de thi mau anh b - TANETtanet.vn/thue-viet-nam.nsf...Future Simple T ng lai n 5.6. Present perfect - Hi n t i hoàn thành 5.7. Past perfect Quá kh hoàn thành UNIT 6: CÁC D NG

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NỘI DUNG ÔN TẬP NGỮ PHÁP UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS 1.1. Động từ (Verbs) 1.2. Tính từ (Adjectives) 1.3. Trạng từ (Adverbs) 1.4. Danh từ (Nouns) UNIT 2: WORD FORMATION 2.1. Verbs → Nouns 2.1. Adjectives → Nouns 2.3. Nouns → Verbs 2.4. Adjectives → Verbs 2.5. Nouns → Adjectives 2.6. Verbs → Adjectives UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS 3.1. Defintie and Indefinite articles 3.2. Determiners and quantifiers 3.3. Conjunctions 3.4. Another and other 3.5. Prepositions UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS 4.1. Yes/No Questions 4.2. Question Word Questions 4.3. Tag Questions UNIT 5: TENSES - CÁC THỜI CƠ BẢN 5.1. Present simple - Hiện tại đơn 5.2. Present continuous - Thời hiện tại tiếp diễn 5.3. Past simple – Quá khứ đơn 5.4. Past continuous – Quá khứ tiếp diễn 5.5. Future Simple – Tương lai đơn 5.6. Present perfect - Hiện tại hoàn thành 5.7. Past perfect – Quá khứ hoàn thành UNIT 6: CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI 6.1: CONDITIONALS 6.1.1. Câu điều kiện loại 1 – Conditional (TYPE I) 6.1.2. Câu điều kiện loại 2 – Conditional (TYPE II) 6.1.3. Câu điều kiện loại 3 – Conditional (TYPE III) 6.2. BỊ ĐỘNG - THE PASSIVE 6.3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IN COMPARISION 6.4. REPORTED SPEECH UNIT 7: CÁC CỤM TỪ CÓ GIỚI TỪ/ ĐỘNG TỪ CÓ GIỚI TỪ 7.1. CỤM TÍNH TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ 7.2. CỤM DANH TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ

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7.3. CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH – LEXICAL WORDS

1.1. VERBS: ĐỘNG TỪ Ví dụ:

I ama learner of English. She isa computer technician . We often go to work at 7 o’clock. Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world. Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan. Note: Vị trí của động từ sau chủ ngữ và dạng luôn biến đổi theo thời, ngôi và số của chủ ngữ A. Classes of verbs: Loại động từ 1. The auxiliaries - trợ động từ: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would; to need,

- can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + động từ nguyên thể - to be, to have, to do: biến đổi dạng theo thời - to need: need to do/ need doing

2. All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs: to work, to sing, to play

B. Dạng phủđịnh Thêm not vào trợ động từ does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didn’t; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't

C.Dạng phủ định khác never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc. được dùng với động từ dạng khẳngđịnh. Ví dụ: He didn't eat anything or He ate nothing. He doesn't ever complain or He never complains. We haven't seen anyone or We have seen no one. They didn't speak much or They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever speak.

PRACTICE

Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way? Sometimes more than one alternative is possible.

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1. Each July we ---------- to Turkey for a holiday. a. are going b. go c. went d. were going 2. The growing number of visitors ---------- the footpaths. a. is damaging b. damages c. are damaging d. was damaging 3. Jane --------- just a few minutes ago. a. left b. has left c. leaves d. had left 4. Timpson---------- 13 films and I think her latest is the best. a. made b. had made c. has made d. was making 5. --------- Robert lately? a. Did you see b. Have you seen c. Do you see d. Are you seeing 6. When I was a child ----------the violin. a. I was playing b. I’m playing c. I play d. I played 7. --------- until midnight last night a. I have been reading

b. I read c. I was reading d. I have read

8. He---------for the national team in 65 matches so far. a. has played b. has been playing c. played d. is playing 9. Sorry we're late, we--------- the wrong turning. a. had taken b. were taking c. took d. are taking 10. She---------- from flu when she was interviewed a. was suffering b. had been

suffering c. had suffered d. suffered

1.2. ADJECTIVES A. Kinds of adjectives - Loại tính từ 1. The main kinds are: (a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those (b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither (c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty (d) Interrogative: which, what, whose (e) Possessive: my, your, his, ... Vị trí: đi trước danh từ: this book, which boy, my dog (f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square (g) Participles: V-ing or V-ed: Chủ động: amusing, boring, tiring etc., Bị động: amused, bored, tired etc., . Ví dụ: The play was boring. I was bored with the film.

Vị trí: Đi sau một số động từ:

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Be + adj: chỉ tính chất sự vật, sự việc; chỉ tính cách con người, chỉ màu sắc, … Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: trở nên, trở thành

- She gets more and more beautiful. Stand/ stay/ keep + adj:

- The store stays open late in the evening. - You should keep your room tidy.

seem, appear + adj: có vẻ như, hình như feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj make + sth/sbd + adj

Tom felt cold. He made her happy. The idea sounds interesting. Đi trước danh từ: A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/ … Các tính từ dạng phân từ(V-ed) thường được dùng kết hợp với giới từ trong các cụm cốđịnh như: Be

interested in bored with tired of frightened of terrified of ashamed of

Be

embarrassed by attracted by impressed by fascinated by worried about well-prepared for

Be

surprised at/ about satisfied with pleased with disappointed with crowded with based on

1.3. ADVERBS Dạng của trạng từ

Adj + ly/y/ally/ily → Adv

expensive/ expensively full/fully dramatic/dramatically day/daily

Dạng adj và adv giống nhau:

hard early fast late daily weekly monthly quarterly far

Dạng đặc biệt: good → well Phân biệt cách dùng của tính từ và trạng từ ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy. ADVERB: The economy has improved significantly. Cách dùng khác của trạng từ

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year.

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ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged. ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well. .

Exercise I. Rewrite the sentences using verbs and adverbs: 1. There was a sudden fall in shares in March. In March the shares fell suddenly. 2. There was a brief recovery in April In April they recovered . 3. In June there was a dramatic collapse. In June they collapsed . 4. There was a steady improvement in September and October. In September and October they improved . 1.4. NOUNS 1.4.1. Loại danh từ và chức năng There are four kinds of noun in English: Common nouns: dog, man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock A noun can function as: The subject of a verb: Tom arrived The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor. The object of a verb: I saw Tom. The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom. A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books.

1.4.2. Countables & Uncountables: Đếm được và không đếm được We could see a ship in the distance.

Claire has only got one sister.

I've got a problem with the car.

Do you like these photos?

I'm going out for five minutes.

Can I have some water?

Shall we sit on the grass?

The money is quite safe.

I love music.

Would you like some butter?

1.4.3. Singulars and Plurals: Sốít và số nhiều

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Danh từ có quy tắc: Danh từ số ít + s = Danh từ số nhiều

Danh từ bất quy tắc:

a> Danh từ số ít kết thúc bằng “f” hoặc “fe”

• Bỏ f/fe, thêm ves: a knife – knives, one half – two halves, my life – their lives, a wolf – wolves.

• Giữ nguyên, thêm s: one roof – roofs, a cliff – many cliffs, a safe – safes • Có thể giữ nguyên, cũng có thể bỏ f/fe thêm s: a dwarf – the seven dwarfs/

dwarves, one wharf – a few wharfs/ wharves

b> Danh từ có kết thúc bằng: “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x” ta cộng thêm “es” để trở thành danh từ số nhiều Ví dụ: a potato – two potatoes, a watch – two watches, a box – two boxes, … c> Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt

Những danh từ số nhiều đặc biệt xuất xứ từ tiếng Anh cổ.

• a man – men • a woman – women • a person -- people

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• a foot – feet • a goose – geese • a tooth – teeth • a child – children • an ox – oxen (castrated bulls) • a brother – brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family) • a mouse – mice • a louse – lice • a die – dice (for playing games)

Có rất nhiều danh từ có dạng số nhiều và số ít giống nhau như:

• a sheep – sheep, a deer – deer, a moose – moose • a fish – fish (fishes: dùng khi chỉ các loài cá khác nhau ) • a dozen – two dozen roses, a hundred – several hundred men (nhưng có thể nói:

dozens of roses, hundreds of people) • a TV series – many TV series, • a means – two means • a species – two species

d> Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều

Một số danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều, cho dù có kết thúc bằng “s” hay không.

• The police are looking for the robbers. • I like these pants / jeans / shorts. • Use either scissors or nail clippers. • Binoculars are stronger than any glasses.

f> Danh từ kết thúc bằng “o”

Với những từ kết thúc bằng “o”, khi chuyển sang danh từ số nhiều ta thêm "s" hoặc "es." Nếu là một nguyên âm đứng trước “o” thì chỉ cần thêm “s”, như:

• Radio-radios, video-videos Nếu trước “o” là một phụ âm thì không có quy tắc nhất quán:

• Potato-potatoes, hero-heroes Nhưng ...

• Photo-photos, memo-memos Những từ kết thúc bằng “y” thường chuyển “y” thành “i” rồi mới thêm “es”

• Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties ex/ix – ices an index - indices, indexes The matrix - matrices

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appendix - appendices, appendixes Note:

Một số danh từ không đếm được:: accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun,

furniture, homework, housework, litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic,

travel, weather, work, advice, money, machinery, news, trouble, cash UNIT 2: WORD FORMATION

(cách cấu tạo từ mới bằng cách thêm hậu tố) 2.1. Verbs → Nouns - al: arrival/ proposal/ approval/ - ance: performance/ insurance/ appearance/ assurance/ - ation: invitation/ examination/ explanation/ exploration/ transportation/ information/ expectation/ - ion: reduction/ collection/ suggestion/ production/ discussion/ impression/protection/ promotion/ translation/ invention/ - ence: dependence/ difference/ reference/ preference/ - ment : investment/ improvement/ development/ encouragement/ government/ management/ employment/ retirement/ entertainment/ movement/ agreement/ payment - er/or: investor/ teacher/ actor/ player/ - ant: consultant/ servant/ applicant/ pollutant - y: discovery/ delivery - ure: failure/ pleasure/ 2.1. Adjectives → Nouns - ness: politeness/ happiness/ competitiveness/ carefulness/ helpfulness/ usefulness/ expensiveness/ - ity: productivity/ ability/ possibility/ profitability/ responsibility/ nationality/ personality/ popularity/ electricity/ majority/ similarity/ - y: difficulty/ 2.3. Nouns → Verbs - fy: beautify/ qualify/ 2.4. Adjectives → Verbs - ize: industrialize/ nationalize/ internationalize/ modernize/ urbanize/ globalize/ privatize/standardize/ - ify: simplify/ clarify/ 2.5. Nouns → Adjectives - ous: dangerous/ famous/ - ful: beautiful/ plentiful/ successful/ powerful/ painful/ - al: national/ international/ professional/ personal/ natural/ traditional/ governmental/ - ical: historical/ - able: comfortable/ valuable/ - ial: commercial/ industrial/ presidential/ financial/ - y: risky/ healthy/ wealthy/ - ive: successive/ impressive/

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2.6. Verbs → Adjectives - ful: useful/ hopeful/ harmful/ helpful/ fearful - less: useless/ hopeless/ harmless/ helpless - able: considerable/ portable/ understandable/ manageable/ eatable/ predictable/ enjoyable/ negotiable/ imaginable/ remarkable/

UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH – GRAMMATICAL WORDS 3.1. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES - MẠO TỪ ►Cách dùngcủa“a/an”: Trước danh từ sốít lần đầu được nhắc đến: I need a visa. They live in a flat. Để khái quát chung: A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured. A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love. Trong cụm từ cốđịnh chỉ lượng: a lot of a couple of a great many of a great deal of a dozen ►Uses of “the”:

- “the” dùng trước danh từđược nhắc lại: We have bought a Mac and a PC. The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost $2100.

- Trước danh từ có thông tin xácđịnh Where is the file that I gave you this morning?

- Trước danh từ là duy nhất trong phạm vi nàođó Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now. The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc.

- Trước tính từ dạng hơn nhất (superlatives) Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world.

- Trước tính từđể chỉ nhóm người The rich do not do enough to help the poor.

- Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like republic, kingdom, union, etc. The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted. The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc

►No article - Khái quát chung với danh từ đếm được số nhiều và không đếm được: Money is the root of all evil. - Trước danh từ chỉ công ty, thành phố, đường xá,… I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road. I

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also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda. - Với các thành ngữ thông dụng to/ at school to/at college/ university to/in class to/in/ into church by car/bus… day after day

to/in bed to/out of prison to/at/from work at/to sea from top to bottom with knife and fork

to.in/from town at/from home in dock to market for breakfast/lunch…

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Complete this true story. Put in a/an or the.

A man decided to rob (1) .................... bank in the town where he lived. He walked into

(2)................... bank and handed (3) ................ note to one of (4) ............... cashiers. (5)

....................... cashier read (6) ...................... note, which told her to give (7) ................ man

some money. Afraid that he might have (8) ................. gun, she did as she was told.

(9)................... man then walked out of (10) ................. building, leaving (11) ..................

note behind. However, he had no time to spend (12) .................. money because he was

arrested (13) .................. same day. He had made (14) ................. mistake. He had written

(15) ................ note on (16) ................ back of (17) ............... envelope. And on (18)

.................. other side of (19) ................... envelope was his name and address. This clue was

quite enough for (20) ................... detectives on the case.

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with a, an, the or∅∅∅∅ (no article).

HERE'S WHERE THE MONEY LIVES

USA

(1) .............. richest man in

(2)............ USA is Bill Gates,

(3) ........... Chairman of (4)

............ Microsoft. The

billionaire, who is known to

have boyish streak, gives

'theme' parties for his

employees. One theme was

(5) ............. Africa. Party

NIGERIA

Five ships full of industrial

waste were shipped from Italy

to Koko in Nigeria, where (1)

.......... farmer was paid

US$8,750 to store (2) .............

waste on his land. This was a

bargain for the Europeans and a

fortune for (3) .......... farmer.

Local children played in the

JAPAN

Sanwa Bank, one of (1)

........... world's largest banks,

is offering its clients (2) .........

savings accounts for (3)

.......... pets. Clients' pets can

hold accounts where they can

save special treats, (4) ..........

holidays, or visits to the vet.

A funeral for (5) .......... cat

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goers tried to fill in names of

African countries on (6)

............ giant map and played

(7) ............. computer quiz

game called 'Jungle Jeopardy'.

waste, and took the containers

home. However, (4) ............

waste was toxic and radioactive.

(5) .......... farmer died from (6)

........... poisoning.

can cost up to $400, and a

gravestone can cost another

$2,400.

3.2. QUANTIFIERS Some Notes on Quantifiers

The following quantifiers will work with count nouns: many trees a few trees few trees several trees a couple of trees none of the trees

The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns: not much dancing a little dancing little dancing a bit of dancing a good deal of dancing a great deal of dancing no dancing

The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns: all of the trees/dancing some trees/dancing most of the trees/dancing enough trees/dancing a lot of trees/dancing lots of trees/dancing plenty of trees/dancing a lack of trees/dancing Much

• Much of the snow has already melted. • How much snow fell yesterday?

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• Not much. Most + N (danh từ chưa xác định)/ Most of the + N (danh từ xác định)

• Most colleges have their own admissions policy. • Most students apply to several colleges. • Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate. • Most of the water has evaporated

Many • Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair. • Many an apple has fallen by October.

Predeterminers: - double, twice, four/five times . . . . - one-third, three-quarters, … - both, half, and all; - quite, rather, and such.

• This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car. • My wife is making double my / twice my salary. • This time we added five times the amount of water.

• Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took. • Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was sufficient.

• This room is rather a mess, isn't it? • The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in. • What an idiot he turned out to be. • Our vacation was such a grand experience.

3.4. CONJUNCTIONS – LIÊN TỪ

Coordinating Conjunctions

And/ but/ or/nor/ for/ yet/so

Dùng để nối từ, cụm từ và mệnd đề với nhau.

1. On Friday night we watched TV and a movie. 2. We went to the park, but we did not have time for the museum. 3. She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to party. 4. Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel.

Subordinating Conjunctions

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After/ although/ though/ as/ because/ before/how/ if/ once/ since/ than/ that/ till/ until/ when/ where/ whether/ while/ … Ví dụ:

1. They went running (independent clause), although it was very hot (dependent clause).

2. We decided to take a couple of French classes this summer (independent clause), since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause).

3. Monica went to law school in New York, while her brother went to law school in California.

1. Although it was very hot, they went running. 2. Since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause), we decided to take a

couple of French classes this summer (independent clause). 3. While her brother went to law school in California, Monica went to law school in

California.

Correlative Conjunctions

• both / and • not only / but also • either / or • neither / nor • whether / or

Examples:

1. We talked both to her parents and her doctor. 2. Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean. 3. You can have either pie or a cake. 4. She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant. 5. Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in

September.

3.4. ANOTHER AND OTHER

Nếu other có “The” đi kèm theo trước: “The other” là xác định. Nếu chủ ngữ là đã biết (được nhắc đến trước đó) thì ta có thể bỏ danh từ đi sau “another” hoặc “other”, chỉ cần dùng “another” hoặc “other” như một đại từ là đủ. Khi danh từ số nhiều bị lược bớt (trong cách nói tắt nêu trên) thì “other” trở thành “others”. Không bao giờ được dùng others + danh từ số nhiều.

Dùng với danh từ đếm được Dùng với danh từ không đếm được

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An + other + danh từ đếm được số ít = một cái, một cái, một người nữa, một người khác (= one more). The other + danh từ đếm được số ít = cái cuối cùng còn lại (của một bộ), người còn lại (một nhóm), = last of the set present The other pencil = the last pencil present

Other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều = mấy cái nữa, mấy cái khác, mấy người nữa, mấy người khác (= more of the set). The other + danh từ đếm được số nhiều = những cái còn lại (của một bộ), những người còn lại (của một nhóm), = the rest of the set. The other pencils = all remaining pencils.

Other + danh từ không đếm được = một chút nữa (= more of the set). Other water = some more water The other + danh từ không đếm được = chỗ còn sót lại. The other water = the remaining water.

- I don’t want this book. Please give me another.

(Another = any other book – not specific) - I don’t want this book. Please give me the other.

(The other = the other book, specific) - This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too.

(Others = the other chemicals, specific) - I don’t want these books. Please give me the others.

(The others = the other books, specific) - Trong một số trường hợp người ta dùng one hoặc ones đằng sau another hoặc other

thay cho danh từ: I don’t want this book. Please give me another one. I don’t want this book. Please give me the other one. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too. I don’t want these books. Please give me the other ones.

- This hoặc that có thể dùng one nhưng these và those ones, mặc dù cả 4 từ này đều có thể dùng thay cho danh từ (với vai trò là đại từ) khi không đi với one hoặc ones:

I don’t want this book. I want that.

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MINI TEST 1 Choose the best answer 1. Did your sister get ……….. she applied for? A. a job B. job C. the job D. A & B are correct 2. These aren’t my books. Did I take ………….. of yours by mistake? A. it B. one C. some D. any 3. She saw ………… one-eyed man yesterday. A. some B. any C. an D. a 4. But nobody complained ………….? A. didn’t he B. didn’t anybody C. didn’t they D. did they? 5. The pepper hit her in ………….. eyes. A. the B. her C. A & B D. no article 6. Many school leavers are looking for …………. A. work B. the work C. works D. their work 7. Would you give me ………….. advice, please? A. any B. much C. some D. many 8. ………… money has been spent on fuel. A. few B. many C. a great deal of D. a large number of 9. ………… is my sister’s favourite newspaper. A. Daily Mail B. The Daily Mail C. Some Daily Mail D. A Daily Mail 10. You can buy meat at …………. A. the butcher’s B. butcher’s C. the shop butcher’s D. the butcher shop 11. What delighful …………..! A. weather B. a weather C. the weather D. such a weather 12. Presley, ………… , went to the Middle East in 1960. A. a famous singer B. the famous singer C. famous singer D. the famous 13. The tourists are taking ………….. A. Thong Nhat B. Thong Nhat train C. the Thong Nhat D. train of Thong Nhat 14. My sister plays ……………. very beautifully. A. piano B. a piano C. the piano D. pianos 15. I have rarely seen …………… like this. A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything

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16. ………….. tourists do not visit this part of the town. A. A most B. The most C. Most of D. Most 17. ………….. her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City. A. Most B. The most C. Most of D. A & C 18. The church is very old ……………. it was built in the 17th century. A. All B. Most C. Most of D. Some 19. “How much of this money is yours?” – “………… it”. A. Half B. Half of C. All D. Most 20. These windows are so small that the room gets …………. air. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little 3.5. PREPOSITIONS

► Prepositions of time: at, on and in. In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day

- In June, May, July, etc. - In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc. - In summer, winter, etc. - In the 20th century, … - in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

On + days, dates - On Tuesday, Wednesday, etc. - On 2nd May, on New Year’s Day, etc

At + o’clock, … - At 7a.m, at ten thirty, … - At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight, - At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,

During is used for length of time: - Please don’t talk during the concert. - Both his brothers died during the Second World War.

Between … and/ from … to - He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to

1950) Exercise 1 Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase

1. in/ on summer 2. in/ during the meal 3. at/ in the afternoon 4. in/ on 1901 5. at/ in the weekend 6. at/ in seven o’clock 7. in/ on February

8. at/ on 2.20 p.m. 9. at/ in Christmas 10. at/ on Friday 11. at/ in winter 12. at/ in night 13. at/ in midnight 14. in/ on April 17th

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15. at/ on my birthday 16. in/ on Valentine’s Day 17. at/ on Tuesday morning 18. at/ on 4th July 2001 19. at/ in the middle of the night 20. at/ during the evening

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► Prepositions of place and direction

Preposition Use Examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

across from one side to the other side

You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.

after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog. After you.

against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

along in a line; from one point to another

They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.

behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket.

below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.

beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth./sb. is on each side Our house is between the supermarket and the school.

by Near He lives in the house by the river.

close to Near Our house is close to the supermarket.

down from high to low He came down the hill.

from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front of the part that is in the direction it faces

Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle.

into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.

near close to Our house is near the supermarket.

next to Beside Our house is next to the supermarket.

off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

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outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.

past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office.

round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

through going from one point to the other point

You shouldn't walk through the forest.

to towards sth./sb.

I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.

towards in the direction of sth. We ran towards the castle.

under below sth. The cat is under the table.

up from low to high He went up the hill.

UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS Basic Question Types There are 4 basic types of question:

1. Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No") 2. Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information") 3. Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question") 4. Tag Questions

4.1. Yes/No Questions

auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer Yes or No

Do you Want dinner? Yes, I do.

Can you drive? No, I can't.

Has she Finished her work? Yes, she has.

Did they Go home? No, they didn't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

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Is Anne French? Yes, she is.

Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't.

4.2. Question Word Questions

Loại câu hỏi Câu trả lời 1 When + ………. ?

VD: - When did you build this house?

- When are you going to take the exams?

Giới từ chỉ thời gian + đơn vị chỉ thời gian - In 2005. - On September 15th and 16th. Giới từ chỉ thời gian: At + giờ: at 8 o’clock, at weekend, at midday, at midnight, at Christmas, at night, at lunch time, … On + days and dates: on Monday, on wedding day, on Tet holiday, on August 19, 2012, … In + tháng, năm, mùa, thập kỷ, … In May, in 2012, in summer, in 1990s, in 20th century, During/ between … and … chỉ khoảng thời gian: During the concert, during the World War II, between 1992 and 1996, …

2 Where + ………….? - Where do you live? - Where did you travel/ go last Monday?

Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn + địa danh - In Hanoi. - To Ho Chi Minh city. - Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, behind, beside, in front of, above, over, below, under, in the middle of, next to, near, far from, … - Địa danh: Danh từ chung: in a village, in the city, in the country, in the mountain, on the beach, at the seaside, on the coast, … Danh từ riêng: in Hanoi, in London, in the USA, …

3 Who + ……..? - hỏi cho chủ ngữ: Who taught you English at universisty? - hỏi cho tân ngữ: Who did he buy a new car for last month?

- là dtừ chỉ người đứng đầu câu (câu chủ động): Mr Nguyen taught me English at university. - là dtừ chỉ người sau từ “by” (câu bị động) I was taught English by Mr Nguyen - là danh từ chỉ người đứng sau động từ: Last month he bought a new car for his son.

4 Why……….?

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- Why + cả câu ? - Why + 1 vế của câu? - Why…? = What for …?

- Because + câu kế tiếp - Because + phần còn lại của câu - to do sth/ for sth/ for doing sth

5 Which …? - Which language do you prefer?

- French

6 Whose …? - Whose car is it?

- tính từ sở hữu + danh từ hoặc đại từ sở hữu This is my car/It’s mine - sở hữu cách với danh từ This is my father’s car

7 What…? - What is/are ……….? Là gì What was popular among college students? - What + động từ được chia theo thời: hỏi cho chủ ngữ của câu - What do/does … sbd do …? What do you do if the international line is engaged? - What do/ did/… sbd + Động từ ? What is man only just beginning to realize? - What … for?/ what purpose? What did man probably first use fire for? What purpose was fire used by Red Indians? - What happened…? What happened after the performance? - What colour? - What size? - What shape? - What depth? - What length?

- là phần danh từ hay cụm danh từ sau “be” nếu hỏi cho vị ngữ/ hoặc chủ ngữ trước “be” Fork music was popular among college students. - thành phần chủ ngữ - to do sth “if the international line is busy, you can reserve a call…” trả lời: - to reserve a call - phần đi sau động từ Man only just beginning to realize how much he must look to the sea. - to do sth “He needed fire to keep himself warm at night.” Red Indians used fire to make smoke signal.” -phần còn lại của câu chưa có trong câu hỏi After the performance, however, there were hundreds of telephone calls.

8 How…? - How is ….? - How do/ does/did… sbd do sth? How does the baby learn his mother

Là tính từ sau “be” trạng từ/ giới từ + danh từ/ giới từ + V-ing “A baby learn his native tongue naturally by hearing

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tongue? - How often …? - How long…? - How much/many…? - How far? - How high? - How big/large? - How deep? - How heavy?

speech around him.”

4.3. Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.

Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:

subject auxiliary main verb

auxiliary not personal pronoun (same as subject)

You are coming, are n't you?

We have finished, have n't we?

You do Like coffee, do n't you?

You Like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like...

They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not

I can come, can 't I?

We must go, must n't we?

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He should Try harder, should n't he?

You Are English, are n't you? no auxiliary for main verb be

present & past John Was there, was n't he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-] positive tag [+]

subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal pronoun

(same as subject)

It is n't raining, is it?

We have Never seen that, have we?

You do n't like coffee, do you?

They will Not help, will they?

They wo n't report us, will they?

I can Never do it right, can I?

We must n't tell her, must we?

He should n't drive so fast, should he?

You are n't English, are you?

John was not there, was he?

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)

You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...

I have been answering, haven't I?

use first auxiliary

Nothing came in the post, did treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative

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it? statements

Let's go, shall we? let's = let us

He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

• But you don't really love her, do you? • This will work, won't it? • Well, I couldn't help it, could I? • But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you? • We'd never have known, would we? • The weather's bad, isn't it? • You won't be late, will you? • Nobody knows, do they?

Question tags with imperatives

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.

imperative + question tag notes:

invitation Take a seat, won't you? polite

order Help me, can you? quite friendly

Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?)

Close the door, would you? quite polite

Do it now, will you? less polite

Don't forget, will you? with negative imperatives only will is possible

Exercises for tag questions 1. We should call Rita, .....................? a. should we c. shall we b. shouldn't we d. should not we 2. Monkeys can't sing, ..........................? a. can they c. can it

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b. can't they d. can't it 3. These books aren't yours, ..............................? a. are these c. are they b. aren't these d. aren't they 4. That's Bod's, ............................? a. is that c. is it b. isn't that d. isn't it 5. No one died in the accident, ...............................? a. didn't they c. didn't he b. did he d. did they 6. I'm right, ..................................? a. aren't I c. isn't I b. am not I d. not I am 7. They never came to class late and ................................. a. neither did we c. we did either b. so did we d. neither we did 8. They are studying pronunciation with Mr. Brown, ..................? a. are they c. do they b. aren't they d. don't they 9. She should have obeyed her parents, .......................... she? a. should c. shouldn't have b. should have d. shouldn't

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UNIT 5: TENSES

Chủ động

Đơn Tiếp diễn Hoàn thành

Hiện tại I/you/we/they Danh từ số nhiều + đtừ (ngthể) She/he/it dtừ số it+ k đếm đc + đtừ (biến đổi) Có quy tăc: V+ s Bất quy tắc: V + es

I – am You/we/they – are She/he/it – is + V-ing

She/he/it – has I.you.we/they - have + PII PII = V + ed (có qtăc) Bất qtắc: có bảng kèm

Quá khứ CN + Đtừ (qkhứ) V + ed

I/she/he/it – was You/we/they – were + V-ing

Had + PII

Tương lai CN + will + V(ngthể) Will + be + V-ing

Will + have + PII

Bị động

Đơn Tiếp diễn Hoàn thành Hiện tại Am/are/is + PII Am/are/is + being +

PII Have/has + been + PII

Quá khứ Was/were + PII Was/were + being +PII

Had + been + PII

Tương lai Will be + PII Will be + being + PII Will have + been + PII

5.1. PRESENT SIMPLE - HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN

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A. Form – Công thức All verbs (except to be and the modals) follow this pattern. Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung I/you/we/they Plural nouns

Work don’t work Do they work…?

Wh- do they work …?

She/he/it Singular nouns + uncountables

Works Doesn’t work Does she work …?

Wh- does she work …?

NOTE: Chủ ngữ là ngôi thứ 3 sốít, danh từ sốít và không đếm được: ► Động từ có quy tắc: “V + s” Example: She learns English very well. My mother travels to work by her own car. ► Động từ bất quy tắc:

- Verbs ending with “o, s, ss, sh, ch, x”: “V + es” He goes to work at 7am every day. My father often watches TV in the evening. She does a lot of typing at her office.

- Verbs ending with ‘y’: “y → i + es” He often flies to New York for business. She tries her best to learn English.

B. Functions or uses - Chức năng * Hoạt động thường xảy ra, lặp đi lặp lại Examples:

- IBM is the largest computer company in the world; it manufactures mainframes and PCs and sells its products all over the world.

- I usually get to the showroom at about 8.00 and I have a quick look at the post. The sales reps arrive at about 8.15 and we open at 8.30. * Facts - Thực tế luôn đúng như kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học hay hiện tượng thiên nhiên. Examples: The Earth goes around the Sun. Superconductors are special materials that conduct electricity. * Programs and timetables - Lịch trình/ chương trình/ thời gian biểu của các sự việc trong tương lai. Examples: There are two flights to Tokyo next Thursday. There is a JAL flight that leaves Heathrow at 20.30 and gets in at 06.20, and there is a British

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Airways flight that departs at 22.00 and arrives at 08.50. C. Time expressions - Trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

• Chỉ mức độ tần số Examples include:

Always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, not often, hardly ever, never Terry Smith, the chief executive of Collins Stewart, usually gets up 6 am. He takes the train to London and arrives at his office by 8 am. Lunch is usually a sandwich with some Japanese green leaf tea.

Vị trí của trạng từ: Trước mọi động từ: I often take (I don’t often take) the Eurostar to Brussels. Sau đtừ “be”: I’m usually (I’m not usually) nervous before the presentation

• Adverb phrases like every day, once a year, most of the time, from time to time, now and then come at the beginning or end of the sentence. Terry Smith travels to his New York office once a month.

• We also use the present simple after these future time expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time

5.2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN A. Công thức

Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung I am + working

(I’m working) am not working (I’m not working)

are you working … ?

Wh- are you working … ?

You/ we/ they

are working (we’re working)

are not (aren’t) working

Are they working … ?

Wh- are they working … ?

She/ he/ it Is working (he’s working)

Is not (isn’t) working

Is he working … ? Wh- is he working … ?

B. Chức năng * Hành động diễn ra tại thời điểm đang nói

I’m afraid Mr. Jackson’s not available at the moment. He is talking to a customer on the other phone.

* Current projects – Công việc, dự án, … đang diễn ra. Barton’s is one of the largest local construction companies. At the moment we are

building a new estate with 200 houses and we are negotiating with the council for the sale of development land in Boxley Wood.

* Temporary situations – Tình huống tạm thời Mrs. Harding organizes our conferences.

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(The present simple is used because this is generally true) Mrs. Harding is away on maternity leave, so I am organizing them. (The present continuous is used because this is only true for a limited time)

* Slow changes – Thay đổi diễn ra từ từ (thường là biến đổi kinh tế, xã hội, …) The latest economic statistics show that both unemployment and inflation are

falling, and that the economy is growing at an annual rate of 2.6%.

* Arrangements - Kế hoạch. What are you doing on Friday afternoon? (What have you arranged to do?) I am seeing the accountants. (I have arranged to see them.)

* State verbs Các động từ chỉ tình thái thường không dùng ở dạng tiếp diễn mà dùng ở dạng đơn. Verbs of thinking believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose,

understand Verbs of possession belong to, have, own, possess Verbs of the senses hear, smell, sound, taste, look, feel Verbs of emotion dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Verbs of appearance appear, seem Others contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure,

weigh, require Exercise 1 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. 1. I …………….. (look at) the details on the screen now. 2. I ………………(look at) the sales results in detail every month. 3. The production line ……………. (not, work) at weekends. 4. The production line ……………. (not, work) at the moment. 5. Yes, I agree. I ………….. (think) it’s a good idea. 6. Helen ………………. (stay) at the Astoria while she’s in Madrid this month. 7. We ……………….. (take) a sample for testing once a day. 8. We ………………… (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project. 9. They ……………….. (be) usually very flexible if we need to change the order. 10. They ……………… (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few more months Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is

an action or a state verb. If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are

possible, use the Present Continuous tense.

1. a) Why are you smelling the soup?

b) Why do you smell the soup?

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2. a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder.

b) She felt his arm on her shoulder.

3. a) Are you having an English dictionary?

b) Do you have an English dictionary?

4. a) What are you thinking about?

b) What do you think about?

5. a) I am feeling much better today.

b) I feel much better today.

6. a) What are you looking at?

b) What do you look at?

7. a) I am not hearing you.

b) I can't hear you.

8. a) What are you thinking of me?

b) What do you think of me?

9. a) I am feeling we should go home now.

b) I feel we should go home now.

10. a) This bread is tasting funny.

b) This bread tastes funny.

5.3. PAST SIMPLE – QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN

A. FORM: Câu khẳng

định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung

I/you/we/they She/he/it All nouns

S + V(past)

S + didn't + V(infinitive)

Did/Didn't + S + V(infinitive)

Wh- + did/didn't + S + V(infinitive)

* Có quy tăc: V(infinitive) + ed * Bất quy tăc: (Bảng động từ bất quy tăc) - I went to a very interesting presentation last week. (Bare infinitive: go) - I rang her yesterday, but she wasn't in the office. (Bare infinitive: ring, be)

B. Chức năng: hành động đã xảy ra hoàn toàn trong quá khứ C. Trạng ngữ

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with prepositions without prepositions - at + 6 am/ the end of the year/ Christmas/ ... - on + Monday/15th May/New Year's Day/ ... - in + January/2009/the 1990s/summer/ ... - during + the Second World War / ...

- yesterday/ yesterday morning/ last night/ - the day before yesterday/ ... - last week/ month/ year/ summer/ decade/ century/ ... - two weeks age/ a few months ago/ ... - When I was young

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Use the verbs in the box to complete the sentences. Some of the sentences are positive statements, some are negative, and some are questions. accept complain hire place realize study visit 1. Oh, I'm sorry to disturb you. I didn't realize you had a visitor. 2. .............. you .................. economics when you were at university? 3. She ...................... ..................... the job because the salary was too low. 4. Last week a number of customers ..................... about slow services. 5. ................... you ................ the Acropolis when you were in Greece? 6. I am writing with reference to the order I .................... with you last week. 7. At last year's launch party, who ................. you .............. to do the catering? 5.4. PAST CONTINUOUS – QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN A. FORM – Công thức

Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung I/she/he/it was + working was not (wasn't)

working (I’m not working)

was she working … ?

Wh- was she working … ?

You/ we/ they

were working (we were working)

were not (weren't) working

Were they working … ?

Wh- were they working … ?

B. Chức năng. * Hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ. At 3.15 yesterday afternoon, Mr. Jansen was seeing some clients in London. * Hành động bị xen ngang: We were discussing our expansion plans when the chairman suddenly announced his resignation. We can rephrase this sentence using while + the past continuous: While we were discussing our expansion plans, the chairman suddenly announced his resignation. * Sự phù hợp về thời:

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- When the phone rang, I was talking to a client. - When the phone rang, I answered it.

PRACTICE Choose the correct tense, simple past or past continuous. I (1) met/was meeting an old business colleague of mine while I (2) travelled/was travelling to New York for a conference. She (3) noticed/ was noticing me while I (4) stood/ was standing in the queue at the airport check-in desk. We decide to travel together, and while we (5) waited/ were waiting for the flight to leave, we (6) realized /were realizing that we were going to the same conference and staying at the same hotel. We talked about old times, and while we (7) had/were having lunch on the plane, she (8) said/was saying that she was going to look for a new job. I didn't think of it at the time, but later on when the plane (9) came/ was coming in to land, I suddenly (10) remembered/was remembering that we had a vacancy for a lawyer. I told her about the terms and conditions, and later that evening, when we (11) had/were having dinner, she (12) accepted/was accepting the position. 5.5. CÁC DẠNG TƯƠNG LAI Phân biệt sự khác nhau giữa: am/are/is + V-ing, am/are/is + going tovàwill:

- hiện tại tiếp diễn → kế hoạch (trừstate verbs) I'm having a meeting with the Export Manager on Thursday at 2.15.

- am/are/is + going to→ quyết định, dự định I've made up my mind. I'm going to buy a BMW 730i.

- am/are/is + going to→ dựđoán chắc chắn It's already 28 degree Centigrate. It's going to be very hot today.

- Will→ quyếtđịnh tức thì I wonder if Peter is back from his marketing trip. I'll give him a ring.

- Will → lời hứa, dề nghị I'll give you a hand with those boxes if you like.

- Will → dựđoán chung In the next century, computers will play a vital role in everyone's life.

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Will or present continuous? JENET: I've booked your flight and hotels for your trip to Ethiopia. You (1) are leaving (leave) on the 18th at 6.30 a.m., and that means you (2) ................. (be) in Addis Ababa late afternoon. DAVID: What about hotels? JENET: You (3) ................ (stay) at the Addis Ababa Hilton, and you (4) ............... (have) to get a taxi there from the airport. Your first meeting is on Monday, and

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you (5) ....................... (see) Mr. Haile Mariam from the Ministry of Agriculture at 10.30. DAVID: (6) ................... (I/need) any vaccinations? JANET: I'm not sure, but leave it with me. I (7) ............... (phone) the travel agent, and I (8) .................... (let) you know what she says. Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the future, using will or going. 1. A: I'm afraid the fax machine isn't working. B: Don't worry, it's not a very urgent letter. I will post (post) it. 2. A: We've chosen a brand name for the new biscuits. B: Really? What ..................... (you/call) them? 3. A: Why are you taking the day off on Friday? B: I ........................ (look) at a new house. 4. A: I'm afraid there's no sugar. Do you want a coffee without any? B: No, I ................... (not have) one, thanks. 5. A: Have you decide what to do about improving the circulation of the magazine? B: Yes, we ...................... (cut) the cover price by 10% as from October. 5.6. PRESENT PERFECT - HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH CÔNG THỨC: have/has + PII

Câu khẳng định Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn Câu hỏi chung I/you/we/they have + taken have not

(haven't) taken Have you taken...?

Wh- have you taken ... ?

she/he/it has + taken has not (hasn't) taken

Has he taken ... ? Wh- has he taken ... ?

CHỨC NĂNG: - Diễn tả tình huống hiện tại là kết quả củađiều gìđóđã xảy ra vào thờiđiểm không cụ thể trong quá khứ:

- I have given your report to the MD. (I gave him your report and he has it now.)

- I have sent them the samples they wanted. (I sent them. They are in the post now.)

Trạng ngữ: just, already, ever, ... - Just: vừa mới I'm sorry, Mrs. Smith is not here. She has just left. - Ever and never: nói về kinh nghiệm trong cuộc sống – đã từng hay chưa từng: Have you ever worked abroad? (i.e., In all your life up to now) I have never been to America. (i.e., Not in all my life up to now.)

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- Already and yet: They are getting on well with the new building. They have already modernized the warehouse, but they haven't decorated the reception area yet. Have you talked to Peter yet? I have not talked to him yet. - For and since for + ten minutes/ five days/ three months/ two years/ etc. since + 10.15/ Monday/ the 18th/ last week/ 1990/ I left school/ etc. I have been with this company for six years. I have been in computing since the beginning of 1989. - Hành độngđã hoàn thành trong thời gian vừa qua: “to date, recently, over the past five years, today, this morning, so far, up to now, over the last three months, etc.” Over the past five years, the capital returns from many emerging Asian and Latin American stock markets have been substantially higher than those of developed world, as the chart shows. For example, the market in Argentina has risen by 793% and Mexico has increased by 645%. In Asia, the booming market in Thailand has gone up by 364%, and investors in the Philippines have seen a return of 204%.

Present perfect: continuous and simple They have been producing cars here for 10 years. (They started producing cars 10 years ago. They are still producing cars.)

I have been trying to ring them all day. (I started trying to ring them this morning. I am still trying to ring them.) Hiện tại hoàn thànhđơn thường dùng với động từ tình thái (state verbs), hoặc diễn tả tình huống lâu dài. Ken has been in London since 9 o'clock this morning. (NOT: has been being ...) I have lived in London all my life. (NOT: have been living ...) PRACTICE Put the verbs into the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. 1. We are thinking about opening an office in Tokyo, so ....................... (learn) Japanese at evening classes for the last two months.

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2. By the way, I ..................... (work) out those figures. They are on your desk now. 3. Do you know where that order form is? Peter ........................ (look) for it. 4. I'm sorry, I didn't know that you were here. ..................... (you/wait) long? 5. Since January, our turnover ....................... (increase) by 18%. 6. The film company is a reasonable investment. They ................. (make) four successful films. 7. The lawyers .................... (look) through the contract, but they say they need another day to read it all. 8. We ....................... (visit) potential sites for the new workshops, but we haven't found anything suitable yet.

5.7. PAST PERFECT – QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH

- Công thức: had + the past participle (PII). - Chức năng: Hành động đã xảy ra trước hành động khác trong quá khứ 1. When I arrived at the office, the meeting started. (I arrived at the office, and then the meeting started.) 2. When I arrived at the office, the meeting had started. (The meeting started before I got to the office. I was late.) - Thường được dùng với các trạng ngữ:just, already, never, etc giống với thời hiện tại hoàn thành: I am nervous because I have never given a presentation. (I am about to give a presentation.) I was nervous because I had never given a presentation. (I gave a presentation yesterday.) - Dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 3. If his car hadn’t broken down he wouldn’t have been late for the meeting.

PRACTICE Complete each of the following sentences in two ways, using because + past perfect and so + simple past. 1. When I left the office, the building was empty... (everyone/go home) because everyone had gone home. (I/lock the door) so I locked the doors. 2. When I arrived at the office the next morning, the place was in a terrible mess ... (I/phone the police) ......................................................................................... (someone/break in) ..........................................................................................

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3. The chairman was in a very good mood ... (we/win/a major contract) ............................................................................... (we/open/a bottle of champagne) .................................................................... 4. The negotiators realized another meeting would be necessary ... (they/not reach an agreement) ......................................................................... (they/got out/their diaries) ............................................................................... 5. I did not know their phone number ... (I/call/Directory Enquiries) ............................................................................. (they/move/to new premises) ........................................................................... 6. The Marketing Manager's flight from Japan arrived late ... (she/go/straight/home from the airport) ............................................................. (there/be/a security alert in Tokyo) ...................................................................

MINI TEST 2 Choose the best answer 1. I …………. the book before my next birthday. A. shall have finished B. will have finished C. have finished D. A & B 2. “Hello! …………. a cake? A. Do you make B. Are you making C. Have you made D. B & C 3. He ………….. very quickly when I met him yesterday. A. is walking B. would walk C. was walking D. B & C 4. “Why is she running away?” – “Because she ……. it is time for bed and …… to go.” A. is knowing, isn’t wanting B. is knowing, doesn’t want C. knows, does not want D. B & C 5. Yesterday I ……….. a new watch as my old one ………… A. bought, stolen B. bought, had been stolen C. bought, would be stolen D. was buying, had been stolen 6. We ………… you tomorrow after you …………. your work. A. will meet, will have finished B. will meet, have finished C. meet, have finished D. are meeting, finish 7. He said he ………….. sorry he ………….. me so much trouble. A. was, had given B. was, gave C. had been, would give D. was, was giving 8. I am sorry that I …….. you …… .. your pipe when you ……… to see me last Thursday. A. did not know, had left, came B. did not know, left, came C. had known, had left, came D. did not know, had left, had come

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9. He ………….. so good to me when I was a boy, that to this day I …………. his kindness, and I hope that I ……………… A. was, didn’t forget, never will forget B. was, haven’t forgotten, never will forget C. was, didn’t forget, never forget D. had been, didn’t forget, never will forget 10. He ………….. very hard lately. A. is working B. was working C. has been working D. will have been working 11. By the end of last year, he …………. four Shakespeare plays and by next year he ………… two more. A. read, will read B. had read, have read C. read, will have read D. had read, will have read 12. I …………….. English for three years now. A. am studying B. have been studying C. will have been studying D. am to study 13. I …………. him for a very long time. A. have been knowing B. have known C. know D. am knowing 14. This is the second time you ……… a cup; you ………. one yesterday. A. broke, would broke B. broke, broke C. have broken, have broken D. have broken, broke 15. Don’t come ………… I have finished lunch. A. after B. as soos as C. since D. until 16. As soon as he …………….. $3,000, he will retire from business. A. saves B. will save C. has saved D. will have saved 17. She …………… next month. A. will be to marry B. is to be married C. is about married D. is on the point to marry 18. They ………….. for Hue. A. are going to leave B. are about to leave C. are on the point of leaving D. All are correct 19. I ………… you are wrong. A. am feeling B. am to feel C. felt D. feel 20. I ………..it is a stupid idea. He should stay where he is. A. am thinking B. am going to think C. think D. have been thinking

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UNIT 6: CÁC DẠNG VIẾT LẠI CÂU SAO CHO NGHĨA KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI 6.1. CONDITIONALS 6.1.1. Câu điều kiện loại 1– Conditional (TYPE I) Công thức: ♦ If + hiện tại đơn – will + V(nguyên thể)

- If the government raises taxes, consumer spending will fall. ♦ Vế điều kiện và kết quả có thể đổi chỗ

- If it is rainy tomorrow we will not go camping at Tam Dao. - We will not go camping at Tam Dao if it is rainy tomorrow.

If and unless If + not = unless hoặc If = unless + not

- If he doesn’t get here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. - Unless he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him.

not + unlessnghĩa làonly … if khi nhấn mạnhđiều kiện

- They will only sign the contract if we give them an additional discount. - They won’t sign the contract unless we give them an additional discount.

If and in case

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- We are going to ensure the shipment in case the goods get damaged in transit. (We will take out insurance first; the problem may or may not happen afterwards.)

- If the goods get damaged in transit, we’ll make a claim.

(The damage may happen, and we will make a claim afterwards) Provided that, as long as, etc.

If = provided that/providing, as long as

- I will agree to these conditions provided that you increase my salary by 8.5%.

(I will only agree if you give me more money.)

- The strike will be successful as long as we all stay together. (It will only succeed if we all stay together.)

PRACTICE Rewrite the following sentences using unless: 1. If nothing goes wrong, we will sign the deal tomorrow. Unless …………………………………………………………… 2. We’re not going to get that contract if we don’t improve our offer. Unless ………………………………………………………………. 3. Only phone me if it is an emergency. Please don’t phone me ……………………………………………….. 4. If demand doesn’t increase soon, we are going to have a bad year. We are going to have a bad year …………………………………… 5. This project will only be viable if you can cut your overheads. Unless ……………………………………………………………. 6. I’ll accept an overseas posting if I can have my job back when I return. I won’t accept an overseas posting ………………………………………. Complete the sentences with the words from the list below. Each word is used twice. When as long as in case unless 1. I’ll speak to you again ……… I’ve looked at the contract in detail. 2. Leave your return flight open ………… the negotiations take an extra day. 3. We can start the project next week ………….. everyone agrees. 4. We can start the project next week ………… .. anyone disagrees. 5. The Board will be happy ……………. our share price remains high. 6. Keep your receipt …………. you need to return the goods. 7. the new stock will arrive …………… the Christmas sales are finished. 8. We’ll probably make a loss this year ……………. sales improve in the last quarter. 6.1.2. Câu điều kiện loại 2– Conditional (TYPE II) A. Công thức

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IF + PAST SIMPLE WOULD + INFINITIVE If I knew her number, I would send her a fax B. Imaginary situations We can use the second conditional to refer to an action or a state we imagine: 1. If these machines were not so expensive, we would buy them. (But they are expensive, and we are not going to buy them) 2. If I lost my job tomorrow, I would move to London to find another one. (I don’t think I will lose my job, but I understand the possible consequences.) PRACTICE Exercise 1:Put the right forms of the verbs in brackets: 1. If everyone ………….. (contribute) 10% of their salaries to charity, there ………….. (be) no poverty. 2. I am sure we ………… (meet) our targets if we ………….. (maintain) our current level of sales. 3. If I ………. (be) in your position, I ………. (insist) on having more staff in the department. 4. Please have a seat. If you ………. (wait) a couple of minutes, I ………. (give) you a lift. 5. I’m expecting a fax from Grayson’s. If it ………. (come) today, please ……………(let) me know at once. 6. I …………. (apply) for the job if I ……… (have) a degree, but unfortunately I haven’t. 7. What laws ……….. (you/change) if you …………. (be) in Parliament? 8. I’m leaving now; I ………. (be) back at 8.30 if the traffic ……… (not/be) too bad. 6.1.3. Câu điều kiện loại 3– Conditional (TYPE III) A. Form IF + HAD (NOT) DONE WOULD (NOT) + HAVE DONE If Clinton and Core had won the election, they would have promoted free trade agreements with other nations in the same way as Bush.

• We use the “third” conditional when we want to talk about past events that are

different to what really happened. • There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret: If the economic situation had been better, we wouldn’t have lost so many customers.

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Put the verbs into the correct form. Choose either the past perfect (had done) or would + perfect infinitive (would have done) 1. If we had known (know) that the company was in financial difficulty, we would not have done business with them. 2. We would have won that contract if we ……….. (make) a better offer.

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3. They ………… (go) out of business years ago if they hadn’t invested in new technology. 4. Would sales have been higher if the price ………. (be) lower? 5. If we ………… (wait) a few more months, we would have saved a great deal of money on the new computers. 6. The company ……………. (move) earlier if it had found suitable premises. 7. ……….. you ………. (accept) the new job if they offered it to you? 8. If the flight had been delayed, I ………… (stay) at the airport hotel.

Exercise 2:Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.

1. If they (have)have

time at the weekend, they will come to see us.

2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) .

3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.

4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.

5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.

6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete.

7. Okay, I (get) the popcorn if you buy the drinks.

8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.

9. She (go) out with you if you had only asked her.

10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.

Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences. Note that you might have to use other tenses (active/passive voice) than required in the basic rules.

1. If I had more time, I (come) to your party yesterday.

2. Give the book to Jane if you (read) it.

3. If you hadn't lost our flight tickets, we (be) on our way to the Caribbean now.

4. If you (have) dinner right now, I'll come back later.

5. If we (set) off earlier, we wouldn't be in this traffic jam now.

6. What would you do if you (accuse) of murder?

7. If I hadn't eaten that much, I (feel / not) so sick now.

8. We would take another route if they (close / not) the road.

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9. She only (sing) if she's in a good mood.

6.2. BỊ ĐỘNG - THE PASSIVE

1. Công thức:

“BE + PII”

2. Nhấn mạnh vào hành động:

- About 85% of the world’s rubber is produced in the Far East.

(We use the passive here because we do not know, or need to say, who produces it.)

3. Systems and processes: Hệ thống hay quá trình

On most rubber plantations, the latex is collected from the rubber trees every day. It is

mixed with water and then formic acid is added. This process creates crude rubber, which

is then rolled into sheets.

4. Active or passive?

Nếu phải nhấn mạnh ai thực hiện hành động, ta dùng câu chủ động hoặc câu bị động

với từ“by” + chủ thể của hành động:

Active: Peter Franks runs the Marketing Department.

Passive: The marketing Department is run by Peter Franks.

PRACTICE

Focus on actions. Many of the following sentences sound unnatural because they are

in the active. Rewrite them in the present simple passive, but do not mention the agent

(e.g., by workers, by people)

1. Workers in China make these telephones.

These telephones are made in China.

2. Employers pay many manual workers weekly.

Many manual workers…………………………………………………………

3. They keep a large amount of goal at Fort Knox.

A large amount of goal………………………………………………………

4. Workers build a lot of the world’s supertankers in South Korea.

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A lot of the world’s supertankers……………………………………………

5. Farmers grow a third of the world’s cocoa on the Ivory Coast.

A third of the world’s cocoa…………...………………………………………

6. Countries store most nuclear waste underground.

Most nuclear waste……………………………………………………………

7. Scientists test most new drugs extensively before they go on sale.

Most new drugs………………………………………………………………

8. Printers print a lot of our books in Hong Kong.

A lot of our books…………………………………………………………

5. Passive verbs and infinitives The verbs believe, expect, know, report, say, think, suppose, and understand are often used in the passive and are followed by an infinitive (to be, to do). Compare: People say that Taikichiro Mori is the richest person outside the USA. Taikichiro Mori is said to be the richest person outside the USA. To refer to the past we can use to have done: They believe that the company lost a great deal of money on the deal. The company is believed to have lost a great deal of money on the deal. To refer to something happening at the moment we can use to be going: People believe that George Soros is planning a major new investment. George Soros is believed to be planning a major new investment. 6. Have something done We can use the structure have something done to talk about things we pay or employ other people to do for us. We use the verb have + the object + PII: We have our books printed in Singapore. In most cases we can use get instead of have. This is more informal: We get our brochures printed in Hong Kong. Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using have something done. 1. Someone makes my suits in London. I have my suits made in London. 2. Someone is going to print 5,000 new catalogues for us.

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We ......................................................................................................................... 3. Someone is designing a new office for them. They ....................................................................................................................... 4. Someone has checked these figures for me. I .............................................................................................................................. 5. Someone should mend the photocopier for you. You ........................................................................................................................ 6. Someone delivered the new furniture for us yesterday. We ....................................................................................................................... Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Toshino had her car (repair) by a mechanic.

2. Ellen got Marvin (type) her paper.

3. We got our house (paint) last week.

4. Dr. Peter is having the students (write) a composition.

5. Mark got his transcripts (send) to the university.

6. Maria is having her hair (cut) tomorrow.

7. Will Mr. Brown have the porter (carry) his luggage to his car?

8. My sister has had a new dress (make) recently.

9. The Wilsons won’t have a new house (build) on that corner next month.

10. The President had his advisors (arrange) a press conference. Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with a verb in the passive and a suitable form of the infinitive.

THE RICHEST MAN IN LONDON The publisher Paul Raymond (1) is said to be (say/be) the richest man in Britain, and he (2) ............................... (believe/have) a personal fortune of over $1,650,000,000. His magazine publishing company (3) ......................... (think/make) annual profits of around $14 million, and he (4) ....................... (believe/own) a number of other companies. He (5) ....................... (know/have) houses in London and Caribbean, but at the age 68 he (6) ....................... (say/live) a very quite life. However, most of his wealth does not come from the magazines; it comes from the property he owns in central London. He (7) is known to have started (know/start) buying up properties over 40 years ago, when prices were about $10,000. He (8) ....................... (say/buy) another fifty properties in 1974, and he (9).................. (believe/purchase) another hundred in 1977 just before the property market recovered. Each of these investments (10) ..................... (believe/rise) in value many times over, so he is much richer than the Queen.

6.3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IN COMPARISION

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1. Short and long adjectives -

One-syllable adjectives (e.g. small, nice) usually have the -er, -est ending.

Your hi-fi is smaller. Emma needs a bigger computer.

This is the nicest colour. This room is the warmest.

But we use more, most before words ending in -ed.

Everyone was pleased at the results, but Vicky was the most pleased.

We also use more, most with three-syllable adjectives (e.g. exciting) and with longer ones.

The film was more exciting than the book.

This dress is more elegant.

We did the most interesting project.

This machine is the most reliable.

Some two-syllable adjectives have -er, -est, and some have more, most. Look at this

information.

TWO SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

(1). Words ending in a consonant + -y have -est, e.g. happy happier, happiest

Examples are: busy, dirty, funny, happy, lovely, lucky, pretty, silly , tidy

(2). Some words have -er, -est OR more, most, e.g. narrow narrower, narrowest OR

more narrow, most narrow.

Examples are: clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, stupid,

tired.

(3). The following words have more, most, e.g. useful more useful, most useful.

a. Words ending in -ful or -less, e.g. careful, helpful, useful, useful, hopeless.

b. Words ending in -ing or -ed, e.g. boring, willing, annoyed, surprised.

c. Many others, e.g. afraid, certain, correct, eager, famous, foolish, frequent, modern,

nervous, normal, recent.

2. Spelling

There are some special spelling rules for the -er and -est endings.

(1). -e -er, -est: e.g. nice nicer, nicest, large larger, largest.

Also brave, fine, safe, etc.

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(2). a consonant -y -ier ,- iest: , happy happier

Also lovely, lucky, etc.

(3). Words ending in a single vowel letter + single consonant letter double the consonant

e.g. hot hotter, hottest, big bigger, biggest.

Also fit, sad, thin, wet, ect. (but w dose not change, e.g. new newer).

3. Irregular forms

Good, well, bad, badly and far have irregular forms.

ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERATIVE

good/ well better best

bad/ badly worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

You’ve got the best handwriting. How much further are we going?

We can use elder, eldest + noun instead of older, oldest, but only for people in the same

family.

My elder/older sister got married last year.

4. Comparing quantities

We use more, most and their opposites less and least to compare quantities.

I haven’t got many books.

You’ve got more than I have.

The Hotel Bristol has the most room.

Trevor spends less on clothes than Laura does.

Emma made the least mistakes.

6.4. REPORTED SPEECH A. When we report what someone else said, we can do it in three ways: 1. We can repeat the exact words using inverted commas (" "): The agent said: "Sales are going well". 2. We can use a reporting verb in the present tense: The agent says that sales are going well. 3. We can use a reporting verb in the past and change the tense: The agent said that sales were going well.

B. Tense changes in reported speech when we use a reporting verb in the past tense:

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ACTUAL WORDS REPORTED SPEECH "I work for ICL" "I am working for ICL" "I worked for ICL" "I was working for ICL" "I have worked for ICL" "I will work for ICL" "I may/can work for ICL"

He said that he worked for ICL. He said that he was working for ICL. He said that he had worked for ICL. He said that he had been working for ICL. He said that he had worked for ICL. He said that he would work for ICL. He said that he might/could work for ICL.

C: Other changes. ACTUAL WORDS REPORTED SPEECH yesterday last week two months ago tomorrow next week in three months here this morning

the day before/ the previous day the week before/ the previous week two months earlier. the next day/the following day the next week/the following week three months later there that morning

D: Some special changes - Wh- questions "When will you let us know your decision?" they asked me. They asked me when I would let them know my decision.

- Yes/no questions "Do you know Lars Hansen? she asked me She asked me if I knew Lars Hansen. - Reporting commands and requests: using tell or ask and the infinitive: "Sit down" He told me to sit down. "Don't pay the invoice" He told me notto pay the invoice. "Please wait" He asked me to wait. "Please don't smoke" He asked me not to smoke. - Reporting verbs: We often use other verbs instead of say, tell, or ask, etc. to report what someone said: warn/order/advise/encourage/remind/persuade + sbd + infinitive offer/refuse/promise + infinitive admit/deny/apologize for + -ing form "I think you should take a short rest" He advised me to take a short rest. "I will not pay anymore" She refused to pay anymore. "I am sorry I have kept you waiting." He apologized for keeping me waiting.

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PRACTICE Exercise 2:Match the sentences in column A with the reported statements in column B A B 1. "Don't forget to sign the contract." 2. "I didn't sign the contract" 3. "Go on, sign the contract. It's a really good idea." 4. "If I were you, I would sign the contract" 5. "No, I will not sign the contract under any circumstances." 6. "I'm so sorry I signed the contract." 7. "Yes, I'm afraid to say that it was me who signed the contract." 8. "I will sign the contract if you like." 9. "Sign the contract NOW." 10. "I really wouldn't sign the contract. You haven't read it. It could be a disaster."

A. He apologized for signing the contract. B. He warned me not to sign the contract. C. He encouraged me to sign the contract. D. He ordered me to sign the contract. E. He refused to sign the contract. F. He admitted signing the contract. G. He reminded me to sign the contract. H. He offered to sign the contract. I. He advised me to sign the contract. J. He denied signing the contract.

UNIT 7: CÁC CỤM TỪ CÓ GIỚI TỪ/ ĐỘNG TỪ CÓ GIỚI TỪ 7.1. CỤM TÍNH TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ

accustomed to afraid of answerable to attached to aware of capable of dependent on different to doubtful about

enthusiastic about excited about famous for guilty of interested in opposed to pleased with popular with proud of

related to rich in satisfied with serious about similar to suitable for suspicious of used to (=accustomed to)

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Tính từ có thể kết hợp với các giới từ khác nhau: annoyed about sth annoyed with sbd good/bad at sth good/ bad for sth good/bad with sth responsible for sb responsible for sth sorry about sth sorry for doing sth (feel) sorry for sb

He was annoyed about the criticisms in the paper. They were annoyed with us for charging them extra. I’m very bad at mathematics. Another cut in interest rates would be good for industry. She should be in Personnel. She’s very good with people. The Export Manager is responsible to the Sales Director. Who is responsible for making conference arrangements? I am sorry about the job. It’s a shame you didn’t get it. He said he was sorry for keeping me waiting. I feel sorry for Peter. He has been fired

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition or adjective. 1. The Bordeaux region of France is famous for its fine wines. (three letters) 2. If you are serious going ahead with this, let’s have a meeting. (5) 3. The Mini-TV is very popular our younger customers. (4) 4. The NV8 Camcorder is to the NV7 in many ways, but it has some interesting new features. (7) 5. The salesman did not want to sell me the most expensive model he had because he said it would not really be for me. (8) 6. Wage demands are to inflation in a number of important ways. (7) 7. The Finance Director said he was stronglyto awarding everyone a 10% pay rise, and explained that the company could not afford it. (7) 8. South Africa is in natural resources like diamonds and gold. (4) 9. I have to travel by car or boat because I am of flying. (6) 10. He has very little experience. I don’t think he would be of running such a large project. (7) 11. He was found of fraud and was sent to prison for three years. (6) 12. I would be very in discussing the idea of a joint-venture. (10) 7.2. CỤM DANH TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ ability in advantage of application for alternative to advice on

excitement about example of experience of, in fall in, of fear of

optimism order for price of payment for protection from

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cheque for agreement with/ about approval of belief in benefit of/from cause of cheque for comparison with complaint about cost of decrease in. of decision about/ on demand for division into disappointment with doubt about difficulty with difference between

focus on hope of increase in, of interested in invitation to involvement in information about insurance against investment in knowledge of lack of matter with method of need for objection to opinion of opposition to

pessimism about preparation for reason for rise in, of request for reply to reference to responsibility for satisfaction with similarity to solution to substitute for success at/in suitability for tax on trouble with wait for worry about

Prepositions + nouns Here is a list of some common preposition and noun combinations

at a good price at your convenience by hand by law by accident for sale for a change in charge of in stock in the end in bulk in other words on application on holiday on hold on the basis of on hand on the market (products) on the whole out of order under pressure

at a profit/loss at short notice by return by car, bus, airmail by chance for lunch for pleasure in writing in a hurry in change of in financial terms in the pipeline in touch in trouble on sale on business on the phone on order out of date out of business with reference to

at cost price by post by cheque/ credit card by mistake in advance in cash in connection with in favour of in the market (companies) in general in my opinion in debt on loan on a trip on television on time to my mind up to date up to you

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Exercise 1: Complete the following advertisement with the missing prepositions THE MOST IMPORTANT INVESTMENT YOU’LL EVER MAKE More and more parents are looking to independent schools to provide an alternative (1) to state education. However, the cost (2) sending a child to boarding school from 7 to 18 can be as much as $150,000, and annual increases (3) school fees are often greater than inflation. So there is a need (4) specialist advice, and we at knight Willis have many years of experience (5) helping parents plan for their children’s education (6) advance. Early planning can help to achieve reductions (7) over 75%, and (8) the whole, the earlier the school fee plan is started, the greater the savings. If you would like our advice (9) the best way to plan for your child’s future, please fill in the reply-paid form below. We will send you examples (10) different school fee plans, and we can discuss these (11) the phone or at a meeting (12) your own convenience. Exercise 2: Underline the correct words: 1. At/in first sight it looks like a good deal, but we need more details at/in a hurry. 2. A: Shall we try using different suppliers by/for change? B: It’s up/out to you. 3. Are you paying by/ in cash or by/in credit card? 4. The house next door is for/at sale. It has been on/in the market for ages. 5. Very few board members are at/ in favour of the merger. In/On the whole, they think it will create more problems than it solves. 6. We need to keep in/on touch with the situation as it develops. 7. Are you here on/for business or on/for pleasure? 8. A: Did you do it by/on purpose? B: No, of course not, I did it by/on mistake. 9. By/In financial terms they’re not doing well. They’re $10m in/out of debt. 10. A: Patrick, It’s Paul Brock from Tyco at/on the phone. B: Can you put him at/on hold while I look for his file? OK, I’ve found it – I’ll take it at/on the other line. 7.3. CỤM ĐỘNG TỪ KẾT HỢP VỚI GIỚI TỪ A. Verb + preposition Here is a list of common verbs and the prepositions that normally follow them: account for agree on

apply for belong to

comply with consist of

look at look for

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agree with talk to think about

complain to think of wait for write to

depend on hear about hear from

pay for rely on take care of

After several hours, the committee agreed on a joint statement. I really like the new design. What do you think of it? The new building will have to comply with tough planning regulations. B. Verb + object + preposition The following verbs can be followed by an object and a preposition: ask someone for blame someone for borrow something from congratulate someone on divide something into insure something against

invest something in protect someone from provide someone with spend something on supply someone with thank someone for

We spent too much on advertising last year. Could you supply us with 200 units a month? Management blamed the union for provoking the strike. PRACTICE Exercise 1: Complete the following letter with the correct prepositions. Dear Mr. Hall Thank you for your letter of 18 May regarding the Kinderbox range of children’s paints. The answers to the questions you raised are as follows:

1. All Kinderbox products fully comply (1) with European and British safety standards. The paints are non-toxic and washable. Each pack in the Junior range consists (2) ………. A paintbox with eight colours, a paintbrush, and a leaflet in English.

2. The average delivery time for orders to England over DM5,000 is four days. We do not rely (3) ………. rail transport, so delivery would not be affected by the current train strike. We also take care (4) …….. insurance and export documentation.

3. The level of discount we offer depends (5) ……… the size of the orders and their regularity. I would be happy to talk (6) ……… you about this.

4. Goods may be paid (7) ………. in Deutschmarks or sterling, and we offer flexible credit arrangements, so I am confident we could agree (8)….. suitable credit terms.

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further questions, and I look forward to hearing (9) ……… you.

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Yours sincerely, Wolfgang Bang Sales Manager

MINI TEST 3 Choose the best answer 1. They succeeded ………………. escaping. A. for B. by C. with D. in 2. They warned him ………….. the ice. A. by B. about C. from D. with 3. For a week she lived ……………. bananas and milk. A. from B. by C. on D. with 4. Sorry I’m late. I missed the bus, so I had to come …………. foot. A. by B. with C. about D. on 5. Thank you. It was very nice ………….. you to help me. A. to B. because C. with D. of 6. Why are you always so rude …………….. your uncle? A. about B. with C. that D. to 7. Mary is upset ……………. not being invited to the party. A. of B. until C. by D. to 8. I’m not ashamed ………….. what I did. A. in B. with C. of D. about 9. My friend is married …………… an American. A. together B. by C. to D. with 10. We enjoyed our holiday but we were rather disappointed ……….. the hotel. A. in B. of C. with D. about 11. I’m sorry …………… the noise last night. We were having a party. A. in B. about C. at D. with 12. Her writing is similar …………… mine. A. as B. to C. like D. than 13. When I realised I was wrong, I apologized …………. him ………… my mistake. A. to, with B. to, for C. for, with D. with, by 14. I wrote to the company asking them ……………….. information about the job. A. for more B. more C. more for D. with more 15. Three men have been arrested and charged …………. robbery. A. with B. from C. by D. because of 16. I had to show my pass …….. the man at the door. A. to B. for C. with D. from 17. Passangers should be …………… time for their train. A. on B. in C. at D. all the

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18. We hadn’t arranged to meet. We meet …………. chance. A. over B. of C. by D. in 19. Where are you going ……………. your holiday this year? A. about B. on C. with D. for 20. I was delighted …………. the present you gave me. A. by B. from C. of D. with 21. I haven’t seen her since she left home …………. work yesterday. A. for B. to C. at D. from 22. Can you …………. ? A. explain this word to me B. explain me this word C. explain this word for me D. All are correct 23. I’d rather watch a beauty contest ………….. a programme …………. politics. A. to, about B. than, about C. better, on D. than, in 24. Thanks for looking ………….. me when I was ill. A. for B. after C. at D. forward 25. Excuse me, Sir. You haven’t paid ………….. your beer. A. with B. to C. for D. from 26. Your party prevented everybody ……………….. sleeping last night. A. before B. for C. from D. against 27. I think the film is a bit weak …………… the end. A. from B. on C. at D. in 28. I wasn’t very pleased …………… my exam results. A. with B. at C. about D. All are correct 29. How many people participated …………….. the conference? A. for B. during C. at D. in 30. You must be pretty disappointed …………. your exam results. A. with B. at C. about D. All are correct MỘT SỐ CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢN ► Cấu trúc câu

“S + Be + Adj + to do sth”: Ai đó làm gì như thế nào/ Ai đó như thế nào khi làm gì

Ví dụ: I am happy to get your letter

“It + Be + Adj + (for sbd) + to do sth” Ví dụ: It is difficult for me to learn English.

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“S + V + too + Adj/ Adv + (for sbd) + to do sth”: quá đến nỗi mà … Ví dụ: She is too old to work. These books are too expensive for me to buy. “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Enough + (for sbd) + to do sth Ví dụ:Tom is strong enough to lift the boxes. “ It + Be + Adj + Of + sbd + to do sth” Ví dụ: It is very kind of you to help the poor. It was stupid of them to leave their bicycles outside. (kind of/ stupid of/ selfish of/ wrong of) “It + Be + Adj + That + S + INF/ SHOULD INF” Ví dụ: It is important that we be/ should be on time. NOTE - Dạng Subjunctive dùng với một số tính từ khẩn thiết như: advisable/ anxious/ better/ best/ desirable/ essential/ important/ good/ mandatory (bắt buộc)/ necessary/ preferable/ vital/ willing/ urgent/ … - Các động từ khẩn thiết: ask/ demand/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ urge/ require/ order/ advise/ desire/ stipulate (đòi hỏi) Ví dụ: The committee recommended that the scheme go/should go ahead. - Past Subjunctive:

• It is time / about time/ high time + sbd + V(past) Ví dụ:

It’s about time Jack did some work for his examination. It’s time I was going. It’s time to go home. It’s time for us to go home.

• S1 + would rather + S2 + V(past) Ví dụ: I’d rather you went home now. Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend.

“It + take + sbd + time + to do sth” Ví dụ: It took him two hours to write the letter. “S + Be/ Get used to + sth or doing sth” Ví dụ: I am used to the heat because I have been living here for a long time.

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“It was not until …….. that ……” Ví dụ: It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped. It was not until Ali was eight that he began to read. “So + Adj/Adv + That + Mệnh đề” Ví dụ: The film was so good that I saw it three times. (= The film is so good that I have seen it three times) The manager was so sick that he could not go to work. “Such + a/an/ ‘zero article’ + Adj + N + that + Mệnh đề” Ví dụ: It was such a hard cake that he couldn’t eat it. “Neither + S1 + Nor + S2 + V” Ví dụ: Neither my brother nor I am good ar French. Neither the moon nor the planet Mars has an atmostphere. “Not only ……. + But also/ But ………, too/ as well” Ví dụ: He not only spent all his money but also borrowed some from me “Not only + Aux + S1 + V + ….. + But + S2 + Also/ As well” Ví dụ: Not only did he spend all his money, but he also borrowed some from me. Not only is television boring, but it also wastes a lot of time. “S1 + Had +

No sooner + PII + Than Hardly + PII + When Scarcely + PII + When

+ S2 + V(past)

Ví dụ: The keeper had no sooner opened the sage door than the lion attacked him I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang. I had scarcely closed the door when somebody started knocking. No sooner Hardly + Scarcely

Than Had + S + PII + When + When

S + V(past)

Ví dụ: No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts.

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Hardly had I closed my eyes when I began to imagine the most fantastic shapes. Scarcely had the performance begun when the lights went out. “No matter how + Adj/ Adv + S + V …” Ví dụ: No matter how intelligent you may be, you should be careful about this. No matter how hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. “Prefer + sth/doing sth + to + sth/ doing sth” Ví dụ: Tom prefers reading to talking. “Would rather + do sth + than + do sth” “Would rather + do sth + than + sth” Ví dụ: I would rather go out than stay at home. I would rather have hot weather than cold. “Like + sth/doing sth + Better than + sth/doing sth” Ví dụ: Tom like reading better than talking. ► Cấu trúc của động từ would rather do = prefer to do/ prefer doing sth: thà làm gì hơn, thích làm gì hơn had better do = should: nên làm gì encourage sbd to do sth = promote sbd to do: khuyến khích ai làm gì manage to do = succeed in doing: thành công trong việc làm gì promise to do sth: hứa làm gì prevent sbd from doing sth: ngăn cản ai làm gì give up sth/ doing sth: từ bỏ cái gì/ việc làm gì seem to do: dường như/ hình như He seemed to get angry: Hình như anh ta nổi nóng force sbd to do = make sbd do: bắt ai làm gì spend + time + doing sth = take (sbd) + time + to do sth: dành thgian làm gì / mất bn thgian để làm gì play an important role in sth/ doing sth: đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc gì/ làm gì try to do sth : cố gắng làm gì go on an excursion to swh: đi dã ngoại tới đâu afford to do sth/ afford sth = have enough money to do sth: có đủ tiền để làm gì find sth + adj + to do sth: I find English difficult to learn: Tôi thấy tiếng Anh khó học avoid doing sth: tránh làm gì advise sbd to do = urge sbd to do: khuyên ai làm gì

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to be kind to sbd: cư xử tốt với ai hope to do = expect to do : hy vọng làm gì cause sth/ cause sth to do: gây ra điều gì/ can't help doing sth: không thể không/ không thể dừng việc gì I can't help admiring him in spite of his faults: Không thể không ca ngợi anh ta cho dù anh ta có nhiều lỗi/ nhiều tật remove sth from sth: loại bỏ cái gì khỏi cái gì tend to do: có xu hướng làm gì remind sbd to do : nhắc ai làm gì remind sbd of doing sth: nhắc ai nhớ lại việc gì/ đã làm gì remember to do : nhớ làm gì remember doing: nhớ là đã làm gì ><forget to do sth/ forget doing sth: quên fail to do sth: thất bại vì không làm được việc gì He failed to buy that house because he offered a low price: Anh ấy không mua được ngôi nhà đó vì anh ta trả giá thấp. persuade sbd to do sth: thuyết phục ai làm gì let sbd do sth = allow sbd to do sth: để ai/ cho phép ai làm gì thank sbd for sth/doing sth: cám ơn ai về điều gì/ việc làm gì keep doing: tiếp tục Oil prices keep rising now: Giá dầu vẫn tiếp tục tăng benefit from sth/ doing sth: có lợi từ cái gì/ từ việc làm gì request/ require/ ask sbd to do sth:yêu cầu/ đề nghị ai làm gì look forward to sth/ doing sth: mong đợi, mong chờ decide to do: quyết định làm gì carry on sth/ doing sth: thực hiện việc gì need doing: cần được làm gì The house needs redecorating before Tet holiday. used to do sth: từng làm gì (trong quá khứ) get used to/ be used to sth/ doing sth: quen với điều gì, việc làm gì escape from sth/ doing sth: trốn thoát khỏi stop to do = finish dừng (việc gì) để làm gì stop doing: dừng làm gì start/ begin to do = start/ begin doing: bắt đầu help sbd to do / help sbd do sth: giúp ai làm gì suggest that sbd should do sth/ suggest doing sth : gợi ý (ai đó) nên làm gì depend on: phụ thuộc believe in sbd/ sth: tin tưởng Take care of sth/ sbd: chăm sóc take advantage of: tận dụng lợi thế của cái gì warn sbd (not) to do: cảnh báo ai làm gì/ đừng làm gì order sbd to do: ra lệnh cho ai làm gì admit doing sth: thừa nhận đã làm gì deny doing sth: phủ nhận đã làm gì

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apologize (to sbd) for doing sth: xin lỗi (ai) vì đã làm gì offer to do sth: xin được làm gì refuse to do: từ chối làm gì TỪ THEO CHỦĐIỂM Giáo duc: language: ngôn ngữ/ native tongue: tiếng mẹđẻ/ speak: nói/ speech: lời nói/ education: giáo duc/ knowledge: kiến thức/ learn: học/ profession:nghề nghiệp/professional: chuyên nghiệp/ university: đại học/ college: cao đẳng/ exam/examination: bktra/ entrance test: thi đại học/ school: trường học/ student: sinh viên/ understand: hiểu/ history: lịch sử/ study: học/ medical: y tế/ mark: chấm diểm/ intelligent/intelligence: sự thông minh/ grammar: ngữ pháp/ grammatical mistakes: lỗi ngữ pháp/ spelling mistakes: lỗi chính tả/ words: từ/ favorite subjects: môn học ưu thich/ course book: sach gkhoa/ school-year: năm học/ transcript: bảng điểm/ application: hồ sơ xin học/ xin việc/ applicant: ng xin/ submit: nộp/ registration date: ngày đăng kí/ Văn hoá: culture/ feature: đặc điểm/ self-discipline: tự ki luật/ courtesy: tính trật tự/ comment: ca ngợi/ polite: lịch sự/ foreigners: ng nc ngoài/ customs: phong tục/ society: xa hội/ entertainment/ leisure activities: giải trí/ theatre: nhà hát/ cinema: rạp phim/ politic: chính trị/ mass media: th tin đại chúng/ tradition: phong tục/ festival: lễ hội/ Khoa học/ Công nghệ: robot: ng máy/ science: khoa hoc/scientist: nhà k/học/ technology: công nghệ/ research: nghiên cứu/ machenical/ machine: máy móc/ nuclear power: năng lg hạt nhân/ automobile: ô tô/ develop/ development: phát triển/ advance: tiến bộ/ element: nhân tố/ experiment: thí nghiệm/ fibre cable: cáp quang/ glass: thuỷ tinh/ copper: đồng/ Việc làm: work/ worker: công nhân/ factory: nhà máy/ company: cty/ export: xkhẩu/ import: nk/ interview: phỏng vấn/ employ: thuê ldộng/ employer: ông chủ/ employee: ng lam thuê/ employment: viẹc làm/ productivity: năng suất/ produce: sxuất/ lobour: lđộng/ organization: tổ chức/ statistics: sl thống kê/ fishing industry: cn đánh bắt cá/ consult: tư vấn/ consultant: ng tư vấn/ expert: chuyên gia/ challenge: thử thách/ Y tế: health official: nv y tế/ bacteria: vi khuẩn/ disease: bệnh/ headache: đau đầu/ danger: nguy cơ/ damage: huỷ hoại/ lung cancer: ung thư phổi/ breathing rate: nhịp thở/ heart: tim/ Môi trường: drinking water: nc sinh hoạt/ weather: thời tiết/ climate: khí hậu/ flood: lũ/ disaster: thảm hoạ/ pollution: sựô nhiễm/ pollutant: chất ô nhiễm/ rainfall: lg mưa/environment: môi trường/ energy: năng lg, lộc/ exhaustion: sự cạn kiệt/ natural resources: tnguyên th/nhiên/ conservation: bảo tồn/ preserve sth: btồn/ Kinh tế: economy/ shopper: ng mua sắm/ food: lg thực/famine: nạn đói/ crop: mùa màng/ overpopulation: quá tải dân số/ government: chính phủ/ shoplifting: nạn ăn cắp ở

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sthị/potential: tiềm năng/ exploit: khai thác/ explore: thám hiểm/ effective: co hiệu quả/ assets: tài sản = fortune/ millionaire: triệu phú/ prosperity: sự thịnh vượng/ growth: tăng trưởng/ exchange: trao đổi/ goods: hàng hoá/ services: dvụ/ crisis: khủng hoảng/ poverty: đói nghèo/ exhibition: triển lãm/ failure: thất bại/ speculator: kẻđầu cơ/ currency: tiền/ reserve: dự trữ/

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de thi mau anh b - TANETtanet.vn/thue-viet-nam.nsf...Future Simple T ng lai n 5.6. Present perfect - Hi n t i hoàn thành 5.7. Past perfect Quá kh hoàn thành UNIT 6: CÁC D NG