DAFTAR ISI

BAB I Pendahuluan

1.1 Latar Belakang............................................................................................ 1

BAB II Leukemia

2.1 Definisi Leukemia...................................................................................... 3

2.2 Morfologi dan Fungsi Normal Sel Darah Putih.......................................... 4

2.2.1 Granulosit......................................................................................... 4

a. Neutrofil....................................................................................... 4

b. Basofil.......................................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Agranulosit....................................................................................... 6

a. Limfosit........................................................................................ 6

b. Monosit........................................................................................ 7

2.3 Patofisiologi................................................................................................ 9

2.4 Klasifikasi Leukemia.................................................................................. 10

2.4.1 Leukemia Akut................................................................................. 10

a. Leukemia Limfositik Akut (LLA)................................................ 10

b. Leukemia Mielositik Akut (LMA)............................................... 11

2.4.2 Leukemia Kronik.............................................................................. 12

a. Leukemia Limfositik Kronis (LLK)............................................. 12

b. Leukemia Granulositik/Mielositik Kronik (LGK/LMK)............. 13

2.5 Epidemiologi............................................................................................... 14

2.5.1 Distribusi Frekuensi Leukemia......................................................... 14

a. Berdasarkan Orang....................................................................... 14

1. Umur........................................................................................ 14

2. Jenis Kelamin.......................................................................... 15

3. Ras........................................................................................... 15

b. Berdsasarkan Tempat dan Waktu................................................. 15

2.5.2. Determinan Penyakit Leukemia...................................................... 16

a. Host.............................................................................................. 16

1. Umur, Jenis Kelamin, dan Ras................................................ 16

2. Faktor Genetik......................................................................... 17

b. Agent............................................................................................ 17

1. Virus........................................................................................ 17

2. Sinar Radioaktif....................................................................... 18

3. Zat Kimia................................................................................. 19

4. Merokok.................................................................................. 19

2.6. Gejala Klinis.............................................................................................. 19

2.6.1. Leukemia Limfositik Akut.............................................................. 19

2.6.2. Leukemia Mielositik Akut............................................................... 20

2.7. Pencegahan................................................................................................ 21

2.7.1. Pencegahan Primer.......................................................................... 21

a. Pengendalian Terhadap Pemaparan Sinar Radioaktif.................. 21

b. Pengendalian Terhadap Pemaparan Lingkungan Kimia.............. 21

c. Mengurangi Frekuensi Merokok.................................................. 22

d. Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Pranikah................................................ 22

2.7.2. Pencegahan Sekunder...................................................................... 22

a. Diagnosis dini............................................................................... 23

1. Pemeriksaan Fisik.................................................................... 23

2. Pemeriksaan Penunjang........................................................... 23

b. Penatalaksanaan Medis................................................................ 30

1. Kemoterapi.............................................................................. 30

2. Radioterapi.............................................................................. 34

3. Transplantasi Sumsum Tulang................................................ 34

4. Terapi Suportif......................................................................... 34

2.7.3. Pencegahan Tertier.......................................................................... 35

BAB III

3.1 Simpulan..................................................................................................... 37

DAFTAR PUSTAKA....................................................................................... 38