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DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEANXV to XVIII Centuries
Pablo RODRÍGUEZ-NAVARRO (Ed.)
1
DEF
ENSI
VE A
RCH
ITEC
TURE
OF
THE
MED
ITER
RAN
EAN
X
V to
XVI
II Ce
ntur
ies
1
Pabl
o RO
DRÍ
GU
EZ-N
AVAR
RO (E
d.)
DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN XV TO XVIII CENTURIES
Vol. I
PROCEEDINGS of the International Conference on Modern Age Fortifications of the Western Mediterranean Coast
FORTMED 2015
DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN XV TO XVIII CENTURIES
Vol. I
Editor
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro
Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
EDITORIALUNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA
Colección Congresos UPV
Los contenidos de esta publicación han sido evaluados por el Comité Científico que en ella se relaciona y
según el procedimiento que se recoge en http://ocs.editorial.upv.es/index.php/FORTMED/FORTMED2015
© editor
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro
© de los textos: los autores
© 2015, de la presente edición: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València
www.lalibreria.upv.es / Ref.: 6249_01_01_01
ISBN : 978-84-9048-377-0 (obra completa) edición impresa
ISBN : 978-84-9048-425-8 (Vol. I) edición impresa
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CONGR.2015
Modern Age Fortifications of the Western Mediterranean Coast.
Se distribuye bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada
4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://ocs.editorial.upv.es/index.php/FORTMED
V
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)
© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València
Organization and commitees
Organizing Commitee
Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. (Chair). Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
M. Teresa Gil Piqueras. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Francisco Juan Vidal. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Arturo Zaragozá Catalán. Generalitat Valenciana. Castellón. Spain
Santiago Varela Botella. Generalitat Valenciana. Alicante. Spain
Stefania Iurili. Università di Ferrara. Italy
Santiago Lillo Giner. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
José Luis Menéndez Fueyo. Fundación MARQ. Alicante. Spain
Alba Soler Estrela. Universitat Jaume I. Castellón. Spain
Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy
Santiago Yudici Oliver. Instituto Cartográfico Valenciano. Spain
Scientific Commitee
Arturo Zaragozá Catalán. Generalitat Valenciana. Castellón. Spain
Santiago Varela Botella. Generalitat Valenciana. Alicante. Spain
Antonio Almagro Gorbea. CSIC. Spain
Stefano Bertocci. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy
Boutheina Bouzid. Ecole Nationale d’Architecture. Tunisia
Alicia Cámara Muñoz. UNED. Spain
Stefano Columbu. Università degli Studi di Cagliari. Italy
Per Cornell. University of Gothenburg. Sweden
Faissal Cherradi. Ministerio de Cultura del Reino de Marruecos. Morocco
Nicolas Faucherre. Aix-Marseille Université – CNRS. France
Juan Vicente García-Marsilla. Universitat de València. Spain
Andreas Georgopoulos. Nat. Tec. University of Athens. Greece
Anna Guarducci. Università di Siena. Italy
Gabriele Guidi. Politecnico di Milano. Italy
Salvador Lara Ortega. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Concepción López González. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Sandro Parrinello. Università di Pavia. Italy
Pablo Rodríguez Navarro. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Giorgio Verdiani. Università degli Studi di Firenze. Italy
Rafael Soler Verdú. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Scientific Secretariat
M. Teresa Gil Piqueras. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Organizing Secretariat
Ignacio Puig Tarín. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
Armando Torres Caballero. Universitat Politècnica de València. Spain
VI
Note
This conference was made in the frame of the R & D project entitled "SURVEILLANCE AND DEFENSE TOWERS
OF THE VALENCIAN COAST. Metadata generation and 3D models for interpretation and effective enhancement"
reference HAR2013-41859-P, whose principal investigator is Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. The project is funded by the
National Program for Fostering Excellence in Scientific and Technical Research, National Sub-Program for
Knowledge Generation, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Government of Spain).
Este congreso está realizado bajo el marco del Proyecto I+D+i de título “TORRES DE VIGÍA Y DEFENSA DEL
LITORAL VALENCIANO. Generación de metadatos y modelos 3D para su interpretación y efectiva puesta en valor”
referencia HAR2013-41859-P, cuyo investigador principal es Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. El proyecto está financiado
dentro del Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de
Generación de Conocimiento, del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Gobierno de España).
VII
Organized by
Funded by
Ref: HAR2013-41859-P Ref: AORG/2015/025
Partnerships
Support
IX
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)
© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València
Table of contents
Preface .................................................................................................................................................... XV
Lecture .................................................................................................................................................. XVII
Technical and systemic keys and context of Hispanic fortifications on Western Mediterranean
coast ........................................................................................................................................................ XIX
Fernando Cobos-Guerra
Contributions ........................................................................................................................................... 01
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
La fortificación de Peñíscola, obra de Vespasiano Gonzaga y Bautista Antonelli .................................... 03
Mª. J. Balaguer Dezcallar
Codice Romano Carratelli.......................................................................................................................... 11
A. Bianchi, T. Saeli
The fortifications of the State of Presidii, Orbetello and Argentario promontory ...................................... 15
F. Brogila
Architecture and Spaces of Power in the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (1530-1798) .......................... 21
V. Burgassi
Progettare le difese: il marchese di Leganés e il padre gesuita Francesco Antonio Camassa,
esperto di arte militare ............................................................................................................................... 29
A. Dameri
El Proyecto Imperial de fortificación para Bugia. 1541 ............................................................................. 37
J. J. De Castro Fernández, I. De Castro Díez
Determinación del trazado histórico y evolución de la antigüa muralla de Calp, tras el análisis de
la documentación gráfica y documental existente ...................................................................................... 45
A. Del Campo Carda, A. M. Torres Barcino, A. García Codoñer
Reconstrucción del estado de las fortificaciones de Fuentarrabía a principios del siglo XVII a
través de un plano de Matteo Neroni ......................................................................................................... 53
V. Echarri Iribarren, R. Yáñez Pacios
X
La frontera marítima fortificada: de la vigilancia a la señalización (XVI-XIX) ......................................... 61
A. García Mas, A. Martínez-Medina
Fortifying the Island at the time of the viceroy Ferrante Gonzaga (1536-1546): sites, master
builders and designers, clients.................................................................................................................... 69
E. Garofalo
El uso de las fajinas y los tepes en la arquitectura militar .......................................................................... 77
L. Gimeno Romero
Actuaciones tras el bombardeo de Alicante en 1691. La fortificación temporal de Bernet y
Herrera ....................................................................................................................................................... 81
A. B. González Avilés, Mª. I. Pérez Millán, y R. Yáñez Pacios
El fuerte de San Lorenzo del Puntal (Cádiz) y el fuerte de San Fernando de Bocachica
(Cartagena de Indias): una visión comparada ............................................................................................ 89
G. Granado Castro, J. Galindo Díaz y H. Aragón Barreto
Le fortificazioni della Toscana tirrenica: evoluzione geo-storica e condizioni attuali ............................... 97
A. Guarducci
La Torre del Rey de Oropesa. Un modelo de fortificación renacentista .................................................. 105
S. Lillo Giner, P. Rodríguez-Navarro
Datos históricos sobre la Torre del Mar (Burriana - Castellón) ............................................................... 113
J. M. Melchor Monserrat
Verso la creazione di sistemi e sub-sistemi di difesa del Regno di Sardegna: piazzeforti, galere e
prime torri nella prima metà del Cinquecento .......................................................................................... 117
M. G. R. Mele
Les fortifications ottomanes d’Alger (1516-1830) ................................................................................... 125
S. Messikh
El fuerte de Santa Cruz y el conjunto defensivo español de Orán-Argelia ............................................... 133
S. Metair
Torri e piazzeforti nella Sardegna moderna. Fonti cartografiche e documentarie nella lettura
delle trasformazioni territoriali del paesaggio costiero sardo tra XVI e XVIII secolo ............................. 139
S. Nocco
Iglesias-Fortaleza en la costa mediterránea española en el Siglo XVI ..................................................... 147
A. Palenzuela Navarro
Le fortificazioni della Toscana Tirrenica: metodologie e fonti dell'indagine geo-storica ........................ 151
L. Rombai
XI
Torres costeras durante el siglo XVI. Estrategias territoriales y técnicas constructivas en el
frente marítimo levantino del Reino de Aragón y Virreinato de Nápoles ................................................ 159
J. R. Ruiz Checa, V. Cristini, V. Russo
Las torres de defensa del litoral: San Vicent (Benicàssim) y Torrenostra (Torreblanca).
Castellón, Spain. Estudio arquitectónico y constructivo .......................................................................... 167
A. Soler Estrela
Guarino Guarini and the “Fortificatione” between theory, drawing and design ...................................... 175
R. Spallone
La formazione di Giovanni Battista Antonelli: note storiche e contesto sociale prima del suo
arrivo in Spagna ....................................................................................................................................... 183
G. Useli, M. D’Amato
Arquitecturas del sistema defensivo en el litoral Ilicitano ....................................................................... 191
S. Varela Botella, S. Varela Rizo
Entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico: una travesía histórica y cultural .................................................... 199
S. A. Vargas Matías
Postrimerías de un ingeniero de Su Majestad: el testamento de Bautista Antonelli ................................. 207
M. A. Vázquez-Manassero
Las murallas de Tetuán en la literatura de 1860 a 1956 ........................................................................... 215
J. Vergara-Múñoz, M. Martínez-Monedero
Ingegneri militari nella Sicilia degli Asburgo: formazione, competenze e carriera di una figura
professionale tra Cinque e Seicento ......................................................................................................... 223
M. Vesco
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS
La guerra de sitio en la Guerra de la Cuádruple Alianza (1717-1721): la defensa y asedio de las
fortalezas en Sicilia .................................................................................................................................. 231
D. A. Abián Cubillo
El promontorio y el puerto, el avistamiento y la acción ofensiva. Propuestas tipológicas de torres
marítimas para un mismo problema geográfico: los puertos de Jávea y Moraira en el litoral
valenciano (1562-1596) ........................................................................................................................... 239
A. Banyuls Pérez
De la iglesia como baluarte al baluarte como iglesia. Estrategias de fortificación y
modernización de las defensas medievales en las villas del litoral de la Marina de la costa de
Alicante (1535-1587) ............................................................................................................................... 247
A. Banyuls Pérez
XII
Las defensas del Reino de Nápoles: el caso de Castellammare di Stabia entre el ‘700 y el ‘800 ............. 255
F. Castanò
Baluartes contra tenazas. El caso de la goleta en 1565 ............................................................................ 263
J. J. De Castro Fernández, J. Mateo de Castro
El puerto de Barcelona en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII. Urgencias estructurales e
infraestructurales a toda costa durante el reinado de Felipe V ................................................................. 271
J. M. Múñoz Corbalán
Design models and "attention" to the topography of the places in the sixteenth strongholds of
Sardinia: the use of the tenaille ................................................................................................................ 279
A. Pirinu
DIGITAL HERITAGE
Métodos para documentar y restaurar zonas de difícil acceso en el castillo de Salobreña
(Granada) ................................................................................................................................................. 287
A. Almagro Gorbea, A. Orihuela Uzal
Apport des technologies numériques à l’étude des fortifications du génie militaire français dans
une ville d’Algérie au début de la colonisation: DJIDJELLI, 1839-1862 ................................................ 291
M. Blibli, A. Bouchair, F. Hannouf
Natural and artificial defences in Catania in XVII century ...................................................................... 299
E. Magnano Di San Lio, Mª. T. Galizia, C. Santagati
Digital construction for analysis: the Scalambri defensive system in Sicily ............................................ 307
A. Frascari, A. Mancuso, A. Pasquali
Puesta en valor del Palacio-Castillo de Betxí, a través de la modelización mediante arquitecturas
inversas y documentación gráfica avanzada ............................................................................................ 315
J. T. Garfella Rubio, Mª J. Máñez Pitarch, J. A. Martínez Moya, F. Ortega Tomás
Metodología integral para la documentación de las torres de defensa de la costa valenciana
(Spain) ..................................................................................................................................................... 321
P. Rodríguez-Navarro, G. Verdiani, T. Gil Piqueras
Digital 3D reconstruction for the multiscale investigation on the Drawing of the fortifications of
Turin ........................................................................................................................................................ 329
M. Vitali
CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT
Fortalezas costeras del Oeste y Norte de Marruecos (S. XV-XVIII) ....................................................... 337
F. Cherradi Akbil
XIII
Intervención y puesta en valor de la Torre de los Caballos. Un nuevo espacio museístico
dedicado a las torres vigía de la costa de Mazarrón ................................................................................. 345
P. E. Collado Espejo
Considerazioni su un sistema museale diffuso delle architetture fortifícate della Valnerina ................... 353
S. D’Avino
Willingness to Contribute – City Fortifications in the Mediterranean ..................................................... 357
R. Eppich, J. L. García Grinda
Revitalización del castillo de Almansa .................................................................................................... 365
J. F. García Sáez
Apreciación del valor patrimonial de las torres de defensa del litoral valenciano ................................... 373
F. Juan Vidal
Del Castell de Castalla al Conjunt Patrimonial del Castell de Castalla: un nuevo enfoque en la
gestión del patrimonio cultural valenciano .............................................................................................. 381
J. A. Mira Rico, M. Bevià i García, J.R. Ortega Pérez
La gestión municipal de los castillos valencianos. Análisis de los casos de Callosa de Segura,
Castalla, Cocentaina, Guardamar del Segura, Monòver, Pego y Sax (provincia de Alicante) ................. 389
J. A. Mira Rico
Las acciones tutelares realizadas en el castillo de Baños de la Encina (Jaén) .......................................... 397
A. C. Valle Soriano, Mª L. Gutiérrez Carrillo
Proceso de puesta en valor para la reutilización del Fuerte de Santiago (Isla de Chikly, Túnez) ............. 405
Mª J. Viñals, I. Martínez Sanchís
Archeologia e storia delle trasformazioni del castello aragonese di Sassari ............................................ 413
G. Padua, B. Panìco, L. Sanna
321
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol I / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.)
© 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1741
Comprehensive Methodology for Documenting the Defense Towers
of the Valencian Coast (Spain) Pablo Rodríguez-Navarroa, Giorgio Verdianib, Teresa Gil Piquerasa
aUniversitat Politècnica de València, España, [email protected], [email protected] bUniversità degli Studi di Firenze, Italia, [email protected]
Abstract
For years we have approached the architectural heritage through the traditional drawings, based on data
collection taken from sketches and point to point measurements; however, today we can rely on
different systems that make necessary to consider not only the phases of the elevation but the
methodology to follow, constituting in itself a study that needs to be addressed from the knowledge of
advanced data collection techniques. Thus we must analyze what is special about the work and what are
our research needs, which will give rise to a list of products to be obtained and will result in a number of
plans to scale, photogrammetries, 3D models, pictures and videos. Only then will we obtain the
appropriate methodology which may include traditional direct surveys, photogrammetric surveys (2D
correction, 3D restitution), 3D laser scans, drones, photographs, spherical panoramic photographs,
video, etc.
In the present communication we describe the process followed in determining the methodology that is
being carried out in the elevation of a building corpus that presents special characteristics due to the
diversity of geographical locations and the dimensions and materials used, as well as its conservation
status.
Keywords: digital heritage, coast towers, photogrametry, scanner laser 3D.
1. Introduction
The towers of Spain’s eastern coast have a
clear historical and architectural identity, but a
comprehensive study of them is still pending.
The approximations that have been made so
far, besides constituting a partial approach,
need to be updated at both the content and the
use of current scientific methodology so their
results do not have the rigor and visibility that
advanced technologies are putting within our
grasp.
It is precisely with the study of the constructions
themselves where we can make further progress
in their knowledge, and the best way to more
deeply comprehend their relevance is by
drawing them. The overall objective of the
present work is to provide a methodology for the
graphic documentation of this architectural
heritage, which addresses all the existent
problems in the different constructions, so that
we are able to generate the metadata and three-
dimensional models of the watch and defense
towers of the Valencian coast for their
interpretation and effective worth.
Our proposal includes a global study which
allows us to have a comprehensive view of what
truly was of such great strategic military
importance. This way, methodology will be
applied not only to existing towers, but also to
the ones which no longer remain, making
hypothetical virtual reconstructions from
322
documentary sources, projects, photographs and
archaeological remains.
For this study, we propose using the most
advanced technical means available in the area
of graphical representation, employing a flexible
methodology as appropriate, trying to simplify
processes and optimize resources while
maintaining maximum reliability and quality of
results. This system will enable to obtain photo-
realistic two- and three-dimensional models with
the incorporation of complete data, becoming a
documental source not only for the present
research but also for future ones, providing a
body of work with accurate and reliable models
with which to work from any location using the
current means of dissemination. In addition,
these same results can be adapted for use in the
cultural field aimed at the general public.
2. Previous documentation
The distinctive features of each of the towers in
regards to their conservation status, geographical
location (either in plains, mountains or along
cliffs), access to them and their external and
internal shape, will determine a specific
methodology for optimum results. Therefore,
prior to the first visit we have to gather all the
information possible in order to capitalize our
onsite visits.
The basic pre-visit information needed is
established in the following items:
- Location: town and access to the tower.
- Cartographic map of the area.
- Ownership: public or private. Permissions
needed.
- Contact with local technicians: archaeologist,
architect, engineer,...
- In case of current occupation, contact
managers; Tourist Office, dealership,...
- Access to the interior of the tower. If it is
possible to access to the interior we must
determine if it is opened or we have to request
its opening.
3. Photo and first sketches
We always bring a camera to our first visit to
any of these towers and basic tools for first
freehand notes, which will consist of the main
measurements. For the realization of the
photographs we must proceed very orderly,
taking notes in a schematic sketch, numbering
the pictures taken in the exterior, interior by
floors, cover, etc, so that later on we find no
difficulty in identification.
On this visit, the methodology or methodologies
for the graphic elevation will be decided, and we
should dedicate the observation of towers mainly
to the determination of the following:
- Location:
- On plain or mountain.
- Exempt or within a urban área.
- Visible or not around its entire perimeter.
- Form:
- Polygonal.
- Rounded.
- Flown elements. Shape.
- Dimensions:
- Height.
- Number of floors.
- Number of rooms per floor.
- Stairway:
- Size.
- Shape.
- Cover; accessible or not.
- Has movable objects inside.
- Has annexed buildings.
- Presence of vegetation.
- Other features.
4. Topographic support
The topographic support is reduced to obtaining
the coordinates (x, y, z) of the targets, needed to
locate a specific spatial position and be able to
scale the model. To obtain the coordinates of
targets, we employ a IS model Topcon
topographical station, capable of measuring
distances to a maximum length of 3,000 m. with
323
an accuracy of ± (2 mm. + 2 ppm. x D *) m.s.e.
by prism measurement.
The methodology carried out in the elevation is
based on the generation of a closed polygonal
mesh around the tower, in which vertices we
have located the basis of the topographic survey
measurements. The method used in establishing
this closed polygon will allow us to minimize
possible measurement errors and to compensate
where appropriate. For the interior, we establish
an itinerary that attached to the outer polygon
will constitute the support mesh.
To create this support mesh we must establish an
absolute coordinates system to which refer the
positions of the rest of bases and targets. So we
start from an estimated position for the first
base, to which we have assigned the coordinates
(1000, 2000, 100) and from a relative orientation
with respect to a fixed point in the tower. Taking
the first position as the origin, and by measuring
angles and distances, the station will give us the
position of the following measurement bases
that, provided we keep the axes of measurement
oriented, will be given in the same absolute
system above mentioned. At the same time the
supporting mesh has been generated, the
positions of the different targets located at fixed
points on the ground have been measured by the
radiation method. By working directly with an
absolute and oriented coordinates system, we
avoid having to make further calculations.
5. 2D photogrammetry. Rectification
Rectification remains the most simple and
economical system to obtain scale drawings of
flat or substantially flat vertical surfaces. In our
case, we find towers of square or polygonal
plant in which we can apply this method.
To ensure reliable and accurate completion, we
must procure the successful accomplishment of:
- The photographic shot.
- Obtaining the coordinates of at least four
points.
- The correct calibration of our camera.
Precautions when taking photographs start by
having our standpoint as perpendicular as
possible to the object; in case of projecting
elements (such as a machicolated balcony) we
should take two or more photos for the
correction, so that we can cover the entire
surface.
As for obtaining coordinates, we will try to work
with targets and identify morphological points at
those inaccessible points. All these points will be
identifiable from the place where the photo
shoot is done.
Regarding the camera calibration, we must
exercise caution during this process and
maintain the focal length calibrated to take the
shots to be rectified.
Fig. 1- Photogrammetric elevation of the Burriana Tower (Castellón) using a rectification system. A- West
elevation. B- South elevation. C- East elevation. D- North elevation. (Graphic elaboration: R. Atzeni, V.
Naldini, P. Rodríguez-Navarro).
324
6. 3D photogrammetry. Photomodeling
In recent years, photomodeling advances have
been remarkable, mainly due to the development
of new algorithms that have facilitated the
production of three-dimensional models using
the method called SfM (Structure from Motion).
This method is based on the use of conventional
images, made in principle with any camera, from
any point of view, but keeping with the maxim
that all parts of the model are visible at least
from two different points of view.
In models with textures of uniform tones, such
as clear skies, glass or polished surfaces,
artifacts appear due to the inability to identify
homologous points precisely. We mainly
encounter this problem when shooting the
towers against the sky and, although it can be
avoided with the use of masks, the process is
very laborious.
Fig. 2- Photogrammetric elevation of the Escaletes Tower (Santa Pola, Alicante) by SfM photomodeling A-
Process by taking photographs from the ground. B- Process by incorporation of photographs taken by the
drone. C- Perspective showing the sequence and connection of the terrestrial and aerial images, where we can
appreciate the three sets integrated by the ground ring, aerial ring, and the cover area. D- 3D model from
terrestrial photographs, made without masks or post processing, where the absence of the cover, the
aberrations of the tower’s coronation and artifacts due to the sky can be seen. E- Same model including aerial
photographs. The absence of artifacts and complete restitution of the model is observed, including the cover
and surroundings. (Graphic elaboration: P. Rodríguez-Navarro).
When working with this type of software, the
first thing that needs to be done is the alignment
of the pictures that will be used to rebuild the
model. This is done automatically and includes
calibration and correction of all images based on
their EXIF data. The procedure is based on the
use of each pixel of the image as a point, looking
for homologous points in all the pictures and
thereby the relative positions of each camera.
The set of camera positions, along with the
pictures themselves, are used for the next phase
which is the construction of the model’s
geometry, ie, the construction of a 3D polygon
mesh defining the model’s surface.
Finally, we can automatically create the
photorealistic texture for the 3D model where to
get the orthographic views.
325
However, this system poses some difficulties we
should solve by implementing alternative
methodologies. These problems are:
- Access around the entire perimeter of the tower
to take pictures.
- Access to the cover and flown elements to be
photographed.
- Need to mask all the photographs capturing the
sky
- High difficulty or impossibility of
photographing interiors (due to lighting
problems) and constricted spaces (such as
narrow staircases).
7. UAV (drone)
Using a drone for shooting the photographs
solves the first two accessibility problems listed
above. Aerial photographs allow us the freedom
of movement needed to take pictures from every
point of view that we deem necessary, including
areas that cannot be accessed otherwise.
Furthermore, if we use the same camera for a
terrestrial photographic sequence, we can
proceed to do photomodeling without masking
the sky, solving the third problem above
mentioned.
For this Project we used two drones
manufactured by Dronetools, a quadcopter
(quad) and an octocopter (octo). There are two
fundamental differences between them:
- The quad is handled by a single operator who
acts both as pilot and camera operator; while the
octo requires a pilot and a camera operator, who
will make use of his own command to operate
the camera.
- The quad has a lower elevation capacity, so it
carries a lighter camera.
The camera used in the quad is the Sony RX100
II, with a 20.2 MP resolution, a 13.2 x 8.8 mm.
CMOS sensor and Zeiss F1.8 lens with 28-100
mm focal length. (Equivalent 35 mm.). The
camera used in the octo is the Sony α7R octo,
with a 36.4 MP resolution, full frame CMOS
sensor and ZEISS f4 lens with a 24-70 mm focal
length.
Fig. 3- Photogrammetric elevation by SfM of the
Escaletes Tower (Santa Pola, Alicante). A- East
elevation. B- South elevation. C- Plant. (Graphic
elaboration: P. Rodríguez-Navarro).
326
The choice of camera is given by the distance
from which the shot is made since it is advisable,
in order to achieve a good result, trying to
capture as much of the object as possible. Thus,
with larger towers featuring annexed
constructions, the drone shoots from a further
distance and a higher resolution camera is used.
8. Scanner laser survey
For more complex structures, the use of 3D
laser-scanning technology is necessary, solving
the problem posed by photomodeling of
interiors, whether for lighting reasons or for a
question of space and complexity. For this work
we have chosen to scan all the towers that have a
complex inner space and / or narrow staircases,
mostly curved or spiral.
Scanning is much more laborious, both for data
acquisition and subsequent processing
(registration of clouds, mesh, surfaces,
textures,...), but ensures correct data acquisition
under any circumstances. In our case we used a
ZF 5006h Zoller + Fröhlich GmbH phase-shift
variation scanner, with a maximum effective
distance of 79 m. and a measuring speed of more
than a million pixels / sec.
The software chosen to manage the point clouds
has been V9 Leica Cyclone, by Leica
Geosystems, which continues to be the most
capable software to manage dense point clouds.
In addition, this version has advanced
significantly to include reports that cover
registration accuracy, error statistics and
histograms for each target and/or cloud
constrain. In addition, we have used the
Autodesk ReCap 360 Ultimate software with
very good results in terms of automatic
registration, exportation of files to be read with
other software (such as Cyclone), and
compatibility with CAD and BIM formats.
9. Conclusions
The study and determination of a methodology
is fundamental to approach any research project.
In addition, in our case, taking the architectural
elevation as a fundamental means for the
analysis and study of a building corpus, it is
Fig. 4- Elevation of the Piles Tower (Valencia) by
3D laser-scanning technology. A- Inner-outer point
cloud. B- Exterior. C- Textured model. (Graphic
elaboration: G. Verdiani, R. Atzeni, V. Naldini, P.
Rodríguez-Navarro).
327
even more important since the casuistry of each
of the towers can be completely different.
We started with the necessary preliminary
inspection that led us to adapt the methodology
used in each case, for each tower, ending up
with a combination of various technologies that
are being incorporated to the project.
Furthermore, we have added historiographical
archived information which, in many cases, has
helped us to understand and complete the data
required for the thorough understanding of these
constructions. With all this we will be in a
position to disseminate the results at the two
levels contemplated in the project: a scientific
level, with complete data and high-resolution
models; and for the general public, with lighter
models manageable by smartphones or tablets,
with the selection of the necessary data for its
understanding.
Fig. 5- Workflow.
Note
This contribution was made in the frame of the
R & D project entitled "Surveillance And
Defense Towers of the Valencian Coast.
Metadata generation and 3D models for
interpretation and effective enhancement"
reference HAR2013-41859-P, whose principal
investigator is Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro. The
project is funded by the National Program for
Fostering Excellence in Scientific and Technical
Research, National Sub-Program for Knowledge
Generation, Ministry of Economy and
Competitiveness (Government of Spain).
328
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