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sazogadoebis kvlevis centri

marina musxeliSvili, lia mezvriSvili, beqa nacvliSvili,

mariam elizbaraSvili

socialuri kapitalis roli

saqarTvelos

soflis ganviTarebaSi

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2012

 

                   

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The present study was conducted with the support of the

Academic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN). ASCN is a programme aimed at promoting the social sciences and humanities in the South Caucasus (primarily Georgia and Armenia). Its different activities foster the emergence of a new generation of talented scholars. Promising junior researchers receive support through research projects, capacity-building trainings and scholarships. The programme emphasizes the advancement of individuals who, thanks to their ASCN experience, become better integrated in international academic networks. The ASCN programme is coordinated and operated by the Interfaculty Institute for Central and Eastern Europe (IICEE) at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland).It is initiated and supported by Gebert Rüf Stiftung.

© sazogadoebrivi kvlevis centri, 2012 © m. musxeliSvili, l. mezvriSvili, b. nacvliSvili, m. elizbaraSvili, 2012 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN  978-­‐9941-­‐17-­‐879-­‐5  

                   

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sarCevi

Sesavali.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Tavi 1. qarTuli sofeli - ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis 20 weli .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1. sabWoTa epoqa...................................................................................................... 6 1.2. damoukideblobis Semdeg........................................................................ 9 1.3. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg............................................................. 14

Tavi 2. socialuri kapitali, Teoriuli xedva . . . . 22 2.1. socialuri kapitali .................................................................................. 23 2.2. socialuri kapitalis Teoriuli modeli .......................... 35 2.3. empiriuli kvleva ........................................................................................... 43

Tavi 3. soflis resursebi da TanamSromlobis formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1.kerZo resursebi, qseluri urTierTobebi, gacvla........ 45 3.2. ekonomikuri kooperireba, resursebis akumulireba .................................................................................................................. 51 3.3. soflis saerTo sikeTe, resursebis agregireba ............ 55

Tavi 4. soflis socialuri kapitali .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.1. soflebis klasterizacia maTi Sekrulobis indeqsisa da individualuri simdidris mixedviT ............... 60 4.2. saerTo resursebi, Temis Sekrulobis ganzomileba . 66 4.3. ganzogadebuli ndoba................................................................................ 69 4.4. jgufuri loialoba, reputacia ..................................................... 75

Tavi 5. soflad arsebuli gaerTianebebi: instituciuri analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.1. araformaluri kooperacia................................................................... 82 5.2. formaluri gaerTianebebi..................................................................... 86

Tavi 6. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.1. kvlevis Sedegebis mokle Sejameba .............................................. 101 6.2. rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebisTvis ........................... 104

bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

danarTi 1. 20 soflis gamokiTxva, analizis dros gamoyenebuli monacemebi (sixSiruli ganawileba) ................ 114 danarTi 2. gamokiTxuli soflebi..................................................... 130

                   

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Sesavali

bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis miuxedavad - Tu maT Sedegad - qarTulma sofelma ekonomikuri degradacia ganicada. umuSevrobis maRali done, siRa-ribe, uflebrivi daucveloba da axalgazrdobis gadi-neba - soflis cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobaze metyve-lebs. instituciuri reformebis 20-wlianma periodma ver Seqmna soflis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli eko-nomikuri da politikuri garemo. gardaqmnebis waruma-teblobam gaaCina mosazreba, rom problemis sawyisi ara instituciur garemoSi, aramed Tavad sazogadoeba-Sia. am xedvis mixedviT, soflis mcxovreblebi ver axerxeben axali wesebiT gansazRvrul TanamSromlo-bas, radgan sofels aklia socialuri kapitali: urTi-erTndoba, Sekruloba da iniciativa, rac adgilobriv cxovrebas gamoacocxlebda.

mocemuli kvleva miznad isaxavs am xedvis ana-lizs. is swavlobs soflad arsebul ekonomikur urTi-erTobebs, maT intensiobas, saxeobebsa da ganmapirobe-bel faqtorebs. misi mTavari kiTxvaa - qarTuli sofe-li atomizirebuli individebis erTobliobaa, romel-sac ar Seswevs damoukidebeli funqcionirebis unari, Tu soflad arsebobs socialuri kapitali, romlis SesaZlo pozitiuri zegavlena soflis ganviTarebaze SezRudulia sxva, ufro Zlieri faqtorebis mier.

kvleva Catarda 2010-2012 wlebSi. misi Sedegebi eyrdnoba soflebis Seswavlas, Tvisobrivi da raode-nobrivi xasiaTis monacemebis Segrovebas, sociologiu-ri gamokiTxvis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis sta-tistikur kvlevas, urTierTobebis velis instituciur analizs.

winamdebare naSromis struqtura aris Semdegi: naSromis pirveli Tavi mokled mimoixilavs im socio-ekonomikur da politikur procesebs, romlebmac sof-lis dRevandeli mdgomareoba gansazRvra; meore Tavi aanalizebs socialuri kapitalis cnebas da ayalibebs meTodologiur safuZvlebs, romlebsac eyrdnoba naS-

                   

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romi; mesame da meoTxe TavebSi gadmocemulia kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, aRwerilia soflad arsebul koope-rireba da gaanalizebulia socialuri kapitali; mexu-Te Tavi eZRvneba soflad arsebuli gaerTianebebis in-stituciur analizs; meeqvse Tavi ajamebs kvlevas, war-moadgens daskvnebsa da rekomendaciebs.

kvleva ganaxorciela interdisciplinarulma jgufma, sazogadoebis kvlevis centris bazaze. sazoga-doebis kvlevis centri aris arasamTavrobo damoukide-beli organizacia, romelsac socialur mecnierebaTa sxvadasxva dargSi, ZiriTadad politikur mecnierebaSi, mravali akademiuri da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis naSromi aqvs gamoqveynebuli.1

proeqtis kvleviTi jgufi madlobas uxdis Svei-

carul-kavkasiur akademiur qsels (ACSN)  proeqtis da-finansebisTvis. kvleviTi jgufi aseve madlobas uxdis evelin baumans (Eveline  Baumann,  UMR  201  Développement   et  Sociétés  (IRD-­‐Université  Paris  I))  kvlevis procesSi ganxorci-lebuli konsultirebisTvis, da vano keWaymaZes, ro-melmac ganaxorciela raodenobrivi monacemebis sta-tistikuri analizi. kvleviT jgufs daufasebeli dax-mareba gauwies centris TanamSromlebma uta biwaZem da mamuka kokoraSvilma, romlebmac soflebis SeswavlaSi miiRes monawileoba, aseve yvela im eqspertma, specia-listma, studentma Tu adgilobrivma moqalaqem, vinc dro ar dazoga da Tavisi codna gagviziara.

                                                                                                               1  centris vebsaitis misamarTia  :  www.cssge.ge/site/  

                   

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Tavi 1. qarTuli sofeli - ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis 20 weli

1.1 . sabWoTa epoqa

sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis mijnaze saqarTve-

los sofelSi agraruli ekonomika ori gansxvavebuli sistemis nazavs warmoadgenda. sabWoTa gegmuri ekono-mikis paralelurad arsebobda kerZo sakuTrebac, rome-lic sabazro ekonomikis msgavs savaWro urTierTobeb-Si monawileobda.

XX saukunis ociani wlebis bolos, ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi, rogorc mTel sabWo-Ta kavSirSi, daiwyo koleqtivizaciis procesi. sof-lad Seiqmna kolmeurneobebi. miuxedavad glexebis wi-naaRmdegobisa, 1927-32 wlebis represiebma mTlianad mo-aSTo SeZlebuli glexoba da sakolmeurneo sistema damkvidrda. droTa ganmavlobaSi kolmeurneobebma ro-gorc sameurneo administraciuli, ise mmarTvelobiTi funqcia SeiZina. „soflebSi adgilobriv xelisuflebas formalurad saxalxo deputatTa sasoflo sabWo axorcielebda, romlis aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas faqtiurad kolmeurneobis gamgeoba warmoadgenda“ (melua, 2000, gv.15).

saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad koleqtivizaciisa, garkveuli kerZo sakuTrebis formebi SenarCunda. mTav-robam glexebs sakuTrebaSi 0.25 ha miwa dautova mem-kvidreobiT gadacemis uflebiT da neba darTo kerZo sakuTrebaSi hyoloda minimaluri raodenobis pirutyvi da frinveli. mTis regionebSi koleqtivizacia Tavidan naklebad intensiurad warimarTa, vidre barSi. mosax-leobac met-naklebad inarCunebda maT sakuTrebaSi ar-sebul pirutyvs. magram 50 wlebidan daiwyo am regione-bis sruli koleqtivizacia, ramac qalaqebisken 50-ian wlebSi pirveli, xolo 60 -ian wlebSi meore Sidamig-raciuli nakadi gamoiwvia. mTa TiTqmis daicala mosax-leobisgan (koRuaSvili, 1998).

                   

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50 wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo ko-leqtiuri meurneobebis transformacia sabWoTa meurne-obebad. Tumca saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad kolmeurneobebi SenarCunda. kolmeurneobis SemTxvevaSi, misi kuTvnili qoneba formalurad koleqtiur sakuTrebas warmoadgen-da da Seqmnili iyo misi wevrebis sakuTrebaSi arsebu-li miwisa da materialur -teqnikuri resursebis gaer-Tianebis safuZvelze. Sromis anazRaureba gaweuli samu-Saos moculobis Sesabamisad xdeboda. ZiriTad sakiT-xebs ki, Tavmjdomaris arCevis CaTvliT, wevrTa saerTo kreba wyvetda. sabWoTa meurneoba pirdapir saxelmwifos gamgeblobis qveS iyo da misi xelmZRvaneli raionis xe-lisuflebis mier iniSneboda. meurneobis sakuTreba sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. Sromis anazRaure-ba xdeboda fiqsirebuli xelfasis safuZvelze. saqar-TveloSi sabWoTa meurneobebma (SesaZloa, qarTveli glexis mesakuTre bunebis gamo), ver hpoves farTo gav-rceleba. 1990 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi mxolod 60 sab-WoTa meurneoba iyo (melua, 2000).

70-80-ian wlebSi kolmeurneobebma saqarTveloSi Tavisi siZlieris zenits miaRwies. am droisTvis saqar-TvelSi 100-mde iseTi koleqtiuri meurneoba iyo, ro-melTa sabanko angariSze wliurad milioni sabWoTa maneTi iricxeboda.2 Sesabamisad, gaizarda kolmeurnis Semosavalic. 1978 wlisTvis igi saSualod 4300 sabWo-Ta maneTs Seadgenda (melua, 2000). warmoebis zrdas sabWoTa kavSiris uzarmazari bazari da centraluri sabiujeto subsidiebi ganapirobebda. saqarTvelos klimaturi mdebareobis gamo, gansakuTrebiT industri-uli kulturebi: Cai, citrusi, Rvino sabWoTa bazarze did moTxovniT sargeblobdnen. centraluri xelisuf-leba ki am moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad subsidiebs ar iSurebda.

                                                                                                               2  maT mier yovelwlurad iwarmoeboda 594,9 aTasi tona Cai, 436,9 aTa-si tona citrusi, 703,2 aTasi tona yurZeni, 715,3 aTasi tona mar-cvleuli. sakolmeurneo sakuTrebaSi iricxeboda 585 aTasi suli msxvilfexa da 3 milionamde wvrilfexa pirutyvi.  

                   

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TandaTan daiwyo zrunva soflebis keTilmowyo-baze: aSenda skolebi da baga-baRebi, sportuli darba-zebi da kulturis saxlebi. amgvari socialuri progra-mebis ganxorcielebas komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis gadawyvetileba edo safuZvlad. partia Tan-daTan iwyebda mosaxleobis socio-kulturul ganviTa-rebaze zrunvas. gadawyvetileba miiReboda partiis cen-tralur komitetSi, xolo kolmeurneoba, rogorc par-tiis adgilobrivi gagrZeleba, axorcielebda mas.

qveyanaSi keTildReobis zrdis paralelurad izrdeboda moTxovna sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze. sapasuxod respublikis xelmZRvaneloba sxvadasxva me-TodebiT cdilobda kerZo iniciativis waxalisebas. ma-galiTad glexebs miecaT TavianT sakuTrebaSi arse-bul miwis nakveTebze industriuli kulturebis gaSe-nebis ufleba, romlis saxelmwifos mier Sesasyidi ta-rifi 30% -iT maRali iyo, vidre sakolmeurneo miwaze moyvanili produqtisa.

TandaTan izrdeboda warmoebis xarjebi. radgan kolmeurneobis ekonomikur safuZvels saxelmwifo sub-sidiebi warmoadgenda, gansxaveba warmoebis xarjebsa da saxelmwifo Sesasyid fass Soris saxelmwifo dotacie-biT ifareboda. Sesabamisad gaCnda stimuli sxvadasxva praqtikebisa, romlis safuZvelzec, rogorc sakolmeur-neo miwaze, ise saojaxo meurneobebSi moyvanili pro-duqti saxelmwifo sarealizacio-gamanawilebeli siste-mis gverdis avliT qalaqis bazrebze xvdeboda, sadac is orjer Zvirad iyideboda. saxelmwifo subsidiebi da fasTwarmoqmnis amgvari sistema qmnida stimuls kolme-urneobis sakuTrebis miTviseba-mitacebisa, rogorc ri-giTi glexis, aseve sakolmeurneo biurokratiis mier (melua, 2000).

am procesebma Zirfesvianad Secvala glexis cno-biereba. am periodis bolosTvis sofeli mTlianad ker-Zo interesebze iyo orientirebuli. glexi ukve sakuTa-ri produqtis amonagebis gazrdaze zrunavda, ramac uf-ro gazarda qalaqis bazris mniSvneloba.

                   

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1 .2 . damoukideblobis Semdeg

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg soflis meur-neobis gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze ga-dasvla da mmarTvelobis sabWouri formebis srulfa-sovani TiTmmarTvelobiT Canacvleba did sirTuleebs waawyda.

1991 wels saqarTvelom referendumis safuZvel-ze damoukidebloba gamoacxada. sabWoTa kavSiris daS-lis fonze gamwvavda mdgomareoba saqarTvelos cen-tralur xelisuflebas da or avtonomiur regions: af-xazeTsa da samxreT oseTs Soris, rac Zalian male Se-iaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. am process da-erTo daZabuloba qveynis xelisuflebasa da opoziciu-rad ganwyobil Zalebs Soris, romelic samoqalaqo omiTa da xelisuflebis Zalismieri cvlilebiT dag-virgvinda.

paralelurad mimdinareobda mZime ekonomikuri transformacia. daiwyo dagegmviTi ekonomikidan sabaz-ro ekonomikaze gadasvla. fasTwarmoqmnis procesi sa-bazro principebs daeqvemdebara. imavdroulad, damou-kideblobis Semdeg, qveyana mowyda erTian sabWoTa eko-nomikur sivrces, ramac mosaxleobis socialur-ekono-mikuri mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaauaresa. 1990 wli-dan 1994 wlamde mTliani erovnuli produqti 45%-iT Semcirda (Revishvili, 2004). mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda soflis meurneoba. eTnikuri konfliqtebisa da ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli daZabulobis fonze qar-Tulma soflis meurneobis produqtma Tavisi tradici-uli bazari dakarga. paralelurad, mTeli qveynis mas-StabiT mimdinareobda industriis seqtoris CamoSlac, ramac kidev ufro daamZima agrarul seqtorSi Seqmni-li mdgomareoba. sagrZnoblad Semcirda sasoflo same-urneo produqtebis warmoeba. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde sasoflo sameurneo warmoeba 2,6-jer Semcirda (Revishvili 2004).

saqarTveloSi agraruli ekonomikis gardaqmna 1992 wels daiwyo. gamocxadda miwis farTo privatize-ba. pirvel etapze glexebs miwa uvado sargeblobaSi,

                   

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gayidvis uflebis gareSe gadaecaT. glexebs, romlebic flobdnen miwis sakarmidamo nakveTebs, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT am nakveTebis farTi gau-zardes 1.20 ha-mde sameurneo saqmianobis gansaxorcie-leblad. reformis sawyiss etapze moxda kolmeurneo-bebis SenarCuneba. magram saxelmwifo subsidiebis ararsebobisa da davalianebis fonze maT maleve Sew-yvites arseboba. darCenili sakolmeurneo miwa da ma-terialur- teqnikuri aRWurviloba unda darCenliyo kolmeurneobis bazaze Camoyalibebuli koopertiuli meurneobebis sakuTrebaSi, sadac glexebi mepaieebis statusiT gankargavdnen mas (koRuaSvili 1998). refor-mis am nawils ganxorcieleba ar ewera. Seqmnili kri-zisuli mdgomareobis fonze adgilobrivi sazogadoeba uunaro aRmoCnda gaekontrolebina resursebis samar-Tliani ganawileba.

1996 wlis martidan „sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-nulebis miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb“ kanoniT saqarTve-los moqalaqeTaTvis gadacemuli miwa gamocxadda maT kerZo sakuTrebad. amave dros msxvili sasoflo-same-urneo warmoebis Sesaqmnelad „sasoflo-sameurneo da-niSnulebis miwis ijaris Sesaxeb“ kanonis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis, ufleba miecaT ijariT aeRoT miwa (didebuliZe 1997).

privatizaciis am procesis Sedegad 690 aTasi heqtari miwa 772000 sasoflo da 338000 urbanuli Sina-meurnobis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadavida, saSualod erT Sinameurneobaze 0.89 heqtris gaTvaliswinebiT. ga-saTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom Sinameurneobebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa xSirad daqsaqsuli iyo 2-3 nakveTad. rac Seexeba ijaras, 32 000 kerZo pirma ija-riT aiRo 492000 ha miwa, saSualod 15.6 ha. xolo 3573 iuridiulma pirma ijariT aiRo 404000 ha miwa, saSu-lod 113 ha. 2003 wlisTvis privatizebuli miwis umrav-lesoba saSualod 1 heqtrian nakveTebze modioda, rac mTeli sasoflo sameurneo miwis 25% da saxnavi miwis 55% Seadgenda. Sesabamisad, umravlesoba grZelvadiani ijaris saxiT aRebuli miwisa moqceuli iyo mcire rao-

                   

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denobis fizikuri da iuridiuli piris xelSi (Revishvili 2004).

miuxedavad imisa, rom miwis bazari meurneobebis gamsxvilebis saSualebas iZleoda, wvril Sinameurneo-bebs ar gaaCndaT finansuri saxsrebi damatebiT didi farTobis ijariT aRebisa da mxolod mciredi farTo-bebis ijariT aRebiT Semoifarglebodnen (Gogodze 2005). garda amisa, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi didi raodenobis miwis farTobis korufciuli garigebis Sedegad ekono-mikuri da politikuri “elitis” mier miTvisebisa.

Sedegad soflis meurneobaSi Camoyalibda ori gansxvavebuli tipis meurneoba: didi raodenoba ekono-mikuri subieqtebisa, romlebic naturalur meurneobas eweodnen, da mcire raodenoba msxvili komerciuli ag-raruli organizaciebisa (Revishvili 2004).

saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aR-weram aCvena, rom sasoflo sameurneo miwebis mqone Si-nameurneobebis 43,2%-s hqonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 0,5-0,99 ha miwa hqonda 32%-s meurneobebisa, e.i. 1 ha-ze naklebi hqonda 75,2%-s meurneobebisa; 1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxo-lod 18,3%-s meurneobebisa; 2-2,99 ha _ 3%-s da 3-4 ha ki 1,4 %-s Sinameurneobebisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom es metad mcire zomis farTobic danawevrebuli iyo da gabneuli 2-3 da rig regionebSi ufro met nakveTad. Sinameurneo-bebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis done metad dabali iyo. nakveTebis daqsaqsulobis, samuSaoebis araerTdrou-lad Catarebis gamo, ixarjeboda meti sawvavi, teqnika gamoiyeneboda araefeqturad. ikveTeboda tendencia, me-qanizirebuli samuSaoebis Semcirebisa da cocxali gamwevi ZaliT (xari, cxeni) Tu xelis iaraRebiT Sro-mis moculobis gazrdisa (reviSvili 2011).

ekonomikuri stagnaciis da industriuli sawar-moebis gaCerebis Sedegad masobrivad umuSevrad darCe-nili mosaxlebisTvis, wvril meurneobebze gadanawile-bulma miwam ojaxebis gamokvebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. Sedegad, nacvlad imisa rom gamsxvilebuliyo da Car-Tuliyo agraruli ekonomikis formirebabSi, wvrili glexuri meurneoba gadaiqca umuSevari mosaxleobis

                   

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sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis wyarod da metwilad natura-luri meurneobis erTeulad Camoyalibda.

2003 wlisTvis sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavali mosaxleobis 30%-sTvis Semosav-lis mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ojaxebis Semosavlebis struqturas, davinaxavT rom es 30%-ic ver Camoyalibda srulfasovan fermerul meur-neobad. 2003 wlisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobi-dan miRebuli Semosavali ojaxis saerTo Semosavlis mxolod 44% warmoadgenda, arasasoflo- sameurneo da-qiravebuli saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali 26% -s, socialuri daxmareba da pensia 14%-s, arasa-soflio-sameurneo samrewvelo saqmianoba 9%-s, xolo 7% ki kerZo gzavnilebze modioda (Gogodze 2005).

2004 wlis statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad meurneobaTa 82% awarmoebda ZiriTadad sakuTari mox-marebisTvis, xolo 18% ZiriTadad gasayidad (saqarTve-los statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2005).

mciremiwiani glexuri Sinameurneobebis sasoflo - sameurneo specializaciisa da sabazro urTierTobeb-Si srulfasovani CarTvisaTvis xelSemSlel faqtors transaqciis maRali xarjebi warmoadgenda3. glexur Si-nameurneobebs ar miuwvdebodaT xeli kvalificiur ag-rarul da veterinarul konsultaciaze. ar gaaCndaT sa-kuTari teqnika. ganicdidnen pesticidebisa da mineralu-ri sasuqebis naklebobas. maRali saprocento ganakveTe-bis gamo ar miuwvebodaT xeli kreditebze. agraruli produqtebis sarealizacio adgilebamde maRali sat-ransporto xarjebis gamo, miwaze moyvanili mcireodeni produqtis gayidva ki, xSirad, azrs kargavda.

                                                                                                               3   transaqciuli xarjebi is xarjebia, romlebic ekonomikur subi-eqts sabazro urTierTobebSi CarTvisas (yidva, gayidva, qiraoba, gacvla) eqmneba informaciis mopovebis, transportis, SeTanxmebis miRwevisa da Sesrulebis xarjebis saxiT, ekonomikuri transaqciis dros gaurkvevlobisa da moulodnelobebis Tavidan asacileblad. transaqciis xarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia institutebis Camoya-libebis gziT. transaqciis xarjebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT:   (Coase,  1937),  (North,1992).  

                   

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am mdgomareobidan gamosavali resursebis gaer-Tianeba da kooperatiul meurneobebis Camoyalibeba iq-neboda. gaerTianebis Sedegad Semcirdeboda produq-ciisa da transaqciis xarjebi da glexuri meurneobebi SeZlebdnen erTiani ZalebiT Camoyalibebuliyvnen sa-bazro ekonomikis srulfasovan subieqtebad. sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo amgvari kooperireba ver Sedga, maT So-ris saxelmwifo politika arc vardebis revoluciamde da arc mis Semdeg ar iyo am procesis stimulirebaze orientirebuli (nacvliSvili, 2011).

garda ekonomikuri problemebisa, sofels awuxeb-da soflis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis ararseboba. kol-meurneobebis gaqrobis Semdeg adgilobrivi xelisufle-bis TvalsazrisiT Seiqmna erTgvari vakuumi.

1995 wlis 24 agvistos saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos konstitucia, ramac erTgvari sta-biluroba Seitana qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. moug-varebeli teritoriuli konfliqtebis gamo regionalu-ri dayofis sakiTxi konstituciiT ar gansazRvrula. sa-magierod, konstituciis safuZvelze ganisazRvra adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis Seqmnis wesi, uflebamosileba da saxelmwifo organoebTan urTier-Tobis forma. konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, 1997 wels, miRebul iqna kanonebi ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobi-sa da mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~, ,,saqarTvelos dedaqala-qis – Tbilisis Sesaxeb~, ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-bis warmomadgenlobiTi organos – sakrebulos wevris statusis Sesaxeb~.

1998 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi pirvelad Ca-tarda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis – sakrebuloebis arCevnebi. kanonis Tanaxmad, TviTmmar-Tvelobis teritoriul safuZvlebad dadgenil iqna sofeli, Temi, daba da qalaqi (romlebic Sediodnen ra-ionis SemadgenlobaSi). saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi – Tbi-lisi, agreTve raionebi da qalaqebi, romlebic ar Se-diodnen raionis SemadgenlobaSi, gamocxadda adgi-lobrivi mmarTvelobis doned. es iyo mmarTveloba-TviTmmarTvelobis erTgvari ekleqturi sistema, vinai-dan adgilobrivi organoebi raionul da didi qalaqe-

                   

  14  

bis doneze erTdroulad asrulebdnen rogorc saxel-mwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis, ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis funqciebs (efeqtiani mmarTvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis re-formis centri, 2009). raionebis da didi qalaqebis aR-masrulebeli organos xelmZRvanelebi – gamgeblebi da merebi Tanamdebobebze iniSnebodnen saqarTvelos pre-zidentis mier.

am inovaciis miuxedavad, mocemul periodSi ad-gilobrivi mmarTvelobis mowesrigeba ver moxerxda. sa-jaro uflebamosilebebi da Sesabamisi resursebi kvla-vac centraluri xelisuflebis xelSi iyo koncentri-rebuli. adgilobrivi xelisufleba ganixileboda ara rogorc damoukidebeli instituti, aramed rogorc centraluri xelisuflebis gagrZeleba. ar ganxorcie-lebula arc fiskaluri da arc sakuTrebis uflebaTa decentralizacia. Sesabamisad, wvrili TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi darCnen im resursebis gareSe, romlebic maTi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis iyo saWi-ro. ar momxdara raionul xelisuflebebsa da raionSi Semaval TviTmmarTvel erTeulTa Soris uflebamosi-lebaTa gamijvna. yvela mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi sa-zogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gaweva kvlavac xorcielde-boda raionis xelisuflebis mier.

ganxorcielebulma refomebma ver Seqmna adgi-lebze is sajaro sivrce, romelic sazogadoebis Car-Tulobisa da monawileobis safuZvelze saerTo moxma-rebis resursebisa da sajaro sikeTeebis gankargvas uzrunvelyofda.

1 .3 . vardebis revoluciis Semdeg

2003 wlis movlenebis Sedegad, romelic varde-bis revoluciis saxeliT aris cnobili, xelisufleba-Si movida mixeil saakaSvili da misi gundi “naciona-luri moZraobis” saxiT.

axalma xelisuflebam ganaxorciela rogorc mmarTvelobis, ise ekonomikuri reformebi.

                   

  15  

mmarTvelobis reformam, miuxedavad gacxadebu-li demokratiuli miznebisa, Zalauflebis centrali-zacia da koncentracia, misi vertikaluri da horizon-taluri dayofebis Sesusteba moitana. miuxedavad 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli konstituciuri reformebisa, romlis gacxadebuli mizani naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis formireba iyo, mTeli Zalaufleba faq-tobrivad prezidentis xelSi aRmoCnda koncentrirebu-li. Zalauflebis koncentracias SemdgomSi daemata mTeli rigi adamianis uflebebis darRvevebi, kanonis uzenaesobis daknineba da demokratiuli institutebis erozia. am garemobas daerTo 2008 wlis ruseT-saqar-Tvelos omi da mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba4.

mmarTvelobis reforma Seexo decentralizaciis arsebul formasac. revoluciamdeli TviTmmarTvelo-bis sistemis araefeqturobis gamocdilebis safuZvel-ze, postrevoluciurma xelisuflebam gaamsxvila TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi. igulisxmeboda, rom ufro msxvili teritoriuli erTeulebi, aRWurvili meti re-sursebiTa da meti avtonomiiT, mosaxleobis saWiroebe-bis momsaxureobas ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda.

2005 wlis reformis Sedegad, TviTmmaTveli erTe-ulebis gamsxvilebis mizniT, saqarTveloSi manamde arse-buli 1000-ze meti TviTmmarTveli erTeulis bazaze Seiq-mna 64 TviTmmarTveli municipaliteti. municipaliteti yofili raionebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali TviTmmar-Tveli erTeulebis (qalaqi, daba, Temi, sofeli) samar-Talmemkvidres warmoadgenda. gamsxvilebis procesSi so-feli darCa rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis, aseve iuridiu-li statusis da sakuTrebis gareSe. municipalitetis sakrebuloSi Temi gaxda warmodgenili TiTo warmomad-genliT, xolo sakrebulo soflis administrirebas da-niSnuli rwmunebulis mier axorcielebda.

2010 wlis 8 agvistomde saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli ijariT gaucemeli `saZovrebi~ ganekuTvnebo-

                                                                                                               4   saqarTveloSi jinis koeficienti 2011 wels 40,8 procents

Seadgenda. იხილეთ: Georgian Economic Outlook. EPRC 2011.  

                   

  16  

da sasoflo sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis erTaderT kategorias, rac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sakuTre-bad iTvleboda. Tumca, 2010 wels `adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi Sesuli cvlilebebiT, kanonis 47-e muxlis `g~ qvepun-qtis CamonaTvals (sadac gansazRvrulia sasoflo sa-meurneo daniSnulebis miwis is kategoriebi, romelic TviTmmarTvelobebs ar gadaecema) daemata `saZovaric~, amdenad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba sasoflo-sameur-neo miwebis gareSe darCa (losaberiZe da sxv., 2011).

miuxedavad imisa, rom arasasoflo-sameurneo da-niSnulebis miwebi erTmniSvnelovnad TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sakuTrebad gamocxadda, maTi TviTmmarTve-li erTeulisaTvis gadacemis proceduris gansazRvris prerogativa saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeinarCuna. aRniS-nulma garemoebam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa TviTmmar-Tvel erTeulebze arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gada-cemis procesi. analogiuri mdgomareobaa TviTmmar-Tvel erTeulebze bunebrivi resursebis gadacemis TvalsazrisiT. imavdroulad, `adgilobrivi TviTmmar-Tveli erTeulis qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos prezidents TviTmmarTveli er-Teulis qonebis pirdapiri miyidvis formiT gasxvisebis eqskluziuri ufleba mieniWa, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara konkretuli qoneba sakrebulos mier damtkicebul saprivatizebo qonebis nusxaSi.

transferi centraluri biujetidan TviTmmarTve-li erTeulis biujetis mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda. ase, TviTmmarTvelobebis biujetisSemosavlebSi sagada-saxado da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi 2009 wels biu-jetebis Semosavlebis mxolod 24,7%, xolo 2010 wels _ 23,4% -s warmoadgenda. danarCeni nawilis formireba centraluri xelisuflebidan miRebuli transferebis xarjze xorcieldeboda (losaberiZe da sxv., 2011).

SezRuduli funqciebisa da uflebamosilebis mqone TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi kvlavac centraluri xelisuflebis danamatad Camoyalibda da mosaxleobis-Tvis ufro servisebis miwodebis instanciebad gadaiq-

                   

  17  

ca, vidre adgilobrivi demokratiis ganxorcielebis adgilebad.

gamsxvilebis Sedegad decentralizaciis proce-si centralizebisken wavida. 2006 da 2010 wlis TviT-mmarTvelobis arCevnebma kidev ufro gaamyara es gare-moeba. mmarTveli partia, “nacionaluri moZraoba”, ori-ve arCevnebis Sedegad TiTqmis yvela sakrebuloSi um-ravlesobiT movida. iuridiulad TviTmmarTveli muni-cipalitetebi realobaSi prezidentis mier daniSnul gubernators daeqvemdebara.

garda mmarTvelobis reformisa, vardebis revolu-ciis Semdeg ekonomikuri reformac gatarda. axalma xe-lisuflebam ekonomikuri strategia ekonomikis libera-lizaciasa da investiciebis mozidvaze daafuZna. qveynis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis gasaumjobeseblad gatare-buli reformebis Sedegad, msoflio bankis biznesis ke-Tebis simartivis indeqsis reitingSi, saqarTvelom sul male mowinave adgili daimkvidra (musxeliSvili, 2011). gatarebuli reformebi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda viTarebis gaumjobesebisTvis. saqarTvelo pirdapiri ucxouri in-vesticiebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis 2007 wlis monacemebiT 151 qveynidan mxolod 102 adgilze imyofeboda5. ruseT-saqar-Tvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg kidev ufro Sem-cirda investiciebis nakadi6. amas obieqturi mizezebic hqonda. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsis mi-xedviT 139 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelo 93-e adgils ika-vebda. gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi maCvenebeli mas makroe-konomikuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT hqonda. aq is mxolod 130-e adgilze iyo7.

mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis arsi kargad gamoixata prezidentis mier 2009 wels inicirebuli “Tavisuflebis aqtSi”. mis safuZvelze 2010-2011 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Tanax-

                                                                                                               5  http://unctad.org  6http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/bop/FDI_2011%20adjusted%20-­‐%20GEO.pdf  7http://www.3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-­‐11.pdf  

                   

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mad, biujetis mTlian Sida produqtTan Sefardeba un-da yofiliyo ara umetes 30%-isa, biujetis deficitis mTlian Sida produqtTan Sefardeba ki araumetes 3%-isa (musxeliSvili, 2011). ganxorcielebulma cvlile-bebma ukve kanoniT SezRuda saxelmwifos mier ekonomi-kis regulireba da iseTi krizisuli dargi, rogoric soflis meurneobaa, sabazro meqanizmebis amara datova.

liberalizaciis politikis Sedegad moixsna bari-erebi soflis meurneobis importze. Sedegad qveyanaSi gaizarda importirebuli agraruli produqtis moculo-ba. magaliTad, 2010 wlisTvis, qveyanaSi moxmarebuli sa-sursaTo kalaTis moculobaSi importirebuli soflis meurneobis produqtis wili 2/3-s Seadgenda (arCvaZe, 2010). am garemoebam Seaferxa adgilobrivi sasoflo same-urneo produqciis ganviTareba.

imavdroulad, mniSvnelovani saxsrebi moxmarda regionebis infrastruqturis mowesrigebas: daigo gze-bi, gavida gazi, gamosworda eleqtroenergiis miwodeba. samagierod, agraruli politika Sors iyo kompleqsu-ri midgomebisgan da mxolod erTjeradi, lokaluri CarevebiT Semoifargleboda. es kargad Canda soflis meurneobaze gamoyofil saxelmwifo sabiujeto asigni-rebis raodenobiT. 2011 wels soflis meuneobaze gamo-yofili Tanxa sabiujeto xarjebis 1,14 %-s warmoadgen-da. 2012wels es maCvenebeli gaizarda 1.83 %-mde8, magram aseTi umniSvnelo matebis fonze, saerTo suraTi ar Secvlila. qveyanaSi Semosuli investiciebi soflis me-urneobas praqtikulad ar moxmarda. magaliTad: agra-rul seqtorSi investiciis saxiT 2010 wels Semovida 457.8 milioni lari, rac am weliwadSi ganxorcielebu-li investiciebis 11.4 %-a. aqedan, mxolod 1.9 % modio-da ucxour pirdapir investiciebze9. calsaxa iyo in-vestorebis, gansakuTrebiT ucxoelebis, agraruli seq-toris mimarT dabali interesi.

                                                                                                               8  daangariSebulia finansTa saministros monacemTa safuZvelze.  9  daangariSebulia saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis monacem-Ta safuZvelze.  

                   

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am periodSi kidev ufro daeca soflis warmoe-biTunarianoba. soflis meurneobaSi erT dasaqmebulze 2010 wlisTvis TveSi iqmneboda daaxloebiT 70 aSS do-laris ekvivalenturi damatebuli Rirebuleba, rac Sromisunariani mamakacis saarsebo minimumze daaxloe-biT 7%-iT naklebi iyo. ojaxuri Sinameurneobebis fu-lad SemosavlebSi soflis meurneobis produqciis re-alizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilad modioda mxolod 21%, xolo am SinameurneobaTa agraruli seq-toridan miRebuli Semosavlebis mxolod 28% Rebu-lobda saqonlur saxes, danarCeni 72 % - naturaluri Semosavlebi iyo. Tu am maCvenebels SevadarebT 1980-ia-ni wlebis monacemebs, sadac mosaxleobis pirad dam-xmare meurneobebSi warmoebuli produqciis 45% Rebu-lobda sasaqonlo formas, davinaxavT, Tu raoden dae-caSinameurneobebis mier warmoebuli produqciis dasa-qonlianebis done (arCvaZe, 2010). Sesabamisad Semcirda soflis meurneobis wili mTlian erovnul Sida pro-duqtSi10. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom soflad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (1944.9 aTasi kaci) TiTqmis 3/5 cxovrobs11, ufro naTeli gaxdeba agrarul seqtorSi Seqmnili sa-valalo mdgomareoba.

soflis mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gasaumjobe-seblad xelisuflebam 2004 wlidan ganaxorciela rigi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, romlebic wvril glexur me-urneobebs saxelmwifos mimarT valdebulebebisgan aTavi-suflebda. soflis meurneobis pirveladi warmoebuli produqti, Tuki wliuri brunva ar aRemateboda 100000 lars (2010 wlidan es zRvari gaizarda 200000 laramede), gaTavisuflda rogorc damatebuli Rirebulebis, aseve mogebis gadasaxadisgan.

am viTarebam pozitiurTan erTad negatiuri Sede-gi gamoiRo: man erTgvarad Seasusta glexebs Soris koo-perirebis stimuli, vinaidan meurneobis gamsxvileba iw-

                                                                                                               10  igi 2000 wels 20.6 % Seadgenda (reviSvili, 2011), 2009 wels 8,4 %, 2010 wels man 8,4 %, xolo 2011 9.4 % Seadgina. daangariSebulia sa-qarTvelos statistikis departamentis monacemTa safuZvelze.  11  www.geostat.ge  

                   

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vevda transaqciuli xarjebis zrdas, maTi Semcirebis nacvlad. msxvili sawarmoebisTvis ki Seqmna SesaZleblo-ba, rom brunvis didi nawili ganexorcielebinaT Crdil-Si, raTa meti mogeba mieRoT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom meurneobaTa 80 % naturalur meurneobas eweoda (gogo-xia, 2011), agrarul seqtorSi Seiqmna erTgvari ordoniani ekonomika, romelic formaluri, an naxevrad formaluri da Crdilovani ekonomikis simbiozs warmoadgenda. erT mxares iyvnen msxvili fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis safuZvelze, mogebis gaz-rdis mizniT, moqmedebdnen rogorc Crdilovan, ise for-malur seqtorSi. meore mxares iyvnen wvrili saojaxo Sinameurneobebi, romlebic racionalurad isev arafor-malizebuli saxiT darCenas amjobinebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom kooperirebis Sedegad meurneobaTa gamsxvile-bisa da saqmianobis formalizebis SemTxvevaSi gaizrde-boda maTi samoqmedo areali, es procesi met riskebsa da pasuxismgeblobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rogorc biznes partniorebsa da bankTan, ise saxelmwifosTan mimarTeba-Si, rac am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi erTgvar patron-kli-entur urTierTobebSi CarTvis aucileblobas ar gamo-ricxavda.

am oridan, msxvili da wvrili meurneobebidan, xe-lisuflebam agraruli ganviTareba 2010 wlidan msxvil meurneobebs daukavSira. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis Zalixmevisa12, romelic agraruli kooperati-vebis xelSewyobaze iyo mimarTuli, mTavrobam sxva gza airCia. Mmiwis masiuri privatizebiT xelisuflebam daiw-yo agrarul seqtorSi adgilobrivi da ucxouri investi-ciebis mozidva.

2010 wels miRebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwi-fo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu-

                                                                                                               12  evrogaerTianebis elCi saqarTveloSi per eklundi werda: „Cemi az-riT araxelsayreli mdgomareoba, romelic saqarTveloSi ganpirobe-bulia patara da fragmentirebuli fermebis arsebobiT, SeiZleba yve-laze ukeTesad gadalaxul iyos agraruli kooperativebis SeqmniT da es aris yvelaze swrafi alternativa“.

ttp://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/2227_november_3_2010/2227_eklund.html  

                   

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lebis miwis gasayidi sawyisi normatiuli fasi sagrZnob-lad gazarda. xolo axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, rome-lic ZalaSi 2011 wels Sevida, gaizarda sasoflo-sameur-neo daniSnulebis miwaze qonebis gadasaxadi, rig Sem-TxvevaSi 2-jer da 3-jer. 2011 wlidan gauqmda saxelmwi-fo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis ijariT gacemis wesi. amieridan ijariT aRebuli miwis SesanarCuneblad pirs gazrdili qonebis gadasaxadis garda, 1 heqtar vargis mi-waze privatizaciisTvis 1000 lari unda gadaexada, rac bevrisTvis ijariT aRebuli miwis daTmobisa da sameur-neo saqmianobis SeCerebis mizezi gaxda13.

am iniciativebma biZgi misca konfliqtebs miwaze sakuTrebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, miwa, romelsac glexebi iyenebdnen da Tavisad miaCndaT, investorze gasxvisda. gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mdgomare-oba im miwebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac sofeli saZov-rad an saTibad iyenebda. soflis mcxovreblebma, romle-bisTvisac Zroxa Tavis rCenis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wya-ros warmoadgenda, dakarges maTTvis sasicocxlod auci-lebeli resursi.

xelisuflebis mier miwis investorebze miyidvis process aadvilebda is faqti, rom es miwa kanoniT ekonomikis saministros balansze iricxeboda. verc soflis da verc municipalitetis uflebamosilebebi veranair gavlenas ver axdenda am procesze.

2012 wlisTvis kvlavac gaurkveveli rCeboda soflis ekonomikisa da misi socialuri da mmarTvelo-biTi organizebis samomavlo formebi. gagrZeldeba Tu ara wvrili meurneobebis Semdgomi gaRaribeba da eko-nomikuri brunvidan gariyva, Tu moxdeba soflis adami-anuri da agraruli resursebis CarTva efeqtur warmo-ebaSi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra politikas gaata-rebs saxelmwifo uaxloes wlebSi soflis meurneobis marTvisa da soflis TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas-Tan mimarTebaSi.

                                                                                                               13  http://www.aplr.org/?lang=geo&id=376  

                   

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Tavi 2. socialuri kapitali, Teoriuli xedva

rogorc wina TavSia naCvenebi, sofelma efeqtu-

rad ver ganaviTara is ekonomikuri da politikuri ur-TierTobebi, romlebic axal epoqaSi mas keTildReobas moutanda. Sedegis misaRwevad soflis mosaxleobas un-da SesZleboda sakuTari mwiri da daqsaqsuri ekonomi-kuri Tu politikuri resursebis agregireba. soflebSi unda Seqmniliyo axali saTemo organizaciebi, koopera-tivebi, samoqalaqo Tu politikuri gaerTianebebi, rom-lebic am garemos sicocxles SesZenda. aseTi mcdelobe-bi marTlac iyo - rogorc mosaxleobis mxridan, aseve garedan xelSewyobiT. Tumca, maT warmatebuls namdvi-lad ver vuwodebT. ismis kiTxva: ram ganapiroba es wa-rumatebloba?

viTarebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba moiZebnos wminda ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebi. sabazro ganviTa-rebis im modelma, romelic saqarTveloSi dainerga, glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi didwilad wamgebia-ni gaxada, xolo politikurma sistemam soflebi TviT-mmarTvelobis, myari uflebebisa da saerTo resursebis gareSe datova. amdenad, individebis ekonomikuri da po-litikuri pasiuroba, SesaZloa, wminda racionaluri gaTvlis Sedegi iyos. meore – ufro metad individebze dafuZnebuli axsnis Tanaxmad (romelic istoriul in-stituciur ekonomikaSi dominirebs), axal instituciur garemoSi efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis individebs ak-liaT codna, Cveva da gamocdileba - anu individualu-ri kapitali, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi grovdeba. mesame axsna socialuri kapitalis cnebas iyenebs. am midgomis Tanaxmad, warumateblobis mizezi Tavad sazo-gadoebaSia. esaa sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura, ufro swored, am struqturis sisuste an araswori mow-yoba. swored am struqturis gamyareba an Secvla iqne-boda reformebis warmatebis sawindari. Mmocemuli kvlevis mizani am (mesame) midgomis analizia.

                   

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2.1 . socialuri kapitali

socialuri kapitali SedarebiT axali cnebaa, romelic bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxda popula-ruli socialur mecnierebebSi. sakiTxis siaxlisa Tu sirTulis gamo, am cnebis konceptualizacia dRemde aqtualuria, xolo misi sargeblianoba kamaTis sagnad rCeba. Seesabameba Tu ara socialuri kapitalis cneba iseT realobas, romelic manamde mkvlevarTa yuradRe-bis miRma rCeboda, Tu is moicavs im movlenebs, rome-lic sxva, ufro tradiciuli terminebiTac SeiZleba aRiweros?

sxvadasxva avtori gvaZlevs rogorc socialur kapitalis, aseve misi Semadgenel komponentebis gan-sxvavebul interpretacias. Aam fenomenis arsis anali-zis procesSi gamoiyeneba iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa adamianTaSorisi qselebi, ndoba, socialuri normebi da institutebi. patnemis mixedviT, "socialuri kapita-li . . . warmoadgens sazogadoebis mowyobis iseT maxa-siaTeblebs, rogorebicaa ndoba, normebi da qselebi, romlebic aadvilebs TanamSromlobaze orientirebul qcevas da amiT sazogadoebis efeqturobas zrdian"14

(Putnam, 1994, gv.167). es gansazRvreba sasargebloa socialur kapital-

ze msjelobis dasawyebad, radgan is moicavs socialu-ri kapitalis ramdenime arsebiT maxasiaTebels:

- socialuri kapitali aris sazogadoebis/erTo-bis maxasiaTebeli, da ar warmoadgens individebis, eko-nomikuri viTarebisa Tu formaluri institutebis rai-me Tvisebebis saxeobas. amdenad, is ar daiyvaneba indi-vidualuri aqtorebis maxasiaTeblebisa da samoqmedo strategiebis nakrebze, da aseve ar warmoadgens socia-luri sistemis maformirebeli formaluri wesebis funqcionirebis gverdiT produqts.

                                                                                                               14   "Social capital . . . refers to features of social organization, such as trust, norms and networks that can improve efficiency of society by facilitating cooperative action".  

                   

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- socialuri kapitali aris faqtori, romelic xels uwyobs TanamSromlobas individebs Soris, Tum-ca, misi arsebobis empiriulad dadgena am TanamSrom-lobis intensivobaze dakvirvebiT problematuria. is aris TanamSromlobis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi, da ara erTaderTi faqtori. TanamSromlobis intensioba SesaZ-loa damokidebuli iyos sxva faqtorebzec, magaliTad, individebis ekonomikur kapitalze. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi intensiuri TanamSromloba SesaZloa so-cialuri kapitalis simciris fonzec xdebodes, da pi-riqiT, socialuri kapitali arsebobdes, magram Tanam-Sromloba iyos susti sxva mizezebis gamo.

- socialuri kapitali, am midgomis Tanaxmad, aris "kapitali", resursi, romelic zrdis sazogadoe-bis socialur, politikur da ekonomikur efeqturobas. is aris resursi, romelmac SeiZleba "moigos" sxva ti-pis resursi - ekonomikuri an politikuri. Ees niSnavs, rom socialuri kapitali aris "kapitali" klasikuri gagebiT - SesaZlebelia misi CarTva gacvlis proces-Si, ris Sedegadac izrdeba sxva resursebis xelmisaw-vdomoba, iqmneba damatebuli Rirebuleba (Lin,  2004). am-denad, socialuri kapitalis cnebaSi moiazreba mxo-lod iseTi socialuri resursebi, romlebic monawile-oben "gacvlis" procesSi. warmoadgens ra "kapitals", "damatebuli Rirebulebis" motanis Semdeg is ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba. Tuki aRmoCnda, rom qselebi, ndoba an normebi, romlebic mis Semadgenel nawilebad moixsenieba, "damatebuli Rirebulebis" Semqmneli ar aris, da, am TvalsazrisiT, sasargeblo resurss ar warmoadgens, maTi gaigiveba socialuri kapitalis cne-basTan ar iqneba marTebuli.

aleqs inkelsis azriT, daSveba damatebuli Ri-rebulebis Sesaxeb yvelaze saintereso Temaa socia-lur kapitalTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri Tu politi-kuri resursi, romelsac socialuri kapitali "awarmo-ebs" aris is damatebuli Rirebuleba, romelicAam cne-bas mimzidvels xdis:

                   

  25  

"daSveba damatebuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb aris yvelaze mimzidveli komponenti socialuri kapitalis SeswavlaSi. . . socialuri kapitali aZlevs erTobebs SesaZleblobas awarmoon is, rasac ver Seqmnidnen [mis gareSe] . . . amis sapirispirod, individebze fokusirebu-li kvlevebi, rogorc wesi, arafers ambobs damatebuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. amgvari kvlevebi ufro fiqsirebu-li resursisgan wilis misaRebad saWiro konkurentul upiratesobebs aqceven yuradRebas. es kvlevebi TiTqmis yovelTvis swavlobs mogeba-wagebis viTarebebs “ (Inkeles, 2000, gv. 247)15.

aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad im pozitiuri kon-teqstisa, romelSic mkvlevarTa umravlesoba socialu-ri kapitalis cnebas aTavsebs (Zlieri socialuri kapi-tali=efeqturi sazogadoeba), socialuri kapitali ga-nixileba xolme rogorc saSualeba sxva, ufro maRali Rirebulebis mqone resursebis (politikuri, ekonomiku-ri) mosapoveblad. garkveulwilad, socialuri kapitali RirebulebaTa ierarqiaSi Tavsdeba dabal doneze, maSin roca sasurveli resursebi, romelTa xelmisawvdomoba unda gaizardos misi meSveobiT, sistemuri ierarqiis ufro maRali doneebis maxasiaTeblad ganixileba.

amgvari xedva garkveulwiladnaklulia, radgan imTaviTve gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis dayofas or doned: dabali, SedarebiT Tavisufali da "adamianuri", Seesabameba socialur urTierTobebs, sa-dac individebi nebayoflobiTi da SeuzRudavi Tanam-SromlobiT agroveben "socialur kapitals" (habermasi-seuli cxovrebis samyaros analogi, (Habermas,   1985)), da maRali, politikuri da ekonomikuri, mkacrad regu-lirebuli formaluri instituciuri wesrigi, sadac mimdinareobs konkurencia da brZola SezRuduli re-sursebis mosapoveblad (habermasiseuli sistema). pirve-

                                                                                                               15  ‘What makes the study of social capital compelling is the assumption of added value . . . it permits communities to do what they could not do [without social capital] . . . By contrast, studies focused on the individual generally say nothing about added value, and concentrate rather on competitive advantage in the gaining of shares from a fixed pie. They almost invariably deal with a win-lose situation.’  

                   

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li donis urTierTobebi, mocemuli xedvis mixedviT, aris mxolod saSualeba meore doneze ufro warmate-buli "SeRwevis", da, imavdroulad, am meore donis mier "kolonizebisgan" Tavis daRwevisa.

mocemuli kvleva gansxvavebul xedvas eyrdnoba. am xedvis mixedviT, socialuri kapitali aris sazoga-doebis mowyobis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic asus-tebs masSi Rirebulebrivi ierarqiis arsebobas, xels uwyobs sxvadasxva tipis resursebis warmoqmnas da maT CarTvas urTierTgacvlis procesSi. ekonomikuri, poli-tikuri da socialuri resursebi da Rirebulebebi, so-cialuri kapitaliT mdidar sazogadoebaSi, warmoad-gens efeqturad Sekruli sistemis Tanabrad Rirebul elementebs. Aamgvar sazogadoebaSi SesaZlebelia am elementebis formireba, SenarCuneba, maT Soris ormxri-vi gacvla da erTmaneTSi gadadineba.MmagaliTad, SesaZ-lebelia ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba socia-luri kapitalis dagrovebis gziT iseve, rogorc socia-luri resursis (mag. prestiJis) mopoveba ekonomikuri warmatebis Sedegad.

socialuri kapitaliT mdidari sazogadoeba stabiluri da efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis ar saWi-roebs iZulebis meqanizmebis (policia, sasamarTlo) ga-dametebul zemoqmedebas; amgvari sazogadoeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc qvemodan zeviT ganviTarebisa da ara zevidan qveviT marTvis procesi.

Tavis SigniT amgvari sazogadoeba qmnis politi-kur da ekonomikur ierarqias, Tumca, es ierarqia ufro metad legitimacias eyrdnoba, vidre policias. jon roulzis terminologias Tu davesesxebiT (Rawls,  2005), amgvar sazogadoebas SeiZleba "kargad mowyobili sa-zogadoeba" (well ordered society) vuwodoT. kargad mowyo-bil sazogadoebaSi racionalur individebs SeuZliaT gaakeTon Tavisufali arCevani da damoukideblad mii-Ron gadawyvetilebebi ise, rom SenarCundes arsebuli socialuri struqtura, ar damyardes qaosi. raciona-luri arCevanis terminologias Tu davesesxebiT, soci-aluri kapitali qmnis im minimalur moTxovnebs, rom-

                   

  27  

lebic kenet erous SeuZleblobis TeoremiT aRwerili

paradoqsis gadalaxvas xdis SesaZlebels (Arrow,  1951). socialuri kapitalis Seswavlisadmi midgomebi-

sa da gamoyenebuli meTodebis simravlis gamo, am Tema-ze arsebuli literaturis mimoxilvis nacvlad, qve-moT Cven vavlebT paralelebs ramdenime midgomasTan, romlebic mocemuli kvlevisTvis yvelaze arsebiT xed-vebs moicavs. imis gamo, rom modeli, romelsac Sem-dgomSi kvleva eyrdnoba, axali institucionalizmisa da socialuri arCevanis meTodologiur midgomebs iye-nebs, aucilebelia socialur kapitals, institutebsa da socialur urTierTobebs Soris arsebuli mimarTe-bebis gamkafioeba.

1 . socialuri kapitali aramarto amyarebs sazogadoebis instituciur mowyobas, aramed socialuri wesrigis im maxasiaTebels warmoad-gens, romelic sxvadasxva institutebs erTian sistemaSi kravs.

institutis cneba bolo aTwleulebSi imdenad gafarTovda, rom sazRvari sazogadoebis instituciur da struqturul mowyobas Soris sakmaod bundovani gax-da. daglas nortis mixedviT, institutebi SesaZloa iyos formaluric da araformaluric, moicavdes ro-gorc TamaSis wesebs, aseve urTierTobebis modelebsa (paternebs) da monawileTa gaziarebul rwmenebsa da warmodgenebs16 (North, 2009, gv.15). Tuki institutebs am ganmartebis Tvalsawieridan SevxedavT, socialuri kapi-talis yvela elementi, romelic patnemiseul ganmarte-baSi iyo moxseniebuli: ndoba, normebi da qselebi, Se-saZloa institutebis komponentebad moviazroT. amde-nad, Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar aris sakmarisi gavaigivoT "socialuri kapitali" sazogadoebis araformalur in-stituciur wesrigTan, anu institutebis garkveul nair-saxeobasTan?

socialuri kapitali SesaZloa marTlac garkve-ul normebsa Tu qcevis wesebs aZlierebdes, magram

                                                                                                               16   "Formal rules, written laws, formal social conventions, informal norms of behavior, and shared beliefs about the world, as well as the means of enforcement".  

                   

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amasTanave is institutebs Soris mimarTebebis damyare-bis da maTi erTian sistemaSi moqcevis instrumentadac gvevlineba. institutebi, gagebuli rogorc TamaSis we-sebi, warmarTavs individebis TanamSromlobas konkre-tul viTarebebSi. magram institutebis erToblioba jer ar warmoadgens sazogadoebas; sazogadoeba iqmneba am institutebs Soris kavSirebis formirebiT. swored am bolo (Tu sawyis) etapze iCens yvelaze metad Tavs socialuri kapitali. misi roli ufro Zlieria iseT viTarebebSi, rodesac "TamaSis wesebi" (institutebi) an ar aris mkafio, an tovebs qcevis modelis arCevis Ta-visuflebas. amgvar viTarebebSi samoqmedod individebs amoZravebT ara mxolod sakuTari racionaluri inte-resi, aramed warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor moiqcevian sxva individebi, ramdenad sando, solidaruli an loi-aluri iqneba maTi qceva. amgvari warmodgenebis erTob-lioba, xels uwyobsk onkretuli instituciuri elemen-tebis mravalferovnebis erTmaneTTan SekavSirebas da erTian sistemaSi moqcevas.

Tuki struqturulad diferencirebul sazoga-doebasTan gvaqvs saqme, institutebi SeiZleba iyos so-cialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri tipis. maSin Se-iZleba iTqvas, rom socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs am institutebis mier warmoebuli socialuri, politi-kuri da ekonomikuri resursebis gamyarebasa da gaer-Tianebas araierarqiul, stabilur da efeqtur sistema-Si. Tumca, TiToeuli es sfero (ekonomika, politika, sociumi) TviTonac gansxvavebuli tipis resursebisgan aris formirebuli (mag. kapitali, bazari, sazogadoeb-rivi saqoneli). mikro doneze am resursebis efeqtur SekavSirebasa da urTierTqmedebaSi aseve socialuri kapitalia CarTuli. ase magaliTad, socialurma kapi-talma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos fulis Segrovebas sof-lis gzis SesakeTeblad (am SemTxvevaSi kerZo resurse-bi gardaiqmneba saerTo sikeTed), an mosavlis erTob-liv gasaRebas (am SemTxvevaSi xdeba kerZo da jgufuri interesebis Sejereba). amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom socialuri kapitali sxvadasxva tipis sa-

                   

  29  

kuTrebis formirebasa da maTi araierarqiuli integra-ciis SesaZleblobas aZlierebs.

gansxvaveba institutsa da socialur kapitals Soris aseve SeiZleba davinaxoT socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis saWiro iZulebis odenobaSi. institu-ti, iqneba is formaluri Tu araformaluri, SesaZloa arsebobdes TamaSis monawileTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod - sanqciebis SiSis safuZvelze. rac ufro metia socia-luri kapitali sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro naklebi iZu-lebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom SenarCundes (Tu gardaiq-mnas) arsebuli socialuri urTierTobebi. Aamdenad, idealuri sazogadoeba aris iseTi sazogadoeba, ro-melSic TamaSis yvela wesis SenarCuneba/gardaqmna uz-runvelyofilia ara iZulebiT, aramed socialuri kapi-talis ZaliT.

imisaTvis, rom SemdgomSi erTmaneTisgan ganvas-xvaoT institutisa da socialuri kapitalis cnebebi, instituciur normebSi Cven vigulisxmebT TanamSrom-lobis damkvidrebul formebsa da wesebs, romelTa damrRvevi garkveul sanqciebs eqvemdebareba. amgvar sanqciebs SesaZloa axorcielebdes gare aqtori, mag. saxelmwifo; Tavad sazogadoeba, romelic araforma-luri gziT zRudavs Seusabamo qcevas; an garkveuli qceva SeiZleba aRikveTos imis gamo, rom is miuRebelia savaraudo partniorisTvis.

institutisgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri kapita-li xels uwyobs racionaluri aqtoris qcevis reguli-rebas iseT viTarebaSi, romelic qcevis modelebs So-ris arCevanis arsebobas gulisxmobs. es arCevani mxo-lod instituciuri normis Sesruleba-arSesrulebis dilemaze ar daiyvaneba (mag. nasesxebi fulis dabrune-ba). is SeiZleba saerTod ar gulisxmobdes raime san-qciis arsebobas (mag. gaerTianeba kooperativSi Tu ga-erTianebaze uaris Tqma). amgvar viTarebebSi aqtorebis molodini, Tu ra SeiZleba moyves ama Tu im gadawyve-tilebas, didwilad damokidebulia socialuri kapita-lis Semadgenel elementebze, mag. ndobaze.

arCevanis SesaZleblobis mqone individebis ga-dawyvetilebebis erToblioba, CaerTon Tu ar CaerTon

                   

  30  

ama Tu im arasavaldebulo urTierTobaSi, ganapiro-bebs resursebis gadadinebas sxvadasxva instituts So-ris. saboloo jamSi, am resursebs Soris dgindeba "wo-nasworoba", romelic gansazRvravs maT fardobiT fase-ulobas sazogadoebis TvalSi. am procesebSi socialu-ri kapitali, SesaZloa, aZlierebdes erTi tipis insti-tutebs da asustebdes sxva tipis institutebs.

2. yvela tipis socialuri resursi ar warmoadgens socialur kapitals: arsebobs vi-Tarebebi, rodesac institutebi socialur re-sursebs kapitalad qcevis SesaZleblobas ar aZ-levs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, socialuri urTierTo-bebi, romlebic sazogadoebis erT-erT resurss warmo-adgens, SeiZleba ver gaxdes "kapitali", anu SesaZloa am tipis resursi ar iyos konvertirebadi sazogadoe-bis ekonomikur da politikur warmatebaSi. amgvari vi-Tareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, rodesac institutebi iqmneba "zevidan qveviT", ara socialuri urTierTobe-bis veqtorebis Sesabamisad, aramed maTi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sxvaoba socialur resursebsa da socialur kapitals Soris waagavs er-nando de sotos mier aRweril sxvaobas ekonomikur resursebsa da ekonomikur kapitals Soris.

ernando de soto Tavis wignSi "kapitalis miste-ria" ("The  Mystery  of  Capital") asabuTebs, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebidasavleTis qveynebisgan gansxvadebian ara eko-nomikuri resursebis simwiriT, aramed imiT, rom “da-narCeni samyaros uunaroba -awarmoos kapitali – aris ZiriTadi dabrkoleba, romelic xels uSlis mas, naxos sargebeli kapitalizmisgan”17 (de Soto, 2000, gv.5). ganvi-Tarebadi qveynebis materialuri resursebi kapitalad ar gardaiqmneba da ar monawileobs axali simdidris warmoebis procesSi. Raribi qveynebi Raribebi arian ara imitom, rom dovlaTi ara aqvT, aramed imitom, rom ar xdeba am dovlaTis CarTva ekonomikur gacvlaSi.

                                                                                                               17   "...the  major   stumblig   block   that   keeps   the   rest   of   the  world   from   benefiting   from  capitalism  is  its  inability  to  produce  capital".  

                   

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de sotos mosazreba materialuri resursebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganvavrcoT socialuri urTierTobe-bis sferozec. socialuri kapitaliT Rarib qveynebSi, SesaZloa arsebobdes sakmaod mdidari socialuri cxovreba, magram am socialur cxovrebas ar gaaCnia politikuri da ekonomikuri reprezentacia instituci-ur sivrceSi. mas ver moaqvs dividentebi sociumisTvis da is ver sazrdoobs ekonomikuri da politikuri war-matebisgan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is ar aris ka-pitali.

amdenad, arsebiTia ganvasxvaoT ori cneba: re-sursi da kapitali. resursi, iqneba es ekonomikuri, so-cialuri Tu politikuri, SesaZloa Sefasdes misi ode-nobiT, met-naklebobiT. TiToeuli individisTvis raci-onalurad mimzidvelia meti resursis floba. sazoga-doeba, iseve rogorc calkeuli socialuri jgufi an individi, SesaZloa, daxasiaTdes rogorc mdidari an Raribi ama Tu im tipis resursiT. magram "kapitalis" saxelwodebas yvelanairi resursi ar imsaxurebs. eko-nomikuri, politikuri da socialuri resursebi mxo-lod maSin warmoadgenen kapitals, Tuki maT Soris "gacvlis" procesia SesaZlebeli.

iseTi viTareba, rodesac institutebi da socia-luri urTierTobebi erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTu-lebiT moqmedebs, SeiZleba sxva Tvalsawieridanac Se-fasdes. SeiZleba sazogadoebas gaaCndes socialuri ka-pitali, romelic asustebs "zevidan qveviT" danergili institutebis efeqturobas da zRudavs maT SeRwevas araformalizebul socialur urTierTobaTa sivrceSi.

zogierTi avtoris dakvirvebiT, mWidro socia-luri qselebi da Sekruli sazogadoeba ar aris er-TmniSvnelovnad sazogadoebis winsvlis sawindari. kri-tikosebis azriT, Sekruli sazogadoeba SeiZleba blo-kavdes siaxlesa da ewinaaRmdegebodes reformebs, rom-lebic misTvis sasikeTo iqneboda.

zogjer mkvlevrebi socialuri kapitalis swo-red negatiur formebze amaxvileben yuradRebas (Warren, 2008, gv.144). SesaZloa, Sekruli socialuri jgufi war-

                   

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matebiT moipovebdes politikur da ekonomikur resur-sebs, magram es danarCeni sazogadoebis xarjze xdebo-des. amdenad, kavSiri mdidar socialur kapitalsa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris calsaxa ar aris. "cudi socialuri kapitali" qmnis magaliTad, mafiozuri dajgufebebis funqcionirebisTvis aucile-bel urTierTndobas. medelinis kartelis an korufciu-li politikuri klanis tipis araformaluri jgufebi Sekrulia mWidro socialuri kavSirebiT, Tumca, maTi funqcionireba momgebiania mxolod am jgufis wevrebis-Tvis; jgufis gareT myofi sazogadoebisTvis mas nega-tiuri Sedegebi moaqvs. sxva sityvebiT, amgvar socialur kapitals (Tuki amas socialur kapitals vuwodebT) ga-aCnia uaryofiTi eqsternaliebi. zustad iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri kapitalis investireba SeiZleba kargi iyos investorisTvis, magram cudi - misi konkurentebisTvis, investireba socialur urTierTobebSi SesaZlebelia pozitiur Sedegs iZleodes pirovnebisTvis, magram ara mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis.

institutebTan dapirispirebul socialur kapi-tals SeiZleba "negatiuri solidaroba" vuwodoT, rad-gan is, xSirad, gare batonobis winaaRmdeg aris mimar-Tuli. socialuri urTierTobebis paterni SesaZloa arademokratiuli, arahumanuri reJimis aTwleulebis ba-tonobis Sedegad Camoyalibdes. am SemTxvevaSi socia-lur kapitals, e.w. "negatiuri mobilizebis" gziT, SeuZ-lia institutebis revoluciuri cvlilebis gamowvevac.

3. araxelsayrel instituciur garemoSi socialuri kapitali SeiZleba arsebobdes "qvi-Sis saaTis"qveda nawilSi; am SemTxvevaSi is me-tia, vidre socialuri resursi, magram verc srulyofil funqcionirebas axerxebs.

socialuri kapitali, erTi mxriv, da formalu-ri institutebi, meore mxriv, SesaZloa imyofebodnen ZalTa balansis mdgomareobaSi da "gavlenis arealebs" iyofdnen. maSin socialuri wesrigi iZens "qviSis saa-Tis" saxes - is xdeba ordoniani.

mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom wlebSi postsabWoTa qveynebSi amgvari modelis

                   

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arsebobaze. 1995 wels, riCard rouzma ruseTis sazoga-doebis struqtura miamsgavsa qviSis saaTs. qviSis saa-Tis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda sivrceebSi intensiuri socialuri cxovreba Cqefda, magram maT erTmaneTisgan viwro yeli aSorebda (Rose, 1995). vertikaluri dayofa farTo sazogadoebad da Zalauflebis elitad jer ki-dev sabWoTa warsulidan momdinareobs, xolo viwro ye-li, romelic am or Sres erTmaneTisgan ganacalkevebs, dapirispirebasa da undoblobaze miuTiTebs.

aseT sazogadoebebSi socialuri kapitali qvi-Sis saaTis viwro yelis qvemoT arsebobs da sajaro sivrcisgan Tavis gadasarCenad "CrdilSi" imaleba. zogjer amgvari viTareba mcdaradaa gaigivebuli soci-aluri kapitalis sisustesTan da sazogadoebis atomi-zebasTan.

robert patnemma MmWidrod daakavSira erTmaneT-Tan socialuri kapitalisa da samoqalaqo erTobis cnebebi: socialuri kapitali warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saxeobas, erTobas, sadac moqalaqeTa so-cialuri CarTuloba mimarTulia sazogadoebis poli-tikuri resursebis zrdaze. socialuri kapitalis nak-leboba ki ukavSirdeba klientelistur, korufciasa da individualur mogebaze orientirebuli aqtiobis si-Warbesa da sazogadoebrivi produqtis Seqmnis uunaro-bas (Putnam, 1994).

samoqalaqo erTobis sapirispiro movlena e.w. amoraluri femilizmia (Familism). sazogadoebis am ti-pisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Taviseburi struqtura, ro-melSic individis pasuxismgeblobis sivrce daviwroe-bulia da vrceldeba ZiriTadad sakuTar ojaxze, naTe-savebis da megobrebis viwro wreze. amgvari struqtura miiCneva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebisTvis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier damabrkolebel faqtorad.

edvard banfildi miiCnevda, rom am tipis sazo-gadoebebis CamorCeniloba SeiZleba nawilobriv ais-xnas TanasoflelTa uunarobiT imoqmedon erToblivad raime saerTo miznis misaRwevad, romelic scildeba konkretuli ojaxis moklevadian, materialur intere-

                   

  34  

sebs (Banfield, 1958). adamianebi eWviT da undoblobiT uyureben erTmaneTs, mzad arian sakuTari ojaxis inte-resebi daicvan ufro farTo sazogadoebis xarjze da miaCniaT, rom mezoblebis dawinaureba da warmateba Se-saZloa maTTvis warumateblobas niSnavdes. Mmoqalaqee-bi Tavis Tems aRiqvamen rogorc brZolis vels.

socialuri kapitalisa da samoqalaqo erTobis ase mWidrod dakavSireba xels uSlis imis danaxvas, rom SesaZloa sazogadoebaSi socialuri kapitali ar-sebobdes, magram qviSis saaTis zeda doneze ver aRwev-des. am SemTxvevaSi, susti sajaro manifestaciebis ga-mo, is rTulad dakvirvebadi fenomenia. amgvari midgoma ver iazrebs imas, rom sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba arse-bobdes arasamoqalaqo socialuri kapitali. is SesaZ-loa warmatebiT kravdes Tems da Temis doneze kapita-lis rols asrulebdes, Tumca ver axerxebdes Temis gareT arsebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri resurse-bis mozidvas. Aaucilebelia, es viTareba mkafiod gan-vasxvavoT sazogadoebis atomizebuli mdgomareobisgan, romelSic socialuri kapitali saerTod ar arsebobs.

garda amisa, socialuri kapitali SesaZloa aR-moCndes qviSis saaTis qveda nawilSi ara imitom, rom is formalur institutebs upirispirdeba, aramed imi-tom, rom, komunikaciisa da resursebis simwiris gamo, ver axerxebs farTo sazogadoebis doneze moRvaweobas. anu mWidro socialuri urTierTobebi SesaZloa warmo-adgendes "kapitals" mxolod im sazRvrebSi, romleb-sac mocemuli sociumi "wvdeba"; is SeiZleba ar iyos konvertirebadi im ekonomikur da politikur resur-sebSi, romlebic ufro farTo sazogadoebis kontro-lis qveS imyofeba.

amgvari dakvirvebebi uCvenebs, rom socialuri ka-pitalis cnebis gaazrebisas kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi. gansxvavebiT ekonomikuri kapitalisgan, romelsac Tanamedrove globalizebul samyaroSi SeuZlia TiTqmis daubrkoleblad erTi adgi-lidan meoreSi gadadineba, socialuri kapitali mibmu-lia im adamianebis erTobasTan, romelic erTmaneTTan

                   

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struqturul komunikaciaSi imyofeba. amdenad, arsebiTia sazogadoebis romelime nawilis (magaliTad soflis) ganxilvisas, socialuri kapitali moviazroT am erTo-bis komunikaciis sazRvrebSi da ar gavaigivoT mTliani sazogadoebis socialur kapitalTan. Sesabamisad, unda ganvasxvaoT is politikuri da ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebzedac soflis socialur kapitals SesaZloa hqondes gavlena, da is resursebi, romlebic soflis gavlenis miRma arsebobs. ase magaliTad, qveynis parla-menti an sabazro fasebi is resursebia, romlebzedac calke aRebul sofels mniSvnelovani gavlena ara aqvs. socialuri kapitalis am maxasiaTebels aqvs mniSvnelo-ba ordoniani modelis gagebisTvis.

2.2 . socialuri kapitalis Teoriuli modeli

Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kargad mowyobili sazogadoebis viTarebaSi socialuri kapita-li aris ara sazogadoebis instituciuri wesrigis na-wili, aramed am wesrigis gaZlierebisa da "gamTliane-bis" saSualeba. cudad mowyobil sistemaSi ki forma-luri institutebi da socialuri kapitali SesaZloa erTmaneTis sapirispirod moqmedebdnen.

socialuri kapitali ara marto aadvilebs ama Tu im resursis formirebasa da mopovebas, aramed xels uwyobs sxvadasxva tipis resursebis araierarqi-ul, araZalismier Tanaarsebobas.

socialuri kapitali SesaZloa funqcinirebdes "viwro yelis" miRma iseTnairad, rom sazogadoeba to-vebdes socialuri kapitaliT Raribi sazogadoebis STabeWdilebas.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTul soflebSi arsebuli socialuri kapitalis kvleva moiTxovs so-cialuri urTierTobebis mTeli kompleqsis analizs. urTierTobaTa am rTuli da mravalfaqtoruli siste-mis analizisTvis SemuSavda modeli, romlis erTeule-bi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc veberiseuli idea-

                   

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luri tipebi. es erTeulebia: a. resursebis, b. kooperi-rebis modelebis da g. ganwyobebis idealuri tipebi.

a. resursebi

resursebis tipologizaciisas Cven vixelmZRvane-leT elinor ostromis midgomiT. elinor ostromi aR-niSnavs, rom Temis ekonomikuri institutebis srulyo-fili mowyoba moicavs sami tipis sakuTrebis rTul na-zavs: kerZo, saxelmwifo da saerTo (Ostrom, 2007). sakuT-rebis formebi aq farTo gagebiT aris gagebuli: ase, magaliTad, is miwa, romelsac sofeli erToblivad ga-nagebs, SesaZloa iyos saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi, magram misi gankargva soflis prerogativa iyos. saerTo ga-dawyvetilebis miReba, am SemTxvevaSi, saTemo sakuTre-biTi urTierTobis tips warmoadgens.

am midgomaze dayrdnobiT modeli ganasxvavebs sakuTrebis formebis sam idealur tips: kerZo, jgufu-ri da saerTo sakuTreba.

kerZo tipis resursebi aris iseTi resursebi, romlebic moicavs kerZo sakuTrebas, individualur mogebas, im socialur Tu politikur gavlenasa Tu Za-lauflebas, romelsac calkeuli individi flobs. ker-Zo resursis yvelaze martivi formaa kerZo sakuTreba.

jgufuri resursi aris romelime Semofar-gluli jgufis saerTo sakuTreba, mogeba an Zalauf-leba. Aam resursiT eqskluziurad sargebloba mxo-lod mocemuli jgufis wevrebs SeuZliaT. Aam tipis resursze xeli ar miuwvdebaT imaT, vinc am jgufSi ar Sedis. jgufuri resursi amowurvadia - rac ufro meti ergeba mocemul jgufs, miT ufro naklebi - sxvebs; am-denad amgvar jgufs SeiZleba eqskluziuri ewodos, mankur olsonis terminologiiT (Olson, 1971). jgufu-ri resursis magaliTia savaWro adgili, sadac sofle-lebi CurCxelebs an mawons yidian. mocemul adgilze myidvelebis fiqsirebuli raodenobis gamo, rac ufro mets gayidis erTi, miT ufro naklebi ergeba yvela da-narCens.

                   

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saerTo resursebi iseTi resursebia, romle-

bic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis (public   good). saerTo resursi, jgufurisgan gansxvavebiT, amowurva-di ar aris -is an yvelasTvis arsebobs, an aravisTvis ar arsebobs. saerTo resursis magaliTia eklesia, an gza, romelic sofelSi midis.

b. kooperirebis modelebi

resursebis sami tipis Sesabamisad, Cven ganvas-xvavebT kooperirebis sam models: qseluri, jgufuri, saerTo.

qseluri urTierTobebi. qseluri gacvliTi tipis urTierTobebi mowodebulia daamyaros kavSirebi kerZo interesebis mqone individebs Soris da moemsaxu-ros maTi kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebas. es urTi-erTobebi wyvil-wyvilad dalagebuli urTierTobebis jamia, romelic socialur - qseluri xasiaTisaa.

jgufuri urTierTobebi . jgufuri interese-bis mqone individebi, romlebic jgufuri resursis Seqmnaze da misgan sargeblis miRebaze arian orienti-rebulni, saWiroeben erTobliv SeTanxmebas resurse-bis akumulirebisa da Semdgomi sargeblis, gadanawile-bis wesebis Taobaze. maT mouwevT saerTo SeTanxmebis miRweva, da garkveuli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba imis-Tvis, rom jgufis wevrebs Soris kofliqtebi ar mox-des, da Zalauflebis miniWeba liderisTvis, romelic jgufur sakuTrebas ganagebs.

saerTo sikeTis Seqmnaze an SenarCunebaze mi-marTuli individebi aseve saWiroeben erTobliv SeTan-xmebas im individualuri resursebis agregirebis Tao-baze, romlebic saerTo sikeTis Seqmnas moxmardeba. gansxvavebiT zeviT aRwerili jgufuri qcevisgan, am SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebis problema ar dgas. amdenad, mocemuli qceva racionalurad inkluziuria, mimarTu-lia farTo gaerTianebis Seqmnaze. farTo gaerTianebis saTaveSi SesaZloa gavleniani lideri aRmoCndes.

                   

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g. ganwyobebi

resursis TiToeul tips Seesabameba specifikuri ganwyoba, romelic ndobis kategorias miekuTvneba. sa-mive SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis intensioba damokide-bulia TanamSromlobaSi monawile individebs Soris ndobis arsebobaze, magram samive SemTxvevaSi es ndoba gansxvavebuli xasiaTis iqneba.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom socialuri kapitalis Te-oretizebis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgenda migne-ba, rom ndoba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvanairi. seligma-nis mixedviT, ndobis gansxvavebuli tipebi gansxvave-bul socialur tradiciebs ukavSirdeba (Seligman,1997). Ggarda amisa, ndoba situaciuria - individebi SesaZloa kargad kooperirebdnen erT viTa-rebaSi, magram iCendnen erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobas meore viTarebaSi (Hardin, 2004).

imis gamo, rom ndobis saxeobebTan mimarTebaSi literaturaSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvairi terminolo-gia (interpersonaluri ndoba, ganpirobebuli ndoba, sistemuri ndoba da a.S.), aucilebelia im gansazRvrebe-bis Semotana, romlebic mocemul modelSi iqneba gamo-yenebuli.

mocemuli modeli ndobis tipebs situaciur vi-TarebebTan akavSirebs. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi resursis konkretuli tipis adeqvaturia kooperirebis garkveuli tipi. Tavis mxriv, kooperirebis konkretuli tipi unda daeyrdnos misTvis adeqvatur ganwyobas, ro-melic mocemul viTarebaSi yvelaze arsebiTad ganapi-robebs individebis qcevas.

ndoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianTa umravlesoba erTgulia sxvebis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebisa) aadvilebs interpersonalur urTierTobebs, romlebic mimarTulia kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze;

solidaroba (imis rwmena, rom adamianTa Soris TanamSromloba ar aris nulovan-jamovani) saWiroa sa-erTo sikeTeebis warmoqmnis procesSi;

loialoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianTa umrav-lesoba Cemnairia, da amis gamo, Cven SeTanxmebas mivaR-

                   

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wevT, erTmaneTs gavugebT) qmnis jgufuri interesebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.

Sesabamisad, Cven gamoyofT urTierTobebis sam models, romelTagan TiToeuli Sedgeba sami elemen-tisgan: resursi, kooperirebis tipi da ganwyoba:

naxati 1.

TiToeul svetSi moyvanili sameuli gamarTuli funqcionirebisTvis saWiroebs Tavis Semadgenel sami-ve elements. es elementebi SesaZloa iqmnebodes sanqci-ebis ZaliT (magaliTad, pirvel svetSi policia da sa-samarTlo uzrunvelyofs kerZo sakuTrebis daculo-bas da kontraqtebis aRsrulebas, amdenad garemo sav-sebiT sandoa ekonomikuri qseluri gacvlisTvis). am SemTxvevaSi ndoba kerZo sakuTrebis Zlieri institu-tis arsebobis Sedegia. an piriqiT, sanqciebi SesaZloa iyos minimaluri, xolo urTierTobebSi CarTuli indi-videbis sandooba - maRali. am SemTxvevaSi Zlieria so-cialuri kapitali, xolo kerZo sakuTrebis institu-tis daculoba aris misi siZlieris Sedegi, da ara mi-zezi.

socialuri kapitali, rogorc iTqva, emsaxureba ara mxolod calkeuli institutebis araiZulebiT funqcionirebasa da Sesabamisi resursebis formirebas, aramed am institutebs Soris kavSirebis damyarebasa

                   

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da maT Soris resursebis gadadinebas. socialuri kapi-tali Sekravs am sam svetSi moyvanil urTierTobebsa da resursebs erTian socialur wesrigSi im SemTxveva-Si, Tu saxezea misi elementebis cikluroba .

cikluroba niSnavs imas, rom ndoba, solidaroba da loialoba ara mxolod xels uwyobs garkveuli re-sursebis mdgradobas, aramed qmnis (an emyarebian) war-modgenebs ori danarCeni resursis Tavsebadobis xasi-aTze.

ndoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianTa umravlesoba erTgulia sxvebis winaSe valdebulebebisa), gamovleni-li qseluri urTierTobebis procesSi, metyvelebs ima-ze, rom saerTo normebi (romlebic yvelasTvis saval-debuloa), Tavsebadia jgufur interesebTan (sazogado-ebrivi azri, jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba). sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs didi jgufebi, romlebic mis wesrigs saf-rTxes uqmnis. anu individis uflebebi gamyarebulia umravlesobis mier arsebuli wesebis aRiarebis ZaliT. dabali ndobis pirobebSi individebisTvis sakuTari interesebis daculobis garanti SesaZloa ufro metad iyos jgufisadmi kuTvnileba, "mafiis" msgavsi gaerTianebebis Seqmna.

solidaroba (imis rwmena, rom adamianTa Soris TanamSromloba ar aris nulovan - jamovani) gamovle-nili jgufur qcevaSi, metyvelebs imaze, rom kerZo in-teresebis agregireba da maTi individualuri dakmayo-fileba Tavsebadia. kooperireba (jgufebis Seqmna) sa-erTo sikeTis mosapoveblad ara mxolod umravleso-bis, aramed TiToeuli adamianis interesebSia. rac uf-ro metia solidaroba, miT ufro meti individualuri interesi kmayofildeba saerTo sikeTis Seqmnis meSveo-biT, da, Sesabamisad, meti kerZo resursi miemarTeba mis warmoebaze.

loialoba (rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianTa umravlesoba Cemnairia, da amdenad Cven SeTanxmebis miRwevas movaxerxebT, erTmaneTs gavugebT) aseve jgu-fur qcevaSi vlindeba, da xasiaTdeba sifarTove-siviw-roviT. farTo loialoba, faqtobrivad, niSnavs sazoga-doebis erTgvarovnebas, kerZo da saerTo interesebisa

                   

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da Rirebulebebis Tanxvedras, dabal struqturacias da adamianebis unars Seqmnan jgufebi nebismier indivi-debTan. viwro loialobis pirobebSi gamoikveTeba po-larizebis meti tendencia da kerZo interesebis meti distancia saerTo sikeTesTan mimarTebaSi.

amdenad, Cven vxedavT garkveul "ciklur" kav-Sirs socialuri kapitalis Semadgenel elementebs So-ris: resursebis nebismieri wyvilis gacvlis "safasu-ri" mesame tipis resursis Sesabamisi ganwyobebiT ga-nisazRvreba.

naxati 2.

mocemuli modelis mixedviT, socialuri kapita-

li warmoadgens sazogadoebis unars, daamyaros ciklu-ri kavSiri kerZo, koleqtiur (jgufur) da saerTo re-sursebs Soris imdagvarad, rom isini "rezonirebdnen" erTmaneTTan. am gziT socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs struqturulad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis SigniT sxvadasxva tipis resursebis gadadinebas, gacvlasa da gadanawilebas - process, romelic SesaZlebels xdis maT Tanaarsebobas araZaladobrivad integrirebuli sa-zogadoebis farglebSi.

socialuri kapitalis paterni, romelic speci-fikuria mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis an misi nawilis-Tvis, ganapirobebs individis motivacias imoqmedos

სოლიდარობა

ნდობა

ლოიალობა

                   

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sxva pirovnebis, garkveuli jgufisa Tu mTlianad sa-zogadoebis interesebSi imis gareSe, rom es qmedeba konfliqtSi modiodes misi piradi interesebisa Tu Ri-rebulebebis miRwevasTan.

am modelis gamoyeneba aadvilebs soflis socia-luri kapitalis empiriul gamovlenas sxvadasxva tipis jgufur qcevebSi, romlebic kerZo, jgufuri da saer-To interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. Semdegi sa-mi magaliTi karg warmodgenas iZleva amgvari Tanam-Sromlobis arsebul formebze.

1. nadi

"dRes me mogexmarebi mosavlis aRebaSi, xval Sen" - es principi soflad bevr praqtikas ganapiro-bebs. erTmaneTis mixmareba rigiTobiT, latareis Tama-Si, fulis Segroveba WirisuflisTvis, qorwilisTvis da a.S. mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs mosaxleobis riske-bis dazRvevas. am SemTxvevaSi individualur qcevas am-yarebs rwmena imis Taobaze, rom ramdensac gavcem, im-denives miviReb. individualuri resursebi, romlebic ideba am urTierTobebSi, ZiriTadad soflis CarCoebSi trialebs.

2. eklesiis mSenebloba

sofelSi ar iyo eklesia. eklesiis mSeneblobaSi mosaxleobam Cado fuli da ufasodac imuSava. visac me-ti SesaZlebloba hqonda, meti fuli dado (maT Soris migrantebma, romlebic sofels mxolod drodadro ub-rundebian), sxvebma mxolod simboluri Tanxebi Seswi-res, samagierod ufasod muSaobdnen mSeneblobaze. indi-vidualuri resursebis agregirebiT Seiqmna sazogadoeb-rivi sikeTe - eklesia, romliTac yvelas SeuZlia isar-geblos. individualuri resursebis agregirebiT saer-To sikeTis Seqmna ganapiroba proporciulobis princip-ma: visac ramdeni SeuZlia imdens gaiRebs.

                   

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3. miwis erToblivi damuSaveba

ramdenime glexi gaerTianda da erToblivad mo-iyvana mosavali bazarze gasayidad. am wamowyebaSi maT Cades individualuri resursebi (miwa, traqtori, fu-li) da erTad iSromes. miRebuli mosavali gadainawi-les. am praqtikis mdgradoba damokidebulia samarTli-anobis principis dacvaze: yvelam unda miiRos imdeni, ramdeni wvlilic Seitana; aravin unda cdilobdes ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebis uzurpirebas. es principi aris saerTo, universaluri, da normatiuli, anu saerTo fa-seulobis xasiaTs atarebs.

yvela ganxilul SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis warmatebuloba damokidebulia sami tipis faqtorze: racionaluri gaTvla (eklesiis aSenebisTvis sakmarisi resursi arsebobs; kooperativi mogebas naxavs; nadis gareSe momavalSi gamiWirdeba); resursebs Soris gazia-rebuli mimarTebis arseboba (umravlesoba ecdeba kon-tribucias; kooperativis sxva wevrebic samarTlian ga-danawilebas emxrobian; nadi damibrundeba); socialuri kapitalis arseboba. rodesac es sami komponenti erTma-neTTan rezonirebs, kooperireba xdeba. Tuki romelime komponenti akldeba, TanamSromloba ver Sedgeba. amde-nad, warmatebuli kooperireba damokidebulia sam kom-ponentze: socialuri kapitali, ekonomikuri kapitali da "politikuri" uflebebi, romlebic TamaSis wesebis-gan momdinareobs.

2.3 . empiriuli kvleva

empiriulad modelis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs dak-

virvebas Semdeg realobaze: kerZo, jgufuri da saerTo sakuTrebis (resursebis) arseboba, maTi instituciona-lizacia, gacvla da Tavsebadoba.

mocemuli kvleva daigegma da ganxorcielda, rogorc Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebis da instituciuri analizis kombi-nacia.

                   

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kvlevis pirvel etapze (Tvisebrivi kvleva) Ca-tarda naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi saerTa-Soriso donori organizaciebis adgilobriv aRmasru-lebel pirebTan; saerTaSoriso organizaciebi SeirCa ise, rom proeqts moecva maTi muSaobis Semdegi mimar-Tulebebi: saTemo organizaciebis, produqciis mwarmoe-belTa asociaciebisa da produqciis mwarmoebelTa ko-operativebis inicireba da mxardaWera.

sxvadasxva regionis soflebSi kvleviTma jguf-ma Caatara fokus-jgufebi soflebis mosaxleobasTan da naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi soflis mcxovreblebTan da oficialur pirebTan (rwmunebu-lebTan). Catarda fokus-jgufebi, agreTve, im jgufeb-Tan, romlebsac hqondaT saerTaSoriso organizacieb-Tan TanamSromlobis gamocdileba.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad SeirCa soflebi, rom-lebSic unda ganxorcielebuliyo raodenobrivi kvleva. kvlevisTvis SeirCa 20 sofeli, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda im parametrebiT, romlebic (Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT) gavlenas axdens soflis so-cialuri urTierTobebis struqturaze. Ees parametrebia: saqarTvelos regioni, soflis eTnikuri Semadgenloba, dasaxlebis tipi (gzasTan axlos mdebare, didi dabis ti-pis soflebi, da gzisgan moSorebiT mdebare ufro mci-re zomis soflebi), soflebi, romlebsac hqondaT an ar hqondaT saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebTan Tanam-Sromlobis gamocdileba. TiToeul sofelSi SeirCa 30 respondenti. soflebis SigniT respondentebi SeirCa kvo-turi wesiT ise, rom warmodgenili yofiliyo soflis asakobrivi da socialuri struqtura. Aamgvarad, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, SerCevis mTlian dizainSi mkac-rad araa daculi SemTxveviTobis principi.kvlevis miza-nia ufro metad sxvadasxva faqtors Soris mimarTebis dadgena da ara saqarTvelos masStabiT reprezentatuli monacemebis warmoeba.

raodenobrivi kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg Catar-da ramdenime fokus-jgufi kvlevis monacemebis damate-biTi interpretaciis mizniT.

                   

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Tavi 3. soflis resursebi da TanamSromlobis formebi

mocemuli Tavi mimoixilavs soflis resursebsa

da araformaluri TanamSrolobis im formebs, romle-bic arsebobs soflad. wina TavSi aRwerili modelis Sesabamisad, ganxilva dayofilia sam nawilad, resur-sebis tipis mixedviT: kerZo, jgufuri da saerTo. kvle-vis specifikidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi dasaxasia-Tebelia soflis ekonomikuri cxovreba, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis formebi da normebi, soflis miwebi da sxva resursebi, romlebsac mosaxleobis keTildRe-oba eyrdnoba. 3.1 . kerZo resursebi, qseluri urTierTobebi,

gacvla

soflis ekonomikis yvelaze mcire erTeulia Si-nameurneoba. tipiuri Sinameurneoba Zalian wvrilia da Raribi, xolo misi sakuTreba misi Semosavlebis mniS-vnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. am sakuTrebaSi institu-ciurad yvelaze kargad damkvidrebulia saxli da sa-karmidamo nakveTi. miwa, romelic Sinameurneobas priva-tizebis Sedegad ergo, xSir SemTxvevaSi saxlisgan Sors mdebareobs da daumuSavebeli rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTrebis ufleba srulad aris formali-zebuli, es miwa bankebisTvis sagarantio kapitalad TiTqmis ar aRiqmeba dabali likvidurobis gamo. Tumca, arsebobs miwis nakveTebis gayidvis an mezoblebze miqi-ravebis praqtika.

miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidrebaSi ZiriTa-di roli iTamaSa miwis mflobelobis im araforma-lurma praqtikam, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris bolo wlebisTvis myarad damkvidrda. istoriuli mexsiereba, romelic miwaze sakuTrebis koleqtivizaciamdel mdgo-mareobas asaxavs, did rols ar TamaSobda. Aam tipis mexsiereba, ZiriTadad, mTis soflebSia SemorCenili. mamapapiseuli danatovari saTibi, saZovari, saxnav-saTe-si miwebi iq dRemde bevrs axsovs da es faqtori miwiT

                   

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sargeblobis araformalur wesebs ganapirobebs. ase ma-galiTad, svaneTis zogierT sofelSi tradiciul mex-sierebas dRemde eyrdnoba tyiT sargebloba: TiToeul-ma gvarma icis, romeli tyis farglebSi SeuZlia SeSis momarageba.

miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic privatize-bis pirveli talRis Sedegad warmoiqmna, sakmaod mya-ria im gagebiT, rom nakveTebis sazRvrebTan dakavSire-buli davebi TiTqmis aRar aris. samagierod, Zlieria gansxvaveba formalur da araformalur wesebs Soris miwiT sargeblobasa da mis gasxvisebasTan mimarTebaSi. im dros, rodesac formaluri kanonmdebloba miwis mflobelebs aranair valdebulebebsa da SezRudvebs ar uwesebs, adgilebze arsebobs araformaluri norme-bi, romlebic garkveul valdebulebebs gulisxmobs.

ase, 20 sofelSi gamokiTxul respondentTa 57.2% afiqsirebs, rom maT sofelSi moqmedebs “dauwereli wesi”, romlis mixedviT, Tu vinme miwas an saxls hyi-dis, man pirvel rigSi mezoblebs unda SesTavazos mi-si SeZena.18

respondentebis nawili miiCnevs, rom sofelSi arsebobs mezoblebs Soris qonebriv uTanxmoebebTan da davebTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebi: nasesxebi fu-lis dabrunebaze dava, saqonlis mier dazianebuli nargavebis zaralis anazRaureba, pasuxismgebloba imis gamo, rom mouvleli miwa zarals ayenebs mezoblebs, naxirSi Zroxis dakargvis SemTxvevebi da a.S. Tumca, am-gvari situaciebis dauwereli wesebiT marTvaze gamo-kiTxulTa mxolod erTi mexuTedi miuTiTebs. rogorc Cans, qonebrivi davebis maregulirebeli araformaluri wesebi sustia. marTalia, araformaluri praqtika

                                                                                                               18  aq da Semdgom procentuli maCveneblebi asaxaven mdgomareobas im 20-soflian SerCevaSi, sadac Catarda gamokiTxva. vinaidan es SerCeva soflebis reprezentatul Wrils ar warmoadgens, am TavSi mocemu-li raodenobrivi maCvneblebi unda iyos gagebuli rogorc tenden-ciis daxasiaTeba, da ara rogorc saqarTvelos mTeli masivis aRwe-ra.  

                   

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arsebobs,19 magram formaluri wesrigi maT mogvarebaSi ufro met rols TamaSobs. Tanasoflelis qonebis qurdobasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze swor qcevad gamo-kiTxulTa 52.3% samarTaldamcavi organoebisadmi mimarTvas miiCnevs; 28.7% - hipoTetur qurds piradad mosTxovda dazaralebulisTvis zaralis anazRaurebas. e.w. “avtoritetebisadmi" mimarTvas gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5% miiCnevs gamarTlebulad.

sofelSi gacilebiT ufro rTulia mimarTeba im

sakuTrebasTan, romelic pirvandeli privatizebis procesSi ar moxvda. es aris miwis didi masivebi, tye, mdinare da sxva bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic soflelTa mier "Ria moxmarebis" (open acsess) resursebad aRiqmeba. sofeli xSirad Tavisad miiCnevs im miwebs, romlebic mas formalurad ar ekuTvnis, da mtrulad ekideba investorebs, romlebic am miwis SeZenas cdiloben.

sabazro tipis urTierTobebi Tanasoflelebs So-

ris sakmaod SezRudulia. Tanasoflelebi eridebian er-TmaneTis xarjze "fulis keTebas" (mag. veterinari ufaso konsultaciebs atarebs), Tumca Tavisuflad erTvebian amgvar urTierTobebSi soflis gareT. sakarmidamo miwa da Zroxa (Zroxebi) ZiriTadad uzrunvelyofs Sinameurne-obas samomxmareblo sakvebi produqtebiT. produqciis na-wili iyideba soflis gareT, bazarze, gadamyidvelebze, icvleba barteriT an bardeba Semsyidvel punqtebSi. es nawili aris an namati, an moxmarebas moklebuli, an spe-cialurad moyvanili gasaRebisTvis.

samagierod, soflis mcxovreblebi erTmaneTTan TanamSrmoloben mosavlis moyvanis procesSi. amgvari

                                                                                                               19  “Cven morwmuneebi varT, SeiZleba sasamarTloSic ar wavideT da am samsjavros winaSe vdgebiT. e.w. samsjavros rituali aseTia: rode-sac danaSauls sCadis adamiani, SeiZleba dazaralebuli ar wavides policiaSi, dauZaxebs or adamians, romlebsac Wkua ekiTxeba. es gar-Ceva xdeba eklesiis win. Des aris garCeva mediatoruli wesiT, xdeba daficeba eklesiis win” (svanuri soflis mkvidri).

 

                   

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TanamSromloba sakmaod gavrcelebul da damkvidre-bul praqtikas warmoadgens.

koleqtiuri Sromis praqtika, e.w. nadi,saqarTve-los yvela mxareSi gvxvdeba. ase magaliTad, kaxeTSi mezoblebi rig-rigobiT erTad amuSaveben erTmaneTis nakveTebs. ArespondentTa monaTxrobiT, amgvari praqti-ka Sromas ufro saxalisos xdis. Aamis gamo, Sromis nayofiereba izrdeba, rac drois ufro optimalurad gamoyenebis meqanizmia intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis periodSi.

am tipis TanamSromloba siTanabris (eqvivalen-turobis) princips efuZneba. fizikuri Sroma, romelic mezobelma Cems nakveTze gaswia, mas unda davubruno, rodesac mas dasWirdeba.

nadis tipis TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi Zalze seriozulad aRiqmeba monawile-Ta mier. Tu romelime monawile ver asrulebs Tavis valdebulebas, is ixdis fuls muSa xelisTvis, rome-lic mas Caanacvlebs.

nadis tipis TanamSromloba qseluria; amgvari qseluri urTierTobebi mniSvnelovania individebis riskebis dazRvevis TvalsazrisiT. TanamSromlobis am formebidan zogierTi tradiciulia da didi xnis dam-kvidrebuli, zogierTi ki - SedarebiT axali.

soflebSi mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli gaWirveba-Si Cavardnili adamianebis mimarT Tanadgomis gamoxat-vasTan dakavSirebuli “dauwereli wesebi”. gamokiT-xulTa 76.5% miuTiTebs, rom gardacvlili adamianebis ojaxebis daxmareba – “samZimarSi fulis mitana” dauwe-reli wesia, romelsac TiTqmis aravin arRvevs; yoveli meore respondenti miiCnevs, rom gaWirvebaSi Cavardni-li TanasoflelebisTvis fulis Segroveba soflis da-uwereli wesia, romelsac TiTqmis yvela asrulebs.

samZimarSi fulis mitanis wesi imdenad Zlieria, rom siRaribis ukiduresi formis gamosaxatad ramden-jerme Segvxvda gamoTqma: “iseTi gaWirvebuli iyo, rom samZimarSi misatani fuli ar hqonda”. aseT SemTxveveb-Si aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamiani saerTod ar mi-dis samZimris gamosaxatad.

                   

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samZimarSi fulis mitana erTmaneTis mimarT fi-nansuri valdebulebis (kreditis) msgavsi procesia, romlis daRvevac sircxvilad iTvleba. soflebSi amas uwodeben “fulis weras”.

moulodneli avadmyofobisTvis an ubeduri Sem-TxvevisTvis fulis Segroveba mezoblebSi an ubanSi aseve Cveuli, Tumca ki naklebad savaldebulo praqti-kaa. aseve bevr sofelSi aRmoCnda rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi TamaSoben latareas. latareis TamaSi, romelic sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo sabWoTa dros, SemdgomSi TiTqmis aRar daikvirveboda imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis did nawils moaklda regularuli fula-di Semosavlebi. bolo wlebSi pensiebis zrdasTan er-Tad, mosaxleobis nawils gauCnda mcireodeni magram regularuli fuladi resursi, ramac latareis praqti-ka gaaxsena. latareebSi monawileoben ZiriTadad isini, visac aqvs regularuli Semosavali xelfasis an pensi-is saxiT; xSirad, sofelSi ramdenime jgufia, romle-bic am praqtikas misdevs.

gamokiTxul soflebSi araformalur normatiul wesrigs da soflis saerTo azrs mosaxleobis umrav-lesoba (60.8%) angariSs uwevs da Tvlis, rom sofelSi cxovreba Zalze gaurTuldeba, Tu soflis azris sawi-naaRmdegod imoqmedebs. respondentTa erTi mesamedis azriT, “moraluri individualizmi” sofelSi proble-ma araa, adamianebi naklebad uweven angariSs soflis azrs, yvelas SeuZlia ise moiqces, rogorc TviTon Tvlis saWirod.

sofels ar SeuZlia, da arc cdilobs, arafor-maluri socialuri wesrigis kontrols represiebis gziT. sofeli sakmaod lmobieria im adamianebis mi-marT, romlebic “soflis dauwerel wesebs” arRveven. respondentTa didi umravlesoba (73%) Tvlis, rom so-fels ar aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli damokidebuleba aseTi adamianebis mimarT, aseT qcevas naklebad eqceva yuradReba. respondentTa mxolod erTi mexuTedi miu-TiTebs, rom sofeli sakmaod mkacria maT mimarT.

soflis cxovrebis umTavres struqturas ueWvelad informaciis gacvlis praqtika warmoadgens.

                   

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sofelSi nebismieri informacia Zalian swrafad vrceldeba, vinaidan mcxovreblebis CvevaSia mezoblebisTvis axali ambebis gaziareba. informaciis gacvlis mTavar kvanZebs warmoadgens e.w. birJa, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan socialur rols asrulebs aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, mWidrod dasaxlebul soflebSi.

birJa aris Sekrebis adgili - moedani, gzajv-aredini, wyaro, maRazia, sadac adamianebi dganan, sa-ubroben, zogjer dros atareben da svamen kidec. Se-saZloa sofelSi iyos ramdenime birJa, da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufi (umuSevrebi, axalgazrdebi), calke ikribebodes. qali ver dadgeba kacebTan erTad birJaze, qalebi ufro saxlebTan sxedan an erTamenT-Tan stumrad dadian.

birJa es aris adgili, sadac ara marto icvleba informacia, aramed midis msjeloba yvela SesaZlo sakiTxze: soflis problemebze, politikaze da a.S.

“birJa soflis parlamentia. vikribebiT da yvela sakiTxze aq vmsjelobT” (kaxeTis soflis mcxovrebi).

soflis mcxovrebTa Soris informaciis gacvliT TanamSromloba maTi ekonomikuri aqtivobis arsebiTi komponentia. icvleba informacia fasebis, bazrebis, teqnologiebis, SesaZlo dasaqmebis, samuSao migraciis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: “Tu vinmem gaigo, rom romeliRaca Rvinis qarxana yurZens ufro Zvirad ibarebs, is cdilobs, rom rac SeiZleba met Tanasof-lels gaagebinos rom sxvebmac ixeiron” (kaxeTis sof-lis mcxovrebi).

qselur da jgufur qcevas Soris mosazRvre ka-tegorias miekuTvneba naxiris rig-rigobiT mwyemsva an saerTo TanxiT mwyemsis daqiraveba. es praqtika saqar-TveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli, amasTanave, arse-bobs am saqmianobis maregulirebeli dauwereli wesebi da Cveulebebi, romlebsac aravin arRvevs.

naxiris erToblivi mwyemsvis, rogorc koleqtiu-ri ekonomikuri qcevis warmatebuli praqtika ufro me-tad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. dasav-

                   

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leT saqarTveloSi bevr sofels naxiris gamosaZovebe-li saerTo miwa ar gaaCnia.

saZovari soflis, praqtikulad, erTaderTi de-faqto saerTo resursia. zog SemTxvevaSi, soflis mo-saxleoba iZulebulia aiRos saZovari koleqtiur ija-raSi, raTa is ar moxvdes privatizebaSi da ar gasxvis-des ucxo investorze. Aam SemTxvevaSi, sofeli irCevs erT warmomadgenels, romelic iformebs miwas, xolo danarCenebi inawileben yovelwliur gadasaxads da ag-rZeleben saZovriT erTobliv sageblobas. aseT praqti-kasTan mimarTebaSi xSiria gadasaxadis Segrovebis sir-Tuleebi, rac nawilobriv ukavSirdeba soflis siRari-bes, nawilobriv ki im faqts, rom resursis jgufur sa-kuTrebad aRqma, da miTumetes, misi regulirebis Tun-dac araformaluri institutebi, Zalze sustia.

saZovrebis erToblivi utilizaciis praqtikis Seswavlisas gamovlinda erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-beli: ekonomikuri kooperirebis procesSi sofelSi arsebuli normatiuli wesrigis Sesabamisad ver erTve-ba soflis yvelaze Raribi mosaxleoba. mag. Tu mosax-les ar aqvs mwyemsis Tanxis gadaxdis saSualeba, mis Zroxas saZovarze ar uSveben. sofels ukiduresad Ra-ribebis kooperaciis procesSi inkluziis meqanizmebi ar aqvs. soflis solidarobis meqanizmi ukiduresad Rataki ojaxebis mimarT pirdapiri qvelmoqmedebaa. soflis saZovriT aseve ver sargebloben SedarebiT SeZlebuli fermerebi, romlebsac bevri Zroxa hyavT. rogorc wesi aseT meurneobebs aqvs sakuTari miwa, romelsac saZovrad iyeneben.

3.2 . ekonomikuri kooperireba, resursebis akumulireba

kerZo sakuTrebisgan gansxvavebiT, koleqtiuri

(jgufuri) resursebi (sakuTreba) naklebad aris insti-tucionalizebuli da soflis doneze did rols ar TamaSobs. jgufur mikuTvnebulobas ara aqvs mkafio in-stitucionaluri sazRvrebi, is cvalebadia da qselu-rad gadabmuli. didi soflebi iyofa ubnebad, rac gan-

                   

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sakuTrebiT SesamCnevia kaxeTSi, sadac bevr adgilas istoriulad naTesavebi saxlobdnen erT ubanSi.

sofeli sakmaod integrirebulia Tavisi socia-luri struqturiT. mcxovrebTa raime niSniT “segre-gacia” ar xdeba. EeTnikuri an religiuri niSniT gamoyofil jgufebs Soris socialuri distancia gamokvleul soflebSi ar daikvirveba.20 Tumca, damokidebuleba religiuri seqtebis mimarT odnav gansxvavebulia. religiuri seqtebis warmomadgenelebi (mag. ieRovas mowmeebi) gamokvleul soflebSi yvelaze metad gaucxoebuli jgufi aRmoCnda.

marTalia, soflebSi arseboben rogorc SedarebiT SeZlebuli, aseve Raribi ojaxebi (SerCevis 32.7% miuTiTebs amgvari sxvaobis arsebobaze), ekonomikuri uTanasworoba segregaciis wyaro ar aris: mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris socialur distanciaze gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2.8% miuTiTebs. rogorc Cans, asakobrivi, naTesauri niSniT gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris, aseve mkvidr mosaxleobas da axlad dasaxlebul ojaxebs Soris urTierTobac ukonfliqtoa.

miuxedavad am struqturuli erTgvarovnebisa, igrZnoba garkveuli socialuri ierarqiuloba, romel-sac aqvs ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri maxa-siaTeblebi.

sofels yavs SedarebiT ufro pativcemuli da avtoritetuli pirovnebebis "zeda fena", romelic met (araformalur) gavlenas axdens soflis cxovrebaze. am elitas gansxvavebuli terminebiT axasiaTeben (soflis inteligencia, aRsakalebi, Tanamdebobis pirebi, sxva). Tanamdeboba ar aris am elitaSi moxvedris winapiroba (zogjer sapirispiro tendenciac SeimCneva); ganaTleba da patiosneba, soflis mcxo-vrebTa azriT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania avto-ritetis mosapoveblad, vidre simdidre da Tanamdeboba.

                                                                                                               20  unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom SerCevaSi ar iyo moxvedrili eTniku-rad an religiurad dayofili soflebi.  

                   

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avtoritetuli elitis statusis institucionali-zaciis tradicia ufro SenarCunebulia azerbaijanul da qistur soflebSi21. azerbaijanul soflebSi arse-bobs aRsakalebis tradiciuli instituti. Tumca, am in-stitutis arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis paralelur sistemad ganxilva ar SeiZleba. ufro metad is SeiZle-ba moviazroT, rogorc gamaSualebeli rgoli sofelsa da oficialur xelisuflebas Soris. zogierT adgilas 2-3 weliwadSi erTxel sofeli irCevs ramdenime aRsa-kals da gadascems maT soflis aqtualuri problemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da soflis saxeliT xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis uflebamosilebas. sxva-gan aRsakalebis arCeva ar xdeba da maTi statusi ufro nominaluria, vidre funqcionaluri.

soflis elitebi garkveul funqcionalur rols asruleben. esaa - konfliqtebis dros Suamavloba da urTierTobebis dalageba.

araformaluri elitis arsebobis miuxedavad, soflis resursebze da cxovrebaze ufro meti realu-ri gavlena aqvT Tanamdebobrivi statusis mqone pirebs, rwmunebuls da a.S. is sakiTxebi, romlebic soflis ga-re urTierTobebs exeba, maT mier regulirdeba.

statusuri uTanasworobis arsebobis miuxedavad, soflis socialur struqturaSi vertikaluri dayofa gamoixateba ara imdenad socialur distanciaSi, ara-med orSriani, ordoniani diskursis arsebobaSi.

Tu naxevrad savse da naxevrad carieli Wiqis me-taforas moviSveliebT, savaraudoa, rom soflis rwmu-nebulis ofisSi Catarebulma saubarma soflis mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb, naxevrad savse Wiqis STabeWdileba da-tovos, xolo soflis birJaze Catarebulma saubarma – naxevrad carielis. es viTareba SesabamisobaSia sab-

                                                                                                               21   premodernuli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli normatiuli sistemebis elementebi, romlebic garkveul situaciebSi samarTlebriv sistemas anacvleben, SemorCenilia mxolod mTis soflebSi: mag. mamasaxlisis instituti.

 

                   

  54  

WoTa drois danatovarTan - sajaro da arasajaro dis-kursebis dapirispirebulobasTan. oficialuri sajaro sivrce gankuTvnilia pozitiuri SefasebebisTvis, saxe-lisuflebo propagandisTvis, xolo kuluaruli, priva-tuli saubrebi - kritikuli ganwyobebisTvis. amdenad, soflis birJa ufro privatuli sferos nawilad war-moCindeba, da ufro metad soflis azrs gamoxatavs, xolo rwmunebuli oficialuri versiis matarebelia.

xelisuflebasTan siaxlove, samsaxuris xelmi-sawvdomoba, korufciul garigebebSi monawileobis Se-saZlebloba da "privilegiebis" mopovebis sxva formebi zogierT individs ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. dapi-rispireba privilegirebul umciresobasTan zogierT sofelSi sakmaod mZafrad igrZnoba, gaRaribebuli mo-saxleoba Tavs Cagrulad da uuflebod miiCnevs. es uufleboba politikur xasiaTs atarebs da demokrati-uli uflebebis obieqturi instituciuri sisustiTaa ganpirobebuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom statusuri, Tanamdebobri-vi da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba soflebSi arsebobs, sofeli ar aris segregirebuli stratebad, romlebic ZiriTadad Tavis SigniT axerxeben TanamSromlobas. soflad koleqtiuri, jgufuri interesebi nakleb rols TamaSobs, da, Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar daikvirve-ba institucionalizebuli jgufuri sakuTreba.

soflad drodadro Cndeba qvemodan inicirebu-li araformaluri ekonomikuri gaerTianebebi. magali-Tad, xdeba ramdenime individis Seamxanageba, maTi re-sursebis (Sroma, miwa, teqnika, saxsrebi, sxva) akumuli-reba da erToblivi biznesis wamowyeba. rogorc wesi, amgvari gaerTianebebi viwroa (3-7 wevri), Sedgeba same-gobro-saZmakaco wridan da aramdgradia - mosavlis er-Txel Tu orjer moyvanis Semdeg iSleba. ufro mdgra-di gaerTianebebi iSviaTia. xSirad amgvari kooperacia aramdgradia ara Sida mouwesrigeblobis gamo, aramed imis gamo rom ekonomikur Sedegs ver aRwevs. Tumca, gaerTianebebis aramdgradobis jgufSida urTierTobeb-Tan dakavSirebuli faqtorebic Zlieria. amgvari gaer-Tianebebis SigniT rTulia Tanxmobis miRweva, gansa-

                   

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kuTrebiT mogebis samarTliani ganawilebis principe-bis Taobaze.

gare aqtorebis iniciativiT da mxardaWeriT sof-lad aseve drodadro iqmneba kooperativebi da asocia-ciebi. rogorc wesi, aseTi kooperireba waxalisebulia misi wevrebisTvis garkveuli resursebis miwodebiT: mci-re granti, maRali xarisxis saTesle masala da sxva. am-gvari kooperaciac sakmaod aramdgradia da xSirad, sruldeba miwodebuli resursis aTvisebis Semdeg.

saqarTvelos soflebSi araekonomikuri arafor-maluri tipis asociaciebidan yvelaze metad gavrcele-bulia mrevli. formaluri gaerTianebebis Camoyalibe-ba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevbSi, Tuki organizacia mi-marTulia gare resursebis (grantebis) mozidvaze. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba misi formalizeba (iuridiuli sta-tusiT Camoyalibeba). Tumca, soflebSi formaluri asociaciebis wevrobis SemTxvevebi Zalze cotaa. siv-rce saxelmwifosa da ojaxs Soris, romelsac dasav-leTis qveynebSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaci-ebi avsebs, saqarTvelos soflebSi faqtobrivad carie-lia. Mmag. mSobelTa gaerTianebebis arsebobas sofelSi gamokiTxulTa mxolod 33.8% adasturebs da es maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo uwyebebi ramdenime wlis ganmav-lobaSi atarebdnen skolebSi sameurveo sabWoebis Seq-mnisken mimarTul RonisZiebebs.

3.3 . soflis saerTo sikeTe, resursebis agregireba

imis gamo, rom postsabWoTa gardaqmnebis sawyis

etapze kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis qo-neba ar gardaqmnila Temis saerTo sakuTrebad, xolo dRevandeli kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs soflisa da Temis sakuTrebis cnebas, sofels saerTo resursi praqtikulad ar gaaCnia. SemorCenili mexsiereba im mi-webis Sesaxeb, romlebiTac sofeli sabWoTa dros sar-geblobda, ganapirobebs soflis formalur da ara-formalur sazRvrebs. Tumca, am sakuTrebiT saerTo sargeblobis araformaluri wesebi exeba mxolod sa-

                   

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Zovrebs iq, sadac es saZovrebi (an miwa, romelic sa-Zovrad gamoiyeneba) arsebobs.

postsabWoTa reformebis procesSi igulisxmebo-da, rom mas mere rac saxelmwifo "SeikumSeboda" da dakargavda kontrols cxovrebis yvela sferoze, mezo donis koleqtiur sivrces Sinameurneobasa da saxel-mwifos Soris TviTmmarTveloba daikavebda. sofels, Tems, Tavad unda ganekarga bevri problema, romelic arc kerZo da arc saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobis sfe-ros aRar miekuTvneboda.

nebismieri soflis vizualuri monaxuleba da mosaxleobasTan gasaubreba adasturebs, rom es mcde-loba mTlianobaSi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. aSkaraa, rom ojaxis pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis sfero iyo da aris ezo Robis SigniT. is, rac WiSkris miRmaa, uf-ro metad “aravisia”, vidre koleqtiuri. erTjeradi RonisZiebebi da Zalisxmeva, romelic xan gzis mowesri-gebas xmardeba, xan soflis birJisTvis gadaxuruli pa-vilionis mowyobas, mdgomareobas arsebiTad ver cvlis.

soflis "upatronoba" pirvel rigSi gamoixateba soflis doneze gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis institutis ararsebobaSi. arc formalur da arc araformalur doneze ar arsebobs sistema, romelic soflad pirda-piri an warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis, an Tundac elituri mmarTvelobis institutebs Seqmnida. sofel-Tan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi raionis doneze arsebuli mmarTvelobis da mis mier daniSnuli rwmune-bulis prerogativaa.

soflebSi ar aris saerTo Sexvedrebis Catare-bisTvis gankuTvnili Senoba da arc amgvari Sexvedre-bis Catarebis regularuli praqtika. im soflebSi, sa-dac arsebobs sabWoTa droidan SemorCenili klubebi, es Senobebi ar gamoiyeneba qvevidan wamosuli iniciati-vebisTvis da SexvedrebisTvis; isini kvlavac "oficia-luri sajaro sivrcis" danamats warmoadgens. gamokiTxul respondentTa mxolod 4.6% miuTiTebs, rom soflis mosaxleoba xSirad ikribeba klubebSi.

                   

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soflis mosaxleoba xSirad saubrobs adamianebis erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebaze, rac maTSi sabWoTa drois nostalgias iwvevs. gamokiTxuli respondentebis mxolod 13.3% Tvlis, rom aqtiuradaa CarTuli soflis cxovrebaSi. fokus-jgufebis respondentebi saubroben imaze, rom adamianebi sul ufro metad iketebian sakuTari ojaxis da naTesavebis viwro wreSi da interess kargaven soflis socialuri cxovrebis mimarT.

miuxedavad am instituciuri sicarielisa, sof-lis mosaxleoba drodadro axerxebs saerTo saqmis ke-Tebas: erTobliv fizikur Sromas, fulis Segrovebas, protestis gamoxatvas da sxva. amgvari aqtivoba SesaZ-loa modiodes qvemodan an rwmunebulis mier iyos ini-cirebuli.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom monawileoba aseT saq-meebSi savaldebulo ar aris, masSi CarTulia soflis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba.

saerTo saqmis keTebisas ojaxebis gansxvavebuli materialuri mdgomareoba gadaulaxav dabrkolebebs ar qmnis. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac SedarebiT mdi-dari ojaxebi soflis saerTo saqmeebSi “progresuli gadasaxadis” principis mixedviT monawileoben. ufro mdidari ufro met finansur pasuxismgeblobas iRebs, rodesac xdeba soflis resursebis agregireba gaWirve-baSi Cavardnili adamianebis dasaxmareblad an soflis saerTo problemebis mosagvareblad.

gamokiTxul respondentTa 55.7% afiqsirebs, rom Tanasoflelebi axerxeben sxvadasxva azris Sejerebas da erToblivad moqmedebas soflis saerTo probleme-bis gadasaWrelad; daaxloebiT 70% miuTiTebs, rom um-ravlesoba Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs, rodesac soflis saerTo saqmea mosagvarebeli da Tanasoflelebi axer-xeben fuladi da SromiTi resursis agregirebas prob-lemebis gadasawyvetad.

garda amisa, mosaxleoba axerxebs organizebas da erTobliv moqmedebas maSin, rodesac soflis inte-resebs safrTxe emuqreba. Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi aRiwera ramodenime SemTxveva, rodesac sofelma moa-xerxa erToblivi radikaluri protestis organizeba

                   

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soflis saZovrebis gasxvisebis winaaRmdeg, rasac Sede-gad mohyva “investoris daSineba da gagdeba”.

rogoria damokidebuleba im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic xSirad avlenen oportunistul qcevas, maSin rodesac saerTo saqmea gasakeTebeli?

amgvari adamianebis mimarT mkacri sanqciebi iS-viaTia, Tumca arsebuli repertuari sakmaod farTo: dacinviT stigmatizaciidan saerTo sakuTrebiT sargeb-lobis xelisSeSlamde: “aseT adamianebs ufro xSirad iumoriT vekidebiT, sufrasTan yvelaze patara Wiqas vudgamT: “Sen xom yvelaze naklebi SegiZlia” (kaxeTis mcxovrebi). dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi regionSi ixseneben SemTxvevas, rodesac sofeli xels uSlida Tanasoflels esargebla im xidiT, romlis aRdgenaSi man SromiTi monawileoba ar miiRo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis mosaxleoba, gan-sakuTrebiT ki axalgazrdoba, didwilad soflis ga-reT eZebs dasaqmebasa da Semosavlebs, amgvari qceva didiwilad ekonomikuri mizezebiTaa ganpirobebuli, da ara socialuri Sekrulobis sisustiT. rodesac ekonomikuri faqtori gamoricxulia, migraciuli ganwyoba soflebSi ar dominirebs. gamokiTxulTa 81.7% amjobinebda sakuTar sofelSi darCenas, Tuki arsebobisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa eqneboda.

                   

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Tavi 4. soflis socialuri kapitali

zemoT aRwerili iyo saqarTvelos soflebSi dakvirvebadi socialuri TanamSromlobis gansxvavebu-li praqtikebi da sakuTrebis arsebuli formebi. Ffor-mebis mravalferovnebiTa da intensivobiT, ufro metad, xasiaTdeba kerZo sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli qselu-ri urTierTobebi, romlebic istoriulad Camoyalibe-buli araformaluri, normebiTacaa gamyarebuli. daik-virveba, agreTve, soflis saerTo sikeTis Seqmnaze ori-entirebuli qcevis praqtika, inkluziuri jgufis prin-cipiT resursebis agregireba. Tumca, arc am tipis qce-vis institucionalizebuli meqanizmebi arsebobs da arc soflis saerTo sakuTrebis institutia ganmtkice-buli samarTlebrivad. rac Seexeba, TanamSromlobas jgufebs SigniT, aq eqskuziurobis kriteriumebi da jgufuri sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis formebi sakmaod arastabiluria, xolo mdgradi urTierTobebis Camoya-libeba - iSviaTi.

mocemuli Tavi ufro siRrmiseulad aanalizebs am socialuri urTierTobebs sxvadasxva tipis faqto-rebTan mimarTebis gziT. Cveni mizania vupasuxoT Sem-deg kiTxvas: ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli socialuri Ta-namSromlobis arsebuli formebi ganvixiloT rogorc socialuri kapitalis manifestacia? SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebaSi xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis resursebis erTmaneTSi gadadineba da "urTierT-rezonireba", rac socialuri "kapitalis" arsebobis ni-Sani iqneboda? Ggarda amisa, Semdgomi analizis mizania socialuri kapitalis Semadgeneli elementebisa da mi-si struqturis daxasiaTeba; soflebis SedarebiTi ana-lizis gziT im faqtorebis gamovlena, romlebic ukav-Sirdeba socialuri kapitalis siZlieresa da sisus-tes. analizi eyrdnoba 20 soflis rezidenti 600 res-pondentis gamokiTxvis Sedegebis statistikur analizs (TiTo soflidan 30 respondenti).

                   

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4.1 . soflebis klasterizacia maTi Sekrulobis indeqsisa da individualuri

simdidris mixedviT

gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba miu-TiTebs, rom maTi sofeli avlens mobilizaciis da ko-leqtiuri qcevis unars maSin, rodesac soflis saerTo saqmea gasakeTebeli,MmagaliTad, rodesac SesakeTebe-lia dazianebuli obieqti, romliTac mTeli sofeli sargeblobs. K

Temis unari miiRos erToblivi gadawyvetileba da koleqtiurad imoqmedos misi sakmaod Zlieri maxa-siaTebeli aRmoCnda. kerZod, raodenobrivi monaceme-bis faqtorulma analizma gamoavlina, rom koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da koleqtiuri moqmedebis unarTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi gaerTianda erT Zlier faqtorSi, romelsac "soflis Sekrulobis faq-tori" vuwodeT. soflis Sekrulobis faqtori asaxavs soflis Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:

1. ramdenad gamoxatavs soflis mosaxleoba survils, miiRos monawileoba soflis saerTo saqmis mogvarebaSi. (ix. danarTi 1. kiTxva – A7)

2. ramdenad axerxebs sofeli konkretul prob-lemasTan dakavSirebuli azrTa sxvdasxvaobis daZle-vas da erTsulovnad moqmedebas. (ix.danarTi 1. kiTxva

A8) 3. ramdenad xSirad axerxebs mosaxleoba sof-

lis saerTo problemis Sesaxeb saerTo xedvis gamomu-Savebas (ix. danarTi 1. kiTxva B2).

4. ramdenad aqtiurad monawileobis soflis mo-saxleoba sofelSi dazianebuli obieqtebis SekeTebaSi (ix. danarTi 1. kiTxva A 12).

5. ramdenad monawileobs soflis mosaxleoba soflis saerTo dazianebuli obieqtebis SesakeTeblad saWiro Tanxebis SegrovebaSi (ix. danarTi 1. kiTxva A 13)

kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Tu sofeli uCve-nebs maRal maCvenebels erT erTeulSi, is maRal maCve-neblebs uCvenebs danarCen erTeulebSic.

                   

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aseve aRmoCnda, rom soflis Sekrulobis xaris-xi yvelaze metad dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri samar-Tlianobis gancdasTan. kerZod, sofeli ufro metadaa Sekruli, Tu misi mcxovreblebi miiCneven, rom simdid-ris mopoveba ZiriTadad individualur Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli: “SedarebiT SeZlebulebi ufro mets Sromoben da ukeTesad uReben alRos cxovrebas, Rari-bebi ki ufro zarmacebi arian.”

Sekrulobis maCvenebeli dabalia im soflebSi, romlebSic ufro meti respondenti miiCnevs, rom SeZ-lebuli ojaxebi Tavis ekonomikur statuss sxvadasxva gziT mopovebuli privilegiebiT aRweven. amgvar sof-lebSi saerTo saqmisTvis warmatebuli TanamSromlo-bis SemTxvevebi naklebia.

ekonomikuri samarTlianobis gancdasa da socia-luri Sekrulobis faqtors Soris kavSiri imdenad Zlieria, rom maTi erT faqtorSi integrireba gaxda SesaZlebeli. am faqtors SemdgomSi "Sekruloba +sa-marTlianoba" vuwodebT.

qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia Cvens ze-moT aRwerili faqtoris Semadgeneli elementebi da Sesabamisi koeficientebi

cxrili 1.

cvladi: Ffaqtoruli wonebi. Ppir-sonis korelaciis koefici-entebi (R)

soflis saerTo saqmeSi mona-wileobis survili

0.79

azrTa sxvadsxvaobis daZle-vis unari

0.72

saerTo xedvis gamomuSavebis sixSire

0.54

dazianebuli obieqtis SekeTe-baSi ufaso monawileoba

0.88

dazianebuli obieqtis Sesake-Teblad finansuri resursis Segrovebis unari

0.83

samarTliani konkurenciis 0.88

                   

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gancda (ekonomikuri samar-Tlianoba)

miuxedavad Sekrulobasa da ekonomikur samar-

Tlianobas (TamaSis wess) Soris am mWidro kavSirisa, Sekruloba ar aRmoCnda pirdapir kavSirSi individebis ekonomikur simdidresTan. samagierod, kvlevam aCvena, rom isini erToblivad sofelTa Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebulobis did nawils xsnian.

soflis mcxovrebTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad kvlevaSi gamoyenebul iqna e.w. individis simdidris indeqsi, romelic Semdegi cvladebis gamoye-nebiT aigo:

1. miwis farTobi, romelsac flobs soflis mkvidri

2. ojaxis mflobelobaSi arsebuli msxvilfexa saqonlis raodenoba

3. ojaxis mflobelobaSi arsebuli wvrilfexa saqonlis raodenoba

4. ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebi mimdinare momen-tisTvis.

individis simdidris indeqsSi ar iyo gaTvalis-winebuli is materialuri simdidre (mag. sacxovrebeli saxli), romelic komunisturi epoqis memkvidreobaa da amJamad bazarze didi likvidurobiT ar gamoirCeva. am-gvari aqtivebis indeqsSi CarTviT ver miviRebdiT su-raTs, romelic asaxavda soflis mcxovrebTa mimdinare ekonomikur mdgomareobas.

garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ojaxis fuladi Se-mosavlebis didi nawili (mad. socialuri daxmareba, pensiebi) ar iwarmoeba soflis ekonomikis farglebSi, simdidris indeqsi ar unda gavigoT, rogorc soflis Sida produqtis eqvivalenti; is Sida warmoebis da ga-redan Semodinebuli resursebis kompozitia.

Sekrulobis faqtorisa da simdidris indeqsis erToblivi gamoyeneba efeqturi meqanizmi aRmoCnda soflebis reprezentator jgufTa Soris sxvaobebis da msgavsebis dasadgenad.Kkvlevis procesSi ganxorciel-da raodenobrivi monacemebis saSualo maCveneblebis

                   

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SedarebiTi analizi22 organzomilebian velSi, sadac erTi RerZi ukavSirdeba socialuri Sekrulobis+ gan-zomilebas, meore RerZi ki –individis simdidris gan-zomilebas. analizma aCvena, rom es ori faqtori (sof-lis Sekrulobis+ indeqsi da individebis simdidris indeqsi) erToblivad kargad aRwers gamosakvlev vels. kerZod, mocemuli ori faqtori xsnis individebisa da soflebis variaciis maRal procents.

kvlevis SerCevaSi Sesuli 20 soflis monaceme-bis statistikuri analizis Sedegad gamovlinda sof-lebis sami ZiriTadi klasteri:

grafiki 1.

klasterebis saxelebi, romlebic SemdgomSi iq-neba gamoyenebuli, Semdegia: I - marcxena klasteri; II - marjvena zeda; III - marjvena qveda.

                                                                                                               22  Anova table  

                   

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mocemuli sami klasteridan pirveli klasteri yvelaze didia: masSi Sedis 12 sofeli. am klasteris SigniT daikvirveba wrfivi damokidebuleba RerZul cvladebs Soris korelaciis maRali koeficientiT: R = 0.77. es damokidebuleba calsaxad mianiSnebs imaze, rom soflis Sekrulobasa da individebis qonebriv mdgoma-reobas Soris arsebobs Zlieri "rezonireba". Tumca, es urTierTdamokidebuleba aris erTerTi, da ara erTa-derTi faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs soflis adgil-mdebarobas mocemul sibrtyeze. soflebis klasteriza-ciis analizi sxva faqtorebis CarTvasac moiTxovs, romlebic qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili.

soflebis klasterizacia SesaZloa ar asaxavdes yvela faqtors, romelic soflebis mravalferovnebas gansazRvravs. soflebis SerCeva ar aris reprezentatu-li soflebis yvelanairi tipisTvis, romlebic saqar-TveloSi arsebobs. yvelaze naklebad SerCevaSi iyo warmodgenili maRalmTiani soflebi, aseve is soflebi, romlebic mkveTrad dacarielda da mosaxleobisgan daicala. magaliTad, ori sofeli, romelic sami klas-teridan arc erTSi ar moxvda, Tavisi gansxvavebulo-bis asaxsnelad moiTxovs iseTi faqtorebis Semotanas, rogorebicaa soflis adgilmdebareoba an istoria.

sofeli 15, romelic Sekrulobis uaRresad dabali xa-

risxiT gamoirCeva,sakurorto zonaSia, Wreli mosaxleobiT, nawili saxlebisa qalaquri blokuri tipisaa, amdenad is meqa-nizmebi, romlebic sxva soflebs kravs, iq naklebad igrZnoba. mas sxva soflebisgan gansxvavebuli istoria aqvs.Aam sofel-Si xdeboda sxvadasxva migraciuli nakadebis (mag. yofili pa-timrebi) aRreva. mkvidri mosaxleoba sofelSi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. sofeli 8, piriqiT, uaRresad Sekrulia, magram amave dros Zalian Raribi, ramac, rogorc Cans, ganapiroba mi-si amovardna saerTo logikidan. es sofeli mTavari gzebisgan moSorebiT mdebareobs, rac xels uwyobs Sekrulobas, magram ekonomikurad araxelsayrelia.

sapirispirod, zogierT faqtors, romelic kvle-

vis sawyis etapze mniSvnelovnad gamoiyureboda, moce-mul sibrtyeze soflis ganlagebaze seriozuli gavle-

                   

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na ar mouxdenia. ase, bevri eqspertisa da sakuTari dakvirvebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli iyo mosaz-reba, rom soflebs Soris sxvaobas didwilad eTniku-ri da religiuri faqtorebi ganapirobebs. azerbaija-nuli soflebi, qarTuli soflebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro ierarqiulad gamoiyureba; maT yavT aRsakalebi, rac socialuri elitis ufro met institucionaliza-cias niSnavs. religiuri Taviseburebebi aseve gansxva-vebul socialur praqtikaSi gamoixateba. muslimur soflebSi paraskevis locvebi qmnis TanasoflelTa re-gularuli TavSeyris praqtikas; iq aseve ufro meti mravalSviliani ojaxia, rac arsebiTia naturaluri me-urnoebis warmatebisTvis. am dakvirvebebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, soflebis SerCevaSi moeqca rogorc azerbaijan-lebiT dasaxlebuli, aseve qarTuli muslimuri sof-lebi.

rogorc aRmoCnda, miuxedavad imisa rom sxvaoba qarTul da araqarTul soflebs Soris arsebobs, is bevrad naklebad arsebiTia, vidre sxva faqtorebi. pir-veli klasteri aerTianebs rogorc qarTul, aseve ara-qarTul soflebs, da soflebis es orive tipi erTnai-rad monawileobs im wrfiv korelaciaSi, romelic am klasterisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

Sekrulobisa da simdidris maCveneblebi garkveu-wilad xsnian respondentis ama Tu im gansxvavebul ma-xasiaTeblebs. ase, magaliTad, ufro metad Sekruli soflebis tipiuri respondenti Tavisive SefasebiT uf-ro bednieria, vidre danarCeni soflebis tipiuri mkvidri. respondentis bednierebis xarisxi soflis Sekrulobis faqtorTan gacilebiT ufro metad aris dakavSirebuli, vidre respondentis ekonomikur mdgoma-reobasTan. igive tendencia daikvirveba migraciul gan-wyobebTan dakavSirebiT: soflidan wasvlis survili naklebad aqvT ara ufro SeZlebul respondentebs, aramed Sekruli soflebis mcxovreblebs.

soflebis klasterizaciasa da soflis resur-sebs Soris kavSiris ufro TvalsaCinod warmodgenis-Tvis, sasargebloa soflis kerZo da saerTo resursebi moviazroT imave organzomilebian sibrtyeze. vertika-

                   

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luri ganzomileba Seesabameba saerTo sikeTes, xolo horizontalurad kerZo resursebisa da interesebis mqone individebia ganlagebuli. soflis Sekrulobis faqtori soflis vertikaluri ganzomilebis maxasiaTe-belia: rac ufro maRalia soflis Sekrulobis maCvene-beli, miT ufro Zlieria soflis mier saerTo sikeTis Seqmnis potenciali. dajgufebebi SesaZloa am sibrtye-ze ganlagebul wreebad warmovidginoT. is, rom Ti-Toeuli soflis 30 respondenti amgvari wre aRmoCnda, TavisTavad mianiSnebs imaze, rom sofeli imavrdoulad jgufs warmoadgens (grafikze asaxuli wertilebi am wreebis centrebia).

klasterizaciis mocemul modelze dayrdno-biT, qvemoT gaanalizebulia soflis socialuri kapi-talis mimarTeba mis adgilmdebareobasTan mocemul sibrtyeze. rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentis sami gan-wyoba: ekonomikuri samarTlianobis, ndobisa da repu-taciis mimarT erToblivad kargi sizustiT ganapiro-bebs mis adgilmdebareobas, rac gvaZlevs SesaZleblo-bas gamoviyenoT es ganwyobebi sxvadasxva resurssa da qcevas Soris kavSirebis dasadgenad.

4.2 . saerTo resursebi, Temis Sekrulobis ganzomileba

rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi uCvenebs, gamokiTxuli

respondentebis 61.5% miiCnevs, rom maTi sofeli Sekru-lia, respondentebis 38.5% - ki sakuTar sofels Sek-rul soflad ar Tvlis. (monacemebi daTvlilia Sekru-lobis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT).

soflis Sekrulobis maCveneblisa da soflis sxva maxasiaTeblebis urTierTmimarTebis analizma ga-moavlina Semdegi tendenciebi: rac ufro maRalia sof-lis Sekrulobis maCvenebeli, miT ufro metadaa sava-raudo, rom TanasoflelTa kerZo resursebis (Sroma, fuli, informacia) agregirebiT Seiqmneba saerTo sike-Te. Sekrul sofels aqvs meti unari marTos sakuTari Tavi, meti ganwyoba ganaviTaros soflis meurneoba, me-

                   

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ti daculoba garedan mosuli "privilegiebis" zemoqme-debisgan da hyavs ufro erTguli da bednieri mosaxle-oba. amdenad, idealurad Sekruli sofeli, imavdrou-lad, warmoadgens pirdapiri demokratiis idealur tips.

Sekruli soflis mcxovrebi ufro metadaa ori-entirebuli soflis meurneobaze, rogorc ekonomikis dargze da Tvlis, rom dauRalavi SromiTa da Zalis-xmeviT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul ojaxs SeuZlia keTildReobis mopoveba. amgvari ganwyoba, romelsac SeiZleba “agraruli optimizmi” vuwodoT, Sekrulobis maCvenebelTan ufro metadaa dakavSirebuli, vidre simdidris indeqsTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom soflis Sekrulobis maCvene-belTan statistikur kavSirSia swored simdidris sa-marTliani ganawilebis gancda da ara TanasoflelTa Soris faqtobrivi ekonomikuri Tanasworoba. soflebis mcxovrebTa Soris ekonomikur uTanasworobasa da sof-lis Sekrulobis maCvenebels Soris statistikuri kav-Siri ar gamovlinda.23 es metyvelebs imaze, rom indivi-debs Soris solidaroba maSinac SeiZleba arsebobdes, rodesac zogi mdidaria, zogi ki - Raribi. Uufro mniS-vnelovania, rom am sxvaobas iwvevdes individualuri unarebi da Zalisxmeva da ara – privilegiebi.

sofels Tavisi araformaluri meqanizmebi aqvs ekonomikur uTanasworobasa da soflis Sekrulobas Soris balansis dasadgenad. magaliTad, rodesac sof-lis saerTo saqmisTvis soflis Sida resursebis agre-girebaa aucilebeli, sofelSi moqmedebs proporciulo-bis principi: “visac ramdeni SeuZlia”. am SemTxvevaSi soflis SeZlebuli ojaxebs ufro meti materialuri wvlili SeaqvT soflis saerTo saqmeSi.

                                                                                                               23  ufro metic, ekonomikuri siTanabris (sxvaoba mdidrebsa da Rari-bebs Soris) kavSiri soflis danarCen aspeqtebTanac Zalze sustia. rogorc Cans, ekonomikuri siTanabre ar aris is ganzomileba, rome-lic gavlenas axdens socialur urTierTobebze soflis SigniT.

 

                   

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rogorc Cans, informaciis damalva, usamarTlo privilegiebis mopovebis erT-erT formad ganixileba. maRali Sekrulobis soflebSi mosaxleoba ufro xSi-rad ikribeba erTad soflis saerTo problemebze sam-sjelod da maT mosagvareblad. amgvar Sekrebebze xde-ba ekonomikuri informaciis swrafi gavrceleba.

vinaidan soflis Sekruloba Seesabameba soflis unars awarmoos saerTo resursebi, bunebrivia vivarau-doT, rom is socialuri kapitalis Sesabamisi komponen-tis siZlieris indikatoria, da soflis Sekruloba mas-Si solidarobis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. ekonomikuri sa-marTlianobis gancda kerZo resursebis agregirebisa da solidarobis gancdis zrdis xelSemwyob faqtorad gvevlineba. am SemTxvevaSi unda vaCvenoT, rom Sekrulo-ba imavdroulad xels uwyobs politikuri da ekonomi-kuri, aseve kerZo da jgufuri resursebis Tavsebadobas ("rezonirebas").

soflis Sekruloba pozitiur kavSirSia soflis TviTmmarTvelobis kompetenciasTan. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Sekruli soflebis respondentTa naxevarze odnav mets, mainc, steitisturi ganwyoba aqvs (“soflis prob-lemebis mogvarebas sofeli ver SeZlebs, xelisufle-bam ufro meti ram unda aiRos Tavis Tavze”), Sekrul soflebSi gacilebiT metia im respondentTa xvedriTi wili, romlebic Tvlian, rom sofelSi bevria iseTi problema, romlis mogvarebasac TviTon soflis mosax-leoba SeZlebda, ufro meti TviTmmarTveloba rom iyos: cxrili 2.

TviTmmarTvelobis mimarT dadebiTi ganwyoba

Sekruli soflebi 41.7% araSekruli soflebi 6.9%

garda amisa, Sekrul soflebSi Tanasoflelebi ufro xSirad msjeloben politikaze.

                   

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soflis Sekruloba pozitiurad aisaxeba kerZo da farTo jgufuri resursebis Tavsebadobaze. ekono-mikuri samarTlianobis gancda, romelic Sekrulobas-Tan aris asocirebuli, qmnis individualur (simdidre) da jgufur (TviTmmarTveloba) resursebs Soris "rezo-nirebis" SesaZleblobas resursebis agregirebis pro-cesSi. "iyavi mdidari, magram iyavi, aseve, soflis loi-aluri, rac gulisxmobs soflis mxares yofnas imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc masze ufro privilegirebulia" - ase SeiZleba iTargmnos Tavsebadobis es norma.

rac Seexeba Sekrulobisa da ekonomikuri warma-tebis urTierTmimarTebas, maT Soris kavSiri bevrad ufro rTuli aRmoCnda. Sekrulobisa da individualu-ri simdidris wrfivi kavSiri mkafiod daikvirveba pir-vel klasterSi da SeiZleba navaraudevi iyos danarCen orSic, magram mTlianobaSi ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ufro Sekruli sofeli ufro mdidaric iqneba.

am or cvlads Soris urTierTobaSi ereva sxva faqtorebic, romlebsac aqvs moderaciuli efeqti. in-dividebis simdidres, SekrulobasTan erTad, sxva faq-torebic ganapirobebs. Aam faqtorebidan zogierTi soflis gareTaa da, Sesabamisad, soflis socialur kapitalTan pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli, zogier-Ti faqtori ki socialuri kapitalis Semdgom ganxi-lul komponentebs warmoadgens.

4.3 . ganzogadebuli ndoba

Sekrulobis garda, ganzogadebuli interperso-naluri ndoba ("im adamianis mimarT, visac kargad ar icnob, ndobiT unda ganewyo manam, sanam rame cuds ar Caidens") soflebis klasterizaciis mniSvnelovani ma-xasiaTebeli aRmoCnda.

ndobasa da Sekrulobas Soris susti pozitiuri kavSiri daikvirveba. kvlevis monacemebiT, Sekruli soflebis tipiuri respondenti adamianebisadmi upiro-bo ndobis odnav ufro maRal xarisxs avlens. garda amisa, Tvlis, rom mis sofelSi adamianebi ufro metad

                   

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endobian erTmaneTs, vidre misTvis nacnob sxva sof-lebSi.

aseve, ndobis arseboba kavSirSia farTo (sof-lis donis) jgufuri TanamSromlobis pirobebSi gazia-rebuli normebis dacvis albaTobasTan. ndoba poziti-urad korelirebs soflis unarTan gadawonos gare ze-gavlenebi da Tavis wevrebs mosTxovos saTanado qceva. im soflebSi, romlebic soflis dauwereli kanonebis damrRvevebis mimarT ufro mkacria, respondentebi uc-nobi adamianebis mimarT ndobis ufro maRal xarisxs avlenen.

soflis es unari - moiTxovos loialoba Tavi-si mcxovreblebisgan - SeiZleba "farTo loialobis" nairsaxeobad warmovidginoT. amdenad, ndobasa da far-To loialobas Soris pozitiuri kavSiri daikvirveba.

miuxedavad amisa, ganzogadebuli ndoba soflis Sekrulobisgan da loialobisgan gansxvavebul faqto-rad gamovlinda da TanamSromlobis sxva formebs dau-kavSirda, da ara Sekrulobis faqtorSi Semaval jgu-fur qcevas.24

ndobis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad maRalia ukve gan-xilul organzomilebian sivrceSi ganlagebuli sof-lebis pirvel klasterSi (48.9%; meore da mesame klas-terebi: 16.7% da 13.3% Sesabamisad). amrigad, meore klasteri, romelic Sekrulobis maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba, imavdroulad ndobis ukiduresad dabal maCvenebels. mesame klasterSi ndobis maCvenebeli ki-dev ufro dabalia.25 mTlianobaSi, ndobis amgvari ga-danawileba klasterebs Soris, mianiSnebs imaze, rom ndobis variacia horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv uf-

                                                                                                               24  ndobis done kavSirSia soflis unarTan gamoimuSaos saerTo azri

(A8). Tumca, Sekrulobisgan gansxvavebiT, ndoba indiferentulia eko-

nomikuri samarTlianobis mimarT (A  11).  25  meore da mesame klasterebi gansxvavebulad afaseben sakuTar sof-lebs ndobis TvalsazrisiT: mesame klasteris respondentebis mxo-lod 8.9% miiCnevs, rom maT sofelSi adamianebs Soris meti ndobaa vidre sxva soflebSi, xolo meore klasterSi amgvari respondente-bi - 21.1%-s Seadgenen.  

                   

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ro mniSvnelovania, vidre vertikaluri RerZis gas-wvriv.

klasterizacia gviCvenebs, rom iq, sadac ndoba maRalia (pirveli klasteri), Sekruloba da simdidre erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba, xolo iq, sadac dabalia, erTnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis respon-dentebi SesaZloa radikalurad gansxvavdebodnen Sek-rulobis TvalsazrisiT (meore da mesame klasterebi).

zemoT, soflebis aRwerisas aRiniSna, rom so-fels axasiaTebs garkveuli ordonianoba - gansxvavebu-loba imaT Soris, vinc miiCnevs rom “Wiqa naxevrad sav-sea” an “Wiqa naxevrad carielia”. es sxvaoba SesaZloa iyos SedarebiT rbili, an Zalian radikaluri. ase, meo-re da mesame klasterebis respondentebi radikalurad gansxvavdebian sakuTari soflis ganviTarebis Sefase-bisas: meore klasteris 66.7% miiCnevs, rom sofeli win midis da viTardeba, maSin rodesac mesame klasteris 74.4% sakuTar sofelSi amgvar winsvlas ver xedavs.

xedvebisa da molodinebis amgvari gansxvaveba unda aisaxebodes adamianebis damokidebulebaze sxva adamianebTan TanamSromlobis mimarT. kerZod, mosa-lodnelia, rom individebi, romlebic ndobis dabal maCvenebels avlenen, naklebad iqnebian ganwyobilni Ta-namSromlobisken, radgan am SemTxvevaSi zarals ufro metad elian, vidre mogebas.

amdenad, ndobis dabali done unda ganapirobeb-des, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, erTis nacvlad, ori klasteris warmoqmnas soflebis klasterizaciis sib-rtyis marjvena nawilSi.

ndobis xarisxis garda, pirvel klasters danar-Ceni orisgan ganasxvavebs saZovris erToblivi gamoye-nebis praqtika, geografiuli mdebareoba da Semosavle-bis struqtura.

a . saZovari, naxiri

monacemebis statistikuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela sofeli, romelSic naxiris rig-ri-gobiT mwyemsvis dauwereli wesi da praqtika farTodaa gavrcelebuli, pirvel klasterSi xvdeba (gamonaklisia

                   

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sofeli vaya, romelic meore klasterSi aRmoCnda). meo-re da mesame klasterebis soflebSi amgvari praqtika an ar arsebobs, an aramyaria (wesebi xSirad irRveva). Ggar-da amisa, pirveli klasteris soflebis umravlesobaSi arsebobs saerTo saZovriT sargeblobis dauwereli we-si (mag. gadasaxadis gadaxda). meore da mesame klaste-rebis soflebis umravleobaSi aseTi praqtika ar aris, radgan maT saZovari ara aqvT. amdenad, soflebis klas-terizacia SesabamisobaSia naxiris erToblivi mwyem-svis da saerTo saZovris faqtorebTan. pirvel klaster-Si naxiri da saZovari yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mniSvne-lovani komponentia, meore da mesame klasterSi ki Ta-namSromlobis es praqtika TiTqmis ar aris.

naxiris rigrigobiT mwyemsva, iseve rogorc samZi-marSi misvlisas fulis mitana, statistikurad met kav-SirSia simdidris horizontalur ganzomilebasTan, vid-re soflis SekrulobasTan. es qcevebi mimarTulia ara saerTo, aramed kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze.

naxiri ar aris kerZo interesebis dakmayofile-baze mimarTuli qcevis erTaderTi saxeoba, romelic ndobis maRal xarisxTan korelirebs. im soflebSi, sa-dac arsebobs saZovari, aseve ufro xSiria araforma-luri kooperativebis Seqmna. Aamgvari araformaluri gaerTianebebi mosavlis erTobliv moyvana-gasaRebazea orientirebuli da praqtikulad qvemodan inicirebu-li araformaluri gaerTianebebis erTaderTi saxeo-baa, romelic soflad daikvirveba.

marTalia, amgvari gaerTianebebis Seqmna eyrdno-ba viwro jgufuri loialobis princips, magram es loialoba ndobasTan da qselur urTierTobebTan mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba. is Cndeba nacnobobisa da me-gobrobis socialuri gamocdilebidan, qseluri urTi-erTobebis SedarebiT mWidro "kvanZebidan". kooperire-bisken ganwyobas avlenen e.w. "saZmakacoebi", romlebsac erTmaneTTan naTesaoba an megobroba akavSirebT da warmatebuli komunikaciis xangrZlivi istoria aqvT.

                   

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b. soflis geografia, dasaxlebis tipi

pirveli klasteri meore da mesame klasterebis-gan aseve gansxvavdeba geografiulad. pirveli klaste-ris yvela sofeli (erTi soflis garda) aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia ganlagebuli. meore da mesame klaste-rebis soflebi, (aseve erTi soflis garda), samegrelo-sa da gurias miekuTvneba.

is faqti, rom zogierT sofels aqvs adgili, sa-dac naxirs gamoaZovebs, zogierTs ki - ara, nawilobriv damokidebulia soflis adgilmdebareobaze da dasax-lebis tipze.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze daikvirveba ori tipis so-

feli: e.w. xutoruli dasaxlebebi, sadac sacxovrebeli sax-lebi da sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebi erTadaa, da meore tipis dasaxlebebi, sadac sacxovrebeli saxlebi erTmaneTTan axlosaa ganlagebuli, sasoflo-sameurneo da-niSnulebis miwebi da saZovrebi ki soflidan moSorebulia. pirveli tipis soflebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba dasavleT sa-qarTveloSi, meore tipis soflebi ki aRmosavleT saqarTve-loSi.

Tavad dasaxlebis tipis gansxvavebuloba aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi bevri faqtoriT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli da kauzalobis jaWvi Rrmad midiodes isto-riaSi. arsebobs mosazreba rom gasul saukuneebSi kaxeTis soflebis xSiri darbevis gamo Crdilo-kavkasielTa mxridan, soflebSi saxlebi erTmaneTTan axlos iyo ganlagebuli ko-leqtiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

unda vivaraudoT, rom xutoruli tipis dasaxlebaSi, saerTo sargeblobis miwebis ararsebobis gamo, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis saWiroeba SedarebiT dabalia, xolo Tanam-Sromlobis praqtikis dabali done interpersonaluri ndo-bis dabal doneSic aisaxeba.

g . individebis Semosavlebi

rogorc zemoT aRwerili mimarTebebi UaCvenebs, ndobis maRali done ukavSirdeba saerTo materialuri da aramaterialuri sikeTeebis moxmarebas. ndoba maRa-lia iq, sadac arsebobs saerTo saZovari, sadac soflis araformaluri wesebi da cxovrebis wesi daculia san-

                   

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qciebis (aseve araformaluri) ZaliT. ndobiT mdidar mosaxleobaSi ufro maRalia "agraruli optimizmi", mi-waze muSaobis ganwyoba. empiriulad, maRali ndobis pi-robebSi unda velodeT agraruli tipis kooperaciis ufro xSir SemTxvevebs.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maRali ndoba uwyobs xels soflis ekonomikuri resursebis ufro efeqtur gamoyenebas, met TanamSromlobas soflis ekonomikis farglebSi misi qseluri horizontaluri urTierTobe-bis xelSewyobiT.

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom ndobis xarisxi ufro maRalia iq, sadac SedarebiT dabalia simdidris maCve-nebeli - individualuri simdidris RerZis marcxena na-wilSi. SedarebiT mdidari klasterebi, romlebic am RerZis gaswvriv marjvnivaa ganlagebuli, ndobis daba-li maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. es, erTi SexedviT, ewina-aRmdegeba im varauds, rom ndoba xels uwyobs indivi-debis simdidris zrdas. amdenad, dabali ndobis sim-didresTan asocireba damatebiTi faqtorebis gavleniT unda aixsnebodes.

erT-erTi aseTi faqtori, SesaZloa, situaciur xasiaTs atarebs. istoriulad kaxeTi (pirveli klaste-ri, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) iTvleboda agrarulad mdidar regionad, guriisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac sof-lad yovelTvis siRaribe sufevda. kaxeTis soflebSi fuladi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro yurZenia. ramdeni-me wlis win ruseTis mxridan qarTul Rvinoze dawese-buli embargo pirdapir aisaxa kaxeTis soflebis eko-nomikur mdgomareobaze da soflebis masobrivi gaRari-beba gamoiwvia. SeiZleba vivaraudod, kvleva rom embar-gos ganxorcielebamde Catarebuliyo, soflebis ori klasteri, romlebic axlosaa Sekrulobis maCveneble-biT, ufro axlos iqneboda erTmaneTTan simdidris maC-veneblebiTac.

meore, da ufro mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic arRvevs pozitiur statistikur kavSirs ndobasa da sim-didres Soris, aris is, rom soflis mosaxleobis Semo-savlebis didi nawili soflis meurneobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs ag-

                   

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rarul sakiTxebze kooperirebas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom horizontaluri RerZi, simdidris indeqsi, warmoad-gens kompozits, romlis mxolod erTi nawili iwarmoe-ba soflis Sida resursebiT. Tu soflis Semosavlebi mis gareT arsebuli wyaroebidan momdinareobs, ndobis da soflis Sekrulobis faqtorebis mniSvneloba sim-didris Seqmnis procesSi klebulobs.

marTlac, Semosavlebis struqturiT samive klas-teri erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. pirveli klasteri Zlieradaa damokidebuli agraruli produqciis warmoe-baze, Tumca ki am produqciis didi wili iwarmoeba mox-marebisTvis, da ara gasaRebisTvis. meore klasteris soflebSi aseve maRalia damokidebuleba agrarul war-moebaze, magram aq produqciis didi wili bazarze gasa-yidad iwarmoeba, riTac fuladi Semosavlebi iqmneba. me-same klasterSi, sadac ndobac da Sekrulobac yvelaze dabalia, xolo ekonomikuri simdidre disproporciu-lad maRali Sekrulobisa da ndobis maCveneblebTan Se-darebiT, soflis gareT arsebuli wyaroebidan (sezonu-ri samuSaoebi) miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ufro maRa-lia sxva klasterebTan SedarebiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ndoba mocemul kvlevaSi warmoCinda ara rogorc intensiuri ekonomikuri Tanam-Sromlobis sawindari, aramed rogorc misi Sedegi. iq, sadac arsebobs saerTo resursiT erToblivi sargeb-lobis saWiroeba (saZovris erToblivi gamoyeneba), ndoba izrdeba. sasoflo produqciis ufro individua-lizebuli warmoeba, Tuki is amgvar TanamSromlobas ar saWiroebs, ndobis zrdas ar iwvevs. xolo gare re-sursebis mopovebaze mimarTuli aqtiobebi uwyobs xels ara ndobis, aramed, rogorc Semdeg qveTavSi iqneba aR-werili, kargi reputaciis mopovebis survils.

                   

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4.4 . jgufuri loialoba, reputacia

respondentebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom warma-tebis misaRwevad adamians kargi reputacia sWirdeba. am ganwyobis siZliere Tu sisuste mniSvnelovnad gansxva-vebulia klasterebs Soris. mas aqvs pozitiuri kavSiri respondentebis iseT jgufur qcevasTan, romelic mi-marTulia asociaciebis Seqmnaze, gare wyaroebidan re-sursebis mopovebaze, saxelmwifosTan protestisa Tu peticiis gziT urTierTobaze. reputaciuli ganwyoba socialuri kapitalis im elements warmoadgens, rome-lic xels uwyobs jgufuri loialobis warmoqmnas ga-re samyarosTan urTierTobaTa konteqstSi.

rogorc kvlevis modelidan momdinareobs, imi-saTvis, rom soflis socialurma kapitalma srulyofi-lad ifunqcioniros, soflis SekrulobasTan da gan-zogadoebul ndobasTan erTad mas sWirdeba mesame kom-poneneti - jgufuri loialoba. Tuki jgufuri loia-loba Zlieria, is qmnis jgufur mikuTvnebulobas da jgufis erTobliv sakuTrebas, aadvilebs metnaklebad stabiluri ekonomikuri kooperirebis ganxorcielebas SedarebiT danawevrebul interesTa konteqstSi. ganzo-gadoebuli ndobisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic potenci-ur partniorebs aranair winapirobebs ar uyenebs, loi-aloba SeiZleba ganpirobebul ndobad warmovidginoT: is xels uwyobs TanamSromlobas iseT adamianebs So-ris, visi sandooba ganpirobebulia garkveuli intere-sebisa an identobebis TanxvedriT.

maSin, rodesac ndoba ar gulisxmobs winaswar nac-nobobas, urTierTobebis istorias da maT Semdgom xan-grZlivobas, loialoba aris socialuri resursi, romlis Seqmna drosa da ganmeorebadi urTierTobebis gamocdile-bas saWiroebs. iseve rogorc jgufuri sakuTreba, is sta-biluria da gaziarebuli. swored, amaSi emsgavseba loia-loba individis reputaciul maxasiaTebels.

loialoba did rols ar TamaSobs soflis SigniT mimarTul qcevebSi, is ar iwvevs mosaxleobis jgufur da-nawevrebas. soflad ar arsebobs iseTi latenturi inte-resTa konfliqtebi, romlebic soflis SigniT mosaxleo-

                   

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bis dajgufebebad danawevrebisTvis racionalur ekonomi-kur stimuls Seqmnida. sofeli ar iyofa stratebad, masSi ar SeimCneva segregacia, romelsac jgufuri mikuTvnebu-loba warmoqmnida.Aar daikvirveba, agreTve, mdgradi eko-nomikuri kooperireba da institucionalizebuli interes-Ta konfliqti. individebi iCenen loialobas sakuTari ojaxis, saZmakacos da soflis mimarT, magram individua-luri Tu jgufuri konfliqtebi soflad racionalurad ar gadaizrdeba damatebuli Rirebulebis mopovebis mcde-lobaSi. sofeli gare samyarosgan damoukideblad rom ar-sebuliyo, misi integraciisTvis Sekruloba da ndoba sak-marisi aRmoCndeboda. soflis loialoba am orisgan war-moebul Sedegs Seadgenda.

miuxedavad amisa, soflad dajgufebebi da dapi-rispirebebic ki daikvirveba.26 erTic da meorec ukav-Sirdeba ara soflis SigniT arsebul winaaRmdegobebs, aramed gare samyarosTan urTierTobebis sakiTxebs. soflis siRaribe da Sida resursebis simwire gansa-kuTrebulad mniSvnelovans xdis soflis gareT arse-buli resursebis ufro advilad mozidvis moTxovni-lebas. gare resursebis xelmisawvdomoba ki kargi re-putaciis arsebobas moiTxovs.

is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCneva warmatebis misaRwevad wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia, mkveTrad ganasxvavebs pirvel klasters meore da mesame klasterebisgan. Tuki pirvel klasterSi 43% miiCnevs, rom warmatebas cudi reputaciis adamianebic axerxeben, meore da mesame klasterebSi amgvari respondentebi praq-tikulad ar arian: respondentTa 91% meoreSi da 89.5% mesameSi Tvlian, rom "warmatebis misaRwevad dRevandel

                                                                                                               26   konfliqtebis gamomwvevi gare zegavlenebisgan aRsaniSnavia politikuri gavlena.   igi resursis erT-erT iseT saxeobas warmoadgens, romelic iwvevs mosaxleobis polarizebas. respondentebis partiuli preferencia an afiliacia Seswavlil faqtorTa Soris yvelaze metad ganapirobebs socialur distancias (8.8%) da konfliqtebs (2.3), Tumca, rogorc monacemebi uCvenebs, respondentTa udidesi nawili (79.5%) mainc miiCnevs, rom urTierToba sxvadasxva partiis mxardamWerebs Soris soflis mcxovrebTa urTierTobebSi problemebs ar qmnis.  

                   

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situaciaSi wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia aucilebelia".

es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ndoba da reputa-cia, sxvadasxva klasterebSi gadanawilda. pirveli klasteri xasiaTdeba SedarebiT maRali ndobiT da skeptikuri damokidebulebiT reputaciis mniSvnelobis mimarT, xolo meore da mesame klasterebis responden-tebi ar endobian ucnob adamianebs, samagierod karg reputacias did mniSvnelobas aniWeben.

Tuki reputaciis dafaseba maRalia iq, sadac me-tia gare resursebis mopovebisken swrafva, is xels un-da uwyobdes am resursebis mopovebaze orinetirebul jgufur qcevasac. gare resursebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos bazari, saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso donori or-ganizaciebi. Sesabamisad, soflebSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas kooperativebi, saTemo organizaciebi da asociaciebi.

formaluri organizaciebis dasaxelebis mcire sixSire sakvlev masivSi27 ar gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas rom sruli darwmunebulobiT gamovavlinoT mimarTeba soflebis klasterebsa da amgvari organizaciebis six-Sires Soris.

miuxedavad amisa, monacemebi miuTiTebs im ten-denciaze, rom kargi reputaciisTvis ufro meti mniS-vnelobis miniWeba sajaro gaerTianebebisa da gare re-sursebis mopovebaze mimarTuli organizaciebis Seq-mnasTan pozitiurad aris dakavSirebuli. amgvari aso-ciaciebis didi umravlesoba meore da mesame klaste-rebSia moqceuli.

                                                                                                               27   gamokiTxuli respondentebis mxolod 18.2% miuTiTebs, rom maT sofelSi umuSavia arasamTavrobo organizacias, romelsac saerTa-Soriso donori organizaciebi uWeren mxars. dabali sixSire met-naklebad damaxasiaTebelia saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis-Tvis; ufro metic, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare Ser-CevaSi ramdenime sofeli moxvda swored imis gamo, rom iq iyo for-maluri organizacia, romelsac hqonda saerTaSoriso organizacieb-Tan urTierTobis gamocdileba.Aamdenad, Tu Catardeboda absolu-turad reprezentatuli kvleva saqarTvelos masStabiT, monacemi ufro dabali iqneboda.  

                   

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gare resursebis mopovebaze orientirebuli so-feli, aseve, ufro ganwyobilia ibrZolos sakuTari in-teresebisTvis saxelmwifos pirispir. kerZod, is sof-lebi, romlebsac aqvT xelisuflebis mimarT erTobli-vad protestis gamoxatvis, an xelisuflebisadmi peti-ciiT mimarTvis praqtika, aseve meore da mesame klaste-rebSia moqceuli.

respondentebis mTliani masivis analizi aCve-nebs, rom arsebobs faqtori, romelic reputaciis mniS-vnelobis xazgasmas respondentis ramdenime sxva maxa-siaTebelTan akavSirebs. sofelSi mSobelTa gaerTiane-bis arseboba, sportuli samoyvarulo klubis funqcio-nireba, xelisuflebis mimarT protestis gamoxatva da iseTi organizaciisa Tu asociaciis arseboba, romel-sac ucxoelebi exmarebian, am faqtorTan pozitiur kav-SirSi gvevlineba. am faqtorTan (sust) ukukavSirs aCve-nebs soflis SekrulobasTan da ndobasTan asocirebu-li TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebeli. rogorc Cans, forma-luri organizaciebis Seqmnis mimarT pozitiurad gan-wyobili respondentebi avlenen orientacias, rome-lic mimarTulia soflis gareT, da ara soflis Sig-niT.

amdenad, Cven vxedavT, rom arsebobs gavlenebi, tendenciebi, romlebic ndobasa da reputacias, rogorc TanamSromlobis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs, erTmaneTs upirispirebs. rogorc ndoba, aseve reputacia, socialu-ri kapitalis elementebs warmoadgens. mianiSnebs Tu ara amgvari tendenciis arseboba imaze, rom socialuri kapi-tali soflad naklulia, anu misi erTi elementi SesaZ-loa meore elementTan ar "rezonirebdes", da ufro me-tic, asustebdes kidec mas?

qviSis saaTis models Tu gavixsenebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ndoba am qviSis saaTis qveda nawilSi fun-qcionirebs, xolo reputacia mis qveda da zeda nawi-lebs Soris viwro yels afarToebs. rogorc reputa-cia, aseve sajaro/formaluri gaerTianebebi, qviSis saa-Tis qveda da zeda nawilis dakavSirebas uwyobs xels. Nndoba ki xels uwyobs gaWirvebaSi myof Tanasoflelebs moagvaron Tavisi problemebi da

                   

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erTmaneTTan mxarSi dgomiT gadalaxon sirTuleebi. reputacia warmatebisken orientirebul qcevas ukavSirdeba, warmateba ki soflisadmi gare samyarosgan momdinareobs, qviSis saaTis zeda nawilSi moipoveba. Sekruloba, iseve rogorc ndoba, qviSis saaTis qveda nawilSi funqcionirebs, da am sivrces zeda nawilisgan avtonomias aniWebs.

qviSis saaTis fenomens qmnian swored is gavlenebi, romlebic, agreTve, iwveven garkveul daZabulobas repu-tacias, ndobasa da Sekrulobas Soris. isini adamians Tavisi soflisadmi loialurobisgan ganTavisuflebisken da avtonomiurobisken ubiZgeben. individi, romelsac qvi-Sis saaTis viwro yelTan aqvs saqme, qviSis saaTis zeda da qveda nawilebTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis dadgeba Sem-degi kiTxvis winaSe: vis mimarT unda iyos loialuri da vis TvalSi unda hqondes kargi reputacia?Aam individze yovelTvis imoqmedebs is ZalTa balansi, romelic qviSis saaTis or nawils Soris arsebobs. es ZalTa balansi mas ori sapirispiro mimarTulebiT - soflisken Tu soflis gareT - orientacias Soris arCevanis gakeTebas karnaxobs.

adamiani, romelic zrunavs karg reputaciaze da sjera, rom sajaro imiji, simboluri kapitali, romelsac is reputaciis meSveobiT iZens, individualuri warmatebis momtania, ufro iolad Sedis gansajaroebul da/an forma-lizebul gaerTianebebSi. amdenad, kargi reputaciis dafa-sebis maRali done, romelic mTlianobaSi sakvlev masivs axasiaTebs (miuxedavad klasterebs Soris gansxvavebebisa, saSualo respondenti reputacias did mniSvnelobas ani-Webs), soflad sajaro/formalizebuli asociaciebis Sesaq-mnelad kargi sawindari unda yofiliyo. amgvari asociaci-ebis/gaerTianebebis simcire, amdenad, ara soflis, aramed misgan damoukideblad arsebuli viTarebis Sedegia. am vi-Tarebisa da gare faqtorebis analizi mocemuli iqneba Semdeg TavSi, romelic soflad arsebuli gaerTianebebis instituciur analizs mieZRvneba.

                   

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Tavi 5. soflad arsebuli gaerTianebebi: instituciuri analizi

socialuri wesrigis instituciuri stabiloba, in-

stitutebisa da socialuri kapitalis garda, moiTxovs organizaciebis arsebobas. organizacia aerTianebs gar-kveul jgufs da koordinirebas uwevs mis moqmedebas. organizaciebi SeiZleba daiyos or tipad: mxardamWerTa (adherent) organizacia, romelic TviTwarmoqmnadia da mxolod mis wevrTa iniciativas efuZneba; da kontraqtu-li organizacia, romelicTavis wesebs, wevrTa daintere-sebulobis garda, gare sanqciebis meSveobiTac amyarebs.

(North, 2009, gv.15-16). pirveli SesaZloa araformalizebu-li saxiT arsebobdes, vinaidan misi mdgradoba sanqciebs ar moiTxovs. meore saWiroebs artikulirebul wesebs, formalizebas, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia mesame mxare, gare aqtori, iyos CarTuli sanqciebis gziT orga-nizaciis stabilobis uzrunvelyofaSi.

kontraqtuli organizacia, rogoric ar unda iyos misi misia: mogebis miReba, servisis miwodeba Tu saerTo sikeTis Seqmna, warmoadgens jgufuri sakuTre-bis formas. organizaciis wevrebi unda iCendnen loia-lobas mis mimarT, da mas unda gaaCndes sakuTreba, ro-gorc materialuri, aseve simboluri kapitalis saxiT (mag. brendi). aseve, organizacias sWirdeba xelmZRvane-li/xelmZRvanelebi, romlebsac sWidebaT kargi repu-tacia warmomadgenlobis/menejmentis gansaxorcieleb-lad. amdenad, organizacia ganicdis igive sapirispiro tendenciebis gavlenas, romlebic arTuleben soflad jgufuri sakuTrebis damkvidrebas (ix. qveTavi 4.4.).

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, soflad organizaciebi farTod gavrcelebuli ar aris. daikvirveba iniciati-vebi, romlebic mimarTulia metwilad moklevadian ko-operirebaze da garedan inicirebuli formaluri gaer-Tianebebi, romlebsac, agreTve, aklia stabiluroba. am-gvari gaerTianebebi SesaZloa ganvixiloT rogorc ne-bayoflobiT Seqmnili organizaciebis prototipebi da

                   

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gavaanalizoT is tendenciebi, romlebic maT stabilo-bas uSlis xels.

5.1 . araformaluri kooperacia

mogebaze orientirebuli araformaluri koope-

rirebis analizi aCvenebs, rom amgvari TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi ufro metad ukavSirdeba instituciur problemebs ("viwro yelis" fenomeni) da racionaluri dainteresebis sisustes, vidre socialuri kapitalis naklebobas.

rogorc iTqva, mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomi-kuri kooperireba xdeba viwro jgufebSi, romlebic Sekrulia araformaluri urTierTobebiT, "saZmakacoeb-Si". amgvari gaerTianebebi xSiri ar aris. kvlevam uCve-na, rom mosaxleobis damokidebuleba ekonomikuri koo-perirebis mimarT sakmaod skeptikuria. gamokiTxulTa mxolod 30.7% Tvlis, rom warmoebis procesSi ojaxe-bis gaerTianebam SesaZloa dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRos.

rogorc adgilobrivebi xSirad miiCneven, forma-lizebul ekonomikaSi CarTva soflis kooperativebis-Tvis racionalurad momgebiani ar aris. maSinac ki, ro-desac kooperativi iqmneba rogorc ufro farTo da formalizebuli organizacia (mag. donorebis daxmare-biT kartofilis moyvanaze orientirebuli kooperati-vebi samcxe-javaxeTSi), isini ormagi standartiT fun-qcionirebs: donorebisTvis qaRaldze formalurad ar-seboben, magram realurad produqcias "TeTr" buRal-teriaSi ar atareben.

TviTiniciativiT Seqmnili, ramdenime ojaxisgan Semdgari gaerTianeba, erTgvari daxuruli sistemaa, romelic ar miiswrafvis gafarToebisken da axali wev-rebis inkorporaciisken. amgvar mciremasStabian gaer-TianebebSi TamaSis wesebi eqspliciturad artikulire-buli ar aris. swored amis gamo, axali wevrebis in-kluziisTvis gaerTianeba daxurulia: “Cven Cveneburi urTierTgageba gvaqvs, axali xalxi amas ver gaigebs da ver agvyveba” (erT-erTi gaerTianebis wevri).

                   

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araformalur urTierTobebze damyarebuli jgu-febi, romlebic zedmet sajaroobas eridebian, ganicdi-an mdgradi funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli "TamaSis wesebis" institucionalizaciis problemas.wesebis ga-urkvevloba pirvel rigSi exeba ori resursis gadana-wilebas: gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi Tanamonawileoba da mogebis gadanawileba.

normatiulad, amgvari ekonomikuri kooperire-bisTvis saWiro samarTlianobis principi soflebSi gacnobierebulia. maSin, roca saerTo sikeTis formire-bas Seesabameboda agregireba, principiT "vis ramdeni SeuZlia", xolo individualuri ekonomikuri interese-bi eqvemdebareboda gacvlas, siTanabris principze day-rdnobiT (rasac gavcem imdenive damibrundeba), ekonomi-kur kooperirebas sWirdeba warmoebuli damatebuli Rirebulebis proporciuli gadanawileba (mogebis wi-li unda Seesabamebodas Senatanis odenobas). es prin-cipi aRiarebulia, rogorc samarTliani, magram misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ekonomikur jgufebSi bevr sirTules awydeba.

mogebis gadanawilebis saWiroeba, romelic imav-droulad jgufis "eqskluziurobis" maxasiaTebels qmnis, mkveTrad ganasxvavebs amgvar kooperacias ndoba-ze dafuZnebuli horizontaluri TanamSromlobisgan, romelic ar gulisxmobs mogebis miRebas da mxolod TanasoflelTa resursebis akumulirebazea mimarTuli (riskebis dazRveva).

amgvari TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi “TamaSi” im-denad martivia, rom procedurac TavisTavad igulis-xmeba (mag. latariis TamaSi), xolo kooperirebis pro-cesSi sirTuleebi ar Cndeba. gamokiTxul responden-tTa 37.4% adasturebs, rom maT sofelSi latariis Ta-maSi farTod gavrcelebuli praqtikaa. Aam rigis “amo-canas” miekuTvneba, agreTve, naxiris koleqtiuri mov-la, romelic Temis masStabiT ekonomikuri kooperire-bis erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli praqtikaa. samar-Tliani TamaSis wesi eyrdnoba proporciulobis mar-tiv princips: saqonlis patronis mier menaxirisTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxa proporciulia naxirSi misi Zroxe-

                   

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bis raodenobisa. Aam principze dayrdnobiT, agreTve, advilia oportunistuli qcevis gakontrolebac. Ewese-bis damrRvevTa (e.w. free   rider) anonimurad darCena da sxvebis xarjze gamoZroma, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia.

gansxvavebiT am martivi wesebisgan, mogebaze orientirebuli kooperireba ufro kompleqsuri gadaw-yvetilebebis miRebasa (mag. produqtis erToblivi warmoeba da gasaReba), da ufro rTulad Sesafasebel da gansxvavebul qonebriv Senatans (teqnika, miwa, fu-li, Sroma, codna)saWiroebs. eqsplicituri wesebis ga-reSe, wilobrivi Tanafardobis dadgena am mravalfe-rovan resursebs Soris metad rTulia. es ar aZlevs maT mkafio SeTanxmebis miRwevisa da oportunistebis dasjis SesaZleblobas. uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi xSi-ria kooperativis daSla da TanamSromlobis Sewyveta.

ZiriTadi sirTule, romelic wilobriv Senata-nebs exeba, mdgomareobs resursebis ormag xasiaTSi. zogierTi resursi (pirvel rigSi Sroma) soflisTvis "Sidaa", xolo sxva - magaliTad, conda an krediti - gare. Sesabamisad, es resursebi sxvadasxva wesiT fun-qcionirebs: Sroma siTanabris, xolo codna - warmate-bis (damatebuli Rirebulebis) principiT. Tuki mogeba gadanawilda gaweuli Sromis Sesabamisad, ukmayofilo rCeba is, vinc meti codna an krediti uzrunvelyo; Tu-ki mogebis meti wili xvdeba imaT, vinc miiCnevs rom warmatebisTvis saWiro codna an krediti mozida, ga-nawyendeba is, vinc meti imuSava.

wesebis orazrovani buneba xels uSlis, aseve, ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebis process. Sida wesebze dafuZne-buli procedura mimarTulia msjelobaze, yvela azris gaTvaliswinebaze da konsesualur mmarTvelobaze. is, faqtobrivad, pirdapiri demokratiis formaa. gare warma-tebaze mimarTuli, instrumentuli aqtivoba ki moiTxovs pirvel rigSi kvalifikaciis gaTvaliswinebas da efuZne-ba reputaciis faqtors, romelic, nawilobriv mainc, ga-re samyaros mier iqmneba da zogjer saerTo azris sapi-rispirodac moqmedebs. warmatebisTvis saWiro kvalifika-

                   

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ciis Sesaxeb erTiani warmodgenebis ararseboba qmnis viwro yels Sida da gare wesebs Soris.

TamaSis wesebis gaurkvevlobisa da kooperaciis aramdgradobis gamo glexebi ufro xSirad, orientaci-as iReben moklevadian proeqtebze. maT yvelasTvis mi-saRebi “TamaSis wesebis” SemuSavebis imedi ar aqvT ma-Sinac ki, rodesac kooperireba racionalurad miaCni-aT: “zogs miwa ar yofnis, zogs traqtori aqvs, zogs naklebi resursi aqvs, magram meti codna aqvs” (kaxeTis soflis mcxovrebi).

moklevadiani proeqtebTan dakavSirebuli riske-bis marTva gacilebiT martivia:

“gvirCevnia erTwliani memcenareobis dargSi vi-TanamSromloT. Tu TanamSromloba ar gamova, daSla advilia. erTad rom Cayaro venaxi, didi riskia. mere didi xani unda iyoT erTad. zogs Zviriani sasuqi mo-undeba, zogs iafiani. zogs adre Sewamvla miaCnia swo-rad, zogs ufro gvian”. (kaxeTis soflis mcxovrebi).

raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebic garkveulwilad adasturebs Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze miRebul dakvir-vevebs.

respondentTa didi nawili (28.8%) miiCnevs, rom mdgrad kooperirirebas xels uSlis swored “TamaSis wesebTan” dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. maTi azriT ada-mianebs gauWirdebaT iseTi sistemis SemuSaveba, ro-melSic SesaZlebelia erToblivi da samarTliani ga-dawyvetilebebis miReba. Aadamianebs Soris undoblobas kooperirebisTvis xelisSemSlel mizezad mxolod 3.3% miiCnevs. rac Seexeba, kolmeurneobebTan dakavSirebul uaryofiT istoriul mexsierebas, kvleva uCvenebs, rom am faqtors xSirad gazviadebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben. kooperirebisTvis xelisSemSlel mizezad mas respon-dentebis mxolod 8.4% moixseniebs.

respondentebis yvelaze didi nawili saerTod ver asaxelebs specifiur mizezs, romelic xels uS-lis ufro intensiur kooperirebas soflad: “yvelas TavisTvis urCevnia” (39.1%).

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da mogebis gadanawi-lebis wesebis ararseboba, da, Sesabamisad, TanamSromlo-

                   

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bis moklevadiani orientacia, miuTiTebs imaze, rom arse-bobs jgufuri sakuTrebis instituciuri Camoyalibebis uunaroba.

5.2 . formaluri gaerTianebebi

rodesac soflad iqmneba SedarebiT farTo ga-

erTianeba, romelsac unda hqondes artikulirebuli TamaSis wesebi da struqtura, es, rogorc wesi, xdeba gare aqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. amgvari gaerTianeba Se-saZloa waaxalisos an daafinansos kidec saerTaSori-so donorma organizaciam (mag. rZis mwarmoebelTa aso-ciacia), mmarTvelobis organoebma (mSobelTa gaerTia-neba), grantebis gamcemma (arasamTavrobo organizacia), partiam (partiis adgilobrivi ganyofileba).

kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, qvemoT ganxi-luli iqneba sami tipis formalizebuli organizacia, romlebic saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis mie-raa mxardaWerili saqarTvelos soflebSi. esenia: saTe-mo organizaciebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwar-moebelTa asociaciebi da produqtis mwarmoebelTa ko-operativebi.

saTemo organizaciebis ganviTarebis programebis mizania Temis gaZliereba koleqtiuri qcevis warmate-buli, grZelvadiani modelebis Camoyalibebis gziT. Tu kvlevis Teoriul models movixmobT, saTemo organiza-ciebis mizania soflisTvis saerTo sikeTis, saerTo sa-kuTrebis warmoeba.

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebelTa asociaciebis mizania wevrTa resursebis akumulire-bis gziT moxdes iseTi servisebis an saqonlis SeZena, romelTa mopoveba calkeuli wevrebis resursebiT Se-uZlebelia da, Sesabamisad, transaqciuli fasebis Sem-cireba. ZiriTadad, asociaciebi moqmedeben arasamTav-robo, mogebaze araorientirebuli organizaciis prin-cipiT. isev kvlevisTvis SemuSavebuli Teoriuli mode-lis Sesabamisad, asociacia SeiZleba moviazroT, ro-gorc jgufuri sakuTrebis forma.

                   

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sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis mizania re-sursebis agregireba produqciis warmoebis procesSi. kooperativebi funqcionireben, rogorc mogebaze ori-entirebuli organizaciebi. kvlevis Teoriul modelSi kooperativebis funqcias warmoadgens kerZo resurse-bis zrda. maTi saqmianobis ciklis bolo etapia moge-bis ganawileba wevrebs Soris.

rogorc saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis analizi uCvenebs, amgvari organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi problemaa maTi aramdgradoba. organizaciebis umrav-lesoba met-naklebi warmatebiT axorcielebs proeqts, romelic grantiTaa uzrunvelyofili. Aam resursis amowurvis Semdeg ki wyvets funqcionirebas.

rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciebis adgilob-rivi koordinatorebi miuTiTeben, am tipis organizaci-ebSi xdeba miznis Canacvleba saSualebiT. granti, rome-lic Cafiqrebulia, rogorc “pirveli biZgi” organiza-ciis Semdgomi muSaobisTvis, xdeba organizaciis mizani.

“am tipis organizaciebi gadaiqca grantis gada-mamuSavebel sawarmoebad” (saerTaSoriso donori orga-nizaciis adgilobrivi koordinatori).

organizaciebi soflis mosaxleobis didi nawilis interesis miRma rCeba. isini ver avsebs saxelmwifo da kerZo sferos Soris arsebul cariel sivrces. Mmosax-leobis CarTuloba, rogorc mizani, miuRweveli rCeba.

mosaxleobis damokidebuleba saerTaSoriso do-nori organizaciebis mier mxardaWerili organizacie-bis mimarT dadebiTia (91.7%), magram es ar gulisxmobs amgvar organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis da maT saqmia-nobaSi monawileobis survils. gamokiTxuli respon-dentebis 18.2%-ma miuTiTa, rom maT sofelSi arsebobs saerTaSoriso donori organizaciis xelSewyobiT da-fuZnebuli organizacia, Tumca organizaciebSi wevro-bis maCvenebeli Zalze dabalia. im soflebSi, sadac sa-erTaSoriso donori organizaciebis aqtiobaze miuTi-Teben, gamokiTxulTa mxolod 4.6%-ia saTemo organiza-ciebis an asociaciebis wevri. xSirad, im soflebSi, sa-

                   

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dac aseTi organizaciebi aris, respondentebma ar ici-an misi arsebobis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso donori or-ganizaciebi, rogorc wesi, zrunaven organizaciis "qve-vidan zeviT" Seqmnaze, mis dafuZnebaze soflis TviTi-niciativaze, dainteresebaze da mdgradobis uzrunvel-yofaze, maT mier mxardaWerili organizaciebis fun-qcionirebis logika, nawilobriv mainc, soflis socia-luri kapitalis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs. es gamowveulia imiT, rom amgvari jgufebi mimarTulia soflis gareT arsebuli resursebis mopovebaze, da, am-denad, CarTulia im urTierTobebSi, romlebic soflis gavlenis miRma mdebareobs. qviSis saaTis modelis moS-veliebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari organizaciebi qviSis saaTis viwro yelis xafangSi xvdeba. Aamis gamo, maT uwevs qviSis saaTis orive nawilisTvis damaxasia-Tebeli standartebis gaTvaliswineba. Ees standartebi ki xSirad ar emTxveva, zog SemTxvevaSi - ki ewinaaR-mdegeba kidec erTmaneTs.

formaluri organizaciebis inicireba xdeba so-felSi arsebuli socialuri kapitalis safuZvelze. Semdeg ki ver xerxdeba iseTi eqsplicituri TamaSis wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic misaRebi iqneboda qvi-Sis saaTis orive nawilisTvis. Tu instituciur mid-gomas moviSveliebT, TamaSebis warmatebuli paternebi grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi gardaiqmneba institutebad (institutebi gagebuli, rogorc TamaSis eqsplicituri wesebi). Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom saqarTve-los soflebSi SedarebiT mdgradi da grZelvadiani TamaSebis warmatebuli paternebi formaluri organi-zaciebis SemTxevevaSi TiTqmis ar daikvirveba28.

arsebobs ramdenime gare faqtori, romelic for-maluri gaerTianebebis funqcionirebas aferxebs. esenia: garkveuli asimetria gare aqtorebis mier mxardaWerili organizaciebis formaluri wesebsa da soflad moqmed

                                                                                                               28  warmatebuls vuwodebT TamaSs, romlis dros xdeba qviSis saaTis zeda da qveda nawilSi arsebuli veqtorebis SesabamisobaSi, rezo-nirebis mdgomareobaSi moyvana  

                   

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araformalur normebs Soris; gare resursis eqskluziu-ri xasiaTi; instituciuri garemos arastabiluroba.

am faqtorTagan TiToeuli sxvadasxva “woniT” monawileobs Cvens mier zemoT aRwerili sami tipis formaluri gaerTianebebis warumateblobaSi. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT rogor aisaxeba am faqtorebis moqme-deba saTemo organizaciebis, sasoflo-sameurneo pro-duqtis mwarmoebelTa asociaciebisa da kooperativebis funqcionirebaze.

a. saTemo organizaciebi

soflad qvemodan wamosuli iniciativiT forma-luri saTemo organizaciebis (asociaciebis) Seqmnis pro-cesi ar daikvirveba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, soflis SigniT arsebuli resursebis mobilizacias gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili Tanasoflelis mimarT solidarobis gamosa-xatad an soflis saerTo sikeTis Sesaqmnelad sofeli araformaluri wesebis meSveobiT axerxebs.

formaluri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba xdeba saerTaSoriso donorebis mxardaWeriT.

rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso donori organiza-cia Sedis sofelSi sagranto winadadebiT, romlis mi-zania soflis saerTo sikeTis (mag. gza, xidi, da a.S) Sesaqmnelad dafinansebis didi nawilis (daaxloebiT, 60-80%) miReba. Pproeqti gulisxmobs soflis finansur an SromiT monawileobas.

soflis kreba iRebs gadawyvetilebas soflis prioritetuli proeqtis Sesaxeb da irCevs aqtivs, ro-melsac aqvs urTierToba gare damfinansebelTan. swo-red es aqtivi SeiZleba warmovidginoT im meqanizmad, romelic am SemTxvevaSi qviSis saaTis zeda da qveda nawils unda akavSirebdes. Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze gamovlinda, rom amgvari scenari xSir SemTxvevaSi soflis Sekrulobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs: imis gamo, rom wvdoma da kontaqti gare resursTan aqvs e.w. aqtivs, Cndeba xolme undobloba mis mimarT. mag. sof-lis mcxovreblebs ar sjeraT, rom proeqti iTxovs ufaso Sromas; Cndeba eWvi, rom aqtivi “malavs” gare resursis nawils. A

                   

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rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmo-madgenlebi miuTiTeben, Tu process Teoriulad warmo-vidgenT or fazad: 1. urTierToba donor organizacia-sa da soflis aqtivs Soris; 2. urTierToba soflis aq-tivsa da sofels Soris, aRmoCndeba, rom undoblobas-Tan dakavSirebuli problemebi, ZiriTadad, meore faza-ze Cndeba.

Rrmavdeba soflis im macxovrebelTa mimarT ga-ucxoebis procesi, romlebic saerTaSoriso donor or-ganizaciasTan ufro aqtiurad TanamSromloben. es procesi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved mimdinareobs, Tu arian adamianebi, romlebic Tavisi saqmianobisTvis fulad anazRaurebas iReben. Aam SemTxvevaSi, soflis saerTo sikeTis Seqmnaze mimarTuli resursis qvemodan agregi-rebis “TamaSis” wesi (visac ramdeni SeuZlia) winaaR-mdegobaSi modis im “TamaSis” wesTan, romelic saerTo saqmis keTebisTvis xelfasis aRebas gulisxmobs.

“rodesac sofelSi fuliT Sedixar, ginda Tu ar ginda, axal priviligirebul fenas qmni, romelsac sofeli iucxoebs. mag. Cvenma organizaciam daafinansa saskolo asakis bavSvebisTvis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis wreebi. sofelSi vatarebT xolme bunebis dacvisDdRes. mosaxleoba nagavs agrovebs. aseT RonisZiebebze modian is bavSvebi, mSoblebi da maswavleblebi, romlebic Cvens mier dafinansebul wreebSi arian dasaqmebulebi. danarCenebi dganan, uyureben, qirqileben da Tvlian, rom es maTi saqme ar aris." (donori organizaciis war-momadgeneli)

sofeli ver axerxebs gamWirvaleobis da lide-rebis rotaciis warmatebuli sqemebis SemuSavebas. de-mokratiis wesi: kenWisyra umravlesobis gamosavlenad qarTuli soflisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. ro-gorc Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze gamovlinda, qarTul sofelSi erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesi ufro metad waagavs konsensusis da ara umravlesobis principiT moqmedebas. Tumca, konsensusis gziT gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis wesebis artikulirebisa da kodifi-cirebis met-naklebad Tanamedrove meqanizmebi soflad ar daikvirveba.

                   

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aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sofeli axerxebs tradiciuli normebis gamoyenebas undoblobis gadasa-laxavad. svaneTidan Camosaxlebuli ekomigrantebiT da-saxlebul sofelSi kvleviTi jgufi waawyda situaci-as, romelic TvalsaCinod warmoaCens zemoT aRweril faqtors – asimetrias soflad moqmed araformalur wesebsa da donor organizaciebSi arsebul formalur wesebs Soris. soflis aqtivis wevri iZulebuli gaxda « xatze daefica » imisTvis, rom TanasoflelTa ndoba aRedgina. Ees meqanizmi soflisTvis ufro sando aRmoC-nda, vidre dokumenturi masalis warmodgena.

amgvarad, rodesac resursi soflis saerTo si-keTis Sesaqmnelad modis garedan, es qmnis garkveul daZabulobas soflis Sekrulobis faqtorTan mimarTe-baSi. sofels amgvari daZabulobis marTvis formalu-ri, kodificirebuli wesebi ar aqvs.

garda amisa, saqarTveloSi arsebuli institu-ciuri garemo iseTia, rom formaluri saTemo organi-zaciebis Seqmnas racionaluri safuZveli ar aqvs. ker-Zod, kargad ar Cans, ra SeiZleba iyos formaluri sa-Temo organizaciis daniSnuleba da funqcia. Tu saTemo organizaciis erT-erT funqciad qviSis saaTis qveda da zeda nawilis dakavSirebas warmovidgenT29, SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom instituciuri meqanizmebi, romelTa meS-veobiT formaluri saTemo organizaciebi SeZlebdnen am funqciis Sesrulebas, ar arsebobs. faqtobrivad, sa-Temo organizaciebi qviSis zeda nawilSi arsebul po-litikur da ekonomikur procesebTan paralelur samya-roSi arsebobs: zecentralizebuli politikuri siste-mis gamo, lokaluri politikuri procesi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, saTemo organizaciebs am sferosTan mimar-TebaSi socialuri funqcia ekargeba. rac Seexeba gare-dan ekonomikuri resursebis mozidvas soflis saerTo sikeTis Sesaqmnelad, amgvari procesebi araformalur xasiaTs atarebs. soflis mimdebare teritoriebze moq-medi biznes-struqturebi, xSirad, sofels erTjerad,

                                                                                                               29  rogorc cnobilia, bevr qveyanaSi adgilobriv saTemo organizaci-ebze funqciebis delegirebis procesi Zlierdeba  

                   

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mciremasStabian daxmarebas (mag. samSeneblo masalebiT) araformalurad uweven xolme. Aam tipis urTierTobas formaluri saTemo organizaciebis dafuZneba da mona-wileoba ar sWirdeba. biznesTan urTierTobisas for-malur saTemo organizaciis funqcia, SesaZloa, gai-zardos, Tu iarsebebs biznessa da arasamTavrobo seq-tors Soris formaluri urTierTobis wamaxalisebeli garemo (mag. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi).

b . sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoe-belTa asociaciebi.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, asociaciis mizania tran-saqciuli xarjebis Semcireba resursebis akumulirebi-sa da jgufuri sakuTrebis Seqmnis gziT. Tavisi arsi-dan gamomdinare, sasoflo-sameurneo asociaciebis war-matebuli funqcionireba SesaZlebelia moviazroT mxo-lod grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi.

magaliTad, asociaciis mniSvnelovani jgufuri sakuTreba: asociaciis simboluri kapitali anu asoci-aciis reputacia SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi; resursebis akumulireba wevrebisTvis SedarebiT ZviradRirebuli servisebis ga-wevis mizniTac grZelvadian perspeqtivas gulisxmobs.

instituciuri garemo, romelSic moqmedeba uxde-ba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebel asocia-ciebs, grZelvadiani moqmedebisTvis xelsayrel piro-bebs ver qmnis. kerZod, soflis meurneobaSi riskebis dazRvevis sistema ar muSaobs. amis gamo, ekonomikuri aqtorebi orientirebulni arian moklevadian raciona-lobaze. Mmag. glexisTvis ufro racionaluria rZisgan daamzados yveli da bazarze gayidos, vidre orienta-cia aiRos rZis produqtis mwarmoebelTa asociacias-Tan TanamSromlobaze, sadac TanamSromlobis sargebe-li SedarebiT grZelvadiania da asociaciis stabilu-robas gulisxmobs.

moklevadian, erTjerad transaqciebze orienti-rebul biznes garemoSi asociaciis simboluri kapita-li - reputaciis saxiT, faseulobas ver iZens. Amisi

                   

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konvertacia mniSvnelovan ekonomikur warmatebaSi ar xdeba.

ufro xelsayrel viTarebaSi ki, swored, jgufuri sakuTreba - asociaciis simboluri kapitalis saxiT aris erT-erTi meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT jgufis SigniT arsebuli socialuri kapitali damatebul Rirebulebas awarmoebs. am tipis faseuli jgufuri sakuTrebis arse-boba, jgufis SigniT eqsplicituri TamaSis wesebis ge-nerirebis stimulatoric ki SeiZleba gaxdes.

Tvisebrivi analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs dakvir-vebis empiriuli monacemebi ganvixiloT zemoT aRweri-li CarCoSi.

sanam uSualod kvlevis monacemebs warmovad-genT, SemovitanT sakontraqto urTierTobebis faq-tors. sakontraqto urTierTobebis sferoSi arsebuli viTareba aris erT-erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor uS-lis xels instituciur garemoSi arsebuli araprogno-zirebadoba asociaciebis funqcionirebas.

met-naklebad idealur situaciaSi sakontraqto urTierTobebi aris swored iseTi faqtori, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs jgufur sakuTrebas - simbo-lur kapitalsa da ekonomikur warmatebas, rogorc am tipis kapitalis dividents.30 Teoriul literaturaSi kargadaa aRwerili meqanizmi, romelic amcirebs ekono-mikuri transaqciis xarjebs, Tu transaqcia damyarebu-lia biznes-partniorebs Soris ndobasa da maT repu-taciaze.

kerZod, Tu mxareebs SeuZliaT gaaformon srul-yofili kontraqti, maSin maT Soris ndobis anu socia-luri kapitalisTvis adgili aRar rCeba. es kategoriebi funqcias kargavs, radgan kontraqtSi TanamSromlobis yvela SesaZlo problema detaluradaa gawerili, TiTo-eul mxares SeuZlia monitoringi gauwios meore mxaris yovel qmedebas, mesame mxares SeuZlia Caerios saWiroe-bis SemTxvevaSi da daados damrRvevs gare sanqcia.

                                                                                                               30  sakontraqto urTierToba ganixileba, rogorc simboluri kapita-lisa da ekonomikuri dividentis damakavSirebeli erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi faqtori.  

                   

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rac ufro srulyofilia kontraqti, miT nakle-bia ekonomikuri arCevanis riski; ufro advilia partni-oris SesaZlo oportunistuli qcevis gakontroleba, magram amave dros oportunistuli qcevis monitoringi da aRkveTa damatebiT xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ami-tom, realuri kontraqtebis umravlesoba ar aris srulyofili da oportunistuli qcevis riskis Semci-reba xdeba sando biznes-partniorebis arCevis gziT.

amdenad, investicia jgufis simbolur kapitalSi - reputaciaSi racionaluria, radgan kontraqtis mopo-vebis albaTobas zrdis.

aris Tu ara es meqanizmi relevanturi im insti-tuciuri garemosTvis, romlis monawilea mocemuli kvlevis aqtori – sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwar-moebeli asociacia?

rogorc kvlevis monacemebi uCvenebs, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmobelTa asociaciebis samoq-medo arealSi maTi potenciuri biznes-partniorebi moklevadian racionalobaze arian orientirebulni. Eekonomikuri aqtorebis politika orientirebulia ba-zarze arsebul moklevadian trendebze da ara erTma-neTTan grZelvadiani biznes-partniorobis awyobaze. orientacia reputaciul faqtorze ar xdeba. mag. rZis mwarmoebeli asociaciis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben, rom Tu bazarze rZis fxvnili iafdeba, rZis produqte-bis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi arRveven maTTan winaswar da-debul SeTanxmebebs da produqts rZis fxvnilisgan am-zadeben.

rogorc irkveva, amgvari urTierTobebi ZiriTa-dad zepiri SeTanxmebebis xasiaTs atarebs da Zalze iS-viaTad formdeba, rogorc formaluri biznes kontraq-ti, romlis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda sasamarTlo dava. xSirad, amgvar SeTanxmebeb-Si monawileoben saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis warmomadgenelebi, romlebic cdiloben sasoflo-samer-neo produqciis mwarmoebeli asociaciebis dakavSirebas biznes-partniorebTan. sainteresoa, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebic ar iTxoven mkacrad sakontraqto urTierTobebis formalurad gaformebas:

                   

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“maTTvis rom kontraqtebis formalurad gaformeba mog-veTxova, saerTod uars ityodnen CvenTan TanamSromlo-baze, isedac Zlivs daviTanxmeT” (erT-erTi arasamTavro-bo organizaciis warmomadgeneli).31

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebeli aso-ciaciis mier jgufur sakuTrebaSi - simbolur kapi-talSi investireba azrs kargavs im garemoSi, sadac sa-kontraqto urTierTobebi da grZelvadiani biznes-par-tnioroba seriozulad ar ganixileba. amdenad, ver iq-mneba jgufuri sakuTrebis mniSvnelovani forma – sim-boluri kapitali, romelsac SeuZlia jgufis wevrebis-Tvis damatebuli Rirebuleba awarmoos.32

g. sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, formaluri sasoflo-same-urneo kooperativis Seqmnis idea da Tavdapirveli re-sursebi modis garedan – saerTaSoriso donori organi-zaciisgan.

imis gamo, rom ekonomikuri kapitalis, ekonomiku-ri resursebis kritikuli moculobaa saWiro imisTvis, rom kooperacia adamianebs Soris racionaluri iyos, ko-operativebSi erTiandebian soflis iseTi ojaxebi, rom-lebsac es resursebi gaaCniaT.

“erTi heqtari miwiT da erTi ZroxiT gasayid pro-duqts ver awarmoeb” (erT-erTi kooperativis organiza-tori).

garda amisa, sofelSi siRaribe garkveuli “repu-taciuli faqtoria”:

                                                                                                               31  Tavis mxriv, didi kompaniebis xelmZRvanelebic miuTiTeben wvrili glexuri meurneobebis mxridan kontraqtebis Seusruleblobaze. pro-duqciis wvrili mwarmoeblebi orientirebulni arian moklevadian ra-cionalobaze da grZelvadiani, stabiluri biznes-urTierTobebis sar-geblianobas ver acnobiereben. Pproduqciis wvril mwarmoeblebTan ga-formebuli fiuCersuli kontraqtebi cudad muSaobs. xSiria SemTxveve-bi, rodesac bazarze arsebuli ufro xelsayreli fasebis gamo kon-traqtebi irRveva da kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul fasSi kompania pro-duqciis Sesyidvas ver axerxebs.  32  jgufis simboluri kapitali SeiZleba Semdgom brendis formirebis kargi winapiroba gaxdes.  

                   

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“Tavis nakveTs ver uvlis da kooperativSi ra un-da gaakeTos?” (kooperativis wevri)

rogorc wesi, kooperativebSi erTiandeba maqsimum 8-12 ojaxi. ufro did erTobebs koordinireba uWirT da male iSlebian. kooperativebad gaerTianebis ZiriTadi motivacia, donori organziaciisgan materialuri daxma-rebis miRebis survilia.

kooperativis wevrebma SeiZleba aiRon ijariT mi-wa da daiwyon produqtis erToblivi warmoeba.

rogorc wesi, kooperativis wevrebi agrZeleben kerZo meurneobis warmoebasac. Emag. samcxe-javaxeTis regi-onSi kartofilis axali jiSis saTesle masalis nawils Tesaven kooperativis mier ijariT aRebul miwebze, na-wils ki – sakuTar miwis nakveTebze. rogorc Cans, amgvari diversifikacia riskebis dazRvevis Taviseburi formaa.

sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebi kooperativebSi sakma-od gaurkvevelia. Seswavlil SemTxvevebSi kooperativebs saerTo sakuTreba ar gaaCndaT. sawesdebo fondebi gamoye-nebuli iyo erTjeradi SenaZenebisTvis (mag. kartofilis Teslis Sesyidva). eqspertTa nawilis azriT, is faqti, rom kooperativebs saerTo sakuTreba ar aqvT, xels uS-lis jgufSida funqciuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas.

Camoyalibebuli kooperativebis mdgradobis Sesa-xeb statistikuri informacia ar arsebobs. saerTaSori-so organizaciebis programebi sakmaod xanmoklea da isi-ni ver axorcieleben efeqtur grZelvadian monitorings mdgradobis maCveneblebis gamosavlenad. eqspertTa nawi-lis azriT, laparaki imaze, warmatebulia Tu ara sasof-lo-sameurneo kooperativebis praqtika saqarTveloSi, sa-erTod azrs moklebulia: kooperativebi, rogorc samar-Tlebrivi subieqtebi, faqtobrivad, ar funqcionireben. Aaraxelsayreli sagadasaxado reJimis gamo, Kekonomikur transaqciebSi monawileebad kooperativis nacvlad misi calkeuli wevrebi gamodian. Kkooperativi, rogorc sa-marTlebrivi subieqti mxolod qaRaldze arsebobs.

rogorc Tvisebrivma kvlevam uCvena, kooperative-bis daSlis maCvenebeli funqcionirebis pirvel etapebze sakmaod maRalia.

                   

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kooperativis funqcionireba, gadawyvetilebebis miReba da mogebis ganawileba dafuZnebulia proporciu-lobis principze. Tumca, sirTule Cndeba iq, sadac saWi-roa Tavisi bunebiT mravalferovan resursebs Soris Ta-nafardobis dadgena. Kkooperativis wevrebi gaerTianebis momentSi floben gansxvavebul resursebs (materialuri resursi, codna, da a.S). am resursebis RirebulebiTi Ta-nafardobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ver xerxdeba. Sesabamisad, kooperativebSi ver muSaobs proporciuloba, rogorc Za-lauflebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis samarTliani ga-nawilebis principi. Arogorc ukve aRiniSna, am proble-mas awydeba rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalu-ri gaerTianebebi.

Cvens mier Seswavlili kooperirebis SemTxvevebi-dan, SedarebiT mdgradi aRmoCnda kooperativi, romelSic wevrebi daaxloebiT erTnairi moculobis resursebs flobdnen (igulisxmeba, rogorc materialuri resurse-bi, aseve codna).

xdeba Tu ara SedarebiT ufro mdgrad kooperati-vebSi institutebis – eqspliciturad artikulirebuli TamaSis wesebis formireba? kvleva uCvenebs, rom koope-rativis wevrebis urTierTobis maregulirebeli forma-luri wesebi arsebobs mxolod dokumentebSi. realurad, urTierToba kooperativis wevrebs Soris regulirdeba araformaluri wesebiT. yvelaze mdgrad kooperativebSic ki ar daikvirveba TamaSis wesebis eqpsliciturad arti-kulirebis mcdeloba. Cvens mier miTiTebul warmatebul paternSi urTierTndobis, “urTierTgagebis” xarisxi ma-Ralia, magram ar xdeba urTierTobis TavisTavad nagu-lisxmevi (Taken for granted) konteqstis ufro gasageb norme-bad Camoyalibeba. AaseT viTarebas aqvs erTi uaryofiTi Sedegi: amgvari erToba sofelSi daxurul sistemad ya-libdeba da mas ar aqvs gafarToebis, soflis macxovre-belTagan axali wevrebis miRebis procedura. axali wev-rebis miReba safrTxes Seuqmnis «TavisTavad nagulisxme-vi» normebis myife garemos.

                   

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kooperativis amgvari Caketiloba, garkveulwilad, iwvevs kooperativis wevrebis distancirebas danarCeni soflisgan.

axerxeben Tu ara met-naklebad mdgradi koopera-tivebi ekonomikuri efeqtis miRwevas? rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi uCvenebs, kooperativebis ekonomikuri zrdis masStabebi sakmaod SezRudulia. resursebis agregirebis gziT isini axerxeben gadawyviton mciremasStabiani teq-nikuri amocanebi (mag. minisarwyavi sistema), Semoitanon axali ideebi marketingis mimarTulebiT (mag. kartofi-lis SefuTva).

farTomasStabian ekonomikaSi CasarTavad, koopera-tivebs esaWiroebaT qviSis saaTis zeda nawilSi arsebul resursebze (sakredito resursi, Know-How da a.S) xelmi-sawvdomoba. kooperativis wevrebi sifrTxiliT da garkve-uli undoblobiT ekidebian qviSis saaTis zeda nawilTan urTierTobas. aseT damokidebulebas gansazRvravs is faq-ti, rom soflis meurneobaSi dazRvevis aranairi sistema ar muSaobs. Ggarda amisa, damokidebuleba makrodonis in-stitutebis mimarT problematuria: maT ufro xSirad po-tenciur safrTxed aRiqvamen, vidre potenciur mokavSiree-bad. aseTi damokidebuleba Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs imas, rom kooperativebi « CrdilSi » yofnas aniWeben upirate-sobas, rac Tavis mxriv, TamaSis eqsplicituri wesebis formirebis procesisTvis wamaxalisebeli ar aris.

saqarTvelos soflebSi, ekonomikis mikro da mak-ro doneebs Soris arsebuli sivrce faqtobrivad carie-lia. Mmezodonis servisis mimwodebeli organizaciebi, romlebsac kooperativi an soflis meurneobaSi moqmedi sxva aqtori potenciur mokavSired aRiqvamda makrodonis institutebTan urTierTobisas, mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs. Aamgvari organizaciebis arseboba sasof-lo-sameurneo kooperativebisTvis Seqmnida qviSis saaTis zeda nawilTan damakavSirebel instituciur meqanizmebs. rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciebis adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben, iq sadac saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciam Seqmna servisis mimwodebeli adgilobrivi

                   

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centri, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi mdgradobis da ganviTarebis ukeTes maCveneblebs UaCvenebs.

mocemuli qveTavis Sejamebis saxiT SevecdebiT vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ris gamo ver qmnis sofeli mdgradi tipis gaerTianebebs, romlebic mis keTildReobas Seuw-yobda xels? es soflis socialuri kapitalis sisustis Sedegia Tu gare faqtorebis gavlena?

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, soflis socialuri kapi-tali qmnis SesaZleblobas sakontraqto urTierTobebis Sesaqmnelad, vinaidan is mkafiod akavSirebs erTmaneTTan resursebis garkveul tips, resursis Sesaqmnelad saWiro TanamSromlobis formasa da ganwyobas. yvelaze proble-maturia is TanamSromloba, romelic miznad isaxavs gare resursebis mozidvas, gare normebis gamoyenebasa da gare sanqciebze dafuZnebas TanamSromlobis gasamyareblad. sofeli "susti mxarea" am gare urTierTobebis konteq-stSi da misi socialuri kapitali, xSirad uZluria, mis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedi gavlenebis gadalaxvisas.

gamovlinda amgvari gare gavlenebis sami tipi: a. resursi, romelic sofelma SeiZleba saerTo sikeTis Se-saqmnelad garedan mozidos, mas ergeba ara rogorc uf-leba, aramed rogorc privilegia (granti an saCuqari). es faqtori asustebs soflis Sekrulobis gavlenas da zrdis privilegiebis faqtors masTan mimarTebaSi. b. re-putacia, simboluri kapitali, romelic soflis gaerTia-nebam SesaZloa moipovos, sakmarisad ar fasobs, vinaidan garemo arastabiluria, riskebi ar aris dazRveuli da stabiluri sakontraqto urTierTobebi ar aris damkvid-rebuli; sxva sityvebiT, bazari ar "bazrobs". g. agraru-li ekonomika "ordoniania", misi formalizebuli zeda done naklebad xelsayrelia qveda doneze TamaSis wese-bis dasalageblad. sagadasaxado inspeqcia, sasamarTlo, banki da sxva dawesebulebebi, romlebTanac agrarul ko-operativs SesaZloa hqondes urTierToba, ver asrulebs "mesame mxaris" funqcias kooperativis Sida uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, sakontraqto urTierTobebis dacvaSi. isini ufro ganixileba rogorc mxare, romelmac sakuTari in-teresebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, kooperativs sirTu-leebi Seuqmnas. amdenad, urTierTobebis formalizeba

                   

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kooperativisTvis ufro metad riskis gazrdis faqtorad aRiqmeba, vidre sakontraqto urTierTobebis dazRvevad.

                   

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Tavi 6. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebisTvis

6.1 . kvlevis Sedegebis mokle Sejameba

socialuri kapitali, mocemul kvlevaSi, mode-

lirebuli iyo, rogorc sami ganwyobis: solidarobis, ndobisa da loialobis erToba - anu viTareba, rode-sac sazogadoebaSi es sami elementi Zlieria da erTma-neTTan "rezonirebs". socialuri kapitaliT mdidari sazogadoeba axerxebs stabilur instituciur funqci-onirebas da ganviTarebas garedan gadametebuli daZa-lebis gareSe. Tuki socialuri kapitalis elementebi sustia an gare instituciuri zegavlenebi masSi sapi-rispiro tendenciebs aCens, sazogadoeba kargavs efeq-turobas an iZens "qviSis saaTis" formas, romlis zeda da qveda nawils Soris Cndeba resursebis ierarqia, da ara maTi gacvla.

mocemuli modelis instrumentalizaciam soflad arsebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, TanamSrolobis formebisa da ganwyobebis sakvlevad gamoavlina socia-luri kapitalis am sami komponentis Sesatyvisi ganwyobe-bi, romlebsac Sekruloba, ndoba da reputacia ewoda.

kvleviT gamovlenili urTierTobebi da socia-luri kapitalis Semadgeneli elementebi SeiZleba gra-fikulad Semdegnairad warmovidginoT:

Sekruloba +

ndoba reputa-cia

                   

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am sqemis vertikaluri ganzomileba Seesabameba soflis unars Seqmnas saerTo sikeTe, gamoimuSavos sa-erTo azri, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi da ganaxorcie-los TviTmmarTveloba. rac ufro maRla mdebareobs sofeli am ganzomilebaSi, miT ufro metadaa is Sekru-li.

sqemis marcxena horizontaluri ganzomileba Se-esabameba TanasoflelTa unars iTanamSromlon kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare, awarmoon damatebuli Rire-buleba Sromis, informaciisa da sxva, maT gankargvaSi arsebuli resursebis gacvlis gziT. rac ufro maRa-lia sofelSi ganzogadebuli ndoba da rac ufro mkacrad isjebian isini, vinc soflis dauwerel wesebs pativs ar scems, miT ufro warmatebiT TanamSromloben adamianebi erTmaneTTan.

sqemis marjvena nawilSi ganTavsebuli wre uCve-nebs sofelSi iseTi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas, romlis monawileebs aqvT saerTo, gare resursebis mo-povebaze mimarTuli interesebi; am interesebis dakmayo-fileba damokidebulia partniorTa mier valdebulebe-bis Sesrulebaze, da am valdebulebebisadmi loialo-baze. rac ufro maRalia gare resursebis mopovebisken swrafva, miT ufro met yuradRebas aqceven sofelSi kargi reputaciis, da, Sesabamisad, sando partnioris imijs.

mocemuli sqema sasargebloa imisTvis raTa Tavi movuyaroT kvlevis ZiriTad mignebebs da gavceT pasuxi kiTxvebs: rogoria soflis socialuri urTierTobebi? ramdenad Zlieria sofelSi socialuri kapitali da ra aferxebs soflad ufro intensiur ekonomikur da politikur kooperirebas?

1. soflebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian Sekru-lobis maCveneblebiT da erToblivi jgufuri moqmede-bis unariT;

2. rac ufro metad sjeraT soflis mcxovreb-lebs, rom ekonomikuri resursebisTvis konkurencia sa-marTliania da ojaxebis keTildReoba maTive Sromis da unarebis Sedegia, da ara daumsaxurebeli privile-

                   

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giebis, miT ufro maRalia soflis Sekrulobis maCvene-beli;

3. soflis Sekruloba da individebis keTil-dReoba erTmaneTs wrfivad ukavSirdeba mesame faqto-ris – ndobis maRali maCveneblis arsebobis SemTxveva-Si; Tu sofelSi ndobis maRali maCvenebelia, soflis Sekruloba pirdapir aisaxeba misi mosaxleobis keTil-dReobaze;

4. adamianebis mimarT ndoba gacilebiT maRalia iq, sadac sofels gaaCnia saerTo saZovari da soflis naxiris erToblivad gamoZovebis damkvidrebuli praq-tika. saerTo sakuTrebis arseboba da misi erToblivad gankargvis tradicia xels uwyobs TanasoflelTa So-ris urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromlobasa da ucxo adamianebis mimarT ndobiT ganwyobas;

5. Sekruli soflebi gacilebiT metad arian da-interesebulni TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebiT, vidre is soflebi, romlebic sakuTari problemebis gadaWrasa da saerTo azris gamomuSavebas ver axerxe-ben;

6. soflad arsebobs ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, magram es faqtori xels ar uSlis soflis Sekrulo-bas da ar iwvevs soflis antagonistur stratifikaci-as. sofeli socialurad sakmaod integrirebulia, mas-Si ar daikvirveba interesTa konfliqti, romelic sof-lis SigniT myar, mafiis an socialuri klasis msgavs dajgufebebs Seqmnida;

7. Tu soflis mcxovrebelebs sjeraT, rom kar-gi reputacia warmatebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, maT aqvT meti stimuli Seqmnan sajaro/formalizebuli asociaciebi romlebic sofels akavSirebs mis gareT arsebul resursebTan;

8. soflis qselur urTierTobebs gaaCnia "kvanZe-bi" -e.w. "saZmakaco" - SedarebiT mWidro urTierTobebis mqone viwro jgufebi; am jgufebis safuZvelze soflad daikvirveba ekonomikuri kooperaciis mcdelobebi, rom-lebic, rogorc wesi, droebiTi da arastabiluria. zo-gadad, jgufuri SekavSirebis grZelvadiani meqanizmebi

                   

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soflad sustia; igrZnoba kerZo interesebis primati jgufuri interesebis Seqmnis mcdelobebze.

9. soflad arsebobs formalizebuli gaerTiane-bebis Seqmnis araerTi magaliTi, amgvari gaerTianebebis inicireba, ZiriTadad, xdeba gare aqtorebis zegavle-niT da zogjer maTi uSualo mediaciiTa da waxalise-biT; amgvari gaerTianebebis mdgradobis maCvenebeli ma-Rali ar aris; arsebul ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu samarTlebrivi instituciur sivrceSi amgvar gaerTia-nebebs stabiluri funqcia da ekonomikuri racionalo-ba ar amyarebs. 6.2 . rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebisTvis

dResdReobiT, sofeli dgas axali reformebis gatarebis aucileblobis winaSe. es reformebi miT uf-ro efeqturi iqneba, rac ufro kargad moergeba sof-lad arsebul viTarebas, daefuZneba soflis socia-lur kapitals da soflis socialur struqturas.

umTavresi gasatarebeli reformebi Seexeba TviTmmarTvelobis danergvas soflis doneze, meurneo-bebis gamsxvilebisken mimarTul zomebs da sasoflo warmoebisTvis myari da xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas, regulirebis axali wesebis danergvas.

reformebis efeqturoba da mdgradoba damokide-buli iqneba axali institutebis mimarTebaze soflis socialuri kapitalis struqturasTan. iq, sadac daik-virveba pozitiuri mimarTeba socialur kapitalsa, "Ta-maSis wesebsa" da maT mier warmoebul resursebs Soris, saWiroa am resursebisa da TamaSis wesebis gamyareba da dacva. xolo iq, sadac Cndeba "viwro yeli", romelic asaxavs winaaRmdegobebs TamaSis wesebSi da arTulebs soflisTvis saWiro resursis Tavsebadobas mis socia-lur kapitalTan, aucilebelia regulireba, romelic am resurss soflis moTxovnilebebs miusadagebs.

                   

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1 . TviTmmarTveloba

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, yvela sofeli Tanabrad ar aris mzad TviTmmarTvelobisTvis. Uufro metad Sek-ruli da socialurad warmatebuli soflebi SeZleben sakuTari problemebis damoukideblad mogvarebas, da-narCen soflebs ki aklia saerTo problemebis mogvare-bis araformaluri praqtika da Sida Tanxmoba. amdenad, maT urCevniaT sakuTar Tavze naklebi pasuxismgebloba aiRon. isini saxelmwifos imedze ufro arian. Sesabami-sad, soflis marTvis modelebis SerCevisas, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu soflebs miecemaT arCevani TviTmmarTvelo-bis or models Soris –Sesabamisad, maRali da dabali pasuxismgeblobiT.

imisaTvis, rom TviTmmarTvelma institutebma ukeT imuSaos, aucilebelia, rom amgvarma institutebma ar Seqmnas soflad privilegiebis mopovebis axali gzebi. rac ufro meti privilegirebuli individi iqne-ba soflad, miT ufro rTuli iqneba soflis socialu-ri kapitalis CarTva TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorciele-baSi.A socialuri kapitalis CarTvas xels Seuwyobs TviTmmarTvelobis SigniT pasuxismgeblobebis xSiri rotacia da aucilebeli kompetenciebis minimumamde dayvana.

soflis TviTmmarTvelobas unda hqondes kompe-tencia moaxdinos im araformaluri normebisa da wese-bis formalizeba, romlebic soflad sakuTrebiT da-vebTan arsebul normebs exeba. sakuTrebiTi urTierTo-bebis regulireba, romelic arsebobs centralur do-neze, unda iTvaliswinebdes soflebis da, SesaZloa, municipalitetebisTvis amgvari prerogativebis miniWe-bis SesaZleblobas.

2 . saerTo sakuTreba, meurneobebis gam-sxvileba

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, miwis saerTo resursis arseboba (saZovari) da am resursiT erToblivi sargeb-lobis praqtika pozitiurad aisaxeba soflis socia-lur cxovrebaze, zrdis socialur kapitals da xels

                   

  106  

uwyobs TanasoflelTa Soris urTierTmomgebian Tanam-Sromlobas. sadac es SesaZlebelia, sofels unda ga-daeces gankargvaSi an sakuTrebaSi miwa, romelic sof-lis saZovris funqcias Seasrulebs.

saZovrisgan gansxvavebiT, tyis movla responden-tebis azriT, saxelmwifos valdebulebas Seadgens. Se-saZlebelia, tyisa da wylis resursebis movla-patro-noba municipalitetis doneze iyos yvelaze efeqturi.

saerTo sakuTreba da kooperaciuli, jgufuri sakuTreba sruliad gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba soflad da erTis meoreTi Canacvleba araefeqturi iqneboda. saerTo sakuTrebisgan gansxvavebiT, kooperaciuli sa-kuTreba ar aris kargad damkvidrebuli soflad. sa-kuTrebis am formasTan mimarTebaSi TanamSromlobis formebi iSviaTia da susti.

kooperaciis waxaliseba, romelic miwebis gam-sxvilebas Seuwyobs xels, TanamSromlobis eqsplici-turi wesebis danergvis aucileblobasTanaa dakavSi-rebuli. amgvari wesebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos sof-lad arsebul araformalur normebTan da maTi aRsru-lebis garantiebi mkafiod unda iyos gansazRvruli axali kanonmdeblobiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom soflis mosaxleoba, zogadad, negatiuradaa ganwyobi-li kooperirebis mimarT.

SesaZloa, servisebis miRebasa da produqciis gasaRebaze orientirebuli kooperirebaufro warmate-buli aRmoCndes, produqciis warmoebis procesze ori-entirebul kooperirebasTan SedarebiT.

3 . sasoflo warmoebisTvis myari da xel-sayreli garemos Seqmna, regulirebis axali we-sebis danergva

imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes soflad arse-buli miwisa da SromiTi resursis produqtiulobis zrda, saWiroa stabiluri garemos Seqmna, saxelmwi-fos mier resursebis akumulirebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis dazRvevaze mimarTuli politikis gatareba. es muSaoba ar ifargleba sakanonmdeblo da ekonomiku-ri zomebiT. misi erT-erTi komponentia simboluri ka-

                   

  107  

pitali, brendireba, romelic soflis mosaxleobaSi stabilurobis gancdas gaaCens da axali wesebiT Tama-Sis met stimuls miscems.

ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli sabazro stereotipebi negatiurad aisaxa TanamSrom-lobis SesaZleblobisa da misi perspeqtivebis aRqmaze soflis mosaxloebis mier. mosaxleobas ar aqvs molo-dini, rom saxelmwifom, SesaZloa, jgufuri sakuTrebis riskebis dazRvevaze orintirebuli politika gaata-ros. mizanmimarTuli muSaoba, romelic axali normebi-sa da realobebis popularizebas xels Seuwyobs, re-formebis aucilebeli komponenti unda iyos. TamaSis axali wesebis droiTi horizonti unda iyos grZelva-diani da instituciurad mkafiod gansazRvruli.

soflis doneze arsebul mikro donisa, da qvey-nis masStabiT arsebul makro institutebs Soris ca-rieli instituciuri sivrcis Sevsebis erT-erTi gzaa mezo donis institutebis Seqmna da ganviTareba. am-gvarma organizaciebma unda uzrunvelyon "viwro ye-lis" gafarToeba da daakavSiron sofeli mis gareT arsebul samyarosTan. rogoric ar unda iyos es orga-nizaciebi - qvevidan Seqmnili gaerTianebebi Tu zevidan inicirebuli servisebis mimwodeblebi, saxelmwifo un-da gaxdes maTi stabiluri funqcionirebis da, Sesaba-misad, reputaciis mdgradobis garanti.

                   

  108  

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danarTi 1.

20 soflis gamokiTxva, analizis dros gamoyenebuli monacemebi

(sixSiruli ganawileba)

A1 . Tu Tqveni soflis ekonomikur mdgoma-reobas SevadarebT Tqveni regionis sxva sof-lebs, qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romel kategori-as miakuTvnebdiT mas?

1 . mdidari sofeli -1% 2. met-naklebad mdidari sofeli – 7.2% 3. saSualo SeZlebis sofeli – 63% 4. Raribi sofeli _ 27.8 5. ukiduresad Raribi sofeli – 1% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema ( ar waukiTxoT)

A2.  Cveni qveyana bolo oci wlis ganmavlo-baSi seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdida. rogor SeafasebdiT, am mxriv, mdgomareobas Tqvens so-felSi qveyanaSi arsebul mdgomareobasTan mi-marTebaSi? (mieciT baraTi)

1. bolo wlebSi qveyana da Cemi sofeli metwi-lad swori mimarTulebiT viTardeboda 42.5%

2. bolo wlebSi qveyana swori mimarTulebiT vi-Tardeboda, Tumca Cems sofels es ar daetyo – 42.8%

3. bolo wlebSi qveyana swori mimarTulebiT ar midioda, Tumca Cemi soflis cxovreba lagdeboda – 9.7%

4. bolo wlevSi rogorc mTlianad qveyana, aseve Cemi sofeli, araswori mimarTulebiT midioda – 2.8%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema - 2.2%

A4.   qvemoT CamoTvlili ori debulebidan, romeli ufro kargad aRwers Tqveni soflis mdgomareobas?

1 . ojaxebi Cvens sofelSi met-naklebad erTnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis arian – 65.8%

                   

  115  

2. gansxvaveba SeZlebulebsa da Raribebs Soris sagrZnobia – 32.7%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 1.5%    

zogierT sofelSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gansxvavebul jgufebs naklebad gamosdiT erTma-neTTan urTierToba da erTmaneTisgan Sors dgo-mas amjobineben. Aaxla me CamogiTvliT jgufebs da gTxovT mipasuxeT, Tqvens sofelSi am jgu-febs Soris urTierToba harmoniuli da uprob-lemoa, isini erTmaneTisgan Sors dgomas amjobi-neben Tu maT Soris konfliqtebic xdeba?

jgufebi

urTierTobebi up-

robl

e

moa (%

)

erTmaneTis

gan Sors uWiravT

Tavi

Kzogjer konfl

iq

tebic xdeba

probl

ema sofl

is-

Tvis aral

evanturia

(ar waukiTxoT)

miWirs pasuxis gace-

ma

(ar waukiTxoT

A5.1   sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi

52.2 0.2 0.5 47.2

A5.2   sxvadasxva religiis mimdevari adamianebi

66.5 1.5 0.7 31.2

A5.3   xelisufle-basTan daax-loebuli adamianebi da danarCeni sofeli

92.8 3.7 0.3 2.7 0.5

A5.4   SeZlebulebi da Raribebi

92.5 2.8 4.5 0.2

A5.5   axalgazrde-bi da ufro-si Taoba

97.3 1.5 0.2 1

A5.6   sxvadasxva 79.5 8.8 2.3 7.5 1.8

                   

  116  

partiis mxardamWere-bi

A5.7   soflis Zve-li mkvidri mosaxleoba da axlad dasaxlebu-leb

88.7 0.5 10.8

A5.8   sxvadasxva sanaTesaos warmomad-genl.

95.8 0.2 0.8 3.2

A5.9   sxvadasxva ubnis warmo-madgen lebi

99 0.3 0.7

A6.   soflebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT. zogierT sofelSi ufro meti Tanasworoba da Sekrulobaa. zogi-erT sofelSi ki arian jgufebi an adamianebi, romlebsac ufro meti Zalaufleba da meti gav-lena aqvT soflis cxovrebaze.

rogor aRwerdiT Tqveni soflis mgomareo-bas am TvalsazrisiT?

1. sofelSi ZiriTadad Tanasworobaa - 97.8% Tu 2. arseboben meti Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi

(jgufebi) – 1.2%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema– 1 %

A7.    qvemoT mocemuli ori debulebidan ro-meli ufro miesadageba Tqveni soflis situaci-as?

1. soflis macxovrebelTa umravlesoba Zalis-xmevas ar iSurebs, rodesac soflis saerTo saqmea mo-sagvarebeli – 68.2%

Tu

                   

  117  

2. macxovrebelTa umravlesoba ufro metad sa-kuTar ojaxebSia Caketili da ufro metad sakuTari ojaxebis keTildReobaze zrunavs – 29.5%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 2.3%

A8.  qvemoT mocemuli sami situaciidan ro-meli ufro xSirad xdeba Tqvens sofelSi Tu arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba saerTo intere-sebTan/ saqmesTan dakavSirebuli problemis ir-gvliv?

1 . Tanasoflelebi axerxeben sxvadasxva azris Sejerebas da erTsulovnad moqmedebas – 55.7%

2. bevri Tanasofleli Tavisi azris gatanas cdilobs da erTsulovnad moqmedebas ver axerxeben – 30.5%

3. Tanasoflelebi cdiloben gadawyvetilebis miReba ufro avtoritetul adamianebs an xelisufebis warmomadgenlebs miandon – 11.7%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 2.2%

A9.   qvemoT mocemuli ori debulebidan, Tqven romel debulebas ufro eTanxmebiT?

1. sofelSi bevria iseTi problema, romelTa mogvarebas TviTon soflis macxovreblebi SeZlebdnen, ufro meti TviTmmarTveloba rom iyos – 28.3%

Tu 2. soflis problemebis mogvarebas sofeli ver

SeZlebs, xelisuflebam ufro meti ram unda aiRos Ta-vis Tavze – 70.5%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 1.2%

A10.   qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli ufro metad miesadageba Tqveni soflis situacias?

1 . soflis saerTo azrs didi Zala aqvs, Tu ada-miani soflis azris sawinaaRmdegod iqceva, mas gauWir-deba sofelSi cxovreba – 60.8%

Tu

                   

  118  

2. adamianebi naklebad uweven angariSs soflis azrs, yvelas SeuZlia ise moiqces, rogorc TviTon Tvlis saWirod. Aamis gamo maTi sofelSi cxovreba ar rTuldeba – 36.5%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema 2.7% A11.      rogor axsniT im faqts, rom dResdRe-

obiT zogierTi adamiani an ojaxi ufro SeZle-bulia, zogi ki ufro gaWirvebuli?

1. SedarebiT SeZlebulebi ufro mets Sromoben da ukeTesad uReben alRos cxovrebas, Raribebi ki uf-ro zarmacebi arian – 55.5%

Tu 2. Sroma da unari naklebad gansazRvravs ekono-

mikur warmatebas, is adamianebi ufro SeZlebulia, romlebmac sxvadasxva gzebiT privilegiebis mopoveba SeZles – 41%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 3.5%

A12.   davuSvaT, sofelSi dazianda raime obieqti (mag. eleqtrogadamcemi boZi, sarwyavi arxi, gza, xidi) da SesaZlebelia soflis mcxovrebelTa saerTo ZalisxmeviT misi SekeTe-ba, Tqveni azriT, Tqveni soflis mosaxleobis ra nawili gamova dazianebuli obieqtis Sesake-Teblad?

1. gamova soflis mosaxleobis umravlesoba – 66%

2. gamova mosaxleobis mxolod erTi nawili, bev-ri ecdeba sxvebis xarjze gamoZvres – 32.3%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 1.7%  

A13.     Tu dazianebuli obieqtis SesakeTeb-lad saWiro iqneba fulis Segroveba, Tqveni az-riT, rogor moiqceva soflis mosaxleoba?

1. umravlesoba patiosnad dadebs imdens, ramde-nic SeuZlia – 65.8%

                   

  119  

2. bevri ecdeba Tavi aaridos fulis dadebas da sxvebis xarjze gamoZvres – 29%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 5.2%  

A14.   muSaobs Tu ara (an umuSavia Tu ara) Tu ara Tqvens sofelSi arasamTavrobo organi-zacia (an asociacia), romelsac ucxoelebi ex-marebian ( an daexmarnen)?

1. diax – 18.2% 2. ara - 62.8% 99. ar vici – 19%  A16.   xarT Tu ara Tqven am organizaciis

wevri?

1. diax – 4.6% 2. ara – 95.4 99. pasuxi ar aris (monacemebi daTvlilia im respondentTagan, rom-

lebic amboben, rom aseTi organizacia maT sofelSi aris).

 

A17.   qvemoT mocemuli ori debulebidan romeli ufro kargad gamoxatavs Tqveni soflis mosaxleobis umravlesobis damokidebulebas am organizaciis mimarT?

1. arasamTavrobo organizacia (asociacia) sasar-geblo saqmes akeTebs da soflis mosaxleobis ZiriTa-di nawili dadebiTadaa ganwyobili mis mimarT – 91.7%

2. arasamTavrobo organizaciis liderebi Ziri-Tadad sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebas cdilo-ben, amitom sofelSi maTi avtoriteti maRali ar aris – 8.3%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0 (monacemebi daTvlilia im respondentTagan, rom-

lebic amboben, rom aseTi organizacia maT sofelSi aris).

                   

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B1.   qvemoT CamoTvlili debulebebidan ro-meli ufro kargad asaxavs Tqveni sofelSi ar-sebul viTarebas: (mieciT baraTi)

1. soflis mosaxleobis didi nawili drodad-ro erTad ikribeba soflis saerTo problemebze sam-sjelod da maT mosagvareblad – 24%

2. soflis mosaxleoba ufro metad patara jgu-febad ikribeba da msjelobs soflis saerTo proble-mebze TavSeyris adgilebSi - birJaze, saxlebSi, erTma-neTTan Sexvedrisas – 70.5%

3. soflis mosaxleoba naklebad aris CarTuli soflis problemebis Sesaxeb msjelobaSi - 4.8%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0.7%

B2.  ramdenad xSirad mohyveba xolme amgvar msjelobas saerTo xedvis gamomuSaveba ama Tu im problemis mogvarebis gzis Taobaze?

1. TiTqmis yovelTvis – 7.4% 2. xSirad – 49.7% 3. iSviaTad – 34.8% 4. arasodes – 2.3% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 3.5%

B3.  SegiZliaT Tu ara gaixsenoT SemTxveva, rodesac soflis mosaxleoba ar eTanxmeboda xelisuflebis raime gadawyvetilebas da erTob-livad gamoxata protesti? (SesaZlebelia erTze meti pasuxi)

1. diax, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg – 9.5% 2. diax, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi –

9.9% 3. diax, ufro adre – 2.3.% 4. aseTi SemTxvevebi ar maxsendeba – 78.3%

B5.  SegiZliaT Tu ara gaixsenoT SemTxveva, rodesac soflis mosaxleobam erToblivad mi-marTa xelisuflebas rame TxovniT, peticiiT an winadadebiT? (SesaZlebelia erTze meti pasuxi)

                   

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1. diax, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg – 21.8% 2. diax, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi –

2.7% 3. diax, ufro adre – 0.3% 4. aseTi SemTxvevebi ar maxsendeba – 75.2%

B7.  sad ikribeba xolme soflis mosaxleo-bis didi nawili ufro xSirad?

(gTxovT SemoxazoT mxolod ori pasuxi)

1. soflis klubi – 4.6% 2. eklesia – 5.4% 3. soflis e.w. “birJa”- 59.7% 4. stadioni – 2.6% 5. soflis skola – 9.5% 6. soflis restorani, duqani da a.S. – 5.1% 7. sxva – 13%

B8.   arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelSi tra-diciuli dResaswaulebi (religiuri an saero), romlebSi monawileobs soflis macxovrebelTa udidesi nawili?

1. diax – 90.8% 2. ara – 9% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0.2

B9.   arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelSi Sem-degi “dauwereli wesi”?

Tu vinme saxls an miwas hyidis, man pir-vel rigSi mezoblebs unda SesTavazos

1. diax – 57.2% 2. ara – 32% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 10.8% sofelSi bevri saqme saerToa da ramdeni-

me an bevri ojaxis interesebs exeba. zogierT sofelSi amgvar saqmeebs aregulirebs e.w. dau-wereli kanonebi, adaT-wesebi, Cveulebebi da soflis macxovreblebi cdiloben misdion am

                   

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wesebs. Aaxla me CamogiTvliT garkveul Sem-Txvevebsa da saqmianobebs da gTxovT mipasuxeT, arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelSi amgvari dau-wereli wesebi da ramdenad misdevs maT sofe-li?

arseb

obs d

auwer

eli

wes

ebi, Cveu-

leb

ebi

roml

ebsac

TiT

qmis

yvela

mis-

devs (%)

Aarseb

obs d

auwer

eli

wes

ebi, Cve-

uleb

ebi, mag

ram maT

xSir

ad a

r-

Rveven

dau

wer

eli

wes

ebi

da

Cveu

leb

ebi

ar a

rseb

obs

Ees problema Cvens s

ofel

s a

r

exeb

a

miWir

s pas

uxis

gac

ema

B10.1   naxiris rig-rigobiT mwyemsva

70.3 0 8.8 20.3 0.3

B10.2   soflis sa-ZovariT sar-geblobis we-si (ojaxze Zroxebis ra-odenoba, ga-dasaxadis gadaxda)

41.8 1.8 21.5 32.5 2.3

B10.3   mdinareSi, tbaSi Tev-zWera

4.3 0.7 52. 11.3 17

B10.4   tyiT sargeb-loba, SeSis momarageba

6.2 2.7 45.3 41.8 20

B10.5   sarwyavi (sadrenaJe) arxebis mov-la-patrono-ba

3.3 3.7 43.8 48 1.2

                   

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B10.6   Ufulis Seg-roveba ga-WirvebaSi Ca-vardnilTTa-vis

49.2 26.5 14.8 8.2 1.3

B10.7   soflis sa-erTo saqmis-Tvis ufaso fizikuri Sroma (mag. gzis, xidis SekeTeba)

52.5 23.5 15.5 7.5 1

B10.8   soflis sa-erTo saqmis-Tvis Tanxis Segroveba

61.5 15.2 15.8 6 1.5

B10.9   samZimarSi misvlisas fulis mita-na

76.5 9.7 6.8 6.5 0.5

B10.10   sxvadasxva mesakuTris miwis or nakveTs So-ris Robis/ mijnis mo-wesrigeba

27.3 22.2 23.8 25.7 1

B10.11   saqonlis mi-er daziane-buli narga-vebis/mosav-lis zara-lis anazRa-ureba

21.2 23.5 25.7 28.2 1.5

B10.12   nasesxebi fulis dab-runebaze da-va

21.3 17.5 28.2 29.2 3.8

B10.13   pasuxismgeb-loba imis gamo rom mi-uvleli miwa zarals aye-nebs mezob-lebs (mag.

18.3 22 26.8 31.3 1.5

                   

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sarevela ga-dadis)

B10.14   naxirSi Zro-xis/cxvris dakargvis SemTxvevebi

22.3 18.2 28.2 29.3 2

B12.  im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac wesebi arse-bobs, albaT, Tqvens sofelSi arian adamianebi an ojaxebi, romlebic soflis wesebs angariSs ar uweven da dauwerel kanonebs arRveven. qve-moT CamoTvlilTagan, romeli debuleba ufro metad gamoxatavs Tqveni soflis damokidebule-bas aseTi adamianebis mimarT ?  

1. sofeli sakmaod mkacria aseTi adamianebis mi-marT – 21.8%

2. sofels ara aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli damoki-debuleba aseTi adamianebis mimarT, aseT qcevas nakle-bad eqceva yuradReba – 73%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema - 5.2%

B14.   davuSvaT Tqvenma Tanasoflelma sxva Tqveni Tanasoflelis qoneba moipara an daazia-na. rogor unda moiqces adamiani, romelmac es dainaxa an gaigo? (SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. UuTxras dazaralebul Tanasoflels damnaSa-vis vinaoba – 7.3%

2. uTxras damnaSaves da mosTxovos zaralis anazRaureba – 28.7

3. mimarTos policias – 52.3% 4. mimarTos sofelSi avtoritetis mqone

pirs/pirebs – 5.0 5. sajarod ganacxados sofelSi – 1.7 6. gaCumdes, es misi saqme ar aris – 0.8% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 4.2%

B15.  sofeli yovelTvis sargeblobs resur-sebiT (tye, saZovari, mdinare, tba da a.S), ro-melTac araswori, Warbi moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi gamofitva emuqreba. Tqveni azriT, qvemoT CamoT-

                   

  125  

vlili SesaZleblobebidan, romeli daicavs re-sursebs ufro kargad?

1. am resursebiT sargeblobas unda aregulireb-des da akontrolebdes saxelmwifo kanonebis Sesabami-sad – 80%

2. resursebiT sargeblobas unda akontrolebdes sofeli Tavisive SemuSavebuli wesebis Sesabamisad –13.7%

3. resursebi unda gadaeces kerZo sakuTrebaSi, kerZo mesakuTre ukeTesad daicavs maT gamofitvisgan – 2.5%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 3.8%  

B16.   ramdenad eTanxmebiT im mosazrebas, rom sofelSi ramdenime ojaxi rom gaerTiandes da Tavisi sameurneo saqmianoba erTad awarmoon isini ufro SeZlebulad icxovreben?

1. srulebiT veTanxmebi – 7.7% 2. ufro veTanxmebi, vidre ara – 23% 3. ufro ar veTanxmebi, vidre veTanxmebi – 38.3% 4. srulebiT ar veTanxmebi - 21.0% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 10%

B  17.  yofila Tu ara sofelSi SemTxvevebi, rodesac ramdenime ojaxi gaerTianda da er-Toblivad awarmoa sameurneo saqmianoba an gaa-erTiana finansebi raime miznisTvis (mag. sakre-dito kavSiri, latariis TamaSi da a.S.)?

1. diax – 25.2% 2. ara – 72.8% 99. ar vici – 2%

B23.  Tqveni azriT, ratom xdeba amgvari ga-erTianebebi iSviaTad?

(SesaZlebelia ori pasuxi) 1. aravis mosvlia azrad – 7.2% 2. xalxs kolmeurneoba axsendeba da Tavs ikave-

ben – 8.4% 3. yvelas Tavisi azri aqvs da adamianebs ar aqvT

imedi, rom erTobliv

                   

  126  

gadawyvetilebebs miiReben – 16.6% 4. zogi zarmacia, zogi mSromeli. mSromelebi

daiCagrebian – 14.2% 5. xalxi erTmaneTs ar endoba – 3.3% 6. ekonomikurad momgebiani ar aris – 7.5% 7. yvelas Tavisi sakuTari meurneoba urCevnia –

39.1% 8. sxva 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 3.5%

T1.   Tu cxovrebaSi xvdebiT adamians, ro-melsac kargad ar icnobT, Tqveni azriT rogo-ri damokidebulebaa mis mimarT ufro swori?

1. mis mimarT ndobiT unda ganewyo, sanam raime cuds ar Caidens – 37.7%

2. mis mimarT Tavidanve sifrTxile unda gamoi-Cino, vidre ukeTesad ar gaicnob – 52.5%

3. mas ar unda endo, SeiZleba man ndoba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos – 9.3%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0.5%

T2.   SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom Tqvens sofelSi _

1. adamianebi ufro metad endobian erTmaneTs, vidre TqvenTvis nacnob sxva soflebSi – 32%

2. adamianebs Soris ndoba yvelgan daaxloebiT erTnairia – 65.5%

3. adamianebi ufro naklebad endobian erTma-neTs, vidre sxva soflebSi – 0.5%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 2%

T3.   soflis skolis problemebis mimarT damokidebuleba sxvadasxva sofelSi sxvdasxva-nairia. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli aRwers Tqveni soflis situacias yvelaze kargad?

1. mSoblebi didi nawili dainteresebulia sko-lis problemebiT da monawileoben maT gadaWraSi – 37.3%

                   

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2. mSobelTa mcire nawili aris dainteresebuli skolis problemebiT da monawileobs maT gadaWraSi – 42.3%

3. skolis problemebi mSoblebs naklebad ain-teresebT da ar monawileoben maT gadaWraSi – 0.8%

4. sofelSi skola ar aris – 4.8% 5. sxva 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 14.5%

R1.   SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom Tqvens sxva TanasoflelebTan SedarebiT…

1. aqtiurad xarT CarTuli soflis saerTo cxovrebaSi – 13.3%

2. met-naklebad aqtiurad xarT CarTuli soflis saerTo cxovrebaSi – 44.2%

3. naklebad xarT CarTuli soflis saerTo cxovrebaSi – 31.7%

4. saerTod ar xarT CarTuli soflis saerTo cxovrebaSi – 9.8%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (ar waukiTxoT) -1%

R2.   gTxovT, mipasuxeT arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelSi qvemoT CamoTvlil organizacia-Tagan romelime

organizaciebi diax (%)

R2.1   saqvelmoqmedo organizacia 0.3

R2.2   ucxouri organizaciis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili asociacia

4.5

R2.3   mSobelTa gaerTianeba 33.8

R2.4   sportuli samoyvarulo gundi 25.8

R2.5   saxelsaqmo an raime sxva interesiT gaerTianebul adamianTa kavSiri

0.2

R2.6   profkavSiri 0.8

R2.7   politikuri partiis adgilobrivi organizacia

2.7

R2.8   bunebis damcveli/adamianis uflebe-bis damcveli organizacia

1.7

R2.9   mrevli 93.8

R2.10   sxva, gTxovT daasaxeleT

                   

  128  

R5.  ramdenad xSirad msjelobT Tqvens Ta-nasoflelebTan politikur sakiTxebze ?

1. yovelTvis – 13.8% 2. Zalze xSirad – 37.5% 3. arc ise xSirad – 24.2% 4. iSviaTad – 15.2% 5. arasodes – 8.8% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0.5%

V3.   qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, romel debu-lebas eTanxmebiT ufro metad?

1. warmatebis misaRwevad dRevandel situaciaSi wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia aucile-belia – 67.7%

2. warmatebis misaRwevad kargi reputacia ar aris saWiro, warmatebis miRwevas cudi reputaciis ada-mianebic axerxeben – 29%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (ar waukiTxoT) 3.2%

V5.   qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, romel debu-lebas eTanxmebiT ufro metad?

1. dauRalavi SromiTa da ZalisxmeviT soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul ojaxs SeuZlia TandaTanobiT dovlaTis dagroveba da keTildReobis amaRleba – 55.7%

2. Tu ojaxi Semosavlis sxva wyarosac ar gamo-Zebnis, soflis meurneobiT ver moipoveb keTildReo-bas, Tundac dauRalavad iSromos – 44.3%

99. miWirs pauxis gacema - 0

V7. arCevanis SesaZlebloba rom gqondeT, Semdegi ori variantidan romels mianiWebdiT upiratesobas?

1. mirCevnia vicxovro Cems sofelSi, Tuki meqne-ba arsebobisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa – 81.7%

2. mirCevnia sacxovreblad gadavide qalaqSi an wavide sazRvargareT , Tuki iq arsebobisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa meqneba – 16.2%

99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 2.2%

                   

  129  

D8.   saerTo jamSi, SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom xarT….

1. Zalian bednieri – 3.3% 2. sakmaod bednieri – 67.2% 3. arc ise bednieri – 27.2% 4. saerTod ar xarT bednieri – 2% 99. miWirs pasuxis gacema – 0.3%

                   

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danarTi 2.

gamokiTxuli soflebi N   sofeli regioni raioni eTnikuri Se-

madgenloba 1. aRaiani Sida qar-

Tli kaspi qarTuli

2. vaya Sida qar-Tli

xaSuri qarTuli

3. lemSveniera qvemo qar-Tli

gardabani qarTuli (svani ekomigrantebi)

4. Tamarisi qvemo qar-Tli

gardabani qarTuli

5. aRTaklia qvemo qar-Tli

gardabani azeruli

6. birliki qvemo qar-Tli

gardabani azeruli

7. qesalo qvemo qar-Tli

gardabani azeruli

8. qodalo kaxeTi gurjaani qarTuli 9. kardenaxi kaxeTi gurjaani qarTuli 10. Silda kaxeTi yvareli qarTuli 11. gavaza kaxeTi yvareli qarTuli 12. yarajala kaxeTi Telavi azeruli 13. zodi guria Coxatauri qarTuli (aWare-

li ekomigrante-bi)

14. Soris ubani guria lanCxuti qarTuli 15. nasakirali guria ozurgeTi qarTuli 16. yuliSkari samegrelo zugdidi qarTuli 17. axalsofeli samegrelo xobi qarTuli 18. gurifuli samegrelo xobi qarTuli 19. kabali kaxeTi lagodexi azeruli 20. qoreTi imereTi saCxere qarTuli

daibeWda gamomcemloba `universalSi~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

                   

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