp stp stp stp (scientific-tech-nical progress) - - - - - mecnierebisa dateqnikis erTiani, urTierTgan-
pirobebuli, Tanmimdevruli gan-
viTareba. stpstpstpstpstp-----is I etapi ukav-Sirdeba manufaqturul warmoe-
bas (XVI-XVIII ss.), II etapi _____manqanuri industriis ganviTare-
bas (XVIII s.-----is bolodan), IIIetapi _ _ _ _ _ samecniero-----teqnikur
revolucias (XX s.-----is 50-----ianiwlebidan), romlis safuZvelze
moxda sazogadoebrivi warmoe-
bis arnaxuli diversifikacia.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi samec-
niero-----teqnologiuri progre-
si stpstpstpstpstp-----is ganviTarebuli for-
maa.
samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-
veloba veloba veloba veloba veloba (mining industry) - - - - - sa-sargeblo wiaRiseulis mopove-
bisa da gamdidrebis dargTa
kompleqsi. masSi Sedis: saTbo-
bis warmoeba (mrewveloba), sam-
Toqimiuri da samTomadneulis
mrewveloba, mineraluri nedle-
ulis da araliTonuri nedleu-
lis (almasi, grafiti, asbesti,
qarsi, kvarciti, dolomiti, min-
eraluri samSeneblo masalebi,
cecxlgamZle da sxva Tixebi
da a.S. mopoveba.
samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia (mailinglist) - - - - - saqonlis an momsaxure-
bis potenciur myidvelTa mis-
amarTebis sia, romelic dgeba
pirdapiri safosto reklamis me-
TodiT sareklamo an sainforma-
cio masalebis dagzavnis mizniT.
samomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTa
(basket of goods, consumer’s bas-ket) - - - - - adamianis ZiriTadi fizi-ologiuri da socialur-----kul-
turuli moTxovnilebebis da-
sakmayofileblad aucilebeli
samomxmareblo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis nakrebi. warmoad-
gens bazas minimaluri samomx-
mareblo biujetis, minimaluri
xelfasis, pensiis, daxmarebis,
stipendiisa da a.S. gansazRvri-
saTvis.
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
salicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistema
341
nakrebi sxvadasxva socialur-----
demografiuli jgufisaTvis
diferencirebulia da damoki-
debulia ekonomikis realur
SesaZleblobebze. samomxmare-
blo kalaTaSi Sedis saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva na-
krebi: puri da purproduqtebi,
xorci da xorcis produqtebi,
rZe da rZis produqtebi, kver-
cxi, Tevzi da Tevzis produq-
tebi, kartofili, bostneuli,
xili, zeTi, margarini, karaqi,
Saqari da sakonditro nawarmi,
sxva produqtebi; tansacmeli,
TeTreuli, fexsacmeli; wamali,
sanitariisa da higienis sagne-
bi; aveji, kulturul-----sayofacx-
ovrebo da sameurneo daniS-
nulebis sagnebi; sacxovrebe-
li bina, komunaluri momsa-
xureba; kulturul-----saganma-
naTleblo momsaxureba; sayofa-
cxovrebo momsaxureba; trans-
porti, kavSirgabmuloba; skola-
mdeli dawesebulebebis momsa-
xureba.
samomxmareblo kalaTis Se-
faseba xdeba sapreiskuranto
fasebiT gansazRvruli peri-
odiT. samomxmareblo kalaTa-
Si Sesuli saqonlisa da momsa-
xurebis asortimenti asaxavs
xalxis cxovrebis dones. rac
ufro mravalferovania `kala-
TaSi~ Semavali kvebis pro-
duqtebisa da arasasursaTo sa-
qonlis CamonaTvali, miT ufro
maRalia cxovrebis done.
samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-
ti ti ti ti ti (consumer credit) - - - - - samomx-mareblo saqonlis SesaZenad
gacemuli moklevadiani kredi-
ti. kreditorebi SeiZleba iyos:
bankebi, lombardebi, gamqirave-
beli punqtebi, sacalo vaWro-
bis obieqtebi, firmebi da sxv.
samomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (consumer price index) -----maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-
bis saSualo cvlilebis gav-
lenas fiqsirebul samomxmareb-
lo kalaTaze. igi gamoiyeneba
ekonomikaSi fasebis cvlile-
bis da masTan dakavSirebuli
procesebis analizisa da prog-
nozisaTvis. gaiangariSeba 1917
wlidan da qveyndeba yovelTvi-
urad. gamoiyeneba moxmarebis
saSualo fasis anu cxovrebis
Rirebulebis gazomvisaTvis.
samomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebi
(consumer expenditures) - - - - - moxma-rebaze gaweuli xarjebi. makro-
ekonomikaSi moicavs Sinameur-
neobaTa yvela saboloo dan-
axarjs, garda sacxovrebeli
binis mSeneblobis an yidvi-
saTvis gaweuli xarjebisa.
samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-
eba eba eba eba eba (civil society) - - - - - samoqalaqo
mowyobis iseTi tipi, romelic
gamoirCeva demokratiis maRa-
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba
342
li doniT, politikuri, ekono-
mikuri, socialuri, kulturu-
li da a.S. urTierTobebis plu-
ralizmiT. safuZveli Caeyara
XX saukunis meore naxevridan,gansakuTrebiT misi ukanaskne-
li periodidan, rodesac civi-
lizebul qveynebSi axali msoaxali msoaxali msoaxali msoaxali mso-----
flio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigis damyarebis au-
cilebloba warmoiqmna.
axali dro yovelTvis war-
moqmnis Tavis prioritets. Tan-
amedroveobis aseTi priorite-
ti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
mSeneblobaa. es procesi mniS-
vnelovanwilad ganapiroba mec-
nierul-----teqnologiuri progre-
sis safuZvelze msoflio war-
moebaSi mimdinare mZlavrma pro-
gresulma cvlilebebma, rac,
upirveles yovlisa, momsaxure-
bis sferos prioritetul gan-
viTarebaSi gamoixata. aranak-
lebi roli Seasrula axali
ekonomikuri Teoriebis Camoy-
alibebam da msoflioSi tonis
mimcemi qveynebis ekonomikur
politikaSi maTi gamoyenebis
masStabebis zrdam. msoflio
ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ax-
ali Tvisebrioba SeiZina. ker-
Zo kapitalisturi sakuTrebis
prioritetze dafuZnebulma
gabatonebulma urTierTobebma
evoluciuri gziT sakuTrebis
pluralizmze dafuZnebul ur-
TierTobebs dauTmo adgili.
sakuTrebis swored aseTma tran-
sformaciam gabatonebul ker-
Zo sakuTrebiT urTierTobebze
damyarebul kapitalizms traeq-
toria Seucvala da misi axal
TvisebriobaSi gadazrda daaC-
qara. Camoyalibda sabazro eko-
nomika, sadac `pirveli violi-
nos~ roli bazars daekisra.
kacobriobis ganviTarebis am
Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man
ekonomikas socialuri orien-
tacia SesZina.
bazarma sruliad sxva Si-
naarsi SeiZina. igi aRiarebul
iqna civilizaciis udides mo-
napovrad. sakuTrebiT urTier-
TobebSi ganxorcielebulma ra-
dikalurma da amave dros, uaR-
resad progresulma cvlile-
bebma, ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-
gulirebasTan erTad, ganapiroba
kacobriobis mravalsaukunovani
arsebobis manZilze pirvelad
bazris, rogorc meurneobis
efeqtiani meqanizmis Camoyali-
beba. aseTma bazarma, Sromis mo-
tivaciis efeqtiani sistema Seq-
mna da mewarmeobis ganviTare-
bas farTo SesaZleblobebi mis-
ca. man, horizontaluri kav-
Sirebis gafarToeba-----ganmtkice-
bis safuZvelze, sagrZnoblad
gaamartiva mmarTvelobis ier-
arqiuli struqtura, ganapiroba
kerZo da sazogadoebrivi in-
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba
343
teresebis daaxloeba da, sab-
oloo angariSiT, warmoqmna
iseTi obieqturi kanonzomiereba,
romelmac gamoxatuleba Tvise-
brivad sruliad axal ekono-
mikur zrdaSi pova. am gare-
moebam dasabami misca sazoga-
doebriv gardaqmnebs axal am-
pluaSi da dadebiTi gavlena
moaxdina Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis potencialis zrdaze.
yuradReba gamaxvilda axali
sazogadoebis formirebaze, axal
sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo
sazogadoebrivi interesebis
wina planze wamowevas, kerZo
seqtoris socialuri pasuxis-
mgeblobis amaRlebasa da hu-
manizaciis procesebis gaRrma-
vebas. daiwyo socialurad da-
ucveli fenebis daxmarebisa da
qvelmoqmedebis organizacieb-
is farTod Seqmnis procesi.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sax-
elmwifo socialuri dacvis
miznobriv programebs mieqca.
es programebi, romlebic sxvada-
sxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva dros
ganxorcielda, iTvaliswinebda
umuSevrobis dazRvevas, sapen-
sio uzrunvelyofas, avadmyo-
fobis gamo daxmarebas, warmoe-
baSi ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo
daxmarebas, samedicino dazRve-
vas an ufaso samedicino mom-
saxurebasa da a.S.
socialur sferoSi aqti-----
uri rolis SesrulebiT sa-----
xelmwifom `keTildReobis sa-----
xelmwifos~ niSnebi SeiZina. gan-
viTarebulma samyarom, SeiZ-----
leba iTqvas, miiRo axali drois
gamowveva. safuZveli Caeyara
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis for-----
mirebas. kacobriobis ganviTare-
bis ganvlil periodTan Se-----
darebiT, es iyo wingadadgmu-----
li nabiji da axali sityva
ufro maRali socialuri da
amave dros, msoflio wesrigis
damyarebis TvalsazrisiT.
ekonomikisTvis socialuri
orientaciis micema qveynis mS-
vidobiani da harmoniuli gan-
viTarebis sawindari da samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis safuZve-
lia.
samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli (busi-ness cycle) - - - - - ekonomikis ganviTa-rebis araregularuli ganmeore-
badi periodi. Sedgeba saerTo
saqmiani aqtiurobis aRmavlobi-
sa da dacemis periodebisagan.
samuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entoni
(1915-----2009) (Samuelson, Paul A.)- - - - - XX saukunis cnobili amerike-
li ekonomist-----Teoritikosi,
masaCusetsis teqnologiuri
institutis profesori, eko-
nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-
is laureati (1970).
samuelsonis naSromebi mo-
icavs Tanamedrove Teoriuli
ekonomikuri mecnierebis TiTq-
samuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entoni
344
mis yvela ganyofilebis far-
To speqtrs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom metad nayofieri avtoria,
man dawera mxolod ori wigni
_ _ _ _ _ `ekonomikuri analizis sa-
fuZvlebi (1948) da cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo `ekonomiqsi~
(1945). samuelsons mieniWa no-
belis premia im naSromebisaTvis,
romlebmac maTematikuri meTo-
debis gamoyenebaze dayrdnobiT
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
ekonomikuri mecnierebis Teo-
riuli da meTodologiuri
donis amaRlebaSi.
saxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebis
TeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSi fuZemdebluri gax-
da samuelsonis saxelmwifo xar-
jebis wminda Teoria, romelic
exeba resursebis optimalur ga-
nawilebas rogorc kerZo, ise
sazogadoebriv saqonelTan mi-
marTebaSi.
samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-
nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi samuelsonis
midgoma sapirispiro iyo im dros
damkvidrebuli midgomisa, rome-
lic mdgomareobda deduqciuri
meTodebis safuZvelze samomx-
mareblo qcevis Teoriis da-
muSavebaSi. momxmarebelTa qce-
vis damkvidrebis safuZvelze
gamovlenili upiratesobiT sam-
uelsonma gansazRvra samomx-
mareblo upiratesoba.
`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-
kurkurkurkurkur TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ cnobilia samu-
elsonis kriteriumi, romelic
gansazRvravs ama Tu im cv-
lilebis gavlenas keTildRe-
obis doneze. yvela danarCeni
kriteriumi am zogadi krite-
riumis kerZo SemTxvevaa.
ekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikis
TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi samuelsonma gamoikv-
lia ekonomikuri sistemis cv-
lilebebi wonasworobis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi da ekonomikis
gadasvla erTi fazidan meore-
Si. man gansazRvra ekonomikuri
sistemis mdgradobis pirobebi,
romlebic xSirad emTxveva sta-
tikuri mdgradobis pirobebs.
statikursa da dinamikurs So-
ris formalur damokidebule-
bas samuelsonma Sesabamisobis
principi uwoda. Tavis naSrom-
Si `multiplikatoris anal-
izisa da aqseleraciis prin-
ci pis urTierTdamokidebule-
ba~ (1939) man gaaanaliza pro-
cesi, romelic safuZvlad dae-
do ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-
lizslizslizslizslizs.
60-----ian wlebSi samuelsoni
icavda kapitalis neoklasikur
koncefcias (Tumca ver miaR-
wia srul warmatebas), agreTve
detalurad daamuSava ekonomi-
kuri efeqtianobis dinamikuri
pirobebi.
samuelsonma mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-
riso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSi.
samuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entoni
345
stolperTan erTad daamuSava
Teoria, romelsac maTi saxeli
mieniWa. am Teoriis mixedviT,
Tavisufali vaWroba amcirebs
SezRuduli warmoebis faqtore-
biT miRebul Semosavals. am de-
bulebidan gamomdinare, man ga-
moavlina warmoebis faqtorTa
fasebis gamoTanabrebis pirobebi
hekSer-----olinis sistemaSi. cno-
bilia misi klasikuri ganmarte-
ba `transferebis problemas-
Tan~ dakavSirebiT.
meore msoflio omis Sem-
deg, 50-----iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si, samuelsonma Tavisi gaxmau-
rebuli naSromis — ̀ ekonomiq-sis~ gamocemiT (romelic 1998
wels ukve meTeqvsmeted gam-
oica v. nordhausis Tanaavtoro-
biT) didi roli Seasrula eko-
nomikuri ganaTlebis sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT keinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianuri
TeTeTeTeTeoriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSi, stok-
holmis skolisa da sakuTari
Teoriebis Sesaxeb codnis gavr-
celebaSi. am periodidan moy-
olebuli `ekonomiqsi~ perma-
nentulad gamodis sxvadasxva
enaze, daistamba milionobiT
egzemplari. amiT pol samuel-
soni ara mxolod yvelaze gav-
leniani ekonomisti gaxda, ara-
med samecniero wreSi yvelaze
SeZlebulic.
samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro (working time)- - - - - warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli mo-
saxleobis mier gamomuSavebu-
li saaTebis raodenoba.
samuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebis
mmmmmTliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba (total wor-king hours) - - - - - samuSao drois sa-aTebis saSualo raodenoba gam-
ravlebuli dasaqmebuli mosax-
leobis ricxovnobaze.
samuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebis
saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba (averageworking hours) - - - - - samuSao droissaaTebis raodenoba, romlis gan-
mavlobaSic dasaqmebulia erTi
saSualo statistikuri muSaki.
samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala (labour force)- - - - - ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-
saxleobis mTliani raodenoba,
romelic moicavs dasaqmebulebs,
samxedro mosamsaxureebsa da
registrirebul umuSevrebs.
oficialur statistikaSi sam-
uSao Zalad ganisazRvreba ad-
amianTa is jgufi 16 wlidan
pensiaze gasvlis asakamde, rom-
lebic muSaoben an umuSevrebi
arian. samuSao Zalis katego-
rias ar miekuTvnebian studen-
tebi, pensionrebi, diasaxlisebi,
is pirebi, romlebmac dakarges
samuSaos Sovnis imedi da ami-
tom aqtiurad aRar eZeben mas.
samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili (maC-maC-maC-maC-maC-
venebelivenebelivenebelivenebelivenebeli) (labour force partici-pation rate) - - - - - momuSaveTa da umu-SevarTa procenti Sromisuna-
riani asakis mqone mosaxleo-
bis mTlian ricxovnobaSi.
samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)
346
sanacia sanacia sanacia sanacia sanacia (sanitation) - - - - - 1. ban-kebis mier (xSirad saxelmwi-
fos monawileobiT) gatarebu-
li zomebis sistema (subsidie-
bi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi, Se-
RavaTiani dabegvra da a.S.) ga-
kotrebis Tavidan acilebisa da
konkurentunarianobis amaRleb-
is mizniT.....
2. saxelmwifo da sabanko
RonisZiebebis sistema sawarmoe-
bis gakotrebis Tavidan acilebi-
saTvis, maTi finansuri mdgoma-
reobis gaumjobesebisaTvis dak-
reditebis, reorganizaciis, ga-
mosaSvebi produqciis saxeobe-
bis SecvliT an sxva gziT.
sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia (sanction) [<laT.
sanctio umkacresi dadgenileba]- - - - - 1. ekonomikuri, finansuri,
samxedro RonisZiebebi gamoye-
nebuli saerTaSoriso samarTal-
Si im saxelmwifoebis winaaR-
mdeg, romlebmac daarRvies sa-
erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi;
2. nebarTva, Tanxmoba, da-
dastureba, mowoneba.
3. iZulebiTi zemoqmedebis
RonisZiebebi sameurneo da fi-
nansuri saqmianobis normalu-
rad gaZRolis wesebis damr-
RvevTa mimarT. sanqciebi xorci-
eldeba saxelmwifo organoeb-
is, finansuri da sagadasaxado
organoebis, agreTve bankebis mxri-
dan. sanqciebi moicavs: saqmia-
nobis akrZalvas an SezRudvas,
materialuri da fuladi saSu-
alebebis amoRebas.
ganasxvaveben Semdegi sax-
is sanqciebs; 1). saxelSekrule-
bo (jarimebi, xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Se-
usruleblobisaTvis; 2). sakre-
dito(sabanko), gamoiyeneba banke-
bis mier sakredito valdebule-
baTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi; 3).
finansuri (finansur-sagadasax-
ado disciplinis darRvevisas).
saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki (pri-vatiozation check, voucher) - - - - - 1. miz-nobrivi daniSnulebis nomina-
luri Rirebulebis mqone saxel-
mwifo fasiani qaRaldi, rome-
lic gamoiyeneba rogorc saga-
damxdelo saSualeba sapriva-
tizacio obieqtebis SesaZenad.
sargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoria
(theory of utility) - - - - - Teoriuli mi-
marTuleba ekonomikur mecni-
erebaSi, romelic ganaviTares
avstriuli skolis warmomad-
genlebma XIX-XX saukuneebSi.eyrdnoba sargeblianobis bazi-
sur, subieqtur gagebas, rome-
lic aRiqmeba rogorc siamovneba,
romelsac adamiani iRebs dov-
laTis moxmarebis Sedegad. sar-
geblianobis Teoriis ZiriTadi
principi eyrdnoba klebadi zRv-
ruli sargeblianobis kanons,
romlis mixedviT sargeblia-
nobis mateba klebulobs erTi
erTeuli damatebiTi dovlaTis
sanaciasanaciasanaciasanaciasanacia
347
(sikeTis) miRebis Sedegad.
sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta (reser-ve currency) - - - - - ucxouri valuta,
romelsac saxelmwifo inaxavs
rogorc Tavisi savaluto re-
zervebis nawils saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi gamosayeneblad. sare-
zervo valuta unda akmayofi-
lebdes Semdeg pirobebs: a). un-
da hqondes stabiluri Rire-
buleba; b). unda iyos im qvey-
nis valuta, romelic mniSvne-
lovan rols asrulebs saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaSi; g). unda
iyos Tavisuflad konvertire-
badi. sarezervo valutis rols
umetesad asrulebs aSS dola-
ri, evro, girvanqa sterlingi
da Sveicariuli franki.
sarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo norma (reserverate) – bankebis rezervebis (ro-melic warmodgenilia nawilo-
briv naRdi fulis saxiT, nawi-
lobriv ki centralur bankSi
mocemuli bankis angariSze) maT
saCeko depozitebTan Sefarde-
ba, rac, rogorc wesi, 10%_s
Seadgens. bankebi darCenil
90%_s sesxebis gasacemad an
obligaciebis SesaZenad iyeneben.
sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento (ad-vertising agency) - - - - - Suamavali or-
ganizacia, romelic Tavis klien-
tebs uwevs momsaxurebas rek-
lamis dagegmvis, organizaciisa
da gamoyenebisaTvis, agreTve
presiT, radioTi da televizi-
iT misi gavrcelebisaTvis. sa-
reklamo saagentoebi arsebobs
masobrivi komunikaciebis saSua-
lebebis mflobelTa da klient-
Ta honorarebis sakomisio gasam-
rjelos xarjze.
sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali (riskcapital) – kapitali, dabandebu-
li kompaniaSi gakotrebis ma-
Rali riskiT (albaTobiT), mag.,
venCuruli kapitali.
kompaniis finansuri kapita-
lis sxvadasxva forma riskis
sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.
mag., kompaniis mogebis ganawi-
lebisas savalo valdebulebe-
bis mflobelebi, sargebloben ra
rigi upiratesobebiT, pirvel
rigSi iReben mogebis fiqsire-
bul procents da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, maTi kapitali atarebs
mcire risks; privilegiuri aqci-
is mflobelebi TavianT Semosa-
vals fiqsirebuli dividendis
saxiT meore rigSi iReben da
maTi kapitali SedarebiT ufro
maRali riskis matarebelia; Cve-
ulebrivi aqciis mflobelebi Ta-
vianT Semosavals sul bolos
iReben kompaniis darCenili mo-
gebidan, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi
kapitali yvelaze maRali riskis
Semcvelia. Tu kompaniaSi izr-
deba mogeba, maSin Cveulebrivi
aqciis mflobelTa Semosavali
izrdeba, vinaidan zemoT aRniS-
nuli fiqsirebuli procenti-
sarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitali
348
sa da fiqsirebuli dividendis
gadidebis Semdeg, kompania maT
unawilebs darCenil qonebas.
arsebobs savaluto riski,
romelic dakavSirebulia ucx-
ouri valutis kursis moulod-
nel cvlilebasTan da adgili
aqvs sagareo vaWrobaSi, sakredi-
to da savaluto operaciebis
Catarebisas da a.S.
garda amisa, adgili aqvs ag-
reTve erovnuli valutis sa-
bazro Rirebulebis meryeobiT
gamowveul risks.
sakredito riski dakavSire-
bulia kreditebis daubruneb-
lobasTan xelSekrulebiT gaT-
valiswinebul vadaSi.
sabanko riskis erT-erTi sa-
xeobaa sargeblis riski, rome-
lic ganpirobebulia sargeblis
ganakveTebis gauTvaliswinebe-
li cvlilebebiT.
sarisko kapitali mWidro
kavSirSia samewarmeo riskTan,
romelic Tan axlavs firmis
yoveldRiur saqmianobas, misi
zogadi (corporate risk) da amavedros erT-erTi ZiriTadi riskia.
sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani (trade-mark) - - - - - dadgenili wesiT reg-
istrirebuli, originalurad
gaformebuli grafikuli, asoe-
brivi an sxvagvari niSani. gam-
oiyeneba sxvadasxva sawarmoTa
mier warmoebuli erTgvarovani
saqonlis erTmaneTisagan gan-
sasxvaveblad. zogierT qveya-
naSi arsebobs savaWro niSnis
ori saxe: 1. savaWro marka (trademark) - - - - - niSani-----simbolo, sityva
an am ukanasknelTa SeerTeba,
romelic miuTiTebs saqonlis
mwarmoebelze; 2. savaWro sax-
elwodeba (trade name) - - - - - saqon-lis mwarmoeblis saxelwode-
ba, romelic ekuTvnis ara ga-
moSvebul produqcias, aramed
TviT firmas. sasaqonlo niSne-
bi daculia kanoniT.
sasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlo-----materialurimaterialurimaterialurimaterialurimaterialuri
maragi maragi maragi maragi maragi (inventories) - - - - - warmoebu-li, magram jer kidev gausaRe-
beli produqcia, romelic mwar-
moeblebisa da sabiTumo vaWro-
bis sawyobebSi inaxeba.
sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-
ri ri ri ri ri (credit market) - - - - - sakreditourTierTobebis specifikuri
sfero, sadac moTxovna-----miwode-
bis safuZvelze yalibdeba gari-
geba sesxad gasacem fulad kapi-
talze.
sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba (ru-ral settlement) - - - - - dasaxlebuli
punqti, romelic ar Seesabame-
ba mocemul qveyanaSi dadge-
nil saqalaqo dasaxlebis kri-
teriumebs. sasoflo dasaxleb-
is macxovreblebi ZiriTadad
dasaqmebulia soflisa da sa-
tyeo meurneobaSi, misdeven nad-
irobas, rewvas da a.S.
sasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSani
349
sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo-----sameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo la-----
gigigigigi (agricultural lag) - - - - - garRveva sa-soflo-----sameurneo warmoebis
faqtobriv da potenciur mocu-
lobebs Soris. ZiriTadad war-
moiqmneba ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si. Tu soflidan qalaqSi gaz-
rdili migraciis gamo kvebis
produqtebisa da sasoflo-----
sameurneo nedleulis miwode-
ba ver akmayofilebs maTze
moTxovnas, maSin warmoiqmneba
am produqciis deficiti, rac
zrdis mis imports. es mZime
tvirTad awveba qveynis ekonomi-
kas da iwvevs mis Seferxebas.
satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-
jebi jebi jebi jebi jebi (transport costs) – xarjebi,romlebic dakavSirebulia tvir-
Tis gadazidvasTan erTi adgi-
lidan meoreze. moicavs ara mxo-
lod gadazidvis pirdapir dana-
xarjebs, romelic ganisazRvre-
ba manZiliT, aramed datvirTvis,
gadmotvirTvisa da sagzao mom-
saxurebis danaxarjebsac.
satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-
baraTi baraTi baraTi baraTi baraTi (way bill) - - - - - dokumenti,romelSic mocemulia sarkinig-
zo an saavtomobilo trans-
portiT gadasazidi saqonlis
aRwera; konosamentis analogi,
romelic fasiani qaRaldi ar
aris da romlis xelidan xelSi
gadacema ar SeiZleba.
sauravisauravisauravisauravisauravi (penalty tax) – sanq-cia fuladi jarimis saxiT,
romliTac jarimdebian fula-
di valdebulebebis aradrou-
li SesrulebisaTvis, vadis ga-
dacilebisaTvis. rogorc wesi,
sauravi wesdeba procentis sa-
xiT vadagadacilebul valde-
bulebebis Tanxaze da ericxeba
yoveli vadagadacilebuli dRi-
saTvis garkveuli periodis man-
Zilze, romlis Semdegac xdeba
erTjeradi jarimis gadaxda.
safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi (invoiceprice) - - - - - fasi, romelic miTiTe-
bulia angariSSi (faqturaSi)
miwodebul saqonelze. miwode-
bis sabaziso pirobebis mixed-
viT, safaqturo fasSi SeiZle-
ba Sevides saqonlis gadazidvas-
Tan, datvirTva-----gadmotvirTvas-
Tan, dazRvevasTan, saeqsporto
baJis gadaxdasTan da a.S. dakav-
Sirebuli danaxarjebi.
safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka (firm mark)- - - - - saxelwodeba an emblema, ro-
melic mocemuli saqonlis sxva
saqonlis masisagan gamoyofis
saSualebas iZleva. safirmo
marka saqonlis ̀ saxis~ ganuyo-
feli elementia (ix. imiji).
nawarmi, romelic Tavisi safir-
mo markis wyalobiT moipovebs
aRiarebas bazarze, mtkice pozi-
cias ikavebs. saqoneli safir-
mo markiT nebismieri savaWro
sawarmodan iyideba.
safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa (stock ex-change) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis
safondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJa
350
organizebuli meoreuli baz-
ari, romelic funqcionirebs
dadgenili wesebis mixedviT da
kotirebis meqanizmis meSveobiT
gansazRvravs birJaze mimoqce-
vadi fasiani qaRaldebis Ziri-
Tadi saxeobis _ _ _ _ _ aqciebisa da
obligaciebis sabazro kurss,
fass. safondo birJa avlens
fasian qaRaldebze moTxovnisa
da miwodebis dones da axdens
maTs koncentracias.
safondo birJaze aqciebi-
sa da obligaciebis kotirebi-
saTvis gaSveba xdeba emiten-
tisadmi konkretuli moTxov-
nis wayenebiT. birJaze fasiani
qaRaldebis gamotana SezRudu-
lia. msoflios udides birJe-
bze (niu-----iorkis, londonis,
tokios da a.S.) mimoiqceva
mxolod ramdenime umsxvilesi
aqcioneruli kompaniis aqciebi,
romlebic saerTod mimoqceva-
Si gaSvebuli aqciebis 75%-----ze
mets Seadgens. danarCeni ko-
mpaniebis finansuri aqtivebi
iyideba sxva safondo birJeb-
ze da maTs gareT.
kotirebuli aqciebis saer-
To Tanxisa da dadebuli gari-
gebebis moculobis mixedviT,
msoflioSi yvelaze didi safon-
do birJebia iaponiis, aSS-----is,
inglisisa da taivanis fasiani
qaRaldebis bazrebi. mag., niu-----
iorkis safondo birJaze dRe-
Si 160 mln-----ze meti aqcia mi-
moiqceva. safondo birJis yve-
laze gavrcelebuli modelia
anglo-----amerikuli-----korporaciu-
li.
safondo birJas aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis iuridiuli
statusi aqvs. igi aerTianebs
Tanabaruflebian wevrebs, rom-
lebsac nayidi aqvT `adgili~
birJaze operaciebis warmoebi-
saTvis. mag., niu-----iorkis safon-
do birJaze erTi adgili 200
aTasi dolari Rirs.
safondo birJa TviTmmar-
TvelobiTi organizaciaa. misi
umaRlesi organoa sabirJo sab-
Wo. safondo birJis Semosav-
lebi iqmneba Sesasvleli da
sawevro Senatanebisagan, jarime-
bisa da sabirJo sakomisiosa-
gan. vaWrobis monawileni ari-
an brokerebi, dilerebi da Se-
sabamisi specialistebi. zogi-
erT birJaze vaWrobaSi sxva
Suamavlebic monawileoben, mag.,
maklerebi. rogorc wesi, fasi-
ani qaRaldebi iyideba `msxvil
lotebad~. brokeri an sabroke-
ro firma davalebas gadascems
Tavis warmomadgenels sabirJo
darbazSi, romelic garigebas
debs sxva brokerTan. garigeba
registrirdeba eleqtronuli
sistemiT. Tanxa aisaxeba sain-
formacio tabloze. mxareebs
Soris angariSsworeba xdeba
dadgenili drois mixedviT (mag.,
aSS-----Si _ _ _ _ _ 5 samuSao dRis gan-
safondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJa
351
mavlobaSi). birJaze fasiani qa-
Raldebis fasi yalibdeba or-
magi auqcionis an ganacxadeb-
is ranJirebis mixedviT Sesasy-
idi (qveda zRvari) da gasayi-
di (zeda zRvari) fasis far-
glebSi. yoveli garigeba iTval-
iswinebs axal auqcions. sabir-
Jo fasi dReSi ramdenimejer
fiqsirdeba da yoveldRiurad
qveyndeba presaSi. safondo bir-
Jebis msoflio federacia da
birJebis evropuli TanamSrom-
lobis federacia safondo bir-
Jebis Sesaxeb cnobebis yovel-
wliur krebuls uSveben.
safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari (freightmarket) - - - - - satransporto pro-duqciis mimoqcevis sfero. ar-
sebobs Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-
fraxtofraxtofraxtofraxtofraxto bazari. bazari. bazari. bazari. bazari. Ria bazarze
sazRvao gadazidvis fasi msof-
lio fass uTanabrdeba, Tavisuf-
lad wesdeba moTxovnisa da mi-
wodebis cvalebadobis gavlen-
iT. mis wilad modis saerTa-
Soriso sazRvao gadazidvis mo-
culobis araumetes 10-----15%-----isa.
tvirTis danarCeni raodenoba
gadaizideba daxuruli safrax-
to bazris meSveobiT, romelic
daculia Ria bazris zemoqmede-
bisagan specialuri saxelmwifo
aqtebiT.
safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi (fre-ight rate) - - - - - sazRvao gadazidvisfasi, romelic moicavs danax-
arjebsa da saSualo mogebas.
safrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompania
(fronting-company) - - - - - damzRvevikompania, romelic sxva kompa-
niis saxeliT gascems poliss
im pirobiT, rom aRebuli pa-
suxismgeblobis 100% iqneba
gadazRveuli meore kompania-
Si. am SemTxvevaSi safrontin-
go kompania itovebs iuridiul
pasuxismgeblobas damzRvevis
winaSe. safrontingo kompanias
aqvs ufleba miiRos sakomisio
frontingobisaTvis.
saqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis ci-----
kkkkkli li li li li (trade cycle) - - - - - ix. ekonomi-kuri cikli.
saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi (businessgame) - - - - - sxvadasxva warmoebrivsituaciaSi realuri obieqtis
modelze sammarTvelo gadaw-
yvetilebaTa SemuSavebis imit-
aciis meTodi.
saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli (goods) - - - - - yvela-
feri, rac iyideba bazarze, e.i.
razec moTxovnaa. ufro zus-
tad, saqonelia Sromis produq-
ti, romelic akmayofilebs ada-
mianis raime moTxovnilebas da
warmoebulia gacvlisaTvis, ba-
zarze gasayidad. saqonlis spe-
cifikuri formaa momsaxureba.
saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari (com-modity market) - - - - - materialur-----
nivTobrivi produqtebis yid-
va-----gayidvis aqtebis erToblio-
ba. saqonlis bazari moicavs war-
saqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazari
352
moebis saSualebebisa (sawar-
mos Senoba-----nagebobebis, mowyo-
bilobebis, danadgarebis, nedleu-
lis, saTbobisa da a.S.) da sab-
oloo moxmarebis sagnebis (ro-
gorc yoveldRiuri, ise xangr-
Zlivi moxmarebis sagnebis)
farTo speqtrs da, Sesabamisad,
iyofa calkeul, ufro viwro
bazrebad. saboloo moxmarebis
sagnebis bazarze moTxovnis kon-
centraciis done gacilebiT
dabalia, vidre warmoebis sa-
Sualebebis bazarze. samagierod,
pirveli xasiaTdeba ufro ma-
Rali moTxovnis elastikuro-
biT. amasTan, saboloo moxmare-
bis sagnebis bazarze saqonlis
realizacias naklebi Sualedu-
ri rgoli sWirdeba, vidre war-
moebis saSualebebis bazarze.
saqonlis bazris koniunq-
turaze aqtiur zemoqmedebas
axdens fasebis done, fulis
mimoqcevis mdgomareoba, mosax-
leobis Semosavlebis dinamika,
sabanko procentis done, dakred-
itebis reJimi, dabegvris xasi-
aTi, sainvesticio bazris mdgo-
mareoba da sxv. didi mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs agreTve sagareo-----eko-
nomikur faqtors: sabaJo poli-
tikis liberalizacia da ucxo-
uri investirebisaTvis xel-
sayreli pirobebis Seqmna mniS-
vnelovnad uwyobs xels saqon-
lis bazris deficitis daZle-
vasa da inflaciis donis daqve-
iTebas.
saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-
snilobasnilobasnilobasnilobasniloba (openness in goods mar-kets) - - - - - firmebisa da sxva mo-mxmarebelTa alternatiuli
SesaZlebloba, gaakeTon arCe-
vani saqonlis SeZenisas.
saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa (commo-dity exchange) [<laT. bursa safu-le] - - - - - saqonlis bazris infras-
truqturis mniSvnelovani rgo-
li, bazris instituti, romlis
amocanaa sabiTumo saqonlis baz-
ris funqcionirebisaTvis auci-
lebeli pirobebis Seqmna. saqon-
lis birJa sargeblobs iurid-
iuli piris uflebebiT. igi uz-
runvelyofs sabiTumo garige-
bebs da organizacias uwevs sa-
birJo vaWrobas, TviTon arc
vaWrobs da arc saSuamavlo
saqmianobas eweva. sabirJo gari-
gebebi ar SeiZleba daidos bir-
Jis saxeliT da mis xarjze.
amgvar garigebebs birJis wevrebi
deben. saqonlis birJis mosam-
saxureebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen
misi wevrebi, iseve, rogorc sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebisa da
mmarTvelobis organoebi, banke-
bi, sadazRvevo sainvesticio ko-
mpaniebi (Tumca am kompaniebs
ufleba aqvT iTvlebodnen saqon-
lis birJis safondo da savalu-
to ganyofilebebis wevrebad).
uZravi qoneba da inteleq-
saqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsnilobasnilobasnilobasnilobasniloba
353
tualuri sakuTreba ar aris
sabirJo saqoneli. sabirJo vaW-
robisas SeiZleba ganxorci-
eldes Semdegi garigebebi: rea-
luri saqonlis yidva _ dau-yovnebeli miwodebiT; realuri
saqonlis yidva _ ganvadebiT mi-wodebiT, e.i. momavali saqon-
lis, mag., momavali mosavlis
SeZena; saqonlis miwodebaze
standartuli kontraqtebis, e.i.
ara saqonlis, aramed saqonlis
miwodebis Sesaxeb kontraqte-
bis yidva; momavalSi kontraq-
tis dadebis uflebis yidva.
saqonlis birJaze myidve-
lebisa da gamyidvelebis saxe-
liTa da davalebiT moqmedeben
Suamavlebi _ sabrokero kan-
torebi, sabrokero firmebi da
damoukidebeli brokerebi, dil-
erebi. saqonlis birJaze fase-
bi Tavisuflad formirdeba
vaWrobis procesSi. fasebis do-
nis an misi sazRvrebis dadge-
na sabirJo vaWrobaSi akrZalu-
lia. saqonlis birJaze damo-
ukideblad gansazRvraven im ga-
dasaxdelebis sidides, romleb-
sac iReben sabirJo vaWrobis
monawileTagan gaweuli momsax-
urebisaTvis, Suamavlebisagan sa-
komisios saxiT, agreTve jari-
mas sabirJo vaWrobis wesebis
darRvevisaTvis da sxv.
ganasxvaveben specialize-
bul da universalur birJebs.
specializebuli birJebia: fera-
di liTonebis birJa, navTobis
birJa, bambis birJa da a.S.
saqonlis birJa gansazRvravs
sabirJo garigebebis (xelSek-
rulebebis) registraciisa da
gaformebis wesebs, agreTve san-
qciebs im monawileTa mimarT,
romlebic birJaze axerxeben ga-
rigebebis dadebas ̀ kulisebSi~,
e.i. Ria vaWrobis gverdis av-
liT.
sainformacio samsaxuris
swori organizaciis Sedegad
birJebi mdidar informacias
floben fasebis dinamikis, sx-
vadasxva saqonelze moTxovnisa
da miwodebis Sesaxeb. didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba birJaze fase-
bis kotirebas, rasac axdens spe-
cialuri komisia wina vaWrobe-
bis Sedegebis mixedviT. komi-
sia gansazRvravs saqonlis ti-
pur, sacnobaro fass, romelic
gamoxatavs bazris koniunqtu-
ras vaWrobis dRes. mocemuli
saqonlis yidva-----gayidvis gari-
gebaTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi
ti puria dadebul garigebaTa
saSualo fasi. Tu garigebaTa
ricxvi mcirea, maSin tipuri
fasi ganisazRvreba specialuri
meTodikiT, romlis mizanic Sem-
TxveviTi faqtorebis gavlenis
gamoricxvaa. garda sainforma-
cio da saangariSsworebo mom-
saxurebisa, saqonlis birJa vaW-
saqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJa
354
robis monawileebs aZlevs gar-
kveul garantiebs. saqonlis bi-
rJis saqmianoba, rogorc wesi,
regulirdeba kanoniT `saqon-
lis birJisa da sabirJo vaWro-
bis Sesaxeb~.
saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-
bazisobazisobazisobazisobaziso pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi (basis of deli-veries) - - - - - specialuri pirobebi
sagareo-----savaWro garigebebisas,
romelic gansazRvravs da erT-
maneTisagan gamijnavs saqonlis
gadazidvisas gamyidvelisa da
myidvelis valdebulebebs, amas-
Tan, adgens miwodebis vadebs
da saqonlis dazianebis an da-
kargvis SemTxvevaSi gamyidve-
lisgan myidvelze riskis gadas-
vlis moments.
saerTaSoriso savaWro pal-
atam (1953 da 1980 ww.) Sei-
muSava da gamouSva saqonlis
miwodebis sabaziso pirobebis
ganmartebiTi krebuli _ _ _ _ _ ̀ inko-
termsi~. masSi mocemulia 14
sabaziso pirobis ganmarteba.
aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebulia:
`sifsifsifsifsif~-----i, ̀ kafkafkafkafkaf~-----i, ̀ fobfobfobfobfob~-----i, ̀ fasfasfasfasfas~-----
i, `franko-----qarxana~, `franko-----
vagoni~, ̀ miwodeba sazRvramde~,
`miwodeba baJis gadaxdiT~,
`franko gadamzidi~ da a.S.
saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi (qualityof products) - - - - - produqciis teqni-kur-----ekonomikuri da esTetikuri
Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic
misi vargisianobis dones gan-
sazRvravs.
saqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodi
(bar-code of the goods) – Strix-uli niSnis dadeba saqonelze,
romlis mixedviTac dgindeba
saqonlis saxe, misi mikuTvneba
garkveul saqonlur jgufze,
xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi da
a.S.
saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi (balance of goodsand services) - - - - - saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis (turizmis, trans-
portisa da a.S.) eqsporti, im-
porti da saldo saangariSo
periodis ganmavlobaSi.
sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-
ba ba ba ba ba (general equilibrium) - - - - - situa-cia, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebu-
li yvela bazari erTdroulad
imyofeba wonasworobis mdgo-
mareobaSi, anu moTxovna da mi-
wodeba erTmaneTis tolia, xo-
lo fasebi da gamoSvebuli sa-
qonlis raodenoba _ ucvleli.
ekonomikuri sistemebis an-
alizisas tradiciulad gamoiy-
eneba ori midgoma.
pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, rome-
lic SedarebiT martivia, dakav-
Sirebulia a. marSalis saxel-
Tan, nawilobriv wonasworobis
analizTan da gulisxmobs eko-
nomikuri sistemis elementis,
mag., marcvleulis bazris wonas-
worobas.
meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma gacilebiT
saqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sabazisobazisobazisobazisobaziso pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi
355
rTulia, rogorc konceptua-
luri, ise maTematikuri aparat-
is gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
igi dakavSirebulia l. valra-
sis saxelTan da gulisxmobs
ekonomikuri sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis, SigniT warmoebuli
yvela saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis raodenobisa da fasebis gan-
sazRvras.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadi
(income tax) - - - - - rogorc wesi,
progresiuli gadasaxadi, rom-
liTac ibegreba daubegrav min-
imums zeviT fizikur pirTa
gasuli wlis erToblivi Se-
mosavlebi. aikrifeba erTjera-
di gadaxdis saxiT. misi ga-
nakveTi wliuri Semosavlis
sididis matebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba. saqarTveloSi 2005
wlis 1 ianvridan aRar arse-
bobs daubegravi minimumi, saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi aRar aris
progresiuli gadasaxadi, misi
ganakveTi iyo fiqsirebuli 12%.
2008 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqm-
da socialuri gadasaxadi, saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi gaxda 25%,
xolo 2009 wlis 1 ianvridan
_ _ _ _ _ 20%.
saSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarji (ave-rage cost - - - - - AC) - - - - - danaxarji pro-duqciis erTeulze. gamoiTvleba
mTliani danaxarjis (TC) gayo-
fiT warmoebuli produqciis
raodenobaze. saSualo danaxar-
ji iyofa mudmiv saSualo (AFC)
da cvalebad saSualo (AVC) da-
naxarjebad.
mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-
ji ji ji ji ji gaiangariSeba mudmivi dana-
xarjis gayofiT warmoebuli
produqciis mTlian moculoba-
ze. formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:
Q
FCAFC .
cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-
xarxarxarxarxarji ji ji ji ji gaiangariSeba cvaleba-
di danaxarjis gayofiT warmo-
ebuli produqciis mTlian moc-
ulobaze. formuliT gamoisax-
eba ase:
Q
VCAVC .
saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-
gacia gacia gacia gacia gacia (medium-term bond) - - - - - ob-ligacia, romlis dafarvis vada
1-dan 10 wlamdea.
sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba (retail tra-de) - - - - - saqonlis mcire raodeno-
biT an calobiT uSualod mom-
xmarebelze miyidva.
sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi (retail price) -----wesdeba moxmarebisaTvis mcire
raodenobiT gasayid saqonelze.
sacalo fasebiT vaWroben ara
mxolod sacalo qselis pun-
qtebSi, aramed saamanaTo wesiT,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saer-
TaSoriso bazarze. sacalo fasi
aisaxeba safirmo preiskuran-
tebSi, masobrivi myidvelisaTvis
sacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasi
356
gamiznul ilustrirebul kata-
logebSi. sacalo fasebis moZ-
raoba yovelTvis ar emTxveva
sabiTumo da sagareo-----savaWro
fasebisas. zogjer mas SeiZle-
ba sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba
hqondes.
sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi (publi-shed price) - - - - - fasi, romelic qvey-
ndeba calkeul periodul gamo-
cemebSi (saerTo-----ekonomikur da
dargobriv JurnalebSi, biule-
tenebSi, gazeTebSi), preiskuran-
tebSi, gamomcemlobebis, saagen-
toebis, asociaciebis, msxvili
kompaniebis mier gamocemul ka-
talogebSi. Cveulebriv gamoiTv-
leba rogorc faqtobrivi gari-
gebebis gasaSualebuli sidide
gansazRvrul vadaSi saeqspor-
to Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
warmoadgens orientirs gari-
gebis dadebisas. amasTan, sac-
nobaro fasi SeiZleba arsebi-
Tad gansxvavdebodes saxelSek-
rulebosagan, rasac gansazRv-
ravs mocemuli saqonlis baz-
ris konkretuli pirobebi.
sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo (enterprise) – zoga-di saxelwodeba yvela im in-
stituciuri erTeulisa (kor-
poracia, arakomerciuli orga-
nizacia, Sinameurneoba da a.S.),
romelic awarmoebs saqonelsa
da momsaxurebas anu axorci-
elebs samewarmeo saqmianobas.
sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi (forces
of production) – samuSao Zalisa
da warmoebis saSualebebis
(romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa
1. Sromis sagnebad _ nedleu-
li, naxevarfabrikatebi, ZiriTadi
da damxmare masalebi da 2. Sro-
mis saSualebebad _ manqana-da-
nadgarebi, instrumentebi, mow-
yobilobebi, sawarmos Senoba-na-
gebobebi, da a.S.) erToblioba.
sawarmoo Zalebi, ganviTare-
bis doniT gansxvavebulia neb-
ismier sazogadoebaSi, yovel
etapze gansazRvravs ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa tips da war-
moadgens mocemuli sazogadoe-
bis realur ekonomikur safuZ-
vels.
sawarmoo Zalebi dasavlur
ekonomikur literaturaSi Zi-
riTadad formulirebulia ro-
gorc marqsistuli kategoria,
rac, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdi-
nare, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles
da moiTxovs dazustebas.
sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali (no-minal capital) - - - - - fuladi saxs-
rebi an fuladi formiT gamo-
xatuli materialuri da arama-
terialuri faseulobebi, rom-
lebsac damfuZneblebi abande-
ben sawarmoTa Sesaqmnelad.
masSi Sedis: Senoba-----nagebobebi,
mowyobilobebi, bunebrivi resur-
sebiT sargeblobis ufleba, in-
teleqtualuri sakuTrebis obi-
eqtebi _ _ _ _ _ patentebi, licenzie-
sacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasi
357
bi, proeqtebi da a.S. sawesdebo
kapitali balansis pasivSi ai-
saxeba.
saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-
bi bi bi bi bi (treasury bills – T-bills) – obli-
gaciebi gamoSvebidan erT wlam-
de dafarvis vadiT. es diskonti-
rebuli obligaciebia da maT ga-
daxdis mxolod erTi vada aqvT.
saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia (trea-sury bond) – obligacia, gamoSve-
bidan 10 welsa da meti dafar-
vis vadiT, xolo 1-dan 10 wlam-
de dafarvis vadiT saxazino
bileTi (treasury notes) ewode-ba. saxazino obligacia (aseve,
saxazino bileTi) kuponiani
obligaciebia.
saxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujeti
(state budget) - - - - - finansuri siste-mis centralizebuli fondi,
saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da
xarjebis nusxa drois garkveu-
li periodisaTvis. masSi naCve-
nebia saxelmwifo Semosavleb-
is wyaroebi da saxsrebis xar-
jviTi arxebi. saxelmwifo bi-
ujets adgens mTavroba, miiRe-
ba da mtkicdeba umaRlesi sa-
kanonmdeblo organos mier.
saxelmwifo biujetis Se-
mosavali iqmneba Semdegi Ziri-
Tadi wyaroebis xarjze: pirda-
piri gadasaxadi mogebaze; Sro-
mis anazRaurebis sidideze da-
mokidebulebiT amoRebuli ga-
dasaxadi (maT Soris fizikuri
pirebis saSemosavlo gadasax-
adi); dRg-----ze gadasaxadi; aq-
cizi; licenzirebisa da reg-
istraciis mosakreblebi; saqo-
nelsa da momsaxurebaze gada-
saxadi; qonebaze gadasaxadi;
bunebrivi resursebis gamoye-
nebaze gadasaxadi; sagareo vaW-
robisa da sagareo-----ekonomikuri
operaciebis gadasaxadi (maT So-
ris, sabaJo gadasaxadi impor-
tze); specialuri gadasaxadi
ekonomikis mniSvnelovani darge-
bis stimulirebisaTvis (mizno-
brivi sabiujeto fondebidan);
sxva gadasaxadebi da mosakre-
blebi; arasagadasaxado Semo-
savlebi (Semosavlebi saxelm-
wifo mmarTvelobis subieqteb-
is saqmianobidan; saxelmwifo
qonebis, maT Soris, privatizaci-
idan miRebuli Semosavali, sax-
elmwifo maragebis realizaci-
idan miRebuli Semosavali; mi-
wisa da aramaterialuri resur-
sebis gayidvisgan miRebuli Se-
mosavali; kapitaluri trans-
ferebis Semosulobani arasax-
elmwifo wyaroebidan; adminis-
traciuli gadasaxdelebi; sa-
jarimo sanqciebi; specialur
momsaxurebaze mosakrebeli;
sagareo-----ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bisgan miRebuli Semosavlebi;
sagadasaxado organoebis anga-
riSze Semosulobani; sxva ara-
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi). au-
saxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujeti
358
nazRaurebeli gadaricxvebi:
ararezidentebidan, saxelmwifo
arasabiujeto fondebidan, sax-
elmwifo sawarmoebidan da or-
ganizaciebidan.
saxelmwifo biujetis ga-
savlis (xarjebis) ZiriTadi ar-
xebia: saxelmwifo da adgilo-
brivi mmarTvelobis xarjebi;
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis xar-
jebi; saerTaSoriso saqmiano-
bis xarjebi; erovnuli Tav-
dacvis xarjebi; saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa
da samarTaldamcavi organoeb-
is xarjebi; mecnierebisa da mec-
nierul-----teqnikuri progresis
xelSewyobis xarjebi; mrewve-
lobis, energetikisa da mSeneb-
lobis xarjebi; socialuri
programebis dafinansebis xar-
jebi; garemosa da bunebrivi re-
sursebis dacvis xarjebi; sa-
bazro infrastruqturis gan-
viTarebis xarjebi; sagangebo
situaciebisa da stiqiuri ube-
durebebis Sedegebis likvidaci-
is xarjebi; ganaTlebis, kul-
turisa da jandacvis xarjebi;
saxelmwifo valis momsaxure-
bis xarjebi; miznobrivi sabiu-
jeto fondebi da a.S.
saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa (sta-te order) - - - - - ekonomikuri da so-cialuri ganviTarebis nawili,
romelsac direqtiuli xasiaTi
aqvs. saxelmwifo am gziT zemo-
qmedebas axdens ekonomikaze. sa-
xelmwifo dakveTa eZlevaT ara
mxolod saxelmwifo, aramed
sakuTrebis sxva formiT arse-
bul sawarmoebsac. saxelmwifo
dakveTisas garantirebulia pro-
duqciis realizacia.
saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali (statedebt) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier aRe-
buli yvela sesxi, savalo val-
debulebaTa jami maTze sapro-
cento gadasaxdelebiT, romle-
bic mocemuli momentisTvis da-
faruli ar aris. arsebobs saxe-
lmwifo Sida da sagareo vali.
saxelmwifo Sida vali sa-
xelmwifos mier mosaxleobisa-
gan aRebuli valia. saxelmwifo
sagareo vali saxelmwifos mier
sazRvargareT, sxva qveynebisa-
gan aRebuli valia, romelic
gulisxmobs msesxebeli qvey-
nis savalo valdebulebas gam-
sesxebeli qveynis mimarT.
saxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmareba
(state consumption, expenditures)- - - - - saxelmwifo samomxmareblo
xarjebi. moicavs kerZo seqtor-
Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis saboloo moxmare-
bis garkveul nawils, sabiuje-
to dawesebulebebis Senaxvi-
saTvis, Tavdacvisa da socialu-
ri dazRvevisaTvis gaweul xar-
jebs.
saxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligacia
(government bond) – mTavrobis an
saxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTa
359
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
mier gamoSvebuli obligacia.
saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-
bababababa (state control) - - - - - saxelmwifos
mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba
ekonomikuri sistemis funq-
cionirebaze garkveuli proces-
ebis SenarCunebis, ekonomikuri
movlenebis Secvlis an maTi
urTierTkavSiris uzrunvely-
ofis mizniT. amisTvis gamoiy-
eneba RonisZiebaTa sistema, rom-
liTac SeiZleba sameurneo sub-
ieqtebis qcevis pirdapiri reg-
lamentireba an zemoqmedeba sa-
zogadoebriv warmoebaze ara-
pirdapiri gziT, ekonomikuri me-
Todebis sistemis meSveobiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gva-
qvs zemoqmedebis administraci-
ul meTodebTan, xolo meoreSi
_ _ _ _ _ ekonomikur regulatorebT-
an (fasi, gadasaxadebi, sabanko
procenti, preferenciebi, sanqcie-
bi da sxv).
saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-
do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba (state prom-issory note) - - - - - saxelmwifos vali
mosaxleobisadmi. mimoqcevaSi
gaSvebuli samTavrobo fasiani
qaRaldebis erToblioba. iyo-
fa sabazro da arasabazro kat-
egoriebad. sabazro kategorias
miekuTvneba xazinis Tamasuqi, sa-
Sualovadiani xazinis Tamasu-
qi da xazinis obligacia. ara-
sabazro sagadasaxado valde-
bulebebidan (arasabazro fasi-
ani qaRaldebi) yvelaze gavrce-
lebuli formaa Semnaxveli ob-
ligacia. am valdebulebebs
miekuTvneba agreTve samTavro-
bo angariSebis seriebi, ucxo-
uri samTavrobo seriebi, xel-
Sekrulebis adgilobrivi orga-
noebis seriebi da a.S.
saxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebi
(public finance) - - - - - tradiciuli
saxelwodeba mTavrobis saqmi-
anobisa fuladi saxsrebis akre-
fasa da xarjvasTan dakavSire-
biT. Cveulebriv aseTi saqmi-
anoba moicavs sul cota sam
funqcias: resursebis alokacias,
Semosavlebis ganawilebasa da
stabilizacias. saxelmwifo fi-
nansebi dakavSirebulia saxelm-
wifo seqtoris mravalmxriv
ekonomikur saqmianobasTan. uka-
nasknel periodSi didi mniS-
vneloba SeiZina saxelmwifo
xarjebisa da Sedegebis anal-
izma da gamosaSvebi produqciis
finansurma dagegmvam.
saxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidva
(government purchases) - - - - - saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis Sesyid-
va samTavrobo seqtoris mier,
rac gaTvaliswinebulia biuje-
tis gasavlis muxlebSi.
saxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifos ekonomiekonomiekonomiekonomiekonomikukukukuku-----
ririririri funqciebifunqciebifunqciebifunqciebifunqciebi (state function)– amerikeli ekonomistis r. mius-
gravis mier Camoyalibebuli
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi
360
tipologiiT, saxelmwifos eko-
nomikuri funqciebia: a). regu-regu-regu-regu-regu-
lirebislirebislirebislirebislirebis funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. ekonomikuri
politikiT saxelmwifo are-
gulirebs ekonomikur saqmia-
nobas anu misi funqciaa gamoas-
woros makroekonomikuri wonas-
worobis darRveva, rac gamoi-
xateba ekonomikuri zrdis
dacemaSi, umuSevrobis, infla-
ciis zrdaSi, sagadasaxdelo
balansis deficitsa da a.S.;
b). alokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqcia. ga-
moixateba arasasaqonlo dov-
laTisa da momsaxurebis anu
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war-
moebaSi (gzebi, sazogadoebrivi
ganaTeba, policia, Tavdacva da
a.S.). misi individualizacia
yidviT ar SeiZleba da eqvemdeba-
reba koleqtiur moxmarebas. sa-
xelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war-
moebas, misi dafinanseba ki um-
Tavresad saxelmwifo biujetiT
xorcieldeba; g). gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-
bis funqciabis funqciabis funqciabis funqciabis funqcia. saxelmwifo sa-
zogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanas-
worobis Semcirebas ekonomi-
kur agentTa mkveTri Semosav-
lebis gadanawilebiT uzrun-
velyofs.
saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-
ri ri ri ri ri saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi (state liquidity of as-sets) ----- moicavs centraluri ban-
kisa da stabilizaciis fon-
dis rezervebs, romlebic aucile-
belia sazRvargareT dagegmili
sasaqonlo da sakredito ope-
raciebis momsaxurebisaTvis. ofi-
cialur rezervebs miekuTvneba
oqros maragi da konvertireba-
di ucxouri valuta, saerTaSo-
riso savaluto fondis wevri
qveynebis sarezervo pozicia
(fondis kapitalSi am qveyneb-
is Sesatani wili, romelic SeiZ-
leba gaasesxon) da saxelmwi-
foTaSoriso moklevadiani kre-
ditis specialuri saxe.
saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko (go-vernment failure) - - - - - situacia, rom-lis drosac samTavrobo poli-
tika iwvevs resursebis araefeq-
tian gamoyenebas.
saxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavali
fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan (seigniorage)- - - - - wminda Senatani saxelmwifo
biujetSi, miRebuli mimoqceva-
Si damatebiTi fuladi saxs-
rebis gamoSvebis gziT. hiper-
inflaciis periodSi, intensi-
uri fuladi emisiis Sedegad,
aRwevs qveynis mTliani erovnu-
li produqtis moculobis
12%-----s.
saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia (reg-istered share, stock) - - - - - aqcia, rom-lis mflobeli miTiTebulia
aqciaze da mflobelis saxeliT
Setanilia aqcioneruli sa-
zogadoebis reestrSi. misi moZ-
raoba fiqsirdeba aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis aqciebis regis-
saxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likviduri ri ri ri ri saxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebi
361
traciis blankze. aqcioneruli
sazogadoebis wesdeba SeiZle-
ba moicavdes damatebiT wesebs,
romlebic aregulireben sa-
zogadoebis mier gamoSvebuli
saxelobiTi aqciebis moZraobas.
sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri (sequester) - - - - - 1.
specialuri sabiujeto meqanizmi,
romelic gamoiyeneba biujetis
deficitis donis gadaWarbebis
SemTxvevaSi da gulisxmobs
biujetis xarjebis (garda dac-
viTi muxlebisa) proporciul
Semcirebas mimdinare finansuri
wlis darCenili drois ganmav-
lobaSi; 2. raime qonebiT sarge-
blobis an gankargvis akrZalva,
an kidev, SezRudva saxelmwifo
an sasamarTlo organoebis mier.
senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi (seigniorage) [<frang.seigniorage baJi fulis beWdvis
uflebisaTvis] - - - - - mogeba, romel-
sac xazina iRebs fulis ga-
moSvebis Sedegad. udris fu-
lis nominalur Rirebulebasa
da emisiis xarjebs Soris sxva-
obas. faqtobrivad, mosaxleo-
bis xelT arsebul fulze ga-
dasaxadi. hiperinflaciis piro-
bebSi saxelmwifos Semosavlis
mTavari wyaro.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi se-
nioraJi VIG-----is 1-----1,5%-----s Sead-
gens. inflaciur ekonomikebSi
igi did safrTxes qmnis, rad-
gan maRali inflacia naklebad
mimzidvels xdis valutas da
amcirebs senioraJiT misaReb mo-
maval Semosavals.
servituti servituti servituti servituti servituti (asement) – ka-noniT dadgenili an xelSek-
rulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
ufleba miwis nakveTiTa da Se-
nobebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb
im pirebis mxriv, romlebic maTi
mesakuTreebi ar arian, magram
iZulebulni arian mimarTon as-
seT sargeblobas obieqturi ga-
remoebebis gamo.
sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati (certificate)[<laT. certum-----swori, utyuari,
facere-----keTeba] - - - - - 1. safinanso
dokumenti, romliTac dastur-
deba, rom misi mflobeli aqci-
is, obligaciis da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis mesakuTrea. serti-
fikati eZleva mesakuTres fa-
siani qaRaldebis sanacvlod,
romlebic inaxeba an sakredi-
to dawesebulebaSi, an fasiani
qaRaldebis depozitariumSi, an
kidev, daculia Canawerebis sax-
iT Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis
wignebSi (arasabazro fasiani
qaRaldebi); 2. dokumenti,
romelic adasturebs aqcioner-
uli sazogadoebis registra-
cias Sesabamis saxelmwifo sa-
finanso organoebSi; 3. sakredi-
to dawesebulebebis saanabro
mowmoba am dawesebulebaSi
fuladi saxsrebis deponireb-
is Sesaxeb (depozituri ser-
tifikati); gaicema meanabris
sertifikatisertifikatisertifikatisertifikatisertifikati
362
saxelze. masSi miTiTebulia
meanabris ufleba depozitze,
depozitis odenoba, misi vada
da procentis (sargeblis) si-
dide; 4. mTavrobis an xelisu-
flebis adgilobrivi organoe-
bis obligaciuri sesxebis sa-
xeoba, gamoSvebuli mcire kupi-
urebiT; Semnaxveli sertifikati,
romelsac avrceleben Semnax-
veli dawesebulebebi; 5. sadaz-
Rvevo sertifikati _ _ _ _ _ dokumen-
ti, romelsac gascems mzRve-
veli damzRvevis saxelze sa-
dazRvevo polisis nacvlad; 6.
sinjis sertifikati _ _ _ _ _ Zvirfa-
si liTonis sinjis damadas-
turebeli mowmoba; 7. sagareo
vaWrobis praqtikaSi _ _ _ _ _ doku-
menti, romelic adasturebs aq-
ceptis an sasaqonlo dokumen-
tebis gadaxdisaTvis aucile-
beli saqonlis ama Tu im parame-
trebs: xarisxis sertifikati,
saqonlis warmoebis serti-
fikati, wonis sertifikati da
a.S. bolo xans Zalze gaizar-
da saqonlis xarisxis serti-
fikatis mniSvneloba nawarmis
usafrTxoebis dacvis Tval-
sazrisiT. sertifikaciis saer-
TaSoriso da evropul centreb-
Si xarisxis sertifikatis miRe-
ba mniSvnelovani reklamaa da
xels uwyobs eqsportis gafar-
Toebas; 8. sainvesticio ser-
tifikati _ _ _ _ _ fasiani qaRaldi
`kapitaluri~ fasiani qaRalde-
bis jgufidan, romelic war-
moadgens wils sainvesticio
fondSi anu fasiani qaRaldeb-
is portfelSi. sainvesticio
sertifikatis mflobeli iRebs
gasaSualebul Semosavals sa-
investicio fondSi Tavisi wil-
idan, amasTan, igi daculia pro-
centTan, dividendTan da valu-
tis kursTan dakavSirebuli
riskisgan, romelic gansakuTre-
biT didia fasian qaRaldebSi
saxsrebis araprofesiuli da-
bandebisas, agreTve saxsrebis
investirebisas fasiani qaRalde-
bis erT romelime saxeobaSi.
sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia (certifica-tion) [<laT. certum-----swori, utyu-
ari, facere-----keTeba] - - - - - rwmunebu-li organoebis mier standart-
ebis savaldebulo moTxovnebT-
an produqciis Sesabamisobis do-
kumenturi dadastureba.
sesxi sesxi sesxi sesxi sesxi (borrowing) - - - - - fuladi
saxsrebis miReba fizikuri da
iuridiuli pirebis, agreTve sa-
xelmwifos mier gansazRvru-
li vadiT da ukan dabrunebis
pirobiT. ganasxvaveben upro-upro-upro-upro-upro-
cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-
ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul, ag-
reTve Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-
ebs.ebs.ebs.ebs.ebs. sesxi farTod gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifos ekonomikur poli-
tikaSi. mag., ucxoeTis qveynebi-
sagan aRebuli kreditebiT iqm-
sertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikacia
363
neba saxelmwifos sagareo vali.
sesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriacia
(repatriation of loans) - - - - - qveyanaSiemitirebuli im obligaciebis
dabruneba, romlebic gavrcele-
buli iyo ucxoel msesxeblebs
Soris, am obligaciebis saxelm-
wifos an misi moqalaqeebis mi-
er gamosyidvis gziT.
seqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomika
(sectoral economy) - - - - - gansazRvru-li ekonomikuri niSnebiT cal-
keul seqtorebad dayofili
ekonomika. mag., dargobriv Wril-
Si _ _ _ _ _ agraruli seqtori, indus-
triuli seqtori, momsaxurebis
seqtori; sakuTrebis formebis
mixedviT _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo seq-
tori, kerZo seqtori, Sereuli
seqtori; rogorc sameurneo
saqmianobis, ise Teoriuli Tval-
sazrisiT _ _ _ _ _ mikroekonomika, me-
zoekonomika, makroekonomika,
megaekonomika.
svifti svifti svifti svifti svifti (swift) – saerTaSo-riso fuladi angariSsworebi-
sa da gadasaxdelebis ganxor-
cielebis avtomaturi sistema
kompiuterebisa da bankTaSorisi
telekomunikaciis gamoyenebiT.
svopi svopi svopi svopi svopi (swap) [<ing. swap gac-vla] - - - - - 1. erovnuli valutis
ucxourze gacvlis operacia gan-
sazRvrul vadaSi ukugacvlis
valdebulebiT. axorcieleben
centraluri bankebi; 2. fasi-
ani qaRaldebis erTdrouli
gacvliTi operacia.
svopingi svopingi svopingi svopingi svopingi (swapping) – fasi-ani qaRaldebis gayidva da TiT-
qmis imavdrouli yidva, rome-
lic xorcieldeba im mizniT,
rom Tavi aaridon fasiani qa-
Raldebis xangrZlivi vadiT
flobisaTvis dawesebul gada-
saxadebs.
sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-
ciisciisciisciisciis koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti (concentra-tion coefficient of space) - - - - - ekono-mikuri aqtiurobis geografiu-
li koncentraciis statisti-
kuri maCvenebeli, romelic mo-
qceulia raRac CarCoSi, mag., qvey-
nis masStabiT. dargis koncen-
traciis koeficienti SeiZle-
ba gamoiTvalos rogorc damok-
idebuleba qveynis regionebSi
am dargis ganawilebasa da raime
sxva maxasiaTeblis (mag., mo-
saxleobis simWidrove) ganaw-
ilebas Soris. Tu mrewvelo-
bis ganlagebis maCvenebeli mniS-
vnelovnad maRalia mosaxleo-
bis simWidrovis maCvenebelze,
maSin amboben, rom mrewvelo-
bas aqvs sivrcobrivi koncen-
tracia. sivrcobrivi koncen-
traciis koeficienti gamoisa-
xeba ase:
PijPajj ,
^
sadac Paj - - - - - a dargis procen-
tuli wilia j regionSi, xolo
sivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficienti
364
Pij - - - - - i maxasiaTeblis (mag., mom-
saxurebis) procentuli wili
j regionSi. rodesac koefici-
enti nulis tolia, dargis ga-
nawileba mTlianad Seesabameba
mosaxleobis ganawilebas. rac
ufro maRalia koeficienti, miT
ufro maRalia dargis geografi-
uli koncentraciis done.
silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili (daib.
1954) (Silagadze Avtandil) ----- sa-qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis wevr-----korespon-
denti (2001), ekonomikis mec-
nierebaTa doqtori (1989),
profesori (1990), saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo premiis laureati
mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi
(2004). daamTavra Tsu ekono-
mikis fakulteti (1977), ilia
WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-
Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiuri in-
stitutis germanuli enis fa-
kulteti (1988). iyo Tsu sax-
alxo meurneobisa (SemdgomSi
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis) da
ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa isto-
riis kaTedris maswavlebeli
(1980-----1981), docenti (1981-----1990),
profesori (1990-----1994, 1998-----
2006), gamge (2004-----2006), Tsu
ekonomikis fakultetis dekani
(1986-----1992), proreqtori (1998-----
2006), saqarTvelos kontro-
lis palatis pirveli Tavmjdo-
mare (1992), saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifo qonebis marTvis minis-
tri (1992-----1998), saqarTvelos
ministrTa sabWos prezidiumis
wevri (1992-----1994), saqarTve-
los prezidentis ekonomikuri
sabWos wevri (1993-----1998), sa-
qarTvelos parlamentis wevri
(2004-----2008).
a. silagaZe aris 200-----ze
meti samecniero naSromis (maT
Soris gamoqveynebuli aSS-----Si,
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi...) avto-
ri da Tanaavtori, romelTa
umetesi nawili eZRvneba ekono-
mikisa da ekonomikuri azris is-
toriis, ekonomikuri Teoriis,
saerTaSoriso ekonomikis, gar-
damavali periodis ekonomikis,
Tanamedrove finansur-sakredi-
to seqtoris, saqarTvelos
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis problemebs. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia: „ekonomikuri az-
ris istoriis zogierTi saki-
Txi~. Tb., 1996; „ekonomikuri
azris istoriis sakiTxebi~. Tb.,
2001; „ekonomikuri leqsiko-
ni~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori, re-
daqtori); „postsocialisturi
transformacia: saqarTvelos
ekonomika XXI saukunis mij-
naze~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori);
„makroekonomikuri regulire-
bis meTodebi da modelebi~. Tb.,
2003 (Tanaavtori); „ekonomikis
enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. Tb.,
2005 (Tanaavtori, redaqtori);
„buRaltruli aRricxvis gan-
silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili
365
martebiTi leqsikoni~. Tb., 2005
(Tanaavtori, redaqtori); „mec-
nierebis perpentuum mobile~.
Tb., 2005 (Tanaavtori); „ekono-
mikuri doqtrinebis saTaveeb-
Tan~. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);
„mikroekonomiksi~. saxelmZRva-
nelo. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);
„merkantilisturi ekonomikuri
doqtrina~. Tb., 2007; „ekono-
mikuri doqtrinebi Sua saukune-
ebSi~. Tb., 2007; „finansuri po-
litikis ganviTareba saqar-
TveloSi~. potsdamis univer-
siteti, germania, 2007 (Tanaav-
tori); „adam smiTis ekonomi-
kuri doqtrina~. Tb., 2008;
„postkomunisturi finansuri
politika~. Tb., 2008 (Tanaav-
tori); „Tanamedrove finansur-
monetaruli aspeqtebi saqar-
TveloSi~. potsdami, 2008 (Ta-
naavtori); „liberalizmis eko-
nomikuri doqtrinebis war-
moSoba~. Tb., 2008; „postkomu-
nisturi finansur-----savaluto
politikis winaaRmdegobebi~.
niu-----iorki, 2009 (Tanaavtori);
„fiziokratuli ekonomikuri
doqtrinebi~. Tb., 2009; „saqar-
Tvelos Tanamedrove saxelmwi-
fo finansebi~. kalifornia, 2010;
„ekonomikuri doqtrinebi”. Tb.,
2010; „ekonomikuri doqtrineb-
is aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi”.
kalifornia, 2010; „saqarTve-
los socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programa”. Tb.,
2011 _ igive inglisur enaze:
http://ifsdeurope.com (Tanaavto-ri). misi TanaavtorobiTa da
redaqtorobiT momzadda: „eko-
nomika~. saxelmZRvanelo X kla-
sisaTvis, 2001-----2005; „ekonomi-
ka~. saxelmZRvanelo XI klasi-
saTvis, 2001-----2005;
a. silagaZe aris kalifor-
niis (aSS) mecnierebaTa akademi-
is, ganaTlebisa da industriis
saerTaSoriso akademiis akademi-
kosi (1996), ruseTis federaci-
is ekonomikur mecnierebaTa da
samewarmeo saqmianobis saerTa-
Soriso akademiis akademikosi
(1997).
sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal
„ekonomikis~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-
fo universitetis Sromebi _____
saredaqcio komisiis Tavmjdo-
mare (2003-----2006), Tsu ekono-
mikis dargis sadisertacio sab-
Wos Tavmjdomare (2000-----2006),
ekonomikuri ganaTlebisa da
samecniero muSaobis sakoordi-
nacio sabWos Tavmjdomare (1998-----
2006), Jurnalebis _ „ekonomi-
ka~, „socialuri ekonomika~, „sa-
qarTvelos ekonomika~, „gadasax-
adebi~, „ekonomika da biznesi~
_ saredaqcio kolegiis wevri.
dajildoebulia Rirsebis or-
deniT (2001), adam smiTis med-
liT (a. smiTis instituti, lon-
silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili
366
doni, 1996).
simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre (wealth) - - - - - yvela-
feri, rasac aqvs sabazro fasi da
SeiZleba misi gacvla fulze
an dovlaTze, SeiZleba ganvix-
iloT rogorc simdidre. igi
moicavs fizikur dovlaTsa da
aqtivebs, unar-----Cvevebsa da a.S.,
anu yvelafers, rasac SeuZlia
Semosavlis motana. yvela es
elementi iTvleba simdidred
maSin, roca xorcieldeba maTi
yidva-----gayidva saqonlis an fu-
lis bazarze. simdidre SeiZle-
ba daiyos or saxed _ _ _ _ _ nivTo-
briv simdidred, romelsac kap-
itali ewodeba da aranivTo-
briv simdidred, romelsac ad-
amianiseuli kapitali ewodeba.
simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi (maturity) -----periodi, romelic iwyeba saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis gasaRe-
bis zrdis tempebis SenelebiT.
sindikati sindikati sindikati sindikati sindikati (syndicate) [<berZn.syndikos erToblivad moqmedi] -----monopoliis erT-----erTi forma,
romelic axorcielebs mTel
komerciul saqmianobas, Tumca,
masSi Semavali sawarmoebi in-
arCuneben warmoebriv da iuri-
diul damoukideblobas.
sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi (syn-chromarketing) - - - - - marketingis sa-xeoba; gamoiyeneba saqonelsa da
momsaxurebaze moTxovnis merye-
obis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mo-
Txovnis struqtura xasiaTdeba
sezonuri an sxva cvlilebe-
biT da droSi ar emTxveva sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis mi-
wodebis struqturas. sinqro-
marketingis amocanaa Seiswav-
los da gamoricxos moTxov-
nis meryeobis mizezebi.
siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri (surveyer) – eq-sperti, romelic dazRveuli an
dasazRvevi gemebisa da tvirTis
daTvalierebas axorcielebs.
sifsifsifsifsif-----i (cost, insurance, fre-ight - - - - - CIF-----Rirebuleba, dazRve-
va, fraxti) _ _ _ _ _ saqonlis gayid-
vis sabaziso piroba saerTaSo-
riso vaWrobaSi sazRvao gada-
zidvisas, romlis Tanaxmadac
gamyidveli valdebulia daf-
raxtos gemi, saqoneli gadazi-
dos portSi, daazRvios da ga-
daitanos gemze dadgenil va-
daSi; kontraqtSi CBA-----is Sem-
deg Cveulebriv aRniSnaven kon-
kretuli daniSnulebis ports.
siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe (poverty) - - - - - adami-anis, ojaxis, qveynis xelT ar-
sebuli qonebrivi faseulobeb-
is, fuladi saxsrebis ukmari-
soba normaluri cxovrebisaT-
vis. siRaribis zRvars uwode-
ben gansazRvruli periodis-
aTvis adamianis, ojaxis fula-
di Semosavlebis normatiulad
dawesebul dones, romelic mxo-
lod saarsebo minimums uzrun-
velyofs.
SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes
simdidresimdidresimdidresimdidresimdidre
367
rogorc absoluturi, ise Se-
fardebiTi siRaribe. absolu-absolu-absolu-absolu-absolu-
turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis gansazRvri-
saTvis saWiroa arsebobisaTvis
aucilebeli Semosavlis mini-
maluri donis gansazRvra, mag.,
Sefasebuli unda iqnes sakve-
bze da aucilebeli moTxov-
nilebis saqonelze minimaluri
moTxovnileba da misi SeZenis
SesaZleblobebi yvelaze daba-
li fasiT.
SefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribe
ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis sx-
vadasxva jgufebis SedarebiT.
mag., Tu individs aqvs Semo-
savali, romelic aRemateba
saarsebo minimums, magram igi
gacilebiT dabalia, vidre sa-
zogadoebis sxva jgufebis Se-
mosavali, maSin es individi
SedarebiT siRaribeSi imyofe-
ba. sazogadoebrivi simdidris
zrdasTan erTad izrdeba siR-
aribis zRvris ganmsazRvreli
Semosavlebis donec.
absoluturi siRaribis da-
Zleva SesaZlebelia. Sefardeb-
iTi siRaribe yvelgan aris,
Tumca, misi gamomwvevi mizeze-
bi da done gansxvavebulia. mTa-
varia siRaribe socialurad
asatani iyos.
siRaribis sami maCvenebeli
arsebobs: siRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis done,
romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa
wils mTel mosaxleobaSi; siR-siR-siR-siR-siR-
aribis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrme, romelic gamox-
atavs siRaribis zRvramde
RaribTa daSorebis wils, e.i.
ramdenad aris RaribTa Semo-
savali daSorebuli saarsebo
minimums; siRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvave,
romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa
Soris siRaribis uTanabrobas.
sisisisisiRRRRRaribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari (pove-rty level)- - - - - gansazRvruli peri-
odisaTvis calkeuli piris,
ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis
normatiulad dawesebuli done,
romelic saarsebo minimums
uzrunvelyofs.
siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-
poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza (culture of poverty hy-pothesis) – hipoTeza, romelic
gamoxatavs funqcionalur da-
mokidebulebas siRaribesa da
mis ganmapirobebel iseT faqto-
rebs Soris, rogoricaa pirov-
nebis SezRuduli, susti indi-
vidualuri SesaZleblobebi, ga-
naTlebisa da kvalifikaciis da-
bali done, muSakTa cudi Sro-
miTi Cvevebi, unarebi da a.S. Sro-
miTi unarebis xarisxs specia-
listebi ukavSireben meoreuli
Sromis bazris pirobebs, sadac,
pirveladi Sromis bazrisagan
gansxvavebiT, arsebuli cudi
pirobebi uaryofiTad aisaxeba
muSakTa kvalifikaciaze da maT-
Si cud SromiT unarebs ayal-
ibebs (ix. `xafangis~ efeqti).
smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam (1723-----1790) (Smith
smiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adam
368
Adam) - - - - - mravalmxriv ganswav-
luli Sotlandieli mecnieri,
klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis
fuZemdebeli. ganaTleba miiRo
glazgosa da oqsfordis uni-
versitetebSi. fundamenturad
flobda filosofias, ekonomi-
kas, politikur mecnierebebs,
maTematikas, astrologias, iu-
risprudencias, sociologias,
Semdgom ki gaxda glazgos uni-
versitetis filosofiis pro-
fesori. misi gamokvlevebi mo-
icavs problemaTa farTo speq-
trs, romelTa nawili exeba
ekonomikas. swored ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi Setanili Tval-
saCino wvliliT daimkvidra
adam smiTma maRali rangis mec-
nieris saxeli. smiTis cnobili
naSromi `gamokvleva xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb~ (1776) pirveli
srulmasStabiani traqtatia
ekonomikaSi, romelic moicavs
warmoebisa da ganawilebis Te-
oriebs. es naSromi kacobrio-
bis sulieri kulturis umniS-
vnelovanes Zeglad aris miCne-
uli, romelmac mis avtors ̀ eko-
nomikis mamamTavris~ saxeli mo-
utana. ̀ xalxTa simdidris~ mTa-
vari kredoa ekonomikis libera-
lizaciis, ekonomikaSi saxelm-
wifos minimaluri Carevis, mo-
Txovna-----miwodebis kanonis Sesa-
bamisad Camoyalibebuli Tavis-
ufali fasebis safuZvelze sa-
bazro TviTregulirebis idea.
aseT regulirebas a. smiTma ̀ uxi-
lavi xeli~ uwoda.
a. smiTma safuZveli Cau-
yara SromiTi Rirebulebis
Teorias, gamoikvlia Sromis
mwarmoeblurobis arsi da misi
roli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi,
Camoayaliba moZRvreba Semosav-
lebis Sesaxeb, Seqmna dabegvris
Teoria da a.S. igi umTavresad
dainteresebuli iyo ekono-
mikuri zrdis problemebiT, ris
mamoZravebel Zaladac Sromis
danawilebas miiCnevda. smiTma
daasabuTa Sromis roli war-
moebis zrdaSi, teqnikur pro-
gressa da kapitalis dagrove-
baSic ki. ekonomikuri zrdis
meore faqtorad smiTi Tvli-
da kapitalis dagrovebas, rom-
lis safuZvlad igi momWir-
neobas miiCnevda. ekonomikuri
zrdis miRwevisaTvis aucile-
belia arsebobdes Sesabamisi so-
cialuri, instituciuri da
iuridiuli struqturebi da,
rogorc smiTi amtkicebda, ̀ bune-
brivi Tavisuflebis naTeli da
martivi sistema.~ aseT situa-
ciaSi TiToeuli adamianis mis-
wrafeba Tavisi interesebis
dakmayofilebisaken ganapirobebs
sazogadoebis progress maSi-
nac ki, rodesac adamiani ar isax-
avs aseT amocanas. smiTi ey-
smiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adam
369
rdnoboda Tavisufali konku-
renciis sistemas, romelic mo-
icavs regulirebis sakuTar sa-
Sualebebs da, rogorc Semdgom-
Si daadgines ekonomistebma, Sei-
Zleba uzrunvelyos resurse-
bis optimaluri alokacia. mar-
Talia, smiTi iyo Laissez-----faire-----is (dae, wavides Tavisi gziT)
momxre, magram igi anarqiis
sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo da
garkveul SemTxvevebSi aRiareb-
da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Carevis aucileblobas, magal-
iTad, tarifebis SemoRebis gziT
mrewvelobis axali dargebis
dacvas, agreTve saxelmwifos
mier sami funqciis (usafrTx-
oebis uzrunvelyofa, samar-
Tlianobis dacva da sazogado-
ebrivi saqonlis warmoeba) gan-
xorcielebas. smiTi eWvis Tva-
liT uyurebda kerZo kapitaliT
monopoliebis Seqmnas, radgan
maTi meSveobiT TamaSidan gamo-
dis konkurencia, amitom, misi
azriT, saxelmwifos amocanaa
konkurencia daicvas kapital-
istebisagan.
a. smiTma makroekonomikis
sakiTxebis garda daamuSava mik-
roekonomikuri problemebic. is
asabuTebda, rom fasebi ganisaz-
Rvreba warmoebis danaxarje-
biT. renta ufro ganisazRvre-
ba fasiT, vidre igi gansazRvravs
mas. smiTma Seqmna xelfasis ram-
denime Teoria, maT Soris, mox-
marebis fizikuri minimumis
Teoria (saarsebo minimumi).
a. smiTma gamoikvlia ekono-
mikuri Teoriis sxvadasxva mi-
marTuleba, akritikebda merkan-
tilistebsa da fiziokratebs
da daasabuTa saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis aucilebloba. man Se-
qmna absoluturi upirateso-
bis Teoria.
a. smiTma Tavisi cnobili
naSromis 1/4 miuZRvna saxelm-
wifo finansebis Teorias, ro-
melSic mniSvnelovani adgili
dabegvris principebs mianiWa.
man gadadga pirveli nabiji Ta-
visufali konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si resursebis optimaluri alo-
kaciis Teoriis Seqmnis gzaze.
a. smiTis mTavari damsaxu-
rebaa is, rom igi ekonomikaSi li-
beraluri ideologiis burji
da klasikuri politikuri eko-
nomiis skolis fuZemdebelia.
skonto skonto skonto skonto skonto (sconto) – saqonlis
fasCamokleba misi gadaxdis va-
dis dadgomamde ganaRdebis dros.
smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema (Smiththeorem) - - - - - nebayoflobiTi gacv-
la, romelic xelsayrelia misi
monawileebisTvis.
solou robert solou robert solou robert solou robert solou robert (daib. 1924)
(Solow Robert) - - - - - amerikeli ekon-
omisti, ekonomikis dargSi no-
belis premiis laureati (1987)
ekonomikuri zrdis gazomvis
solou robertsolou robertsolou robertsolou robertsolou robert
370
meTodebisa da Teoriis SemuSa-
vebisaTvis.
r. solous ekonomikuri
zrdis neoklasikuri modeli
gansxvavdeba harod-----domaris mode-
lisagan imiT, rom uSvebs Sro-
mis Canacvlebas kapitaliT, rac
saSualebas aZlevs aicilos
`danis pirze balansirebis~
problemebi da ganaxorcielos
myari ekonomikuri zrdis siste-
maturi analizi. solous mod-
elidan gamomdinare, danazogi
da investiciebi ar warmoad-
genen ekonomikuri zrdis ganm-
sazRvrel faqtorebs. es faq-
torebi gansazRvraven urTierT-
damokidebulebas kapital-----sam-
uSao Zalasa da mosaxleobis
erT sulze warmoebis moculo-
bas Soris, magram ara warmoe-
bis zrdis temps. soloum Sem-
dgom naSromebSi daasabuTa, rom
kapitali warmoadgens ekono-
mikuri zrdis ganmsazRvrel faq-
tors. man mniSvnelovani wvli-
li Seitana sabiujeto poli-
tikis TeoriaSi, qalaqebis eko-
nomikis kvlevaSi, bunebrivi re-
sursebis gamoyenebis proble-
mebis SeswavlaSi, umuSevrobisa
da stabilizaciis politikis
TeoriaSi.
r. solous naSromebidan aR-
saniSnavia: ̀ ekonomikuri zrdis
Teoriis sakiTxisadmi~ (1956),
`teqnikuri progresi da war-
moebrivi funqcia~ (1957), ̀ eko-
nomikuri organizaciebi da soci-----
aluri sistemebi~ (1967) da sxv.
soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba (ag-riculture) - - - - - materialur-----nivTob-
rivi warmoebis mniSvnelovani
dargi; gaeros erovnul angari-
STa sistemis mixedviT agraru-
li seqtoris Semadgeneli nawi-
li, romelic awarmoebs sasof-
lo-----sameurneo produqcias, kve-
bis produqtebs saboloo mox-
marebisaTvis da nedleuls _____
mrewvelobisaTvis. moicavs mem-
cenareobasa da mecxoveleobas,
romlebic diferencirebulia
calkeul jgufebad da saxeebad.
softizacia softizacia softizacia softizacia softizacia (soft) [<ing.soft - - - - - rbili] - - - - - aramaterialuri
resursebis (momsaxurebis, sa-
zogadoebis inteleqtualuri
potencialis, muSakTa momzade-
bis donis, sammarTvelo gamocdi-
lebis da a.S.) rolis zrdis
saerTo procesi qveynis ekono-
mikur ganviTarebaSi, maTi gadaq-
ceva sazogadoebrivi progre-
sis erT-----erT mTavar resursad.
socialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRveva
(social insurance) - - - - - socialurad
daucveli fenebis (droebiT
Sromisuunaroebis, moxucebu-
lebis, invalidebisa da a.S.) fu-
ladi da materialuri uzrun-
velyofis sistema.
socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-
aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi (social differ-
soflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneoba
371
entiation models) - - - - - arsebobs Se-mosavlebis diferenciaciis op-
timaluri da zRvruli donee-
bi. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoy-
ofen oTx models: zepola-zepola-zepola-zepola-zepola-
ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,
polarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitaruls
(arasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazros).....zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-
vis vis vis vis vis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-
kis dabali done, damqiravebel-
Ta da daqiravebulTa intere-
sebis mkveTri dapirispireba,
mosaxleobis umravlesobis
ukiduresi siRaribe, qonebrivi
diferenciaciis maRali done.
aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis Semo-
savlebis diferenciaciis done
ukiduresad decilur jgufebs
Soris Seadgens aranakleb 20-----
30 : 1-----Tan. amJamad es modeli
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod gan-
viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.
zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-
deli deli deli deli deli warmoiSva XX saukunispirvel naxearSi da ukavSird-
eba socialuri regulirebis
elementebis Semotanas sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebaSi. misi mi-
zania Semosavlebis gadanawile-
baSi pozitiuri cvlilebebis
Setanis safuZvelze social-
ur-----ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
amaRleba. aseTi modelisaTvis
Semosavlebis diferenciaciis
deciluri koeficienti aris
10-----15 : 1-----Tan. zomierad polaru-
li modeli amJamad damaxasi-
aTebelia axalindustriuli
qveynebisaTvis.
zomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTvis
niSandoblivia saerTo keTil-
dReobis zrda da konsolidire-
buli socialuri diferencia-
cia. es modeli amJamad arse-
bobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan-
sxvavdebian ̀ socialuri ekono-
mikis~ simwifis mixedviT. ekono-
mika maRali cxovrebis doniTa
da mniSvnelovani socialuri
danaxarjebiT gansxvavdeba sa-
kuTriv socialuri sabazro
ekonomikisagan. pirvelia lib-
eraluri sazogadoebebi, rom-
lebmac miaRwies ekonomikuri
zrdis umaRles dones da ami-
tom SeuZliaT gamoyon soli-
duri saxsrebi Raribebis dasax-
mareblad, jandacvis dafinanse-
bisaTvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva
socialuri miznebisaTvis. ase-
Ti sazogadoebis yvelaze mkaf-
io ilustracias warmoadgens
aSS (agreTve kanada). amis saw-
inaaRmdegod dasavleTevropu-
li qveynebi, romlebic absolu-
turi maCveneblebiT CamorCebi-
an aSS-----s, xasiaTdebian ̀ social-
uri ekonomikis~ simwifis gac-
ilebiT maRali doniT. maTi so-
cialur-----ekonomikuri da sa-
marTlebrivi institutebi mi-
marTulia socialuri Tanxmo-
socialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferenciaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebi
372
bis miRwevisa da mosaxleobis
saSualo fenis gaZlierebisa-
ken. socialuri sabazro ekono-
mikis cneba yvelaze metal aso-
cirdeba germanul modelTan.
mas safuZvlad udevs konkuren-
ciis ganviTareba, rogorc pro-
gresis, samarTlianobisa da mS-
vidobis sawindari.
socialuri diferenciaci-
is meoTxe modeli _ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-
zro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modeli
arsebobda eqskomunistur qvey-
nebSi, xolo amJamad arsebobs
kubasa da koreis saxalxo de-
mokratiul respublikaSi. es
modeli aferxebs ekonomikur
zrdas, Tumca, misTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia Semosavlebis difer-
enciaciis metad mimzidveli
done _ _ _ _ _ 4 : 1-----Tan.
saqarTvelosTvis dRes dama-
xasiaTebelia zepolaruli mo-
deli. Zalze maRalia Semosav-
lebis uTanabrobis, socialuri
diferenciaciis xarisxi. Semo-
savlebis diferenciaciis deci-
luri koeficienti saqarTvelo-
Si Seadgens 16 : 1-----Tan, maSin
rodesac ukrainaSi igi aris 6
: 1-----Tan, estoneTSi _ _ _ _ _ 10 : 1-----Tan,
xolo ruseTSi _ _ _ _ _ 11 : 1-----Tan.
socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-
rebirebirebirebirebi (social indicators) - - - - - Tanamed-rove sabazro sistemis erT-----
erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebure-----
bis _ _ _ _ _ axal Tvisebriv zrdaze
gadasvlis krebsiTi indeqsi.
socialuri indikatorebi efuZ-
neba im kriteriumebs, romlebic
iZleva qveynis ekonomikuri po-
tencialis Tvisebriv daxasi-
aTebas (Sromis pirobebi, ga-
naTlebis ganviTarebis done,
jandacvisa da transportis
mdgomareoba da xelmisawvdo-
moba, Sromisunariani mosaxle-
obis dasaqmebis saSualo wli-
uri zrda, bavSvTa sikvdiliano-
ba, kaloriis moxmareba, sufTa
wyliT xelmisawvdomoba, energi-
is moxmareba mosaxleobis erT
sulze, sruli piradi Tavisu-
fleba, inflaciis saSualo
wliuri norma da a.S.).
socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-
bababababa (social services) - - - - - gulisxmobs
sazogadoebis, rogorc erTiani
socialuri organizmis, momsax-
urebas. pirad momsaxurebasTan
erTad qmnis aramaterialuri
momsaxurebis jgufs. bavSvebi-
sa da moxucebulebis momsax-
ureba sacxovreblis uzrunve-
lyofiT (upatrono bavSvTa
TavSesafrebi, gamosasworebeli
saxlebi, saxlebi arasrulwlo-
van samarTaldamrRvevTaTvis,
moxucebulebisTvis, gonebrivi
an fizikuri naklis mqoneTaTvis,
martoxela dedebisa da maTi
SvilebisaTvis), socialuri mom-
saxureba sacxovrebliT uzrun-
velyofis gareSe (saqvelmoqme-
socialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebi
373
do da aRmzrdelobiTi saqmi-
anoba, stiqiuri ubedurebisa-
gan dazaralebulTa, devnilTa,
imigrantTa daxmareba da sxv.).
socialuri momsaxureba,
janmrTelobis dacvasTan er-
Tad, calke ganyofilebad Se-
dis gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----Si.
socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-
ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria (theory of socialstratification) - - - - - am Teoriis fu-Zemdebelia avstrieli ekonomi-
sti da sociologi maqs vebe-
ri (1864-----1920). mis ganviTare-
baSi wvlili Seitanes v. pare-
tom, j. stiglicma da sxvebma.
socialuri stratifikaciis
Teoria ikvlevs socialuri
diferenciaciis problemebs.
rogorc cnobilia, sazogadoe-
ba Sedgeba mravali fenisagan
(strata), romlebic erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdebian ara mx-
olod sakuTrebis mixedviT,
aramed socialuri statusiT,
xelisuflebisadmi damokide-
bulebiTa da a.S. aRniSnuli
Teoria socialur uTanabrobas
ganixilavs rogorc sazogadoe-
bisaTvis Sinagan damaxasiaTe-
bels, romlis kvlavwarmoebas
axdens yoveli axali Taoba.
socialuri stratifikaciis
gasaRebad fsiqologiur sawyiss
Tvlian (pareto). amitomacaa,
rom siRaribis mTlianad da-
Zleva SeuZlebelia. igi yvel-
gan aris, Tumca, misi gamomwvevi
mizezebi da done gansxvavebu-
lia. mTavaria igi socialurad
asatani iyos. sityva `social-
uroba~ mSvidobas niSnavs. eko-
nomikisaTvis socialuri ori-
entaciis micema qveynis mSvi-
dobiani da harmoniuli ganvi-
Tarebis sawindaria.
spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia (speculation) -----yidva-----gayidvis praqtika mogeb-
is miRebis mizniT, fasebis an
valutis kursis cvlilebis
safuZvelze. spekulacias ax-
orcieleben spekulantebi da
hejerebi. spekulanti, hejeris-
agan gansxvavebiT, amjobinebs
risks da mxars uWers Ria pozi-
cias. hejers xelT aqvs mo-
mavali aqtivebi da valdebule-
bebi, xolo spekulants _ _ _ _ _ mx-
olod aqtivebi, an mxolod
valdebulebebi, imis mixedviT,
rom kontraqtis dasrulebisas
ra situacia Camoyalibdeba mis
sasargeblod.
arsebobs spekulaciis ori
ZiriTadi saxe _ _ _ _ _ `Sort-----gay-
idva~ da ̀ Sort-----yidva~, agreTve
mogebis miRebis mravali xerxi,
romlebic ukavSirdeba rogorc
fasebis cvalebadobas, ise risk-
is dazRvevas (hejireba). spe-
kulacia xels uwyobs fasebis
gaTanabrebasa da stabilizacias,
uzrunvelyofs likvidurobas.
spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-
spekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevroba
374
robarobarobarobaroba (speculative unemployment)- - - - - friqciuli umuSevrobis erT-----
erTi elementi. ufro sworad
mas SeiZleba vuwodoT speku-
laciuri arasruli dasaqmeba.
es movlena warmoiqmneba xel-
fasis dacemis Sedegad. aseT
situaciaSi zogierTi muSa
droebiT amcirebs Tavis samu-
Sao drois miwodebas, momavalSi
Sromis anazRaurebis ufro ma-
Rali ganakveTis molodinis gamo.
es movlena SeiZleba Sefasdes
rogorc samuSao drois droe-
biTi gadanawileba xelfasis dro-
ebiTi Semcirebis sapasuxod.
spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl (daib. 1943)
(Spence Michael) - - - - - amerikeli eko-
nomisti, stenfordis univer-
sitetis profesori, nobelis
premiis laureati (2001) j. ak-
erlofTan da j. stiglicTan
erTad. nobelis premia mieni-----
Wa `asimetriuli informaciis
mqone bazrebis analizisaTvis~.
specializacia specializacia specializacia specializacia specializacia (speciali-zation) - - - - - Sromis danawileba misi
calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT;
saqmianobis Tavmoyra Sedare-
biT viwro mimarTulebebze,
calkeul teqnikur operacie-
bze; saqmianobis koncentracia
warmoebis im dargebSi, romleb-
Sic firmas an individs aqvs
bunebrivi Tu SeZenili upirate-
sobebi. specializacia vaWro-
basTan SexamebiT ganapirobebs
gacilebiT maRal cxovrebis
dones im donesTan SedarebiT,
romelic miiRweva qveynis TviT-
uzrunvelyofisaken swrafvis
pirobebSi. specializaciisagan
miRebuli sargebloba ilustri-
rebulia absoluturi da Se-
fardebiTi upiratesobebis Te-
oriebSi, Tumca, isini Seicaven
dinamikuri mdgomareobis ele-
mentebsac, rac gamomdinareobs
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Teo-
riidan (ix. Sromis danawileba).
specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-
cienti cienti cienti cienti cienti (specialization coeficientof) - - - - - statistikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gviCvenebs ramdenad
specializebulia ekonomikuri
regioni ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis gansazRvrul sferoSi. spe-
cializaciis koeficienti gamo-
xatavs sxvaobas gansaxilveli
regionis ekonomikis struqtu-
rasa da mTeli qveynis ekono-
mikis struqturas Soris, rom-
lis Semadgeneli nawilic es
regionia. specializaciis koe-
ficienti gamoisaxeba formu-
liT:
SanSaj ^
sadac Saj - - - - - a dargis wilia jregionis ekonomikaSi, xolo San
- - - - - a dargis wili _ _ _ _ _ qveynis
mTel ekonomikaSi (ori ver-
tikaluri xazi gamoxatavs ab-
solutur sidides, e.i. ignori-
spensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maikl
375
rebulia sxvaobis niSani). koe-
ficientis nulTan toloba
niSnavs, rom regionis ekonomi-
kuri struqtura mTlianad em-
Txveva qveynis ekonomikur stru-
qturas. rac ufro metia koe-
ficientis sidide, miT ufro gan-
sxvavdeba regionis ekonomikuri
struqtura qveynis saSualo
ekonomikuri struqturisagan
da miT ufro maRalia misi spe-
cializacia.
spoti spoti spoti spoti spoti (spot) - - - - - savaluto
an sxva saxis garigebisas naR-
di, dauyovnebeli (xelSek-
rulebis dadebidan 2 samuSao
dRis ganmavlobaSi) angariSs-
woreba.
spliti spliti spliti spliti spliti (split) – aqcioneru-li sazogadoebis ararealize-
buli aqciebis dayofa, danaw-
ileba naklebad msxvili aqcie-
bis did raodenobad maTi gavr-
celebis gaadvilebis mizniT.
spredi spredi spredi spredi spredi (spread) – 1. fiu-Cersuli kontraqtebis imavdro-
uli yidva da gayidva erTsa
da imave saqonelze miwodebis
sxvadasxva vadiT; 2. erTi ti-
pis ofcionebis imavdrouli
yidva da gayidva sxvadasxva
fasSi an vadis gasvlis sxva-
dasxva periodSi.
srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero (1898_1983) (Sra-ffa Piero) – italiuri warmoSo-
bis britaneli ekonomisti. Tavi-
si SemoqmedebiT ufro ixrebo-
da klasikuri mimdinareobisak-
en, vidre neoklasikurisken. ami-
tom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
mas neorikardoels uwodebdnen.
aseT Sefasebas kidev ufro asa-
buTebda srafas mier rikardos
TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis
(The Works and Correspondenceof David Rikardo(1951-1955)redaqtireba (1960).
srafa ikvlevda iseT prob-
lemebs, rogoricaa konkurencia,
kapitali da ekonomikuri zr-
dis Teoria, viqselis kriteri-
umis gavlena kapitalze, akri-
tikebda faseulobis neoklasi-
kur Teoriasa da a.S. misi Ziri-
Tadi naSromebia: ̀ ukugebis kano-
ni konkurentul pirobebSi~
(1926), ̀ saqonlis warmoeba sa-
qonliT~ da sxv.
sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba (full em-ployment) - - - - - ar niSnavs umuSev-robis absolutur ararsebobas.
am dros dasaqmeba samuSao Za-
lis 100%-----ze naklebs moicavs.
srul dasaqmebas maSin aqvs
adgili Tu igi umuSevrobis
bunebrivi donis tolia.
srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-
cia cia cia cia cia (perfect competition) - - - - - ide-aluri sabazro situacia, rode-
sac arc erTi firma an momx-
marebeli zemoqmedebas ver
axdens sabazro fasze. bazris
funqcionirebis es forma war-
moiqmneba maSin, rodesac mTli-
srulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurenciaciaciaciacia
376
anad gamoricxulia sabazro
Zala, romelsac SeuZlia gav-
lena moaxdinos fasebis Camoya-
libebaze. srulyofili konku-
renciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb-
lebia: gamyidvelebisa da myid-
velebis mravalricxovani rao-
denoba, romelTaganac verc erTi
ver flobs sxvaze met infor-
macias, yvelas Tanabrad miuw-
vdeba masze xeli, amitom egue-
bian bazris mier nakarnaxeb nor-
mebs. TiToeuli mewarme Tana-
bar pirobebSi awarmoebs stan-
dartul, erTsaxovan, urTi-
erTSemcvlel produqcias mci-
re partiobiT, romlis wili
analogiuri produqciis war-
moebis mTlian moculobaSi
umniSvneloa da amitom arse-
biT gavlenas ver axdens ba-
zris koniunqturaze. ekonomi-
kas saxelmwifo ar areguli-
rebs. partniorTa Soris ekono-
mikuri urTierToba xorcield-
eba horizontaluri kavSire-
bis safuZvelze, arsebiTad
gamoricxulia administraciu-
li meTodebis gamoyeneba fas-
warmoqmnasa da, saerTod, saba-
zro meqanizmis normaluri fun-
qcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
sabazro fasebi yalibdeba mxo-
lod moTxovna-----miwodebis opti-
maluri Tanafardobis Sesabami-
sad. srulyofili konkuren-
ciisaTvis aucilebelia agreTve
arCevanis Tavisufleba.
srulyofili konkurencia
wminda saxiT msoflios arc
erT qveyanaSi ar arsebobs da
arc arsebula. igi abstraqciaa
da SeiZleba mxolod misi ide-
alurad warmodgena. sinamd-
vileSi saqme gvaqvs arasru-
lyofil konkurenciasTan.
stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-
ma ma ma ma ma (stabilization program) – pro-grama, romelic xelfasebisa da
fasebis kontrolTan erTad,
unda iTvaliswinebdes cvlile-
bebs rogorc fiskalur, ise
monetarul politikaSi. sta-
bilizaciis programa warmate-
buli rom iyos, unda moicavdes
fiskalur zomebs, romlis mi-
zani deficitis Semcirebaa da
monetarul zomebs, romlis mi-
zani fulis Seqmnis, rogorc
deficitis dafinansebis, Semcir-
eba an SeCerebaa.
stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-
tititititika ka ka ka ka (stabization policy) - - - - - saxel-
mwifos pirdapiri regulire-
bis RonisZiebaTa erToblioba,
mimarTuli ekonomikis cikluri
meryeobis Senelebis da ekono-
mikuri zrdisaken. Cveulebriv
gamoixateba saxelmwifos cda-
Si, aRmofxvras potenciuri
VTG-----is irgvliv realuri VTG-----
is meryeobis inflaciuri da
deflaciuri Sedegebi. stabi-
lizaciur politikas ekonomi-
stabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis programamamamama
377
kaSi saxelmwifo axorcielebs
fiskaluri an fulad-sakredi-
to politikiT.
stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-
cia cia cia cia cia (stabilization function) - - - - - sax-elmwifos funqcia fiskaluri
da fulad-----sakredito poli-
tikis ganxorcielebisaTvis eko-
nomikuri aqtiurobis maRali
da stabiluri donis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT. es funqcia sa-
xelmwifos sami ekonomikuri
funqciidan erT-----erTia, romel-
ic daadgina r. a. masgreivma.
ekonomistTa erTi jgufi Tv-
lis, rom stabilizaciuri fun-
qcia gulisxmobs saxelmwifos
aqtiur politikas, maSin rode-
sac ekonomistTa meore jgufis
warmomadgenlebi, mag., monetar-
istebi amtkiceben, rom saxelm-
wifo ar unda cdilobdes eko-
nomikaSi Carevas da am gziT
bazris daTrgunvas.
stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia (stagnation) [<laT.
stagnum damdgari wyali] - - - - - eko-nomikis erT wertilze gayinva.
stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia (stagflation)- - - - - ekonomikis mdgomareoba, rode-
sac erTmaneTs erwymis uZrao-
ba (stagnacia) da fulis ga-
ufasureba (inflacia).
standarti standarti standarti standarti standarti (standard) -----farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ nimuSi, eta-
loni, modeli, romelic war-
moadgens amosavals masTan ms-
gavsi sxva obieqtebis Sedare-
bisaTvis. standarti, rogorc
normatiul-----teqnikuri dokumen-
ti, moicavs im normebis, weseb-
is kompleqss, romelic moeTx-
oveba standartizaciis obieqts.
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _____
Sabloni, trafareti, romelSic
ar aris raime originaluri.
statistika statistika statistika statistika statistika (statistics) -----mecniereba aRricvisa da anal-
izis sferoSi, romelic maTem-
atikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis
safuZvelze Seiswavlis tipur,
masobriv, socialur-----ekonomi-
kuri movlenebisa da procese-
bis raodenobriv mxareebs, maT
cvlilebas droSi, e.w. maCvene-
belTa mwkrivebs; 2; rogorc
praqtikuli saqmianobis sfero
_ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
movlenebisa da procesebis Sesa-
xeb masobrivi monacemebis
Sekreba, gadamuSaveba, analizi
da gamoqveyneba.
sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi (sterling) - - - - - 1. Zve-leburi inglisuri vercxlis
moneta, iWreboda XII saukunidan;2. inglisuri vercxlisa da oq-
ros monetebis kanoniT dadge-
nili sinji; girvanqa sterlin-
gi _ _ _ _ _ didi britaneTis fula-
di erTeuli, udris 100 penss.
stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj (1911-
1991) (Stigler George) – amerike-li ekonomisti, Cikagos univer-
sitetis profesori, ekonomikis
dargSi nobelis premiis lau-
stigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorj
378
reati (1982) sabazro struq-
turebis, bazrebis funqcionire-
bis, saxelmwifo regulirebis
Sedegebis kvlevaSi Setanili
novatoruli wvlilisaTvis.
misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ war-
moebisa da ganawilebis Teo-
ria~ (1941), ̀ sargeblianobis Te-
oriis ganviTareba~ (1951), ̀ eko-
nomikuri mecnierebis istori-
is narkvevebi~ (1956), `indus-
triis organizacia~ (1968), ̀ in-
formaciis ekonomikuri Teor-
ia~ (1970), `pirovneba da sax-
elmwifo~ (1975) da sxv.
stividori stividori stividori stividori stividori (stevedore) [<esp.estivador, estivar tvirTis Calage-
ba] ----- sazRvao piri, romelic gana-
gebs sazRvargareTis porteb-
Si gemebis datvirTvasa da gad-
motvirTvas.
stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-
ji ji ji ji ji (stevedore expense) - - - - - portSidatvirTva-----gadmotvirTvasTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarji.
storno storno storno storno storno [<ital. storno an-gariSis gadagzavna] - - - - - Secdomeb-is gasworebis wesi sabuRaltro
aRricxvaSi; SecdomiT Setanil
operacias xelmeored Caweren
wiTeli melniT da amoricxaven
angariSis jamobrivi Tanxidan.
struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-
mnebismnebismnebismnebismnebis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (structural chan-ges theory) - - - - - hipoTeza, romlis
mixedviT ̀ mesame samyaros~ qvey-
nebis susti ganviTareba ganpi-
robebulia arsebuli resurse-
bis gamouyeneblobis maRali
xarisxiT im struqturuli da
instituciuri deformaciebis
gamo, romlebic warmoiSva Sida
da gare mizezebis erToblivi
zemoqmedebiT.
struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-
roba roba roba roba roba (structural unemployment)- - - - - iZulebiTi umuSevroba, gamo-
wveuli ekonomikis struqturu-
li gardaqmniT, moZvelebuli
dargebisa da profesiebis likvi-
daciiT, samuSao Zalis kvalifi-
kaciis dabali doniTa da a.S.
subarenda subarenda subarenda subarenda subarenda (sublease) - - - - - aren-direbuli qonebis nawilis gada-
cema mesame pirisaTvis aren-
diT. am SemTxvevaSi arendatori
mearendis rolSi gamodis.
subvencia subvencia subvencia subvencia subvencia (subvention) [<laT.
subvenire daxmarebis gaweva] -----saxelmwifos finansuri dax-
mareba xelisuflebis adgilo-
brivi organoebis an meurneo-
bis calkeuli dargebisadmi, ga-
weuli gansazRvruli miznisaT-
vis; mizandasaxuli dotacia.
subsidia subsidia subsidia subsidia subsidia (subsidy) - - - - - dota-cia, saxelmwifos usasyidlo
daxmareba fizikuri da iuridi-
uli pirebisadmi, adgilobrivi
organoebisadmi, sxva qveynebisa-
dmi. igi xorcieldeba rogorc
pirdapiri asignebis (grantis)
formiT, ise saxelmwifo garan-
tiis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis,
stividoristividoristividoristividoristividori
379sxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socialurialurialurialurialuri.... . .. . .. . .. . .
investiciebisa da a.S. saxiT.
suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti (sovereign-ty) [<frang. souverainete] - - - - - sax-elmwifos sruli damoukide-
bloba sxva saxelmwifoebisa-
gan saSinao saqmeebsa da sa-
gareo urTierTobebSi; erovnu-
li suvereniteti _ _ _ _ _ uflebaTa
erToblioba, gamoxatuli so-
cialuri da politikuri wyo-
bis Tavisuflad arCevaSi, qvey-
nis teritoriul mTlianobaSi,
ekonomikur damoukideblobaSi
da a.S.
surogati surogati surogati surogati surogati (substitute) [<laT.
surrogatus sxvis magivrad dad-gmuli, Cadgmuli] - - - - - Semcvleli,
romelsac aqvs Sesacvleli sag-
nis, produqtis zogierTi Tviseba.
`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-
ti ti ti ti ti (catch effect) - - - - - ori qveynisekonomikaSi Tanabari inves-
ticiebis pirobebSi warmoebis
zrdis tempi ufro maRali iqne-
ba iq, sadac sawyisi potencia-
li iyo dabali.
`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-
alurialurialurialurialuri da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom-
saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ (@other public socailand personal services#) - - - - - gaerosCCLR-----is mixedviT _ _ _ _ _ specialu-
ri ganyofileba, romelSic Se-
dis: kanalizacia da narCenebis
likvidacia, sanitariuli gada-
muSaveba da sxva momsaxureba
(quCebisa da gzebis dagva, mor-
wyva, avtostradebisa da aero-
portebis gawmenda Tovlisa da
yinulisagan da a.S.), komerci-
uli, samewarmeo da profkav-
Siruli organizaciebis momsax-
ureba, religiuri, politikuri
organizaciebis, sxva sawevro
organizaciebis (omis veteran-
Ta, axalgazrdobis, studenturi,
kinomoyvarulTa, mebaReobis moy-
varulTa, musikisa da mxatvro-
bis moyvarulTa asociaciebi da
sxv.), saqmianoba, dasvenebisa da
garTobis, kulturisa da spor-
tis organizacia (kino da vi-
deofilmebis gadaReba da gavr-
celeba, kinofilmebis demo-----
nstracia, saqmianoba radios da
televiziis sferoSi, xelovnebis,
kulturis sferoSi, beWdviTi
saagentoebis saqmianoba, sportu-
li saqmianoba, dasvenebasa da
garTobasTan dakavSirebuli
sxva saqmianoba), safeiqro da
bewveulis nawarmis recxva, mSra-
li wmenda da Rebva, saparik-
maxeroebisa da kosmetikuri sa-
lonebis momsaxureba, dakrZa-
lvis organizacia da masTan
dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, sa-
unebis, Turquli da orTqlis
abanoebis, masaJis kabinetebis,
stresuli mdgomareobis moxs-
nis kabinetebis, wonaSi daklebis
salonebis, saqorwino biuroeb-
is da sxva momsaxureba.
380 taimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----SitiSitiSitiSitiSiti
ttttttaimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----Siti Siti Siti Siti Siti (time sheet) - - - - - saz-
Rvao dokumenti, romelSic zus-
tad aris fiqsirebuli sazR-
vargareTis qveynebSi sazRvao
gadazidvisas CasatvirT-----gadmo-
satvirTi drois danaxarjebi.
taimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri (time-----char-ter) - - - - - sazRvao xelSekruleba sa-
vaWro gemis an misi nawilis gar-
kveuli vadiT arendis Sesaxeb.
tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-
ti ti ti ti ti (Tanzi-Olivera’s effect) – ukav-Sirdeba gadasaxadebis akrefis
dagvianebas, rasac yuradReba
miaqcies ekonomistebma – vito
tanzin da julio oliveram.
vinaidan sagadasaxado Semosav-
lebi ganvlili periodis Se-
mosavlebidan amoiReba, inflaci-
is kvalobaze maTi realuri
gaufasureba xdeba. mag., Tu
fasebis done wels aTjer ma-
Ralia, vidre wina wlis faseb-
is done iyo, xolo gadasaxa-
debi wina wels miRebul Semo-
savlebzea gadaxdili, maSin
faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTi oficialuri sagadasax-
ado ganakveTis mxolod erTi
meaTedia. saboloo angariSiT,
maRali inflacia, rogorc wesi,
mTavrobis realur Semosavals
amcirebs, rac deficitis prob-
lemas amZimebs.
zogjer problemas sxva
efeqtebic warmoqmnis. saxel-
dobr, xSirad mTavrobebi sax-
elmwifo kontrolis qveS ar-
sebuli firmebisaTvis fasebis
gazrdis akrZalviT cdiloben
inflaciis Senelebas, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom maTi danaxarji
inflaciasTan erTad izrdeba.
firmebs uCndeba deficiti
romelic samTavrobo sufsideb-
iT unda dafinansdes. es ki
biujetis deficits da, Sesa-
bamisad, fulze moTxovnas kidev
ufro zrdis.
tara tara tara tara tara (packing, tare) - - - - - nake-Toba, nawarmi, romelic gankuTv-
nilia saqonlis SefuTvis, Senax-
visa da transportirebisaTvis.
tarifi tarifi tarifi tarifi tarifi (tariff) [<frang.tarif]-----1. ganakveTTa sistema, ro-melic gansazRvravs sxvadas-
xva momsaxurebis safasuris
odenobas; 2. Sromis anazRaure-
bis ganakveTTa sistema.
tarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobis
Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-
xmebaxmebaxmebaxmebaxmeba (General Agreement on Tar-iffs and Trade - - - - - GATT) - - - - - 1947 wels
Seqmnili organizaciuli stru-
qturiT ganmtkicebuli SeTan-
xmeba msoflio vaWrobaSi tari-
febis Semcirebis gzebisa da
meTodebis SemuSavebis mizniT.
1947-----1962 wlebSi Catarebu-
li 7 konferenciiT GATT-----ma ver
miaRwia xelSesaxeb Sedegebs.
381
warmateba mxolod 1967 wels
movida e.w. kenedis raundis pe-
riodSi, rodesac SesaZlebeli
gaxda sanedleulo saqonelze
satarifo ganakveTebis mkveTri
Semcireba. GATT-----s 1995 wlis
1 ianvridan ewoda msoflio
savaWro organizacia (VCJ).
msomsomsomsomso (World Trade Organization
- - - - - WTO) - saerTaSoriso vaWro-bis maregulirebeli organoa,
romlis ZiriTadi funqciebia:
masSi Semaval qveynebs Soris
savaWro urTierTobebis libe-
ralizacia da erTiani stan-
dartebis Seqmna; sabaJo pro-
cedurebis erTiani unificire-
buli sistemis Seqmna; calke,
gankerZoebuli SeRavaTebis ar-
arseboba. saqarTvelo 2000 wli-
dan msomsomsomsomso-----is sruluflebiani
wevria.
tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia (thesauration)[<berZn. thesauros ganZi, maragi]-----kerZo pirebis mier mimoqcev-
idan Zvirfasi liTonebis, mon-
etebisa da banknotebis amoRe-
ba maTi dagrovebis mizniT.
tenderi tenderi tenderi tenderi tenderi (tender) [<ingl.
tender, tend momsaxureba] - - - - - sawar-mos mier myidvelisaTvis SeTa-
vazebuli fasi, romlis gan-
sazRvris drosac amosavalia
ara sakuTriv saqonlis dana-
xarjebis done an masze moTx-
ovna, aramed konkurentTa mier
dadebuli fasi.
teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi (tech-nical progress) ----- ekonomikuri zrdiserT-----erTi umniSvnelovanesi faq-
tori; iZleva meti produqci-
is gamoSvebis saSualebas war-
moebis procesSi gamoyenebuli
kapitalis ucvleli raodeno-
bis pirobebSi. teqnikuri pro-
gresi ganivTdeba ZiriTad kap-
italSi. iyofa Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-
el, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralur da kapital- da kapital- da kapital- da kapital- da kapital-
damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-
sad.sad.sad.sad.sad.
teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-
mimimimimi (technological dualism) - - - - - kapital-intensiuri mZime mrewvelobis
Serwyma sxva dargebis Sromain-
tensiur meTodebTan Warbi sa-
muSao Zalis gamoyenebis mizniT.
mZime mrewvelobis modernizaci-
isa da warmoebrivi infrastru-
qturis Seqmnis procesSi sxva
dargebi ̀ isrutaven~ Warb samu-
Sao Zalas.
teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-
roba roba roba roba roba (technological unemploy-ment) - - - - - warmoebaSi Sromadam-
zogveli teqnologiis dan-
ergviT warmoSobili umuSevro-
ba. neoklasikosebi aseT situ-
acias droebiTad miiCneven da
umuSevrobis am formas serio-
zul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben.
teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki (industrial park)- - - - - maRalteqnologiuri parki.
saTaves iRebs XX saukunis 50-----iani wlebidan, rodesac aSS-----Si,
teqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparki
382
kaliforniis StatSi stenfor-
dis universitetTan Seiqmna
samecniero parki da safuZve-
li Caeyara maRali teqnologi-
ebis sferoSi mecnierul kvle-
va-----Ziebas. amJamad aSS-----Si 160-----
ze meti teqnoparkia, rac msof-
lioSi arsebuli teqnoparkeb-
is 30%-----s Seadgens.
evropaSi teqnoparkebi gamoC-
nda 70-----iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si. erT-----erTi pirvelTaganebia
edinburgSi heriotuaitis uni-
versitetis kvleviTi parki, tri-
nitis samecniero parki kembrij-
Si da a.S.
80-----iani wlebidan teqno-
parkebi iqmneba kanadaSi, singa-
purSi, avstraliaSi, brazilia-
Si, iaponiasa da CineTSi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom amJamad CineTSi,
sadac 50-----ze meti teqnoparkia,
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqce-
va maT ganviTarebas. erovnul
teqnoparkebs miliardobiT moge-
ba moaqvT qveynisaTvis. teqno-
parkebs zogjer klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-
sac sac sac sac sac uwodeben.
`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~ (bra-in drain) – kvalificiuri samu-
Sao Zalis migracia, rogorc
wesi, Raribidan mdidar qveya-
naSi.
ganaTleba, romelic moiTx-
ovs investiciebs adamianiseul
kapitalSi, misi miReba gaci-
lebiT iafia didi SromiTi
resursebis mqone Rarib qvey-
nebSi, vidre mdidarSi. kvali-
fikaciis miRebis Semdeg adami-
anebi gadadian ufro ganviTare-
bul qveynebSi, sadac Semosava-
li SedarebiT maRalia. aseTi
migracia zogjer waxalisdeba
kanonebiTa da instituciuri
faqtorebiT, vinaidan TviT mim-
Rebi qveynebi arian daintere-
sebuli kvalificiuri kadreb-
is imigraciiT.
todarostodarostodarostodarostodaros modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli (Todaromodel) – ganviTarebad qveyneb-Si Sida migraciis zrdis mize-
zebisa da misi daZlevis ekono-
mikuri modeli. atarebs amerike-
li ekonomistis maikl todaros
saxels. modeli xsnis Tu ra-
tomaa migraciis maRali tempi
soflidan qalaqSi ganviTare-
badi qveynebis umravlesobaSi.
amis mTavari mizezi ki, mosa-
lodneli sxvaobaa realur Se-
mosavalSi sofelsa da qalaqs
Soris.: potenciuri migranti
Tavisi kvalifikaciis Sesabamis
SesaZlo Semosavals qalaqad
udarebs im Semosavals, romel-
sac iRebs an miiRebda soflad.
maT Soris sxvaoba misi gadaw-
yvetilebis safuZvelia – da-
tovos sofeli da wavides
qalaqad samuSaos Sovnis imed-
iT. aseTi gadawyvetileba gr-
Zelvadian periodSi SeiZleba
iyos racionaluri, magram mok-
`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~
383
levadian periodSi sariskoa.
migrantebma SeiZleba iSovon
samuSao mosalodnelze daba-
li anazRaurebiT da isic ara-
formalur seqtorSi.
Tu qveynis xelisufleba
xels Seuwyobs mrewvelobis
ganviTarebas, bunebrivia, qalaqad
gaizrdeba dasaqmeba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, ganapirobebs soflidan
qalaqSi migraciis zrdas. Amis
Sedegad umuSevrobac gaizrdeba,
ris gamoc sagrZnoblad Sem-
cirdeba migracia.
problemis gadaWris grZel-
vadiani RonisZiebaa ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis programebis Se-
muSaveba da realizacia ro-
gorc qalaqad, ise soflad, rac
maTi mosaxleobis realur Se-
mosavlebSi arsebuli gansxvave-
bis Semcirebis safuZvelia.
tradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomika
(traditional economy) – qveynis
ekonomikis jansaRi nawili,
romelic warmodgenilia vi-
taekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.
traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi (tribalism)[<ingl. tribal satomo, tomo-
brivi]-----tomobrivi separatizmi
sazogadoebaSi, romelsac Se-
narCunebuli aqvs gvarovnul-----
tomobrivi dayofis gadmonaS-
Tebi.
tranziti tranziti tranziti tranziti tranziti (transit) [laT.
transitus gatareba] - - - - - tvirTis
gadazidva gagzavnis adgilidan
daniSnulebis adgilamde Suale-
dur punqtebSi gadmoutvirTa-
vad.
transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia (transaction)[<laT. transactio garigeba, SeTan-xmeba] - - - - - 1. sabanko operacia, ro-melic gulisxmobs fuladi sax-
srebis gadagzavnas (maT Soris,
sazRvargareT) raime mizniT; 2.
sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflebis
dacva.
transaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebi
(transaction costs) – xarjebi mi-moqcevis sferoSi, romelic
dakavSirebulia sakuTrebis uf-
lebis gadacemasTan, informaciis
mopovebasTan, kontraqtebis
dadebasTan da a.S. transaqci-
uli xarjebi mniSvnelovania
iseT bazrebze, sadac iyideba
sxvadasxva saxeobis SedarebiT
rTuli produqti.
transdorti transdorti transdorti transdorti transdorti (transfer) -----bankis gzavnili an werilobi-
Ti brZaneba Tavisi korespon-
dentisadmi brZanebaSi miTiTe-
buli piris saxelze garkveu-
li Tanxis gacemis Sesaxeb.
transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli (tran-tran-tran-tran-tran-
snacionalurisnacionalurisnacionalurisnacionalurisnacionaluri ) korpora-korpora-korpora-korpora-korpora-
cia cia cia cia cia (transnational (multinational)corporation - - - - - MNC) - - - - - msxvili sa-
meurneo gaerTianeba, saerTaSo-
riso, mravalnacionaluri kor-
poracia, romelsac Stab-----bina
aqvs msoflios erT-----erT qveya-
naSi da flobs filialebis did
transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...
384
raodenobas rogorc ganviTare-
bul, ise ganviTarebad qveyneb-
Si. aseTi korporaciis magali-
Tad gamodgeba ̀ filipsi~, ̀ jen-
eral motorsi~, `koka-----kola~,
`reno~, `britiS petroliumi~
da a.S. maTi ricxvi msoflio-
Si 60 aTasze metia. MNC ax-
orcielebs ekonomikur eqspan-
sias sxva qveynebSi Tavisi ganyo-
filebebis, filialebis farTo
qslis SeqmniT. transerovnu-
li korporaciebis Tanamedrove
ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania Sidasafirmo urTier-
TobaTa kompleqsis intensifika-
cia, romelic gulisxmobs kapi-
talis, teqnologiis, mza da Su-
aleduri produqciis moZraobas
Svilobil kompaniebs Soris.
saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT
msoflio vaWrobis 1/5-----dan 1/3-----mde transerovnuli korpo-
raciebis Sidasafirmo arxebiT
warmoebs.
translacia translacia translacia translacia translacia (translation)– saqonlis, momsaxurebis moc-
ulobis Rirebulebis gadaan-
gariSeba erTi valutidan meo-
reSi.
transferi transferi transferi transferi transferi (transfer) [<laT.
transferre gadatana] - - - - - 1. fulis
gadagzavna erTi safinanso da-
wesebulebidan meoreSi an qvey-
nidan qveyanaSi; 2. saxelobiTi
fasiani qaRaldebis gadaformeba
erTi mflobelidan meoreze; 3.
garigebis gadatana erTi anga-
riSidan meoreze; 4. saxelm-
wifo biujetis saxsrebis gada-
nawilebis erT-----erTi forma. fu-
ladi gadasaxdeli saxelmwifo
biujetidan mosaxleobaze, gan-
sakuTrebiT xelmokle mo-
qalaqeebze socialuri uz-
runvelyofis programiT. trans-
fers gascemen agreTve firmebi
da kerZo pirebi saqvelmoqme-
do Senatanebis saxiT. trans-
feruli gadasaxdeli warmoe-
briv saqmianobas ar ukavSird-
eba.
transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi (tran-sfer price) - - - - - Sidasafirmo saan-gariSsworebo fasi, romelsac
iyeneben angariSsworebisas ̀ de-
da~ da `Svilobil~ kompaniebs
an sazRvargareTul filialebs
Soris. Sidasafirmo miwodebis
fasebi konfidencialuria.
transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-
lebi lebi lebi lebi lebi (transfer incoms) – Semo-savlebi (pensiebi, saCuqrebi da
a.S.), romlebic ar SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes rogorc gada-
saxdelebi gaweul momsaxure-
baze da amitom ar aisaxeba er-
ovnul SemosavalSi. maT See-
sabameba transferuli gada-
saxdelebi (Senatanebi social-
uri dazRvevis fondSi da sxv.),
romelTa wyaroa warmoebis
faqtorebisgan miRebuli Semo-
savlebi.
translaciatranslaciatranslaciatranslaciatranslacia
385
trasanti trasanti trasanti trasanti trasanti (drawer) [<ital.
trassante]-----piri, romelic gascems
gadasapirebel Tamasuqs.
trasati trasati trasati trasati trasati (drawee) [<ital.
trassare]-----piri, romelic valde-
bulia gadaixados Tanxa gada-
sapirebeli Tamasuqis mixedviT.
trata trata trata trata trata (bill of exchange, draft)[ital. tratta]-----Tanamedrove sa-
banko da komerciul praqtika-
Si gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis
sinonimi. ganasxvaveben: 1. savaW-
ro tratas, romelsac gamyid-
veli gascems myidvelze; 2.
sabanko tratas, romelsac gamy-
idveli gascems bankze; 3. sa-
finanso tratas, romelsac banki
gascems bankze. gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebulia sagareo-----savaW-
ro brunvaSi.
traqtati traqtati traqtati traqtati traqtati (treatise) [<laT.
tractata ganxilva]-----saerTaSorisoxelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba.
traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia (tractation) -----winadadebis SeTavazeba saqon-
lis gayidvis an yidvis Sesax-
eb im SesaZlo myidvelebis an
gamyidvelebis gamovlenis miz-
niT, romlebic garigebis dadeb-
iT iqnebian dainteresebulni.
treideri treideri treideri treideri treideri (trader) - - - - - 1. va-Wari, sovdagari; 2. sabirJo mak-
leri _ _ _ _ _ sabrokero kantoris
an safinanso dawesebulebis Tan-
amSromeli, romelic safondo
birJaze gamodis spekulantis
rolSi _ _ _ _ _ sakuTari fuliT
yidulobs da yidis fasian
qaRaldebs; 3. savaWro gemi.
tresti tresti tresti tresti tresti (trust) - - - - - mewarme-
Ta gaerTianeba, romlis Semad-
genlobaSi Semavali sawarmoe-
bi kargaven warmoebriv, komer-
ciul da iuridiul damoukide-
blobas da erTian mmarTvelo-
bas eqvemdebarebian.
turizmi turizmi turizmi turizmi turizmi (tourism) - - - - - 1. Ta-namedrove msoflio ekonomikis
erT-----erTi wamyvani da di-
namikurad ganviTarebadi dar-
gi; 2. adamianTa nebayoflobi-
Ti, droebiTi gadaadgileba Ta-
vianTi sacxovrebeli adgilidan
dasvenebis, gajansaRebis (mkur-
nalobis), SemecnebiTi donis
amaRlebisa da a.S. mizniT.
turizmiturizmiturizmiturizmiturizmi
386 uaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadi
uuuuuuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadi
(negative tax) - - - - - dotacia, subsi-dia.
uaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebis
Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi (abate-ment cost) - - - - - arasasurveli ef-
eqtebis (garemos dabinZureba,
satransporto qselis gada-
tvirTva, avtomobilis Zravis
muSaobiT gamowveuli xmauri
da a.S.) Semcirebis xarjebi.
garemos dabinZurebis Semcire-
bis kvalobaze xarjebis mru-
di izrdeba swrafi tempiT. es
aixsneba imiT, rom, magaliTad,
garemos dabinZurebuli sivr-
cis garkveuli monakveTis gaw-
menda SedarebiT iafia, magram
dabinZurebis mTlianad aRkve-
Ta gacilebiT Zviri ujdeba sazo-
gadoebas. aseTive situaciis ma-
galiTad gamodgeba avtomobi-
lis Zravis muSaobiT gamowveu-
li xmauris aRkveTa. erTi man-
qanis Zravis dafarva xmaur-
sawinaaRmdego masaliT sagrZno-
blad amcirebs mis xmaurs da
amisTvis gaweuli xarjebic ar
aris didi, magram aseTi tipis
manqanebisgan xmauris mTlianad
aRkveTa moiTxovs Zravis kon-
struqciul gadakeTebas, rac
did danaxarjebTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli.
uaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi (negative income tax)- - - - - saxelmwifo anazRaurebis
sistema im ojaxebisaTvis, ro-
melTa Semosavali daubegravi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mini-
mumze naklebia.
`ubileTos~ problema`ubileTos~ problema`ubileTos~ problema`ubileTos~ problema`ubileTos~ problema
(“free-----rider” problem) - - - - - urTier-Txelsayreli koleqtiuri mo-
qmedebis Seferxeba iseT vi-
TarebaSi, roca ekonomikur agen-
tebs saSualeba eZlevaT sarge-
bloba miiRon saerTo xarjeb-
Si monawileobis gareSe.
ukudempingiukudempingiukudempingiukudempingiukudempingi(reverse dum-ping) - - - - - saqonlis gayidva sazR-
vargareT Sida fasze ufro Zvi-
rad monopoliuri mdgomareo-
bidan gamomdinare, mogebis
amoRebis mizniT.
umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba (unemployment)- - - - - situacia ekonomikaSi, rode-
sac Sromisunariani mosaxle-
obis garkveul nawils ar Seu-
Zlia Tavisi am unaris gamoy-
eneba da Sromis sarezervo ar-
miad iqceva. Zlierdeba ekono-
mikuri krizisisa da depresiis
periodSi samuSao Zalaze mo-
Txovnis mkveTrad Semcirebis
Sedegad.
Sromis saerTaSoriso or-
ganizaciis kriteriumiT umuSe-
vari aris 15 da meti wlis
piri, romelic sakvlevi kviris
ganmavlobaSi ar eweva saqmi-
387
anobas da eZebs samuSaos, an
ar eZebs, radgan gadaewura misi
Sovnis imedi (xelCaqneulia),
Tumca, samuSaos SemoTavazebis
SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudg-
es muSaobas.
registrirebuli umuSevari
aris dasaqmebis samsaxurSi regis-
trirebuli piri.
umuSevrobis gansazRvruli
done _ samuSao Zalis ricx-
ovnobis 6-----7% _ normalur mov-
lenad iTvleba da iwodeba
umuSevrobis bunebriv doned.
arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-
turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,
instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-
uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.
umuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebrivi
done done done done done (natural rate of unemploy-ment) - - - - - umuSevrobis done sru-li dasaqmebis pirobebSi. umu-
Sevrobis bunebrivi done dam-
axasiaTebelia ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis iseTi periodisaTvis,
rodesac VTG-----is realuri da
potenciuri dinamika erTmaneTs
emTxveva da ar aris damokide-
buli ekonomikuri ganviTareb-
is realur tempebze. gaian-gaian-gaian-gaian-gaian-
gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-
uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-
Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-
mi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-
cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. misi Semcireba
SeuZlebelia erToblivi moTx-
ovnis gazrdiT.
filipsis vertikaluri mru-
di gviCvenebs, rom nebismieri
mcdeloba umuSevrobis Semcire-
bisa mis bunebriv doneze dabla
iwvevs inflaciis daCqarebas.
gamoiyeneba agreTve termi-
ni umuSevrobis aramzardi done
(non-----acelerating rate of unemploy-ment), romelic gamoxatavs umu-
Sevrobis dones inflaciis sta-
biluri tempebis pirobebSi re-
aluri da potenciuri mep-----is
dinamikebis damTxvevis dros.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-
ne 60-----iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Seadgenda 4%-----s, xolo 80-----iani
wlebidan _ 6-----7%-----ia.
umuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebrivi
donisdonisdonisdonisdonis hihihihihipoTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza (natural rateof unemployment hypothesis) -----neoklasikosTa Tvalsazrisi, rom-
lis mixedviTac ekonomikas axa-
siaTebs tendencia avtomaturad
miaRwios wonasworobas umuSev-
robis bunebrivi donis pirobeb-
Si, e.i. warmoebis potenciurad
sruli moculobis pirobebSi.
umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-
nis hi poTezas mxars uWeren
monetarizmis momxreebic.
umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done (unem-ployment rate) - - - - - samuSaos maZie-beli, an `xelCaqneuli~ Sro-
misunariani asakis mqone mo-
saxleobis wili Sromisunari-
ani asakis mqone mosaxleobis
umuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis done
388
saerTo ricxovnobaSi. umuSev-
robis done samuSaos maZiebel
umuSevarTa wilia samuSao Za-
laSi. isini, romlebsac ara aqvT
da arc eZeben samuSaos, samu-
Sao Zalis Semadgenlobidan ga-
sulebad iTvlebian. maRali
umuSevrobis done, rogorc we-
si, ukavSirdeba samuSao Zala-
Si monawileobis dabal koefi-
cients, romelic ganisazRvre-
ba rogorc samuSao Zalis rao-
denobis Sefardeba ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis mTlian
raodenobasTan.
unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-
ba ba ba ba ba (settling by written order) - - - - - an-gariSsworeba naRdi fulis ga-
reSe, romelic xorcieldeba
bankebis mier gadamxdelis an-
gariSidan mimRebis angariSze
gadaricxvis gziT an urTierT-
moTxovnisa da valdebulebis
CaTvliT. gamoiyeneba rogorc
qveynis farglebSi, ise saerTa-
Soriso ekonomikur urTierTo-
bebSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis
fulad mimoqcevaSi unaRdo an-
gariSsworebis wili naxevarze
bevrad metia.
universaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqolo-lo-lo-lo-lo-
giurigiurigiurigiurigiuri kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi
(universal psychological law ineconomy) - - - - - formulirebulia jon
meinard keinzis mier, romlis
mixedviT Semosavlis gadidebis
kvalobaze izrdeba moxmareba,
magram ara im moculobiT ra
moculobiTac izrdeba Semosa-
vali. maT Soris sxvaoba adi-
debs danazogis moculobas.
unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi (unitarism) [frang.unitarisme] - - - - - saxelmwifo mowy-
obis sistema, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia administraci-
ul-----teritoriuli erTeulebi-
sadmi centralizebuli xel-
mZRvaneloba da gamocalkevebu-
li (damoukidebeli) saxelmwi-
fo warmonaqmnebis ararseboba.
unitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifo
(unitary state) [frang. unitaire<laT. unitas mTlianoba] - - - - - erTi-ani, gaerTianebuli; mTliani uni-
taruli saxelmwifo _ _ _ _ _ sax-
elmwifo sistemis forma, rom-
lis drosac saxelmwifos, fed-
eraciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis
SemadgenlobaSi ara aqvs fed-
eraciuli erTeulebi (State-
bi da a.S.) da misi teritoria
iyofa administraciul-----terito-
riul erTeulebad (raionebi,
olqebi da a.S.).
unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia (unification) [<laT.uni erTi da facare keTeba] - - - - - er-Tian sistemaSi moqceva. mag.,
msoflioSi mimdinare social-
ur-----ekonomikuri, politikuri,
kulturuli, mecnierul-----te-
qnologiuri da a.S. proceseb-
is unifikacia, rac global-
izaciisTvisaa niSandoblivi.
upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia (non-----
unaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworeba
389
patent licence) - - - - - licenzia ̀ nou-----
haus~ gamoyenebaze, gamogoneba-
ze patentis gareSe.
upiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebis
likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba (liquidity pref-erence) - - - - - momxmarebelTa arCe-
vani, TavianTi danazogis ra
nawili iqonion fuladi for-
miT da ra _ naklebad likvidu-
ri saxsrebis saxiT (fasiani qa-
Raldebi, materialur-----nivTob-
rivi aqtivebi da a.S.).
urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia (urbanization)- - - - - mosaxleobis Tavmoyris pro-
cesi qalaqebsa da ekonomikur
centrebSi. sapirispiroa _ ru-ralizacia.
utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia (utilization)[<laT. utilis sasargeblo] - - - - - gamoy-eneba, gadamuSaveba, sargebliani
moxmareba.
ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta (foreignexchange, foreign currency) _____
sazRvargareTis qveynebis fu-
ladi niSani, agreTve ucxouri
fuladi erTeuliT gamoxatu-
li sakredito da sagadasaxa-
do dokumentebi (Tamasuqi, Ceki
da sxv.), gamoyenebuli saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebaSi.
ucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investicia (fo-reign investment) - - - - - nebismieri in-vesticia sxva qveynebSi, ganxor-
cielebuli saxelmwifos, ker-
Zo kompaniis an kerZo piris mi-
er. ucxouri investiciebis gan-
viTarebad qveynebSi dabandebis
Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexeduleba
arsebobs. zogi amtkicebs, rom
aseTi investiciebi sustad gan-
viTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri
kolonializmis gamovlenaa da
emsaxureba am qveynebSi kontro-
lis ganxorcielebas. amasTan,
ucxouri investiciebi xSirad
dakavSirebulia moZvelebuli
teqnologiebis importTan, rac,
importiori firmebisaTvis adgi-
lobriv iaf samuSao Zalis da-
qiravebasTan erTad, didi moge-
bis miRebis saSualebaa. ucxo-
uri investiciebis momxreebi ki
asabuTeben, rom aseTi saxis
investiciebma SesaniSnavi Sede-
gi misca dasavleTis mraval
qveyanas da isini sxva qveyneb-
sac warmatebebs moutanen.
ucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investicia
390 faruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarji
ffffffaruli faruli faruli faruli faruli (implicituriimplicituriimplicituriimplicituriimplicituri)
danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (implicit expense) _____firmis mesakuTris an firmis,
rogorc iuridiuli piris sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli resurse-
bis gamoyenebis alternatiuli
danaxarji, rac aSkara danaxar-
jis msgavsad, ar aris gaTva-
liswinebuli kontraqtSi da
arc savaldebuloa iyos. es
danaxarji ar anazRaurdeba. mag.,
firma, romelic iyenebs kuTv-
nil Senobas da amisaTvis, ro-
gorc mesakuTre, gadasaxads ar
ixdis, imavdroulad uars am-
bobs am Senobis arendiT gace-
mis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo Se-
mosavalze. implicituri dan-
axarji firmis sabuRaltro an-
gariSgebaSi ar aisaxeba.
faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika (under-ground, hidden economy) - - - - - 1. kanon-sawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri
saqmianoba (kontrabanda, narko-
biznesi, brakonieroba da sxv.);
2. arakanonsawinaaRmdego, magram
aralegaluri, oficialurad
araregistrirebuli, statis-
tikurad aRuricxavi ekonomi-
kuri saqmianoba.
faruli faruli faruli faruli faruli (CaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobili) in-in-in-in-in-
flacia flacia flacia flacia flacia (hidden, suppressed in-flation) - - - - - inflaciuri procese-
bis specifikuri gamovlena
mkacrad regulirebad an fiqsi-
rebuli fasebis mqone ekonomi-
kaSi. Tu fasebis direqtiulad
dadgenili done SenarCunebu-
lia, inflacia gamovlindeba mi-
moqcevaSi Warbi fulis mateb-
isa da misi msyidvelobiTi una-
ris gaufasurebaSi, rogorc sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis mzar-
di deficitisa da maTze aJio-
taJuri moTxovnis, agreTve mo-
saxleobis gazrdili moTxov-
nis dagrovebis Sedegi.
faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba (hid-den, latent, concealed, disguisedunemlpoyment) - - - - - arasruli da-
saqmeba, romelic Tavs iCens
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros.
aqedan gamomdinare, faruli
umuSevroba unda daematos umu-
Sevrobis oficialur monace-
mebs, raTa miRebul iqnes Sro-
mis bazris realuri suraTi.
fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba (discount on aprice, allowance off a price) - - - - - situ-acia bazarze, rodesac gamyid-
veli saqonels sabazro fasze
iafad uTmobs myidvels gari-
gebis pirobebidan gamomdinare
da arsebuli bazris koniunq-
turis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cveu-
lebriv aqvs miznobrivi daniS-
nuleba. mag., naRdi fulis gada-
xdis, masobrivi, seriuli war-
moebis saqonlis miwodebis moc-
ulobis gadidebis SemTxvevaSi,
mudmiv myidvelebTan myari
391
saqmiani urTierTobis Senar-
Cunebis mizniT, reklamisaTvis,
axali myidvelis mizidvisaTvis,
Cawolili saqonlis gasaRebi-
saTvis da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi
saqonlis fasdaklebiT gayidva
farulad xdeba. fasdaklebis
yvela saxes Tavisi pirobiTi
aRniSvnebi aqvs: martivi, rTu-
li, dileruli, sezonuri, prog-
resuli, specialuri da a.S. igi
gviCvenebs, ramdenad Seicvala
fasebi drois gansazRvrul mo-
nakveTSi zogierT saqonelze.
fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli (pricecontrol) - - - - - am terminSi igulis-
xmeba fiqsirebul fasebze mTav-
robis mier kanonis ZaliT kon-
trolis ganxorcieleba. ro-
gorc wesi, es xdeba eqstrem-
alur situaciebSi, magaliTad,
omebis dros, rogorc antiin-
flaciuri politikis nawili,
Tumca, ekonomistTa umravle-
sobis azriT, TavisTavad es
RonisZieba ar aris inflaci-
isgan gankurnebis da misgan
Tavis daRwevis saSualeba.
fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti (price ef-fect) – saqonelze (momsaxure-
baze) fasebis cvlilebiT gamow-
veuli erToblivi moTxovnis
cvlileba. fasebis efeqti, ro-
melic eyrdnoba ordinalur
(yvelaze maRal) sargebliano-
bis koncefcias, moicavs Semosav-
lisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebs
da cnobilia sluckis ganto-
lebis saxelwodebiT:
fasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlis
efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.
rusma ekonomistma e. sluc-
kim mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
ana moTxovnis Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
fasebis efeqtis SeswavlaSi.
sluckis mier miRebulma Sede-
gebma Semdgomi ganviTareba pova
hiksisa da alenis naSromebSi.
fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi (priceindex) - - - - - maCvenebeli, romelic
gamoxatavs saqonelsa da mom-
saxurebaze fasebis Tanafar-
dobas or sxvadasxva period-
Si. gamoiTvleba mimdinare wlis
fasebis sabaziso periodis fase-
bze gayofiT.
fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba (priceadjustment) - - - - - sabazro situaciiscvalebadobasTan fasebis TviT-
Seguebis procesi.
fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli (pricescissors) - - - - - fasebis donisa da
dinamikis daSoreba saqonlis
calkeuli jgufebisagan, pirv-
el yovlisa, mza produqciisa
da saTbob-----sanedleulo saqon-
lisagan.
`fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ (“pri-ce revolution”) – saxelwodeba im
movlenisa, romelic ukavSir-
deba amerikaSi aRmoCenil oq-
rosa da vercxlis mozRvave-
`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~
392
bas XV-XVI saukuneebSi, ra-
mac gamoiwvia fasebis oTxjera-
di zrda. miCneulia, rom aseTi
maRali fasebi gaxda stimuli
dasavleTis qveynebSi warmoeb-
is axali dargebis Seqmnisa da
kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis,
ramac samrewvelo revoluci-
is dawyebasa da kapitalizmis
warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli.
fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done (gene-ral price level) - - - - - ganisazRvreba
nominaluri fuladi masis Se-
fardebiT fulze realur mo-
TxovnasTan. fasebis saerTo do-
nis cvlileba rogorc samomx-
mareblo, ise sainvesticio saqo-
nelze izomeba mep-----is defla-
toriT, maSin rodesac sacalo
fasebis indeqsiT izomeba sa-
momxmareblo fasebi.
fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati (premium,
(bonus) to a price) - - - - - wesdeba myid-velis gansakuTrebuli moTx-
ovnis dasakmayofileblad. ker-
Zod, specialuri, individu-
aluri SekveTebis Sesrulebi-
sas, saqonlis xarisxis amaR-
lebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi
momsaxurebisaTvis, nawil-----nawil
gadaxdisas da a.S. gamyidvels
Tavisuflad SeuZlia daawesos
fasze wanamati Cveulebriv sa-
qonelze misTvis xelsayreli
bazris koniunqturis pirobebSi.
fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (price) - - - - - erTeuli sa-
qonlisa da momsaxurebis sayid-
lad gadaxdili fulis raode-
noba, Rirebulebisa da sargeb-
lianobis fuladi gamoxatule-
ba.
fasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareo-----savaWrosavaWrosavaWrosavaWrosavaWro
xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi (price in fo-reign trade) - - - - - erT-----erTi arsebiTipiroba, romelic mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli saqonlis raode-
nobasa da xarisxTan, miwodebi-
sa da gadaxdis vadebTan da
a.S. gamoixateba erovnuli an
saerTaSoriso valutis fulad
erTeulebSi. saxelSekrulebo
fasis done yalibdeba garigeb-
is monawileTagan damoukide-
blad, obieqtur garemoebaTa
gavleniT (saqonlis Tavisebu-
rebebi, misi konkurentunarianoba,
bazarze moTxovna-----miwodebis Ta-
nafardoba, savaWro politikuri
pirobebi, kontrahentTa qveynebSi
saxelmwifo regulirebis Tavi-
seburebebi, bazris monopoliza-
ciis done da a.S.). masze gavle-
nas axdens agreTve bazris, kon-
trahentis, drois, adgilisa da
xelSekrulebis dadebis wesis
SerCeva, bazris koniunqturis
komerciuli codna, , , , , gamocdile-
ba da sxv.
fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-
iT iT iT iT iT (price to be fixed) - - - - - dgindebaxelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
msvlelobaSi, mag., saqonlis
morigi partiis miwodebis win,
xolo zog SemTxvevaSi _ _ _ _ _ mi-
fasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo done
393
wodebis Semdgomac. xelSek-
rulebaSi ganisazRvreba fase-
bis fiqsaciis wesi, saxeldobr,
fiqsaciis periodi, myidvelis
mier fiqsaciis drois arCevis
ufleba informaciis garkveu-
li wyaros safuZvelze an fase-
bis SeTanxmebis pirobebSi mxa-
reebs Soris molaparakebisas.
fasfasfasfasfas-----i (Free Alongside Ship- - - - - FAS) - - - - - `Tavisuflad gemis qi-
mis gaswvriv~, saqonlis miwode-
bis sabaziso piroba saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaSi sazRvao
gadazidvisas, romlis mixedvi-
Tac eqsportiors Tavisi xar-
jiT gadaaqvs saqoneli gemis
misadgomamde, xolo Semdgom
xarjebs importiori gaiRebs.
fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi (secu-rities) - - - - - dadgenili formis (ni-
muSis) safinanso dokumentebi.
maTSi aisaxeba mflobelis gar-
kveuli qonebrivi uflebebi,
romelTa realizacia SesaZle-
belia mxolod am dokumenteb-
is wardgenis SemTxvevaSi. fa-
sian qaRaldebs miekuTvneba: sa-
gadasaxado dokumentebi _ _ _ _ _ Ceki,
Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.,
safondo faseulobebi _ aqcia,obligacia da sxv., qonebrivi
uflebis damadasturebeli sxva
dokumentebi _ konosamenti,lombardis sagiravno bileTe-
bi, Semnaxveli bankis wignakeb-
is latariis bileTebi, romleb-
sac mogeba xvda da a.S.
fasiani qaRaldebi SeiZle-
ba iyos saxelobiTi da warmo-
madgenlobiTi. pirvel SemTx-
vevaSi qonebrivi ufleba aqvs
mxolod im pirs, romlis gvar-
ic aRniSnulia fasian qaRaldze
(Semnaxveli bankis wignakebi,
lombardis sagiravno bileTe-
bi da sxv.), meore SemTxvevaSi
_ _ _ _ _ pirs, romelic flobs fa-
sian qaRaldebs (obligaciebi,
mogebuli latariis bileTebi
da sxv.).
fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-
farvafarvafarvafarvafarva fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT
(dated securities) - - - - - nebismieri fa-siani qaRaldi, magaliTad, obli-
gacia, romlisTvisac dawesebu-
lia dafarvis vadebi. Cveu-
lebriv iyofa mokle-----, saSua-
lo- - - - - da grZelvadian fasian
qaRaldebad.
fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-
sabirJosabirJosabirJosabirJosabirJo bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (over the coun-ter market) - - - - - aqciebis bazari,
rogorc wesi, mcire kompanieb-
isa, sadac operaciebi xorci-
eldeba birJis gverdis avliT
kavSirgabmulobis saSualebe-
biT. aseTi bazari kargadaa gan-
viTarebuli aSS-----Si, did brita-
neTsa da a.S.
fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
zari zari zari zari zari (securities market) - - - - - fasi-ani qaRaldebis mimoqcevis sf-
ero, romlis saSualebiTac xde-
fasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bazarizarizarizarizari
394
ba sawarmoTa droebiT Tavisu-
fali fuladi saxsrebisa da
mosaxleobis danazogebis mo-
bilizacia ekonomikaSi inves-
tirebisaTvis. iyofa pirvelad
da meoreul bazrebad. pirve-
lad bazarze iyideba axalga-
moSvebuli, emitirebuli fasi-
ani qaRaldebi. rogorc wesi,
firma-----emitenti Tavis fasian qa-
Raldebs avrcelebs bankebisa
da sxva safinanso institute-
bis SuamavlobiT xelmoweris
safuZvelze (Ria tipis aqci-
oneruli sazogadoeba) an aq-
cioner-----damfuZnebelTa Sez-
Rudul raodenobas Soris (dax-
uruli ti pis aqcioneruli
sazogadoeba). fasiani qaRaleb-
is emitenti SeiZleba iyos neb-
ismieri iuridiuli piri. fasi-
ani qaRaldebis meoreul baz-
arze investorebi, safinanso-----
sakredito institutebi da
Suamavlebi vaWroben im fasi-
ani qaRaldebiT, romlebic erTx-
el ukve gayides maTma emiten-
tebma. investorebi arian ro-
gorc fizikuri, ise iuridiu-
li pirebi da saxelmwifo. Sua-
mavalTa ZiriTadi kategorie-
bia brokerebi, dilerebi da maTi
Sesabamisi organizaciebi, agreT-
ve sakredito institutebi. mag.,
angloamerikul sistemaSi, ro-
gorc wesi, bankebi gansakuTre-
buli saxis (sadazRvevo, sapen-
sio) fasiani qaRaldebiT vaW-
roben. meoreul bazarze moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis gavleniT
dgindeba fasiani qaRaldebis
sabazro fasi (kursi). meoreu-
li bazari iyofa sabirJo da
birJisgareSe (finansuri aqtive-
biT vaWroba `daxlze~) bazre-
bad.
qveynis sabirJo sistema Se-
iZleba iyos monocentrulimonocentrulimonocentrulimonocentrulimonocentruli
(erTi msxvili birJa, mag., did
britaneTSi, safrangeTSi), po-po-po-po-po-
licentruli licentruli licentruli licentruli licentruli (ramdenime msx-
vili birJa, mag., kanadaSi, ger-
maniaSi, avstraliaSi), garda-garda-garda-garda-garda-
mavali mavali mavali mavali mavali (erTi umsxvilesi da
ramdenime naklebad msxvili
birJa, mag., aSS-----Si, iaponiaSi).
birJebis raodenobis regla-
mentireba xdeba saxelmwifos
mier. birJisgare bazarze Ziri-
Tadad mimoiqceva is fasiani
qaRaldebi, romelTa kotirebac
safondo birJaze ar xdeba, mag.,
TiTqmis yvela bankis (centra-
luris garda) da sadazRvevo
kompaniebis aqciebi, yvela saxel-
mwifo da municipaluri obli-
gacia da sxv. aq fasi yalibde-
ba saxelSekrulebo gziT. dile-
ris Semosavali dgindeba, ro-
gorc yidvisa da gayidvis fasebs
Soris sxvaoba. birJis gare ba-
zarze SesaZlebelia brokerisa
da dileris funqciebis SeT-
avseba.
fasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bazarizarizarizarizari
395
fasiani qaRaldebis bazrisa
da mTlianad mTeli ekonomikis
mniSvnelovani indikatoria
aqciebis kursis indeqsebi. ar-
sebobs mravali sxvadasxva sax-
is indeqsi. mag., aSS-----Si yvelaze
cnobilia dou-----jonsis indeqsi.
fasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis de-----
popopopopozitariumi zitariumi zitariumi zitariumi zitariumi (securities depo-sitary) [<frang. depositare-----de-pozitori, Semnaxveli] - - - - - orga-nizacia, romelic inaxavs fa-
sian qaRaldebs klientis dava-
lebiT da axdens maTi ufleb-
is realizacias am qaRalde-
biT. depozitariums, garda fiz-
ikuri formiT (romelic mi-
moiqceva bazarze sertifikatis
saxiT) gamoSvebuli fasiani
qaRaldebisa, SeuZlia emitent-
Tan specialuri SeTanxmebiT
registraciaSi gaataros is fa-
siani qaRaldebic, romlebic
maTi gamoSvebis pirobebis mi-
xedviT ar formdeba, anu iseTebi,
romlebzec sakuTrebis ufle-
ba dadasturebulia special-
ur reestrSi. fasiani qaRalde-
bis depozitariumi klients
uxsnis specialur angariSs,
romelSic fiqsirebulia misi
kuTvnili fasiani qaRaldebi,
xolo klienti iRebs angari-
Sis amonawers. es ukanaskneli
mxolod adasturebs klientis
fasiani qaRaldebis Senaxvisa
da aRricxvis faqts fasiani qa-
Raldebis depozitariumSi, ma-
gram TviT fasiani qaRaldebi
ar arsebobs, ar mimoiqceva ba-
zarze. garda am funqciebisa,
fasiani qaRaldebis depozitar-
iumi axorcielebs sainkaso
operaciebs emitentebTan da
fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelebs
Soris anawilebs procentebis,
dividendebis, gasanaRdebeli
obligaciebis da a.S. Tanxas
(fasiani qaRaldebis `momsax-
urebis~ funqcia). igi axdens
erTi klientisagan meorisaTvis
fasiani qaRaldebis gadacemis
faqtis registracias, Sesabam-
isad Camowers maT erTi anga-
riSidan da Caricxavs meoreze.
aseTi saxis angariSsworebisas
fasiani qaRaldebis serti-
fikatebis fizikuri moZraoba
qaRaldebis depozitariumis
farglebSi ar xdeba. aRniSnul
organizacias SeuZlia Tavis
Tavze aiRos im teqnikuri fun-
qciebisa da procedurebis mniS-
vnelovani nawili, romlisgan
ganTavisuflebac didad umsub-
uqebs datvirTvas investoreb-
sa da fasiani qaRaldebis ba-
zris profesionalebs. momsax-
urebis es saxeoba didad gavr-
celebulia ganviTarebul qvey-
nebSi, ris gamoc fasiani qaRal-
debis mniSvnelovani nawili fa-
siani qaRaldebis depozitari-
umSia `Cawolili~. am proces-
fasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis depopopopopozitariumizitariumizitariumizitariumizitariumi
396
ma sazRvargareT `mobilizaci-
is~ saxelwodeba miiRo.
fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi (index of securi-ties) – kotirebis indeqsi _ um-niSvnelovanesi aqciebis kurse-
bis saSualo maCvenebeli bir-
Jaze, romelic umeteswilad
msxvili kompaniebis kursebis
mixedviT gaiangariSeba. umarti-
vesi formiT igi fasiani qaRal-
debis SerCeuli jgufis kur-
sebis jamis SerCeuli gamoS-
vebis raodenobaze gayofiT ga-
iangariSeba.
fasisfasisfasisfasisfasis(garigebisgarigebisgarigebisgarigebisgarigebis) valu-valu-valu-valu-valu-
tatatatata (bargain currency) - - - - - valuta,
romliTac dgindeba fasi sa-
gareo-----savaWro kontraqtebSi.
fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti (price effect)- - - - - saqonelze moTxovnis cvli-
leba misi fasis cvlilebis Se-
degad. igi Sedgeba Semosavlisa
da Senacvlebis efeqtebisagan.
fasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebeli
funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia (price balancing func-tion) - - - - - sabazro sistemaSi war-moebis `mbrZanebel-----ganmkar-
gulebeli~ aris momxmarebeli.
ekonomikis TviTregulireba
fasismier meqanizmzea damokide-
buli. rodesac bazarze momx-
mareblebi raime arafasismieri
faqtoris zegavleniT Seicvlis
SeZenis survils, es maSinve
daetyoba saqonlis fass, vinaid-
an fasi, faqtobrivad, moTxov-
nis moculobaa. moTxovnis cvli-
lebis Sesabamisad fasi aiwevs
an daiwevs. bazarze fasis cv-
lilebebidan gamomdinare, mwar-
moeblebi cvlian warmoebis
struqturas. sabazro siste-
mis unars, mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-
eblebseblebseblebseblebseblebs moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba-
ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-
bamisibamisibamisibamisibamisi reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas-
worebeliworebeliworebeliworebeliworebeli funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba.
fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-
cia cia cia cia cia (price discrimination) - - - - - arse-bobs fasismieri diskriminaci-
is ori ZiriTadi forma: pirve-
li gulisxmobs kompaniebis iseT
praqtikas, roca momxmarebel-
Ta sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis gan-
sxvavebuli fasebi wesdeba, me-
ore gulisxmobs erTi momx-
mareblisaTvis gansxvavebuli
fasebis dawesebas erTi da imave
saqonlis sxvadasxva erTeulze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, roca mo-
mxmarebelTa TiToeul jgufs
aqvs gansxvavebuli moTxovnis
fasismieri elastikuroba, fir-
mas SeuZlia momxmarebelTa Ti-
Toeuli jgufisgan miRebuli
zRvruli Semosavlebis ga-
Tanabrebis gziT miiRos meti
mogeba, vidre Tanabari fasebis
pirobebSi. meore SemTxvevaSi
firmam idealSi unda amoiRos
mTlianad samomxmareblo nama-
ti anu miiRos fasismieri dis-
kriminaciis damatebiTi sarge-
fasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kursis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsi
397
bloba, romelic momxmarebels
SeeZlo mieRo im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqonels mudmivi fasiT Sei-
Zenda. es miiRweva produqciis
TiToeul erTeulze im maqsi-
maluri fasis toli fasis
dawesebiT, romlis gadaxdis-
Tvisac momxmarebeli mzadaa
moTxovnis Sesabamisad. am gziT
firmas SeuZlia miiTvisos mTe-
li samomxmareblo namati. fa-
sismieri diskriminaciis es
forma moiTxovs yoveli momx-
mareblis moTxovnis mrudis
zust codnas, amitom igi aras-
dros ar gamoiyeneba zemoT
aRwerili formiT. aseTi dis-
kriminaciis ufro gavrcelebu-
li formaa gazisa da eleqtro-
energiis mimwodeblebis mier
gamoyenebuli ori nawilisgan
Sedgenili tarifi, romlis
drosac yidva SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes mxolod qselSi Car-
Tvis uflebisaTvis rentis gada-
xdis Semdeg. aseTi rentuli
gadasaxdeliT xelSi igdeben
samomxmareblo namatis nawils.
faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna (price for-mation) - - - - - saqonlisa da momsaxu-
rebis fasebis Camoyalibebis pro-
cesi. ganasxvaveben sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro da
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo (centralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebul)faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.
sabazro faswarmoqmna xor-
cieldeba moTxovnisa da miwo-
debis urTierTzemoqmedebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo saxelmwifo
faswarmoqmna _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo
organoebis mier fasebis dawese-
biT.
faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi (factoring agen-ti, Suamavali) - - - - - savaWro-----sako-misio operaciebis nairsaxeoba,
Serwymuli klientis sabrunavi
kapitalis dakreditebasTan,
romlis drosac specialize-
buli kompania _ _ _ _ _ faqtor-----kom-
pania iZens klientis debito-
rul davalianebas, raTa Sem-
degSi gadaaxdevinos igi meva-
les. ufro xSirad faqtor-----kom-
pania iZens klientis angariS-----
faqturas im pirobiT, rom mi-
wodebis Rirebulebis 20%-----mde
gadaixados dauyovnebliv, dar-
Cenili nawili (kreditisaTvis
procentis gamoklebiT) _ _ _ _ _ mkac-
rad dadgenil vadaSi. safaq-
toringo momsaxurebis Rire-
buleba damokidebulia mis sax-
eze, operaciis moculobaze,
sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa
xarisxze da a.S. aqedan gamom-
dinare, faqtoringi aRiarebu-
lia klientis momsaxurebis
universalur formad. klien-
ti faqtobrivad inarCunebs
mxolod warmoebriv funqcias.
amis Sedegad dazogili fula-
di saxsrebi xmardeba safaq-
toringo momsaxurebis amaRleb-
is anazRaurebas. klienti miRe-
bul kreditze procentis gar-
faqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringi
398
da ixdis sakomisios wliuri
sabrunavi Tanxis 0,75-----4%-----is
odenobiT. faqtoringi aCqarebs
klientis kapitalis brunvas da
afarToebs sabanko kreditis
mizidvis SesaZleblobebs.
sagareo-----ekonomikur urTi-
erTobebSi moklevadian dakred-
itebasa da saSuamavlo komer-
ciul saqmianobaSi farTod gam-
oiyeneba saerTaSoriso faqtor-
ingi. faqtor-----kompania aTavisu-
flebs eqsportiors sakredi-
to riskisagan (gansakuTrebiT
_ _ _ _ _ auTvisebel bazrebze) da,
aqedan gamomdinare, kreditis
dazRvevasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebisagan.
faqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtor-----kompania kompania kompania kompania kompania (factor-----company) - - - - - kompania, romelic
specializebulia faqtoringis
operaciebze. garda sakredito
momsaxurebisa, faqtor-----kompanie-
bi ewevian sabuRaltro, sakon-
sultacio, sareklamo, sainfor-
macio, sadazRvevo, iuridiul da
a.S. momsaxurebas.
faqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavali
(factor income) - - - - - Semosavali,
miRebuli warmoebis faqtore-
bis gamoyenebis gziT rentis,
xelfasis, sargeblisa da moge-
bis saxiT.
faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura (invoice, bill) [<laT.factura gadamuSaveba, Sedgenilo-
ba] - - - - - gamyidvelis mier myidve-
lis saxelze gamowerili da
saqonlis an momsaxurebis da
maTi Rirebulebis faqtobrivi
miwodebis damadasturebeli an-
gariSi.
federaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujeti
(federal budget) - - - - - saxelmwifo bi-
ujeti federaciuli saxelm-
wifo mowyobis qveynebSi (aSS,
gfr, Sveicaria da sxv.).
federaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervo
sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (Federal Reserve Sys-tem) – Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:
I. federaluri sarezervo banki,
TavianTi regionuli bankebiT;
II. mmarTvelTa sabWo 7 wevriT,
romelTagan erTi federaluri
sarezervo sistemis Tavmj-
domarea; III. federaluri Ria
bazris komiteti, 12 wevriT,
romelTagan xuTi federaluri
sarezervo regionuli bankis pre-
zidentia, xolo danarCeni Svi-
di _ mmarTvelTa sabWos wevri.
federaluri sarezervo
sistemis uflebamosileba 1978
wels kongresis mier hemfri –
houkinsis kanoniT ganisazRvra.
2000 wels kanonis moqmedebis
vada amoiwura, Tumca, kongresi
mis ganaxlebas ar Cqarobs.
federaluri sarezervo sis-
tema msoflioSi erT-erTi yve-
laze damoukidebeli centra-
luri bankia. misi biujeti kon-
gresis zedamxedvelobas ar eq-
vemdebareba.
fermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneoba
faqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtor-----kompaniakompaniakompaniakompaniakompania
399
(farm enterprise) - - - - - individualu-----
ri sasoflo-----sameurneo sawar-
mo, romelic meurneobas eweva
sakuTar an arendiT aRebul
miwaze.
fiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fuli (fidu-cial many) – fuli, romlis ukan
mxolod da mxolod ndobaa da
meti araferi.
fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri (physicalperson, individual) - - - - - samarTa-
lurTierTobis monawile.
fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli (phy-sical goods) - - - - - realuri saqoneli,
romelic, vadiani sasaqonlo
kontraqtis amsaxveli doku-
mentisagan gansxvavebiT, iZleva
saqonlis miRebis uflebas.
fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi (physio-cratism) [<berZn. physis buneba +kratos Zalaufleba) - - - - - ekonomiku-ri mimarTuleba, romelic aR-
mocenda XVIII saukunis meorenaxevarSi safrangeTSi. fiz-
iokratizmma Secvala merkan-
tilizmi. fiziokratebi (f. kene,
a. tiurgo, v. mirabo, g. letroni,
p. diupon de nemuri da sxv.)
simdidris erTaderT wyarod
soflis meurneobis, kerZod, mi-
waTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas mi-
iCnevdnen, xolo samiwaTmoqme-
do Sromas erTaderT mwarmoe-
blur Sromad Tvlidnen. fiz-
iokratebma, pirvelad istori-
aSi, kvlevis sfero mimoqcev-
idan materialuri warmoebis
sferoSi gadaitanes. maTi didi
damsaxureba is aris, rom sim-
didris wyaros eZebdnen ara
mimoqcevis, aramed warmoebis
sferoSi.
filifilifilifilifilipsispsispsispsispsis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (Phillipscurve) - - - - - inflaciuri moTxov-
nis modelSi asaxuli mrudi,
romelic gamoxatavs urTierT-
kavSirs inflaciasa da umuSev-
robas Soris; funqcia, romel-
ic axasiaTebs da grafikulad
gamoxatavs damokidebulebas
umuSevrobis donis dinamikasa
(abscisis RerZi) da fasebis
donis dinamikas (ordinatis
RerZi) Soris. igi Sesabamisi
statistikuri maCveneblebis
SemaerTebeli wrfea. filipsis
mrudi asaxavs umuSevrobisa da
inflaciis alternatiul urT-
ierTkavSirs: inflaciis maRal
temps unda axldes umuSevro-
bis dabali done da, piriqiT.
am or maCvenebels Soris uku-
proporciuli damokidebuleb-
is dasabuTeba cnobilia `fil-
ipsis mrudis~ koncefciis sax-
iT da atarebs ingliseli ekono-
mistis, makroekonomikuri Teo-
riis sferoSi TvalsaCino mkv-
levris a. v. filipsis saxels.
fili psis mrudi gamoxatavs
realuri mep-----is potenciuri-
dan gadaxras.
praqtikam cxadyo, rom fil-
ipsis mrudis gamoyeneba Sesa-
filifilifilifilifili psispsispsispsispsis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi
400
Zlebelia mxolod mokle pe-
riodis situaciis regulireb-
isaTvis. grZelvadian period-
Si ki misi gare efeqti sawi-
naaRmdegoa: umuSevrobis maRa-
li donis miuxedavad, infla-
cia Rrmavdeba, inflaciis ga-
didebas ki Tan axlavs umuSev-
robis zrda.
finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi (finance) - - - - - finan-suri urTierTobebis da maTi
maregulirebeli institutebis
sistema, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia finansuri resursebis mi-
zandasaxul warmoqmnasa, ganaw-
ilebasa da gemoyenebasTan. mo-
icavs, erTi mxriv _ _ _ _ _ Sinameurne-
obebisa da firmebis finansebs,
meore mxriv _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo
finansebs.
finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali (fi-nancial capital) - - - - - likviduri aq-
tivebi, riTac igi gansxvavdeba
misi fizikuri aqtivebisgan. ko-
mpania SeiZleba flobdes sxva-
dasxva saxis finansur kapi-
tals. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben
aqcionerul da sasesxo finan-
sur kapitals.
finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi (finan-cial lease) - - - - - manqanebisa da mowyo-bilobebis arenda 10-----dan 15 wlam-
de vadiT da arendis periodSi
maTi sruli amortizaciiT.
firma firma firma firma firma (firm) (ital. firma)_ _ _ _ _ biznesis abstraqtuli erTe-
uli, mewarmeobis yvelaze zoga-
di saxelwodeba, misi sididis,
organizaciuli Tu sakuTreb-
is formis miuxedavad. arse-
bobs firmis sami saxe: 1. erT-erT-erT-erT-erT-
pirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnuli* 2. partniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartnioruli*3. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. firmebis
umetesi nawili Seqmnilia erT-
pirovnuli sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo produqciis
ZiriTad masas korporaciebi awar-
moeben. mag., aSS-----Si erTpirovnul
firmebze modis firmebis mTe-
li raodenobis 77%, partni-
orulze _ _ _ _ _ 8%, xolo korpo-
raciebze _ _ _ _ _ 15%, maSin rode-
sac korporaciebi qmnian mTli-
ani erovnuli produqtis 85%-----
s, xolo erTpirovnuli firme-
bi _ _ _ _ _ mxolod 10%-----s.
firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria (theoryof the firm) - - - - - mikroekonomikuriTeoriis mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili, romelic xsnis
firmis qcevas da axdens misi
saqmianobis prognozirebas, gan-
sakuTrebiT faswarmoqmnasa da
produqciis gamoSvebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. igi ganixilavs ag-
reTve iseT sakiTxebs, rogori-
caa warmoebis teqnologiis
SerCeva, sareklamo saqmianoba,
produqciis ganaxleba, sainves-
ticio da sadividendo poli-
tika da a.S.
firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-
srebi srebi srebi srebi srebi (liquidity assets) - - - - - saxs-rebi, romelic Sedgeba naRdi
finansebifinansebifinansebifinansebifinansebi
400
Zlebelia mxolod mokle pe-
riodis situaciis regulireb-
isaTvis. grZelvadian period-
Si ki misi gare efeqti sawi-
naaRmdegoa: umuSevrobis maRa-
li donis miuxedavad, infla-
cia Rrmavdeba, inflaciis ga-
didebas ki Tan axlavs umuSev-
robis zrda.
finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi (finance) - - - - - finan-suri urTierTobebis da maTi
maregulirebeli institutebis
sistema, romelic dakavSirebu-
lia finansuri resursebis mi-
zandasaxul warmoqmnasa, ganaw-
ilebasa da gemoyenebasTan. mo-
icavs, erTi mxriv _ _ _ _ _ Sinameurne-
obebisa da firmebis finansebs,
meore mxriv _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo
finansebs.
finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali (fi-nancial capital) - - - - - likviduri aq-
tivebi, riTac igi gansxvavdeba
misi fizikuri aqtivebisgan. ko-
mpania SeiZleba flobdes sxva-
dasxva saxis finansur kapi-
tals. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben
aqcionerul da sasesxo finan-
sur kapitals.
finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi (finan-cial lease) - - - - - manqanebisa da mowyo-bilobebis arenda 10-----dan 15 wlam-
de vadiT da arendis periodSi
maTi sruli amortizaciiT.
firma firma firma firma firma (firm) (ital. firma)_ _ _ _ _ biznesis abstraqtuli erTe-
uli, mewarmeobis yvelaze zoga-
di saxelwodeba, misi sididis,
organizaciuli Tu sakuTreb-
is formis miuxedavad. arse-
bobs firmis sami saxe: 1. erT-erT-erT-erT-erT-
pirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnuli* 2. partniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartnioruli*3. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. firmebis
umetesi nawili Seqmnilia erT-
pirovnuli sakuTrebis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo produqciis
ZiriTad masas korporaciebi awar-
moeben. mag., aSS-----Si erTpirovnul
firmebze modis firmebis mTe-
li raodenobis 77%, partni-
orulze _ _ _ _ _ 8%, xolo korpo-
raciebze _ _ _ _ _ 15%, maSin rode-
sac korporaciebi qmnian mTli-
ani erovnuli produqtis 85%-----
s, xolo erTpirovnuli firme-
bi _ _ _ _ _ mxolod 10%-----s.
firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria (theoryof the firm) - - - - - mikroekonomikuriTeoriis mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili, romelic xsnis
firmis qcevas da axdens misi
saqmianobis prognozirebas, gan-
sakuTrebiT faswarmoqmnasa da
produqciis gamoSvebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. igi ganixilavs ag-
reTve iseT sakiTxebs, rogori-
caa warmoebis teqnologiis
SerCeva, sareklamo saqmianoba,
produqciis ganaxleba, sainves-
ticio da sadividendo poli-
tika da a.S.
firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-
srebi srebi srebi srebi srebi (liquidity assets) - - - - - saxs-rebi, romelic Sedgeba naRdi
finansebifinansebifinansebifinansebifinansebi
401
fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis,
bankebSi angariSze arsebuli
resursebisa da sasaqonlo-----ma-
terialuri maragis zogierTi
elementisagan.
fiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadi
(fiscal tax) - - - - - sabaJo gadasaxadi,dadgenili umTavresad saxelm-
wifo biujetis Semosavlebis
Sevsebis mizniT; rogorc wesi,
ibegreba is samomxmareblo
saqoneli, romelsac mocemul
qveyanaSi ar awarmoeben.
fiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politika
(fiscal policy) - - - - - sabiujeto-----saga-dasaxado politika, romelic
iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebiTa
da saxelmwifo xarjebiT eko-
nomikuri aqtiurobis donis re-
gulirebas. Tu umuSevrobis
done dauSveblad maRalia, unda
Semcirdes saSemosavlo gada-
saxadi erToblivi moTxovnis
stimulirebisaTvis. ekonomi-
kuri aqtiuroba damokidebulia
gadasaxadebis odenobasa da
multi plikatorze. ekonomi-
kuri aqtiurobis done izrde-
ba sididiT, romelic tolia
xarjebis cvlileba gamravle-
buli multiplikatorze. rac
Seexeba saxelmwifo xarjebs, igi
ar unda aRematebodes mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is
40%-----s (m. fridmeni). Tu saxel-
mwifo xarjebi dausabuTeblad
izrdeba, maSin igi destabili-
zaciis faqtorad iqceva.
fiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigeba
(futures) - - - - - garigebis saxe saqon-lis an safondo birJaze, gu-
lisxmobs saqonlis an fasiani
qaRaldebis winaswar Sesyid-
vas. fiuCeruli garigebis piroba
iTvaliswinebs saqonlis (fasi-
ani qaRaldebis) realizacias
kontraqtSi miTiTebuli fasiT
garigebis dadebidan gansaz-
Rvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg.
fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba (fixation) [<laT.
fixus myari, mtkice, ucvleli] -----dadgena, gansazRvra fasis, kur-
sis, ganakveTis da a.S.
fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli (fixed) - - - - - wi-naswar gansazRvruli fasi, kur-
si (aseve, ganakveTi da a.S), ro-
melic xelSekrulebiT daTqmul
vadaSi ar icvleba.
fiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTi
kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi (fixed exchange rate) - - - - - sis-tema, romlis drosac erovnu-
li valutis Tanafardoba ucx-
ourTan oficialurad dadge-
nili da ucvlelia.
fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali (fic-titious capital) - - - - - kapitali (aqci-----
ebi, obligaciebi da a.S.), romel-
ic, realuri kapitalisagan (fu-
lis an mowyobilobis) gansx-
vavebiT, gulisxmobs mxolod
Semosavlis miRebis uflebas.
fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving (1867-----1947)
(Fisher Irving) - - - - - gamoCenili ame-
rikeli ekonomisti, romelsac
Sumpeterma 1948 wels udide-
fiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irving
402
si mecnier-----ekonomisti uwoda.
man samecniero saqmianoba dai-
wyo rogorc maTematikosma,
Semdeg gadaerTo ekonomikur
Teoriaze. is iyo erT-----erTi fu-
Zemdebeli ekonometrikuli sa-
zogadoebis Seqmnisa da gaxda
misi pirveli prezidenti 1930
wels. misi naSromebi gamoirCeva
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis
praqtikaSi gamoyenebis gzebis
ZiebiT. fiSeris azriT, Teor-Teor-Teor-Teor-Teor-
ia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolod ma- ma- ma- ma- ma-
Sin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTi
mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. man didi wv-
lili Seitana kapitalis, sarge-
blisa da fulis Teoriebis kv-
levis sferoSi. fiSeris cno-
bili naSromebia: ̀ kapitalisa da
Semosavlis buneba~ (1906), `fu-
lis msyidvelobiTi unari~
(1911), `sargeblis Teoria~
(1930) da a.S.
fiSeri aRiarebulia Tana-
medrove fulis raodenobrivi
Teoriis fuZemdeblad. maTema-
tikuri meTodis moSveliebiT
igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom
fulis Rirebuleba misi raode-
nobis ukuproporciulia, xolo
saqonlis fasebi _ _ _ _ _ mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis pirdapir-
proporciuli. man gamoikvlia
urTierTdamokidebuleba fulis
masasa da saqonlis fasebis do-
nes Soris. cnobilia fiSeris
gacvlis formula, romelic
asaxavs saqonlis SesaZenad ga-
daxdili fulis raodenobasa
da gayiduli saqonlis fasebs
Soris tolobas:
MV=EPQ,
sadac, M fulis saSualo
raodenobaa, romelic mimoiqceva
wlis ganmavlobaSi, V - - - - - fulis
brunvis saSualo ricxvi, E -----
fulis is raodenoba, romelic
daxarjulia mocemul sazoga-
doebaSi saqonlis SesaZenad
gansazRvrul wels, P - - - - - calkeu-
li saqonlis saSualo gasayi-
di fasi, Q - - - - - yvela gayiduli
saqonlis raodenoba.
fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba (Fish-er equation) - - - - - gantoleba, romel-
ic gviCvenebs, rom sargeblis
nominaluri ganakveTi SeiZle-
ba Seicvalos sargeblis re-
aluri ganakveTisa da inflaci-
is tempis cvlilebis safuZ-
velze. formuliT gamoisaxeba
ase: i = r + n, sadac i sargeblis
nominaluri ganakveTia, r -----sargeblis realuri ganakveTi,
xolo n - - - - - inflaciis tempi.
atarebs amerikeli ekonomistis
irving fiSeris saxels. fiSer-
is gantolebis Tanaxmad, in-
flaciis tempis 1%-----iT gazr-
da iwvevs sargeblis nominaluri
ganakveTis gadidebas 1%-----iT. in-
flaciis tempsa da sargeblis
nominalur ganakveTs Soris am
fiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantoleba
403
Tanafardobas fiSeris efeqti
ewodeba.
fiSerfiSerfiSerfiSerfiSerisisisisis efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti (Fisher’seffect) - - - - - sargeblis nominaluri
ganakveTis cvlileba inflaci-
is tempis cvlilebis Sesabam-
isad, TanafardobiT ̀ erTi erT-
Tan~.
flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali (dis-posable income) - - - - - Semosavali, ro-
melsac floben ekonomikuri
subieqtebi da iyeneben xarjeb-
isa da danazogebisaTvis. gan-
isazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba Se-
mosavlebsa da pirdapir gada-
saxadebs Soris.
fobfobfobfobfob-----i (“Free on Board”-----FOB`Tavisuflad gemze~) - - - - - saqon-lis gayidvis sabaziso piroba
sazRvao gadazidvisas saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaSi, romlis mi-
xedviTac eqsportiori valde-
bulia, Tavisi xarjiT drou-
lad gadaitanos saqoneli im-
portioris mier dafraxtul
gemze da gadasces mas konosa-
menti. saqonlis dazRveva im-
portioris valdebulebebSi
Sedis.
forvardi forvardi forvardi forvardi forvardi (forward) - - - - - anga-riSsworeba savaluto an sxva
saxis garigebisas xelSekru-
lebis dadebidan 1-----3 da meti
Tvis Semdeg, xelSekrulebis
dadebisas daTqmuli (progno-
zebze dafuZnebuli) kursis
mixedviT.
forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari (for-ward market) - - - - - nebismieri gari-geba, dakavSirebuli saqonlis
an fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----
gayidvasTan kontraqtiT SeT-
anxmebuli fasiT gansazRvru-
li droisTvis momavalSi.
forvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutis
bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (forward exchange mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac ucxourivalutis yidva-----gayidva xdeba
mocemul momentSi arsebuli
kursiT, xolo am valutis mi-
wodeba _ _ _ _ _ momavalSi dadgeni-
li TariRis mixedviT.
forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi (forfeiting)- - - - - sagareo vaWrobis (eqspor-
tis) dakrediteba msxvili
bankebis an safinanso kompanie-
bis mier eqsportiorisagan ga-
dasapirebeli Tamasuqis an sxva
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis
yidvis gziT regresis ufleb-
is gareSe, e.i. Tamasuqis myid-
veli Tavis Tavze iRebs sakredi-
to risks (gadauxdelobis mTel
risks) da ar SeuZlia preten-
zia warudginos Tamasuqis adrin-
del mflobels.
forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori (forfeitor) -----banki an safinanso kompania,
romelic eqsportiorisagan yid-
ulobs gadasapirebel Tamasu-
qs garkveuli diskontiT.
franko franko franko franko franko (free, franco) [<ital.
franco] - - - - - saqonlis miwodebis
sabaziso piroba vaWrobaSi. xel-
frankofrankofrankofrankofranko
404
Sekrulebis Tanaxmad, gamyid-
veli myidvels aTavisuflebs
transportirebis xarjebisagan
gzis garkveul monakveTze.
franSiza franSiza franSiza franSiza franSiza (franchise) [<frang.franchise SeRavaTi, upirateso-ba] - - - - - sadazRvevo xelSekruleb-
is piroba. iTvaliswinebs dam-
zRvevis ganTavisuflebas zara-
lis anazRaurebisagan, romel-
ic gansazRvrul sidides ar
aRemateba.
franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri (franchisor) -----msxvili meTauri kompania, rome-
lic mcire sawarmos _ _ _ _ _ firma-----
operators aZlevs licenzias
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-
moebisa da realizaciis dros
sakuTari savaWro markebiT sar-
geblobisaTvis.
franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi (franchise)- - - - - saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-
baTa sistema, romlis safuZ-
velzec msxvili cnobili firma
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosi-
lebiT aRWuravs mcire, damouki-
deblad moqmed an axalSeqm-
nil sawarmos, rac konkretul
gamoxatulebas povebs garkveu-
li saxis saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis warmoebisa da re-
alizaciis dros savaWro marke-
biT sargeblobis uflebis mini-
WebaSi. saxelSekrulebo urT-
ierToba maT Soris agebulia
Semdegnairad: meTauri kompania
sawarmoo operatorisagan moi-
Txovs erTdroul Tavdapirvel
gasamrjelos bazarze misi saxe-
liT moqmedebis uflebisaTvis.
rac Seexeba kapitaldabande-
bas, igi xorcieldeba rogorc
meTauri kompaniis mier Ziri-
Tadi kapitalis firma-----opera-
torisTvis arendiT gadacemis
gziT, ise am ukanasknelis sak-
uTari an nasesxebi saSualebiT.
meTaur kompanias SeuZlia wvril
mewarmes misces krediti 2-----3
wlis vadiT, aiRos misTvis sesxi
bankSi an iyos misi Tavdebi ses-
xis aRebisas. garda amisa, fran-
Caizeri saxelSekrulebo urT-
ierTobaSi Sesul sawarmoebs
uwevs sabuRaltro da statis-
tikur daxmarebas, aZlevs re-
komendaciebs savaWro operacie-
bis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT,
organizacias uwevs kadrebis
momzadebas da sxv. Tavis mxriv,
firma-----operatorebs ekisrebaT
pasuxismgebloba maT mier war-
moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis xarisxisaTvis, savaWro
markis reputaciisaTvis da a.S.
fraxti fraxti fraxti fraxti fraxti (freight) [germ. Fracht]- - - - - 1. qira, romelsac transpor-
tis mflobels uxdian wyal-
savali tvirTis gadazidvi-
saTvis; fraxtis anazRaurebi-
sa da odenobis wesi dgindeba
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT (safrax-
to xelSekrulebis gziT); 2.
dafraxtul (daqiravebul) gem-
franSizafranSizafranSizafranSizafranSiza
405
ze gadasazidi tvirTi, agreTve
TviT aseTi gadazidva.
fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon (1912
_____ 2006) (Friedman Milton) - - - - - Cika-gos skolis mTavari warmomad-
geneli, nobelis premiis lau-
reati ekonomikis dargSi (1976).
igi Tanamedroveobis erT-----erTi
yvelaze gavleniani ekonomisti
iyo. amerikis ekonomikuri aso-
ciaciis prezidentad airCies
1967 wels. misi ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `dabegvra inflaciis
alagmvis mizniT~ (1943), `nar-
kvevebi pozitiur ekonomikaSi~
(1953), ̀ samomxmareblo funqciis
Teoria~ (1957), `fasebis Teo-
ria~ (1962), ̀ SeerTebuli Sta-
tebis monetaruli istoria
1867-----1960 wlebi~ (1963), `in-
flaciis mizezebi da Sedege-
bi~ (1963) da sxv.
fridmeni adamianiseuli kap-
italis koncefciis SemuSaveb-
is pioneria, xolo misma `sa-
momxmareblo funqciis Teori-
am~ mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
ana permanentuli Semosavlis
hipoTezis formulirebaSi. po-
zitiuri ekonomikis meTodolo-
giuri dasabuTebiT, umuSevro-
bis bunebrivi donis formuli-
rebiT, ekonomikaSi fuladi faq-
torebis axleburi gaazrebiT
fridmeni daupirispirda kein-
zianelobas da mkacrad gaakri-
tika igi stabilizaciis poli-
tikaSi. maSin, rodesac keinzia-
nuri ekonomika Tavis gamarjve-
bas zeimobda, m. fridmeni da
monetaruli skolis sxva war-
momadgenlebi angrevdnen mis
safuZvlebs.
ana SvarcTan erTad, frid-
menma dawera `aSS-----is fuladi
mimoqcevis istoria~, romelmac
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis
ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri
sistemis stabilurobis kein-
zianamdeli rwmenis gamococx-
lebaSi. fiSeris gantolebaSi
iseTi cvladebis CarTviT, ro-
goricaa simdidre, sargeblis
ganakveTi da mosalodneli in-
flaciis tempi, fridmenma ga-
naviTara monetaruli mimarTu-
leba makroekonomikaSi. frid-
menis mimdevarTa Soris gamoir-
Cevian monetarizmis iseTi cno-
bili warmomadgenlebi, rogore-
bic arian T. Sulci, j. stig-
leri da sxvebi.
monetaristebi ekonomikur
ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet mniS-
vnelobas fulad sferos ani-
Weben da moiTxoven ekonomika-
Si saxelmwifos Carevis yvela
formis mkveTr SezRudvas.
fridmenisa da saerTod, `Cika-
gos skolis~ Teoriaze morge-
buli ekonomikuri politika iT-
valiswinebda makroekonomikuri
regulirebis Sesustebasa da
fridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTon
406
sabazro Zalebis gaZlierebas,
saxelmwifo socialuri xar-
jebis Semcirebas (socialuri
programebis Sekvecis, socialu-
rad daucveli fenebisaTvis
daxmarebis Semcirebis, xelfa-
sis minimaluri ganakveTis ̀ gay-
invis~ gziT), profkavSirebis
Sesustebasa da a.S.
milTon fridmenis mone-
taruli Teoriis naklovanebe-
bi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
aisaxa TandaTan msoflios eko-
nomikur ganviTarebaSi. global-
uri finansuri krizisis war-
moSobis erT-erT mTavar mize-
zad makroekonomikuri regu-
lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da
sabiujeto-sagadasaxado regu-
lirebis ukana planze gadaw-
evaSi xedaven. qveynis fulad-
sakredito politikaSi sakredi-
to regulirebis Sesustebam,
TviTdinebaze miSvebam da wina
planze fulis fenomenis wamow-
evam gza gauxsna virtualur
ekonomikas da msoflios fin-
ansuri krizisisken ubiZga. ama-
Si fridmenis monetaruli poli-
tikis farTomasStabianma da up-
irobo gamoyenebam udidesi
roli Seasrula.
msoflio finansuri krizisi
met-naklebi zomiT aisaxa nebis-
mier qveyanaSi, rac, pirvel yov-
lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-
pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi
moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.
aseT situaciaSi savsebiT logi-
kurad, wina planze isev kein-
zianuri Teoriis postulatebma
wamoiwia. es gamoixata ekonomi-
kaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaq-
tiurebaSi, saxelmwifo socia-
luri xarjebis gazrdasa da
gadasaxadebis SemcirebaSi, biz-
nesis finansur mxardaWerasa
da a.S.
`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-
ma ma ma ma ma (“free rider’s” problem) - - - - - prob-lema, romelic ukavSirdeba
Semdeg situacias: xSirad ada-
miani sargeblobs iseTi produq-
tiT, romlis warmoebisTvisac
mas araviTari xarjebi ar gau-
Ria. es produqti miekuTvneba
`wminda sazogadoebriv saqo-
nels~, romelic yvela momx-
mareblisaTvis Tanabrad xelm-
isawvdomia. mag., SuqniSani, ro-
melic aregulirebs mgzavreb-
isa da manqanebis moZraobas,
mwerebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli
zomebi da a.S. yovelive amiT
sazogadoebas saxelmwifo uz-
runvelyofs, dafinanseba ki xde-
ba gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT.
fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba (free trade)- - - - - Tavisufali vaWrobis poli-
tika. iTvaliswinebs sabaJo
SezRudvebis gauqmebasa da Ta-
visufal vaWrobaze gadasvlas.
sapirispiroa _ proteqcionizmi.
friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-
`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema
407
ba ba ba ba ba (frictional unemployment) -----droebiTi nebayoflobiTi da-
usaqmebloba, rac dakavSirebu-
lia erTi samuSaodan meoreze
gadasvlasTan, an kidev, droe-
biTi samuSaodan daTxovnasTan.
tradiciulad ganixileba
rogorc `umuSevroba samuSaos
Zebnis dros~ da im vakansiebis
tolia, romelic arsebobs Sro-
mis bazarze mocemul profe-
siebSi. imisTvis, rom muSakma
`ipovos~ Tavisi samuSao, saWi-
roa dro, amitom umuSevroba da
Seuvsebeli vakansiebi yovel-
Tvis arsebobs erTdroulad.
ukanasknel periodSi friqciu-
li umuSevrobis formebad ga-
nixileba spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri da
molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.
spekulaciuri umuSevroba
warmoiqmneba realuri xelfa-
sis droebiTi dacemis Sedegad.
aseT situaciaSi zogierTi muSa-
ki, elodeba ra Sromis anazRau-
rebis ufro maRal ganakveTs,
amcirebs Tavis samuSao drois
miwodebas. es movlena ganixi-
leba rogorc pasuxi realuri
xelfasis droebiT Semcirebaze.
molodinis umuSevroba war-
moiqmneba maSin, rodesac samu-
Saos xasiaTi an Sromis xel-
Sekrulebis forma aiZulebs mu-
Saks uari Tqvas SemoTavaze-
bul samuSaoze sxva, ufro ma-
RalanazRaurebadi samuSaos
miRebis gamo, romelzedac mow-
yoba mas SeuZlia ufro mogvi-
anebiT.
friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar (1895-----1973)
(Frisch Ragnar) - - - - - norvegieli
ekonomisti, ekonomikis dargSi
nobelis premiis pirveli lau-
reati (1969) (i. tinbergenTan
erTad) ekonomikur analizSi
maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-
nebisaTvis. ekonometrikuli
sazogadoebis erT-----erTi dama-
arsebeli. cnobilia mis mier
30-----ian wlebSi Seqmnili ekono-
mikuri ciklis dinamikuri mode-
li. ekonomikuri politikis sfe-
roSi friSma SeimuSava erov-
nul angariSTa sistema, maTema-
tikuri programirebis modele-
bi da a.S. misi ZiriTadi naS-
romebia: `warmoebis Teoria~
(1965), `maqsimumi da minimumi~
(1966) da sxv.
fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati (mone-tary aggregate) - - - - - ekonomikuri maC-venebeli, romelic gamoxatavs
fuladi masis moculobasa da
struqturas. ix.: fuli 1 (M1);
fuli 2 (M2); fuli 3 (M3);fuli 4 (M4).
fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza (monetarybase, high-----powered money) - - - - - naR-di fulis raodenoba mimoqceva-
Si, romelic moicavs sawarmo-
Ta salaroebSi arsebul fuls
plus komerciuli bankebis re-
zervebs centralur bankSi.
fuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi baza
408
fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multiplikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-
ririririri (money multiplier) - - - - - erTobli-
vi fuladi masis Tanafardoba
sabanko sistemis erTobliv
rezervebTan. gansazRvravs ori
maCvenebeli: 1. mimoqcevaSi ar-
sebuli fulis raodenobis Se-
fardeba depozitebis jamTan;
2. Sejamebuli sabanko rezerve-
bis Sefardeba depozitebis
jamTan.
fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika (mone-tary policy) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier
fulis erTobliv miwodebaSi
cvlilebebis gatarebis poli-
tika. fulis, rogorc ekonomi-
kuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi
yvelaze `mgrZnobiare~ elemen-
tis, mimoqcevis efeqtian regu-
lirebasa da bazris funqcion-
irebisaTvis normaluri pirobe-
bis Seqmnas emsaxureba qveynis
fuladi politika. aqedan ga-
momdinare, igi ekonomikuri ko-
niunqturis mniSvnelovani in-
strumentia, romlis sworad
warmarTviT qveynis makroeko-
nomikur regulirebaSi SesaZle-
belia Semdegi ZiriTadi amoca-
nebis gadaWra: fulze moTxov-
na-miwodebis dabalanseba, fu-
lis bazarze wonasworobis Se-
narCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi
fuladi masis regulireba da
kontroli, erovnuli valutis
kursisa da ekonomikuri cik-
lis regulireba, inflaciis
donis minimizacia, investireb-
is stimulireba da a.S. am
amocanebis realizaciis gareSe
fuladi politika mowyvetilia
qveynis socialur-ekonomikur
procesebs da ekonomikis desta-
bilizaciis faqtorad iqceva.
fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma (mone-tary reform) - - - - - saxelmwifo sa-
kanonmdeblo aqti, mimarTuli
qveynis fuladi sistemis gan-
mtkicebisaken. fuladi refor-
mis safuZvelze mimoqcevidan
iReben gaufasurebul qaRal-
dis fuls, gamoicema axali, anu
arsebuli fulis niSnebi icv-
leba axali fulis niSnebiT,
misi nominaluri Rirebulebis
SenarCunebiT, xorcieldeba
erTi fuladi sistemis meoreze
gadasvla da a.S.
fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema (mone-tary system) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier
dadgenili qveynis fuladi mi-
moqcevis organizaciis forma.
saxelmwifo gansazRvravs fu-
lad erTeuls, fasebis masStabs,
mimoqcevaSi fuladi niSnebis
saxeebs da maTi emisiis wess,
fulis uzrunvelyofis xasi-
aTs, unaRdo sagadasaxado brun-
vis formebs, erovnuli valu-
tis kurss.
fuladfuladfuladfuladfulad-----sakredito posakredito posakredito posakredito posakredito po-----
lililililitikatikatikatikatika (monetary policy) - - - - - eko-nomikuri politikis nawili,
romelsac axorcielebs centra-
fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multi plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrriiiii
409
luri banki fulad sistemaze
kontrolis gziT misi iseTi
maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa
fuladi masis moculoba, sapro-
cento ganakveTis done da
struqtura, agreTve sxva maC-
veneblebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen kreditis xelmisawv-
domobaze da mimarTulia ise-
Ti umniSvnelovanesi miznebis
miRwevisaken, rogoricaa dasaqme-
bisa da fasebis stabilizacia,
ekonomikuri zrda, sagareo ga-----
dasaxdelebis balansireba da
a.S. fulad-----sakredito poli-
tikis instrumentebia, pirvel
rigSi, bankTaSorisi kreditis
ganakveTi, savaldebulo sarez-
ervo moTxovnebi, operaciebi Ria
bazarze.
fulad-sakredito poli-
tikis av-kargianobaze, imaze Tu
ramdenad aris igi misadagebu-
li erovnuli ekonomikis gan-
viTarebasTan da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis
amocanebs, bevradaa damokide-
buli ekonomikuri wesrigis
damyareba qveyanaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT, optimaluri Sexame-
bis miRwevis metad rTuli
problemis gadaWra saxelmwi-
fos erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-
si funqciaa.
fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-
ovna ovna ovna ovna ovna (aggregate demand for mon-ey) - - - - - moTxovna, romelic gan-
pirobebulia saqmian garigebebSi
fulis gamoyenebiT (tranzaqci-
uli moTxovna) da moTxovna,
romelic ganpirobebulia fu-
lis dazogviT, simdidris da-
grovebis surviliT, anu sxva-
dasxva finansuri saxsrebis
SesaZenad fulis gamoyenebiT
(spekulaciuri moTxovna).
fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-
vna vna vna vna vna (real money demand) - - - - - gani-sazRvreba nominaluri fula-
di masis SefardebiT fasebis
donesTan. fulze realuri
moTxovnis moculobis dinami-
kas safuZvlad udevs sami faq-
tori: a) realuri Semosavleb-
is cvlileba; b) fulis Senax-
vis alternatiuli xarjebis
sididis cvlileba; g) finan-
suri axalSemonaRebebi da cv-
lilebebi regulatorebSi (mag.,
sakredito baraTebi).
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli (money) - - - - - aqtivebiserToblioba, gamoyenebuli gari-
gebaTa dasadebad; absolutur-
ad likviduri saxsari, say-
ovelTao ekvivalenti, romelze-
dac xdeba yvela sxva saqon-
lis gacvla;
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 1 1 1 1 1 (M1) (narrow money)- - - - - `fuli viwro gagebiT~- - - - - fu-
ladi agregati, romelSic Se-
dis mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi
fuli plus anabrebi mokiTx-
vamde, sagzao Cekebi da sxva
angariSebi; fulis is erTob-
fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1
410
livi raodenoba, romelic gam-
oiyeneba mimoqcevis saSuale-
bad da momsaxurebas uwevs mim-
dinare sagadasaxdelo brunvas.
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 2 (M2) (money 2) -----fuladi agregati, romelSic
Sedis M1 plus wvrili vadia-
ni anabrebi (arasaCeko Semnaxve-
li da moklevadiani depozitebi).
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 3 (M3) (broad money) -----`fuli farTo gagebiT~ _ _ _ _ _ fu-
ladi agregati, romelSic Se-
dis M2 plus grZelvadiani
anabrebi, agreTve likviduri
fasiani qaRaldebi (obligaciebi,
sertifikatebi, saxazino valde-
bulebebi) da sabiujeto, sazo-
gadoebrivi organizaciebis an-
gariSebze arsebuli Tanxa, biu-
jetis (saxelmwifo da adgi-
lobrivi) saxsrebi, kapitalda-
bandebaTa dafinansebisaTvis
gamoyofili saxsrebi.
fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 4 (M4) (money 4) - - - - - er-Tobliv fulad masas _ _ _ _ _ M3-----splus bankebSi Senaxuli arafu-
ladi likviduri saxsrebi.
fulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis siXqareqareqareqareqare
(velocity) - - - - - ukuproporciul da-
mokidebulebaSia ekonomikis
ganviTarebis donesa da tempeb-
Tan. rac ufro maRalia fu-
lis brunvis siCqare, miT nakle-
bi fulis masaa saWiro VIG-----is
momsaxurebisaTvis. warmoebis
dabali donis pirobebSi fuli
swrafad brunavs mimoqcevaSi,
rac fasebis zrdis Sedegia: mi-
moqcevaSi gaSvebuli fuladi
masis sidide iTvleba fasebis
stabilizaciis madominirebel
faqtorad.
saqarTveloSi fulis brun-
vis siCqare, 2007 wlis mona-
cemebiT, 11-----12-----is farglebSi iyo,
rac ekonomikis dabal doneze
miuTiTebs (Tumca 2003 wels
16,3 iyo). 2011 wlis monace-
mebiT, igi 8-mde Camovida. Se-
darebisTvis, es maCvenebeli gan-
viTarebul qveynebSi 1-----dan 2,5-----
is farglebSia, ruseTSi 8-----mde,
xolo ukrainaSi 10-----mdea.
fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-
wodeba wodeba wodeba wodeba wodeba (endogenous money) -----situacia, romlis drosac mi-
wodebis done ganisazRvreba
iseTi Sinagani faqtorebiT,
rogoricaa sargeblis ganakve-
Ti da saqmiani aqtiurobis done.
aseT SemTxvevaSi centraluri
banki araviTar SezRudvebs ar
awesebs, mxolod axorcielebs
imas, rasac moiTxovs bazari.
fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-
deba deba deba deba deba (agregate money supply,money stock) - - - - - fulis is raode-
noba, romelic momsaxurebas
uwevs mTel ekonomikas mocemul
momentSi. moicavs mimoqcevaSi
arsebul banknotebs, monetebs,
mosaxleobis sabanko depozi-
tebs da sxva fasian qaRaldebs.
fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi (theo-
fuli 2fuli 2fuli 2fuli 2fuli 2
411
ries of money) - - - - - msoflio eko-
nomikur istoriaSi ZiriTadad
cnobilia metalisturi, nomina-
listuri, raodenobrivi, keinzia-
nuri da monetaruli Teorie-
bi.
metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria (sta-
fordi, meni, norsi, knisi, las-
burgi, leqsisi da a.S.) fuls
aigivebs keTilSobil li-
TonebTan da maT miawers fu-
lis Tvisebebs. misma modificir-
ebulma formam, neometalizmis
saxiT, XX saukunis 50–60-ian
wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac
rigi ekonomistebisa, rogoric
iyvnen j. ruefi (safrangeTi),
m. heilperini (aSS) da sxvebi
gamovidnen oqros standartis
aRdgenis ideiT. isini, Zveli
metalisturi Teoriisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, aRiarebdnen qaRal-
dis fulisa da dauxurdavebe-
li banknotebis gamoyenebis
aucileblobas, magram moiTx-
ovdnen banknotebis oqroze
Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas.
nominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teoria,
romlis fuZemdebeli arian in-
gliseli filosofosi j. berk-
li da Sotlandieli ekono-
misti j. stiuarti, fuls wmin-
da saangariSo erTeulad miiC-
nevs da mis funqciebs mxolod
qaRaldis fulis funqciebiT
farglavs. germaneli ekonomisti
g. knapi Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ fu-
lis saxelmwifo Teoria~ (1905)
_ ganaviTarebs azrs imis Sesa-
xeb, rom qaRaldis fuls aravi-
Tari kavSiri ara aqvs oqrosTan
da igi fulis umaRlesi for-
maa. knapis ideebi Semdeg ganav-
iTares j. keinzma, p. samuel-
sonma, t. krampma, j. houtrim
da sxvebma.
fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-
oria oria oria oria oria XVIII saukuneSi wamo-
ayenes frangma S. monteskiem
da ingliselma d. iumma, xolo
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi – d.
rikardom. igi erT-erTi yve-
laze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa,
romlis mixedviT saqonlis
fasebi da fulis Rirebuleba
ganisazRvreba mimoqcevaSi ar-
sebuli fulis raodenobiT.
amasTan, saqonlis fasebi pirda-
pirproporciul, xolo fulis
Rirebuleba ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia fulis rao-
denobasTan. d. iumis mtkice-
biT, mimoqcevaSi fulis raode-
nobis dausabuTebeli mateba ar
niSnavs qveynis simdidris zr-
das, igi xels uwyobs mxolod
saqonlis fasebis zrdas.
fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
riis Semdgomi ganviTareba cno-
bili amerikeli ekonomistis
irving fiSeris saxelTanaa da-
kavSirebuli. Tavis naSromSi
`fulis msyidvelobiTi unari~
(1911) igi im daskvnamde mivi-
fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi
412
da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi
raodenobis ukuproporciulia,
xolo saqonlis fasebi – mimoq-
cevaSi arsebuli fulis pirda-
pirproporciuli. ekonometri-
kuli aparatis gamoyenebiT Seq-
mnili fiSeris gacvlis for-
mula asaxavs tolobas saqon-
lis SesaZenad gadaxdili fu-
lis raodenobasa da gayiduli
saqonlis fasebis jams Soris.
amrigad, fulis raodeno-
brivi Teoria fulsa da saqo-
nels Soris kavSirs mimoqce-
vis sferos poziciebidan ganix-
ilavs da uaryofs warmoebis
sferoSi mimdinare procesebs,
romelsac ZiriTadad Sromis
bazarze Camoyalibebuli pirobe-
biT gansazRvravs. am Teoriis
momxrea agreTve kembrijis sk-
olis warmomadgeneli a. pigu.
fulis erT-erTi Teoria
jon meinard keinzis saxelTanaa
dakavSirebuli da fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-
inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis saxelwo-
debiTaa cnobili.
keinzis pirveli naSromebi
fulis problemebs eZRvneboda.
1913 wels (indoeTSi mogzau-
robis Semdeg) man gamoaqveyna
wigni ̀ Tanamedrove indoeTi da
finansebi~, 1923 wels – `fu-
ladi reforma~ da ̀ mosazrebebi
frankis Sesaxeb~. 1930 wels
j. m. keinzma gamosca funda-
menturi naSromi ̀ traqtati fu-
lis Sesaxeb~, xolo 1936 wels
msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli wigni,
XX saukunis ekonomikuri mec-
nierebis Sedevri – ̀ dasaqmebis,
sargeblisa da fulis zogadi
Teoria~.
keinzis moZRvreba fulis
Sesaxeb fulis raodenobrivi
Teoriis modificirebuli vari-
antia, romlis mixedviT, mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi masa,
gansxvavebuli fasebiT, iyofa
or nakadad: samomxmareblo dov-
laTisa da sainvesticio dov-
laTis moZraobis momsaxure na-
kadebad, romelTa fasebis done
erTmaneTze ar aris damokide-
buli. keinzis azriT, sanam ar-
sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba
icvleba im proporciiT, ra
proporciiTac fulis raode-
noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-
ba, maSin fasebi icvleba im pro-
porciiT, rogoriTac fulis
raodenoba.
keinzi fuls ganixilavda
rogorc likvidur qonebas. igi
sasesxo sargebelsa da mis nor-
mas udides mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda qveynis ekonomikaSi. kein-
zi sargeblis normas ganixilav-
da rogorc investiciebis mocu-
lobis gansazRvris erT-erT
gadamwyvet faqtors.
fulad-sakredito reguli-
rebis TeoriaSi keinzi umuSev-
robis mizezebs fulad-sakredi-
fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi
413
to faqtorebs ukavSirebda. misi
azriT, arasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebis
mizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtiani
moTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaa, rac ZiriTadad gan-
pirobebulia investiciebis uk-
marisobiT. amis mizezad ki kein-
zi sargeblis maRal normas
asaxelebda da inflaciisa da
sargeblis ganakveTis Semcire-
bis momxre iyo. igi fulad-
sakredito sistemas saxelm-
wifo regulirebis, qveynis kriz-
isisgan dacvisa da makroeko-
nomikuri regulirebis mniS-
vnelovan berketad ganixilav-
da, magram wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-
ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-
lirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebda.
j. m. keinzis Teoriis gamo-
Zaxili da misi antipodia mone-mone-mone-mone-mone-
tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi, romelic warmoiSva
XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis
Sua xanebSi aSS-Si. igi ikv-
levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan
aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas eko-
nomikaze. monetaruli skolis
warmomadgenlebma didi wvlili
Seitanes keinzianuri Teoriis
diskreditaciaSi. Tanamedrove
monetaruli Teoria ZiriTadad
efuZneba ̀ Cikagos skolis~ dam-
aarseblis milTon fridmenis
gamokvlevebs. keinzisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, igi icavs debulebas
ekonomikuri sistemis TviTreg-
ulirebis Sesaxeb, xolo eko-
nomikis arastabilurobas aram-
yari fuladi sistemiT xsnis.
monetaristebisTvis ekonomika,
pirvel yovlisa, bazaria, romel-
zedac zemoqmedeba SesaZlebe-
lia upiratesad fuladi masis
moculobis regulirebiT. mon-
etarizmi ekonomikaSi mTavar
rols fuls aniWebs, xolo mak-
roekonomikuri wonasworobis
mTavar pirobad mimoqcevaSi fu-
ladi masis myar zrdas miiC-
nevs, wliuri 3–5%-is fargleb-
Si. m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris
Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, siaxle
Seitana fulis raodenobriv
TeoriaSi. man naSromebSi – ̀ fu-
lis raodenobrivi Teoria. axa-
li formulireba~, ̀ fulis mi-
moqcevis istoria amerikis Se-
erTebul StatebSi 1867–1960
wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)
daasabuTa fulis axali roli
Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi da fu-
lad-sakredito regulirebis
prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-
lizaciaSi: naSromSi – ̀ fula-
di analizis Teoriuli Car-
Coebi~ (1971) fridmeni Seeca-
da moeZebna kavSiri fuladi
masis dinamikasa da ekonomikis
meryeobas Soris. igi udides
rols aniWebda fulad masas
fasebis donis gansazRvraSi.
fridmenis azriT, fuladi faq-
tori gadamwyvet gavlenas ax-
dens ekonomikis ciklur xasi-
aTze, amasTan, fulis miwodebam
fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi
414
SeiZleba gamoiwvios warmoebi-
sa da dasaqmebis realur moc-
ulobaSi moklevadiani cvli-
lebebi, magram xangrZliv peri-
odSi fulis miwodebis cvli-
leba gavlenas axdens fasebis
doneze.
monetaruli Teoriis Tanax-
mad, fulis miwodebis stabi-
luri gadideba mTel ekonomi-
kas daayenebs aRmavlobis rel-
sebze, ekonomikur sistemas ki
saSualebas miscems gamoavli-
nos Tavisi bunebrivi dinamizmi.
Tu ekonomika daRma wava, Seni-
Snavs fridmeni, maSin fulis
miwodebis mudmivi mateba mox-
mardeba sabanko rezervebis ga-
didebas, xels Seuwyobs imas,
rom bankebma gascen sesxebi da,
amdenad, ekonomika gamoiyvanon
krizisidan. Tu qveyanaSi war-
moiqmneba inflaciis moulod-
neli piki, maSin fulis miwode-
bis matebis ucvleli koefi-
cienti Taviseburi lagami iqneba
inflaciis SesaCereblad. m.
fridmenis am debulebis da, saer-
Tod, miwodebis Teoriis mima-
rT skepticizms gamoxataven r.
hailbroneri da l. Tarou. maTi
azriT, fridmenis es varaudi
fataluria.
fulis esa Tu is Teoria
sxvadasxva epoqasa da droSi
aisaxa saxelmwifoebis mier dad-
genil qveynis fulad sistema-
sa da Sesabamis politikaSi.
magaliTad, metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-
oriam oriam oriam oriam oriam praqtikuli asaxva pova
Rirebulebis formebis ganvi-
Tarebis umaRles safexurze,
rodesac aRmocenda misi fu-
ladi forma _ erTiani sayo-
velTao ekvivalenti da es ro-
li keTilSobilma liTonebma
_ vercxlma da oqrom dai-
sakuTra. es iyo bimetalizmis
epoqa. igi gavrcelda XVI-
XVIII saukuneebSi da arsebob-
da XIX saukuneSic ki. am peri-
odSi msoflios sxvadasxva qvey-
nebma TandaTan daiwyes oqros
valutaze gadasvla, ris gamoc
bimetaluri fuladi sistema
monometaluriT Seicvala. ma-
galiTad, aSS-Si es moxda 1832
wels, iaponiaSi _ 1897 wels,
germaniaSi _ 1875 wels, ruseT-
Si _ 1898 wels, safrangeTSi
_ 1878 wels, avstria-ungreT-
Si _ 1892 wels, belgiasa da
SveicariaSi es procesi ganx-
orcielda faqtobrivad XX
saukunis dasawyisSi. rac Se-
exeba ingliss, iq es moxda
SedarebiT adre, jer kidev
XVIII saukunis bolos.
neometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teoria
ukavSirdeba msoflio savalu-
to sistemis Camoyalibebas, ro-
melmac Tavis ganviTarebaSi oTxi
etapi ganvlo. I etapze, romel-
ic iwyeba XIX saukunis 70-
fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi
415
iani wlebidan da grZeldeba
pirvel msoflio omamde, arse-
bobda oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-
dartidartidartidartidarti, romelic gulisxmobda
ara mxolod oqros monetebis
moWras, aramed maTze Rire-
bulebis niSnebis Tavisufal
gadaxurdavebasac. oqros stan-
dartis meore formac – oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-
zoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisac,
romelic moqmedebda I msof-
lio omidan 30-ian wlebamde
(msoflio savaluto sistemis
II etapi), damaxasiaTebeli iyo
Rirebulebis niSnebis gadaxur-
daveba oqros zodebze. zogi-
erT qveyanaSi (metwilad kolo-
niur qveynebSi), oqros fondis
simciris gamo, SemoiRes oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-
devizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standarti, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebda banknoteb-
is ucxour valutaze gadaxur-
davebas.
`didi depresiis~ wlebma
didi dartyma miayena oqros
standarts da sabolood daus-
va wertili mis arsebobas.
msoflio savaluto siste-
mis III etapze breton-vudsis
savaluto sistemis Camoyali-
bebam ganapiroba oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-
to standartis to standartis to standartis to standartis to standartis Seqmna, ri-
Tac safuZveli Caeyara sxva-
dasxva qveynis savaluto kavSi-
rebis saxelmwifoTaSoris reg-
ulirebas. savaluto rezervs
oqrosTan erTad wamyvani valu-
tebic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-
luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-
li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-
ri gaxda.
nominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriis
ZiriTadi postulatebis praq-
tikuli realizacia ukavSird-
eba msoflio savaluto siste-
mis ganviTarebaSi IV etapis da-
wyebas, rodesac CCA-is gada-
wyvetilebiT (1976) gauqmda oq-
ros pariteti (1978). iamaikis
savaluto sistemis Camoyali-
bebiT moxda oqros saboloo
demonetizacia da igi gamovida
saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis
sferodan. oqrosavaluto stan-
darti dolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiT
(SDR) Seicvala. mTavari valu-
tis statusi amerikul dola-
rs mieniWa. es ZiriTadad gana-
piroba aSS-is udidesma eko-
nomikurma potencialma da mso-
flioSi misma yvelaze didma
oqros maragma, romelic msof-
lio maragis (35,8 aTasi tona)
TiTqmis meoTxedia da 8,14 aTas
tonas Seadgens.
fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
ria ria ria ria ria neoklasikuri Teoriis
safuZvladaa aRiarebuli, im
Teoriisa, romelsac neokeinzia-
nuri Teoriis Semdeg wamyvani
roli eWira ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.
fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-
riamriamriamriamriam ekonomikuri zrdis kein-
fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi
416
zianur moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelo-
vani adgili daimkvidra da sa-
Tanadod aisaxa ̀ keinzianur re-
voluciaSi~.
fulis monetarulma Teo-
riam, ukanasknel periodSi, msof-
lio finansuri krizisis daw-
yebamde gadamwyveti roli Sea-
srula ganviTarebuli qveyneb-
is ekonomikur politikaSi. mak-
roekonomikur regulirebaSi
monetarul Teoriaze dafuZneb-
ul fulad-sakredito politi-
kas `pirveli violinos~ fun-
qciebi hqonda dakisrebuli,
Tumca, 2008 wels dawyebulma
globalurma finansurma kriz-
isma msoflio ekonomikuri
politikis gadasinjva moiTx-
ova da keinzis `reabilitaci-
is~ konturebi gamosaxa.
milTon fridmenma Secva-
la jon meinard keinzis filo-
sofia, am ukanasknelma ki adam
smiTis filosofia. dRes msof-
lio, axali globaluri finan-
suri krizisis pirobebSi, mil-
Ton fridmenis filosofiis
Secvlis molodinSia, romlis
konturebic ukve gamoikveTa da
am cvlilebis gareSe garTul-
deba msoflio finansuri kriz-
isidan Tavis daRweva, romel-
mac saTave swored m. fridme-
nis samSobloSi _ aSS-Si aiRo.
fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-
lireba lireba lireba lireba lireba (regulation of money
supply) - - - - - saxelmwifo politikis
erT-----erTi mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawili. es funqcia Zir-
iTadad centralur banks akis-
ria, romelsac ekuTvnis prio-
ritetuli roli mimoqcevaSi
arsebuli fuladi masis raode-
nobis gansazRvrasa da fulis
bazris formirebaSi. amasTan, am
procesSi mTeli sabanko sistema
monawileobs.
mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis
gakontrolebisaTvis centra-
luri banki iyenebs iseT Ziri-
Tad regulatorebs, rogoricaa:
bankTaSorisi kreditis ganakve-
Ti, savaldebulo rezervebis
norma, fasiani qaRaldebis baz-
arze saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-
do valdebulebaTa yidva-----gay-
idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-
aciebi.
centraluri banki bankTa-
Sorisi kreditis ganakveTisa da
savaldebulo rezervebis nor-
mis regulirebiT, arapirdapi-
ri gziT zemoqmedebs fulad
mimoqcevaze, xolo saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----gay-
idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-
aciebiT uSualo gavlenas ax-
dens masze.
fulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTi
unari unari unari unari unari (purchasing power) - - - - - fu-ladi erTeulis unari, gaicva-
los saqonlisa da momsaxure-
bis garkveul raodenobaze.
fulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regulirebalirebalirebalirebalireba
417
fufufufufulis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-
oria oria oria oria oria (quantity theory of money)- - - - - fulze moTxovnis Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac saqonlis
fasebis done da fulis Rire-
buleba ganisazRvreba mimoqceva-
Si arsebuli fulis raodeno-
biT. es Teoria XVIII saukune-Si wamoayena frangma S. mon-
teskiem da ingliselma d. ium-
ma, xolo XIX saukunis dasa-wyisSi misi TvalsaCino warmo-
madgeneli gaxda d. rikardo.
fulis raodenobrivi Teo-
riis modificirebuli varian-
ti ganxiluli aqvs j. keinzs
naSromSi _ _ _ _ _ ̀ dasaqmebis, procen-
tisa da fulis zogadi Teor-
ia~. keinzianuri variantis
mixedviT, mimoqcevaSi arsebu-
li fulis masa iyofa or na-
kadad: `samomxmareblo dovla-
Tis~ da `sainvesticio dovla-
Tis~ moZraobis momsaxure na-
kadebad, gansxvavebuli fasebiT.
keinzis azriT, fulis rao-
denobis mateba veraviTar gav-
lenas ver moaxdens fasebze
manam, sanam arsebobs umuSevroba,
vinaidan dasaqmeba izrdeba
moTxovnis gadidebis propor-
ciulad, rac gamowveulia fu-
lis raodenobis zrdiT. amasTan,
sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi
mdgomareoba Zirfesvianad icv-
leba. aseT SemTxvevaSi fulis
raodenobisa da moTxovnis ga-
dideba veRar gamoiwvevs dasaq-
mebis gazrdas, magram gamoiwvevs
fasebis amaRlebas. keinzma Sem-
degnairad Camoayaliba fulis
raodenobrivi Teoria: sanam ar-
sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba
Seicvleba im proporciiT, ra
proporciiTac fulis raode-
noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-
ba, maSin fasebi Seicvleba imave
proporciiT, rogoriTac Seicv-
leba fulis raodenoba.
gamoCenili amerikeli ekon-
omisti irving fiSeri, romel-
sac Tanamedrove fulis raode-
nobrivi Teoriis fuZemdeblad
Tvlian, Tavis cnobil naSrom-
Si ̀ fulis msyidvelobiTi una-
ri~ (1911) im daskvnamde mivi-
da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi
raodenobis ukuproporciulia,
xolo saqonlis fasebi _ mimo-qcevaSi arsebuli fulis pir-
dapirproporciuli.
m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris Te-
oriaze dayrdnobiT, axali mo-
mentebi Seitana fulis raode-
nobriv TeoriaSi. naSromSi ̀ fu-
ladi analizis Teoriuli Ca-----
rCoebi~ (1971) igi Seecada moe-
Zebna kavSiri kvlavwarmoebis
procesSi fuladi masis dinami-
kasa da ekonomikis meryeobas
Soris. m. fridmeni udides
rols aniWebs fulad masas
fasebis donis gansazRvraSi. mi-
si azriT, fuladi faqtorebi
gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens
mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is dinamikasa da ekonomikis
fulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoria
418
ciklur xasiaTze.
monetaruli Teoria gvTava-
zobs gacvlis Semdeg formu-
las: MV=PQ, sadac, M aris fu-
lis miwodeba, V - - - - - fulis brun-
vis saSualo ricxvi, P - - - - - fase-
bis done, Q - - - - - warmoebuli saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri
moculoba.
monetaruli Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, fulis miwodebis (M)
cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
warmoebisa da dasaqmebis realur
moculobaSi moklevadiani cv-
lilebebi, magram xangrZliv
periodSi M-----is cvlileba gav-
lenas axdens fasebis doneze.
fulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebi (functi-ons of money) – fuli, Tavdapir-
velad, asrulebda or ZiriTad
funqcias _ Rirebulebis sazo-
misa da mimoqcevis (gacvlis)
saSualebis funqciebs. amasTan,
istoriuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi fulma SeiZina dagrove-
bis (dazogvis) saSualebis, ga-
daxdis saSualebisa da msof-
lio fulis funqciebi. es fun-
qciebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi
sxvagvarad gamovlindeba, vidre
winaT vlindeboda. miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa,
yvela funqcia erTmaneTTan or-
ganul kavSirSia da fulis arsi
swored am funqciebiT vlindeba.
Tavdapirvelad fuli rode-
sac zodebis saxiT iyo, TviT
fulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebi
flobda Rirebulebas da as-
rulebda Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-
mis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqcias idealuri fu-
lis saxiT anu gonebiT xdebo-
da saqonlis Rirebulebis ga-
moxatva oqroTi. es SesaZlebe-
li iyo imis gamo, rom realur
sinamdvileSi arsebobda gansaz-
Rvruli Tanafardoba oqros Ri-
rebulebasa da mocemuli saqon-
lis Rirebulebas Soris. mono-
metalizmis epoqaSi saqonlis
Rirebuleba gamoixateboda oq-
ros gansazRvruli woniTi rao-
denobiT. oqros demonetizaciam
da qaRaldis fulis ganviTare-
bam gamoiwvia oqros fulis
statusis Secvla. iamaikis sa-
valuto sistemis SemoRebiT
oqros mravalsaukunovani `fu-
ladi istoria~ warsuls Cah-
barda. igi, rogorc fuli, aRar
funqcionirebs. oqros standar-
tis srul likvidacias mohyva
misi sayovelTao Secvla qaRal-
dis fulis standartiT. Tan-
amedrove pirobebSi yvela fun-
qcia xorcieldeba qaRaldis
fuliT (ix.). Tumca, imis gamo,
rom qaRaldis fuls sakuTari
Rirebuleba ara aqvs, ar Seu-
Zlia Seasrulos Rirebulebis
sazomis funqcia. man SeiZina
saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-
qciaqciaqciaqciaqcia.
fuli, mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-
alebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciis SesrulebiT
419
sazogadoebas Tavidan acilebs
barteruli gacvlis bevr ux-
erxulobas. am funqcias qaRal-
dis fulTan erTad asrulebs:
‘arakeTilSobili~ monetebi, va-
diani da uvado depozitebi,
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde-
bi, saprivatizacio Cekebi, moZ-
ravi da uZravi qoneba da a.S.
amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove
ekonomikur literaturaSi fu-
li ganmartebulia rogorc aq-
tivebis erToblioba, gamoyeneb-
uli garigebaTa dadebisaTvis.
fuli, rogorc yvelaze
likviduri aqtivi, simdidris
dagrovebis mosaxerxebeli for-
maa. es garemoeba mas aniWebs
gansakuTrebul funqcias _ war-
moadgendes dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-
alebas.alebas.alebas.alebas.alebas. oqrosTan erTad qaRal-
dis fuli qmnis fulad centra-
lizebul marags. droebiT Tavi-
sufali fuladi saxsrebis aku-
mulacias axdenen agreTve banke-
bi, firmebi da individualuri
pirebi.
fuli gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-
bisbisbisbisbis funqcias funqcias funqcias funqcias funqcias asrulebs saqon-
lis ganvadebiT gayidvis, gada-
saxadebis gadaxdis, sesxebis da-
farvis, xelfasebisa da pensie-
bis gacemisa da a.S. SemTxveva-
Si.
msoflio bazarze, saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobis momsaxurebiT,
fuli asrulebs msofliomsofliomsofliomsofliomsoflio
fulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqcias. igi gadax-
dis sayovelTao saSualebaa sa-
erTaSoriso sagadasaxado val-
debulebaTa dafarvisas, yidvis
sayovelTao saSualebaa sazR-
vargareT saqonlis naRdi fu-
liT SeZenisas da sazogadoeb-
rivi simdidris sayovelTao ga-
moxatulebaa, materializaciaa
da misi erTi qveynidan meore-
Si gadatanis saSualebaa sesxe-
bisa da subsidiebis saxiT. aqe-
dan yvelaze farTod gamoiye-
neba fuli rogorc gadaxdis
sayovelTao saSualeba. qveynebs
Soris savaWro urTierTobisas
angariSsworeba umTavresad kli-
ringis meSveobiT xorcielde-
ba. valdebulebaTa urTierT-
CaTvlisas warmoSobili sxvaoba
srulyofili konvertirebadi
valutiT ifareba.
fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba (valueof money) - - - - - fuladi erTeulis
msyidvelobiTi unari; saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis is raodenoba,
romelic SeiZleba gaicvalos
fulis erT erTeulze.
fulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebuleba
420
qqqqqqaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli (paper mo-
ney) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier gamoS-vebuli fuladi niSani, dekre-tuli fuli, romlis garantiTviT saxelmwifoa. igi, rogorcwesi, qveyanaSi arsebuli naRdifulis 90-----95%-----s Seadgens,ibeWdeba specialur qaRaldzeda daculia gayalbebisagan.
qoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikoloziiiii (1892-----1967) (Koiava Nikoloz) - - - - - ekonomikurmecnierebaTa doqtori (1942),profesori (1933), saqarTvelosmecnierebis damsaxurebuli moR-vawe (1961). n. qoiava iyo erT-----erTiim axalgazrdaTagani, romelicpirveli qarTuli universite-tis profesorTa sabWom 1918wels datova universitetSi po-litikuri ekonomiisa da sta-tistikis mecnierebebSi sapro-fesorod mosamzadeblad.
1920-----1923 wlebSi n. qoia-va berlinisa da ienis universi-tetebSi swavlobda. 1923 welsdabrunda saqarTveloSi da sik-vdilamde emsaxureboda mSob-liur universitets.
n. qoiava iyo TsuTsuTsuTsuTsu-----is finan-sebisa da kreditis kaTedrisgamge (1930-----1933; 1937-----1967),ekonomikuri fakultetis de-kani (1945-----1952; 1957-----1960;1966-----1967), proreqtori (1961-----1964). misi naSromebi exeba fu-lis mimoqcevis, kreditisa dafinansebis sakiTxebs. ZiriTadiSromebia: `istoriuli skola
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi~ (1926);`kapitalisturi qveynebis fu-lis mimoqceva da krediti~.naw. 1, 2. (1956-----1960); `fulismimoqceva, krediti da finanse-bi XVIII saukunis qarTl-----kax-eTSi~ (1963); `Sromis iaraRe-bi da piradi moxmarebis sagne-bi S. rusTavelis poemaSi ̀ vefx-istyaosani~ (1967) da a.S.
qoneba qoneba qoneba qoneba qoneba (property) - - - - - fiziku-ri da iuridiuli pirebis mflo-belobaSi arsebuli materialu-ri faseuloba. ganasxvaveben moZ-rav da uZrav (miwa da masze gan-lagebuli obieqtebi) qonebas.
qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba (owner-ship rights) - - - - - samarTlis norme-bi, romlebic aregulirebenqonebriv urTierTobebs, ufle-bas qonebaze. magaliTad, naan-derZevi qoneba, firmis balan-sze arsebuli qoneba da a.S.
qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema (Coase the-orem) - - - - - r. qouzis mier wamoyene-buli hipoTeza (da arsebiTadara Teorema), romlis mixed-viT uaryofiTi gare efeqtebiar iwveven resursebis arara-cionalur alokacias, Tuki ararsebobs transaqciuri xarje-bi. Tu mxareebi udanaxarjodSeTanxmdebian resursebis ga-nawilebaze, maSin isini gada-Wrian gare efeqtebis proble-mas. gansazRvrul pirobebSigare efeqtebisa da bazris aras-rulyofilebis koreqtirebaxdeba dainteresebuli mxaree-bis molaparakebis gziT.
qaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuli
421qsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofonti
`qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ (“cre-ative net”) – axali organizaciu-li struqtura menejmentSi. imisgamo, rom Tanamedrove biznesmaganicada diversifikacia, SeuZle-beli xdeba centridan efeqti-ani menejmentis ganxorcieleba.es tendencia momavalSi kidev uf-ro gaZlierdeba. amitom dRes di-di yuradReba eqceva axali or-ganizaciuli struqturebis Se-qmnas. amis erT-erTi magaliTia`qreatiuli qseli~. masSi Sema-vali korporaciebi erTmaneTzeadamokidebuli, romelTa warma-teba urTierTTanamSromloba-zea agebuli. ̀ qreatiuli qseli~axdens masSi Semavali kompanie-bis saqmianobis koordinacias.didi kompaniebi (tradiciuliierarqiuli piramidisgan gan-sxvavebiT) gadawyvetilebis miRe-baSi sul ufro met pasuxism-geblobas akisreben mcire kom-paniebs, gadascemen maT produq-ciis calkeul detalebs dasam-zadeblad da a.S.
menejmentSi ganxorcielebu-li es axali midgoma stimulsaZlevs kompaniaTa calkeuljgufebs siaxleebis danergvi-saTvis, axali produqciis, mom-saxurebis warmoebisTvis dasxv. amitom XXI saukuneSi`qreatiuli qselis~ ganviTare-baze didad aris damokidebu-li menejmentis warmateba.
qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika (chrematis-tics) - - - - - fulis keTebis, qonebis
mopovebis xelovneba. sxvagvarad,kapitalis dabandebisa da dagro-vebis xelovneba. aristoteleqrematistikas upirispirebs eko-nomikas, rogorc bunebriv-----meur-neobriv saqmianobas, dovlaTisSeqmnis xelovnebas.
qronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflacia
(chronic inflation) - - - - - ekonomikurisituacia, rodesac xangrZliviperiodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCu-nebulia inflaciis maRali done.
qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti (Zv. w. V s.)(Xenophon) - - - - - antikuri xanis ber-Zeni moazrovne. pirvelma gam-oiyena termini ̀ ekonomika~, ro-melSic nagulisxmevi iyo monurSromaze damyarebuli Sinameur-neobis gaZRolis xelovneba.istoriaSi Sevida Semdegi naS-romebiT: ̀ kiropedia~, ̀ saberZne-Tis istoria~, ̀ oikonomikosi~,`mogonebani sokrates Sesaxeb~da a.S. fulis funqciebidanqsenofonti aRiarebda mxolodmis or funqcias: fuls ro-gorc mimoqcevis saSualebasada fuls rogorc ganZis da-grovebis saSualebas.
qsenofontis Semoqmedebasainteresoa imiTac, rom mas aR-werili aqvs qarTvel tomTa(mesxebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi,makronebi, xalibebi, kolxebi,sasperebi da a.S.) yofa-----cxovre-ba, wes-----Cveulebebi, rac mniS-vnelovan masalebs iZleva maTisameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
422 Ria ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomika
RRRRRRia ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika (open econo-
my) - - - - - qveynis ekonomika, romel-
sac gare samyarosTan aqvs far-
To savaWro-----ekonomikuri Tu fi-
nansuri kavSirebi da axorci-
elebs saqonlisa da momsaxu-
rebis eqsport-----imports. sapi-
rispiroa - - - - - avtarkia.
msoflio meurneobriv kav-
SirebSi qveynis monawileobis
xarisxs gansazRvravs iseTi maC-
veneblebi, rogoricaa mosaxle-
obis erT sulze eqsportis
moculoba, saeqsporto kvota,
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo bal-
ansi da a.S.
Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba (open auction)----- saerTaSoriso vaWroba, romel-
zec miwveulia monawileobis
msurveli yvela firma da or-
ganizacia. Cveulebriv, Tavs iy-
ris aseTi vaWrebis didi raode-
noba, rac amZafrebs konkuren-
cias da SemkveTebisaTvis xel-
sayrel pirobebs qmnis.
Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba (open so-ciety) - - - - - es termini pirvelad
gamoiyena frangma filosofosma,
nobelis premiis laureatma an-
ri bergsonma wignSi _ `reli-
giisa da moralis ori wyaro~
(1932). Ria sazogadoebis Camoy-
alibebis idea Semdeg ganaviT-
ara cnobilma avstro-ingli-
selma filosofosma karl pop-
erma wignSi _ `Ria sazogado-
eba da misi mtrebi~ (1966). a.
bergsoni cnobda ori tipis sa-
zogadoebas da, Sesabamisad, ori
tipis morals: `Caketilsa~ da
`Rias~. misi azriT, pirveli akma-
yofilebs socialuri instiq-
tis moTxovnilebebs da miznad
isaxavs modgmis gadarCenas, rom-
lis pirobebSic pirovneba aris
koleqtivis msxverpli, meore
ki ukavSirdeba zneobriv fa-
seulobebs, romelic modgmis
gadarCenis, misi SenarCunebis in-
teresebze maRlaa. k. poperma
`Ria~, `humanuri~ sazogadoeba
daupirispira `Caketil~, `to-
talitarul~ sazogadoebas. am
ukanasknels igi, antikumonis-
turi poziciebidan, miakuTvnebda
socialistur sazogadoebas.
Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba (cost, value) -----1. ekonomikuri faseulobis erT-----
erTi forma, romelsac adgili
aqvs mxolod sasaqonlo-----fula-
di urTierTobebis pirobebSi;
izomeba fuliT; 2. SromiTi
Rirebulebis Teoriis mixedviT,
saqonelSi ganivTebuli sazoga-
doebrivad aucilebeli Sroma.
Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-
si si si si si (cost paradox) - - - - - winaaRmdego-ba, romelic mdgomareobs Sem-
degSi: adamianis arsebobisaTvis
423
erT-----erTi yvelaze saWiro sa-
qoneli, magaliTad, puri, bev-
rad iafi Rirs, vidre adami-
anis arsebobisaTvis gacilebiT
naklebad saWiro saqoneli -----
magaliTad, musikaluri instru-
menti. meore mxriv, Tu mivmar-
TavT resursebis SezRudulo-
bis principsa da sargebliano-
bis Teorias, puris naWers Sim-
Silisagan momakvdavi adamiani-
saTvis gacilebiT meti sargeb-
lianoba aqvs, vidre musikalur
instruments.
Rirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsi
424 yadaRayadaRayadaRayadaRayadaRa
yyyyyyadaRa yadaRa yadaRa yadaRa yadaRa (sequestration, attach-
ment, arrest) [arab. akrZalva, aRkve-
Ta] ----- qonebis SesaZlo konfiska-
ciis, CamorTmevis an gamoyenebis
SeCerebis aRsrulebis mizniT
Sesrulebuli RonisZieba. qone-
bis dayadaReba SeiZleba agreTve
jarimis an sxva gadasaxdelis
gadaxdevinebis mizniT kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT. qonebas yada-
Ras adebs sasamarTlo da kano-
niT uflebamosili aRmasrule-
beli piri. dayadaRebuli qoneba
aRiwereba da Sesabamisad gada-
ecema Senaxvaze pasuxismgebel
pirs. qonebaze yadaRis axsna Se-
iZleba sasamarTlos ganaCeniT
an momkvlevi piris dadgenile-
biT.
yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba (thriftyness) –warmoebis momWirneobiT, ekono-
miurad gamoyeneba, gegmurze nak-
lebi danaxarjebiT ukeTesi Se-
degis miReba.
arsebobs yairaTianobis pa-
radoqsi (paradox of thrit). igimdgomareobs SemdegSi: Sinameur-
neobebi rac ufro yairaTiane-
bi da ekonomiurebi iqnebian re-
sursebis gamoyenebaSi, miT ufro
dabal doneze iqneba warmoeba
da dasaqmeba. es paradoqsi amtki-
cebs momWirneobis (savings) ara-sasurvelobas imitom, rom misi
gazrda SinameurneobebSi gamo-
iwvevs moxmarebis Semcirebasa
da, maSasadame, erToblivi moTx-
ovnis dacemas. vinaidan er-
Toblivi moTxovnis done gan-
sazRvravs warmoebis dones da
masTan dakavSirebul dasaqme-
bis dones, yairaTianobis zrdas
Sedegad mohyveba warmoebis da-
cema. amasTan, es efeqti gaZlier-
deba multiplikatoris moqme-
debiT, romelsac aqvs jaWvuri
reaqciis Zala.
yidvayidvayidvayidvayidva-----gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-
ti ti ti ti ti (sale and purchase contract) -----xelSekruleba, romelsac de-
ben komerciul safuZvelze da
iTvaliswinebs saqonlis an mom-
saxurebis miwodebas. masSi dad-
genilia mxareTa garkveuli uf-
lebebi da movaleobebi. kon-
traqtSi miTiTebulia xelSek-
rulebis subieqtebi, sagani, fasi,
saerTo Tanxa, miwodebis vade-
bi da pirobebi, gamyidvelTa ga-
rantiebi, dazRveva, sajarimo san-
qciebi, arbitraJi. saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi am komerciuli kon-
traqtis dadebisas farTod ga-
moiyeneba miwodebis sabaziso pi-
robebi (ix. sifsifsifsifsif-----i, fasfasfasfasfas-----i, fobfobfobfobfob-----i).
yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-
ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-
risorisorisorisoriso standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew-
velovelovelovelovelo klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia (Interna-tional Standart Industrial Classifi-catoin of All Economic Activities -----
425
ISIC) - - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobiskategoriebis nakrebi, romelic
gamoiyeneba statistikuri mo-
nacemebis dajgufebisaTvis eko-
nomikuri saqmianobis mixedviT.
saqmianobis saxeoba ganisaz-
Rvreba im warmoebiT, romel-
sac axorcielebs statisti-
kuri erTeuli. am niSniT arCe-
uli erTeuli jgufdeba sxva
erTeulebTan sawarmoTa sta-
tistikaSi kvlevis, SerCevisa da
aRweris Casatareblad. amitom
ISIC iZleva dakvirvebis obieqte-
bis klasificirebis saSuale-
bas im ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mixedviT, romelsac isini ewe-
vian. am gansazRvrebiT ISIC-----is
kategoriebi mWidro kavSirSia
dakvirvebis erTeulebis ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis organizaci-
is procesTan da am procesis
statistikuri aRweris meTo-
debTan.
ISIC warmoadgens ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis da ara darge-
bis an produqciisa da momsaxu-
rebis klasifikacias.
ISIC gamoiyeneba sawarmoTa
registrebSi, erovnul angariSTa
sistemaSi, statistikur anga-
riSebSi, sagadasaxado samsaxu-
rebSi, licenzirebaSi da warmo-
adgens bazas ekonomikuri saqmi-
anobis klasifikaciis erovnu-
li versiebis Sesaqmnelad.
yidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianoba
yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba (abili-ty) – gamoxatavs nominaluri xe-
lfasis realur Sinaarss, gviC-
venebs, Tu am TanxiT ra raode-
nobisa da xarisxis saqonlis
(momsaxurebis) SeZenaa SesaZle-
beli, rac, Tavis mxriv, damoki-
debulia sabazro fasebsa da ga-
dasaxadebis odenobaze.
426 `Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~
SSSSS`Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ (black mar-
ket) - - - - - qveyanaSi moqmedi kanon-mdeblobis darRveviT funqcio-
nirebadi bazari. faruli eko-
nomikis erT-----erTi atributi.
rogorc wesi, im sferoebSi
warmoiSoba, sadac saxelmwifos
mxriv ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mkacri administraciuli reg-
ulireba arsebobs.
Sansi Sansi Sansi Sansi Sansi (opportunity) – war-matebis albaToba, SesaZlebloba
raimes ganxorcielebaze.
SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi (chantage) – gamoZal-vis erT-erTi saxe. saxelis gam-
texi cnobebis gaxmaurebis muqa-
riT raime qonebis an qonebaze
uflebisa Tu qonebrivi gamor-
Cenis gamoZalva, an privilegi-
is miTviseba (gansakuTrebiT
mwvavea aqciebis yidva-gayidvis
dros); danaSauli, romelic
raime sargeblis miRebis mizniT
mxilebis muqaraSi, samarcxvi-
no monacemebis gaxmaurebaSi
mdgomareobs.
Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba (compare) – amo-saval monacemTa urTierTdapi-
rispireba sawarmoTa sameurneo-
safinanso saqmianobis Seswav-
lis mizniT.
Sedarebis aucilebeli pi-
robaa erTgvarovneba da Sesa-
bamisoba, Sesadaris maCveneb-
lebSi maTi ganzogadeba. eko-
nomikuri movlenebis erTmaneT-
Tan Sedareba movlenis xarisx-
obrivi daxasiaTebis saSuale-
bas iZleva.
ekonomikuri analizis pro-
cesSi faqtobrivi monacemebis
Sedareba xdeba gegmasTan, wina
wlebis sabaziso periodis,
saukeTeso, saSualo an sxva
analogiur maCveneblebTan.
SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi (barga-ining overprice) - - - - - komerciuli mo-
laparakebis mniSvnelovani rgo-
li, rodesac myidveli cdilobs
gamyidvels saqonelze fasi daak-
lebinos taqtikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri xerxebis, damajerebe-
li mosazrebebis moSveliebiT.
SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-
lobislobislobislobislobis sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba (SpsSpsSpsSpsSps) (li-mited liability company) - - - - - organi-zacia, Seqmnili iuridiuli an
fizikuri pirebis SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze, maTi kapitalis ga-
erTianebis gziT sameurneo saq-
mianobis ganxorcielebis miz-
niT. Sps Sps Sps Sps Sps unda Sedgebodes ara
nakleb ori wevrisagan. sazoga-
doeba iqmneba da moqmedebs sad-
amfuZneblo xelSekrulebisa da
wesdebis safuZvelze, iZens iu-
ridiuli piris uflebas reg-
istraciis momentidan. dadge-
nili wesis Tanaxmad, Seqmnili
wminda mogeba sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris nawildeba pro-
427
porciulad, sawesdebo fondSi
maTi wilis Sesabamisad. sazoga-
doebis umaRlesi organoa mona-
wileTa kreba an maTi warmomad-
genlebi, romlebsac weliwad-
Si orjer irCeven. kreba gan-
sazRvravs sazogadoebis saqmi-
anobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs,
wesdebaSi Seaqvs cvlilebebi,
amtkicebs gegmebsa da angari-
Sebs, irCevs aRmasrulebeli or-
ganoebisa da sarevizio komisiis
wevrebs.
Semavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneli
(complementary goods) - - - - - saqone-li, romlis fasis gazrda iw-
vevs meore saqonelze moTxov-
nis Semcirebas.
SemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zarali (win-dfall loss) – moulodneli zara-
li, Semosavlis araprognozire-
buli kleba.
SemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi Semosavali
(windfall gain) – moulodneli Se-
mosavali, Semosavlis araprog-
nozirebuli mateba.
Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali (income) - - - - - fu-ladi an sxva faseulobebi, miRe-
buli kerZo pirebis, firmebisa
da saxelmwifos mier drois
garkveul periodSi ama Tu im
saqmianobidan.
Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-
bisbisbisbisbis erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze (incom per ca-pita) - - - - - VIG an VTG qveynis mosax-
leobis erT sulze gaangariSe-
biT. farTod gamoiyeneba qvey-
nis ganviTarebisa da cxovreb-
is donis dasaxasiaTeblad, Tum-
ca, am maCveneblebma SeiZleba
ver mogvces realuri suraTi,
vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebs Se-
mosavlebis ganawilebis siste-
mas da sakuTrebis rols am
sistemaSi.
Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-
bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa (income and expeditureaccount) – Semosavlebisa da xar-
jebis aRricxva, buRaltruli
gegma, romelic gamoiyeneba same-
urneo saqmianobis dafinansebisa
da daniSnulebiT gasanawileb-
lad.
Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti (in-come effect) - - - - - saqonlis fasebis
cvlileba amcirebs an zrdis
momxmareblis realur Semosa-
vals. momxmarebeli realuri
Semosavlis cvlilebis sapasux-
od yidulobs nakleb (an met)
saqonels, maT Soris masac, ro-
melzedac Seicvala fasi. amas
ewodeba fasebis cvlilebiT ga-
mowveuli Semosavlis efeqti.
Semcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneli
(substitute good) - - - - - saqoneli, rom-----
lis fasis gazrda iwvevs meo-----
re saqonelze moTxovnis zrdas.
Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika (mixedeconomy) - - - - - sakuTrebis mraval-
formianobaze dafuZnebuli
ekonomikuri organizaciis for-
ma sabazro ekonomikis qveyneb-
Si, sadac sameurneo organiza-
Sereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomika
428
cia eyrdnoba fasismier siste-
mas (bazars), amasTan, makro-
ekonomikuri arastabilurobisa
da bazris arasrulyofilebis
daZlevisaTvis gamoiyeneba sax-
elmwifo regulirebis sxva-
dasxva forma.
Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli (mixedgoods) - - - - - dovlaTi, romlis ga-
moyenebiT ar SeiZleba sarge-
blobas mxolod erTi indivi-
di iRebdes, magram igi Tanabrad
xelmisawvdomi ar aris nebismi-
erisaTvis. es saqoneli moqce-
ulia kerZo konkurentul mox-
marebasa (anu erTi individis
mier aseTi dovlaTis moxmare-
ba gamoricxavs sxvis mier mis
moxmarebas) da sazogadoebriv
saqonels Soris, romlis mox-
mareba arakonkurentulia (ase-
Ti dovlaTis moxmareba Tanab-
rad xelmisawvdomia yvela-
saTvis) da moicavs orive ti-
pis saqonlis (kerZosa da sa-
zogadoebrivis) elementebs. mag.,
acrebi daavadebis Tavidan asac-
ileblad Sereuli saqonelia,
vinaidan mas moaqvs sargeblo-
ba rogorc misi mimRebi indi-
vidisTvis, ise mTeli sazoga-
doebisTvis (amcirebs daavade-
bis risks), Tumca, es saqoneli
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi ar
aris yvelasaTvis. aseT situa-
ciaSi Sereuli saqonlis in-
dividualuri moxmareba qmnis
dadebiT gare efeqts danarCe-
ni sazogadoebisTvis.
Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni (Shermanact) - - - - - erT-----erTi ZiriTadi kanoniaSS-----is antitrestul kanonmde-
blobaSi, romelic miRebul iqna
1890 wels. igi sazogadoebis
aRSfoTebis Taviseburi gamoZa-
xili iyo. warmoebis koncen-
traciis zRvargadasul zrdas-
Tan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis
gamo kanoni krZalavda vaWro-
bis Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel
kontraqtebs, monopoliur gaer-
Tianebebsa da farul garige-
bebs, garda amisa, monopolizaci-
is mcdelobas. am kanonis dar-
RvevisaTvis maqsimaluri jarima
saxelmwifos sasargeblod
Tavdapirvelad 5000 dolars,
xolo Semdgom 50000 dola-
rs Seadgenda. 1974 wels am
Tanxam korporaciebisaTvis
1000000 dolars miaRwia.
SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba (re-lative profit) - - - - - mogeba, romelsac
gamyidveli iRebs yovel gayid-
ul nawarmze danaxarjebis gamo-
qviTviT.
SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-
soba soba soba soba soba (comparative advantage) -----upiratesoba, romelic aqvs erT
qveyanas sxvebTan SedarebiT, Tu
misi saqonlis warmoebis al-
ternatiuli Rirebuleba ufro
dabalia, vidre analogiuri sa-
qonlisa sxva qveynebSi.
Sereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneli
429
sagareo vaWrobis struq-
turas mniSvnelovnad gansaz-
Rvravs SefardebiTi da ara
absoluturi upiratesoba, Tum-
ca, ukanasknel periodSi wina
planze konkurentulma upi-
ratesobam wamoiwia.
SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-
sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria (theory of com-parative advantage) - - - - - Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac qveyana unda
specialdebodes im saqonlis
warmoebasa da eqsportze, rom-
lis damzadebac SeiZleba Se-
darebiT dabali danaxarjebiT.
am SemTxvevaSi misTvis xel-
sayrelia im saqonlis impor-
tireba, romlis danaxarjebic
adgilze SedarebiT maRalia.
SefardebiTi upiratesobis
Teoria, romelic warmoadgens
qveynebis (agreTve calkeuli
pirovnebebis) specializaciis
safuZvels, amasTan, Tavisufa-
li vaWrobis qvakuTxeds, axsna
devid rikardom adam smiTis
absoluturi upiratesobis Te-
oriis ganviTarebis Sedegad
Semdeg magaliTze:
portugalias erTi galo-
ni Rvinis sawarmoeblad sWird-
eba 80 samuSao saaTi, xolo
erTi mln iardi maudis dasamza-
deblad _ _ _ _ _ 90 samuSao saaTi,
ingliss ki, Sesabamisad, 120 da
100 samuSao saaTi.
warmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeli
samuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenoba
SefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoria
gjhneufkbf byukbcb
th'b ufkjybqdbyj
th'b bfhlbvfelb
80
90
120
100
amrigad, portugalias aqvs
absoluturi upiratesoba or-----
ive saqonlis warmoebaSi, vi-
naidan portugaliaSi amisaTvis
naklebi xarjebia saWiro, vi-
dre inglisSi. portugalias
aqvs SefardebiTi upiratesoba
Rvinis warmoebaSi, vinaidan por-
tugaliuri Rvinis warmoebis
xarjebis Tanafardoba inglis-
Tan tolia 80 : 120 da igi
naklebia maudis analogiur
Tanafardobaze, romelic to-
lia 90 : 100. Tu portugalia
daspecialdeba SefardebiTi upi-
ratesobis Sesabamisad, maSin
yovel arawarmoebul iard ma-
udze mas SeuZlia miiRos 1 da
1/8 galoni Rvino, vinaidan ro-
gorc erTis, ise meoris sawar-
moeblad saWiroa 90 samuSao
saaTi. portugalias SeuZlia
gacvalos Tavisi 1 da 1/8 galo-
ni Rvino imave raodenobis iard
maudze. amrigad, portugalias
90 samuSao saaTis ganmavlo-
baSi SeuZlia an TviTon awar-
moos erTi iardi maudi, an
430
SemovliTi gziT miiRos 1 da
1/8 iardi maudi. portugaliis
absoluturi upiratesobis mi-
uxedavad, inglissac aseve Seu-
Zlia miiRos mogeba sagareo
vaWrobiT. yoveli galoni Rvi-
no, romelic ar iqna warmoebu-
li inglisSi, e.i. 120 samuSao
saaTi, saSualebas miscems mas,
awarmoos 1 da 1/5 iardi mau-di, romelic sagareo vaWrobis
meSveobiT SeiZleba gardaiqm-
nas 1 da 1/5 galon Rvinod.
SefardebiTi upiratesoba
xels uwyobs msoflio ekono-
mikis ganviTarebas. rodesac esa
Tu is qveyana uSvebs im saqo-
nels, romlis warmoebac sxve-
bze naklebi xarjebiT SeuZlia,
maSin mogebulia rogorc es
qveyana, ise mTeli sazogadoeba,
radgan iqmneba erTi da imave
raodenobis resursebis xar-
jviT meti saqonlis warmoebis
SesaZlebloba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sa-
gareo vaWrobisagan sargeblo-
bis miRebis aucilebeli piro-----
baa sxvadasxva qveyanaSi fasebis
gansxvavebuli Tanafardoba.
Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania (sub-sidiary company) - - - - - saTavo kompa-niis kontroliT momuSave fil-
iali, sadac kontroli xor-
cieldeba monawileobis siste-
mis meSveobiT, e.i. saTavo ko-
mpania, rogorc holdingis rol-
Si myofi sazogadoeba, flobs
Svilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompania
Svilobili kompaniebis aqcieb-
is sakontrolo paketebs. Svi-
lobil kompaniebs aqvT damouki-
debeli iuridiuli piris sta-
tusi. maTi registrireba xde-
ba mocemuli qveynis kanonmde-
blobis Sesabamisad, adgilsamy-
ofelis mixedviT da am SemTx-
vevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad
aris dafuZnebuli saTavo kom-
pania.
Svilobili kompania orga-----
nizebulia SezRuduli pasux-----
ismgeblobis sazogadoebis fo-----
rmiT, e.i. gakotrebis an gada-----
xdisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi igi
Tavis valdebulebebs faravs
ara mesakuTris, aramed mxolod
kompaniis qonebiT. zogjer Svi-
lobili kompaniebi maTs daqvem-
debarebaSi arsebuli SviliSv-
ili sazogadoebebis _ _ _ _ _ ganyofi-
lebebis aqciebis sakontrolo
paketebsac floben.
Svilobil kompaniebs aqvT
damoukidebeli sabuRaltro ba-
lansi da safinanso dokumente-
bi, farTo uflebebiT sargeb-
loben sakuTari mogebis ganawi-
lebaSi, maTi reinvesticiis CaT-
vliT.
dasavleTSi transerovnu-
li korporaciebis umravleso-
ba aTobiT da asobiTac flobs
Svilobil kompaniebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganlage-
buli. Svilobili kompania Sei-
Zleba iyos saTavo kompaniis
431
srul sakuTrebaSi, sxvadasxva
qveynis kompaniebis Sereul
sakuTrebaSi an ucxouri firme-
bis kerZo sakuTrebaSi.
funqcionaluri niSnis mi-
xedviT, Svilobili kompaniebi
iyofa sabazo (asrulebs tran-
serovnul korporaciebSi Sida
korporaciuli holdingebis
rols), saeqsporto, safinanso,
mecnierul-----teqnikur da sxva
ganyofilebebad. Svilobili
kompaniis damoukideblobis xa-
risxi Zalze maRalia warmoeb-
isa da gasaRebis sferoebSi, ma-
Sin rodesac kapitaldabande-
bebis, finansebis, sacdel-----sakon-
struqtoro samuSaoebis warmar-
Tvis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis sa-
kiTxebs saTavo kompania wyvets.
Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi (inter-nal externalities) - - - - - efeqtebi, rom-lebic garegania mocemuli sa-
kontraqto urTierTobis mima-
rT, magram Sinagani _ Sida kon-traqtSi monawile jgufisaTvis.
SiSiSiSiSiddddda lagi a lagi a lagi a lagi a lagi (inside lag) - - - - - Se-ferxeba droSi moqmedebis auci-
leblobis dadgenis momentsa
da mis ganxorcielebas Soris.
igi politikuri lagia da SeiZ-
leba daiyos sam Semadgenel
nawilad: gamovlenis lagi, gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis lagi da
moqmedebis lagi.
Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi (inter-nal expenses) – firmis mTliani
danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-
ic moicavs firmis sakuTar Sida
materialur Tu SromiT resur-
sebze gaweul danaxarjebs.
Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri (dishonest trader) -----arakeTilsindisieri vaWari.
Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba (household)- - - - - gaeros erovnuli angariSTa
sistemis mixedviT, erTad mcxov-
reb pirTa mcire jgufi, romleb-
sac gaerTianebuli aqvT (mTli-
anad an nawilobriv) TavianTi
Semosavlebi da qoneba da erTad
moixmaren garkveuli saxis sa-
qonelsa da momsaxurebas, upir-
veles yovlisa, sacxovrissa da
kvebis produqtebs. rogorc wesi,
Sinameurneobis TiToeul wevrs
aqvs garkveuli ufleba am meur-
neobis erTobliv resursebze.
Sinameurneoba xSirad iden-
turia `ojaxisa~, Tumca erTi
da igive Sinameurneobis wevrebi
ar aris savaldebulo iyos erTi
ojaxis wevrebi. aucilebel pi-
robas warmoadgens resursebis
erToblivi mflobeloba da er-
Toblivi moxmareba. igi aris
erT saerTo sacxovrebel far-
Tze da erTi saojaxo biujetiT
mcxovreb adamianTa socialur-----
ekonomikuri rgoli (ujredi).
Sinameurneoba, rogorc mox-
marebis statistikis mniSvnelo-
vani statistikuri erTeuli,
gansxvavdeba mosaxleobis sta-
tistikaSi xmarebul saojaxo
meurneobisagan, rogorc mxo-
lod erTad mcxovreb pirTa er-
SinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneoba
432
Tobliobisagan.
Sinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mier
sakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvis
warmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia da
momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba (product made byhausholds for their own consump-tion) – daukvirvebadi ekonomikisSemadgeneli nawili. ar Sedis
araformalur seqtorSi da ami-
tomac ganixileba daukvirve-
badi ekonomikis calke prob-
lemad. garda sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciisa, masSi Sedis
sakuTari moxmarebisTvis war-
moebuli yvela saxis saqone-
li da momsaxureba. mag., saku-
Tari saxlebis mSenebloba, Si-
namosamsaxureTa fasiani mom-
saxureba da a.S.
SiSiSiSiSipCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandleri i i i i (ship-----chandler)- - - - - organizacia an firma, rome-
lic sursaTs awvdis gemebs da
amaragebs maT teqnikiT.
`Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ (shocktherapy) - - - - - sabazro ekonomikazegadasvlis modeli. ekonomikis
konversiis es gza gradualiz-
mis (evoluciuri gzis) anti-
podia. misTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia radikalizmis ukiduresad
maRali done, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, fasebis liberaliza-
ciaSi, fasebis moumzadebel
Tavisufal aSvebaSi, saxelmwi-
fos maregulirebeli rolis Se-
sustebasa da wina ekonomikuri
sistemis ara mxolod insti-
tutebis, aramed materialur-----
teqnikuri bazis ngrevaSi gam-
oixateba.
saqarTvelom am gziT dai-
wyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-
vla, magram ekonomikis Sokire-
bas Terapia ar mohyolia. es
modeli SemuSavebul iqna e.w.
vaSingtonis konsensusis mier
da TviT postvaSingtonis kon-
sensunsmac uaryofiTad Seaf-
asa. ̀ Sokurma~ gzam ver gaamar-
Tla saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc
bevr sxva postsabWour qveya-
naSi.
SromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi Rirebulebis
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (labour theory of value)- - - - - Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
faswarmoqmnas safuZvlad ude-
vs saqonlis warmoebaze dax-
arjuli anu saqonelSi ganivTe-
buli sazogadoebrivad auci-
lebeli Sromis raodenoba (Sro-
mis is raodenoba, romelic au-
cilebelia warmoebis normalur
pirobebSi saqonlis dasamzade-
blad), e.i. misi Rirebuleba.
Rirebulebis mixedviT ori sx-
vadasxva saqonlis toloba ni-
Snavs imas, rom maTSi erTi da
igive raodenobis Sromaa ganiv-
Tebuli. am Teoriis ZiriTadi
postulatebia:
- - - - - gacvlis sxvadasxva pro-
duqtebs aqvT erTnairi Sinaarsi
_ _ _ _ _ Rirebuleba. amitom isini
erTmaneTs utoldebian gan-
sazRvruli sacvleli Rire-
bulebiT;
Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...
433
- - - - - Rirebuleba saqonelSi
ganivTebuli sazogadoebrivi
Sromaa. Rirebulebis mixedviT
produqciis toloba niSnavs
imas, rom maTSi erTi da igive
raodenobis Sromaa ganivTebu-
li;
----- Tu Sroma Tvisebrivad er-
Tnairia, maSin raodenobrivad
igi izrdeba drois xangrZlivo-
biT;
- - - - - bazarze erTnairi saxeo-
bis saqonelze yalibdeba ara
individualuri, aramed sazoga-
doebrivi Rirebuleba.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
ria axasiaTebs ekonomikur kav-
Sirs, romelic SeiZleba gam-
ovsaxoT ase: mwarmoebeli _____
sazogadoebrivi Sroma _ _ _ _ _ dov-
laTis sazogadoebrivi Rire-
buleba _ _ _ _ _ fasi. am TeoriaSi sa-
saqonlo-----fuladi urTierTobebi
ganxilulia saqonelmwarmoeb-
lis poziciidan.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
ria ekuTvnis klasikur sko-
las. mis SeqmnaSi gansakuTre-
buli wvlili miuZRvis d. ri-
kardos, agreTve k. marqss. Sro-
miTi Rirebulebis Teorias dau-
pirispirda zRvruli sargeb-
lianobis Teoria, warmoebis
danaxarjebis Teoria, moTxov-
na-----miwodebis Teoria, inglisur-----
amerikuli skolis Teoria.
SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-
riis mTlianad uaryofa mec-
nierulad ar aris gamarTle-
buli. igi, zRvruli sargebli-
anobis TeoriasTan erTad, safuZ-
vlad udevs faswarmoqmnas. am
Teoriebis dapirispireba gamox-
atavs ara mxolod maT urT-
ierTuaryofas, aramed urTierT-
ganpirobebulobasac, Rirebule-
basa da sargeblianobas Soris
funqcionalur kavSirs.
Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari (labor mar-ket) - - - - - samuSao Zalis yidva-----ga-
yidvasTan dakavSirebul urT-
ierTobaTa sistema. gulisxmobs
damqiraveblebsa da dasaqirave-
blebs Soris nebayoflobiT
safuZvelze agebul urTierTo-
bas, agreTve TiToeuli maTga-
nis urTierTobas sxva subieq-
tebTan. samuSao Zalis bazris
koniunqturis mniSvnelovani ma-
xasiaTebelia Tanafardoba Tavi-
sufal samuSao adgilebsa da
samuSaos aqtiurad maZieblebs
Soris. samuSao Zalis fasis
gadaxra misi Rirebulebisagan
damokidebulia warmoebis efeq-
tianobaze, ganawilebiT urTier-
Tobaze, xelfasisa da Semosav-
lebis struqturis doneze, sa-
momxmareblo bazris dinamika-
ze, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
moqmed fasebze da sxv. am
faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri da
urTierTganpirobebuloba ayal-
ibebs samuSao Zalis TviTreg-
ulirebasa da TviTmoZraobas
mimoqcevis sferoSi. ganviTare-
Sromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazari
434
buli samuSao Zalis bazari
stimuls aZlevs warmoebis efeq-
tianobis amaRlebas, xels uwy-
obs samuSao Zalis ganawile-
bas piradi da sazogadoebrivi
moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.
misi meSveobiT mcirdeba war-
moebis danaxarjebi, xdeba sam-
uSao Zalis Warbi rezervis ga-
danawileba meurneobis perspeq-
tiul dargebSi. samuSao Zalis
bazris sidides gansazRvravs
vakanturi samuSao adgilebi da
samuSaos aqtiurad maZiebeli
Sromisunariani mosaxleoba.
Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa (Labour ex-change) - - - - - saxelmwifo orga-
nizacia, romelic regularu-
lad axorcielebs Suamavlur
operaciebs Sromis bazarze. igi
agreTve axdens umuSevarTa reg-
istracias.
Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba (di-vision of labour) - - - - - Sromis dana-wilebis procesi saqmianobis
sferoebis mixedviT, anu sam-
uSaoTa im saxeebis mixedviT,
sadac yvelaze metad iqneba ga-
moyenebuli pirovnebis kvali-
fikacia. Sromis danawilebis
Sedegad arc erTi adamiani ar
asrulebs yvela samuSaos war-
moebaSi da TiToeuli special-
izdeba samuSaoTa im saxeebze,
romlebSic mas aqvs Sefardeb-
iTi upiratesoba.
Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoebluroba
(labour productivity) - - - - - SromiTi re-
sursebis, adamianiseuli kapi-
talis gamoyenebis efeqtiano-
bis maCvenebeli. ganisazRvreba
drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-
vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-
nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-
ciazeciazeciazeciazeciaze daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois rao-o-o-o-o-
denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.
Sromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSoriso
danawileba danawileba danawileba danawileba danawileba (international divi-sion of labour) - - - - - calkeuli qvey-
nebis specializacia garkveu-
li saxis im saqonlis (momsax-
urebis) warmoebaSi, romelTa
damzadebisTvisac TiToeul maT-
gans sxva qveynebze ukeTesi
pirobebi (bunebrivi an SeZeni-
li) aqvs, anu aqvs absoluturi
upiratesoba ama Tu im saqon-
lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-
sTvis. Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawileba gulisxmobs qvey-
nebis moTxovnis dakmayofile-
bas ara mxolod sakuTari war-
moebiT, aramed sagareo vaWro-
bis saSualebiTac.
Sromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSoriso
organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia - - - - - Sso Sso Sso Sso Sso (Interna-tional Labour Organization - - - - - ILO)- - - - - Seiqmna 1919 wels mosaxle-
obis Sromis pirobebisa da so-
cialuri dacvis mizniT versa-
lis xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze. 1946 wlidan gaeros
specializebuli dawesebulebaa,
romelSic warmodgenili ari-
an rogorc wevri mTavrobebi,
ise profkavSirebi da mewarme-
Sromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJa
435
Ta organizaciebi.
SsoSsoSsoSsoSso-----s SemuSavebuli aqvs
Sromis bazris analizisa da
prognozirebis maCvenebelTa
sistema, indikatorebi da kri-
teriumebi. misi Stab-----bina Jeneva-
Sia. ikvlevs samuSao Zalis
miwodebis, momzadebis da gamoye-
nebis, Sida da qveyanaTaSorisi
migraciuli nakadebis proble-
mebs. misi mTavari amocanaa
msoflio warmoebis zrdaze
zemoqmedeba, cxovrebis donis
amaRleba SromiTi resursebis
racionalurad gamoyenebis gziT.
SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-
lansi lansi lansi lansi lansi (balance of manpower) - - - - - asa-xavs qveyanaSi arsebuli Sro-
miTi resursebis raodenobas, Se-
madgenlobas, (asakis, sqesis, pro-
fesiis, dasaqmebis saxeobebis, so-
cialuri jgufebisa da a.S. mi-
xedviT) ganawilebasa da gamoye-
nebas.
Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri (strike-breaker) [germ. Streikbrecher,streik gaficva + brechen damtvre-va, mogleja] - - - - - piri, romelsac
sawarmo maSin daiqiravebs, rode-
sac misi koleqtivi gaficulia.
StrixStrixStrixStrixStrix-----kodi kodi kodi kodi kodi (bar code) -----specialuri kodi, romelic
saqonlis safuTavzea ganTavse-
buli artikulis identifikaci-
isTvis.
Sualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmareba
(intermediate consumption) - - - - - war-moebis erTi stadiis Sromis
produqtis gamoyeneba Sromis
sagnis saxiT warmoebis meore
stadiaze.
Sualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqti
(intermediate product) - - - - - produq-ti, romelmac gaiara garkveu-
li damuSaveba, magram jer kidev
ver miaRwia im stadias, romel-
zedac CaiTvleba saboloo pro-
duqtad. mag., foladi Suale-
duri produqtia. Sualeduri
produqti gamoiyeneba sxva pro-
duqtis sawarmoeblad.
Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-
ebi ebi ebi ebi ebi (intermediary technologis) –alternatiuli teqnologiebi
mowinave kapitalintensiur da
moZvelebul, Sromaintensiur
teqnologiebs Soris. termini
praqtikaSi Semoitana e. Suma-
xerma, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT
1965 wels londonSi Seiqmna
specialistTa jgufi ganviTare-
bad qveynebSi arsebuli moZvele-
buli teqnologiebis Suale-
duri teqnologiebiT Secvli-
saTvis RonisZiebebis dasaxvis
mizniT.
saqme isaa, rom ekonomikis
ganviTarebis dabali done aiZu-
lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-
velebuli teqnologiebis im-
porti, romelTa gamoyenebis
grZelvadiani Sedegebi (gare-
moze zemoqmedebisa da sxva eko-
logiuri parametrebis gaTval-
iswinebiT) Zalze uaryofiTia.
winaaRmdegoba, romelic arsebobs
Sualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiebiebiebiebiebi
436
ganviTarebuli qveynebis axal,
maRal kapitalintensiur teqno-
logiebsa da `mesame samyaros~
qveynebis moZvelebul, maRal
Sromaintensiur teqnologiebs
Soris, amJamindeli mZime eko-
logiuri situaciis Taviseburi
gamoZaxilicaa. igi Semadgeneli
nawilia Tanamedrove ekologi-
uri ekonomikis koncefciisa,
romlis erT-erTi mimarTule-
baa envaironmentaluri determi-
nizmi (environmental determinism).
ekologiuri wonasworobis aRd-
gena-SenarCunebis mizniT, mraval
sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad, yura-
dRebaa gamaxvilebuli sustad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi daxma-
rebis programebis SemuSavebisa
da konkretuli proeqtebis rea-
lizaciaSi Sualeduri, resurs-
damzogveli teqnologiebis ga-
moyenebaze.
Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba (mediation) – ormxares Soris warmoqmnil same-
warmeo konfliqtSi Careva me-
same damoukidebeli da aradain-
teresebuli mxarisa, romelic
konfliqtis mizezebis Seswav-
lis safuZvelze waradgens
rekomendaciebs misi daZlevis
mizniT (Tumca mxareebi ar ari-
an valdebulni gaiTvaliswinon
es rekomendaciebi).
Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef (1883-
1950) (Sumpeter Joseph) – jerbonis universitetis (1932
wlamde), xolo Semdeg sicocx-
lis bolomde harvardis uni-
versitetis profesori. farTo
interesebis mqone mecnieri sazo-
gadoebriv mecnierebebSi, Tum-
ca, sxvadasxva dros iyo fin-
ansTa ministri da bankiri.
cnobilia misi naSromebi ekono-
mikuri ciklis analizSi, ker-
Zod: ̀ saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-
li~ (1939) da `ekonomikuri
ganviTareba~ (1912). did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda inovaciur
saqmianobas da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, iseT mewarmes, romelic
warmoebaSi nergavda axal te-
qnologiebs, qmnida produqci-
is axal saxeobebs, warmoebis
organizaciis axal meTodebs, aR-
moaCenda axal bazrebs da a.S.
am mxriv gansakuTrebul rols
monopoliebs aniWebda. misi es
debuleba cnobilia Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-
rrrrrisisisisis hi hi hi hi hipoTezis poTezis poTezis poTezis poTezis saxelwodebiT.
Sumpeteris naSromSi _ ̀ ka-
pitalizmi, socializmi da de-
mokratia~ (1947) logikuradaa
dasabuTebuli, rom kapital-kapital-kapital-kapital-kapital-
izmi izmi izmi izmi izmi adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-
cializms, magcializms, magcializms, magcializms, magcializms, magramramramramram ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi-
si mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sedededededegad gad gad gad gad (ro-
gorc amas karl marqsi amtki-
cebda), aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiT. misi bolo daumTav-
rebeli monumenturi naSromia
`ekonomikuri analizis isto-
ria~, romelic gamoica misi gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg (1954).
SuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavloba
437CaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizatorebitorebitorebitorebitorebi
CCCCCCaketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari (locked
market) - - - - - bazris iseTi mdgoma-reoba, rodesac myidvelis kursi
gamyidvelis kurss utoldeba.
Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika (clo-sed economy) - - - - - ekonomika, rome-lic finanasur-----ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebSi gare samyarosagan
faqtobrivad izolirebulia;
ekonomika, romelic farTod ar
monawileobs saerTaSoriso vaW-
robaSi.
Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti (sub-stitution effect) - - - - - fasebis cvli-
lebis zemoqmedeba saqonlis
moTxovnisa da miwodebis moc-
ulobaze, ris safuZvelzec re-
aluri Semosavali ucvleli
rCeba.
CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil (1905-----
1995) (Chantladze Vasil) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-
is akademikosi (1979), wevr-----ko-
respondenti (1974), ekonomikur
mecnierebaTa doqtori (1958),
profesori (1959), saqarTvelos
mecnierebis damsaxurebuli mo-----
Rvawe (1966). daamTavra Tsu
socialur-----ekonomikuri fakul-
teti (1927), moRvaweobda Tsu-----
Si 1930 wlidan sicocxlis
bolomde: iyo finansebisa da
kreditis kaTedris docenti
(1930-----1958), profesori, gamge
(1967-----1985). v. CantlaZes didi
Rvawli miuZRvis finansuri
mecnierebisa da axali qarTu-
li ekonomikuri terminologi-
is ganviTarebaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom sulxan-----saba orbelianis
fiziokratuli Sexedulebebi
pirvelad sami saukunis Semdeg
gamoikvlia v. CantlaZem.
ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ same-
urneo angariSianoba da dakred-
iteba~. Tb., 1937; ̀ sulxan-----saba-----
orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedu-
lebebi~. Tb., 1959; `finansuri
mecnierebis sagani da amocane-
bi~. Tb., 1966; ̀ finansebis Teori-
is sakiTxebi~. Tb., 1979 (rusul
enaze); ̀ SoTa rusTavelis eko-
nomikuri Sexedulebebi~. Tb.,
1992 da sxv.
Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri (charter) - - - - - xel-
Sekruleba, romelsac deben xo-
maldis mflobeli da damqirave-
beli mTlianad xomaldis an
misi nawilis gansazRvruli
droiT an garkveuli reisisaT-
vis arendiT gacemis Sesaxeb.
Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi (charting) - - - - - grafi-kebisa da diagramebis Sedgena
bazris analizisa da fasebis
prognozirebis mizniT.
CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-
torebi torebi torebi torebi torebi (implanted stabilizators)- - - - - fiskaluri politikis meqa-
nizmi, romlis meSveobiTac
xdeba ekonomikis kerZo seqtor-
Si warmoSobili ryevebis Ser-
438
bileba. aseTi stabilizatore-
bis magaliTebia umuSevrebisad-
mi daxmareba, progresuli saSe-
mosavlo gadasaxadi da a.S. ix.
avtomaturi stabilizatorebi.
`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba
(repressive unemployment) – qro-nikuli umuSevroba mosaxleo-
bis im nawilisa, romelmac, xan-
grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver Se-
Zlo kvalifikaciis mixedviT da-
saqmeba, amitom ZiriTadad asru-
leben fizikur, sakuTari kvali-
fikaciisTvis Seuferebel samu-
Saos dabali anazRaurebiT.
Ceini Ceini Ceini Ceini Ceini (chain) - - - - - sigrZis er-Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-
temaSi, udris 22 iards anu
20,1168 m-----s.
Ceki Ceki Ceki Ceki Ceki (cheque, check) - - - - - 1. dad-genili formis fuladi doku-
menti, angariSis mflobelis
werilobiTi gankarguleba bank-
isadmi, raTa am ukanasknelma
Cekis xelis momweris angari-
Sidan gasces an gadaricxos sxva
angariSze garkveuli Tanxa; 2.
unaRdo angariSsworebis saSu-
aleba, fasiani qaRaldi; 3. sa-
calo vaWrobaSi _ _ _ _ _ salaros
qviTari, romelic adasturebs
myidvelisagan fulis miRebas.
Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard (1899-
1967) (Chamberlin Edward) –
amerikeli ekonomisti, harvar-
dis universitetis profesori,
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia ro-
gorc `monopolisturi konku-
renciis Teoriis~ (1933) avto-
ri. j. robinsonis (didi brita-
neTi) naSromebisgan damoukideb-
lad gaaanaliza monopolis-
turi konkurenciis sabazro
situacia, faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-
mebi, daasabuTa konkurenciisa
da monopoliis erTdroulad
arsebobis SesaZlebloba. ter-
mini _ wminda konkurencia e.
Cemberlinma Semoitana. j. robin-
sonisgan gansxvavebiT, man mo-
nopolia konkurenciis nor-
malur pirobad miiCnia da
uaryo sabazro meqanizmSi saxel-
mwifos Carevis aucilebloba.
CerningiCerningiCerningiCerningiCerningi (churning) – koncef-cia, romlis mixedviT axali
saqoneli Zvel saqonels an axa-
li teqnologiebi Zvel teqnol-
ogiebs da a.S. moZvelebuls
xdis.
Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia (ordi-nary share, ordinary stock) - - - - - aqcia,romlis mflobelsac eniWeba
aqcioneris yvela qonebrivi da
pirovnuli ufleba: a) dividen-
dis miRebis ufleba korporaci-
is mogebis sididis mixedviT;
b) korporaciis marTvaSi monawi-
leobis ufleba krebebze xmis
micemis gziT; g) qonebrivi naw-
ilis miRebis ufleba kredi-
torebTan angariSis gasworeb-
is Semdeg, korporaciis likvi-
`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba
439
daciis SemTxvevaSi. uflebis
realizacia xdeba aqciis sid-
idis proporciulad.
`Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ (“Chica-go School”) - - - - - msoflioSi cno-
bili ekonomikuri skola, neo-
konservatiuli ekonomikuri
azris erT-----erTi ZiriTadi mi-
marTuleba. warmoiSva XX sau-kunis 60-----ian wlebSi. misi war-
momadgenlebi milTon fridme-
ni, f. a. fon haieki, frenk naiti,
Teodor uiliam Sulci, jorj
Jozef stigleri, henri saisredi
da sxvebi, ekonomikis efeqtiani
funqcionirebis gasaRebs saxel-
mwifo Carevisagan Tavisufal
konkurentul bazarSi xedaven.
maTi azriT: 1. konkurentuli
bazrebis funqcionireba resur-
sebis ganawilebis problemis
gadaWris yvelaze saukeTeso
(optimaluri) saSualebaa; 2.
ekonomikuri Teoria, iseve ro-
gorc sabunebismetyvelo mec-
nierebebi, Tavisufali unda iyos
SefasebiTi msjelobisagan.
Cikagos skolis warmomad-
genlebi iziareben neoklasikuri
Teoriis Sexedulebas imis Se-
saxeb, rom fasebi iZleva ekono-
mikuri sistemis funqcionire-
bis zust suraTs. isini mone-
tarizmis uryevi momxreni arian
da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-
mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-
is SezRudvas mtkiced uWeren
mxars.
skolas es saxeli ewoda im
faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi
mravali cnobili warmomadge-
neli muSaobda Cikagos univer-
sitetSi.
`Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ (“Chineeseway”) - - - - - ukavSirdeba makroeko-nomikuri stabilizaciis evo-
luciur models, romelic gra-gra-gra-gra-gra-
dualizmisadualizmisadualizmisadualizmisadualizmisa da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul-----
warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-
zaciiszaciiszaciiszaciiszaciis saxelwodebiTaa cno-
bili. es modeli warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba CineTSi da `Cinuri
saswaulis~ aTvlis wertiladaa
aRiarebuli. igi gamoricxavs
ukidures radikalizms da uSu-
alod gaTvlilia qveynis war-
moebrivi potencialis amaRle-
baze. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos ro-
lis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT,
sainvesticio da progresuli
struqturuli politikis ga-
tarebiT, erovnuli mewarmeo-
bis stimulirebiT, saxelmwifos
mier ekonomikis sakvanZo sfe-
roebis marTviT, warmoebis mod-
ernizaciiTa da a.S., Zveli
ekonomikuri sistemis elemen-
tebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,
TandaTanobiTi, evoluciuri
gziT gardaqmna. `Cinuri gza~
`Sokuri Terapiisa~ da ̀ orTo-
doqsuli makrostabilizaciis~
anti podia. es modeli gaTv-
`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~
440
lilia erToblivi miwodebis
zrdasa da samamulo warmoeb-
is produqciis konkurentunar-
ianobis amaRlebaze.
CineTma imTaviTve uari Tqva
`Sokur Terapiaze~ da sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvla, saqarTve-
losgan da sxva postsabWouri
qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, daiw-
yo ara ukiduresi radikalizmi-
Ta da arsebuli materialur-----
teqnikuri bazis ganadgurebiT,
aramed aqcenti struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-
warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-
ciaze ciaze ciaze ciaze ciaze gadaitana. man wina plan-
ze daayena qveynis warmoebrivi
potencialis ganviTareba, pro-
gresuli struqturuli poli-
tikis gatareba, moqnili saga-
dasaxado meqanizmiT mewarmeo-
bis stimulireba, ekonomikis sak-
vanZo dargebsa da sferoebSi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxva-
dasxva formiT SenarCuneba da
a.S.
postsabWouri qveynebisgan
radikalurad gansxvavebuli
ekonomikuri politikis Sede-
gia is, rom dRes CineTi esoden
did aRmavlobas ganicdis. gan-
viTarebis Sedegebis mixedviT
suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-
xvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebulia `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu
gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-
bis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasa
dadadadada jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa-
mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-
rebisrebisrebisrebisrebis gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab-
WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.
Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo (daib. 1928) (Chi-kava Leo) - - - - - saqarTvelos mec-
nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis
wevr-----korespondenti (1997),
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-
tori (1968), profesori (1970),
saqarTvelos mecnierebis dam-
saxurebuli moRvawe (1986),
saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-
nierebaTa akademiis preziden-
ti (1994), niu-----iorkis mecniere-
baTa akademiis akademikosi, p.
guguSvilis saxelobis univer-
sitetis reqtori (1996), sa-
qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis sazogadoebriv
mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis de-
mografiis komisiis Tavmjdo-
mare (2011), Tsu reqtoris mrCe-
velTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris mo-
adgile (2011). daamTavra Tsu
ekonomikis fakulteti (1950).
iyo politikuri ekonomiis kaTe-
dris gamge, jer Tbilisis i.
WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-
Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiur in-
stitutSi (1969-----1974), xolo
Semdeg _ _ _ _ _ saqarTvelos poli-
teqnikur institutSi (1974-----
1983), saqarTvelos mecniere-
baTa erovnuli akademiis ekono-
mikisa da samarTlis institu-
tis direqtoris moadgile
samecniero muSaobis dargSi
(1983-----1990), saqarTvelos de-
Ciqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leo
441
mografiis socialur-----ekonomi-
kuri problemebis kvlevis cen-
tris direqtori (1990-----1991),
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-
nuli akademiis demografiisa
da sociologiuri kvlevis
institutis direqtori (1991-----
2006), saxelmwifo samsaxuris
marTvisa da mosamsaxureTa mo-
mzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kval-
ifikaciis amaRlebis centris
ufrosi (1999-----2007). umaRles
saswavleblebSi pedagogiur moR-
vaweobasTan erTad eweva mec-
nierul-kvleviT saqmianobas. igi,
rogorc saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetTan arsebuli sa-
qarTvelos sawarmoo Zalebisa
da bunebrivi resursebis Sems-
wavleli centris mTavari mec-
nier-TanamSromeli, ikvlevs
SromiTi resursebis formire-
bisa da gamoyenebis proble-
mebs regionul WrilSi.
l. Ciqava aris 180-----ze meti
samecniero naSromis avtori. ma-
Ti umravlesoba eZRvneba ekono-
mikuri Teoriis, saqarTvelos
socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tarebisa da demografiis aq-
tualur problemebs. ZiriTa-
di naSromebia: `saqarTvelos
kvebis mrewvelobis adgili da
roli Sromis saerTo-----sakavSiro
danawilebaSi.~ Tb., 1965; `sa-
qarTvelos kvebis mrewvelobis
teritoriuli specializaciisa
da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
sakiTxebi~ (rusul enaze), Tb.,
1968; ̀ aramaterialuri warmoe-
bis sferos politekonomiuri
aspeqtebi.~ Tb., 1987; `Sromis
mwarmoebluroba da misi amaR-
lebis gzebi~ (qarTul da ru-
sul enebze). Tb., 1986; ekono-
mikuri da demografiuli ter-
minologia (rusul-----qarTuli da
qarTul-----rusuli). Tb., 2001 (Ta-
naavtorobiT); `demografiuli
kategoriebi da kanonebi.~ Tb.,
2002; `inovaciuri ekonomika.~
Tb., 2006; ̀ ekonomikuri Teoriis
mokle kursi.~ damxmare saxel-
mZRvanelo. Tb., 1997 (pirveli
gamocema); Tb., 2006 (meore gamo-
cema). originalobiT gamoirCeva
misi bolo periodSi gamoqveyne-
buli monografiuli gamokv-
levebi: ̀ demologia da misi ka-
nonTa sistema~. Tb., 2008; ̀ da-
saqmeba da umuSevroba saqar-
TveloSi~. Tb., 2012.
l. Ciqavas iniciativiTa da
ZalisxmeviT mravali sain-
tereso RonisZieba tardeba i.
WavWavaZis saxelobis saqarTve-
los mwignobarTa asociaciaSi,
romlis ekonomikis seqciasac
TviT xelmZRvanelobs.
sxva saqmianoba: aris Sem-
degi Jurnalebis saredaqcio
kolegiis wevri: `sazogadoeba
da ekonomika~ (rusul enaze,
moskovi), ̀ ekonomika~, ̀ saqarTve-
Ciqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leo
442
los ekonomika~, `demografia~,
`ekonomisti~, ̀ axali ekonomis-
ti~, `finansebi, sabanko saqme,
investiciebi~, ̀ ekonomika da bi-
znesi~.
jildoebi: Rirsebis orde-
ni (1998), saerTaSoriso or-
deni saerTaSoriso biografi-
uli centridan (aSS, 2004).
amave centrma igi aRiara Tavi-
si mecnieruli SemoqmedebiT sa-
qarTvelos 2009 wlis gamor-
Ceul moRvawed; iv. javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis medali (1988),
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos si-
geli (2007).
Crdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomika
(shadow economy) – firmebisada Sinameurneobebis ekonomik-
uri saqmianobis is aralegaru-
li saxeobebi, romlebic Sinaar-
siT kanonieria, magram xelisu-
flebis saxelmwifo organoeb-
is mier aRuricxavia. Crdilo-
vani ekonomika faruli ekonomi-
kis nawilia. igi iqmneba: 1. Se-
mosavlebze gadasaxadebisgan
(dRg, mogebidan gadasaxadi da
a.S.) da socialur dazRvevaze
anaricxebisgan Tavis aridebis
mizniT; 2. sakanonmdeblo norme-
bisa da standartebis (mag.,
Sromisa da janmrTelobis usaf-
rTxoebis, minimaluri xelfa-
sis, maqsimaluri samuSao saaTe-
bisa da a.S.) dacvisgan Tavis
aridebis mizniT; 3. rigi adminis-
Crdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomika
traciuli procedurebis Seus-
ruleblobis gamo. Crdilovani
ekonomika arakanonier ekonomi-
kur saqmianobasTan (narkobizne-
si, brakonieroba, iaraRiT vaWro-
ba da a.S.) erTad Seadgens fa-
rul ekonomikas.
443centraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri banki
ccccccalmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari (one-----
sided (one-----way) market) - - - - - baza-ri, sadac mxolod myidvelis
kursis kotireba xdeba.
cedenti cedenti cedenti cedenti cedenti (cedent) [<laT.
cedere daTmoba) - - - - - kreditori,
romelic sxva pirs uTmobs
Tavis moTxovnis uflebas.
cenzi cenzi cenzi cenzi cenzi (property qualification)[laT. census] - - - - - 1. Zvel romSi
_ _ _ _ _ moqalaqeTa qonebis periodu-
li Sefaseba-----aRwera; 2. regu-
laruli fiqsirebuli Rala
feodalizmis periodSi dasav-
leT da centralur evropaSi;
3. statistikuri aRwera.
centneri centneri centneri centneri centneri (centner) [<laT.
centum asi] - - - - - 1. masis erTeuli,
romelic udris 100 kg-----s; 2.
masis erTeuli, romelic zo-
gierT qveyanaSi udris 100 gir-
vanqas; germaniaSi, daniaSi, un-
greTSi _ _ _ _ _ 50 kg-----s.
centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia (central-ization) - - - - - 1. raimes Tavmoyra erTadgilze, erTis xelSi, erT cen-
trSi; 2. centralizacia kapi-
talis _ _ _ _ _ kapitalis odenobis
gazrda ramdenime kapitalis
gaerTianebis safuZvelze.
centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi (centralism)- - - - - mmarTvelobis sistema, rom-
lis drosac qvemdgomi da adg-
ilobrivi organoebi eqvemde-
barebian centralur xelisu-
flebas, centrs.
centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki (cen-tral bank) - - - - - saxelmwifo dawese-
buleba, romelic Tavisi mone-
taruli instrumentebiT axor-
cielebs fuladi mimoqcevis,
finansuri bazrebisa da insti-
tutebis regulirebasa da kon-
trols. am mizniT igi iyenebs
rogorc arapirdapir instru-
mentebs (bankTaSorisi kredi-
tis ganakveTi, savaldebulo
rezervebis norma, fasiani qa-
Raldebis bazarze saxelmwifo
sagadasaxado valdebulebebis
gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli ope-
raciebi), ise pirdapir (mizno-
brivi dakrediteba, ̀ sakredito
Weri~, sargeblis ganakveTis do-
nisadmi pirdapiri kontroli)
instrumentebs.
bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-
nakveTiT fulad-sakredito re-
gulireba anu diskontis poli-
tika inflaciasTan brZolis
efeqtiani saSualebaa. saqme isaa,
rom bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-
nakveTi aris procenti im kred-
itze, romelsac aZlevs cen-
traluri banki yvela sxva banks.
Tuki qveyanaSi SeimCneva in-
flaciuri procesebis daCqareba,
centraluri banki maRla swevs
am ganakveTs, ris safuZvelzec
ecema fulze moTxovna da Se-
darebiT nela izrdeba mimoq-
444
cevaSi fuladi masa. marTalia,
igi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
warmoebis ganviTarebaze, magram
saxelmwifos moqnili sagada-
saxado politikiT SesaZlebe-
lia Tanmxlebi negatiuri efeq-
tebis daZleva.
savaldebulo rezervebis
norma komerciuli bankebis fu-
ladi Tanxaa, romlis sesxad
gacemis ufleba maT ara aqvT
da valdebulni arian TavianT
angariSze iqonion centralur
bankSi. es ukanaskneli ki situ-
aciis mixedviT moqmedebs: fu-
ladi masis zrdis Senelebis
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi amaR-
lebs savaldebulo rezerveb-
is normas da, piriqiT, roca
aris imis aucilebloba, rom
mimoqcevaSi gaizardos fulis
raodenoba, maSin centraluri
banki dabla wevs savaldebu-
lo rezervebis normas, riTac
SesaZleblobas aZlevs komer-
ciul bankebs TavianTi saxsre-
bis droebiT `gayinuli~ naw-
ili gadaaqcion kreditad.
centraluri banki Ria ba-
zarze awarmoebs operaciebs sa-
xelmwifo sagadasaxado valde-
bulebebiT, romlebic samTavro-
bo fasiani qaRaldebis erTob-
liobaa da maTi meSveobiT, ara-
pirdapiri gziT, xorcieldeba
zemoqmedeba fulad-sakredito
bazarze. es valdebulebebi sa-
xelmwifo valia mosaxleo-
bisadmi, romelic iyofa sabaz-
ro da arasabazro kategorie-
bad. sabazros miekuTvneba saxa-
zino Tamasuqi (sam da eqvsTvi-
ani, 91_dRiani da wliuri da-
farvis vadiT), saSualovadiani
saxazino Tamasuqi (erTidan 10
wlamde dafarvis vadiT) da
saxazino obligacia.
arasabazro fasiani qaRal-
debidan yvelaze gavrcelebu-
li formaa Semnaxveli obli-
gacia. garda amisa, mas miekuTvne-
ba agreTve samTavrobo angariSe-
bis seriebi, ucxouri samTavro-
bo seriebi, xelisuflebis adgi-
lobrivi organoebis seriebi da
sxv. am fasiani qaRaldebis yid-
va-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli
operaciebiT centraluri banki
zemoqmedebs mimoqcevaSi arse-
bul fulad masaze, mniSvnelov-
nad gansazRvravs fulad-sakre-
dito politikis elastikuro-
basa da funqcionirebis xasi-
aTs, operaciebs Ria bazarze
da savaldebulo rezervebis po-
litikas.
diskontis politikis mi-
zania sakredito instituteb-
is refinansirebis (Zveli gr-
Zelvadiani valis dafarva axa-
li grZelvadiani sesxiT) piro-
bebis cvlilebebiT gavlena
moaxdinos fulad-sakredito
bazarze. amasve emsaxureba op-
centraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri banki
445
eraciebi Ria bazarze, romlis
meqanizmi dafuZnebulia saxelm-
wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, sa-
banko aqceptebisa da sxva sak-
redito valdebulebebis yid-
va-gayidvaze.
civilizebul qveynebSi mon-
etaruli politikis saerTa-
Soriso standartebTan miax-
loebis dones mniSvnelovan-
wilad gansazRvravs fulad-
sakredito regulirebis pirda-
piri instrumentebidan ara-
pirdapir instrumentebze ga-
dasvlis xangrZlivoba. es uka-
naskneli gansxvavebulia qvey-
nebis mixedviT da meryeobs 1-
dan 5 wlamde, saSualod ki 3,7
welia.
cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji (va-riable cost) - - - - - danaxarji, rom-
lis sididec icvleba warmoe-
bis moculobis cvlilebis
proporciulad. e.i. es iseTi
danaxarjia, romelic mokleva-
dian periodSi SeiZleba gaizar-
dos an Semcirdes warmoebuli
produqciis matebis an klebis
proporciulad. cvalebad dana-
xarjebs miekuTvneba: nedleu-
lis, saTbobis, energiis, trans-
portis da a.S. danaxarjebi. rac
ufro meti produqcia iqmneba,
miT metia cvalebadi danaxarji.
cikli cikli cikli cikli cikli (cycle) - - - - - ekonomikuriaqtiurobis doneTa aRmavlo-
bisa da dacemis monacvleoba.
vlindeba ramdenime wlis gan-
mavlobaSi da moicavs oTx
fazas: piki, dacema, depresia da
gamococxleba.
cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-
plituda plituda plituda plituda plituda (amplitude) - - - - - termi-ni, romelic gamoiyeneba ekono-
mikuri ciklebis TeoriaSi neb-
ismieri ciklis maRal da da-
bal wertilebs Soris dis-
tanciis aRwerisaTvis. igi Sei-
Zleba iyos erTnairi, SeiZleba
mcirdebodes da maSin amboben,
rom ciklur meryeobas Sesus-
tebisken aqvs tendencia, an kidev,
SeiZleba izrdebodes maSin, ro-
desac cikluri meryeoba Zli-
erdeba.
cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba (cyc-lical unemployment) - - - - - mokleva-
diani umuSevroba, romelic war-
moiqmneba dabali erToblivi
moTxovnis Sedegad. es movle-
na aixsneba imiT, rom ekonomi-
kuri ciklis garkveul fazeb-
Si warmoiqmneba samuSao adgi-
lebis ukmarisoba muSakTa spe-
cialobisa da kvalifikaciis-
gan damoukideblad.
`cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ (“hot mo-ney”) - - - - - Tu qveyanaSi xelsayre-
li saprocento ganakveTia, xde-
ba fulis mozidva sazRvarga-
reTidan. mTavroba, rogorc wesi,
frTxilad moqmedebs `cxeli
fulis~ modinebiT sagadasaxde-
lo balansis gaumjobesebisa da
`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~
446
valutis kursis ganmtkicebis
SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan es Sei-
Zleba aRmoCndes Zalze mokl-
evadiani.
cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done (standardof life) - - - - - raodenobrivi maCve-
neblebis sistema, romelic
gamoxatavs sazogadoebis ganvi-
Tarebis mocemul etapze mo-
saxleobis erT sulze mate-
rialuri da sulieri dovla-
Tis moxmarebis donesa da am
dovlaTze moTxovnilebis dak-
mayofilebis xarisxs. cxovre-
bis donis amsaxveli maCveneb-
lebia: realuri Semosavlis mo-
culoba mosaxleobis erT sul-
ze; kvebis produqtebis, arasa-
sursaTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis
moculoba da struqtura; sa-
momxmareblo saqonlis faseb-
is done da dinamika; komu-
naluri da satransporto mom-
saxurebis tarifebi; ganaTle-
bis ganviTarebis done; samedi-
cino momsaxurebis xarisxi; sa-
binao pirobebi; samuSao dRis
xangrZlivoba; sicocxlis saSu-
alo xangrZlivoba da a.S.
cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-
qsi qsi qsi qsi qsi (living standat index) – inde-qsi, romelic axasiaTebs ro-
gorc mTlianad mosaxleobis,
ise misi calkeuli jgufebis
realuri Semosavlebis donis
cvlilebas. ganisazRvreba mo-
saxleobis rogorc fuladi Se-
mosavlebiT, ise samomxmareblo
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-
sebis cvlilebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT.
cxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (cost of living index) –indeqsi, romelic axasiaTebs
samomxmareblo saqonlis fase-
bisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis
cvlilebas saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis fiqsirebuli nakre-
bis mixedviT, romelic Sedis
mosaxleobis calkeuli ka-
tegoriis samomxmareblo kala-
TaSi.
cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-
bulebabulebabulebabulebabuleba (cost of living index) – sa-momxmareblo kalaTis saSualo
fasi.
cxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis done
447`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika
ZZZZZ`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-
kakakakaka (policy of expencive money) -----ekonomikuri politikis Semad-
geneli nawili, neoklasikur
Teoriaze dafuZnebuli makro-
stabilizaciis orTodoqsul
modelze agebuli politika,
romelic liberalur-----monetar-
istul principebs eyrdnoba. igi,
rogorc inflaciuri spiralis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika,
fulad-----sakredito politikis
gamkacrebaSi gamoixateba, iTva-
liswinebs fulis miwodebis
mkveTr SezRudvas, risi erT-----
erTi gzac, fulis emisiis Sez-
RudvasTan erTad, bankTaSori-
si sarezervo normis gadide-
baa. es ukanaskneli avtomatu-
rad amcirebs komerciuli ban-
kebis rezervebs, Sesabamisad,
fulad multiplikators.
`Zviri fulis~ politikam
saqarTveloSi, postvaSingtonis
konsensusis gadawyvetilebiT,
1995 wlis bolodan Secvala
`iafi fulis~ politika, romel-
sac didi wvlili miuZRvis
qveyanaSi hiperinflaciis war-
moqmnaSi.
`Zviri fulis~ politika
araefeqtiani aRmoCnda saqarTve-
losTvis. igi warmatebulia ma-
Sin, rodesac laparakia bazris
funqcionirebaze da ara imaze,
Tu rogor unda moxdes ba-
zris Camoyalibeba-----ganviTareba.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi cno-
bilia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom Teoria (da Sesabamisi po-
litikac), romelic orientire-
bulia qveynis wonasworobiT
mdgomareobaze, SeuZlebelia
qmediTunariani iyos da sarge-
bloba moutanos uwonasworo-
bis mdgomareobaSi myof qvey-
anas radikaluri ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis periodSi.
es aqsiomuri WeSmariteba
ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikur politika-
Si, mecnierulad dausabuTebe-
li ekonomikuri politikis pi-
robebSi ki ekonomikis konver-
siis rangSi ayvanili reforma
imTaviTve ganwiruli iyo marcx-
isaTvis da obieqturi Tu subi-
eqturi faqtorebiT gamowveu-
li mravali negatiuri movle-
nis mizezi gaxda. saqarTvelo-
Si transformaciuli dacema ga-
daizarda Rrma ekonomikur
krizisSi, romelmac TandaTan
sistemuri krizisis saxe miiRo.
fulis deficitis gziT
laris kursis SenarCuneba ara-
efeqtiani, uperspeqtivo poli-
tikaa. igi ganapirobebs ekono-
mikis struqturul deforma-
cias, dabal investiciur aqti-
urobas, ekonomikis monopoliza-
448
ciasa da kriminalizacias. ix.,
oficialuri monetarizmis do-
ne; fulis brunvis siCqare.
ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali (na-na-na-na-na-
turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-
SiSiSiSiSi) (capital goods) - - - - - Senoba-----nage-bobebi, manqanebi da mowyobi-
lobebi, satransporto saSuale-
bebi da a.S. mravaljer gamoye-
nebuli warmoebis procesSi.
ZiriTadi kapitali warmoebis
ramdenime ciklSi monawileobs,
gamoiyeneba 1 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi, cveTis kvaloba-
ze gadascems Tavis Rirebule-
bas mza produqcias da nawil-----
nawiladve anazRaurdeba.
ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-Ri-Ri-Ri-Ri-
rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-
SiSiSiSiSi) (capital stock) - - - - - sawarmos,
dargis, mTeli ekonomikis mas-
StabiT arsebuli Senobebis, man-
qana-----mowyobilobebis, satrans-
porto saSualebebis, sanaSeno,
sarZeo, muSa pirutyvisa da
mravalwliani nargavebis Se-
jamebuli Rirebuleba garkveu-
li TariRisaTvis (magaliTad,
2010 wlis 1 ivnisisaTvis).
ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
marebamarebamarebamarebamareba (consumption capital stock)- - - - - saangariSo periodSi Ziri-
Tadi kapitalis Rirebulebis
Semcireba misi fizikuri da
moraluri cveTis Sedegad.
ZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeli
(basic consumer, user) - - - - - momxma-
rebeli, romelic SeZenil sa-
qonelsa da gaweul momsaxure-
bas sakuTari, arakomerciuli
miznebisaTvis iyenebs.
ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...
449warmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertili
wwwwwwarmoeba warmoeba warmoeba warmoeba warmoeba (production) – war-
moebis faqtorebis saqonlad an
momsaxurebad gardaqmnis pro-
cesi.
warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-
TobebTobebTobebTobebTobebB (relations of production)- - - - - marqsistuli kategoria, ga-
moyenebuli adamianebs Soris
warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa
da moxmarebis procesSi war-
moqmnili urTierTobebis gan-
sazRvrisaTvis. warmoebiTi urT-
ierTobebi, ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan gansxvavebiT,
eyrdnoba sakuTrebiTi urTier-
Tobis erT gabatonebul for-
mas, rac gansazRvravs klaseb-
is mdgomareobas warmoebaSi, maT
urTierTdamokidebulebasa da
produqtebis ganawilebis for-
mebs. aseTi Sinaarsis matare-
beli urTierTobebi arsebobda
sabazro ekonomikis, rogorc
ekonomikuri sistemis, Camoyali-
bebamde, sazogadoebis ganviTare-
bis nebismier sxva etapze, maT
Soris, mbrZaneblur-----adminis-
traciuli sistemis anu saxel-
mwifo-----monopolisturi social-
izmis drosac. sabazro ekonomi-
ka ki Teoriulad (kanonmdeblo-
biTac) gamoricxavs sakuTre-
bis erTi romelime formis gaba-
tonebul mdgomareobas. igi ey-
rdnoba sakuTrebis pluralizms,
amitomac sabazro sistemaSi
aRar arsebobs klasebi da eko-
nomikuri urTierTobac gansx-
vavebuli Sinaarsis kategoriaa.
rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-
erToberToberToberToberTobiiiiis terminiss terminiss terminiss terminiss terminis gamo gamo gamo gamo gamoyenebasyenebasyenebasyenebasyenebas
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-
lenebisalenebisalenebisalenebisalenebisa da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle-
vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-
dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. am-
itomacaa, rom dasavlur eko-
nomikur literaturaSi igi ar
ixmareba.
warmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebis
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (the theory of produc-tion cost) - - - - - warmomadgenlebi (d.
mak-----kuloxi da sxv.) faswar-
moqmnas safuZvlad udeben ara
saqonlis warmoebaze daxarju-
li sazogadoebrivi Sromis ra-
odenobas, aramed mis mxolod im
nawils, rac gaiRo uSualod
mewarmem, e.i. saqonlis warmoe-
bis danaxarjebs. es Teoria ga-
moricxavs Rirebulebis im naw-
ils, romelic Seadgens mogebas.
warmoebis danaxarjebis Te-----
oriaSi pozitiuria Rirebuleb-
is gansazRvra obieqturi faq-
torebiT _ _ _ _ _ warmoebis danaxar-
jebiT, magram naklia is, rom
igi Rirebulebis gansazRvraSi
mogebis ignorirebas axdens.
warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-
lesilesilesilesilesi wertili wertili wertili wertili wertili (lowest turningpoint) - - - - - ekonomikis mdgomareoba,
450
romelic xasiaTdeba warmoebi-
sa da ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
maqsimaluri SemcirebiT da rom-
lis Semdegac iwyeba aRmavloba.
warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-
cia cia cia cia cia (diversification of production)- - - - - mravali warmoebis erTmaneT-
Tan naklebad dakavSirebuli saxe-
ebis erTdrouli ganviTareba.
warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-
cia cia cia cia cia (specialization of production)- - - - - Sromis sazogadoebrivi dana-
wilebisa da misi racionaluri
organizaciis forma. gamoxatavs
calkeuli produqciisa da misi
calkeuli nawilebis warmoebis
Tavmoyris process specialize-
bul sawarmoebsa da dargebSi.
warmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebi
(factors of production) - - - - - warmoe-bis procesSi gamoyenebuli
resursebi; ZiriTadad moicavs
Sromas, kapitalsa da miwas,
amasTan, masSi, savsebiT sa-
marTlianad, Sedis samewarmeo
unari, codna da saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri roli.
warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-
zrebiszrebiszrebiszrebiszrebis gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba (openessin factor productions) - - - - - alter-
nativa, SesaZlebloba rogorc
firmebisTvis, ise samuSao Zali-
saTvis. warmoebis faqtorTa
bazrebis gaxsniloba firmebs
aZlevs SesaZleblobas airCion
Tu sad moaxdinon warmoebis
ganlageba, xolo samuSao Zalas
aZlevs migraciisa da samuSaos
arCevis SesaZleblobas.
warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi (mode of pro-duction) – sazogadoebis ekono-mikuri safuZvlis amsaxveli
marqsistuli termini, romel-
ic udides gavlenas axdens
socialur institutebze. war-
moadgens mizez-Sedegobriv kav-
SirurTierTobaSi myofi sawar-
moo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi
urTierTobebis erTobliobas.
warmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqcia
(production function) - - - - - funqcia,romelic gamoxatavs damokide-
bulebas produqciis gamoSveb-
is moculobasa da warmoebaSi
dabandebuli Sromisa da kapi-
talis raodenobas Soris.
wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi (nettaxes) - - - - - sxvaoba gadasaxadebisakrefiT miRebul samTavrobo
Semosavlebsa da samTavrobo
transferul gadasaxdelebs
Soris.
wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-
li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba (net presentvalue) - - - - - Tanxa, romelic miiRe-
ba mosalodneli sainvesticio
xarjebis diskontirebuli
Rirebulebis gamoqviTviT mos-
alodneli Semosavlebis dis-
kontirebuli Rirebulebidan.
wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-
azogi azogi azogi azogi azogi (net national savings) -----gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba
mTlian erovnul danazogsa da
warmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikaciaciaciaciacia
451
ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmare-
bas Soris.
wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-
duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (net national product) -----makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli,
romelic gamoiTvleba, rogorc
sxvaoba VTG-----sa da saamortiza-
cio anaricxebis Sejamebul si-
dides Soris.
wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-
savali savali savali savali savali (net national income) -----mTlian erovnul produqts
gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-
talis moxmareba.
wmindawmindawmindawmindawminda eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti (net ex-port) - - - - - sxvaoba eqsportisa daimportis Rirebulebebs Soris.
wminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investicia (netinvestment) - - - - - investicia amor-tizaciis gamoklebiT.
wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso (net encash-ment) - - - - - safinanso dokumente-
bis inkaso, romelsac ar axlavs
komerciuli dokumentebi.
wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia (purecompetition) - - - - - igivea, rac srul-
yofili konkurencia.
wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-
xarjixarjixarjixarjixarji (pure cost of curculation) -----uSualod saqonlis yidva-----gayid-
vasTan dakavSirebuli danaxar-
ji.
wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba (net profit) -----Tanxa, romelic rCeba firmis er-
Toblivi Semosavlidan aSkara
da faruli (implicituri) dan-
axarjebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg.
wminda mogeba udris buRal-
trul mogebas minus implici-
turi danaxarjebi.
wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti (net pro-duct) - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvenebe-
li, romelic gamoxatavs sawar-
moo saqmianobis Sedegebs. ga-
iangariSeba, rogorc sxvaoba
mTlian erovnul produqtsa da
ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTis
anazRaurebis xarjebs (amor-
tizacias) Soris.
wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali (netincome) – angariSgebis period-Si miRebuli aminagebis metoba
am amonagebis misaRebad gaweul
xarjebze. wminda Semosavalia
sxvaoba daubegravi mogebis Tan-
xasa da mogebis gadasaxadTan
dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris.
wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi (equi-librium price) - - - - - warmoebisa da
realizaciis optimaluri moc-
ulobis, moTxovnisa da miwode-
bis tolobis gamomxatveli fa-
si. fasi, romlis drosac baza-
ri imyofeba wonasworobaSi. ase-
Ti fasi uzrunvelyofs bazris
Seuferxebel funqcionirebas.
wonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasi
452 Warbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodeba
WWWWWWarbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba (excess
supply) - - - - - situacia bazarze, ro-desac miwodeba aRemateba moTx-
ovnas. warmoiqmneba iseT SemTx-
vevaSi, roca sabazro fasi wo-
nasworobis fasze maRla ai-
wevs. es stimuls aZlevs mwar-
moeblebs, gazardon X saqonlis
warmoeba. garkveul wertilSi
warmoebuli iqneba imaze meti,
vidre momxmareblebs surT SeiZ-
inon. bazari zedmetad gajere-
buli aRmoCndeba X saqonliT.
warmoiqmneba Warbi miwodeba, rac
gamoiwvevs fasis Semcirebas.
Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna (excess de-mand) - - - - - situacia bazarze, ro-desac moTxovna aRemateba mi-
wodebas. warmoiqmneba iseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca sabazro fasi
wonasworobis fasze dabla
daiwevs. momxmareblebs gauCn-
debaT survili, iyidon imaze
meti X saqoneli, vidre mwar-
moeblebs surT awarmoon. war-
moiSoba Warbi moTxovna, rac
gamoiwvevs fasis gazrdas.
Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi (excessreserves) - - - - - sabanko rezervebi,
Tanxa, romliTac bankis faqtob-
rivi rezervebi aRemateba mis
savaldebulo rezervebs. igi
aris faqtobriv rezervebs mi-
nus savaldebulo rezervebi.
Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-
rrrrrTi Ti Ti Ti Ti (excess burden of a tax) -----wminda sargeblobis danakargi
sazogadoebisaTvis saqonlis
warmoebisa da moxmarebis do-
nis optimalurze dabla dace-
mis Sedegad, rac gamowveulia
gadasaxadebis SemoRebiT.
Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-
uriuriuriuriuri erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli (point-year of ex-cess unemployment) – umuSevro-bis faqtobriv da bunebriv do-
neebs Soris sxvaoba 1 procen-
tuli punqtiT erTi wlisaTvis.
mag., Tu umuSevrobis bunebrivi
done 6%_ia, xolo faqtobrivi
done _ 8%, maSin 4 wlisaTvis
umuSevrobis done Seesabameba
Warbi umuSevrobis 4x(8_6)=8wliur erTeuls.
Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba (overproduc-tion) - - - - - ekonomikuri viTareba, ro-desac arsebuli fasebis piro-
bebSi saqonlis miwodeba aRema-
teba masze moTxovnas.
453xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis analizianalizianalizianalizianalizi
xxxxxxazina xazina xazina xazina xazina (treasury) - - - - - finansTa
saministrosTan arsebuli da
mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali
specialuri saxelmwifo fin-
ansuri organo, romelic gana-
gebs biujetis sakaso (sala-
ro) Sesrulebas. xazina agreTve
uSvebs saxazino bileTebs, or-
ganizebas uwevs gadasaxadebis,
mosakreblebis akrefas.
xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi (trea-sury bill) - - - - - samTavrobo sabazrofasiani qaRaldi sam- da eqvs-
Tviani, 91-----dRiani da wliuri
dafarvis vadiT.
xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-
bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli (durable goods)- - - - - saqoneli, romelsac momx-
marebeli iyenebs xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi (aranakleb
erTi wlisa); Cveulebriv iyo-
fa warmoebrivi daniSnulebis
xangrZlivi sargeblobis saqon-
lad (manqanebi, mowyobilobebi
da a.S.) da samomxmareblo
daniSnulebis xangrZlivi sarge-
blobis saqonlad (avtomobile-
bi, macivrebi, sayofacxovrebo
teqnika da a.S.).
`xari~ `xari~ `xari~ `xari~ `xari~ (`bull~) _ _ _ _ _ birJis
makleri, romelic valutisa da
fasiani qaRaldebis kursis am-
aRlebaze TamaSobs. igi Sei-
Zens, vTqvaT, aqciebs da elode-
ba maTi kursis zrdas, raTa
Semdeg gayidos da sakurso
sxvaobidan mogeba miiRos.
`xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari (`bullmarket~) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis
bazari, romelic xasiaTdeba fa-
sebis zrdiT.
xarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikati
(quality certificate) - - - - - saqonlis xa-
risxisa da standartebTan misi
Sesabamisobis damadasturebeli
oficialuri dokumenti. gas-
cemen standartizaciis saerTa-
Soriso organizaciis mier akre-
ditebuli damoukidebeli or-
ganizaciebi. gamoiyeneba saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikur urTier-
TobebSi.
xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia (costpush inflation) - - - - - fasebis saerTodonis myari zrda, gamowveuli
xarjebis warmoebisagan damo-
ukidebeli zrdiT. amas SeiZleba
adgili hqondes im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu daqiravebuli persona-
li wamoayenebs moTxovnas re-
aluri xelfasis gazrdis Se-
saxeb, an importul saqonelze
fasebi moimatebs.
xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis
analizi analizi analizi analizi analizi (cost-----benefit analysis) _____saxelmwifo seqtorSi sainves-
ticio proeqtebis Sefasebis
sistema, romlis gamoyenebac Se-
saZlebelia kerZo seqtorSi
proeqtebis SefasebisTvis. igi,
pirdapiri finansuri Sedareb-
454
isagan gansxvavebiT, yovelgvar
xarjsa da Sedegs ganixilavs.
Sedegi am SemTxvevaSi sarge-
blianobis danamatia, xolo xar-
ji _ _ _ _ _ sargeblianobis Semcire-
ba, gazomili gansaxilveli pro-
eqtis alternatiuli Rire-
bulebiT. praqtikaSi mravali
Sedegis (rogorc dadebiTis, ise
uaryofiTis) gazomva ar Sei-
Zleba fuladi formiT (magal-
iTad, bunebrivi landSaftebis
ganadgureba, sazogadoebrivi kav-
Sirebis moSla da a.S.), maSin
rodesac xarjebi SeiZleba gai-
zomos fuladi formiT, proeq-
tis faqtobrivi RirebulebiT.
xarjTaxarjTaxarjTaxarjTaxarjTaRRRRRricxva ricxva ricxva ricxva ricxva (costs es-timate) - - - - - sawarmoebisa da orga-nizaciebis fuladi saxsrebis
Semosaval-----gasavlis (danaxar-
jebis) gegma, romelic dayo-
filia calkeul elementebad
da muxlebad.
`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti (entrap-ment effect) – hipoTeza, romlis
mixedviT Sromis bazari iyofa
pirvelad da meorad bazrebad.
pirveladi seqtori xasiaTde-
ba maRali anazRaurebiT, zrdis
perspeqtivebiT, usafrTxoebiTa
da damatebiTi sargeblobiT,
maSin rodesac meoradi seq-
torisTvis niSandoblivia nak-
lebanazRaurebadi samuSao adg-
ilebi, arastabiluri samuSao,
arasruli dasaqmeba da, rogorc
wesi, naklebad mimzidveli. me-
oradi seqtoridan pirvelad se-
qtorSi gadasvlas aferxebs
ara imdenad adamianiseuli kap-
italisa da maRali kvalifi-
kaciis mqone muSakTa doneSi
gansxvaveba, ramdenadac insti-
tuciuri barierebi diskrimi-
naciis formiT.
hipoTeza mdgomareobs ima-
Si, rom meoreuli Sromis baz-
ris pirobebi warmoadgens muSa-
kebis mier cudi Sromis Cveve-
bis SeZenis mTavar mizezs. ̀ cu-
di~ samuSaos mqone muSakebi
xdebian ̀ cudi~ muSakebi. es mov-
lena ukukavSiris didi siste-
mis mxolod erTi aspeqtia.
masze gavlenas axdens rigi so-
cialur-ekonomikuri faqtore-
bisa, maT Soris, ojaxuri mdgo-
mareobac. saboloo angariSiT,
yalibdeba `xafangis~ efeqti,
romelic gamomdinareobs siRa-
ribis kulturis hipoTezidan
(culture of poverty hypothesis).am SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo
politika unda iTvaliswineb-
des `kargi~ samuSao adgilebis
Seqmnas kanonmdeblobiT akrZa-
luli diskriminaciis nacvlad.
gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvT
neoklasikosebs, romelTa azriT,
Sromis meoreuli bazris ase-
Ti mdgomareoba aris investicie-
bis naklebobis gamoxatuleba
adamianiseul kapitalSi. Tum-
xarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxva
455
ca investiciebis dabali done
adamianiseul kapitalSi logi-
kuri pasuxia dabali Semosav-
lisa investiciebidan, romel-
sac muSakebi Rebuloben dis-
kriminaciis Sedegad da Ziri-
Tadad ganpirobebulia endoge-
nuri faqtorebiT.
xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi (wage, salary) - - - - - Sro-mis fasi, fuladi anazRaureba
SromisaTvis. xelfasis sidide
wesdeba kontraqtis Sesabami-
sad, tarifebis ganakveTis mixed-
viT da Tanamdebobrivi sargos
saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba iyos
kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri
xelfasis doneze dabla. xel-
fasis zeda zRvari SeuzRudavia.
xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria (wagetheory) - - - - - Sromis neoklasikuri
Teoria, romelic dResac rCeba
xelfasis analizis dominire-
bul mecnierul paradigmad.
amasTan, neoklasikuri Teoriis
es upiratesoba ar iyo mud-
mivi da mas win uZRvoda Sro-
mis klasikuri Teoriis do-
minireba. klasikuri skolis
warmomadgenlebs mtkiced swam-
daT, rom xelfass axasiaTebs
tendencia, misi bunebrivi do-
nis an saarsebo minimumis do-
nis irgvliv meryeobisa. maT
mTavar interess warmoadgenda
xelfasis saerTo donisa da
mosaxleobis zrdis kvaloba-
ze erovnul produqtSi Sro-
mis wilis cvlilebis axsna.
TandaTanobiT xelfasis Teori-
isadmi midgoma Seicvala. XIXsaukunis meore naxevarSi kla-
sikuri Teoriis warmomadgenel-
Ta poziciebis mimarT damok-
idebulebam cvlileba ganica-
da ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli,
marqsistuli Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebam radikalurad Secvala
damokidebuleba klasikuri an-
alizis mimarT. amasTan, marq-
sistuli Teoriidan gamomdinare,
rom kapitalizmis dros xel-
fasis ganakveTs aqvs tenden-
cia saarsebo minimumTan miax-
loebisa, praqtikulad emTxve-
va klasikuri Teoriis warmo-
madgenelTa daskvnebs; meore,
dadga marJinalisturi rev-
oluciis periodi. maSin rode-
sac klasikuri skola warmoe-
bis danaxarjebs ganixilavda
fasis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad,
marJinalistebma fasis ganm-
sazRvrel faqtorad pirvelebma
aRiares zRvruli sargebliano-
ba. maTi azriT, Sromis anazRau-
reba unda ganisazRvros samu-
Sao Zalaze meoreuli warmoe-
buli moTxovniT, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, Sromis zRvrul produq-
tzea damokidebuli. aqedan ga-
momdinare, muSakis Sromis anaz-
Raureba unda ganxorcieldes
ara xelfasis fondidan, aramed
im saqonlis realizaciiT miRe-
xelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoria
456
buli amonagebidan, romlis Se-
qmnaSic es muSaki monawileobs.
Tu klasikuri Teoria Tavisi
yuradRebis koncentracias ax-
denda xelfasis saerTo done-
ze, neoklasikurma Teoriam wina
planze wamoswia mikroekono-
mikuri faqtorebi.
neoklasikosTa Semdgom ga-
mokvlevebSi, gansakuTrebiT a.
marSalis naSromebSi, naCvenebia,
rom xelfasi aris moTxovnisa
da miwodebis urTierTqmedebis
Sedegi.
xelfasis neoklasikuri Te-
oria, mniSvnelovani modifikaci-
iT, dResac rCeba mTavar orien-
tirad xelfasis ganmsazRvre-
li faqtorebis analizisas, Tum-
ca, igi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
eWvqveS daayena ̀ keinzianurma re-
voluciam~. keinzi xazs usvam-
da xelfasis araelastikuro-
bas Sromis Warbi miwodebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tumca, amis mizezi na-
klebad iyo dasabuTebuli. ami-
tom xelfasis keinzianurma Te-
oriam ver daCrdila neoklasi-
kuri Teoria, magram xeli Seu-
wyo xelfasis instituciuri
Teoriis ganviTarebas. es uka-
naskneli aqcents akeTebs so-----
ciologiur, politikur da in-
stituciur faqtorebze da
srulad gamoricxavs ekonomi-
kur faqtorebs.
instituciurma ekonomikur-
ma Teoriam romelic farTod
gavrcelda 1890-----1930 wlebSi,
xelfasis donis ganmsazRvre-
li faqtorebis analizis sfe-
roSi Tavisi sityva Tqva 1940-----
1950-----ian wlebSi. am Teoriis
momxreebi skeptikurad uyu-
rebdnen xelfasis neoklasikur
Teorias, Tumca, maT ver Seq-
mnes xelfasis erTiani Teoria.
amasTan, imdenad didi iyo ins-
titucionalistTa gavlena, rom
Sromis ekonomika am periodSi
didxans iyo mowyvetili ekono-
mikuri mecnierebis ganviTareb-
is ZiriTadi mimarTulebisagan.
XX saukunis 70-----ian wlebis
meore naxevridan neoklasikuri
Teoriis aRorZinebis kvaloba-
ze mwvane Suqi mieca xelfa-
sis Teoriis neoklasikur mo-
dels.
xelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsacia (wa-ge indexation) – fasebis zrdissapasuxod xelfasebis avtoma-
turi gazrda.
xelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spirali
(wage-price spiral) – xelfasis
zrdasa da fasebis zrdas Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebis ga-
momxatveli spirali: xelfase-
bis zrda ganapirobebs fasebis
zrdas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iw-
vevs xelfasebis Semdgom zrdas.
xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti (la-bour standard) – britaneli ekono-
mistis, ekonomikis dargSi (k.
xelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsacia
457
erousTan erTad) nobelis pre-
miis laureatis (1972) j. hik-
sis mier SemoRebuli termini,
romelic ganxilulia mis naS-
romSi _ `xelfasis Teoria~
(1932) da ukavSirdeba xelfa-
sis (da, maSasadame fasebis) gan-
sazRvris wess.
hiksis azriT, Sexeduleba
imis Sesaxeb, rom xelfasi (aseve
inflacia), ganisazRvreba moTx-
ovnisa da miwodebis urTierT-
moqmedebiT, ar aris marTebu-
li. xelfasi, pirvel yovlisa,
ekonomikuri da socialuri faq-
torebis, Zalebis urTierTmo-
qmedebis Sedegia, xolo xel-
fasis done gansazRvravs mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi ma-
sis odenobas.
xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba (agreement,contract) - - - - - kontraqti, SeTanxmebaor an met pirs Soris, romel-
ic iTvaliswinebs uflebaTa da
movaleobaTa dadgenas, Secvlas
an Sewyvetas.
xelSekruleba moicavs: mis
monawileTa monacemebs, mxare-
Ta valdebulebebs, garigebis sa-
gans, SeTanxmebis pirobebs, pa-
suxismgeblobis formebs, xel-
Sekrulebis vadis gagrZelebis
an gauqmebis pirobebs, mxareTa
iuridiul misamarTebs. xelSek-
ruleba mowmdeba mis monawi-
leTa sruluflebiani warmo-
madgenlebis xelis moweriT da
xelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitali
beWdiT (iuridiuli piris Sem-
TxvevaSi).
arsebobs xelSekrulebis
mravali saxeoba. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia: generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-
SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelsac aqvs uni-
versaluri xasiaTi da warmoad-
gens organizaciebs Soris same-
urneo xelSekrulebis saxesx-
vaobas; korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-
SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelic warmoad-
gens bankebs Soris SeTanxmebas,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis
farglebs gareT; SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-
SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba _ xelSekruleba
damqiraveblebsa da daqirave-
bulebs Soris sameurneo xasi-
aTis, pirobebisa da anazRaure-
bis Sesaxeb; saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-
SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelic ideba, mag.,
nawarmoebis avtorsa da am na-
warmoebis gamomcemels Soris,
an kidev, gamogonebis avtorsa
da mis samarTalmemkvidreebs So-
ris da a.S.
xelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitali
(reserve funds) - - - - - firmis savaWromarkis Rirseba, reputacia, pres-
tiJi, myari klientura, privi-
legiebi da sxv.
458 jarimajarimajarimajarimajarima
jjjjjjarima jarima jarima jarima jarima (fine, penalty) - - - - - ga-
dasaxdeli, romelsac ixdian fi-
zikuri da iuridiuli pirebi
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, dade-
buli xelSekrulebis an dadge-
nili wesebis darRvevisaTvis.
jarimis gadaxda ar aTavisuf-
lebs gadamxdels nakisri valde-
bulebebis Sesrulebisgan.
jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam (1835_1882)
(Jevons W. Stanley) – cnobili
ingliseli ekonomisti, marJi-
nalizmis TvalsaCino warmomad-
geneli. valrassa da mengerTan
erTad, didi wvlili miuZRvis
zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-
riisa da, saerTod, politikuri
ekonomiis ganviTarebaSi. misma
Sromebma mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula ekonometrikis sfer-
oSi.
jevonsis naSromebidan aR-
saniSnavia: `mokle SeniSvna
politikuri ekonomiis zogadi
maTematikuri Teoriis Sesax-
eb~ (1862), pamfleti _ ̀ oqros
Rirebulebis mkveTri dacema~
(1863), ̀ kiTxvari, romelic eris
progressa da Cveni qvanaxSiris
sabadoebis SesaZlo amolevas
exeba~, ̀ politikuri ekonomiis
Teoria~ (1871), `mecnierebis
principebi~ (1874). cnobilia
agreTve 1972_1981 wlebSi
gamocemuli jevonsis statie-
bisa da korespondenciebis Svid-
tomeuli.
jevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqebis~bis~bis~bis~bis~
Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (Jevons “sun spots” the-ory) - - - - - ingliselma ekonomistma
jevonsma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ekonomikuri ciklebis
TeoriaSi Tavisi `mzis laqeb-
is~ TeoriiT: mzeze laqebi gav-
lenas axdens amindze, romelic,
aisaxeba mosavalze, razec, Tavis
mxriv, damokidebulia ekonomikis
zogadi mdgomareoba.
jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti (GiniCoefficient) - - - - - Semosavlebis ga-
nawilebaSi uTanabrobis xaris-
xis agregirebuli raodenobrivi
maCvenebeli. gamoiTvleba:
]...32[21
1 3212 nnyyyyynn
G ^
sadac y1, y2, ..., yn individualuri
Semosavlebia klebadi saxiT, y -----
saSualo Semosavali, n - - - - - indi-videbis ricxovnoba.
jinis koeficienti miiReba
lorencis mrudisgan da war-
moadgens am mrudsa da absolu-
turi Tanasworobis xazs Soris
farTobis Sefardebas absolu-----
turi Tanasworobis xazis qveS
arsebul mTlian farTobTan. ji-----
nis koeficients aqvs nulis
toli minimaluri mniSvneloba
(absoluturi Tanasworoba) da
erTis toli maqsimaluri mniS-
459
vneloba (absoluturi uTanas-
woroba). rac ufro maRalia
koeficienti, miT ufro metia
uTanasworoba Semosavlebis
ganawilebaSi. rac ufro daba-
lia koeficienti, miT ufro
Tanabaria Semosavlebis ganawi-
leba.
joberi joberi joberi joberi joberi (jobber) - - - - - firma, ro-melic Seisyidis saqonlis did
partiebs swrafad gasayidad.
joberijoberijoberijoberijoberi
460
hhhhhhaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgust
Aon on on on on (1919-----1992) (Hayek FriedrichA. von) - - - - - daibada da ganaTleba
miiRo venaSi, xelmZRvanelobda
kaTedrebs londonis ekonomi-
kur skolaSi, Cikagos, fraibur-
gisa da zalcburgis universi-
tetebSi. 1974 wels g. miur-
dalTan erTad, mieniWa ekono-
mikis dargSi nobelis premia.
ekuTvnis fuZemdebluri na-----
Sromebi fulisa da ekonomi-----
kuri ryevis TeoriebSi: `fase-----
bi da warmoeba~ (1931), ̀ gza mo-----
nobisaken~ (1944), ̀ Tavisufleb-
is konstitucia~ (1960), ̀ sti-----
uart mili da herieT teilori~
(1951) da a.S.
hairingi hairingi hairingi hairingi hairingi (hiring) - - - - - manqana-----danadgarebis saSualovadiani
arenda arendatorze sakuTre-
bis uflebis gadacemis gareSe.
arendis vada 1-----3 welia.
harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs (1900-----1978) (Harrod Roy F.) - - - - - inglise-
li ekonomisti, neokeinzianelo-
bis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-
li. oqsfordis universitetis
damTavrebis Semdeg iqve kiTxu-
lobda leqciebis kurss saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikaSi. iyo ̀ eko-
nomikuri Jurnalis~ gamomce-
meli 1945-----1961 wlebSi. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ekonomi-
kuri dinamikis TeoriisaTvis~
(1948), `jon meinard keinzis
cxovreba~ (1951), ̀ politika in-
flaciis winaaRmdeg~ (1958),
`ekonomikuri dinamika~ (1973)
da a.S.
harodma mniSvnelovani wv-
lili Seitana konkurenciisa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teorie-
bSi. amasTan, udidesi damsax-
ureba miuZRvis ekonomikuri di-
namikisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ek-----
onomikuri zrdis tempebis prob-
lemaTa kvlevaSi. XX saukunis40-----ian wlebSi man Seqmna eko-
nomikuri zrdis wonasworobis
modeli, romelic misgan damou-
kideblad domarmac Camoayal-
iba da ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-
riaSi cnobilia harod-----domar-
is ekonomikuri zrdis mode-
lis saxelwodebiT. harodis
ekonomikuri zrdis koncefciam
safuZveli daudo grZelvadi-
an periodSi myari ganviTare-
bis tempebis SenarCunebis Sesa-
Zleblobas.
hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki (house-hold block) - - - - - Sinameurneoba, ro-melic, erTi mxriv, biznesi-
saTvis resursebis mimwodebel-
Ta meqanikuri gaerTianebaa, me-
ore mxriv ki _ _ _ _ _ mwarmoebelTa
erToblioba, warmodgenili sa-
zogadoebis saxiT.
hedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefaseba (he-donic pricing) – midgoma, rome-
haieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fon
461hejirebahejirebahejirebahejirebahejireba
lic saqonels ganixilavs ro-
gorc sxvadasxva maxasiaTebel-
Ta (mag., personaluri kompiu-
teris SemTxvevaSi: procesoris
sixSire, mexsiereba, internetiT
xelmisawvdomoba, fasi da a.S.)
nakrebs, erTobliobas.
heilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robert
(1916-2005) (Heilbroner Robert) -----amerikeli ekonomisti, neoin-
stitucionalizmis TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli. sabazro eko-
nomikas miiCnevs Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis axal
stadiad, romelic emyareba Tvi-
sebrivad axal teqnologiebs.
misi azriT, es ukanaskneli ga-
napirobebs mTavar socialur-----
ekonomikur gardaqmnebs sazoga-
doebaSi da safuZvlad udevs
kapitalizmis transformacias.
heilbroneri sazogadoebis eli-
tarul nawils miakuTvnebs mec-
nierul-----teqnikur inteligen-
cias, akademiuri wris warmo-
madgenlebs, agreTve saxelmwifo
administracias, romlis zrdas
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seq-
toris zrda ganapirobebs. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ameriku-
li kapitalizmis problemebi~
(1966); `kapitalizmsa da so-
cializms Soris~ (1970) da a.S.
hendi hendi hendi hendi hendi (hand) [<ingl. handxelisguli] - - - - - sigrZis erTeu-li sazomTa inglisur siste-
maSi: 1 h tolia 4 duimis an
10,16 sm-----is.
heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-
lililililizaciazaciazaciazaciazacia (heterodox stabilization)- - - - - makroekonomikuri stabiliza-
ciis modeli, romelic neolib-
eraluri da neokeinzianuri
Teoriebis ZiriTadi postula-
tebis meqanikuri SeerTebis ga-
moxatulebaa. igi, xelfasebisa
da fasebis `gayinviT~, iZleva
swraf antiinflaciur efeqts,
magram iwvevs fasebis deforma-
cias, axSobs warmoebis ganviTa-
rebis stimulebs, warmoqmnis sa-
saqonlo deficitsa da a.S., ri-
Tac xels uSlis sabazro urTi-
erTobebisa da Sesabamisi insti-
tutebis ganviTarebas.
heqtari heqtari heqtari heqtari heqtari (hectare) [<berZn.hekaton asi+ari] - - - - - miwis far-Tobis sazomi erTeuli zomis
metrul sistemaSi, udris
10000 m22222-----s anu 100 ars.
hejireba hejireba hejireba hejireba hejireba (hedging) - - - - - bir-Jis erT-----erTi funqcia, romel-
ic gulisxmobs fasebis Sesa-
Zlebel araxelsayrel meryeo-
basTan dakavSirebuli riskis
dazRvevas; myidvelis an gamy-
idvelis qceva momavalSi fase-
bis zrdisgan Tavisi Semosav-
lis dacvis mizniT. mag., Tu
arsebobs gaurkvevloba moma-
valSi mwarmoeblisTvis saWiro
sanedleule saqonelze faseb-
is Sesaxeb, maSin igi yidulobs
forvardul kontraqts, rome-
462
lic warmoadgens garigebas
daTqmul fasSi saqonlis an
fasiani qaRaldebis momavalSi
gansazRvrul droSi yidva-----ga-
yidvis Sesaxeb.
hejireba farTodaa gavr-
celebuli valutis bazarze,
sadac igi gamoiyeneba valut-
is kursebis meryeobisgan daz-
Rvevis mizniT.
hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard (1904_1989)
(Hiks John Richard) – bitaneli
ekonomisti, moRvaweobda ekono-
mikis londonis skolaSi, kembri-
jis, manCesterisa da oqsfor-
dis universitetebSi. 1972 wels,
kenet erousTan erTad, gaxda
nobelis premiis laureati. di-
di Rvawli miuZRvis keTildRe-
obis ekonomikuri Teoriis prob-
lemebis kvlevaSi. nobelis ko-
mitetma gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
misi naSromi `faseuloba da
kapitali~ (1939), romliTac
avtorma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana sayovelTao wonasworo-
bis TeoriaSi, kerZod, gare Soke-
bis zemoqmedebiT sayovelTao
wonasworobis mdgradi siste-
mis problemebis analizSi.
hiksis naSromebidan agreTve
aRsaniSnavia: `xelfasis Teor-
ia~ (1932), `mister keinzi da
klasikosebi~ (1937), ̀ ekonomi-
kuri ciklis TeoriisaTvis~
(1950), ̀ moTxovnis Teoriis ga-
dasinjva~ (1956), ̀ kapitali da
ekonomikuri zrda~ (1965), ̀ kein-
zianuri ekonomikuri Teoriis
krizisi~ (1974) da a.S.
hihihihihiperperperperperinflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia (hyperin-flation) - - - - - inflaciis umaRlesi
done, romlis zrdis tempi
200%-----ze metia, zogjer ki we-----
liwadSi ramdenime aseul pro-----
centsac ki aRwevs. hi perin-
flaciis dros fasebi da xel-
fasi katastrofulad scildeba
erTmaneTs. aseT pirobebSi cxo-----
vrebis donis dacemas mosax-----
leobis yvelaze SeZlebuli fe-----
nebic ki grZnoben.
`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-
ba~ba~ba~ba~ba~ (“dutch desease”) - - - - - es feno-meni ukavSirdeba qveyanaSi ucxo-
uri valutis SeuzRudav Se-
modinebas, gamowveuls bunebrivi
resursebis eqsportis bumiT.
igi agreTve SeiZleba gamoi-
wvios saerTaSoriso finansuri
daxmarebisa da pirdapiri ucxo-
uri investiciebis moZalebam.
qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis
mozRvavebis erT-----erTi wyaro
SeiZleba iyos farTomasStabi-
ani privatizaciac.
saxelwodeba _ _ _ _ _ `holandi-
uri daavadeba~ asocirdeba ara-
gonivrulad gankargul qveynis
simdidresTan da ekonomikur
literaturaSi gamoCnda XXsaukunis 60-----iani wlebidan,
roca CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ni-
derlandis mier bunebrivi airis
hiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCard
463
sabados aRmoCenam gamoiwvia
qveynis saeqsporto Semosavle-
bis arnaxuli zrda, erovnuli
valutis _ _ _ _ _ guldenis gamyare-
ba da tradiciuli eqsportis
konkurentunarianobis dacema. am
periodidan moyolebuli `ho-
landiuri daavadebis~ saxeliT
cnobili es movlena araerTi
qveynis `Tavis tkivili~ gaxda.
`holandiuri daavadebis~
klasikuri modeli 1982 wels
Camoayalibes m. kordenma da p.
nearvim (Corden Max W., NearvyPeter J. Booming Sector andDeindustrialization in a Small openEconomy. “The Economic Journal”.Vol. 92, 1982, pp. 825-848). misiSinaarsi Semdegia: bunebrivi
resursebis eqsportis bumi
arRvevs wonasworobas am seq-
tors, tradiciul saeqsporto
seqtorsa da arasaeqsporto
seqtors (mSenebloba, sacalo
vaWroba, sastumroebi, restor-
nebi da a.S.) Soris. marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad bunebrivi re-
sursebis eqsporti zrdis ucx-
ouri valutis Semodinebas
qveyanaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare,
qveynis Semosavlebs, magram misi
grZelvadiani efeqti sawinaaRm-
degoa. saqme isaa, rom Sida
valutis bazarze bunebrivi re-
sursebis eqsportidan miRebu-
li ucxouri valuta konver-
tirdeba erovnul valutaSi. Tu
qveyanaSi erovnuli valutis
gacvliTi kursi fiqsirebulia,
maSin konvertirebis es proce-
si moiTxovs fulis miwodebis
zrdas, rac adgilobrivi fase-
bis momatebas iwvevs, xolo
mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-
bebSi Sida savaluto bazarze
moTxovna-----miwodebas Soris wo-
nasworobis darRveva adgilob-
rivi valutis gamyarebas gamo-
iwvevs. orive SemTxvevaSi ga-
izrdeba erovnuli valutis
realuri gacvliTi kursi, rac
imas niSnavs, rom qveynis sa-
momxmareblo bazarze ucxouri
valutis erTeuliT gacilebiT
naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-
urebis SeZena SeiZleba, vidre
es adre iyo SesaZlebeli. ase-
Ti viTareba ukugavlenas axdens
tradiciuli eqsportis momge-
bianobaze, vinaidan Sida faseb-
is zrdis gamo gaZvirebuli
saeqsporto produqcia nakleb-
konkurentunariani xdeba saer-
TaSoriso bazarze, rasac moh-
yveba tradiciul saeqsporto
seqtorSi warmoebis mkveTri
dacema, kapitalisa da samuSao
Zalis arasaeqsporto seqtor-
Si gadanacvleba (`resursebis
gadanacvlebis efeqti~). gar-
da imisa, rom amis Sedegad tra-
diciuli saeqsporto seqtori
zaraldeba, Tu ver moxerxda
arasaeqsporto seqtoris in-
`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~
464
frastruqturis ganviTareba da
kadrebis gadamzadeba, gardu-
valia umuSevrobis zrda da
masTan dakavSirebuli katakl-
izmebi. aRsaniSnavia is gare-
moebac, rom Tu zemoT ganxilu-
li gziT qveyanaSi miRebuli
ucxouri valuta importis zr-
das moxmardeba, maSin valutis
nakadebis Semodineba pirdapir
ar aisaxeba fulis miwodebaze,
Tumca, importis zRvargadasuli
zrdac gaumarTlebelia.
saqarTveloSi ̀ holandiur-
ma daavadebam~ Tavi iCina baqo-----
Tbilisi-----jeihanis navTobsadenis
mSeneblobisas, magram gansakuT-
rebiT TvalsaCino gaxda ̀ varde-
bis revoluciis~ Semdeg. oRond
klasikuri modelisagan gansx-
vavebiT, mis warmomSob mizezebSi
wina planze wamoiwia pirdapi-
ri ucxouri investiciebisa da
saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozR-
vaveba, agreTve ucxoeTSi mcxov-
rebi, an droebiT iq dasaqmebu-
li Cveni Tanamemamuleebis mier
fuladi transferebis nakade-
bi da bolo dros qveyanaSi
ganxorcielebuli farTomas-
Stabiani privatizacia.
holdingi holdingi holdingi holdingi holdingi (holding) - - - - - aqci-oneruli kompania, romelic
flobs sxva firmebis, kompanie-
bis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-
ketebs. ganasxvaveben wmindawmindawmindawmindawminda
holdingsholdingsholdingsholdingsholdings, romlis daniSnule-
baa mxolod kontroli da mar-
Tva, da SereulsSereulsSereulsSereulsSereuls, romelic,
amasTan, eweva samewareo saqmi-
anobas. arsebobs saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo
holdingebicholdingebicholdingebicholdingebicholdingebic. es aris special-
uri saxelmwifoebrivi orga-
nizaciebi, romelTa gankargule-
baSic garkveul periodSi iqm-
neba privatizebul sawarmoTa
aqciebis sakontrolo paketebi,
xolo sawarmoebi maTs far-
glebSi aqciebis jvaredini
mflobelebi xdebian.
sxva kompaniebis aqciebis na-
wilis floba holdingebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs kontroli ga-
uwion maT saqmianobas.
holdinguri sistema moicavs
saTavo, Svilobil da SviliSvil
kompaniebs. amasTan, ar aris au-
cilebeli, rom saTavo kompania
flobdes Svilobili kompanie-
bis aqciebis 51%-----s. maTi saqmia-
nobis kontrolisaTvis sakmari-
sia gacilebiT naklebi aqcia.
dasavleTSi holdinguri
kompaniebis Seqmnis erTaderTi
barieri antimonopoliuri ka-
nonmdeblobaa. amasTan, kompanie-
bis SerwymasTan SedarebiT,
holdingebis Seqmnas gacilebiT
did upiratesobas aniWeben.
holdinguri sistemis Semadgen-
lobaSi SesvliT mravali fir-
maa dainteresebuli, vinaidan igi
firmis simtkicesa da sicocx-
lisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.
holdingiholdingiholdingiholdingiholdingi
465
finansuri siZneleebis SemTx-
vevaSi, isini saTavo kompaniebi-
sagan iReben daxmarebas. damo-
ukidebeli firmebis gaerTiane-
ba xelsayrelia holdingur
sistemaSi aqcionirebisTvisac,
vinaidan igi amcirebs risks da
TiTiqmis gamoricxavs gakotre-
bis safrTxes.
hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi (Hotel-ling’s rule) - - - - - arakvlavwarmoebadi
bunebrivi resursebis optima-
luri gamoyenebis wesi, dadge-
nili h. hotelingis mier 1931
wels (The Economics of ExautibleResources. The Journal of Politi-cal Economy. Vol. 39, pp. 137-----175).es wesi dRemde rCeba ganmsaz-
Rvrelad wiaRiseulis mopovebis
optimalurobis dadgenaSi. misi
arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: imi-
saTvis, rom mopoveba iyos opti-
maluri, miwaSi darCenili erTe-
uli resursis neto-----fasi (gasay-
id fass minus mopovebis dan-
axarjebi) droTa ganmavloba-
Si unda gaizardos im tempiT,
ra tempiTac gaizrdeba sar-
geblis ganakveTi. ufro zus-
tad, neto-----fasis zrdis tempi
ar unda aRematebodes sargeb-
lis ganakveTisas. resursis
mflobeli dgas arCevanis wina-
Se: amoiRos erTeuli resursi
da moaxdinos misi gayidviT
miRebuli Tanxis investireba
mimdinare sargeblis ganakveTiT,
Tu datovos igi miwaSi.
hotelingis wess alter-
natiuli formulirebac aqvs:
erTeuli resursis diskontire-
buli Rirebuleba unda iyos
ucvleli imis miuxedavad, Tu
rodis iqneba es resursi amoRe-
buli miwidan.
houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj (1879-----
1975) (Hawtrey Raulf George) -----ingliseli ekonomisti, alfred
marSalis mimdevari, kembrijis
skolis TvalsaCino warmomad-
geneli. SeimuSava ciklebisa da
krizisebis Teoria, fulad-----
sakredito politikis meTode-
bi, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-
ana balansirebuli ekonomikuri
zrdis instrumentebis Seswav-
laSi.
houtri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorj
466
leqsikonis statiaTa anbanur-----Tematuri
saZiebeli
aaaaa
abandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmenti99999
absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9
absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9
absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-
ba 9ba 9ba 9ba 9ba 9
absoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobis
Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10
absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10
absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10
agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10
aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10
agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11
agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11
agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11
agregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmoo
funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11
adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis
indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11
adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12
adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12
adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12
adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12
ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12
administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12
administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13
avali 13avali 13avali 13avali 13avali 13
avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13
avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13
avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13
avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13
averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13
aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13
avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13
a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14
avista 14avista 14avista 14avista 14avista 14
avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14
avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14
avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14
avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-
rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14
avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-
cia 15cia 15cia 15cia 15cia 15
avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15
avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16
`aziuri vefxvebi~ 16`aziuri vefxvebi~ 16`aziuri vefxvebi~ 16`aziuri vefxvebi~ 16`aziuri vefxvebi~ 16
akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16
akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16
akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16
akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16
akri 16akri 16akri 16akri 16akri 16
`aldagi~ 16`aldagi~ 16`aldagi~ 16`aldagi~ 16`aldagi~ 16
ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17
alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-
ba 17ba 17ba 17ba 17ba 17
alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17
alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17
aaaaa
467
alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18
alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18
alternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarji
(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18
amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18
ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18
amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18
amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19
ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19
amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19
anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19
angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19
angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19
angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19
angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-
Si 19Si 19Si 19Si 19Si 19
angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20
anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20
anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20
anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20
antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-
di 20di 20di 20di 20di 20
antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-
bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20
antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20
antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-
debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20
anticianticianticianticiantici pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21
antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21
antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21
anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21
aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21
aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21
araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-
li 21li 21li 21li 21li 21
arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-
laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21
arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22
arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-
cia 22cia 22cia 22cia 22cia 22
arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-
eba 22eba 22eba 22eba 22eba 22
aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-
reba 23reba 23reba 23reba 23reba 23
aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23
arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24
arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-
ba 25ba 25ba 25ba 25ba 25
arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-
li 26li 26li 26li 26li 26
arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-
cia 26cia 26cia 26cia 26cia 26
aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-
ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26
arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-
cia 26cia 26cia 26cia 26cia 26
araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-
ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26
araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-
ri 27ri 27ri 27ri 27ri 27
arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27
arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27arbitraJi `ad-hoki~ 27
arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28
arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28
ari 28ari 28ari 28ari 28ari 28
arCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuli
468
variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28
asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28
asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28
auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28
auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29
auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30
autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31
autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31
autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31
auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31
auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32
aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32
aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-
pi 32pi 32pi 32pi 32pi 32
aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-
ti 33ti 33ti 33ti 33ti 33
aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33
aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33
aqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34
aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34
aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34
aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34
aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34
aqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuli
krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34
aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35
privilegiuri aqcia 289289289289289
saxelobiTi aqcia 360360360360360
aqcia warmomdgenze 3535353535
Cveulebrivi aqcia 438438438438438
aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35
aqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontrolo
paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36
aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-
xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36
aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36
aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37
aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-
eba 37eba 37eba 37eba 37eba 37
aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37
aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37
aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-
viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38
axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38
axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38
axali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuli
qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38
axali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuri
makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39
axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39
axali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexeduleba
investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40
axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-
mia 40mia 40mia 40mia 40mia 40
axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40
bbbbb
badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41
bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41
gamyidvelis bazari 5959595959
valutis bazari 146146146146146
investiciis bazari 165165165165165
kapitalis bazari 179179179179179
konkurenciuli bazari 200200200200200
bbbbb
469
likviduri bazari 209209209209209
meoreuli bazari 231231231231231
momsaxurebis bazari 241241241241241
msoflio bazari 249249249249249
myidvelis bazari 254254254254254
naRdi bazari 260260260260260
oqros bazari 275275275275275
pirveladi bazari 285285285285285
`saerTo bazari~ 320320320320320
sasesxo kapitalis bazari
348348348348348
safraxto bazari 351351351351351
saqonlis bazari 351351351351351
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari
393393393393393
forvarduli bazari 403403403403403
`Savi bazari~ 426426426426426
Sromis bazari 433433433433433
Caketili bazari 437437437437437
calmxrivi bazari 443443443443443
`xarebis~ bazari 453453453453453
bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42
bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42
bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42
bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42
`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42
balansi 42balansi 42balansi 42balansi 42balansi 42
aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo ba-
lansi 3434343434
buRaltruli balansi 5353535353
dargTaSorisi balansi 8181818181
neto-balansi 265265265265265
pasiuri sagadasaxdelo ba-
lansi 281281281281281
pasiuri savaWro balansi 281281281281281
sagadasaxdelo balansi 313313313313313
savaWro balansi 325325325325325
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
balansi 354354354354354
`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~
4242424242
bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-
ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43
bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-
ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43
banki 43banki 43banki 43banki 43banki 43
evropis rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis banki 97 97 97 97 97
inovaciuri banki 167167167167167
ipoTekuri banki 176176176176176
komerciuli banki 194194194194194
msoflio banki 249249249249249
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTa-
rebis saerTaSoriso banki
298298298298298
saerTaSoriso angariSswore-
bis banki 318318318318318
saemisio banki 318318318318318
sainvesticio banki 334334334334334
sainovacio banki 334334334334334
centraluri banki 443443443443443
bankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditis
ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43
bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43
banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43
470
bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43
bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44
baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44
baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44
barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44
`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44
bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44
bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45
beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45
biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45
biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46
biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46
biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48
biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48
biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-
xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48
biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49
bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49
bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49
birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49
valutis birJa 146146146146146
kerZo birJa 188188188188188
safondo birJa 350350350350350
saqonlis birJa 352352352352352
Sromis birJa 434434434434434
biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49
biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49
adgilobrivi biujeti 1212121212
dabalansebuli biujeti 8080808080
saxelmwifo biujeti 357357357357357
federaluri biujeti 398398398398398
biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50
biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50
biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50
blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50
boni 50boni 50boni 50boni 50boni 50
bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50
bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50
bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50
bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50
bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51
brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51
breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51
breton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savaluto
sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51
breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-
cia 51cia 51cia 51cia 51cia 51
brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51
brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52
bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52
bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52
bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52
bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53
butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53
buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53
buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53
buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53
buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53
ggggg
gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-
cia 54cia 54cia 54cia 54cia 54
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
(((((tratatratatratatratatrata))))) 54 54 54 54 54
ggggg
471
gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54
akorduli gadasaxadi 1616161616
antidempinguri gadasaxa-
di 2020202020
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 2323232323
aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasaxa-
di) 3636363636
gadasaxadi miRebul umaR-
les ganaTlebaze 5454545454
gayidvaze gadasaxadi 6565656565
damatebul Rirebulebaze ga-
dasaxadi 8181818181
importze gadasaxadi (saim-
porto baJi) 162162162162162
inflaciuri gadasaxadi 174174174174174
miwis gadasaxadi 238238238238238
pigus gadasaxadi 284284284284284
pirdapiri gadasaxadi 285285285285285
progresiuli gadasaxa-
di 288288288288288
proporciuli gadasaxadi
289289289289289
regresiuli gadasaxadi 295295295295295
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386386386386386
uaryofiTi saSemosavlo ga-
dasaxadi 386386386386386
fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401401401401401
wminda gadasaxadi 450450450450450
`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR-----
les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54
gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-
ra 55ra 55ra 55ra 55ra 55
gadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruli
ganakveTi 55ganakveTi 55ganakveTi 55ganakveTi 55ganakveTi 55
gadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebis
lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55
gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55
gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-
nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55
gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55
gadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobis
Teoria 56Teoria 56Teoria 56Teoria 56Teoria 56
gaeros gaeros gaeros gaeros gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk (((((saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-
Soriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuli
dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-
ciaciaciaciacia))))) 56 56 56 56 56
gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58
galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58
gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58
gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58
gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-
culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59
gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59
ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59
ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60
ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-
gia 60gia 60gia 60gia 60gia 60
ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60
gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61
gankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuli
Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61
gankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTliani
erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-
li 61li 61li 61li 61li 61
gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-
nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61
gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61
garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62
472
garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63
gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63
gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63
gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63
badisebri gare efeqti 3838383838
gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-
izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64
gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64
gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64
gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-
xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64
gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-
flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64
gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64
gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65
`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~
danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65
gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65
mcuravi gacvliTi kursi
258258258258258
nominaluri gacvliTi
kursi 265265265265265
realuri gacvliTi kursi
293293293293293
fiqsirebuli gacvliTi
kursi 401401401401401
gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65
gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65
giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66
girao 66girao 66girao 66girao 66girao 66
giraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofili
obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66
girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66
globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66
globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-i-i-i-i-innnnndeq-deq-deq-deq-deq-
si 69si 69si 69si 69si 69
globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-
unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71
globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-
narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75
gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili fili pe 76pe 76pe 76pe 76pe 76
gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77
granti 77granti 77granti 77granti 77granti 77
grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78
grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78
guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78
gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79
gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79
d d d d d
dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80
dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80
dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80
dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80
dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80
dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80
dadadadadakrediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81
damatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebaze
gadasaxadi 81gadasaxadi 81gadasaxadi 81gadasaxadi 81gadasaxadi 81
damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81
danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81
mTliani danazogi 232232232232232
mTliani erovnuli danazo-
gi 233233233233233
ddddd
473
wminda erovnuli danazo-
gi 450450450450450
danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-
ba 81ba 81ba 81ba 81ba 81
danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81
alternatiuli danaxarji
(Rirebuleba) 1818181818
aSkara danaxarji 3838383838
gauTvaliswinebeli danax-
arji 6464646464
zednadebi danaxarji 153153153153153
zRvruli (marJinaluri)
danaxarji 154154154154154
mudmivi danaxarji 253253253253253
saSualo danaxarji 355355355355355
stividoruli danaxarji
377377377377377
faruli (implicituri) dan-
axarji 390390390390390
cvalebadi danaxarji 445445445445445
wminda mimoqcevis danaxar-
ji 451451451451451
dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81
dargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi konkurent-kurent-kurent-kurent-kurent-
unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82
dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84
dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-
ne 84ne 84ne 84ne 84ne 84
dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84
dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84
daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84
dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-
enti 85enti 85enti 85enti 85enti 85
dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85
daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85
dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85
dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85
debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85
debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85
debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85
debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-
ba 85ba 85ba 85ba 85ba 85
debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85
devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85
devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86
dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86
dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86
dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86
deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86
delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86
demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87
demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87
dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87
denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87
denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87
depodepodepodepodepoziti 87ziti 87ziti 87ziti 87ziti 87
depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87
depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87
depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88
deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88
deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88
deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88
depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88
deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88
desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88
474
deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89
deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90
deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90
deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90
deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90
defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90
`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90
`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90
diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90
diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-
feli 91feli 91feli 91feli 91feli 91
dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91
dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-
debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91
dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91
dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91
disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91
diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92
diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92
diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-
buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92
diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92
diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92
diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92
diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92
dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92
dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92
distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92
distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93
dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93
domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94
dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94
dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94
dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95
dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95
duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95
duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95
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egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96
evro 96evro 96evro 96evro 96evro 96
evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96
evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97
evrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelos
biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97
evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97
evropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisa
da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97
evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98
evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-
erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98
evropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centraluri
banki 99banki 99banki 99banki 99banki 99
evropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSirisrisrisrisris
ekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobis
mTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelo
klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99
ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99
ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99
ekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikis
koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100
ekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoeba
1 0 01 0 01 001 001 00
ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-
ka 100ka 100ka 100ka 100ka 100
ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-
eeeee
475
li 100li 100li 100li 100li 100
ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100
faruli ekonomika 390390390390390
Ria ekonomika 422422422422422
Sereuli ekonomika 427427427427427
Caketili ekonomika 437437437437437
ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102
ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-
ba 102ba 102ba 102ba 102ba 102
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-
saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102
ekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuri
samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-
ba 103ba 103ba 103ba 103ba 103
ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103
ekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebis
wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103
ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis
generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-
gia 104gia 104gia 104gia 104gia 104
ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-
tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106
ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
ba 107ba 107ba 107ba 107ba 107
ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107
ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-
lobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebis
organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107
ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107
ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118
ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119
ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119
ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119
ekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianoba
gauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeli
statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-
bis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadi
monacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebis
sistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTa
Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119
ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120
ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120
ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-
ba 121ba 121ba 121ba 121ba 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121
ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-
ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121
ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122
ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122
ekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigis
politika 122politika 122politika 122politika 122politika 122
ekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuri
meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123
ekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuri
modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123
ekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuri
meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123
ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123
elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127
elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127
eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128
embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129
emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129
emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129
emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129
476
emiemiemiemiemitenti 130tenti 130tenti 130tenti 130tenti 130
emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130
engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130
engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130
endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130
endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130
energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131
erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-
bi 131bi 131bi 131bi 131bi 131
erToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebuli
mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131
erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131
erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis
elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131
erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis
mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131
erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131
erToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovnis
elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131elastikuroba 131
erToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovnis
mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132
erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132
erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)
warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-
qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132
erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132
erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-
bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133
erovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTa
sistema 133sistema 133sistema 133sistema 133sistema 133
erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134
erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-
ba 134ba 134ba 134ba 134ba 134
erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135
erovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobis
rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136
erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137
gankargviTi erovnuli Semo-
savali 6161616161
gankargviTi mTliani erov-
nuli Semosavali 6161616161
gankargviTi wminda erov-
nuli Semosavali 6161616161
wminda erovnuli Semosava-
li 450450450450450
erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139
erou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modeli
140140140140140
erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-
ti 140ti 140ti 140ti 140ti 140
etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140
efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140
efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141
alokaciuri efeqtianoba 1717171717
ekonomikuri efeqtiano-
ba 106106106106106
eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141
eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141
eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141
eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141
eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-
zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-
bi 141bi 141bi 141bi 141bi 141
eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142
eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142
477
ejourti fejourti fejourti fejourti fejourti frensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-
ro 142ro 142ro 142ro 142ro 142
vvvvv
vvvvvagneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143
vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143
vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143
vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143
valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143
vali 143vali 143vali 143vali 143vali 143
valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143
valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144
valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144
gadaxdis valuta 5555555555
sarezervo valuta 347347347347347
ucxouri valuta 389389389389389
fasis (garigebis) valu-
ta 396396396396396
valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-
lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145
valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146
valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146
valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147
valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148
valutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertireba
148148148148148
valutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTi
kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148
valutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacema
149149149149149
valutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrda
149149149149149
varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149
vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149
vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149
sabiTumo vaWroba 311311311311311
sagareo vaWroba 315315315315315
sacalo vaWroba 355355355355355
Ria vaWroba 422422422422422
vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150
veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150
venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151
venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151
venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)
firma 151firma 151firma 151firma 151firma 151
virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151
vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151
viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152
zzzzz
zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153
zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-
buleba 153buleba 153buleba 153buleba 153buleba 153
zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153
zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153
zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153
zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153
zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153
zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154
zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154
`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154
zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-
anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154
zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155
zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)
danaxarji 155danaxarji 155danaxarji 155danaxarji 155danaxarji 155
vvvvv
zzzzz
478
zRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimaluri
fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155
zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-
si 155si 155si 155si 155si 155
zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-
ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155
zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155
zRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtis
Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155
zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-
ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155
zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis
Teoria 156Teoria 156Teoria 156Teoria 156Teoria 156
zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156
TTTTT
Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-
ba 157ba 157ba 157ba 157ba 157
Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-
bi 157bi 157bi 157bi 157bi 157
Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)
ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona (Tez) 158158158158158
Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158
Tavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobis
zona 158zona 158zona 158zona 158zona 158
Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)
mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158
Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159
gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi
(trata) 5454545454
martivi Tamasuqi 223223223223223
xazinis Tamasuqi 453453453453453
Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160
TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160
Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba 160160160160160
`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160
TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160
`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161
iiiii
iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162
`iafi fuli~ 162`iafi fuli~ 162`iafi fuli~ 162`iafi fuli~ 162`iafi fuli~ 162
imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162
importze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadi
(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162
importi 162importi 162importi 162importi 162importi 162
importis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sida
warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162
importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-
drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163
inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-
lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163
indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163
indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163
indeqsi 164indeqsi 164indeqsi 164indeqsi 164indeqsi 164
individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-
ba 164ba 164ba 164ba 164ba 164
indindindindindikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164
indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164
sablanko indosamenti 293293293293293
indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164
indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164
industria 164industria 164industria 164industria 164industria 164
industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-
ba 165ba 165ba 165ba 165ba 165
TTTTT
iiiii
479
inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165
investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-
drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165
investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165
avtonomiuri investicia 1515151515
maragebSi investicia 220220220220220
mTliani investicia 234234234234234
ucxouri investicia 389389389389389
wminda investicia 451451451451451
investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165
investori 166investori 166investori 166investori 166investori 166
inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166
inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166
wminda inkaso 419419419419419
inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167
inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167
inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168
inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168
institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170
`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~`instituciuri mibmis~
koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170
instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-
ba 171ba 171ba 171ba 171ba 171
inteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuri
sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171
inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171
gauTvaliswinebeli infla-
cia 6464646464
daCqarebuli inflacia 8585858585
moTxovnis inflacia 241241241241241
saimporto inflacia 334334334334334
faruli (CaxSobili) infla-
cia 390390390390390
qronikuli inflacia 420420420420420
xarjebis inflacia 453453453453453
inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173
mosalodneli inflaciis
done 247247247247247
inflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuli
wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173
inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174
inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-
ba 174ba 174ba 174ba 174ba 174
inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174
inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-
di 174di 174di 174di 174di 174
inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175
inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-
ni 175ni 175ni 175ni 175ni 175
informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176
infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176
iiiii poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177
iiiii poTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri i i i i banki 177banki 177banki 177banki 177banki 177
iiiii poTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri kri kri kri kri krediti 177editi 177editi 177editi 177editi 177
iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-
na 177na 177na 177na 177na 177
istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177
`istoriuli skola~ 177`istoriuli skola~ 177`istoriuli skola~ 177`istoriuli skola~ 177`istoriuli skola~ 177
iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177
ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178
kkkkk
kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179
kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179
kkkkk
480
kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179
kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179
kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179
adamianiseuli kapitali 1212121212
avansirebuli kapitali 1313131313
araerTgvarovani kapitali 2121212121
aqtiuri kapitali 3434343434
venCuruli kapitali 151151151151151
sainvesticio kapitali 334334334334334
finansuri kapitali 400400400400400
kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179
kapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemaze
gadasaxadi 180gadasaxadi 180gadasaxadi 180gadasaxadi 180gadasaxadi 180
kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180
kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180
kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181
kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181
kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-
ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181
karati 181karati 181karati 181karati 181karati 181
kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181
karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181
kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181
kafkafkafkafkaf-iiiii 181181181181181
keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-
ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182
keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-
lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182
`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-
fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183
keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184
keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185
keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187
keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187
`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187
kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188
kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188
kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189
kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189
kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189
kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189
kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189
klani 189klani 189klani 189klani 189klani 189
klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190
klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri
ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190
klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-
ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192
klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192
klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193
kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193
klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193
kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193
kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193
komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-
ba 194ba 194ba 194ba 194ba 194
komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194
komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194
kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194
komerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebis
savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-
bi 194bi 194bi 194bi 194bi 194
komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194
komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195
komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195
komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196
481
kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196
kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196
komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196
komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196
konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196
konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196
kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197
konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197
konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197
konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-
cia 197cia 197cia 197cia 197cia 197
konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197
koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197
konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198
konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-
ba 198ba 198ba 198ba 198ba 198
konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-
bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199
konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199
konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200
arasrulyofili konkuren-
cia 2626262626
arafasismieri konkuren-
cia 2626262626
monopoliuri konkuren-
cia 246246246246246
srulyofili konkuren-
cia 375375375375375
wminda konkurencia 451451451451451
kkkkkonkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200
konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201
konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201
konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201
konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-
li 201li 201li 201li 201li 201
konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202
kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202
konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202
konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202
koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202
koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-
li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202
koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202
koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203
koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203
kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203
koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-
tika 203tika 203tika 203tika 203tika 203
koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-
di 203di 203di 203di 203di 203
koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-
dia 203dia 203dia 203dia 203dia 203
korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203
korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-
cia 204cia 204cia 204cia 204cia 204
korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204
kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204
kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204
kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205
krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205
aqcepturi krediti 3434343434
aqceptur-rambusnuli kredi-
ti 3535353535
grZelvadiani krediti 7878787878
ipoTekuri krediti 177177177177177
komerciuli krediti 195195195195195
482
roloveruli krediti 303303303303303
sabanko krediti 310310310310310
saerTaSoriso krediti 318318318318318
saeqsporto krediti 320320320320320
savaluto krediti 322322322322322
samomxmareblo krediti 341341341341341
kreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarvis
pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205
kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205
kreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididis
SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205
kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-
fa 205fa 205fa 205fa 205fa 205
kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206
kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206
kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206
komulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdis
indeqsi 206indeqsi 206indeqsi 206indeqsi 206indeqsi 206
kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206
kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206
kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206
kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206
kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206
lllll
lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207
adaptaciis lagi 1212121212
administraciuli lagi 1212121212
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
lagi 5555555555
gamovlenis lagi 5858585858
moqmedebis lagi 248248248248248
sasoflo-sameurneo lagi 349349349349349
Sida lagi 431431431431431
laissez-----faire 207207207207207
laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207
latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207
laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207
laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208
leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208
liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208
liga 209liga 209liga 209liga 209liga 209
lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209
operatiuli lizingi 269269269269269
saeqsporto lizingi 320320320320320
finansuri lizingi 400400400400400
liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209
likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209
likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209
likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209
sabanko likviduri saxsre-
bi 311311311311311
saxelmwifos likviduri
saxsrebi 360360360360360
firmis likviduri saxsre-
bi 400400400400400
`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210
likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210
upiratesobis miniWebis
likviduroba 389389389389389
likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-
ti 210ti 210ti 210ti 210ti 210
likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210
limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210
lllll
483
listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211
licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211
licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212
licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212
upatento licenzia 388388388388388
lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212
lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212
lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212
loti 212loti 212loti 212loti 212loti 212
luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-
li 213li 213li 213li 213li 213
mmmmm
maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-
ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214
makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214
makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214
makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-
ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214
makroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikuri
maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214
makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-
tika 215tika 215tika 215tika 215tika 215
makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-
lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215
mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-
li 219li 219li 219li 219li 219
`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219
manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220
manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220
maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220
maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-
wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220
`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-
mi 221mi 221mi 221mi 221mi 221
marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221
marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222
markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222
markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222
marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222
marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223
martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223
marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223
marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225
marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-
ba 226ba 226ba 226ba 226ba 226
masStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebuli
ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226
masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226
matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227
materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-
ba 227ba 227ba 227ba 227ba 227
materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-
ba 2ba 2ba 2ba 2ba 22828282828
materialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivi
warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228
mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228
mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228
mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229
megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229
mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229
melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229
mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230
menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230
menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230
mmmmm
484
menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230
meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231
meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231
meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-
ri 231ri 231ri 231ri 231ri 231
merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231
merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232
meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232
metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232
mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232
mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232
mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232
mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-
buleba 232buleba 232buleba 232buleba 232buleba 232
mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232
mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233
mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-
zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233
mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-
duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (((((mep))))) 233233233233233
potenciuri mep mep mep mep mep 287287287287287
mep-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli
deflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebis
indeqsi 234indeqsi 234indeqsi 234indeqsi 234indeqsi 234
mep-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-----
ba ba ba ba ba (((((sxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaoba))))) 234 234 234 234 234
mep-is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla-
torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234
mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234
mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234
mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235
mTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqti
(((((mSp))))) 235 235 235 235 235
mTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtis
deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235
mTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtis
struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236
midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-
mi 236mi 236mi 236mi 236mi 236
midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-
sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236
midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-
sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236
midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-
sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236
miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-
cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236
mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236
mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237
mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-
do 237do 237do 237do 237do 237
mimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebuli
fuli 237fuli 237fuli 237fuli 237fuli 237
mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237
minimaluminimaluminimaluminimaluminimaluri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237
minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-
lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237
minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237
miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237
miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238
miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238
miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238
miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238
erToblivi miwodeba 131131131131131
Warbi miwodeba 452452452452452
miwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikuri
485
Teoria 239Teoria 239Teoria 239Teoria 239Teoria 239
miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239
miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239
miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240
miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240
mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240
buRaltruli mogeba 5353535353
ekonomikis wminda mogeba 102102102102102
zenormaluri mogeba 153153153153153
mTliani mogeba 234234234234234
normaluri mogeba 267267267267267
sabalanso mogeba 310310310310310
SefardebiTi mogeba 428428428428428
wminda mogeba 451451451451451
mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)
norma 240norma 240norma 240norma 240norma 240
modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240
moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240
elastikuri moTxovna 116116116116116
erToblivi moTxovna 131131131131131
efeqtiani moTxovna 140140140140140
iracionaluri moTxovna 177177177177177
Warbi moTxovna 452452452452452
moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-
ria 240ria 240ria 240ria 240ria 240
moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241
moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241
moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-
ba 241ba 241ba 241ba 241ba 241
moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241
moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-
cia 241cia 241cia 241cia 241cia 241
momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241
aramaterialuri momsaxure-
ba 2323232323
arasabazro momsaxureba 2424242424
materialuri momsaxure-
ba 227227227227227
piradi momsaxureba 284284284284284
sabazro momsaxureba 309309309309309
socialuri momsaxureba 372372372372372
momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241
momsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingis
saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-
bi 243bi 243bi 243bi 243bi 243
momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243
monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244
monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246
monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246
monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246
monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-
cia 246cia 246cia 246cia 246cia 246
monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-
is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247
monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247
moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247
mosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciis
done 247done 247done 247done 247done 247
mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare
diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-
buleba 247buleba 247buleba 247buleba 247buleba 247
mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri
dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248
moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248
moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248
486
moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248
moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-
TaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusi
(((((mesk) 248) 248) 248) 248) 248
moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249
arakonkurentuli moxmare-
ba 2222222222
saboloo moxmareba 313313313313313
saxelmwifo moxmareba 358358358358358
Sualeduri moxmareba 435435435435435
mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249
msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249
msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249
msoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikuri
forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249
msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250
msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-
tema 250tema 250tema 250tema 250tema 250
msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-
nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252
msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252
`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253
mtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangreveli
faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253
mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253
mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253
multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrri 254i 254i 254i 254i 254
fuladi multi plikato-
ri 408408408408408
multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoruli efruli efruli efruli efruli efeq-eq-eq-eq-eq-
ti 254ti 254ti 254ti 254ti 254
municimunicimunicimunicimunici palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254
municimunicimunicimunicimunici paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254
myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255
mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255
mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258
`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258
mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-
si 258si 258si 258si 258si 258
mwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebis
indeqsi 259indeqsi 259indeqsi 259indeqsi 259indeqsi 259
mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259
mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259
mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-
bi 259bi 259bi 259bi 259bi 259
nnnnn
navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori qvey-qvey-qvey-qvey-qvey-
nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260
naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260
naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260
nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260
negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260
nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260
neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261
neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261
neoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikuri
Teoria 262Teoria 262Teoria 262Teoria 262Teoria 262
`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265
neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265
neto 266neto 266neto 266neto 266neto 266
neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266
niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-
Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266
novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266
nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri gacvliTigacvliTigacvliTigacvliTigacvliTi
nnnnn
487
kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266
nominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sida
produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266
nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266
nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-
ba 267ba 267ba 267ba 267ba 267
nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267
nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267
nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267
norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267
normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267
normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267
normatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikuri
Teoria 267Teoria 267Teoria 267Teoria 267Teoria 267
`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268
numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268
numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268
ooooo
obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269
konvertirebadi obliga-
cia 197197197197197
saSualovadiani obliga-
cia 355355355355355
overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269
oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269
oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269
omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269
operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269
operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-
ze 270ze 270ze 270ze 270ze 270
opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270
ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270
ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270
oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271
oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271
oficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmis
done 271done 271done 271done 271done 271
ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271
ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272
ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273
oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275
oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275
`oqros saukunis~ zrda 275`oqros saukunis~ zrda 275`oqros saukunis~ zrda 275`oqros saukunis~ zrda 275`oqros saukunis~ zrda 275
oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275
ppppp
pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276
pai 276pai 276pai 276pai 276pai 276
panama 276panama 276panama 276panama 276panama 276
papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276
paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279
pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279
pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279
paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280
`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280
pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281
partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281
parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281
pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281
pasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelo
balansi 281balansi 281balansi 281balansi 281balansi 281
pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-
si 281si 281si 281si 281si 281
patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281
ppppp
ooooo
488
patpatpatpatpaternalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281
pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282
pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282
pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282
peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282
pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283
pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284
piki 284piki 284piki 284piki 284piki 284
pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284
piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284
piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284
pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284
pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285
pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-
li 285li 285li 285li 285li 285
pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285
plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285
plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285
plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-
ra 285ra 285ra 285ra 285ra 285
pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285
pozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuri
Teoria 285Teoria 285Teoria 285Teoria 285Teoria 285
polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285
politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285
posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287
postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-
gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287
potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288
potenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebis
moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288
prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288
prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288
preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288
preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288
privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289
mcire privatizacia 258258258258258
privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289
prprprprprinciinciinciinciinci pali 289pali 289pali 289pali 289pali 289
prprprprprinciinciinciinciinci pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-
Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289
prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289
programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289
progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289
produqti 289produqti 289produqti 289produqti 289produqti 289
produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290
produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 29090909090
producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290
prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290
promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290
prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290
proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-
di 290di 290di 290di 290di 290
proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290
proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290
procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290
rTuli procenti 302302302302302
procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)
ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291
procentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluri
ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291ganakveTi 291
procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-
nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291
JJJJJ
Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292
Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 29292929292
JJJJJ
489
Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292
Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292
Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292
JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292
JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292
Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292
rrrrr
ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293
rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293
racionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinis
Teoria 293Teoria 293Teoria 293Teoria 293Teoria 293
racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-
uriuriuriuriuri `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293
realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-
si 293si 293si 293si 293si 293
realuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sida
produqti 293produqti 293produqti 293produqti 293produqti 293
realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294
realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294
realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294
registri 294registri 294registri 294registri 294registri 294
regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294
regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295
regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-
di 295di 295di 295di 295di 295
reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295
reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295
revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295
reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297
revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297
revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297
rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297
reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297
reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297
reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297
rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297
reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298
rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298
reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298
rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-
viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-
so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298
remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299
remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299
remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299
renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299
renta 299renta 299renta 299renta 299renta 299
rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299
rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299
reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300
reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300
reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300
restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300
restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300
restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300
restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300
resursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvis
modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301
retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301
refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301
referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301
referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301
refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301
rrrrr
490
recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301
recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301
rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302
rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302
rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-
ma 303ma 303ma 303ma 303ma 303
robinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joan 303 303 303 303 303
rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303
roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303
roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303
`̀̀̀̀romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304
rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304
ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304
ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304
rutinarutinarutinarutinarutina 304304304304304
sssss
saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305
saamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebi
305305305305305
sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305
sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)
fasi 305fasi 305fasi 305fasi 305fasi 305
sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306
sabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqtura
308308308308308
sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309
sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310
sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310
sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310
sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310
sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310
sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310
sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-
rebi 311rebi 311rebi 311rebi 311rebi 311
sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311
sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311
sabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobis
sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311
sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311
sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311
sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312
sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312
sabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxado
politika 312politika 312politika 312politika 312politika 312
sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-
mi 312mi 312mi 312mi 312mi 312
sabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmis
modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312
sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313
saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313
saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313
sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313
sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313
sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-
Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313
sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-
li 313li 313li 313li 313li 313
sagsagsagsagsagadasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-
si 313si 313si 313si 313si 313
sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis
aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314
sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis
pasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldo
(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis
sssss
491
deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315
sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315
sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315
sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-
si 315si 315si 315si 315si 315
sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-
mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316
sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-
tika 316tika 316tika 316tika 316tika 316
sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316
sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316
sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-
ti 317ti 317ti 317ti 317ti 317
saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318
saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-
sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318
saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-
kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318
saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318
saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318
saerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi fondi fondi fondi fondi (ssf) 318 318 318 318 318
saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-
delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320
saerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansuri
korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320
`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320
saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320
saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320
savaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebis
norma norma norma norma norma (srn) 321 321 321 321 321
savaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialuri
dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321
savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-
ba 321ba 321ba 321ba 321ba 321
savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321
savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321
savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321
savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321
savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322
savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322
savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-
pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322
savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322
savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322
savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323
savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323
savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323
savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323
savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323
savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324
savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325
savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325
savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-
Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325
savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-
ti 325ti 325ti 325ti 325ti 325
savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325
savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325
savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326
sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-
gi 326gi 326gi 326gi 326gi 326
sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-
bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326
sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-
mi 326mi 326mi 326mi 326mi 326
492
sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-
ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327
sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-
li 327li 327li 327li 327li 327
sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-
ri 329ri 329ri 329ri 329ri 329
sazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329
sazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtoris
ekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTa
asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333
sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-
ma 334ma 334ma 334ma 334ma 334
saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334
saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334
saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334
sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334
sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-
li 334li 334li 334li 334li 334
sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334
sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-
giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334
sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-
giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-
lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336
sakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobis
Teoria 337Teoria 337Teoria 337Teoria 337Teoria 337
sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338
sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338
sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338
sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338
sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339
sakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebis
dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339
saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339
salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340
samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-
namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340
samecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikuri
progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340
samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-
loba 340loba 340loba 340loba 340loba 340
samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340
samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340
samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-
ti 341ti 341ti 341ti 341ti 341
samomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsi 341indeqsi 341indeqsi 341indeqsi 341indeqsi 341
samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341
samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
ba 341ba 341ba 341ba 341ba 341
samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343
samsamsamsamsamuelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343
samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345
samuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebis
mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345
samuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebis
saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345
samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345
samuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wili
(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345
sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346
sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346
saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346
sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346
sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347
493
sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347
sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347
sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347
sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348
sasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialuri
maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348
sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-
ri 348ri 348ri 348ri 348ri 348
sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348
sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-
gi 349gi 349gi 349gi 349gi 349
satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-
jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349
satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-
Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349
sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349
safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349
safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349
safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349
safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351
safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351
safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351
saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-
li 351li 351li 351li 351li 351
saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351
saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351
mdare saqoneli 228228228228228
normaluri saqoneli 267267267267267
fizikuri saqoneli 399399399399399
Semavsebeli saqoneli 427427427427427
Semcvleli saqoneli 399399399399399
saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351
saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-
sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352
saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352
saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-
ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354
saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354
saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-
di 354di 354di 354di 354di 354
saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-
is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354
sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-
ba 354ba 354ba 354ba 354ba 354
saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-
di 355di 355di 355di 355di 355
saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355
saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-
gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355
sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355
sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355
sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356
sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356
sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356
sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356
saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-
bi 357bi 357bi 357bi 357bi 357
saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357
saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357
saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358
saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358
saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358
saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358
saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-
ba 359ba 359ba 359ba 359ba 359
saxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxado
494
valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359
saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359
saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359
saxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri
funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359
saxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likviduri
saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360
saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360
saxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavali
fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360
saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360
sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361
senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361
servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361
sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361
sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362
sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362
sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363
seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363
svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363
svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363
svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363
sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-
is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363
silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364
simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366
simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366
sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366
sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366
siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366
sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366
siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366
saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367
siRarsiRarsiRarsiRarsiRaribis kulturibis kulturibis kulturibis kulturibis kulturis hiis hiis hiis hiis hi po-po-po-po-po-
Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367
smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367
skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369
smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369
solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369
soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370
softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370
socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370
socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-
is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370
socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-
bi 372bi 372bi 372bi 372bi 372
socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-
ba 372ba 372ba 372ba 372ba 372
socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-
is Teoria 373is Teoria 373is Teoria 373is Teoria 373is Teoria 373
spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373
spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-
ba 373ba 373ba 373ba 373ba 373
spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374
specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374
specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-
enti 374enti 374enti 374enti 374enti 374
spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375
spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375
spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375
sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375
srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-
cia 375cia 375cia 375cia 375cia 375
stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-
ma 376ma 376ma 376ma 376ma 376
495
stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-
ka 376ka 376ka 376ka 376ka 376
stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-
cia 377cia 377cia 377cia 377cia 377
stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377
stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377
standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377
statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377
sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377
stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377
stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378
stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-
ji 378ji 378ji 378ji 378ji 378
storno 378storno 378storno 378storno 378storno 378
struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-
is Teoria 378is Teoria 378is Teoria 378is Teoria 378is Teoria 378
struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-
ba 378ba 378ba 378ba 378ba 378
subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378
subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378
subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378
suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379
surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379
`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-
ti 379ti 379ti 379ti 379ti 379
`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-
luri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluri
momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379
ttttt
taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380
taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380
tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-
ti 380ti 380ti 380ti 380ti 380
tara 380tara 380tara 380tara 380tara 380
tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380
tarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobis
Sesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluri
SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380
mso 381mso 381mso 381mso 381mso 381
tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381
tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381
teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381
teqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmi
381381381381381
teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-
ba 381ba 381ba 381ba 381ba 381
teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381
`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382
todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382
tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383
traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383
tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383
transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383
transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383
transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383
transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-
cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-
cia 383cia 383cia 383cia 383cia 383
translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384
transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384
transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384
transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-
bi 384bi 384bi 384bi 384bi 384
trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385
trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385
ttttt
496
universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-
giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-
Si 388Si 388Si 388Si 388Si 388
unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388
unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388
unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388
upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388
upiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebis
likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389
urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389
utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389
ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389
ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389
fffff
faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)
danaxarji 390danaxarji 390danaxarji 390danaxarji 390danaxarji 390
faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390
faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)
inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390
faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390
fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390
fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391
fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391
fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391
fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391
fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391
`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391
fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392
fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392
fasi 392fasi 392fasi 392fasi 392fasi 392
administraciuli fasi 1313131313
trata 385trata 385trata 385trata 385trata 385
traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385
traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385
treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385
tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385
turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385
uuuuu
uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386
uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-
cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386
uaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi 386gadasaxadi 386gadasaxadi 386gadasaxadi 386gadasaxadi 386
`ubileTos~ problema 386`ubileTos~ problema 386`ubileTos~ problema 386`ubileTos~ problema 386`ubileTos~ problema 386
ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386
umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386
instituciuri umuSevroba
1 7 11 7 11 7 11 7 11 7 1
spekulaciuri umuSevroba
373373373373373
struqturuli umuSevroba
377377377377377
teqnologiuri umuSevroba
381381381381381
faruli umuSevroba 390390390390390
friqciuli umuSevroba 407407407407407
cikluri umuSevroba 445445445445445
CaxSobili umuSevroba 438438438438438
umuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebrivi
done 387done 387done 387done 387done 387
umuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebrivi
donis hidonis hidonis hidonis hidonis hi poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387
umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387
unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388
fffff
uuuuu
497
gedonistikuri fasi 6565656565
`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 8181818181
zRvruli maqsimaluri fa-
si 155155155155155
zRvruli minimaluri fa-
si 155155155155155
meryevi fasi 232232232232232
miznobrivi (saorientacio)
fasi 236236236236236
miwodebis fasi 240240240240240
moTxovnis fasi 241241241241241
moqnili fasi 248248248248248
msoflio fasi 252252252252252
mtkice fasi 253253253253253
mwarmoeblis fasi 259259259259259
nominaluri fasi 266266266266266
sabaziso (amosavali) fa-
si 305305305305305
sabazro fasi 310310310310310
sabiTumo fasi 312312312312312
safaqturo fasi 349349349349349
sacalo fasi 355355355355355
sacnobaro fasi 355355355355355
transferuli fasi 384384384384384
SevaWrebiTi fasi 426426426426426
wonasworobis fasi 451451451451451
fasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWro
xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392
fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-
iT 392iT 392iT 392iT 392iT 392
fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393
fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393
fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-
farva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebuli
vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393
fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-
birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393
fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-
ri 393ri 393ri 393ri 393ri 393
fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-
pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395
fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-
sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396
fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-
ta 396ta 396ta 396ta 396ta 396
fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396
fasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebeli
funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396
fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-
cia 396cia 396cia 396cia 396cia 396
faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397
faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397
faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398
faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-
li 398li 398li 398li 398li 398
faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398
fedefedefedefedefederaluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398
federaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervo
sistema 398sistema 398sistema 398sistema 398sistema 398
fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398
fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399
fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399
fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399
fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399
filifilifilifilifili psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399
finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400
498
finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400
finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400
firma 400firma 400firma 400firma 400firma 400
firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400
firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-
rebi 400rebi 400rebi 400rebi 400rebi 400
fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401
fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401
fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401
fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401
fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401
fiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTi
kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401
fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401
fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401
fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402
fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403
flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403
fob-i 403-i 403-i 403-i 403-i 403
forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403
forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403
forvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutis
bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403
forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403
forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403
franko 403franko 403franko 403franko 403franko 403
franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404
franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404
franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404
fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404
fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405
`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-
ma 406ma 406ma 406ma 406ma 406
fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406
friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 4066666
friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407
fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407
fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407
fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multi plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-
ri 408ri 408ri 408ri 408ri 408
fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408
fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408
fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408
fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-
tika 408tika 408tika 408tika 408tika 408
fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-
ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409
fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-
na 409na 409na 409na 409na 409
fuli 409fuli 409fuli 409fuli 409fuli 409
sakredito fuli 338338338338338
`cxeli fuli~ 445445445445445
fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409
fuli 2 (M2) 410fuli 2 (M2) 410fuli 2 (M2) 410fuli 2 (M2) 410fuli 2 (M2) 410
fuli 3 (M3) 410fuli 3 (M3) 410fuli 3 (M3) 410fuli 3 (M3) 410fuli 3 (M3) 410
fuli 4 (M4) 410fuli 4 (M4) 410fuli 4 (M4) 410fuli 4 (M4) 410fuli 4 (M4) 410
fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410
fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-
deba 410deba 410deba 410deba 410deba 410
fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis erToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivi miwode-miwode-miwode-miwode-miwode-
ba 410ba 410ba 410ba 410ba 410
fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410
fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-
reba 416reba 416reba 416reba 416reba 416
fulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTi
unari 416unari 416unari 416unari 416unari 416
499
fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-
oria 417oria 417oria 417oria 417oria 417
fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418
fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419
qqqqq
qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420
qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420
qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420
qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420
qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420
`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421
qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421
qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421
qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421
RRRRR
Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422
Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422
Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422
Rirebuleba 422Rirebuleba 422Rirebuleba 422Rirebuleba 422Rirebuleba 422
Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422
>>>>>
yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424
yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424
yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-
ti 424ti 424ti 424ti 424ti 424
yvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuri
saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-
sososososo standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew-
velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424
yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425
SSSSS
`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426
Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426
SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426
Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426
SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-
bisbisbisbisbis sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426
Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427
SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427
SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427
Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427
arasagadasaxado Semosava-
li 2626262626
emisiuri Semosavali 129129129129129
mTliani Semosavali 235235235235235
piradi Semosavali 284284284284284
realuri Semosavali 294294294294294
faqtoruli Semosavali 398398398398398
flobadi Semosavali 403403403403403
wminda Semosavali 451451451451451
Semosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobis
erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427
Semosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebis
nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427
Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427
Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427
Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427
Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428
Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428
SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428
qqqqq
RRRRR
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SSSSS
500
SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-
ba 428ba 428ba 428ba 428ba 428
SefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobis
Teoria 429Teoria 429Teoria 429Teoria 429Teoria 429
Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430
Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431
Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431
Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431
Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431
Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431
Sinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mier
sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-
sTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebuli
produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-
ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432
SiSiSiSiSi pCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandleri 432i 432i 432i 432i 432
`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432
SromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi Rirebulebis
Teoria 432Teoria 432Teoria 432Teoria 432Teoria 432
Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433
Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434
Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434
Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-
ba 434ba 434ba 434ba 434ba 434
Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-
nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434
Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434
SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-
ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435
Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435
Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435
Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435
Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435
Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-
bi 435bi 435bi 435bi 435bi 435
Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436
Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436
CCCCC
Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437
Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437
Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437
CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437
Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437
Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437
CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-
rebi 437rebi 437rebi 437rebi 437rebi 437
`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438
Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438
Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438
Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438
Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438
Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438
`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439
`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439
CiqaCiqaCiqaCiqaCiqava leo 440va leo 440va leo 440va leo 440va leo 440
Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442
ccccc
calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443
cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443
cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443
centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443
centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443
centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443
CCCCC
ccccc
501
centcentcentcentcentraluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443
cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445
cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445
cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-
tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445
cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445
`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445
cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446
cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-
si 446si 446si 446si 446si 446
cxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebis
indeqsi 446indeqsi 446indeqsi 446indeqsi 446indeqsi 446
cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-
buleba 446buleba 446buleba 446buleba 446buleba 446
ZZZZZ
`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-
ka 447ka 447ka 447ka 447ka 447
ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-
ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-
Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448
ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-
rebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiT gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule-
baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448
ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-
mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448
ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448
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warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449
warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-
bi 449bi 449bi 449bi 449bi 449
warmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebis
Teoria 4Teoria 4Teoria 4Teoria 4Teoria 44949494949
warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-
lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449
warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-
cia 450cia 450cia 450cia 450cia 450
warmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializacia
450450450450450
warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450
warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-
rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450
warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450
warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450
wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450
wminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuli
Rirebuleba 450Rirebuleba 450Rirebuleba 450Rirebuleba 450Rirebuleba 450
wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-
gi 450gi 450gi 450gi 450gi 450
wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-
ti 451ti 451ti 451ti 451ti 451
wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-
vali 451vali 451vali 451vali 451vali 451
wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451
wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451
wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451
wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451
wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-
xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451
wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451
wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451
wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451
wonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobis fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451
WWWWW
Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452
Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452
ZZZZZ
WWWWW
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502
Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452
Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-
Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452
Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-
uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452
Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452
xxxxx
xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453
xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453
xangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobis
saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453
`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453
`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453
xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453
xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453
xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis
analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453
xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454
`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454
xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455
minimaluri xelfasi 220
nominaluri xelfasi 248
realuri xelfasi 274
xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455
xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456
xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456
xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457
xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457
jjjjj
jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458
jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458
jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~
Teoria 458Teoria 458Teoria 458Teoria 458Teoria 458
jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458
joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459
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haieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgust
fon 460fon 460fon 460fon 460fon 460
hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460
harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460
hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460
hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460
heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461
hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461
heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-
zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461
heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461
hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461
hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462
hihihihihi perperperperperinflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462
`̀̀̀̀holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462
holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464
hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465
houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465
jjjjj
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503
msoflios qveynebis reitingi
adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT (2011)(2011)(2011)(2011)(2011)11111
adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsis
mqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebi
1.1.1.1.1. norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegia ia ia ia ia (Norway)
2.2.2.2.2. avstralia avstralia avstralia avstralia avstralia (Australia)
3.3.3.3.3. niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi (Netherlands)
4.4.4.4.4. aaaaaSS SS SS SS SS (USA)
5.5.5.5.5. axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia (NewZealand)
6.6.6.6.6. kanada kanada kanada kanada kanada (Canada)
7.7.7.7.7. irlandia irlandia irlandia irlandia irlandia (Ireland)
8.8.8.8.8. lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini (Liechten-stein)
9.9.9.9.9. germania germania germania germania germania (Germany)
10.10.10.10.10. SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi (Sweden)
11.11.11.11.11. Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria (Switzerland)
12.12.12.12.12. iaponia iaponia iaponia iaponia iaponia (Japan)
13.13.13.13.13. honhonhonhonhonkongkongkongkongkongi i i i i (((((CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.)))))
(Hong Kong, China (SAR))
14.14.14.14.14. islandia islandia islandia islandia islandia (Iceland)
15.15.15.15.15. samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea (South Korea)
16.16.16.16.16. dania dania dania dania dania (Denmark)
17.17.17.17.17. israeli israeli israeli israeli israeli (Israel)
18.18.18.18.18. belgbelgbelgbelgbelgia ia ia ia ia (Belgium)
19.19.19.19.19. avstria avstria avstria avstria avstria (Austria)
20.20.20.20.20. safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi (France)
21.21.21.21.21. slovenia slovenia slovenia slovenia slovenia (Slovenia)
22.22.22.22.22. fineTi fineTi fineTi fineTi fineTi (Finland)
23.23.23.23.23. espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi (Spain)
24.24.24.24.24. italia italia italia italia italia (Italy)
25.25.25.25.25. luqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgi i i i i (Luxemburg)
26.26.26.26.26. singsingsingsingsingapuri apuri apuri apuri apuri (Singapore)27.27.27.27.27. CexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respublikakakakaka
(Czech Republic)28.28.28.28.28. gggggaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefo
(United Kingdom)
29.29.29.29.29. saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi (Greece)
30.30.30.30.30. arabeTis garabeTis garabeTis garabeTis garabeTis gaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuli
saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi (United ArabEmirates)
31.31.31.31.31. kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi (Cyprus)
32.32.32.32.32. andora andora andora andora andora (Andorra)
33.33.33.33.33. brunei brunei brunei brunei brunei (Brunei Darussalam)
34.34.34.34.34. estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi (Estonia)
35.35.35.35.35. slovaslovaslovaslovaslovakeTi keTi keTi keTi keTi (Slovakia)36.36.36.36.36. maltamaltamaltamaltamalta (Malta)
37.37.37.37.37. yatari yatari yatari yatari yatari (Qatar)
38. ung38. ung38. ung38. ung38. ungreTi reTi reTi reTi reTi (Hungary)
39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi (Poland)
40. litva 40. litva 40. litva 40. litva 40. litva (Lithuania)
41. portug41. portug41. portug41. portug41. portugalia alia alia alia alia (Portugal)
42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini (Bahrain)
43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia (Latvia)
44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile (Chile)
45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina (Argentina)
46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia (Croatia)
47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi (Barbados)1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Countries_by_Human_Development_Index#Very_high_human_development
504
adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsismqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebi
48.48.48.48.48. urugvai urugvai urugvai urugvai urugvai (Uruguay)
49.49.49.49.49. palau palau palau palau palau (Palau)
50.50.50.50.50. rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi (Romania)
51.51.51.51.51. kuba kuba kuba kuba kuba (Cuba)
52.52.52.52.52. seiseiseiseiseiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebi
(Seychelles)
53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi (Bahamas)
54.54.54.54.54. montenegmontenegmontenegmontenegmontenegro ro ro ro ro (Montenegro)
55.55.55.55.55. bulgbulgbulgbulgbulgareTi areTi areTi areTi areTi (Bulgaria)
56.56.56.56.56. saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi (Saudi
Arabia)
57.57.57.57.57. meqsimeqsimeqsimeqsimeqsika ka ka ka ka (Mexico)
58.58.58.58.58. panama panama panama panama panama (Panama)
59.59.59.59.59. serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi (Serbia)
60.60.60.60.60. antigantigantigantigantiguauauauaua dadadadada barbudabarbudabarbudabarbudabarbuda
(Antiqua and Barbuda)
61.61.61.61.61. malaimalaimalaimalaimalaizia zia zia zia zia (Malaysia)
62.62.62.62.62. trinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobago
(Trinidad and Tobago)
63.63.63.63.63. quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi (Kuwait)
64.64.64.64.64. libia libia libia libia libia (Libya)
65.65.65.65.65. belarusi belarusi belarusi belarusi belarusi (Belarus)
66.66.66.66.66. ruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federacia
(Russian Federation)
67.67.67.67.67. gggggrenada renada renada renada renada (Grenada)
68.68.68.68.68. yayayayayazaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi (Kazakhstan)
69.69.69.69.69. kosta rikosta rikosta rikosta rikosta rika ka ka ka ka (Costa Rica)
70.70.70.70.70. albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi (Albania)
71. libani 71. libani 71. libani 71. libani 71. libani (((((Lebanon)))))
72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi
(Saint Kitts and Nevis)
73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela (Venezuela)
74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo (Georgia)
76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina (Ukraine)
77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respublikakakakaka
(Mauritius)
78. ma78. ma78. ma78. ma78. makedonia kedonia kedonia kedonia kedonia (Macedonia)
79. iamai79. iamai79. iamai79. iamai79. iamaika ka ka ka ka (Jamaica)
80. peru 80. peru 80. peru 80. peru 80. peru (Peru)
81. domini81. domini81. domini81. domini81. dominika ka ka ka ka (Dominica)
82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia (Saint Lucia)
83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori (Ecuador)
84.84.84.84.84. brabrabrabrabrazilia zilia zilia zilia zilia (Brazil)
85.85.85.85.85. sent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da grenadinebirenadinebirenadinebirenadinebirenadinebi
(Saint Vincebt and the Grena-
dines)
86.86.86.86.86. somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi (Armenia)
87.87.87.87.87. kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia (Colombia)
888888.8.8.8.8. irani irani irani irani irani (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
89.89.89.89.89. omani omani omani omani omani (Oman)
90.90.90.90.90. tongtongtongtongtonga a a a a (Tonga)
91.91.91.91.91. aaaaazerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani (Azerbaijan)
92.92.92.92.92. TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi (Turkey)
93.93.93.93.93. belibelibelibelibelizi zi zi zi zi (Belize)
94.94.94.94.94. tunisi tunisi tunisi tunisi tunisi (Tunisia)
505
999995.5.5.5.5. iordania iordania iordania iordania iordania (Jordan)
96.96.96.96.96. alJiri alJiri alJiri alJiri alJiri (Algeria)
97.97.97.97.97. Sri lanSri lanSri lanSri lanSri lanka ka ka ka ka (Sri Lanka)
98.98.98.98.98. dominidominidominidominidominikelTakelTakelTakelTakelTa respublirespublirespublirespublirespublikakakakaka
(Dominican Republic)
99.99.99.99.99. samoa samoa samoa samoa samoa (Samoa)
100.100.100.100.100. fiji fiji fiji fiji fiji (Fiji)
101.101.101.101.101. CineTi CineTi CineTi CineTi CineTi (China)
102.102.102.102.102. TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi (Turkmenistan)
103.103.103.103.103. tailandi tailandi tailandi tailandi tailandi (Thailand)
104.104.104.104.104. surinami surinami surinami surinami surinami (Suriname)
105.105.105.105.105. salvadori salvadori salvadori salvadori salvadori (El Salvador)
106.106.106.106.106. gggggaboni aboni aboni aboni aboni (Gabon)
107.107.107.107.107. paragvai paragvai paragvai paragvai paragvai (Paraguay)
108.108.108.108.108. bolivia bolivia bolivia bolivia bolivia (Bolivia)
109.109.109.109.109. maldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebi
(Maldives)
110.110.110.110.110. monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi (Mongolia)
111.111.111.111.111. moldova moldova moldova moldova moldova (Moldova)
112.112.112.112.112. filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi (Philippines)
113.113.113.113.113. egvipte egvipte egvipte egvipte egvipte (Egypt)
114.114.114.114.114. palestina palestina palestina palestina palestina (Palestinian
Territories)
115.115.115.115.115. uuuuuzbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi (Uzbekistan)
116.116.116.116.116. mimimimimikronesia kronesia kronesia kronesia kronesia (Micronesia,
Federated States of)
117.117.117.117.117. gggggaiana aiana aiana aiana aiana (Guyana)
adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebissasasasasaSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebi
118.118.118.118.118. botsvana botsvana botsvana botsvana botsvana (Botswana)
119.119.119.119.119. siria siria siria siria siria (Syrian Arab Republic)
120.120.120.120.120. namibia namibia namibia namibia namibia (Namibia)
121.121.121.121.121. hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi (Honduras)
122.122.122.122.122. kiribati kiribati kiribati kiribati kiribati (Kiribati)
123.123.123.123.123. samxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrika ka ka ka ka (South
Africa)
124.124.124.124.124. indoneindoneindoneindoneindonezia zia zia zia zia (Indonesia)
125.125.125.125.125. vanuavanuavanuavanuavanuatu tu tu tu tu (Vanutu)
126.126.126.126.126. yirgyirgyirgyirgyirgiiiiizeTi zeTi zeTi zeTi zeTi (Kyrgyzstan)
127.127.127.127.127. tatatatatajijijijijikeTi keTi keTi keTi keTi (Tajikistan)
128.128.128.128.128. vietnami vietnami vietnami vietnami vietnami (Viet Nam)
129.129.129.129.129. nininininikaragkaragkaragkaragkaragua ua ua ua ua (Nicaragua)
130.130.130.130.130. maromaromaromaromaroko ko ko ko ko (Morocco)
131.131.131.131.131. gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala (Guatemala)
132.132.132.132.132. erayi erayi erayi erayi erayi (Iraq)
133.133.133.133.133. kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde (Cape Verde)
134.134.134.134.134. indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi (India)
135.135.135.135.135. gggggana ana ana ana ana (Ghana)
136.136.136.136.136. ekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvinea
(Equatorial Guinea)
137.137.137.137.137. kongo kongo kongo kongo kongo (Congo)
138.138.138.138.138. laosilaosilaosilaosilaosi (Laos)
139.139.139.139.139. kamboja kamboja kamboja kamboja kamboja (Cambodia)
140.140.140.140.140. svasvasvasvasvazilendi zilendi zilendi zilendi zilendi (Swaziland)
141.141.141.141.141. butani butani butani butani butani (Bhutan)
506
142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi
(Solomon Islands)
143.143.143.143.143. kenia kenia kenia kenia kenia (Kenya)
144.144.144.144.144. sautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipa
(São Tome and Principe)
145.145.145.145.145. papapapapakistani kistani kistani kistani kistani (Pakistan)
146.146.146.146.146. bangbangbangbangbangladeladeladeladeladeSi Si Si Si Si (Bangladesh)
147147147147147. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste (Timor-Leste)
148.148.148.148.148. angola angola angola angola angola (Angola)
149.149.149.149.149. mianmari mianmari mianmari mianmari mianmari (Myanmar)
150.150.150.150.150. kameruni kameruni kameruni kameruni kameruni (Cameroon)
151.151.151.151.151. madagmadagmadagmadagmadagasasasasaskari kari kari kari kari (Madagascar)
152.152.152.152.152. tantantantantanzania zania zania zania zania (Tanzania)
153.153.153.153.153. papua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvinea
(Papua New Guinea)
154.154.154.154.154. iemeni iemeni iemeni iemeni iemeni (Yemen)
155.155.155.155.155. senegsenegsenegsenegsenegali ali ali ali ali (Senegal)
156.156.156.156.156. nigeria nigeria nigeria nigeria nigeria (((((Nigeria)
157.157.157.157.157. nepali nepali nepali nepali nepali (Nepal)
158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti (Haiti)
159.159.159.159.159. mavritania mavritania mavritania mavritania mavritania (Mauritania)
160.160.160.160.160. lesoto lesoto lesoto lesoto lesoto (Lesotho)
161.161.161.161.161. uguguguguganda anda anda anda anda (Uganda)
162.162.162.162.162. togo togo togo togo togo (Togo)
163.163.163.163.163. komorosi komorosi komorosi komorosi komorosi (Comoros)
164.164.164.164.164. zambia zambia zambia zambia zambia (Zambia)
165.165.165.165.165. jibuti jibuti jibuti jibuti jibuti (Djibouti)
166.166.166.166.166. ruanda ruanda ruanda ruanda ruanda (Rwanda)
adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebis
dabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebi
167.167.167.167.167. benini benini benini benini benini (Benin)
168.168.168.168.168. gggggambia ambia ambia ambia ambia (Gambia)
169.169.169.169.169. sudani sudani sudani sudani sudani (Sudan)
170.170.170.170.170. kot-dkot-dkot-dkot-dkot-d’ivuari ivuari ivuari ivuari ivuari (((((spilosspilosspilosspilosspilos
Zvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiro)))))
(Côte d’Ivoire)
171.171.171.171.171. malavi malavi malavi malavi malavi (Malawi)
172.172.172.172.172. avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi (Afganistan)
173.173.173.173.173. zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve (Zimbabwe)
174.174.174.174.174. eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia (Ethiopia)
175.175.175.175.175. mali mali mali mali mali (Mali)
176.176.176.176.176. gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau (Guinea-
Bissau)
177.177.177.177.177. eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea (Eritrea)
178.178.178.178.178. gvinea gvinea gvinea gvinea gvinea (Guinea)
179.179.179.179.179. centraluri africentraluri africentraluri africentraluri africentraluri afrikiskiskiskiskis
respublirespublirespublirespublirespublika ka ka ka ka (Central African
Republic)
180.180.180.180.180. siera leone siera leone siera leone siera leone siera leone (Sierra Leone)
181.181.181.181.181. burburburburburkina faso kina faso kina faso kina faso kina faso (Burkina Faso)
182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia (Liberia)
183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi (Chad)
184. mo184. mo184. mo184. mo184. mozambizambizambizambizambiki ki ki ki ki (Mozambique)
185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi (Burundi)
186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri (((((Niger)))))
187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demokrakrakrakrakratiulitiulitiulitiulitiuli
respublirespublirespublirespublirespublika ka ka ka ka (Congo, Demo-
cratic Republic of the)
507
qveynebisa da teritoriebis anbanuri
CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT*
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
0 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 0
0 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 4
0 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 1
0 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 8
0 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 2
0 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 6
0 2 40 2 40 2 40 2 40 2 4
6 6 06 6 06 6 06 6 06 6 0
0 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 0
0 2 80 2 80 2 80 2 80 2 8
7 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 4
0 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 2
5 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 3
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
5 4 05 4 05 4 05 4 05 4 0
0 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 0
0 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 2
0 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 4
0 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 8
1 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 2
0 5 60 5 60 5 60 5 60 5 6
0 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 4
2 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 4
0 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 0
0 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 8
0 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 0
0 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 2
0 7 60 7 60 7 60 7 60 7 6
0 8 60 8 60 8 60 8 60 8 6
0 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 6
1 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 0
0 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 4
8 5 48 5 48 5 48 5 48 5 4
AUD
EUR
AFN
AZM
ALL
DZD
USD
AOA
XCD
EUR
XCD
AED
ARS
AWG
NZD
XPF
BDT
BBD
BSD
BHD
BYR
EUR
BZD
XOF
BMD
BOB
BAM
BWP
BRL
USD
BND
BGN
NOK
XOF
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 1
0 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 1
0 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 8
0 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 2
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 7 39 7 39 7 39 7 39 7 3
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
7 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 4
0 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 2
5 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 3
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3
0 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 0
0 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 2
0 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 4
0 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 8
1 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 2
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
0 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 4
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
0 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 0
0 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 8
9 7 79 7 79 7 79 7 79 7 7
0 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 2
9 8 69 8 69 8 69 8 69 8 6
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
0 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 6
9 7 59 7 59 7 59 7 59 7 5
5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisSemoSemoSemoSemoSemoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebulidasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisdasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-
l il il il il i
*valutebis klasifikatori. oficialuri gamocema. saqarTvelos standar-
tizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb.,
2004.
avstralia
avstria
avRaneTi
azerbaijani
albaneTi
alJiri
amerikis samoa
angola
angilia
andora
antigua-----barbuda
arabTa gaerTianebuli
emiratebi
argentina
aruba
axali zelandia
axali kaledonia
bangladeSi
barbadosi
bahamebi
bahreini
belorusia
belgia
belizi
benini
bermuda
bolivia
bosnia-----herwwwwwogovina
botsvana
brazilia
britaneTis teritoria
indoeTis okeaneSi
brunei
bulgareTi
buve
burkina-----faso
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
a vRa n ia vR a n ia vR a n ia vR a n ia vR a n i
aaaaazerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanuli manaTimanaTimanaTimanaTimanaTi
l e k il e k il e k il e k il e k i
alJirulialJirulialJirulialJirulialJiruli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
k v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z a
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
d irh e m id irh e m id irh e m id irh e m id irh e m i
argentinuliargentinuliargentinuliargentinuliargentinuli pesopesopesopesopeso
arubuliarubuliarubuliarubuliarubuli ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni
axalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPtat at at at ak ak ak ak ak a
barbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosuli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
bahamuribahamuribahamuribahamuribahamuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
bahreinulibahreinulibahreinulibahreinulibahreinuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
belorusulibelorusulibelorusulibelorusulibelorusuli rublirublirublirublirubli
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
belibelibelibelibelizurizurizurizurizuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAObirmudulibirmudulibirmudulibirmudulibirmuduli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
boliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a no
konvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadi m armarmarmarmarkakakakaka
f ul afulafulafulafula
brabrabrabrabraziliuriziliuriziliuriziliuriziliuri realirealirealirealireali
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
bruneisbruneisbruneisbruneisbruneis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
le v il e v il e v il e v il e v i
norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegiuliiuliiuliiuliiuli kronakronakronakronakrona
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAO
508
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-riis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuli
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebavalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutis
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i
burundi
butani
gaboni
gaerTianebuli samefo
gaiana
gambia
gana
germania
gvadelupa
gvatemala
gvinea
gvinea-----bisau
gibraltari
grenada
grenlandia
guami
dania
dasavleTi sahara
dominika
dominikelTa respublika
egvipte
eTiopia
ekvadori
ekvatoruli gvinea
erayi
eritrea
espaneTi
estoneTi
vanuatu
vatikani
venesuela
vietnami
virjiniis kunZulebi ^̂̂̂̂ aSS
virjiniis kunZulebi ^̂̂̂̂
britaneTi
zambia
zimbabve
Terqs-----qaiqosis kunZulebi
TurqeTi
TurqmeneTi
iamaika
iaponia
iemeni
burunduliburunduliburunduliburunduliburunduli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
ngngngngngultrumiultrumiultrumiultrumiultrumi
induriinduriinduriinduriinduri rupirupirupirupirupi
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOgggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii
gggggaianuriaianuriaianuriaianuriaianuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
d ala s id ala s id ala s id ala s id ala s i
s edis edis edis edis edi
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
q v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s ali
gvineurigvineurigvineurigvineurigvineuri franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
gvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisaus pesopesopesopesopeso
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOgggggibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
daniuridaniuridaniuridaniuridaniuri kronakronakronakronakrona
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
daniuridaniuridaniuridaniuridaniuri kronakronakronakronakrona
maromaromaromaromarokoulikoulikoulikoulikouli dirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemi
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
dominidominidominidominidominikanurikanurikanurikanurikanuri pesopesopesopesopeso
egvipturiegvipturiegvipturiegvipturiegvipturi funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
eTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiuri biribiribiribiribiri
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACerayulierayulierayulierayulierayuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
n an an an an ak f ak f ak f ak f ak f a
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
kronikronikronikronikroni
v atuv atuv atuv atuv atu
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
boliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar i
dongdongdongdongdongiiiii
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
k v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C a
zimbabviszimbabviszimbabviszimbabviszimbabvis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
TurquliTurquliTurquliTurquliTurquli liraliraliraliralira
m a n aT im a n aT im a n aT im a n aT im a n aT i
iamaiiamaiiamaiiamaiiamaikurikurikurikurikuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
ien iien iien iien iien i
iemenisiemenisiemenisiemenisiemenis realirealirealirealireali
1 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 8
0 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 4
2 6 62 6 62 6 62 6 62 6 6
8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6
3 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 8
2 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 0
2 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 8
2 7 62 7 62 7 62 7 62 7 6
3 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 2
3 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 0
3 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 4
6 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 4
2 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 2
3 0 83 0 83 0 83 0 83 0 8
3 0 43 0 43 0 43 0 43 0 4
3 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 6
2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8
7 3 27 3 27 3 27 3 27 3 2
2 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 2
2 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 4
8 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 8
2 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 1
2 1 82 1 82 1 82 1 82 1 8
2 2 62 2 62 2 62 2 62 2 6
3 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 8
2 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 2
7 2 47 2 47 2 47 2 47 2 4
2 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 3
5 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 8
3 3 63 3 63 3 63 3 63 3 6
8 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 2
7 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 4
8 5 08 5 08 5 08 5 08 5 0
0 9 20 9 20 9 20 9 20 9 2
8 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 4
7 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 6
7 9 67 9 67 9 67 9 67 9 6
7 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 2
7 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 5
3 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 8
3 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 2
8 8 78 8 78 8 78 8 78 8 7
BIF
BTN
INR
XAF
GBP
GYD
GMD
GHC
EUR
EUR
GTQ
GNF
GWP
XOF
GIP
XCD
DKK
USD
DKK
MAD
XCD
DOP
EGP
ETB
USD
XAF
IQD
ERN
EUR
EEK
VUV
EUR
VEB
VND
USD
USD
ZMK
ZWD
USD
TRL
TMM
JMD
JPY
YER
1 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 8
0 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 4
3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6
3 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 8
2 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 0
2 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
3 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 0
3 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 4
6 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 4
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
2 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 2
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8
5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
2 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 4
8 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 8
2 3 02 3 02 3 02 3 02 3 0
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
3 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 8
2 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 2
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
2 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 3
5 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
8 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 2
7 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 4
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
8 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 4
7 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 6
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
7 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 2
7 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 5
3 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 8
3 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 2
8 8 68 8 68 8 68 8 68 8 6
509
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-riis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuli
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebavalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutis
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTi cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i
indoeTi
indonezia
iordania
irani
irlandia
islandia
israeli
italia
kaboverde
kaimanis kunZulebi
kamboja
kameruni
kanada
kenia
kviprosi
kiribati
kolumbia
komorebi
kongo
kongos demokratiuli
respublika
korea
koreis saxalxo demokra-
tiuli resp&&&&&
kosta-----rika
kot-----d’ivuari
kuba
kukis kunZulebi
kunZuli meni
laosi
latvia
lesoTo
libani
liberia
libia
litva
lixtenStaini
luqsemburgi
madagaskari
mavriki
mavritania
makau
makedonia
malavi
malaizia
induriinduriinduriinduriinduri rupirupirupirupirupi
indoneindoneindoneindoneindoneziuriziuriziuriziuriziuri rupirupirupirupirupi
iordanuliiordanuliiordanuliiordanuliiordanuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
iranuliiranuliiranuliiranuliiranuli rialirialirialirialiriali
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
islandiuriislandiuriislandiuriislandiuriislandiuri kronakronakronakronakrona
axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali israeluriisraeluriisraeluriisraeluriisraeluri SekeliSekeliSekeliSekeliSekeli
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
kaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdes e se se se se skudokudokudokudokudo
kaimaniskaimaniskaimaniskaimaniskaimanis kunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-is dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
r i elir i elir i elir i elir i eli
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACkanadurikanadurikanadurikanadurikanaduri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
keniurikeniurikeniurikeniurikeniuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii
kviprosulikviprosulikviprosulikviprosulikviprosuli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
kolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiuri pesopesopesopesopeso
komorebiskomorebiskomorebiskomorebiskomorebis franfranfranfranfrank ik ik ik ik i
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEAC
kongoskongoskongoskongoskongos franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
von ivon ivon ivon ivon i
Crdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuli vonivonivonivonivoni
kostarikostarikostarikostarikostarikulikulikulikulikuli kolonikolonikolonikolonikoloni
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACkuburikuburikuburikuburikuburi pesopesopesopesopeso
axalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
gggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii
kipikipikipikipikipi
latviurilatviurilatviurilatviurilatviuri latilatilatilatilati
lotilotilotilotiloti
rendirendirendirendirendi
libanurilibanurilibanurilibanurilibanuri funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
liberiuliliberiuliliberiuliliberiuliliberiuli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
libiurilibiurilibiurilibiurilibiuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
litvurilitvurilitvurilitvurilitvuri litilitilitilitiliti
SveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
malagmalagmalagmalagmalagasiuriasiuriasiuriasiuriasiuri franfranfranfranfrank ik ik ik ik i
mavrimavrimavrimavrimavrikiulikiulikiulikiulikiuli rupirupirupirupirupi
ugugugugugiaiaiaiaia
p ap ap ap ap at atatatatak ak ak ak ak a
di n aridi n aridi n aridi n aridi n ari
k v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C a
malaimalaimalaimalaimalaiziuriziuriziuriziuriziuri ringringringringringitiitiitiitiiti
3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6
3 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 0
4 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 0
3 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 4
3 7 23 7 23 7 23 7 23 7 2
3 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 2
3 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 6
3 8 03 8 03 8 03 8 03 8 0
1 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 2
1 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 6
1 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 6
1 2 01 2 01 2 01 2 01 2 0
1 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4
4 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 4
1 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 6
2 9 62 9 62 9 62 9 62 9 6
1 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 0
1 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 4
1 7 81 7 81 7 81 7 81 7 8
1 8 01 8 01 8 01 8 01 8 0
4 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 0
4 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 8
1 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 8
3 8 43 8 43 8 43 8 43 8 4
1 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 2
1 8 41 8 41 8 41 8 41 8 4
8 3 38 3 38 3 38 3 38 3 3
4 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 8
4 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 8
4 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 6
4 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 2
4 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 0
4 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 4
4 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 0
4 3 84 3 84 3 84 3 84 3 8
4 4 24 4 24 4 24 4 24 4 2
4 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 0
4 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 0
4 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 8
4 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 6
8 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 7
4 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 4
4 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 8
INR
IDR
JOD
IRR
EUR
ISK
ILS
EUR
CVE
KYD
KHR
XAF
CAD
KES
CYP
AUD
COP
KMF
XAF
CDF
KRW
KPW
CRC
XOF
CUP
NZD
GBP
LAK
LVL
LSL
ZAR
LBP
LRD
LYD
LTL
CHF
EUR
MGF
MUR
MRO
MOP
MKD
MWK
MYR
3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6
3 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 0
4 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 0
3 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 4
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
3 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 2
3 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 6
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
1 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 2
1 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 6
1 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 6
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
1 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4
4 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 4
1 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 6
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
1 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 0
1 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 4
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
9 7 69 7 69 7 69 7 69 7 6
4 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 0
4 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 8
1 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 8
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
1 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 2
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6
4 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 8
4 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 8
4 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 6
7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0
4 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 2
4 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 0
4 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 4
4 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 0
7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
4 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 0
4 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 0
4 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 8
4 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 6
8 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 7
4 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 4
4 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 8
510
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-riis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuli
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebavalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutis
dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutiskodikodikodikodikodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i
maldivebi
mali
malta
maroko
martinika
marSalis kunZulebi
meioti
meqsika
mianma
mikronezia
mozambiki
moldaveTi
monako
monRoleTi
monserati
namibia
nauru
nepali
nigeri
nigeria
niderlandi
niderlandis antilebi
nikaragua
niue
norvegia
norfolki
omani
pakistani
palau
panama
papua-----axali gvinea
paragvai
peru
pitkerni
poloneTi
portugalia
puerto-----riko
rieunioni
ruanda
rumineTi
ruseTi
saberZneTi
salvadori
rufi arufi arufi arufi arufi a
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOmalturimalturimalturimalturimalturi liraliraliraliralira
maromaromaromaromarokoulikoulikoulikoulikouli dirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemi
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
meqsimeqsimeqsimeqsimeqsikurikurikurikurikuri pesopesopesopesopeso
k i atik i atik i atik i atik i ati
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
m etim etim etim etim etik alik alik alik alik ali
moldovurimoldovurimoldovurimoldovurimoldovuri leileileileilei
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
tugtugtugtugtugriririririkik ik ik ik i
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
rendirendirendirendirendi
namibiurinamibiurinamibiurinamibiurinamibiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
nepalisnepalisnepalisnepalisnepalis rupirupirupirupirupi
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOn a iran a iran a iran a iran a ira
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
antiliuriantiliuriantiliuriantiliuriantiliuri ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni
kordobakordobakordobakordobakordoba oroorooroorooro
axalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegiuliiuliiuliiuliiuli kronakronakronakronakrona
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
omanisomanisomanisomanisomanis rialirialirialirialiriali
papapapapakistanurikistanurikistanurikistanurikistanuri rupiarupiarupiarupiarupia
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
k i n ak i n ak i n ak i n ak i n a
g v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n i
axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali solisolisolisolisoli
axalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
zlotizlotizlotizlotizloti
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
ruandisruandisruandisruandisruandis franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
l e il e il e il e il e i
rusulirusulirusulirusulirusuli rublirublirublirublirubli
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
salvadorulisalvadorulisalvadorulisalvadorulisalvadoruli kolonikolonikolonikolonikoloni
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
4 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 2
4 6 64 6 64 6 64 6 64 6 6
4 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 0
5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4
4 7 44 7 44 7 44 7 44 7 4
5 8 45 8 45 8 45 8 45 8 4
1 7 51 7 51 7 51 7 51 7 5
4 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 4
1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4
5 8 35 8 35 8 35 8 35 8 3
5 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 8
4 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 8
4 9 24 9 24 9 24 9 24 9 2
4 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 6
5 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 0
5 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 6
5 2 05 2 05 2 05 2 05 2 0
5 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 4
5 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 2
5 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 6
5 2 85 2 85 2 85 2 85 2 8
5 3 05 3 05 3 05 3 05 3 0
5 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 8
5 7 05 7 05 7 05 7 05 7 0
5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8
5 7 45 7 45 7 45 7 45 7 4
5 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 2
5 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 6
5 8 55 8 55 8 55 8 55 8 5
5 9 15 9 15 9 15 9 15 9 1
5 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 8
6 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 0
6 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 4
6 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 2
6 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 6
6 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 0
6 3 06 3 06 3 06 3 06 3 0
6 3 86 3 86 3 86 3 86 3 8
6 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 6
6 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 2
6 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 3
3 0 03 0 03 0 03 0 03 0 0
2 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 2
MVR
XOF
MTL
MAD
EUR
USD
EUR
MXN
MMK
USD
MZM
MDL
EUR
MNT
XCD
ZAR
NAD
AUD
NPR
XOF
NGN
EUR
ANG
NIO
NZD
NOK
AUD
OMR
PKR
USD
USD
PGK
PYG
PEN
NZD
PLN
EUR
USD
EUR
RWF
ROL
RUB
EUR
SVC
USD
4 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 2
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
4 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 0
5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
4 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 4
1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
5 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 8
4 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
4 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 6
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0
5 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 6
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
5 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 4
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
5 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 6
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
5 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 2
5 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 8
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
5 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 2
5 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 6
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
5 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 8
6 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 0
6 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 4
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
9 8 59 8 59 8 59 8 59 8 5
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
6 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 6
6 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 2
6 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 3
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
2 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 2
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
511
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisSemoSemoSemoSemoSemoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebulidasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisdasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutiskodikodikodikodikodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-
l il il il il i
samoa
samxreTi afrika
samxreTi jorjia -
samxreT sendviCis kunZulebi
sanmarino
sautoma-----presnipa
saudis arabeTi
safrangeTi
safrangeTis gviana
safrangeTis samxreTi
teritoriebi
safrangeTis polinezia
saqarTvelo
seiSelebi
senegali
sentelena
sentvinsent-----grenadinebi
sentkits-----nevisi
sentlusia
senpier-----mikeloni
serbia-----montenegro
svazilendi
svalbard-----ianmaieni
siera-----leone
singapuri
siria
slovakeTi
slovenia
solomonis kunZulebi
somali
somxeTi
sudani
surinami
taivani
tailandi
tanzania
tajikeTi
timor-----leste
togo
tokelau
tonga
trinidad-----tobago
talat al at al at al at al a
rendirendirendirendirendi
gggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
dobr adobr adobr adobr adobr a
saudurisaudurisaudurisaudurisauduri rialirialirialirialiriali
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPlar ilar ilar ilar ilar i
seiseiseiseiseiSelisSelisSelisSelisSelis rupirupirupirupirupi
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOsentelenissentelenissentelenissentelenissentelenis funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
serbiuliserbiuliserbiuliserbiuliserbiuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
lilange n ililange n ililange n ililange n ililange n i
norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegiuliiuliiuliiuliiuli kronakronakronakronakrona
leo n eleo n eleo n eleo n eleo n e
singsingsingsingsingapurisapurisapurisapurisapuris dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
siriulisiriulisiriulisiriulisiriuli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
slovaslovaslovaslovaslovakurikurikurikurikuri kronakronakronakronakrona
tolar itolar itolar itolar itolar i
solomonissolomonissolomonissolomonissolomonis kunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebis
dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i
somaliurisomaliurisomaliurisomaliurisomaliuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii
somxurisomxurisomxurisomxurisomxuri dramidramidramidramidrami
sudanurisudanurisudanurisudanurisudanuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
surinamulisurinamulisurinamulisurinamulisurinamuli ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni
axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali taivanuritaivanuritaivanuritaivanuritaivanuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
b atib atib atib atib ati
tantantantantanzaniurizaniurizaniurizaniurizaniuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii
so mon isomon isomon isomon isomon i
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOaxalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
p a a n gp a a n gp a a n gp a a n gp a a n gaaaaa
trinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagos dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
8 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 2
7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0
2 3 92 3 92 3 92 3 92 3 9
6 7 46 7 46 7 46 7 46 7 4
6 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 8
6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 2
2 5 02 5 02 5 02 5 02 5 0
2 5 42 5 42 5 42 5 42 5 4
2 6 02 6 02 6 02 6 02 6 0
2 5 82 5 82 5 82 5 82 5 8
2 6 82 6 82 6 82 6 82 6 8
6 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 0
6 8 66 8 66 8 66 8 66 8 6
6 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 4
6 7 06 7 06 7 06 7 06 7 0
6 5 96 5 96 5 96 5 96 5 9
6 6 26 6 26 6 26 6 26 6 2
6 6 66 6 66 6 66 6 66 6 6
8 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 1
7 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 8
7 4 47 4 47 4 47 4 47 4 4
6 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 4
7 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 2
7 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 0
7 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 3
7 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 5
0 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 0
7 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 6
0 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 1
7 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 6
7 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 0
1 5 81 5 81 5 81 5 81 5 8
7 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 4
8 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 4
7 6 27 6 27 6 27 6 27 6 2
6 2 66 2 66 2 66 2 66 2 6
7 6 87 6 87 6 87 6 87 6 8
7 7 27 7 27 7 27 7 27 7 2
7 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 6
7 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 0
WST
ZAR
GBP
EUR
STD
SAR
EUR
EUR
EUR
XPF
GEL
SCR
XOF
SHP
XCD
XCD
XCD
EUR
CSD
SZL
NOK
SLL
SGD
SYP
SKK
SIT
SBD
SOS
AMD
SDD
SRG
TWD
THB
TZS
TJS
USD
XOF
NZD
TOP
TTD
8 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 2
7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0
8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
6 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 8
6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 2
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3
9 8 19 8 19 8 19 8 19 8 1
6 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 0
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
6 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 4
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
8 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 1
7 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 8
5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8
6 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 4
7 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 2
7 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 0
7 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 3
7 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 5
0 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 0
7 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 6
0 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 1
7 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 6
7 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 0
9 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 1
7 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 4
8 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 4
9 7 29 7 29 7 29 7 29 7 2
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2
5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4
7 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 6
7 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 0
512
qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi
qveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisSemoSemoSemoSemoSemoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebulidasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisdasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba
valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutiskodikodikodikodikodi
asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTi cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i
tuvalu
tunisi
uganda
uzbekeTi
ukraina
ungreTi
uolis-----futuna
urugvai
fareris kunZulebi
filipinebi
fineTi
fiji
foklendis (((((malvinis)))))
kunZulebi
qoqosis (((((kilingis)))))
kunZulebi
qristmasi
quveiTi
yazaxeTi
yatari
yirgizeTi
SeerTebuli Statebi
SeerTebuli Statebis
Sorsmdebare mwwwwwire
kunZulebi
SvedeTi
Sveiwwwwwaria
Sri-----lanka
Cadi
CexeTi
Cile
CineTi
CrdiloeT marianis
kunZulebi
wwwwwentraluri afrikis
respublika
xorvatia
jibuti
haiti
herd-----makdonaldis kun-----
Zulebi
hondurasi
honkongi (((((CineTis Sem&)&)&)&)&)
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
tunisuritunisuritunisuritunisuritunisuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
uguguguguganduriandurianduriandurianduri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii
uuuuuzbekurizbekurizbekurizbekurizbekuri sumisumisumisumisumi
gggggri v n ar i v n ar i v n ar i v n ar i v n a
fori ntifori ntifori ntifori ntifori nti
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPurugvaisurugvaisurugvaisurugvaisurugvais pesopesopesopesopeso
daniuridaniuridaniuridaniuridaniuri kronakronakronakronakrona
filipinurifilipinurifilipinurifilipinurifilipinuri pesopesopesopesopeso
e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro
fijisfijisfijisfijisfijis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
fofofofofoklendisklendisklendisklendisklendis kunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebis
funtifuntifuntifuntifunti
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
quveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari
tengetengetengetengetenge
yatarisyatarisyatarisyatarisyataris rialirialirialirialiriali
som iso m iso m iso m iso m i
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
SveduriSveduriSveduriSveduriSveduri kronakronakronakronakrona
SveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
SrilanSrilanSrilanSrilanSrilankurikurikurikurikuri rupirupirupirupirupi
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACCexuriCexuriCexuriCexuriCexuri korunakorunakorunakorunakoruna
CilesCilesCilesCilesCiles pesopesopesopesopeso
iuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbi
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACku n aku n aku n aku n aku n a
jibutisjibutisjibutisjibutisjibutis franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki
aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
le m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir a
honhonhonhonhonkongkongkongkongkonguriuriuriuriuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari
7 9 87 9 87 9 87 9 87 9 8
7 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 8
8 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 0
8 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 0
8 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 4
3 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 8
8 7 68 7 68 7 68 7 68 7 6
8 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 8
2 3 42 3 42 3 42 3 42 3 4
6 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 8
2 4 62 4 62 4 62 4 62 4 6
2 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 2
2 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 8
1 6 61 6 61 6 61 6 61 6 6
1 6 21 6 21 6 21 6 21 6 2
4 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 4
3 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 8
6 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 4
4 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 7
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
5 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 1
7 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 2
7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6
1 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 4
1 4 81 4 81 4 81 4 81 4 8
2 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 3
1 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 2
1 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 6
5 8 05 8 05 8 05 8 05 8 0
1 4 01 4 01 4 01 4 01 4 0
1 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 1
2 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 2
3 3 23 3 23 3 23 3 23 3 2
3 3 43 3 43 3 43 3 43 3 4
3 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 0
3 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 4
AUD
TND
UGX
UZS
UAH
HUF
XPF
UYP
DKK
PHP
EUR
FJD
FKP
AUD
AUD
KWD
KZT
QAR
KGS
USD
USD
SEK
CHF
LKR
XAF
CZK
CLP
CNY
USD
XAF
HRK
DJF
USD
AUD
HNL
HKD
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
7 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 8
8 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 0
8 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 0
9 8 09 8 09 8 09 8 09 8 0
3 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 8
9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3
8 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 8
2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8
6 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 8
9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8
2 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 2
2 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 8
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
4 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 4
3 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 8
6 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 4
4 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 7
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
7 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 2
7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6
1 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 4
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
2 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 3
1 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 2
1 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 6
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0
1 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 1
2 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 2
8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0
0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6
3 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 0
3 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 4
513
S i n a a r s i
recenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magier
winasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaoba
leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi
qarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbani
a
b
g
d
e
v
z
T
i
k
l
m
n
o
p
J
r
s
t
u
f
q
R
y
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
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426
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ENCYCLOPAEDICDICTIONARY
OF MODERN ECONOMY
Publishing Company "Siakhle"
Tbilisi 2012
(in Georgian Language)
Rozeta Asatiani
sabeWdi qaRaldi 60X92 1/16;
saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 35,00.
gamomcemloba `siaxle~, Tbilisi 0162, yifSiZis q. 10.
tel.: 599530487^ E-mail: [email protected]