1.

2. 3. * ** : ,Center for Human Rights .United Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland3/HR/P/PT : 6.A.94.XIV9-601451-1-29 ISBN8861-0201 ISSN 4. iii 5. ) ( . : . . . - . 42/751.) 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XXI/ ( )" "( ) / ( ) . / ( / / . / ) (/ . / ) / ( . / / . / / . / ) / / ( vii 9. ) ( . / / . ) / ) / ( . ) / ( ) / ( .2 CCPR/C/21/Rev.1 and Add.1 and / / . - . / / . / viii 10. / . / - / : ) 1. (E.86.IV - . -. / ) ( / . / / . : ) 6591.4. (IV - . / ) (/ . )-( / ix 11. . ) / ( ) / .(x 12. 1 - ) (: )(- / . )( . )( . . - )( . )( . . )( . - )( : . 1 / - / : ) 2. ( E.91.IV .1 13. - . )( )( . . )( 2. - )( . )( . : )( )( . )( )( - )( )( . - - . - . . : . . : 2 . . Militaryand Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits / / ." " " " ) .I.C.J881 ,.(Reports 1986, p. 100, para2 14. . . 6. - . - / / . . - 7 . . . - - . " "3. . " - ... 8 "4 )( 5 - . . - . 6 / / 3 42/3991/4..E/CN ) ) - ( / 7 . ) 22/1991/ (E ( . / 8 .4 / .02/2991/4. E/CN . 53 15. - . . - - - . . . . .- "" - - )( : " . . ...". - ) : ( . . . . .- - - - . . . ) ( . "" ) ( 4 16. . . " : " . . - : . - - . . . . . . . - . . . " ". . - . . . . . - - . . - .- - . 5 17. . 01. - . - . . . . . - . . . . . . - .- : . .. . - - . . . . . . : 11. 9. 01 Howard League for Penal Reform, Remands in 4.Custody (briefing paper) (November 1989), p11 K. Nuedek, Activities of the United Nations to Improve ) ( -the Actual Conditions and the Legal Status of Persons in Pre .trial Detention or Administrative Detention 42..F. Dunkel, U-haft und U-haftvollzug in der B.R.D. (1998), p 9 6 18. - - - - . . . . . " " . . . . . . . . - - . . - . . . "- " "- " . "- " "- ". " " - . . "" . . "" . . ) ( . " " ) - / ( . 7 19. . " " . .- " " . )"..."(. . 21." " "" - "" . . " " : ." " " " . ." " " " . . " " . ." " .E.92.IV.I218 20. - - . " " - .- )( - - . . .- )( ... . . - - 2 )( )( ... ... . ... .- - - . . .... 21. - - - . ) ( " ) ( )( .... . - . - )( . . .- - - )( . . . . - ) ( . . . "". 22. - 01 23. - )( ) ( 61.)( )( . - - . - - - ) ( . 71... ] - [ - )( ... . )( )( " " - " . "" . " " 81. " . 31 - - 41. 51. . ) 8891/503( ) 31 ./ ( ) 04/54/.(A - Ana Maria Garcia Lanza de Netto ,Beatriz Weismann 410891 (and Alcides Lanza Perdomo v.Uruguay (8/1977) (3 April - ) ( 61 Delia Saldias de Lopez v. Uruguay (52/1979) (29 July 2. ) ( E.84.XIV 1981), Selected Decisions.., vol.1, p. 88: and Lilian Celiberti de ... . 29..Casariego v. Uruguay (56/1979) (29 July 1981), ibid, p )7791/61( Daniel Monguya Mbenge et al. v. Zaire 51 OAS, Inter-American Commission on Human713891 ( (25 March Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights of a Segment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin ,26..doc. 10/Rev.3) (1983), pp. 100-101 and 104 (OEA/Ser.L/V/II ) / - Fox Compbell and Hartley case judgement of 30 August81/ ( ) ,61 .1990, European Court of Human Rights, Series A, No. 182, p1. ( E.89.XIV ... 23..para . 24. - . 25. - 31 26. . 22. - - )( : .- - . . . . . 22 ,7791 X. v. Belgium (No. 7628/76), Decision of 9 Mayibid., vol.9, p. 169, at p. 173, para, 1;Ofner v. Austria(No.524/59), Decision of 19 December 1960, Yearbook of the443..European Convention on Human Rights, 1960, p.322, at p 27. - 51 28. . - . . - 62. . - . - . - ) ( ] 72. [ - . - ... "" )( . - ) (82. " " )(32. - - .42 )(52. . - - OAS, Annual Report of the Inter-American62 ,66.Commission on Human Rights, 1984/1985 (OEA/Ser.L/V/II 6891-5891 ,.doc. 10 rev.1 ( 1985), p.141;and ibid 42-32..(OEA//Ser.L/V/II.68, doc. 8 rev.1) (1985), ppAlberto Grille Motta v. Uruguay (11/1977) (29 July 32 72 45..1980), Selected Decisions . . . , vol. 1, p ,OAS, Inter-American Commission on Human RightsOEA/ Second Report on the Human Rights Situation in Suriname 42 42-32 ..Ser.L/V/II.66, doc. 21 rev.1) (1985), pp ) 04/54/ ( A ,8891 Brogan and others case, judgment of 29 November 82 ) (.-33 .European Court of Human Rights, Series A, No. 145-B, pp 5226 ..34, para ) (. 29. .- . 92.- . . . 03. . - 13. . . 92 ) / ( ) ( . 13 ,Amnesty International, Torture in the Eighties (London 03Resolution AG/RES. 618 (XII-0/82) of 20 November,1984), p.249, 12-Point Programme for the Prevention of Torture 1982 (OAS, General Assembly, Proceedings of the Twelfth 4 .point Regular Session, Washington, D.C., November 15-21, 1982, vol. I8 ..(OEA/Ser.P/XII.0.2) (1982), p.61, para 30. - 81 31. 43. . - - . )( 53. - - - - . "" - )( 63. - - . . 73 . . 83. - - -- - ) / ( 43 . ) / ( "" ) 04/44/ (A . . " 53 "23. " ) 04/64/ (A ) (. See P. van Dijk and G.J.H. van Hoof, Theorz and Practice 63 "33. nd.(Deventer/ of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2 ed 182-672 ..Boston, Kluwer, 1990), pp R73 23 11 )08( / ) .Hugo van Alphen v. the Netherlands, loc. Cit . (. - 83 21( )0891/66( David Alberto Cmpora Schweizer v. Uruguay33 ) / (. 1.81 ..October 1982), Selected Decisions . . ., vol. 2, p. 93, para 32. . . 93. - - . . . . . - . . - . . . - - . . - 04. - . . . - 93 Preliminary draft commentary to rule 6.1 of the Tokyo 2991 .(Rules (January04 Preliminary draft commentary to rule 3.4 of the Tokyo 2991 .(Rules (January 33. 14. . - . ) ( . . )14 ( . 34. - 22 35. "" )( 84. " ] )([ "94.- " " . 05. - . . . - 15. . 25. : - . - . - 35. 84/ . ) /( 94 / ) 35 ( . . 05 / / . 15,0991 Moreira de Azevedo case, judgment of 23 October ibid., No.189, p. 18. para. 72; see also the Guincho case, judgment of10 July 1984, ibid., No. 81, pp. 14-15, para. 34. Eckle case, judgment of28 ..15 July 1982, ibid., No. 51, p. 36, para 25,63 .Eckle case, judgment of 15 July 1982, ibid., No. 51, p28 ..para 36. - 42 37. . 85.- . . " " )( . 06 . . 95 .- - ) ( . . . . 16. 85See Asia Watch and the Womens Rights Project, Double-841.Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan (1992), pp 051. 06 D. Biles, "Draft guidelines for the prevention of Aboriginal 95 K. Tomasevski, Prison Health: Internationaldeaths in custody", in Australian Institute of Criminology, Deaths in Standards and National Practices in Europe (Helsinki, Helsinki31 ..Custody: Australia, 1980-1989 (1990), p001-99 ..European United Nations Institute, 1992), pp .16 38. - 62 39. - . . . . 46. - - )( )( . 56. - - )( - )( )( . . . - 66. . . 76. . - - - - - 46 ) 04/64/ (A . ) (. 26. 56 ,.annex Paul Kelly v. Jamaica (253/1987) (8 April 1991), ibid 36.01.5 ..XI, sect. D, para 66See OAS, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on ,86.doc. 8 rev .1) (1986), Human Rights, 1985-1986 (OEA/Ser.L/V/II 13( )0891/08( Elena Beatriz Vasilskis v. Uruguay26.(p. 154 (El Salvador ,801 .March 1983), Selected Decisions , vol. 2, p. 105, at p OAS, Inter-American Commission on Human76 .(para. 9.3 (appointed defence counsel was not trained as a lawyer 36 Rights, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Republic92( )0891/47( See Miguel Angel Estrella v. Uruguay.Guatemala (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.61, doc. 47 rev. 1) (1983), p. 91 of 8.1 ..March 1983), ibid., p. 93, at p. 95, para 40. - . .47 . 86. 57.- - - . . - . 96 - 07. . - " " 17. 67. 27.- - . . 37. ) (77. )189! Application No. 9127/80 (6 October 86- 648 ..(unpublished), Strasbourg Digest of Case Law, vol. 2, p / 96 ) . : ( "... 7791 See X v. Austria (No.7138/75), Decisions of 5 July 47 . ,European Commission of Human Rights, Decisions and Reports )6691 vol.9 , p. 50; and Application No. 2435/65 (17 December ". 07 508 ..(unpublished), Strasbourg Digest of Case Law, vol. 2, pSee the Kamasinski case, judgement of 19 December 41 See Guy Jespers v. Belgium (No.8403/78), Report of 57861 ..1989, ibid., No 17,December 1981, European Commission of Human Rights63 ..Artico case, loc. cit. (footnote 69 above), p.18, paraDecisions and Report, vol. 27, p. 61. On the general principle of 27 .Pakelli case, judgement of 25 April 1983, ibid., No. 64, prequirements of "equality of arms" in criminal trials, see van Dijk13 ..15, para123-913 ..and van Hoof, op. cit. (footnote 36 above), pp 67 37S. Casale and J. Plotnikofff, Regimes for Remand / 02 ..Prisoners (Prison Reform Trust, 1990), p . / .77 . 41. . - . . 42. - 03 43. )( "18. . .)( .- - )( - . 28. )( 38. - . - - . - 48.- - )" . )( ) ( 87 )( ) (97 "( . . - . 08. " . 87 36 ee Miguel Angel Estrella v. Uruguay, loc. Cit. (footnote18 36 Miguel Angel Estrella v. Uruguay, loc. Cit. (footnoteabove), at p. 98, para. 10 (restrictions on correspondence); Elsa2.9 .above), p. 98, para Cubas v. Uruguay (70/1980) (1 April 1982), Selected 28 Decisions, vol. 1, p. 130, at p. 132, para. 12 (incommunicado / .detention for the three months); Adolfo Drescher Caldas v 41 .Uruguay, loc. Cit. (footnote 19 above), at p. 82, para / (incommunicado detention for six weeks); Lucia Arzuaga Gilboa . v. Uruguay (147/1983) (1 November 1985), ibid., p. 176, at 38 .(p.178, para. 14 (incommunicado detention for 15 days ) / / / 97 .See Adolfo Drescher Caldas v. Uruguay, loc. Cit ( / 3.31 ..(footnote 19 above), at p. 82, para . 08 See Larry James Pinkney v. Canada, loc. Cit. (footnote 4802 ..Casale and Plotnikoff, op. cit. (footnote 76 above), p 43 ..above), at pp. 100-101, para 65 44. - . . - )( . ) ( . 45. - 33 46. .- - - .- - - ) ( ... . 68. .- - )( ... ] 78. [ " . ] [ "88 ] [ . . ... ,of Prisoners Under International Law (Paris, UNESCO-Oxford- 3 ..Clarendon Press, 1987), chap - - 68 " ) (. " 78 ) 58./ ( ) / () )( ) ((. 58 88 . N. S. Rodley, The Treatment 47. - 53 48. . . ) ( - . ) ( - . ) ( ] [ . - . . . - ) ( . - . ) ( ) ( . . . . - ) ( . . - .) ( . - . .) ( - . 49. )( . . .- )( . . . . )( . )( .- - 98 )( .- )()( . - ] )( [ . . .- )()( . . )( . . .- - . 98 . ) ( - - . 50. )( 09. 49. - . )(19. 59. )( 29.- - )( - . - )( 39.- - . . "" . . 69. .- - - . ) . ( . 09 Carmen Amndola Massiotti and Graciela . Baritussio v. Uruguay (25/1978) (26 July 1982), Selected Decisions, vol. 1, p. 136 (overcrowded, unsanitary conditions1( 01 .((and poor food violated articlewith hard labour 19 .David Alberto Cmpora Schweizer v. Uruguay, loc. Cit (footnote 33 above), at pp. 92-93, paras. 11 and 19; Miguel Angel.Estrella v. Uruguay, loc. Cit. (footnote 63 above), at p. 95, para 79.1.10, and p. 98, para. 10; Juan Almirati Nieto v. Uruguay ,7.1 .(92/1981) (25 July 1983), ibid., p. 126, at pp. 127-128, para ) .Casale and Plotnikoff, op. cit ( 31 ..p49and p. 130, para. 11 (all dealing with conditions at Libertad .(prison ) Biles, loc. Cit (. 5929 ,)5891 John Wight v. Madagascar (115/1982) (1 April71 .ibid., p. 151, at p. 154, paras. 15.2 and 39 Rmon B. Martinez Portorreal v. Dominican Republic . 69,612-512 .(188/1984) (5 November 1987), ibid., p. 214, at pp . 7911 .paras. 9.2 and 51. - . . . 89. - . . )( - ( : . : 89 ) ( . 52. - 04 53. - - - - - . . - . . . ] - [ . - . - . ) - (. 99. .101 . - - . 001. .Gabriele Krcher and Christian Mller v99 .,2891 Switzerland (No. 8463/78), Report of 16 December ,European Commission of Human Rights, Decisions and Reports75 ..24, at p. 52, para.vol. 34, p 001 101/ . - ) ( . / . 54. - . 201 . ) ,.Casale and Plotnikoff, op. cit 201 ( 91-81 ..pp 55. - 34 56. .- . - . - . - " " . ) ( . 301 / . - - - . ) ( . . . . - - 401. ) 401 / / 301 ( . ) (. 57. - 54 58. . . . - - - - . . . )( . 501. . . )( - . - - . . . 601. . . - . 701. . - . . 501 Guillermo Ignacio Dermit Barbato and Hugo Haroldo ,)2891 Dermit Barbato v. Uruguay (84/1981) (21 October2.9 ..Selected Decisions , vol. 2, p. 112, at p.115, para ) ( -601 . 98/8152.OAS, document OEA/Ser.P/AG/doc701 .(pp. 179-180 (Guatemala,)9891( 59. . - . - ) ( - : . . . . 901. . - - . .- . . . . 011. - - 801. " ] [ 111. ". ) ( 451 ..Tomasevski, op. cit. (footnote 59 above), p 901 ) . Biles, loc. Cit ( 61 ..p 011 ) 111 ( . . 801 60. - . 211. - . 311. . 211 . 311 61. - 94 62. " ] [ "511. - . - - )( )( " " ) )((. . : 911 611. 021. " ][221121 "711.- - - . - )( . 811.911 21 Leo Zand v. Austria (No. 7360/76), Report of ,October 1978, European Commission of Human Rights ) (.511 47 ..Decisions and Reports, vol. 15, p. 70, at p. 81, para ,Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium021 ( ,judgement of 23 June 1981, European Court of Human Rights 75 ..Series A, No. 43, p. 24, para ) ( ) .Piersack case, judgement of 1 October 1982, ibid., No121 ( 92 53, p. 13, para. 27; see also the Belilos case, judgement of ) 04/54/ (A 46 ..April 1988,ibid., No. 132, p. 29, para ) (. 611.Daniel Monguya Mbenge et al. v. Zaire, loc. cit 221 2.41 ..15 above), at p.78, para(footnote . . 711 811 ) 2991 .(ACHPR/COMM/FIN(XI)/Annex VII (9 March / (. . . " ] [ " " " ) / - ) ((. 63. - 15 64. 521 . - " " )( 621.- 721. ... .- - - ) ( - . 921. "" 031. : " - "821.- - )( . . : . )( ) ( . ) Antti Vuolanne v. Finland, loc. cit (. 521621 921,See for example, Adolfo Drescher Caldas v. Uruguay,1991 Toth v. Austria, judgement of 12 Decemberloc. cit. (footnote 19 above), at p. 82, para. 14; David Alberto .European Court of Human Rights, Series A, No. 224, p. 18, para 76. ) .Cmpora Schweizer v. Uruguay, loc. cit ( 031 91 ..p. 93, para.Beyicheri case, judgementof 25 October 1989, ibid., No 12 ..164, pp. 10/11, para 721 ) 04/44/ ( A ) (.821 ,8891 Velsquez Rodriguez case, judgement of 29 July ,511 .Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C, No. 4, p66 ..para 65. - 35 66. - . : . - . / 331. 131- 431. . - . - ... . - - - . - "" . - 231. 531 : - . 131 . . . 331 ) -( ) ) (. ) 1. ( A/41/12/Add 231 Elena Quinteros Almeida and Mari del Carmen.(HCR/IP72/Eng/Rev. 1991 (1992), p. 96), para. (b ,)3891 Almeida de Quiteros v. Uruguay (107/1981) (21 July 431 ) (..Selected Decisions , vol. 2, p. 138, at p. 138, at p.141, para 531 10.6, and pp. 142/143, para. 16; see also Irene Bleir Lewenhoff : ,)2891 and Rosa Valio de Bleir v. Uruguay (30/1978) (29 March ) ( .51-4.31 ..Decisions , vol. 1, p.109, at p.112, parasSelected 67. . . . . . . . . . - . ) (. - . 68. - 65 69. . - )( . . - )" "( - . . . - . . . - 731. - - . : . )( . 831 " ". )( - . : )( . - .931 731 ) 04/64/ (A ) (.831 " " . ) 42/1991/2. (E/CN.4/Sub . 931 . 70. - . . 041 . 041 ) ( . 71. - 95 72. - . . 73. - 16 74. . . 75. 36 76. . . "" . . . . - : . . . . . - - : . . . - - : . . . . - : ..- - - - . . . . . . - - - . . . . . - . - . 77. . - . . . .- - . . . . . 78. - / /- // // : / : / - / // // - // : / / / : : - : " " / / 79. /- / - / - : - : ) ( - : - ///// / : / 80. / - / // - //// ) ( / - )( - / - 81. Casale, S. and J. plotnikoff. Regimes for remand prisoners. Prison Reform Trust, 1990.Challinger, D, ed. Bail or remand ?; procedings of a conference. Canberra, Australian Institue of Criminology, 1991.Newman, Frank and David Weissbrodt. International human rights; law, policy, and process. Cincinnati, Anderson, 1990. 812 p.Rodley, Nigel S. The treatment of prisoners under international law. Paris, UNESCO-Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987. 374 p.Tomasevski, K. Prison health; international standards and national practices in Europe. Helsinki, Helsinki European United NationsInstitute, 1992. 228 p. (HEUNI, No. 21)Compendium of United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and .criminal justice. 1992. 278 p. (ST/CSDHA/16) Sales No. E.92.IV.1 .(The United Nations and crime prevention. 1991. 144 p. (DPI/1143-41016-October 1991 A.84.XIV.2 ( CCPR/C/OP/1) ( CCPR/C/OP/2) ) / - / ( .A.89.XIV.1 : : E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/34 : -. .E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/24 and Add.1 and 2 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1992/24 and Add.1-3 E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/29van Dijk, P. and G.J.H van Hoof. Theory and practice of the European Convention on Human Right. 2nd ed. Deventer-Boston, Kluwer, 1990. 657 p.Williams, Paul R. Treatment of detainees; examination of issues relevant to detention by the United Nations Human Rights Committee. Geneva, HenryDunant Institute, 1990. 267 p.