DFD[ UFV[A - Amazon S3€¦ · .DFD[ UFV[A sEFUo ! VG[ Zf o ,[BS o VFIT]

.DFD[ UFV[A

sEFUo ! VG[ Zf

o ,[BS o

VFIT]<,FC X[B DMCdDN C;G

—GHOL˜ D]HTCLN sD]\A.f

o VG]JFNS o

—GL;FZ˜

.vVFJ'lTo O[A]|VFZLvZ_!*

: E-PUBLISHER :

www.hadilibrary.org

http://www.hadilibrary.org/

ઈમામે ગાએબ www.hadilibrary.org INDEX 2

lSTFAG]\ GFD o .DFD[ UFV[AsVPf

lJQFI o .DFD DCNLsVPf

l5|g8 VFJ'lT o !$ ZaALp, VFBZ

CLHZL ;G !#5)

.v5a,LXZ o www.hadilibrary.org

D]N=S o CZÒ ,JÒ NFDF6L

�A[ 30L DMH� VF8" 5|[;

!Zv!$4 A[S CFp; ,[G4

OM8"4 D]\A.




lA:DL<,FlC Z"CDFlG Z"CLD

,[BSGM 5ZLRI

ZH}STF"o CFÒ ZMXGV,L CFÒ NFpNEF. CFÒ

GF;Z s5|D]Bo VgH]DG[ lCDFIT], .:,FDf

VF HUTDF\ HgD VG[ DZ6 V[ TM C]SD[

ZaAFGL K[P UD[ T[JL DCFG C:TLG[ T[G[ VFlWG

ZC[J]\ H 50[ K[4 5Z\T] S[8,FS D'tI]VM V[JF CMI K[

S[ lGS8GF ;FYLVM p5ZF\T DM8L DFGJÔTG[ JQFM"

;]WL V[GL BM8 5]ZL XSFTL GYLP

VFIT]<,FC DF{,FGF X{B DMCdDN C;G

GHOL ;FC[A[ V[DGF VFl,D[ AFvVD, l5TFGF

5U,[v5U,[ DhCA[ HV ŸOZLiIFGL 5|RFZ HIMT

5|U8FJL CTLP V[DGF 7FGGF 5|SFXYL VG[S

,MSMG]\ ÒJG 30TZ YI]\4 VG[S ,MSMG]\ ÒJG

5,8FI]\4 VG[S ,MSMV[ ZFC[ ZF:T .bT[IFZ SZL



NLG VG[ N]lGIFG]\ ;tI 7FG 5|F%T SI]"\4 VG[ VG[S

,MSMV[ V[DGF JC[TF 7FG hZFYL OFINM ,LWMP

AF/JI4 I]JFJ:YF VG[ JT"DFG ;DI

NZdIFG C]\ V[DGF lGS8GF 5lZRIDF\ ZC[JFG]\

;NŸEFuI 5|F%T SZL XSIM CTM4 SFZ6 S[ �GHOL

BFGNFG� VG[ VDFZF S]8]\AGM ;\A\W VW" ;NL

p5ZF\TGM ZCŸIM K[P

V[DGF D]S<,LNMGL lJXF/ ;\bIF N[X

5ZN[XDF\ CTL4 KTF\ T[DGFDF\ SNL 56 VC\EFJ

Ô[JFDF\ VFjIM G CTMP V[DGF wJFZM VDLZM VG[

UZLAM DF8[ ;NF B]<,F ZC[TFP V[DGL ;FNL

ZC[6LvSZ6L4 DL9L hAFG4 CFHZ HJFAL VG[

TLJ| A]lwWV[ ,MSMG]\ VFSQF"6 JWFI]"\ CT]\4 VG[ V[YL

H VG[S D],FSFTLVMGM DC[ZFD6 V[DGF

lGJF;:YFG[ lGtI ÔDTM CTMP



D],FSFTLVMGL WFlD"S4 ;FDFÒS4 SF{8]\lAS

VG[ VFlY"S ;D:IFVMG[ T[VM T]Z\T H ;DÒ

HTF4 VG[ T[GM pS[, 56 T[VM SZL VF5TF CTF4

T[YL H T[DGF 3ZVF\U6[ ,MSM 5MTFGL

;D:IFVMGF pS[, DF8[ VFJTF CTFP

SF{DG]\ ÒJG WMZ6 p\R]\ ,FJJF T[VM C\D[XF

p5N[X VF5TFP T[DGL 5|BZ DFgITF CTL S[4

.,FCL SFG]GMGL 5}ZL 5FA\NLVM AÔJL ,FJJFDF\

VFJ[4 TM V[S 56 D]l:,D B]NFGL hFT l;JFI

SM.GM DMCTFH ZC[JF 5FD[ GlC\4 VG[ BFl,SGF

NZAFZDF\ NZ[S DFGJÔT[ h]SJ]\ H ZC ŸI]\4 V[8,[

SM.56 ;\Ô[UDF\ D]l:,DM hLS=[ .,FCL SZTF ZC[ T[

DF8[ GDFh T[DH ALÒ DhCAL 5FA\NLVM DF8[

;TT p5N[XM VF5TF ZCŸIF CTFP

V[DGL ;[CTGL ;\EF/ DF8[ VG[ YM0F

;DIGL XF\lT DF8[ V[DG[ ACFZUFD B\0F,F4 5]GF



JU[Z[ ,. HJF DF8[ VFU|C YTM4 tIFZ[ 56

ACFZUFD BFT[ T[VM ;TT DhCAL VeIF;4

JF\RG4 ,[BG VG[ SF{DGF S<IF6 DF8[G]\ lR\TG

RF,] H ZFBTFP .lTCF;YL T[VM ;\5}6" 5lZlRT

ZC[TF VG[ .<D TM V[DGM ~CFGL BMZFS CTMP

BMÔ XLIF .:GFVXZL HDFVTGF DhCAL

VG[ ;FDFÒS 30TZDF\ V[DGM OF/M AC] H

VU|:YFG[ K[P BMÔ SF{DGF EF.VM U]HZFTL EFQFF

AM,GFZ ;DFH K[4 V[ wIFGDF\ ,.G[ T[D6[ �

V\H]DG[ lCDFIT], .:,FD� GFDGL ; \:YF :YF5L

VG[ V[ YSL U]HZFTL EFQFFDF\ NLGLIFTGF VG[S

5]:TSM 5|l;wW SZFjIF4 V[8,]\ H GlC\ 5Z\T]

VFDHGTF N}ZYL 56 5MTFGF VFN[XMGF ;\5S"DF\

ZC[ T[ DF8[ U]HZFTL EFQFFDF\ V[S DFl;S �

.:GFVXZL� 56 DhS]Z ; \:YFGL DFTCT RF,]

SI]"\P VF ,[BGSFI" 5FK/ V[DGL ZFTvlNJ;GL



DC[GTM4 VG[S ZMSF6M CMJF KTF4 Ò\NULGF

V\lTD ;DI ;]WL RF,] ZCL CTLP WFlD"S 7FGGM

5|SFX ;J"+ O[,FI VG[ SFID ZC[ V[ T[VM

;FC[AGL WUX CTLP

VFJL A]h]U" Cl:T4 DXLiIT[ .,FCL D]HA

VFH[ VF56FYL VN=xI YJF 5FDL K[4 KTF T[DGF

SFIM" VG[ 5|[Z6FVM VF56L JrR[ ÒJ\T K[ VG[

;NF ÒJ\T ZC[X[4 .gXFV<,FCP

DG[ NZAFZ[ .,FCLYL 5]ZL pdDLN K[ S[4 N[X

5ZN[X J:TL BMÔ SF{D[ H[ SF\. V[ lJZ, C:TLYL

D[/jI]\ K[4 T[G[ SFID SZX[4 VG[ T[DGL DhCAL

7FGHIMTG[ ;NF DF8[ 5|SFlXT ZFBX[4 SFZ6 V[

HIMT H,TL SZJFGM ;DI ÔGGF Ô[BDGM V[

EMU VO/ ZC[JFGM GYL HP

B]NF V[ VFl,D[ AFVD, VG[ D]ÔlCN[ NLG

VG[ CDNN[" SF{DM lD<,TGF NZÔTG[ HgGTDF\ JW]



A],\N OZDFJ[4 VG[ VDG[ T[DGF ÒJG SFIM" VG[

NLG[ CS DF8[GL VÔ[0 S]ZAFGLVMYL 5|[Z6F

D[/JJF VG[ T[ D]HA VD, SZJFGL TF{OLS[ G[S

VTF SZ[4 VFDLGP

s;\NE"o .:GFVXZL DFl;S4 CLHZL ;G

!#((4 GHOL :DFZS V\SGF ;F{HgIYLf

X[B DMCdDN C;G GHOL ;FC[A D]HTCLN lJQF[

!P HgDo !) HDFNLp, VjJ,4 CLHZL ;G

!#_#4 GHO BFT[

ZP JF,LN X[B VA], SFl;DGL lGJ'lT AFN

BMÔ XLIF .:GFVXZL HDFT D]\A.GF ALÔ NLGL

ZC[AZ YIFP

#P CLHZL ;G !#5# DF\ �V\H]DG[

CLDFIT], .:,FD�GL :YF%GF SZLP

$P CLHZL ;G !#5$ DF\ �lCDFIT],

.:,FD� GFDS DFl;S ACFZ 5F0I] \4 H[ CLHZL ;G



!#55 YL GFD AN,L �.:GFVXZL� sDFl;Sf

SZJFDF\ VFjI]\P

5P K[<,[ GFN]Z:T TlAITG[ ,LW[ GDFh

5-FJJF AC] VMK]\ VFJTF4 VG[ HIFZ[ VFJTF4

tIFZ[ V[DGL 5FK/ GDFh 5-JF DFGJ DC[ZFD6

pEZF. HT]\P

&P Z( DL ;OZ CLHZL ;G !#(*

s_*P_&P&*fGF VF5GL JOFT Y.P DZC]DG[

DV;}DV[ S]DGF ZMhFDF\ NOG SZJFDF\ VFjIFP

s;\NE"o .:GFVXZL DFl;S4 V\So

ÔgI]VFZLvZ_!#f



VF lSTFAGF D}/,[BS



5|:TFJGF

TFZLOG[ ,FIS DF+ T[ V<,FC H K[ S[ H[GF

l;JFI ALÔ[ SM. .AFNTG[ ,FIS GYLP H[ ;DU|

HUTGM 5[NF SZGFZ K[ VG[ 5F,GCFZ K[P C]\

B]NFGM VFEFZ DFG]\ K]\ S[ T[6[ DG[ DFZL SF{DGL

VG[ DFZF DhCAL ALZFNZMGL lBNDT SZJFGL

XlST VF5LP ;,FD VG[ N]~N CM TDFD GALVM

VG[ 5IUdAZ[ VFB[~hhDFG ChZT DMCdDN

D]:TOFs;Pf p5Z TYF T[DGL 5FS V[C,[A{TsVPf

p5ZP

DFZF DMVDLG AC[GM VG[ ALZFNZM¦ VF

SLTFAGF 5C[,F EFUDF\ D[\ ChZT DCNLsVPfGF

V[CJF,M B}A H 8}\SDF\ VF%IF K[P 5Z\T] ALÔ

EFUDF\ HUTGM DCFG ;]WFZS SM6 K[m SIF\ K[m

S[JL ZLT[ ZC[ K[m JU[Z[ AFATM VS,L VG[ GS,L



N,L,MYL VG[ BF; ;]gGT HDFVTGF VFl,DMGF

AIFGFT VG[ ZLJFITYL ;DÔJJFGL SMXLX SZL

K[4 H[YL ;DH 50[ S[ �D]:,[C[ S]<,[ VFD� V[8,[ S[

HUTGM DCFG ;]WFZS .:,FDDDF\ DF{H]N K[P

DFZF DMVDLG JF\RSM 5F;[ DFZL V[8,L H

lJG\TL K[ S[ T[VM wIFGYL JF\R[ VG[ HUTGF DCFG

;]WFZS ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ 5}Z[5}ZL ZLT[ VM/BL

,[ VG[ .DFGDF\ JWFZM SZ[P

,LPBFNLD[ XZLVT

DMCdDN C;G �GHOL�

D]\A.



VG]S=Dl6SF

Contents

,[BSGM 5ZLRI .................................. 3

5|:TFJGF ........................................ 11

VG]S=Dl6SF ..................................... 13

!P .DFD DCNLsVPfGM HgD ............... 18

ZP .DFD DCNLsVPfGF GFDM TYF U]6M ... 23

#P .DFD DCNLsVPfG]\ AF/56 ............ 24

$P .DFDG]\ ÔC[ZL lHJG ..................... 28

5P .DFD[ UFV[AsVPf lJQF[ VFl,DMG]\ AIFG .. 31

&P .DFD V:SZLsVPfGL DF\NUL VG[ JOFT 40

*P GDFh[ D{IT ;DI[ AG[,M AGFJ ........ 43

(P JOFT AFN AG[,M AGFJ .................. 46

)P HVŸOZ[ ShŸhFAGL .QFF" .................. 48

!_P .DFDG[ ULZOTFZ SZJF DF8[GL SMXLXM 54



!!P .DFDGL U{AT[ ;]UZF VG[ RFZ GFV[AM 58

!ZP XLIFVM p5Z 50TL D];LATM .......... 62

!#P HVŸOZ[ ShŸhFAG]\ 5MS/ ............... 64

!$P U{AT[ ;]UZF NZdIFG GLDFI[,F RFZ GFV[AM 73

!5P 5C[,F GFV[AoHGFA p:DFG ALG ;.N 74

!&P ALÔ GFV[AoHGFA DMCdDN ALG p:DFG 75

!*P +LÔ GFV[AoC];{G ALG ZjC GJAbTL . 77

!(P RMYF GFV[AoV,L .aG[ DMCdDN ;DZL .. 78

!)P GLIFAT[ VFD lJQF[GF B]<,F C]SDM ... 80

sEFUo Zf ......................................... 84

5|:TFJGF ........................................ 84

Z_P H]NLvH]NL SF{DMDF\ DCNLGM NFJM ..... 86

Z!P .:DF.,L SF{D ........................... 99

ZZP GhŸhFZLIFC SF{DGL X~VFT ......... 102

Z#P C;G ALG ;aAFCGL SMXLXM ........ 103

Z$P VFUFBFGL SF{D ........................ 105



Z5P JMCZF SF{D .............................. 106

Z&P NFpNL JMCZF SF{D ...................... 109

Z*P ;],[DFGL JMCZF SF{D .................. 110

Z(P AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A .................... 114

Z)P VSAZ AFNXFCGF HDFGFDF\ DCNLGM NFJM 123

#_P VgI ,MSMGF H}9F NFJF ............... 124

#!P VFlO=SFDF\ DCNLGM NFJM ............. 130

#ZP U],FD V[CDN SFNIFGLGM NFJM ..... 132

##P .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[ Z;},[B]NFs;PfG]\ OZDFG 136

#$P N]lGIFG[ V[S DCNLGL H~ZT K[ .... 138

#5P hDFGFGL VFHGL CF,T .............. 141

#&P SM6 SC[ K[ S[ DCNLsVPf GYL VFJJFGFm . 147

#*P lC\N] WD" 5|DF6[ N]lGIFGF RFZ I]UM 149

#(P 5FZ;L SF{DGL DFgITF ................ 151

#)P .:,FDGL DFgITF ..................... 153



$_P .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[ ;]gGL

VFl,DMV[ J6"J[,L CNL;M ................. 159

$!P S]ZVFGGL VFITMDF\ .XFZF ......... 165

$ZP .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[ CNL;M X]\ SC[ K[m . 174

$#P AFZ .DFDM lJQF[ ;]gGL VFl,DMGF AIFG . 183

$$P ,F\AL lH\NUL XF DF8[m ............... 200

$5P DJF,N[ ;,F;C ....................... 203

$&P U{ATGF ;DIDF\ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT . 214

$*P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s!f 216

$(P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U sZf . 221

$)P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s#f 227

5_P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s$f 230

5!P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s5f 235

5ZP —UIAT�GM VY" ........................ 246

5#P UIAT p5Z .DFGo V[S DCFG S;M8L . 256

5$P UIAT XF DF8[m ....................... 262



55P UIATGL lCSDTDF\ B]NFGF ZC:IM 271

5&P h]C]Z ;DIGL lGXFGLVM ............. 273

5*P h]C]Z ;DI[ YGFZL VFSFXL VFUFCLVM . 284

5(P .DFD DCNLsVPfGM h]C]Z ........... 286

5)P lhIFZT[ .DFD DCNLsVPf .......... 289

&_P ;\NE" ;FlCtI sZ[OZg;Lhf .......... 292



!P .DFD DCNLsVPfGM HgD

.DFD DCNLsVPf VF56F VULIFZDF\

.DFD ChZT C;G V:SZLsVPfGF 5]+ CTFP

T[DGL DFTFG]\ GFD �GZÒ; BFT]G� CT]\P VF GFD

l;JFI T[DG[ D,LSFC4 ZICFGC4 ;SL,F4 ;];G4

DZID VG[ CSLDF 56 SC[JFDF\ VFJ[, K[P VF

DCFG :+L ~DGF AFNXFC S{;ZGL 5]+ IX]VFGL

5]+L CTF\P J/L BFT]G[ GZÒ;GF DFTF ChZT

.;FGF J;L XDpG]xXVGL VJ,FNDF\YL 56

CTF\P

VF56F AFZDF\ .DFD ChZT DCNLsVPfGM

HgD CLHZL ;G Z55 GF XFAFG DF;GL !5 DL

TFZLB[ YIM CTMP S[8,FS SC[ K[ S[4 T[VM CLHZL

;G Z5& DF\ sS,DV[ G]ZGL U6+LGF lC;FA[f

HgdIF CTFP sSFZ6 S[ T[ S,DFGL U6+L Z5& YFI



K[Pf T[ A]h]U"JFZ XC[Z[ ;FDFZF"DF\ ;JFZGF ;DI[

5MTFGF DCFG l5TFGF 3ZDF\ 5FS VG[ 5FSLhF4

0]\8L SF5[,L VG[ BtGF SZ[,F HgdIF CTFP T[DGF

HD6F CFY p5Z ,B[,] CT]\ S[4�ÔV, CÞM J

hCS, AFTL,4 .gG, AFT[, SFG hC]SF� V[8,[ S[

�CS VFjIM VG[ AFlT, GFA]N YI]\4 A[XS AFTL,

GFA]N YJFJF/]\ K[P�

HIFZ[ VF5 HgdIF tIFZ[ V[S G]Z T[DGF

DFYFYL ,.G[ VF:DFG ;]WL ÔC[Z YI]\P J/L H[JF

T[VM HgdIF S[ TZT H ;LHNFDF\ UIF VG[ sCFYGF

V\U]9FGL AFH]GLf VF\U/LYL VF:DFG TZO .XFZM

SZL S,DM 5-JF ,FuIF S[4�VxCNM VG Ÿ ,F V[,FC

.<,<,FC4 DMCdDN]Z Z;},]<,FC�

5KL ChZT V,LsVPf VG[ ALÔ .DFDMGF

GFD AM<IF VG[ T[ 5KL GLR[ 5|DF6[ 5-JF ,FuIFo



�V<,FC]dD VgÒh,L JVNL4 J TdDLD ,L

VdZL4 J ;aALT JT. Jd,., Vh" AL4 SL:TG J

VN,F� V[8,[ S[ �VI V<,FC¦ T]\ DFZF JFINFG[

;FlAT SZL VF5 VG[ DFZF SFDMG[ 5FZ 5F0P VG[

DFZF 5UMG[ sHDLG 5Zf DHA]T AGFJP VG[

WZTLG[ DFZF YSL .g;FO VG[ gIFIYL EZL N[P�

tIFZ5KL .DFD C;G[ V:SZLsVPfGF O}.

HGFA[ CSLDF BFT]G[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ UMNDF\

,LWF VG[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPf 5F;[ ,.

UIFP VG[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ 5MTFGF

NLSZFG[ 5MTFGL UMNDF\ ,LWFP ChZT

DCNLsVPfV[ 5MTFGF A]h]U" l5TFÒG[ ;,FD SZL

VG[ .DFD[ ;,FDGM HJFA VF%IMP 5KL .DFD

C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�VI A[8F¦ B]NFGF

C]SDYL JFT SZMP� TZT H ChZT DCNLsVPf

S,DM 5-JF ,FuIF VG[ ChZT V,LsVPf VG[



ALÔ .DFDM p5Z N]~N s;,JFTf 5-IFP tIFZ

5KL S[8,LS VFITM VG[ �;CLOV[ .,FCL� 5-JF

,FuIFP VG[ VF 5|DF6[ X~ SI]" S[4��lA:DL<,FCL

Z"CDFGL Z"CLD4 J GMZLiNM VgG D]gG

V,<hLG:T}hV[O] OL, VZh[ VG GH ŸV,C]D

V.dDC4 J GHŸV,CMD], JFZ[;LG��

5KL .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ 5MTFGF

5]+G[ HGFA[ CSLDF BFT]GG[ VF%IF VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4

T[DG[ T[DGL DF 5F;[ ,. ÔJ S[ H[YL T[ 5MTFGL

DFNZ[ ULZFDL 5Z ;,FD SZ[P VG[ CSLDF BFT]G

T[DG[ s.DFD DCNL VP;PG[f 5FKF T[DGL

DFGGLI DFTF HGFA[ GZÒ; BFT]G 5F;[ ,.

UIFP tIF\ ChZT DCNLsVPfV[ 5MTFGF DFGGLI

DFTFG[ ;,FD SZLP

VF AWL AFATM 5KL .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfV[ SFG]G[ .:,FDYL JSL, p:DFG



.aG[ ;.N VDZLG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4 ChZT DCNLsVPfGF

VSLSF DF8[ UMXOgN sASZFf haC SZM4 VG[

UZLAM TYF OSLZMG[ N; CÔZ ZT, ZM8L VG[ N;

CÔZ ZT, UMXOgN VF5L NIMP VG[ JSL,

p:DFG[ T[ 5|DF6[ VD, SIM"P

sO}8GM8o 36F ,B[ K[ S[4 HGFA[ CSLDF

BFT]GG]\ GFD —C,LDF BFT]G˜ CT]\P T[VM GJDF

.DFD ChZT DMCdDN TSLsVPfGF NLSZL CTF

VG[ N;DF .DFDGF AC[G VG[ VULIFZDF

.DFDGF O}. CTFP T[VM ;FDZF"DF\ .DFD V,L

GSL sVP;Pf VG[ .DFD C;G V:SZL sVP;PfGF

ZMhFGL JRDF\ NOG YIF K[Pf



ZP .DFD DCNLsVPfGF GFDM TYF U]6M

tIFZ 5KL .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[

;]gGT[ .:,FDGF TZLSF 5|DF6[ ChZT

DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD VG[ T[DGM BLTFA 5F0IMP

ChZT DCNLsVPfGF 36F GFDM VG[

BLTFAM s,SAMf K[P T[DF\YL V[S GFD �DMCdDN�

56 K[P ZLJFITDF\ K[ S[4 UIATGF hDFGFDF\ VF

GFD ,[J]\ CZFD K[P ALH]\ GFD �V[CDN� K[4 VG[

+LH]\ GFD �VaN]<,FC� K[P

T[DGF BLTFAM s,SAMfDF\YL V[S BLTFA �

DCNL� K[P ALÔ[ BLTFA �;FC[A]hhDFG� K[P +LÔ[

�;FC[A], V:Z�4 RMYM �C]HHT� VG[ �

C]HHT]<,FC�4 5F\RDM �BFT[D], V.dDC�4 VG[

K9Ÿ9M �BFT[D], VJ;LIF� VG[ ;FTDM �

B,LOT]<,FC� JU[Z[ K[P



T[DGL S]gGLIT �VA], SF;LD�4 �VA]

;F,[C�4 �VA] VaNL<,FC� VG[ �VA] HVOZ� 56

K[P

#P .DFD DCNLsVPfG]\ AF/56

V<,FC[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ AF/56DF\

NZ[S RLÔ[YL ;ZOZFh SIF" CTFP B]NFV[ T[DG[

CMX4 VÞ,4 lJRFZ4 .<D VG[ ;DH JU[Z[YL

DF,FDF, SIF"P

H[JL ZLT[ B]NFV[ ChZT ICŸIF VG[ ChZT

.;FG[ AF/56DF\ CLSDT VF5L CTL4 T[JL H ZLT[

V<,FC TVF,FV[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ 56

AF/56DF\ CLSDT VF5LP

V<,FC[ H[ ZLT[ ChZT .;FsVPfG[

AF/56DF\ h],FDF\ 5IUdAZLGM DCFG DZTAM



VF%IM CTM4 T[H ZLT[ ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ 56

h],FDF\ .DFDT VG[ BL,FOTGM DCFG DZTAM

VF%IMP H[D ChZT .;FsVPfV[ h],FDF\ 5MTFGL �

GA]jJT�GL JFT SZL S[4�.gGL VaN]<,FC4

VFTFG[I, S[TFA4 J HV,GL GALiIF� �A[XS C]\

V<,FCGM A\NM K]\4 DG[ lSTFA VF5JFDF\ VFJL

K[4 VG[ T[6[ DG[ GAL AGFjIM K[P� T[H ZLT[ .DFD

DCNLsVPfV[ 56 h],FDF\ JFT SZL VG[ 5MTFGL �

.DFDT�GL BAZ VF5LP

.DFD DCNLsVPfGF HgDGL 5C[,L ZFT

5;FZ YIF 5KL .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL

GMSZF6L G;LD BFT]G HIFZ[ .DFD DCNLsVPf

5F;[ 5CM\RL4 TM T[G[ KL\S VFJL U.P tIFZ[ .DFD

DCNL sVP;PfV[ SCŸI]\o �IZŸCDMS<,FC� sTDFZF

5Z B]NFGL DC[ZAFGL YFIf J/L4 .DFD



DCNLsVPfV[ G;LDG[ BAZ VF5L S[4�H[G[ KL\S

VFJ[4 T[G[ +6 lNJ; DF{TYL GÔT D/X[P�

T[ 5KL ALÒ V[S GMSZF6L H[G]\ GFD G:Z

BFT]G CT]\4 T[ .DFDGF h],F 5F;[ VFJLP .DFD[

T[6LGL 5F;[ ,F, ;]B0 DF\uI]\P HIFZ[ T[6L ,F,

;]B0 ,.G[ VFJL4 TM .DFD[ T[G[ 5}KI]\ S[4�X]\ T]\

DG[ VM/B[ K[m� T[6LV[ SCŸI]\o �CF4 TD[ DFZF

VFSF VG[ DFZF VFSFGF 5]+ KM¦� TM .DFD[ HJFA

VF%IM S[4�C]\ T[ JFT GYL 5}KTMP� 5KL .DFD[

SCŸI]\ S[4�C]\ BFT[D], VJ;LIF K]\4 DFZF YSL B]NF

VDFZF V[C,[A{T VG[ VDFZF XLIFVMGL

A,FVMG[ N}Z SZ[ K[P�

VFD4 T[DGFDF\ AF/56YL .DFDTGL VG[

GALVMGL p\0L V;ZM VG[ XlST CTLP T[VM NZ[S

AFATDF\ ;FWFZ6 DF6; SZTF 36F H V,U



CTFP H[D S[ T[VM 36F H YM0F\ ;DIDF\ V[S

GJI]JFG I]JS AGL UIF CTFP

.DFD DCNLsVPfGF HgDGF RF,L; lNJ;

5KL HGFA[ CSLDF BFT]G HIFZ[ .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfGL D],FSFT DF8[ UIF4 TM T[6LV[ Ô[I]\

S[ .DFD DCNLsVPf A[ JZ;GF AF/S H[JF N[BFTF

CTFP VG[ T[ 36L H GJF. 5DF0GFZL AFAT CTLP

T[YL T[6LV[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfG[ 5]KI]\ S[4

�V[G]\ X]\ SFZ6 K[m� TM .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[

OZDFjI]\o �.DFDGL VF{,FN ALÔVM SZTF H<NL

DM8L YFI K[P�

.DFD DCNLsVPf NZ[S AFATMDF\

Z;},s;PfYL D/TF VFJTF CTFP H[D S[4

V;ZDF\4 U]6DF\4 GFDDF\4 BLTFADF\4 S]gGLiITDF\

VG[ Vb,FSDF\ AZFAZ Z;},[B]NFs;Pf H[JF H

CTFP



$P .DFDG]\ ÔC[ZL lHJG

ChZT Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[o �DCNL

sVPf DFZF OZh\NMDF\YL K[P T[G]\ GFD DF~\ GFD K[P

T[GL S]gGLiIT DFZL S]gGLiIT K[P T[ AWF ,MSMG[

DhCA[ .:,FDGL NF�JT VF5X[P T[ ,MSMG[ B]NFGL

SLTFAGM Z:TM ATFJX[P H[6[ T[GL TFA[NFZL SZL4

T[6[ DFZL TFA[NFZL SZLP H[6[ T[G[ H]9,FjIM4 T[6[

DG[ H]9,FjIMP H[6[ UIATDF\ T[GM V:JLSFZ SIM"4

T[6[ DFZM V:JLSFZ SIM"P VG[ C]\ B]NFGL 5F;[ V[

,MSMGL XLSFIT SZLX4 H[6[ UIATG[ G DFGL4

VG[ DFZF DCNLGL BAZGM V:JLSFZ SIM"P J/L C]\

V[ ,MSMGL 56 XLSFIT SZLX S[ H[VM DFZL

pdDTG[ DCNLGF AFZFDF\ EDFJ[ K[ VG[ U]DZFC

SZ[ K[P� VG[ 5KL VF5s;PfV[ OZDFjI]\o �J



;IVŸ,D]<,hLG h,D} V\iID]G S,[ALG

IgS,[A]G�

.DFD DCNLsVPfGL RF,4 JFTRLT4 SFD

JU[Z[ AW]\ Z;},[ SZLDs;PfGF H[J]\ H CT]\P T[DGF

XZLZG]\ SN 36]\ H DF5DF\ CT]\P 5CM/L KFTL4

B]<,]\ S5F/4 Ô[0[,F EdDZ s36F SC[ K[ S[ K]8F

K[f4 5FT/]\ GFS 56 JRDF\YL p\R]\4 DM8L VG[ SF/L

VF\BM4 ;FZM4 ;O[N VG[ pH/M RC[ZM4 SF/F JF/4

;O[N4 K]8F NF\T4 HD6F UF, p5Z �T,� VG[ A[

BEFGL JRDF\ A[ GLXFGLVMJF/]\ T[DG]\ XZLZ K[P

VG[ 36FV[ UIATGF hDFGFDF\ T[DGL D],FSFT

SZL K[ VG[ T[ GLXFGLVMG[ Ô[. K[P H[D S[ X{B

DMCLgGLNŸNLG[ VZAL CdA,LV[ .DFDGL D],FSFT

SZL VG[ T[ GLXFGLVM 56 Ô[. K[P T[ 5MTFGL

SLTFA �OMT]CFT[ DÞLiIFC�DF\ GS, SZ[ K[ S[ T[6[

;G 5)5 DF\ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZL



CTL VG[ T[DGL GLXFGLG[ 56 Ô[. CTLP J/L

ALÒ 36L ZLJFITM K[ S[4 ChZT DCNLsVPfGM

RC[ZM ChZT .;F ALG DZLIDGL H[JM K[P

.DFD DCNLsVPf 5MTFGF A]h]U" l5TFGL

Ò\NUL NZdIFG SIFZ[I VN=xI YIF G CTFP J/L

SM.G[ D],FSFT 56 VF5TF G CTF4 56 BF;

XLIFVMG[ H D],FSFT VF5TFP SM. JBT

DMVŸÒhF 56 ATFJTF CTFP Ô[ SM. ;JF, 5]K[4

TM T[DG[ HJFA VF5TFP VG[ SM. JBT TM

5]KGFZ S\. 56 5}K[ T[ 5C[,F H HJFA VF5L

N[TFP VF5 OST RFZ S[ 5F\R JZ; H 5MTFGF

DFGGLI l5TFÒ ;FY[ ZCL XSIFP

.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPf BF; DH,L;MDF\

.DFD DCNLsVPfG[ ;FY[ ,. HTF4 H[YL XLIF

,MSM T[DG[ VM/B[ VG[ VF5 ,MSMGL GHZDF\

VN=xI G ZC[ VG[ ,MSMDF\ 5MTFGL C]HHTG[ 5]ZL



SZ[ VG[ ,MSM T[DGL D],FSFTYL VG[ VFIFTYL

JWFZ[ .DFGL AG[P 36L JBT T[VM ÔC[ZDF\ ZC[TF

CTFP VF UIATYL DT,A V[JM CTM S[ T[GFYL

XLIFVMG[ .DFDsVPfGL UIATGL VFNT Y.

ÔIP

5P .DFD[ UFV[AsVPf lJQF[ VFl,DMG]\ AIFG

AIFGo !

SFDL, ALG .A|FCLD ,B[ K[ S[4 C]\ V[S JBT

.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZJF XC[Z[

;FDZF"DF\ UIM CTMP C]\ T[DGF 3Z[ UIM VG[ V[S

NZJFÔ 5F;[ A[;L UIMP T[ NZJFÔ 5Z V[S 5ZNM

,8STM CTMP V[8,FDF\ CJFGF V[S hF58FYL 5ZNM

HZF p\RM YIM VG[ D[\ V[S GJHJFG VG[ B}A;}ZT

AF/SG[ Ô[IMP T[GL JI ,UEU RFZ JZ;GL CTLP

DFZL VÔIAL JrR[ T[D6[ DF~\ GFD ,. DG[ A]D



5F0L S[4�VI SFDL,¦� sV[ ;DI[ DFZF ~J[~JF\ pEF

Y. UIFf V[8,[ D[\ TZT H HJFA NLWM S[4�,aA{S4

VI DFZF VFSF¦� T[ 5KL T[D6[ DFZF AWF

;JF,MGF HJFAM VF%IFP KTF C]\ A[9M ZCŸIMP T[YL

.DFD[ C;GsVPfV[ DG[ 5}KI]\ S[4�T]\ X]\ SFD A[9M

K[4 TFZL CFHT TM 5}ZL Y. U. K[P� T[YL C]\ TZT

H RF,TM YIMP

AIFGo Z

V[S JBT V[CDN ALG .:CFS[ pdDL .DFD

C;G V:SZLsVPfGL 5F;[ VFjIMP T[G[ V[D 5]KJ]\

CT]\ S[4�VF5GF 5KL VF5GM JFZ; SM6 K[m� 5Z\T]

T[ S\. 56 5]K[ T[ 5C[,F H .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfV[ OZDFjI]\o �VI VC[DN¦ HIFZYL

B]NFV[ VF HDLG 5[NF SZL4 tIFZYL VFNDG[ T[GF

B,LOF AGFjIFP B]NFV[ T[G[ V[S C]H ŸHT VG[

ZFCG]DF sDFU"NX"Sf AGFJL HDLG 5Z DMS<IFP



J/L VF HDLG SM. lNJ; B]NFGF B,LOFYL BF,L

GYL ZC[TLP B]NF 5MTFGL C]H ŸHTG[ HDLG p5Z

SIFDT ;]WL ZFB[ K[P VG[ T[GFYL H B]NF A,FG[

N}Z SZ[ K[P VG[ T[GFYL H JZ;FN JZ;[ K[P VG[

T[GFYL H HDLG AZSTM VF5[ K[P�

T[ 5KL V[CDN[ 5]KI]\ S[4�IF .DFD¦ TDFZF

5KL TDFZF B,LOF SM6 K[m� V[JFDF\ .DFD V\NZ

UIF VG[ 5KL ACFZ VFjIFP D[\ Ô[I]\ S[ V[S GFG]\

+6 JZ;G]\ AF/S4 H[GM RC[ZM 5]GDGF RF\N H[JM

R/STM CTM4 T[ .DFDGF SF\WF 5Z A[9F CTFP T[

5KL .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ DG[ SC ŸI]\o �VI

VC[DN¦ VUZ Ô[ B]NF 5F;[ TFZM DZTAM A]h]U" G

CMT4 TM C]\ TG[ SNL DFZF NLSZFG[ ATFJ[T GlC\P

VG[ VF DFZM 5]+ DFZF 5KL B,LOF YX[P VG[ T[H

Z;},[ VSZDs;PfGF CDGFD VG[ CDS]gGLiIC

K[P VG[ T[H HDLG p5Z .g;FO VG[ VFZFD



O[,FJX[ VG[ h]<D VG[ O;FNG[ N}Z SZX[P VG[

DFZF 5]+GM NFB,M DFZL pdDTDF\ BLhZ VG[

h]<SZG{G H[JM K[P B]NFGL S;D¦ T[GL U{ATDF\

36L BZFALVM 5[NF YX[P 36F ,MSM A[NLG AGL

HX[P 56 H[G[ B]NF ARFJX[4 T[H ARL XSX[P VG[

T[H ,MSM .DFDT p5Z EZM;M VG[ .DFG 8SFJL

ZFBX[P VG[ T[H ,MSMV[ �VHŸH,<,FCM OZHC�

sB]NF T[DG[ H<NL h]C]Z SZ[fGL NMVF DF\UJL

Ô[.V[P�

VC[DN SC[ K[ S[ D[\ 5]KI]\o �IF .DFD¦ X]\ SM.

V[JL GLXFGL K[ S[ H[YL DFZL VFXF VG[ .DFG

DÞD AG[m� T[ JBT[ T[ AF/S[ XLZLG VZALDF \

HJFA VF%IMo �VI V[CDN¦ HIFZ[ TG[ BZL

J:T]VM D/L K[ 5KL T[GL V;ZG[ XF DF8[ 5]K[ K[m

HIFZ[ TG[ hF0 D?I]\ K[4 TM 5KL 50KFIF 5FK/

XF DF8[ NM0[ K[m H[ S\. K[ T[ C]\ K]\P C]\ H HDLG p5Z



�ASLIT]<,FC� K] \P C]\ H N]xDGFG[ B]NFG[ GFA]N

SZLXP�

VC[DN SC[ K[ S[4V[ HJFAYL C]\ 36M B]X

YIM VG[ 3Z[ 5FKM RF<IM UIMP ALÔ lNJ;[ C]\

.DFDsVPfGL BLNDTDF\ UIM VG[ 5]KI]\o �IF

.DFD¦ VF5[ SF,[ H[ BLhZ VG[ h],SZG{GGL JFT

SZL T[ C]\ GYL ;DHIMP�

.DFD[ HJFA VF%IMo �DCNLGL ,F\AL

U{ATGF SFZ6[ T[GM NFB,M BLhZ VG[ h],SZG{G

H[JM K[P�

D[\ 5}KI]\o �X]\ T[DGL U{AT ,F\AL YX[m�

.DFD[ SCŸI]\o �CF4 B]NFGL S;D¦ T[GL U{AT

36L H ,F\AL YFX[P VG[ 36F ,MSM A[NLG Y.

HX[P 56 BF; XLIFVMGF H lN,DF\ .DFG AFSL

ZC[X[P VI VC[DN¦ ;DÒ ,[ S[ VF JFT B]NFGL

JFTMDF\YL K[4 VG[ VF ZC:I B]NFGF E[NMDF\YL K[



VG[ VF AW]\ B]NFGF C]SDYL H K[P DF8[ VF AWL

JFTM DFZFYL D[/JL VG[ T[G[ K]5L H ZFBM VG[

B]NFGM XS= SZMP VG[ HgGTGF ZC[JF;L AGL

ÔJP�

AIFGo #

+LÒ ZLJFIT V[ K[ S[4 V[S JBT IFS]A ALG

DGO]; .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL D],FSFT[ UIM

CTMP IFS]A SC[ K[ S[4 C]\ HIFZ[ .DFDGF 3Z[

5CM\rIM4 tIFZ[ T[VM V[S ;S] sA[;JFGL V[S BF;

HuIFf p5Z A[9F CTF\P T[DGF NZJFÔ 5Z V[S

5ZNM ,8STM CTMP HD6F CFY 5F;[ V[ NZJFÔ[

CTMP 5KL D[\ .DFDG[ 5]KI]\o �VF5GF 5KL

.DFDTGF DFl,S SM6 K[m� tIFZ[ HJFADF\ .DFD[

DG[ 5[,M 5ZNM p\RM SZJF SC ŸI]\P D[\ 5ZNM p\RM

SIM"4 TM V[S HJFG B]DF;L sB]DF;L V[8,[ 5F\R4

5KL 5F\R V[ pDZ S[ p\RF.4 V[D YFI K[f S[ H[GM



V\NFhM VF9 S[ N;GM CTM4 T[G[ Ô[IMP D[\ Ô[I]\ S[

T[GL 5[XFGL 5|SFlXT CTL4 RC[ZM ;O[N CTM4 VF\B

RDSNFZ CTL4 HD6F UF, p5Z T, CTM VG[

T[DGF DFYF 5Z A[ U[;] sJF/GF A[ U]rKFf CTF\P

5KL T[ HJFG ACFZ VFjIF VG[ VA] DMCdDN

s.DFD C;G VP;PfGL UMNDF\ A[;L UIFP

.DFD[ C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ DG[ SCŸI]\o �VF

K[ TDFZF ;ZNFZ VG[ .DFD�4 5KL .DFD[ T[

HJFG sDCNL VP;PfG[ SC ŸI]\o �A[8F¦ 3ZDF\ Ô�4

VG[ T[ HJFG 3ZDF\ RF<IF UIFP 5FKF .DFD[ DG[

3ZDF\ H. Ô[JFG[ SCŸI]\ VG[ T[YL D[\ 3ZDF\ H.

Ô[I]\4 TM tIF\ SM. G CT]\P

AIFGo $

;F�N ALG VaN]<,FC[ VXVFZL VG[ V[CDN

ALG .:CFS[ pdDL V[ ,MSMDF\YL K[ S[ H[D6[ .DFD

DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT .DFD C;G



V:SZLsVPfGF hDFGFDF\ SZL CTLP V[S JBT S]D

sV[S XC[ZfYL T[VM .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL

D],FSFT SZJF GLS?IF VG[ T[VM ;FDZF"DF\

.DFDsVPfGF 3Z[ 5CM\RL UIFP T[VMV[ Ô[I]\ TM

.DFD V[S ;OF 5Z A[9F CTF VG[ ChZT

DCNLsVPf T[DGL ;LWL AFH]V[ A[9F CTFP 5KL

T[VMV[ V[S ,F\AM SFU/4 H[DF\ XLIFVMGF ;JF,M

CTF4 T[ VG[ ALÔ CNLIF TYF TMCOF

.DFDsVPfG[ VF5L NLWFP 5KL .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfV[ T[H SFU/ 5Z HJFAM ,BL VF%IF

VG[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ SC ŸI]\o �VF CNLIF VG[

TMCOF VF56F NM:TMV[ sXLIFVMV[f DMS<IF K[P�

HJFADF\ .DFD DCNLsVPfV[ SC ŸI]\o �VF DF,

VF56F ,FIS GYL4 S[D S[ T[DF\ C,F, VG[ CZFD

A\G[ E[UM YI[,M K[P� tIFZ[ .DFD[ C;GsVPfV[

SCŸI]\o �C,F, VG[ CZFD DF,G[ V,U SZM VG[



CZFD DF, H[ DFl,SGM CMI T[DG[ DMS,FJL NMP� T[

5KL .DFD DCNLsVPfV[ 5]KI]\o �VI VC[DN¦

5[,L UZLA A]-LIF VF{ZTGM S50F\GM 8]S0M SIF\

K[m� T[6[ SCŸI]\o �C]\ E},L UIM K]\P� T[YL T[ 3Z[ UIM

VG[ T[ S50F\GF 8]S0FG[ ,. VFjIMP sVF 8]S0M V[S

UZLA A]-LIFV[ 5MTFGF CFY[ AGFjIM CTM VG[

.DFDGF DF8[ E[8 DMS<IM CTMf T[ 5KL ;F�N ALG

VaN]<,FC[ 56 RF,L; ;JF,M 5}KIF VG[ .DFD

DCNLsVPfV[ T[ AWFGF HJFAM VF%IFP

;FZF\X

VF ZLT[ 36F ,MSM .DFD DCNLsVPfGL

D],FSFT T[DGF l5TFÒGF ;DIDF\ SZJF VFJTF

VG[ JFTRLT 56 SZTF CTFP



&P .DFD V:SZLsVPfGL DF\NUL VG[ JOFT

.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL JOFTGF 36F

lNJ;M VUFp DMCdDN .aG[ D]VFJLIF T[ CSLD

DMCdDN .aG[ ViI]A ALG G]C

VG[ DMCdDN .aG[ p:DFG[ pDZL VG[ ALÔ

D/LG[ $_ DF6;M .DFDsVPfGF 3Z[ T[DGL

D],FSFT SZJF UIF CTFP .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfV[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ ATFJL

T[DG[ SCŸI]\o �VF K[ DFZF 5KL .DFD

VG[ B,LOV[ B]NF VG[ TD[ T[GL TFA[NFZL SZÔ[P

VG[ H[ T[GL TFA[NFZL GlC\ SC[4 T[G]\ 5lZ6FD 36]\

BZFA VFJX[P VG[ CJ[ 5KL TDM T[GL D],FSFT

GlC\ SZMP� VF ZLT[ .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPf ,MSMG[ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL BAZ

VF5TF CTFP



T[ 5KL VF5 36F H ALDFZ Y. UIFP V[S

JBT .DFD[ VSLNG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�D:TSL sV[S

NJFfG[ UZD SZL Ô[X VF5P� sVSLN VFlO=SFGM

ZC[JF;L CTMP .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfV[ T[G[ GFG56YL 5F?IM CTM4

VG[ T[ 5KL T[ .DFDGM GMSZ YIM CTMf Ô[X

V5FIF 5KL .DFDGL SGLh

T[ D:TSLG[ .DFDsVPf 5F;[ ,.

U.P .DFD[ T[G[ 5LJFGL 36L SMXLX SZL 56

ALDFZLGL 36L H ;BT TS,LO CMJFYL 5L G

XSIFP T[YL .DFD[ VSLNG[ A]D 5F0L

VG[ DCNLG[ AM,FJJF SC ŸI]\P .DFD

DCNLsVPf ;HNFDF\ CTFP ;HNM 5}ZM SZL T[VM

VFjIF VG[ 5MTFGF A]h]U" JF,LNG[ NJF 5LJZFJLP

5KL .DFDG[ GDFh 5-JL CTL T[YL .DFD

DCNLsVPfV[ T[DG[ J]h] SZFJL VF%I]\P



5KL .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ .DFD

DCNLsVPfG[ B]XBAZL VF5Lo �VI DFZF 5]+¦ T]\

KM ;FC[A]hŸhDFG4 T]\ KM DCNL4 T]\ KM HDLG p5Z

C]HHT[ B]NF4 T]\ KM DFZM 5]+ VG[ DFZM JFZ;P

VG[ TFZM HgD DFZFYL YIM K[ VG[ T]\ KM

DMCdDN4 OZh\N[ C;GsVPf4 OZh\N[ V,LsVPf4

OZh\N[ DMCdDNsVPf4 OZh\N[ V,L .aG[ VAL

TF,LAsVPf VG[ TFZM HgD Z;},[B]NFs;PfYL

K[ VG[ T]\ AWF .DFDMGM K[<,M .DFD K[P ChZT

Z;},[ SZLDs;PfV[ TFZF VFJJFGL BAZ

VUFpYL ,MSMG[ VF5L NLWL K[P T[D6[ TFZF GFDM

VG[ BLTFAM ZFbIF K[P VF DFZF A]h]U" VG[ 5FS

l5TFGM SF{, K[ H[ TG[ SC]\ K]\P�

tIFZ 5KL .DFDGL CF,T 36L H U\ELZ

AGTL U. VG[ K[J8[ VF5 JOFT 5FdIFP



*P GDFh[ D{IT ;DI[ AG[,M AGFJ

.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL

JOFTGF ;DFRFZ ;F\E/TF H ;FDZF"DF\ V[S

SM,FC, DRL UIMP IC]N4 G;FZF4 D];,DFG NZ[S

SF{D VhFNFZL SZJF ,FuIFP AÔZM A\W Y. U.

VG[ VFBF ;FDZF"DF\ V[S UDULGL O[,F. U.P

ZLJFITDF\ K[ S[ .DFDsVPf ( DL ZaALp,

VjJ,4 CLHZL ;G Z&_ DF\ JOFT 5FdIFP

T[ JBT[ T[DGL pDZ Z( S[ Z) JQF"GL CTLP p:DFG

ALG ;.N S[ H[ .DFDGF ÔC[ZL JSL, CTF4

T[D6[ THCLh sU]:,4 SOGf VF5LP T[ lNJ; 36M

H D];LATGM lNJ; CTMP ZMJFGF TYF UDGL

RL;MGF VJFHYL V[S DM8M XMZ DRL UIM

CTMP ,xSZGF ;ZNFZM TYF J[5FZLVM4 XLIFVM



VG[ ALÔ AWF ,MSM GDFh TYF NOG DF8 T[DGF

3Z[ V[S9F Y. UIFP

36F AWF ,MSMV[ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL

D],FSFT SZL G CTL T[DH VF5 SIFZ[ HgdIF4

JU[Z[ T[VM SF\. 56 Ô6TF G CTFP .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfG[ V[S EF. CTM4 H[G]\ GFD HVŸOZ

CT]\P CJ[ ,MSM .DFD DCNLsVPfYL VÔ6 CMJFYL

HVŸOZG[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGM JFZL;

TYF .DFD DFGL ,LWMP ,MSMG]\ DM8]\ 8M/]\ HVŸOZGL

VF;5F; J/[,]\ CT]\ VG[ T[G[ NL,F;M VF5T]\ CT]\P

J/L VhFNFZL 56 SZT]\ CT]\

VG[ ;FY[v;FY[ HV ŸOZG[ .DFDGM DZTAM D?IM

V[ AN, D]AFZSAFN 56 N[TF CTFP Ô6J]\

Ô[.V[ S[ HV ŸOZ ;FZM DF6; G CTM4 A<S[ T[ V[S

ANSFZ4 ANR,6 VG[ H}9M DF6; CTMP T[YL T[ �

HVŸOZ[ ShŸhFA�GF GFDYL DXC]Z K[P .DFD C;G



V:SZLsVPfGF D'tI] 5KL 36F ,MSM

HVŸOZG[ .DFD DFGJF ,FuIFP 5Z\T] H[VM BF;

XF6F VG[ ;DHNFZ CTF4 T[VM HV ŸOZYL 36F H

GFZFH CTFP 56 lJZMWL ;\bIF 36L H DM8L

CMJFYL T[VM S\. AM,L G XSIF4 56 H[VM GFNFG

CTF T[VMV[ T[G[ .DFD DFGL ,LWF VG[ T[GL TZO

CDNNL" ATFJJF ,FuIFP

V[JFDF\ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGM GMSZ

VFjIM VG[ HV ŸOZG[ SC[JF ,FuIM S[4�VI DFZF

VFSF¦ HGFhM T{IFZ K[4 VG[ GDFh[ D{IT 5-JF

RF,M� T[YL HVŸOZ pEM YIM VG[ GDFh DF8[ D{IT

5F;[ VFjIMP 5KL V[SND HGFhFGL GÒS H.

pEM ZCŸIM VG[ H[JL GDFh 5-FJJL X~

SZ[ T[ 5C[,F .DFD DCNL ;FC[A]hhDFGsVPf tIF\

CFHZ YIF VG[ HV ŸOZGM NFDG B[\RL SCŸI]\o �

TVbBZ IF VdD OVGF VCÞM AL:;,FT[ V,F



VAL� V[8,[ S[ �VI DFZF SFSF¦ N}Z YFJ4 DFZF

AF5 5Z GDFh 5-JFGM DFZM CS K[�

HVŸOZ[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ VUFp SIFZ[I Ô[IF G

CTF VG[ T[YL T[ VFEM H AGL UIMP T[GM RC[ZM

5L/M 50L UIM VG[ N}Z C8L ;ODF\ NFB, YIMP

5KL .DFD DCNLsVPfV[ GDFh 5-FJLP

(P JOFT AFN AG[,M AGFJ

GDFhYL OFZLU YIF 5KL .DFD

DCNLsVPf .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGF GMSZ �

VwIFG� 5F;[ VFjIF VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VI VA],

VwIFG¦ TFZL 5F;[ H[ s;JF,vHJFAGFf SFU/

K[ T[ VF5L N[P�

VJ[ VCL\ V[ JFT Ô6JL Ô[.V[ S[4 .DFD

C;G V:SZLsVPfV[ 5MTFGF D'tI]GF 5\NZ lNJ;



VUFp 5MTFGF GMSZ VA], VwIFGG[ YM0F ;JF,M

SFU/ p5Z ,BL AUNFN DMS<IM CTMP

VG[ .DFD[ T[G[ V[D 56 SC ŸI]\ CT]\ S[4�HIFZ[ T]\

5FKM VFJLX4 tIFZ[ C]\ s.DFD C;G VPf GlC\

CMp\4 V[8,[ T]\ T[ DFZF 5]+ DCNLsVPfG[ VF5H[P

VG[ T[GL GLXFGL V[ K[ S[ HIFZ[ T]\ 5FKM VFJ[4

tIFZ[ H[ DF6; DFZF D{IT 5Z GDFh 5-FJ[ T[G[ T]\

T[ HJFAM VG[ SFU/ VF5H[P J/L ALÒ GLXFGL

V[ K[ S[4 T[ DF6; B]N TFZL 5F;[ VFJLG[ DF\UX[4

DF8[ H[ S\. CMI T[ AW]\ T[G[ T]\ VF5L N[H[P�

.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGF SC[JF

5|DF6[ VwIFG AUNFN UIM VG[ HIFZ[ T[ 5FKM

VFjIM4 tIFZ[ T[6[ Ô[I]\ S[ .DFD JOFT 5FDL R]SIF

CTF VG[ HVŸOZ T[DGF D{IT 5Z GDFh

5-FJJFGL T{IFZLDF\ CTMP VwIFG Ô6TM CTM S[4

HVŸOZ V[S BZFA VG[ GLR DF6; CTM4 T[YL



T[ 36M H UEZF. UIM S[ 5[,F HJFAM VG[ SFU/

T[G[ VF5JF S[ GlC\4 5Z\T] T[GL VÔIAL JrR[ p5Z

5|DF6[ 5[,F GJHJFG sDCNL VPf ACFZ VFjIF

VG[ GDFh 5-FJL VG[ T[YL VwIFGG[ BF+L Y. U.

S[4 .DFDGF JFZ;NFZ T[H K[P VG[ VF56[ VFU/

Ô[I]\ S[ .DFD DCNLsVPfV[ GDFh 5-FJL ,LWF

5KL VwIFG 5F;[ 5[,F SFU/ DF\uIF

VG[ VwIFG[ T[ AWF T[DG[ VF5L NLWFP

)P HVŸOZ[ ShŸhFAGL .QFF"

HVŸOZ l;JFI 56 ALÔ 36F DF6;M H[D

S[ V[CDN .aG[ VaN]<,FC[ CFXDL

JU[Z[ ,MSM .DFD[ C;G V:SZLsVPfGL D{IT 5Z

GDFh 5-JF VFjIF CTF VG[ T[VMV[ GDFh 5-L

CTLP ChZT DCNLsVPf B]<,F 5U[ ÔC[Z YIF



VG[ T[D6[ GDFh 5-FJLP 5KL VF5sVPf UFIA

Y. UIF VG[ tIFZ 5KL T[DGL D],FSFT Y. GlC\P

56 HVŸOZ T[DG[ VM/BL XSIM GlC\P T[DGF

N[BFJ 5ZYL T[ V[8,] H Ô[. XSIM S[ T[VM V[S

GJHJFG H[JF N[BFTF CTFP T[YL HV ŸOZGF DGDF\

T[ GJHJFG sChZT DCNL VPfGF lJRFZM

VFJJF ,FuIFP 56 T[ JBT[ T[ S\. 56 SCL G

XSIMP .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfG[ tIF\ H NOG

SZJFDF\ VFjIFP

CJ[ HV ŸOZ DGDF\G[ DGDF\ 36M H

D]\hFJF ,FuIMP T[G[ SIF\I R[G 50T]\ G CT]\P

T[G[ 5[,F GJHJFGGF lJRFZM H ;TFjIF SZTF

CTFP T[ Ô6JF DF\UTM CTM S[ T[ HJFG SM6 CTMP

K[J8[ S\8F/LG[ T[ CFÒh ALG JxXFCGL 5F;[ UIM

VG[ T[G[ 5]KI]\ S[4 5[,M HJFG SM6 CTMP 56

CFÒh JxXFC[ HJFA VF%IM S[4�B]NFGL S;D¦ C]\



T[G[ GYL VM/BTM4 T[DH T[G[ Ô[IM 56 GYLP�

5KL HVŸOZGF DGDF\ YI]\ S[ T[ AFNXFC 5F;[ H.

VG[ AFNXFCG[ SC[ S[ T[ 5[,F HJFGGL XMW SZ[P

56 T[JFDF\ ,MSMG]\ V[S 8M/]\ T[GL VF;5F; OZL

J?I]\P T[VM XLIF VG[ D];FOZM CTFP T[VM .DFD

C;GsVPfGL D],FSFT DF8[ VFjIF CTF4 56

T[VMV[ ;F\E?I]\ S[ T[VM TM U]HZL R]SIF CTFP T[YL

T[VM Ô6JF DFUTF CTF S[4�T[DGF 5KL .DFD

SM6 K[m� 56 5KL SM.S[ T[DG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VF

HVŸOZ T[DGF 5KL .DFD K[P� T[YL T[ D];FOZM

HVŸOZGL 5F;[ UIF VG[ ;,FD SZLP 5KL

T[VMV[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VD[ XLIF KLV[ VG[ VD[ 36M

DF,4 TMCOF TYF CNLIF TYF ;JF,M .DFD

DF8[ ,FjIF KLV[P Ô[ TDM .DFD CM TM ATFJM

S[ VDFZL 5F;[ SMGFvSMGF ;JF,M K[4 SMGMvSMGM

DF, K[ VG[ S[8,M K[ JU[Z[P� 56 HVŸOZ S\.



Ô6TM G CTM4 T[YL T[6[ 5MTFGF S50F B\B[IF"

VG[ SC[JF ,FuIM S[4�VF ,MSM TM DFZL 5F;[ .<D],

U{A DF\U[ K[P� K[J8[ HVŸOZG[ tIF\YL HTF ZC[J]\

50I]\P

YM0F JBT 5KL .DFD DCNLsVPfGM U],FD

T[ D];FOZMGL 5F;[ VFjIM VG[ SC ŸI]\4�C]\

U],FD[ DCNLsVPf K]\P TDFZL 5F;[ O,F6F SFU/

K[ VG[ O,F6FGF TZOYL K[P TYF TDFZL

5F;[ O,F6L Y[,L K[ VG[ T[DF\ Z__!_ NLGFZ K[P�

5[,F D];FOZMG[ T[GF 5Z EZM;M VFjIM VG[ AWM

DF, T[G[ VF5L NLWM S[ H[YL T[ .DFDGL BLNDTDF\

AWM DF, ,. ÔIP VG[ 5KL T[ D];FOZM tIF\YL

RF<IF UIFP

5KL HV ŸOZ T[ JBTGF AFNXFC DMV ŸThL,

5F;[ UIMP VG[ T[G[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�DFZF EF. s.DFD

C;G VP;PfG[ SM. 5]+ K[ S[ GlC\ T[GL T]\ T5F;



SZP� T[YL AFNXFC[ 5MTFGF DF6;MG[ .DFD

C;GsVPfGF 3Z[ DMS,FjIFP T[VM .DFDsVPfGF

3Z[ VFjIF VG[ V[S SGLh sGMSZF6LfG[ 5}KI]\ S[4

�DCNL sVP;Pf 3ZDF\ K[m� SGLh[ ;FO GF 5F0LP

T[VMV[ SGLhG[ 36L ;TFJL4 56 SGLh V[SGL

A[ G Y.P K[J8[ T[VM ,FRFZ Y.G[ RF<IF UIFP

HVŸOZGF CNIDF\ TM VFU H ,FU[,LP

T[G[ SM. ZLT[ XF\lT G CTLP T[6[ Ô[I]\ S[ T[ HJFG

s5MTFGM E+LÔ[f T[GF DFU"DF\ SF\8F~5 CTMP T[YL

T[6[ .DFDGF ;UFvJCF,FVMG[ ;TFJJFG]\ X~

SI]"\P V[S lNJ; T[ S[8,FS DF6;M ;FY[ 3M0F p5Z

A[;LG[ VFjIM VG[ .DFDGF 3ZDF\ 3};L UIM4

VG[ 3ZGF DF6;MG[ ;TFJL VG[ DF, ,}8L ,.

RF,TM YIMP T[YL V[S JBT .DFD DCNLsVPf

HVŸOZGL 5F;[ VFjIF VG[ SC ŸI]\o �HVŸOZ¦ T]\ XF

DF8[ .DFDGF ;UF 5Z h]<D U]ÔZ[ K[m� V[8,]\



SCL .DFD UFV[A Y. UIF VG[ HV ŸOZ 36M H

5Z[XFG YIMP

YM0F ;DI 5KL .DFD DCNLsVPfGF

GFGLDF JOFT 5FdIFP T[DGL J;LiIT CTL S[4

T[DG[ T[DGF 3ZDF\ NOG SZJFP T[YL ,MSM T[DGF

SOGvNOGGL lS=IF SZJF ,FuIFP V[JFDF\ HVŸOZ

tIF\ VFjIM VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�C]\ T[DG[ VlC\ NOG YJF

GlC\ Np\4 SFZ6 S[ VF DF~\ 3Z K[P� J/L

T[6[ .DFDGF ;UFVM 5Z h]<D SZJF DF\0IM

VG[ AWFG[ ;TFJJF ,FuIMP 56 VRFGS tIF\

VFU/ .DFD DCNLsVPf ÔC[Z YIF

VG[ .DFD[ U]:;FDF\ VFJL HVŸOZG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�

HVOZ¦ X]\ VF TF~\ 3Z K[m� V[8,]\ SCL .DFD

UFV[A Y. UIF VG[ tIFZ 5KL 5FKF N[BF6F

GlC\P 5KL .DFDGF GFGLDFG[ 3ZDF\ H NOG

SZJFDF\ VFjIF VG[ HV ŸOZ S\.56 AM<IF lJGF



tIF\YL RF<IM UIMP VF AGFJ[ T[GL

VFUG[ JWFZ[ E0SFJL D}SLP T[GL N]xDGL

JWFZ[ TLJ| AGL VG[ .DFDG[ DFU"DF\YL N}Z

SZJFGF Z:TF XMWJF ,FuIMP

!_P .DFDG[ ULZOTFZ SZJF DF8[GL SMXLXM

HVŸOZ[ ShhFA U]:;FDF \G[ U]:;FDF\

DMVŸThL, AFNXFC 5F;[ UIM

VG[ AFNXFCG[ .DFDGF AFZFDF\ E\E[IM"

VG[ R0FjIM VG[ pxS[IM" S[4�SNFR .DFD TFZL

AFNXFCT TFZL 5F;[YL KLGJL ,[X[P� VFYL

AFNXFC[ U]:;[ Y.G[ +6 DF6;MG[ .DFDGF

3Z[ T5F; SZJF DMS<IFP T[VM AUNFNYL ZJFGF

Y. ;FDZF" 5CM\RL UIFP T[VM ZXLS[ CFÒA

VG[ V[CDN .aG[ VaN]<,FC VG[ ALÔ[ V[S DF6;



D/L +6 H6F CTFP AFNXFC[ T[VMG[ C]SD SZ[,M

S[4�3ZDF\ TD[ H[G[ H]VM T[G[ DFZL GFBL T[G]\ DFY]\

DFZL 5F;[ ,FJÔ[P� T[YL T[VM ZÔ ,LWF

lJGF .DFDGF 3ZDF\ 5ZNM p\RM SZL 3];L UIFP

VFU/ UIF V[8,[ T[VM V[S ;L0L 5F;[ VFjIF

S[ H[ HDLGGL V\NZ GLR[ pTZJF DF8[ CTLP T[VM

T[ ;L0L DFZOT[ 36F H GLR[ VFjIFP H[JF T[VM

GLR[ VFjIF S[ TZT H T[VMV[ V[S lJXF/ NZLIM

Ô[IMP J/L N}Z NZLIFGF 5F6L p5Z V[S R8F.

TZTL CTL VG[ T[GF 5Z V[S 36F H B]A;]ZT

GJHJFG GDFh 5-JFDF\ DxU}, CTFP T[ DF6;M

SLGFZF 5F;[ VFJLG[ V8SL UIFP 56 5[,F

HJFG[ s.DFD DCNL VPV[f T[VMGL ;FD[ Ô[I]\ 56

GlC\P SM.GL lC\DT RF,TL G CTL S[ SM. VFU/

JW[P K[J8[ V[CDN ALG VaN]<,FC[ lC\DT SZL

VG[ 5F6LDF\ 5U D}SIM4 5Z\T] 5U



D}STFGL ;FY[ H T[ 5F6LDF\ 3];L UIM

VG[ 0}AJF ,FuIMP T[YL

T[GF ;FYLNFZMV[ CFY ,F\AF SZL T[G[ 5FKM B[\RL

SF-IMP YM0F ;DI ;]WL TM T[ A[CMX ZC ŸIM4 56

5FK/YL T[ X]lwWDF\ VFjIMP AFNXFCGM C]SD 36M

H S0S CMJFYL ALÔ DF6;[ SMXLX SZJF 5MTFGM

5U 5F6LDF\ D}SIM VG[ T[GF 56 T[H CF, YIFP

VF AGFJYL T[VM 36F H UEZF. UIF

VG[ 5:TFJM SZJF ,FuIFP T[VM 5[,F

HJFGGL ;FD[ DM-]\ SZLG[ DFOL DF\UJF ,FuIF4 56

T[6[ SXL NZSFZ G SZLP K[J8[ DHA]Z Y. T[VM

AUNFN 5FKF VFjIF VG[ AFNXFCG[ AWL JFTYL

DFlCTUFZ SIF"P Ô[S[ AFNXFC Ô6TM CTM S[ T[G]\

VF SFD ZFHwJFZL AFATMGL lJ~wW CT]\

VG[ Ô[S[ T[ Ô6TM CTM S[ WFlD"S VG[ ZFHwJFZL

AFATM TNŸNG H]NL H CMI K[4 KTF 56 T[6[ V[J] \



VIMuI SFD SI]"4 T[YL T[ 36M H 0ZL UIMP

VG[ AFNXFC[ 5[,F +6 DF6;MG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�VF JFT

TDFZF DGDF\ H ZFBÔ[4 VG[ H[ SM. VF

JFTG[ B]<,L 5F0X[ T[G[ DF{TGL ;Ô D/X[P�

ALÒ ZLJFITDF\ K[ S[4

AFNXFC[ V[S ,xSZG[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG[ 5S0JF

DMS<I]\ CT]\P HIFZ[ ,xSZ .DFDGF 3Z[ 5CM\rI]\4 TM

Ô[I]\ S[ 3ZDF\ SM. S]ZVFG 5-L ZCŸI]\ K[P 5KL AWF

NZJFÔDF\ pEF ZCŸIF S[ H[YL DCNLsVPf ACFZ

GLS/[ S[ TZT H T[DG[ 5S0L ,[JFP 56 VD]S ;DI

5KL HIFZ[ ChZT DCNLsVPf 3ZDF\YL ACFZ

GLS?IF4 TM VFBF ,xSZGL JrR[ Y.G[ GLS/L

UIF VG[ UFV[A YIFP .DFDGM ZM�A V[8,M AWM

CTM S[ VFB]\ ,xSZ ÒJTF D'TSM H[J]\ AGL UI]\

VG[ SM. T[DG[ 5S0L G XSI]\P YM0LJFZ

5KL ,xSZGF ;ZNFZ[ 5MTFGF DF6;MG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�



X]\ DCNLsVPf CH] ;]WL ACFZ GYL GLS?IFm�

tIFZ[ DF6;MV[ HJFA VF%IM S[4�T[VM TM CD6F H

VCL\YL UIFP� tIFZ[ ;ZNFZ[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�TD[ XF

DF8[ T[DG[ 5S0IF GlC\m� DF6;MV[ HJFA VF%IM

S[4�H[JL ZLT[ TD[ R]5 ZC ŸIF4 T[D VD[ 56 R]5

ZCŸIFP� DT,A S[ 5[,M ;ZNFZ ChZT

DCNLsVPfG[ Ô[. G XSIM VG[ T[YL H VF AWM

UM8F/M Y. UIM VG[ K[J8[ ,xSZG[ tIF\YL RF<IF

HJ]\ 50I]\P

!!P .DFDGL U{AT[ ;]UZF VG[ RFZ GFV[AM

N]xDGMV[ ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ T[DGF

l5TFGL JOFT 5KL 36F\ ;TFjIFP N]xDGMGF h]<DM

JWTF UIF VG[ .DFDsVPf DF8[ ÔC[ZDF\ Ò\NUL

5;FZ SZJL 36L H VXSI Y. 50LP T[YL .DFD



H]dVF VYJF ZlJJFZ4 TFZLB !_ DL XjJF,4

CLHZL ;G Z&_ DF\ UFV[A YIF4 VG[ VF

U{ATG[ �U{AT[ ;]UZF� SC[ K[P VF

U{ATDF\ .DFDsVPf ,UEU *_ JQF" ;]WL ZCŸIFP

UIATGF hDFGFDF\ .DFD[ 5MTFGF RFZ BF;

GFV[AM s5|lTlGWLVMf GLdIF CTFP VF GFV[AM

XZLVTGF C]SDMG[ ,MSM ;]WL 5CM\RF0TF CTFP 56

T[DG[ .DFDGM BF; C]SD CTM S[4

T[D6[ TYF ,MSMV[ .DFD DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD ;]wWF

56 ,[J\] GlC\P p:DFG .aG[ ;.N[ VDZL 5C[,F

GFV[A CTFP T[DG[ 56 C]SD D/[,M S[ ChZT

DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD G ,[J]\P KTF\ 56 S[8,FS ,MSM

T[DGL 5F;[ UIF VG[ .DFDG]\ D]AFZS GFD 5]KI]\4

5Z\T] p:DFG ALG ;.N[ V[8,]\ H SCŸI]\ S[4B]NFYL

0ZM4 VG[ VF\ ChZTG]\ GFD G ,MP .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfGL JOFT AFN T[DGM JFZ;M .DFD



DCNLsVPfG[ D/L R}SIM CTMP VG[ Ô[ SNFR

ÔC[ZDF\ .DFD DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD ,[JFI

VG[ SNFR Ô[ AFNXFC ;F\E/L ÔI4 TM V[ AGJF

Ô[U K[ S[ AFNXFC 5MTFGF DF6;MG[ .DFD

DCNLsVPfGL 5FK/ NM0FJ[ VG[ .DFDGM JFZ;M

5MTFGF SaÔDF\ ,. ,[4 SFZ6 S[ SM.56 Ô6T]\ G

CT]\ S[4 .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfG[ 5]+ CTF

S[ GlC\4 l;JFI S[ OST BF; lXIFVM H Ô6TF

CTFP Ô[S[ .DFDGF N]xDGM X~VFTDF\ 36F H JWL

50IF CTF4 B]N ;<TGT .DFDGL lJ~wW CTL4

56 .DFDGL U{ATG]\ 5lZ6FD V[ VFjI]\ S[ ,MSM

WLD[vWLD[ .DFDG[ E},L UIF

VG[ N]xDGMV[ ,FRFZLYL .DFDGM 5LKM KM0L N[JM

50IMP

ChZT VDL~, DMV ŸD[GLGsVPfGL

BL,FOTGF hDFGFDF\ XLIF ,MSMGM V[JM ZLJFH



CTM S[ T[VM 5MTFGF B]d;4 hSFT4 TMCOF4 CNLIF

JU[Z[ SF\ TM B]N .DFDG[ VF5TF CTF VYJF TM

T[DGF GFV[AMGF CFYDF\ VF5TFP VF ZLJFH K[S

AFZDF\ .DFD ;]WL RF,] ZCŸIM CTMP

CJ[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL JOFT

5KL ;FDZF"GL VFH]vAFH]GF S[8,FS

XLIFVM ;FDZF" VFJTF VG[ .DFDGL D],FSFT

SZTF VG[ T[DG[ CNLIF TYF TMCOF VF5TFP J/L

SIFZ[S .DFDsVPf UFV[A ZCL

XLIFVMGF .DFD[ GFV[AG[ S[/JL T[DG[ DHA]T

AGFjIF4 H[YL SZLG[ VUZ Ô[ SNFR .DFDGL

D],FSFT G YFI4 TM ,MSM T[DGF GFV[A 5Z

EZM;M ZFBL T[GF C]SDMG[ DFgI ZFB[ VG[ p5ZF\T

GFV[AG[ ;JF,vHJFA SZL XS[ VG[ lN,DF\ SM.

X\SF G ZC[P VG[ T[YL H U{AT[ ;]UZFDF\

XLIFVMG[ SM. ÔTGL TS,LOM G0L GlC\4



A<S[ T[VM 36L H ;C[,F.YL 5MTFGF AWF SFDM

5FZ 5F0TFP GFV[AG[ B]XLYL ;JF,vHJFA SZTF

VG[ TMCOF4 CNLIF VF5TFP

!ZP XLIFVM p5Z 50TL D];LATM

Ô[S[ .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGF hDFGFDF\

56 XLIFVM p5Z D];LATM 50TL CTL4 5Z\T]

T[DGL JOFT AFN XLIFVM p5Z D];LATM

VG[ h]<DM JWL 50IFP HVŸOZGM .DFD TZLS[GM

BM8M NFJM TYF 36F\ ,MSMGM �AFA[ .DFDLIT�GM

NFJM SZJM V[ 56 V[ h]<DMDF\ sXFlD,f CTFP H[D

S[ X,DWFGL TYF VA], 3ZFSLZ

JU[Z[ DF6;MV[ NFJF SIF" CTFP

VF AWL D];LATM VG[ TS,LOM XLIFVM

DF8[ V[S DCFG .dT[CFG CT\]P T[DF\ BF;



SZLG[ HVŸOZGL ;TFD6L TYF h]<DM XLIF p5Z

36F\ H CTF\P T[G[ .DFDTGM DZTAM Ô[.TM CTMP

T[GL V[JL WFZ6F CTL S[4 ,MSM T[G[ .DFD TYF

B,LOF DFG[ VG[ hSFT TYF B]d;GM AWM DF,

T[G[ D/[P H[ XLIF N}Z CTF4 T[G[ T[ SFU/ ,BL

DMS,TM CTM S[4�C]\ TDFZM .DFD K]\4 TDM VFJM

VG[ DFZFYL XZLVTGF V[CSFD 5}KM4 VG[ TDFZM

AWM DF, DG[ VF5M4 SFZ6 S[ C]\ .DFD K]\4

VG[ .DFDGM EF. K]\4 J/L .DFDGM 5]+ 56 K]\4

VG[ C]\ .DFDGF BFGNFGDF\YL VFJ]\ K]\P� VFGL

V;Z V[ Y. S[4 36F\ V7FG J'wW 5]~QFM

HVŸOZG[ .DFD DFGJF ,FuIFP Ô[S[ 36F

A]lwWXF/L DF6;M Ô6TF CTF S[4 HVŸOZ TNŸNG

H}9M K[P KTF\ T[VM h]<DGF NAFJYL R]5 ZC[TF

VG[ S\. AM,L G XSTFP J/L 36F\ XLIFVM N}ZYL

T5F; SZJF VFJTF CTF S[4�;FRF .DFD SM6



K[ m� sGM\Wo AFA[ .DFDLITGM B],F;M lJ:TFZYL

ALÔ EFUDF\ VF5JFDF\ VFjIM K[Pf

!#P HVŸOZ[ ShŸhFAG]\ 5MS/

HVŸOZGL .DFD TZLS[GL ;tTF 36L jIF5L

R}SL CTLP T[ JBT[ T[6[ V[S SFU/ XLIFGL V[S

HDFTG[ ,bIMP T[DF\ T[6[ ,bI]\ S[4�C]\ .DFD K]\4

VG[ .DFDGM EF. K]\P C]\ C,F,vCZFD JU[Z[ AW]\

Ô6]\ K]\P�

XLIFVM VF SFU/ ,.

V[CDN .aG[ .:CFS[ pdDL 5F;[ UIF VG[ T[ SFU/

T[GF CFYDF\ D}SIMP V[CDN V[S 36M H A]h]U"JFZ

VFNDL CTMP J/L T[6[ .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZL

sVPfGL D],FSFT 56 SZL CTL4 T[YL T[6[ T[ SFU/

VG[ 5MTFGM SFU/ A\G[ ;FY[ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL



BLNDTDF\ DMS,FjIFP VD]S ;DI 5KL .DFDGM

V[S ,F\AM HJFA5+ V[CDN 5Z VFjIMP

T[DF\ ,B[,]\ CT]\ S[4�HVŸOZ TNŸNG H}9M K[P B]NF

5F;[ T[GM S\. DZTAM GYL4 A<S[ T[ ,MSMG[ p\WF

Z:T[ EDFJ[ K[P�

HVŸOZ[ .DFDGM NFJM TM SIM" CTM4 56

T[ 5|DF6[ T[GF SFDM ;FZF G CTFP T[ A]ZF SFDM

VG[ N]U]"6MYL EZ5}Z CTMP VFYL ,MSMGM lJ`JF;

T[GF 5ZYL p0L UIM VG[ AWF ;DHJF ,FuIF S[4

HVŸOZ H}9M K[P HV ŸOZ 5MTFGF SFDDF\ OFJTM G

CTM4 KTF\ T[6[ 5MTFGL SMXLXM TM RF,] H ZFBLP

T[6[ XLIF ,MSMG[ 5MTFGL TZO[6DF\ ,[JFGF 5|IF;M

X~ SIF"4 H[YL B]d; TYF hSFT VG[ ALÔ[ DF,

T[G[ D/[P 5MTFGL VF A]ZL .rKF ;\TMQFJF

T[ ;<TGTGL DNN DF\UTM CTMP



V[S JBT HV ŸOZ BFSFG[ JhLZ VaN]<,FC

5F;[ UIM VG[ T[6[ JhLZG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�DG[ .DFDT

V5FJJFDF\ DNN SZ4 VG[ T[ AN, C]\ NZAFZG[ JL;

CÔZ NLGFZ NZ JZ;[ VF5TM ZCLXP� T[YL JhLZ

36M H U]:;[ YIM VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�X]\ T]\ GYL Ô6TM

S[ ;<TGT[ TYF AFNXFC[ ,MSMG[ .DFDYL ZMSJF

DF8[ S[8,L SMXLXM SZL4 S[8,L T,JFZM R,FJL KTF\

56 ,MSM TM .DFDGL 5F;[ NM0IF H HTF VG[ VF

AW]\ Ô6JF KTF 5FKM T]\ ZFHI 5F;[ DNN DF\U[ K[P

Ô[ T]\ .DFD YJFG[ ,FIS GYL4 TM VDFZL DNN

56 TFZF DF8[ GSFDL K[ VG[ Ô[ T]\ ,FIS KM4

TM ,MSM TFZL 5F;[ VF5D[/[ NM0IF VFJX[P�

S]TA]NŸNLG[ ;.N .aG[ C{AT]<,FC ZFJ\NL

5MTFGL lSTFA �V, BZFV[H J, HZFV[C�DF\

ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4�.DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL

JOFT 5KL HVŸOZ JL; CÔZ



NLGFZ ,.G[ AFNXFC 5F;[ UIM VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�

DG[ .DFDGM DZTAM V5FJMP� TM B,LOFV[ SC ŸI]\

S[4�TFZF EF. s.DFD C;G V:SZL VPfGM

DZTAM DL8FJJF VD[ 36L SMXLX SZL4 5Z\T]

B]NFYL D/[, V[ DZTAM p<8M DHA]T YTM UIMP

TFZF EF.GL A\NUL4 .<D VG[ ;tI JF6LYL

B]NFGL B]XLDF\ lNJ;[vlNJ;[ JWFZM YTM CTMP

DF8[ Ô[ TFZFDF\ V[H ,FISFT CMI4 TM 5KL XF

DF8[ XLIF ,MSM TFZL 5F;[ G VFJ[m VG[ J/L

VDFZL DNN 56 TFZF DF8[ GSFDL K[P�

VFYL HVŸOZGF U]:;FDF\ VG[ VN[BF.DF\

JWFZM YIMP T[6[ 5MTFGF N'Q8 SFDM RF,] H ZFbIFP

H[ EM/F XLIFVM .DFDGL D],FSFT DF8[ ;FDZF"

VFJTF4 T[DGM DF, T[ ,. ,[TM CTMP

V[S JBT V[J]\ AgI]\ S[ XLIFGL V[S SF{D

CDNFGYL VG[ VFH]AFH]DF\YL ;FDZF"DF\ .DFDGL



D],FSFT DF8[ VFJL CTLP 56 VFJTFGL ;FY[ H

T[VMG[ BAZ D?IF S[4�.DFD TM JOFT 5FdIF K[P�

T[YL T[D6[ T5F; SZJF DF\0L S[4�T[DGF 5KL .DFD

SM6 K[m� SM.V[ SCŸI]\ S[4�T[DGF 5KL

HVŸOZ .DFD K[P� 5Z\T] T5F; SZTF DF,]D 50I]\

S[4�HVŸOZ TM �NH,FGL� GNLV[ DMHvXMB TYF

XZFABMZL SZJF UIM CTMP� VFYL T[ ,MSM

lJRFZDF\ 50IF S[4VF S\. .DFDGL ,FISFT GYLP

T[YL T[VMV[ lJRFI]"\ S[4AWM DF, T[DGF

DFl,SMG[ 5FKM ;M\5L N[JM VG[ 5MTFGF UFD 5FKF

RF<IF HJ]\P 56 T[DGL ;FY[ VA], VaAF;

HVŸOZ ALG DMCdDN S]dDL SZLG[ V[S A]h]U" DF6;

CTMP T[6[ SC ŸI]\ S[4HIFZ[ HVŸOZ 5FKM VFJ[4

tIFZ[ 5]ZTL T5F; SZLG[ 5KL 5FKF RF<IF HJ]\P

HIFZ[ HVŸOZ 5MTFGF N'Q8 SFI"YL

5ZJFZLG[ VFjIM4 TM T[VM AWF ,MSM T[GL



5F;[ UIF VG[ ;,FD SZL VG[ SC[JF ,FuIF S[4�

VDM .DFD C;G V:SZLsVPfGL D],FSFT

DF8[ VFjIF KLV[ VG[ T[DGF DF8[ 36M DF,

56 ;FY[ ,FjIF KLV[4 5Z\T] T[VM TM B]NFGL

ZC[DT[ 5CM\rIF K[P�

VF ;F\E/L HVŸOZ 36M H B]X YIM

VG[ SC[JF ,FuIM S[4�T[ AWM DF, DG[ VF5L NMP�

tIFZ[ 5[,F DF6;MV[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�V[D DF, GlC\ D/[P

5C[,F TD[ AWL GLXFGLVM VF5MP VG[ SMGM DF,

K[4 S[8,M K[4 X[DF\ K[ JU[Z[ H6FJM4 H[JL

ZLT[ S[ VFU/GF .DFDM ATFJTF CTFP VG[ TMH

TDG[ DF, D/X[4 GlC\TZ GlC\ D/[P�

HVŸOZ U]:;FDF\ VFjIM VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�TDM

DFZF EF. 5Z BM8M VFZM5 D]SM KM

VG[ TD[ H[ SCM KM T[ .<D], U{A K[P�

HVŸOZ[ T[VMG[ 36F\ DGFjIF 56 T[VMV[ DF,



VF%IM GlC\ VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VD[ TM BF,L VÒZ

sGMSZf KLV[P VG[ VD[ 5FZSFGM DF, GYL VF5L

XSTFP Ô[ T]\ .DFD S[ .DFDGM GFV[A CM4 TM S\.S

GLXFGL ATFJP�

5Z\T] K[J8[ HV ŸOZG]\ S\. J?I]\ GlC\P

VFBZ[ S\8F/LG[ T[ AFNXFC 5F;[ UIMP VFYL

AFNXFC[ 5[,F DF6;MG[ AM,FjIF VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�DF,

HVŸOZG[ VF5L NMP�4 56 T[D6[ TM RMbBL GF H

5F0L NLWL VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�HIF\ ;]WL HVŸOZ GLXFGL

GlC\ ATFJ[4 tIF\ ;]WL DF, GlC\ D/[P VG[ VF

ZLJFH VA] DMCdDN s.DFD C;G V:SZL

VP;PfYL RF,] K[ SF\. GJM GYLP�

tIFZ[ AFNXFC[ 5]KI]\ S[4�VA] DMCdDN S[JL

ZLT[ GLXFGL ATFJTFm� tIFZ[ T[D6[ HJFA VF%IM

S[4�T[ SMGM DF, K[4 S[8,M K[4 ;MG]\ K[ S[ RF\NL K[4

X[DF\ K[4 JU[Z[ GLXFGLVM ATFJTF CTFP



VG[ VDM 36L JBT VCL\ VFJL R}SIF KLV[P

CJ[ Ô[ VF DF6; sHV ŸOZf ;FRM CSNFZ

VG[ .DFD CMI TM AWL GLXFGLVM ATFJ[P�

tIFZ[ HVŸOZ[ U]:;FDF\ AFNXFCG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�

VF ,MSM DFZF EF. p5Z BM8M VFZM5 D}S[ K[P�

tIFZ[ AFNXFC[ HJFA VF%IM S[4�VF ,MSM TM

ALÔGF VÒZ sGMSZf K[P H[D S[4 �JDF V,F

Z;], .<,, A,FUC�

5KL HVŸOZ 56 tIF\YL RF<IM UIM

VG[ AFNXFCGF C]SDYL V[S DF6; T[DG[ XC[ZGF

NZJFÔ ;]WL D}SL VFjIM S[ H[YL HV ŸOZ

T[DG[ DFU"DF\ ,}8L G ,[P HZF N}Z HTF T[VMV[ V[S

B]A;]ZT GJHJFGG[ Ô[IMP T[6[ T[VMG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�

TDFZF DF{,FGL 5F;[ VFJMP�

tIFZ[ T[ ,MSMV[ T[G[ 5]KI]\ S[4�X]\ TD[ VDFZF DF{,F

KMm� T[6[ HJFA VF%IM S[4�DVFh<,FC¦ B]NFGL



5GFC4 C]\ TDFZF DF{,FGM U],FD K]\P� 5KL T[ ,MSM

T[GL ;FY[ HJF ,FuIF VG[ .DFD C;G

V:SZLsVPfGF 3Z[ VFjIF VG[ 5KL V\NZ UIFP

T[VMV[ V\NZ Ô[I]\ S[ V[S B]A;]ZT GJHJFG4 RF\N

H[JM RC[ZM VG[ ,L,F 5MXFSDF\ V[S TbT 5Z A[9F

K[P T[D6[ ;,FD SZLP HJFA[ ;,FD D?IF 5KL

T[ HJFG[ s.DFD DCNL VP;PV[f AWL GLXFGLVM

ATFJLP T[YL 5[,F ,MSMG[ 5]ZM EZM;M VFJL UIM

VG[ AWM DF, .DFDsVPfG[ VF5L NLWMP T[VM

36F B]X YIF VG[ X]S=GM ;HNM SIF"P

tIFZ 5KL .DFD[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�CJ[ 5KL

TD[ VlC\ DF, G ,FJTF4 56 AUNFNDF\ DFZM V[S

GFV[A K[4 T[G[ TDM AWM DF, 5CM\RTM

SZÔ[ VG[ T[GFYL H AWF ;JF, HJFA ,[Ô[P�

5KL .DFD[ VA], VaAF;G[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�B]NF

TG[ AN,M VF5[P TFZM V\T 36M H GHNLS K[P�



5KL .DFD[ T[G[ SOGvNOGGM AWM ;FDFG

VF%IMP 5KL T[VM AWF tIF\YL ZJFGF Y. UIFP

56 VA], VaAF; HIFZ[ CDNFG 5CM\rIM4

tIFZ[ T[ tIF\ H DZ6 5FdIMP

!$P U{AT[ ;]UZF NZdIFG GLDFI[,F RFZ GFV[AM

T[ 5KL AWF XLIFVM 5MTFGM DF, AUNFN

DMS,TF VG[ .DFDGF GFV[AMG[ DFG VF5TF

VG[ T[DGF C]SDMG[ DFGTFP J/L .DFD 5MTFGF

GFV[AMG[ DFU" 56 ATFJTFP .DFD[ &) JQF"

NZdIFG RFZ GFV[AM GLdIF CTFP T[VM

V[CSFD[ XZLVTG[ .DFDYL ,[TF VG[ ,MSM ;]WL

5CM\RF0TF CTFP VFD4 T[VM .DFDsVPf

VG[ XLIFVMGL JrR[ V[S J;L,M sDFwIDf CTFP

VG[ T[VM UIAT[ ;]UZFGF BF; GFV[AM CTF

VG[ XLIFVMGL AGTL BLNDT SZTFP



!5P 5C[,F GFV[AoHGFA p:DFG ALG ;.N

VF GFV[AMDF\GF 5C[,F GFV[A

p:DFG .aG[ ;.N CTFP VF DCFG Xb; 36F\

JZ; ;]WL .DFD V,L GSL sVPf VG[ .DFD

C;G V:SZL sVPfGF JSL, CTFP

HIFZ[ .DFD[ UIAT[ ;]UZFGL X~VFT SZL4

tIFZ[ VF5 GFV[AGL HuIF 5Z lGD6]S YIFP J/L

p:DFG .aG[ ;.N[ GJDF .DFD ChZT DMCdDN

TSLsVPfGL 56 D],FSFT SZL CTLP T[YL VF5

36F H J'wW4 VFl,D VG[ DCFG 5]~QF CTFP J/L

T[ 36F H 0FC ŸIF VG[ 5ZC[hUFZ 56 CTFP

T[D6[ ,UEU JZ;YL NM- JZ;GF 8}\SF UF/FDF\

AUNFN BFT[ GFV[AG]\ SFD 36L H pDNF

ZLT[ AÔjI]\ CT]\P VF5 .DFDGF V[S DNNUFZ CTF

V[D SCLV[ TM S\. BM8]\ G H SC[JFIP T[DGL



JOFTGL VUFp .DFD

DCNLsVPfV[ T[DG[ AXFZT sB]XBAZLf VF5L

CTL S[4 TDF~\ DF{T GHNLS K[4 DF8[ TD[ TDFZF

NLSZF DMCdDNG[ TDFZF 5KL GFV[A AGFJMP

T[ 5KL p:DFG .aG[ ;.N U]HZL UIF

VG[ AUNFNDF\ NOG YIFP VFH[ 56 ,MSM T[DGL

SAZ 5Z ÔI K[ VG[ lhIFZT SZ[ K[ VG[ OFT[CF

5-[ K[P

!&P ALÔ GFV[AoHGFA DMCdDN ALG p:DFG

5KL DMCdDN ALG p:DFG4 .DFDGL ZÔYL

5MTFGF l5TFGF :YFG[ A[9F VG[ XZLVT[ .:,FDG]\

SFDSFH SZJF ,FuIFP .DFD[ DMCdDN ALG

p:DFGG[ V[S SFU/DF\ SCL DMS,FjI]\ S[4�VI

DMCdDN ALG p:DFG¦ TDFZF l5TF 36F H

B]XG;LA K[4 SFZ6 S[ T[DG[ TDFZF H[JL VF{,FN



D/LP VG[ TD[ TDFZF l5TFGL HuIF p5Z A[;L

ÔJ VG[ T[DGF DF8[ B]NFGL ZC[DT DF\UMP B]NF

TDG[ TDFZF SFDDF\ DNN SZ[ VG[ G[S TF{OLS

VF5[P�

VF Xb; 56 36F H DCFG4 VFl,D

VG[ A]h]U" 5]~QF CTFP T[D6[ 5MTFGF l5TFGL

DFOS XLIFVMGL BLNDT SZLP HIFZ[ T[DGL JOFT

GHNLS VFJL4 tIFZ[ T[DG[ .DFDGM C]SD YIM S[4�

C];{G ALG ZjCG[ TDFZM GFV[A AGFJMP� DMCdDN

ALG p:DFG 36F\ JZ; 5KL JOFT 5FdIFP

T[D6[ ,UEU 5RF; JZ; ;]WL GFV[AG]\ SFD SI]"\

VG[ CLHZL ;G #_$ S[ #_5 DF\ JOFT 5FdIFP

T[VM 56 AUNFNDF\ NOG YIF K[ VG[ ,MSM T[DGL

lhIFZT SZ[ K[ TYF OFT[CF 56 5-[ K[P



!*P +LÔ GFV[AoC];{G ALG ZjC GJAbTL

DMCdDN p:DFG 5KL X{B[ H,L, VA],

SF;LD4 C];{G ALG ZjC GJAbTL GFV[A YIFP

T[D6[ ,UEU JL; JZ;YL JWFZ[ lGIFAT SZLP

VF Xb; 36F H DCFG VG[ A]h]U" CTFP

T[DG]\ .<D 36]\ H lJXF/ CT]\P T[VM XLIFVM

DF8[ V[S DCFG DNNUFZ TYF Z1F6 SZGFZ CTFP

VF5GL DL9L JFTM VG[ lJXF/

7FGGF ,LW[ 36F\ ;]gGLVM 56 T[DG[ 5MTFGF

Ô6TF VG[ T[DGFYL B]X ZC[TF

VG[ T[DGL ;FY[ ;FZL ZLT[ VG[ GD|TF.YL JT"TF

CTFP VF DCFG A]h]U"JFZ DFC[ XFAFG CLHZL ;G

#Z& DF\ JOFT 5FdIFP ,MSM T[DGL lhIFZT

SZ[ K[ TYF OFT[CF 56 5-[ K[P



!(P RMYF GFV[AoV,L .aG[ DMCdDN ;DZL

T[DGF 5KL RMYF VG[ K[<,F GFV[A

X{B[ H,L, V,L .aG[ DMCdDN[ ;DZL CTFP

T[D6[ +6 JZ; ;]WL lGIFAT SZL

VG[ ,MSMG[ CLNFIT VF5LP ,MSMGF ;JF,GF

HJFA VF5TF VG[ T[VM XLIF VG[ .DFDGL

JRDF\ V[S J;L,M sDFwIDf CTFP T[DGL JOFTGL

VFU/ .DFD[ T[DG[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ ,BL DMS<I]\o

lA:DL<,FCL Z"CDFGL Z"CLDP VI

V,L ;DZL¦ B]NF TFZF EF.VMG[ TFZL

D];LATDF\ ;AZ TYF AN,M VF5[P K lNJ; 5KL

TFZL JOFT YX[4 DF8[ lGIFATGF SFDG[ 5]~\ SZM

VG[ ALÔ SM.G[ GFV[A G AGFJÔ[P SFZ6

S[ CJ[YL �U{AT[ S]AZF� X~ YX[ VG[ CJ[ 5KL C]\

ÔC[Z GYL YJFGM VG[ DG[ SM. 56 Ô[. GlC\



XS[ 56 5FS B]NFGF C]SD l;JFIP 36L H ,F\AL

D]NŸNT ;]WL C]\ UFV[A ZCLXP T[ hDFGFDF\ ,MSMGF

lN, S96 Y. HX[P D];LATM VG[ h]<DM JWL

50X[P 36F ,MSM DG[ Ô[IFGM NFJM SZX[4 56

T[VMGM T[ NFJM BM8M K[P DFZF ÔC[Z YJFGL

A[ GLXFGLVM K[P V[S V[ S[ ;]OIFGL ,MSM XFD

KM0L GF;L HX[P VG[ HDLG VG[ VF:DFG

JrR[ V[S DM8M VJFH YX[ VG[ NZ[S EFQFFGM DF6;

T[ VJFH ;F\E/X[P VG[ T[YL T[VMGM T[ NFJM BM8M

CX[P J ,F Cj, J,F S]jJT .<,F AL<,FCP�

.DFDGF SC[JF 5|DF6[ V,L ;DZL4 !5 DL

XFAFG4 CLHZL ;G #Z) DF\ JOFT 5FdIFP T[DGL

SAZ 56 AUNFNDF\ K[ VG[ ,MSM T[DGL lhIFZT

SZ[ K[ TYF OFT[CF 56 5-[ K[P



!)P GLIFAT[ VFD lJQF[GF B]<,F C]SDM

RMYF GFV[A HGFA[ V,L ;DZLGL JOFT

5KL �U{AT[ S]AZF�GL X~VFT Y.

VG[ tIFZYL .:GF VXZL VFlN, VFl,DMGF

CFYDF\ lGIFATGM SFZEFZ ;M\5F6M VG[ T[VM

GFV[AM YIFP 56 VF GFV[AM VG[ 5[,F RFZ

GFV[AMDF\ OZS V[8,M H S[ T[VM �BF;� CTF4

HIFZ[ S[ VF �VFD� K[P 5[,F BF;

GFV[AMG[ .DFDGF C]SDM D/TFP J/L 5+jIJCFZ

56 YTMP VG[ T[YL H �U{AT[ S]AZF�DF\ .DFDGF

SM. BF; GÞL SZ[,F GFV[AM GYL4 56 XLIF

VFl,DM 5Z AWM DhCAL AMÔ[ VFJL 50IM K[P

T[YL ,MSM .:GF VXZL VFl,DM 5F;[ H. 5MTFGL

D]xS[,LVM N}Z SZ[ VG[ VFl,DMG[ DFgI ZFB[P H[D



S[ .DFD[ .:CFS ALG IF�S]AG[ DMCdDN

YSL ,B[,]\o

�TDM ,MSM VFlN, VFl,DM 5Z EZM;M ZFBM

VG[ T[DGL JFTM ;FRL DFGM4 SFZ6 T[ VDFZF

GFV[AM K[ VG[ T[ VDFZF TZOYL TDFZFDF\ C]HHT

K[ VG[ VD[ B]NF TZOYL T[ GFV[AMDF\ C]HHT

KLV[P�

VgI V[S HuIFV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�J VdDF

DG SFG D[G, OMSC ;FD[G ,[ NLG[C

DMBF,[OG ,[ CJF DMTLVG ,[ VdZ[ DJ,F O ,L,

VjJFD VG IMS<,[N]P� �H[ ,MSM VFl,D K[4

T[ 5MTFGF DhCAGL Z1FF SZJFJF/F K[P T[VM

5MTFGL A]ZL .rKFVM 5Z SFA] ZFB[ K[P

VG[ 5MTFGF DJ,FGL TFA[NFZL SZ[ K[P TM 5KL

5|ÔV[ 56 T[DGL TFA[NFZL SZJL Ô[.V[P�



ALÒ JBT .DFD DCNLsVPf OZDFJ[ K[o �

O .gGC]D C]H ŸHTL V,ICLD J VGF

C]HŸHT]<,FC[ V,ICLD� �5KL T[ VFl,DM TDFZF

5Z VDFZF TZOYL C]HHT K[ VG[ T[DGF 5Z B]NF

TZOYL C]\ C]HHT K]\P�

.DFD DCNLsVPf OZDFJ[ K[o �VZZFNŸNM

V,ICLD SZZFNŸNM V,IGF JZZFNŸNM V,IGF

SZZFNŸNM V,,<,FC� �H[ ,MSM T[ VFl,DMGM

V:JLSFZ SZ[ K[ T[D6[ VDFZM V:JLSFZ SIM"

VG[ H[6[ VDFZM V:JLSFZ SIM" T[6[ B]NFGM

V:JLSFZ SIM"P B]NFGM V:JLSFZ V[ S]O=56]\ K[P�

B],F;M V[ S[ U{AT[ S]AZFGF hDFGFDF\ T[DGL

5F;[YL XZLVTGF V[CSFDM ,[JF VG[ T[DGL

TFA[NFZL VG[ TS,LN SZJLP H[ T[VMGL lJ~wWTF

SZX[ T[DG]\ 5ZL6FD A]~\ VFJX[ VG[ V[ XZLVTGL

lJ~wW K[P 5KL ,MSM XZLVTGF AWF V[CSFDM



T[DGL 5F;[YL ,[ VG[ .DFGGL ;FY[ SA],

ZFB[ S[ H[YL T[VM DhCAYL N}Z G Y. ÔIP

,[BSGL GM\Wo GFV[A[ .DFDGF AFZFDF\ VF

DF~\ K[<,]\ J6"G D[\ 8}\SDF\ VF5L NLW]\ K[P 56

B],F;FYL AIFG SM. JBT ,BL +LÔ EFU

TZLS[ ACFZ 5F0LXP VFXF K[ S[ DFZF DMVDLG

XLIF AC[GM TYF EF.VM VF lSTFAGM

OFINM ,[X[ VG[ 5MTFGL NMVFDF\ DG[ IFN SZX[P

B]NF ;F{G[ TF{OLS VF5[ VG[ ;F{GM V\ÔD

VG[ VFS[AT AB{Z SZ[P VFDLGPP

sEFUo ! ;DF%Tf

,[BS o VNGF BFNLD

DMCdDN C;G �GHOL� sD]\A.f

TFZLBo !$ ZaALp, VFBZ4

CLHZL ;G !#5)4 H]D[ZFT



.DFD[ UFV[A

sEFUo Zf

lA:DL<,FlC Z"CDFlG Z"CLD

5|:TFJGF

TFZLOG[ ,FIS DF+ T[ V<,FC H K[ S[ H[GF

l;JFI ALÔ[ SM. .AFNTG[ ,FIS GYLP

H[ ;FZFV[ HUTGM 5[NF SZGFZ K[ VG[ 5F,GCFZ

K[P C]\ B]NFGM VFEFZ DFG]\ K]\ S[ T[6[ DG[ DFZL

SF{DGL VG[ DFZF DhCAL ALZFNZMGL BLNDT

SZJFGL XSTL VF5LP ;,FD VG[ N]~N CM TDFD

GALVM VG[ 5IUdAZ[ VFB[~hŸ hDFG ChZT

DMCdDN D]:TOFs;Pf p5Z TYF T[DGL 5FS

V[C,[A{TsVPf p5ZP



DFZF DMVDLG AC[GM VG[ ALZFNZM¦ VF

lSTFAGF 5C[,F EFUDF\ D[\ ChZT DCNLsVPfGF

VC[JF,M 36F\ H 8}\SDF\ VF%IF K[4 5Z\T] VF

EFUDF\ HUTGM DCFG ;]WFZS SM6 K[4 SIF\ K[4

S[JL ZLT[ ZC[ K[4 JU[Z[ AFATM VS,L VG[ GS,L

N,L,MYL VG[ BF; ;]gGT HDFTGF VFl,DMGF

AIFGFT VG[ ZLJFITYL ;DÔJJFGL SMlXX SZL

K[P H[YL ;DH 50[ S[ �D]:,[C[ S]<,[ VF,D�

V[8,[ HUTGM DCFG ;]WFZS .:,FDDF\ DF{H}N K[P

DFZF DMVDLG JF\RSM 5F;[ DFZL V[8,L H

lJG\TL K[ S[ T[VM wIFGYL JF\R[ VG[ HUTGF

DCFG ;]WFZS ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ 5]Z[5]ZL

ZLT[ VM/BL ,[ VG[ .DFGDF\ JWFZM SZ[P

,LPBFNLD[ XZLVT

DMCdDN C;G �GHOL� sD]\A.f



Z_P H]NLvH]NL SF{DMDF\ DCNLGM NFJM

XZLVT[ .:,FDGF T[H:JL RF\N

ChZT[ DVFA V[8,[ S[ ChZT DMCdDNs;PfGF

V:T 5KL VG[ BF; SZLG[ AFZDF .DFDsVPfGL �

UIAT[ S]AZF�GL X~VFTYL ,. VFH ;]WL

36F ,MSMV[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ �

DCNLV[ VFB[~hŸhDFG� CMJFGM NFJM SIM" K[P

VG[ 36F ,MSM V[JF 56 CTF S[ H[VM V[S H]NF H

DG]QIG[ JBTM JBT �DCNLV[ UFV[A� AGFJL

T[G[ .DFD DFGTF ZCŸIF4 VG[ T[GL TFA[NFZL 56

SZTFP

K[J8[ ,MSM V[8,F VFU/ JwIF

S[ B]N .DFDMGF JBTDF\ 56 S[8,FS ,MSMV[ �

.DFD[ DCNL� CMJFGM NFJM SIM" CTMP

VG[ 36F\ ,MSM T[VMGF OZ[ADF\ VFJL T[VMGL



Ô/DF\ O;F. 50TF CTF VG[ ;LWM Z:TM U]DFJL

A[9F CTFP J/L 36F\ ,MSM V[JF 56 CTF S[ H[VM

VFJF H}9F .DFDMG[ DFGL ,[TF VG[ T[VMG]\

VG]SZ6 SZTFP H[D S[o

SL;FGLVF SF{D

�SL;FGLVF�s!f GFDGL V[S SF{D

ChZT[ DMCdDN[ CGOLIFCsZfG[ �DCNLV[ DJpN�

DFGTL CTL VG[ T[ SF{D V[D 56 DFGTL CTL S[4

DMCdDN[ CGOLIFC .DFD K[ VG[ �ZhJF�s#f

GFDGF 5CF0DF\ UFV[A YIF K[P

sO}8GM8 !o SL;FGLVF V[S SF{D CTLP

36F\ .lTCF;DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 SL;FG

ChZT[ HGFA[ VDLZsVPfGM U],FD CTM4

H[G[ ChZT VDLZsVPfV[ VFhFN SIM" CTMP J/L

SL;FG4 DMCdDN[ CGOLIFCGM XFULN" 56 CTM4

SL;FGLVF SF{D DMCdDN[ CGOLIFCG[ .DFD



DFGTL CTLP T[GL .DFDTGF AFZFDF\ 36F\

OLZSFVM 50IF K[P V[S OLZSM TM V[ CTM

S[ H[ DMCdDN[ CGOLIFCG[ ChZT V,LsVPfGL

XCFNT 5KL �.DFD� DFGTM CTM VG[ ALÔ[ OLZSM

V[ CTM4 S[ H[ DMCdDN[ CGOLIFCG[ .DFD[ C;G

sVPf VG[ .DFD[ C];{GsVPfGL XCFNT 5KL �

.DFD� DFGTM CTM VG[ 36F ,MSMDF\

DMCdDN[ CGOLIFGL JOFT AFAT[ .bT[,FO CTMP

sO}8GM8 Zo DMCdDN[ CGOLIFC

ChZT[ VDLZsVPfGF 5]+ CTF\P VF Xb; 5MTFGL

DFTFGF ,LW[ 36F H 5|bIFT Y. UIFP T[DGL

DFTFG]\ GFD �BJ,F� CT] \ VG[ T[6L AGL

CGOLIFGF SAL,FGL CTLP T[YL T[DG[ ,MSM

DMCdDN[ CGOLIF SC[JF ,FuIFP VF 5]~QF

CLHZL ;G (! DF\ DZ6 5FdIMP T[DGF DZ6 5KL

SL;FGLVF SF{DGF S[8,F\S DF6;M T[DGF 5]+ VA]



CFXLDG[ .DFD DFGJF ,FuIFP Ô[S[ T[ ,MSM Ô6TF

CTF S[4 DMCdDN[ CGOLIF 5KL T[GF EF.

V,L .DFD CTF VG[ T[DGF 5KL T[DGF 5]+

C;G .DFD CTFP 56 VF AWF ,MSMGM GFX YIM

VG[ T[VMDF\YL VtIFZ[ SM. 56 AFSL ZC ŸI]\ GYLP

56 S[8,FSMG]\ V[J]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ VA] CFXLD

HIFZ[ XFDYL ZJFGF YIF4 T[ 5KL T[ hDLG[ ;LZFG

5Z 5CM\rIF VG[ tIF\ VFU/ T[ ALDFZ 50IF

VG[ tIF\ H U]HZL UIFP T[D6[ 5MTFGL

ALDFZLGF ;DIDF\

DMCdDN .aG[ V,L .aG[ VaN]<,FC .aG[ VaAF;

G[ sVaAF; 5IUdAZ[ B]NFGF SFSF CTFf 5MTFGF

DZ6 AFN JFZ; AGFjIF VG[ VF Xb;[ 5MTFGF

DZ6 5KL 5MTFGF 5]+ .A|FCLDG[ 5MTFGM JFZ;

AGFjIM 5KL .A|FCLD[ 5MTFGF EF.

VaN]<,FCG[ JFZ; AGFjIMP VF VaN]<,FCGM



BLTFA �;OOFTF� CTMP J/L T[ B,LOFV[ AGL

VaAF;GM 5C[,M AFNXFC CTMP T[GF 5KL

Dg;]Z[ NJFGSL UFNL 5Z VFjIM VG[ VF ZLT[ AGL

VaAF;GL BL,FOTGM ;}IM"NI YIM

H[ V[S ;DI ;]WL RF,] ZCL CTLPf

sO}8GM8 #o �ZhJF� IDGDF\ V[S 5CF0

K[ VG[ T[ �pdDFG�GF 5CF0M ;FY[ D/[,M K[P

36F\ ,MSM SC[ K[ S[4 T[ 5CF0 DNLGFDF\ 56 CTMPf

;{IN .:DF.,[ CDIZL S[ H[ VZAGF V[S

DXC}Z SAL,FGF 5|bIFT SlJ CTFP T[ 56

V[ ,MSMDF\YL CTF S[ H[VM DMCdDN[ CGOLIFG[ �

DCNL� DFGTF CTF VG[ V[D 56 DFGTF CTF S[4

T[VM ZhJF 5CF0DF\ UFV[A K[P 56 5FK/YL VF

Xb;[ .DFD[ HV ŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPfYL lCNFIT ,LWL

VG[ OZL 5FKF ;LWF Z:TF p5Z VFJL UIFP



SZALIF SF{D

SZALIF GFDGL SF{D S[ H[ VA]

SZA .aG[ hZLZGL VG]IFIL CTL4 T[G]\ V[D DFGJ]\

CT]\ S[ DMCdDN[ CGOLIF ÒJTF\ CTF\ VG[ hC]Z G

YFI tIF\ ;]WL tIF\ ZC[X[P

D]bTFZ .aG[ VA] VMAIN[ ;SOLGF JBTDF\

56 ,MSMDF\YL S[8,FS V[JF CTF

S[ H[ VMAIN]<,FC .aG[ D];F S[ H[ V[S 36M H

XF\T DF6; CTM4 T[DG[ �DCNL V[ DJpN�

DFGJF ,FuIFP VF Xb;GL l:YlT 36L H SOM0L

CTL VG[ 36L D]xS[,LYL 5MTFG]\ U]HZFG R,FJTF

CTFP

D]bTFZ .aG[ VA] VMAIN[ ;SOL CLHZL ;G !

DF\ HGdIM CTM VG[ CLHZL ;G && DF\

DFC[ ZaALp, VjJ,GL !$ DL TFZLB[ .DFD

C];{GsVPfGF N]xDGM ;FD[ ,0JF DF\0I]\P



T[6[ .DFD C];{GsVPfGF !(___ SFTL,MGM GFX

SIM" VG[ T[6[ V-FZ DF; C]S]DT SZL4 56

CLHZL ;G &* DF\ DFC[ ZDhFGGL !$ DL

TFZLBGF D];VA ALG h]A{ZGF CFY[ CFZL UIMP

VG[ H[ DF6; D]bTFZG]\ DFY]\ SF5LG[ ,FJ[,M

T[G[ B,LOFV[ #____ NLZCD A1FL; VF%IFP

5KL B,LOFGF C]SDYL D]bTFZGF

CFYMG[ D:ÒN[ S]OFGL NLJF,MDF\ BL,FYL H0L

NLWFP

GFp;LVF SF{D

�GFp;LVF� SF{D

ChZT .DFD[ HV ŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPfG[ �

DCNLV[ DJ ŸpN� DFGTL CTLP T[ SF{DG]\ V[D 56

SC[J]\ CT]\ S[4 ChZT HV ŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPf ÒJTF

K[ S[ H[YL T[VM N]lGIFDF\ .g;FOGM 5|RFZ

SZ[ VG[ h]<DGM GFX SZ[P



�GFp;� V[S UFDG] \ GFD K[P 36F\

SC[ K[ S[ V[S DF6; VF UFDDF\YL ACFZ VFjIMP

T[G]\ GFD �GFp;� CT]\4 VG[ V[D 56 SC[ K[ S[ GFp;

�DhCA[ GFp;L�GM ;ZNFZ CTMP J/L

S[8,FS ,MSMG]\ V[D 56 DFGJ]\ K[ S[ �GFp;�

V[ ,MSMG]\ GFD CT]\ S[ H[ ,MSM �GFp;L

WD"�G[ 5F/TF CTF VG[ T[VM DFGTF CTF

S[ .DFD[ HV ŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPf �DCNLV[ DJŸpN�

K[ S[ H[ �.DFDT�G[ K9Ÿ9L 5[-L ;]WL ,FjIFP

JFS[OLIFC SF{D

�JFS[OLIFC� SF{D ChZT[ D];F .aG[ HV ŸOZ

sVPfG[ �DCNLV[ DJ ŸpN� DFGTL CTLP J/L

T[ SF{D T[DG[ �.DFD� 56 DFGTL CTLP J/L V[D

56 SC[JFI K[ S[4 hIFN[ SgNL4 CdhF ALG AMh{Z

VG[ DMCdDN ALG VAL ALXZ[ ;ZZFh4 VF +6

DF6;MV[ D/LG[ �DhCA[ JFS[OLIFC�G[ AGFjIM



CTMP 56 V<,FC[ T[ ,MSM 5Z 5MTFGM VhFA

pTFIM" VG[ T[DGF V[ GJF DhCAGM GFX SIM"P

DMCdDNLIFC SF{D

�DMCdDNLIFC� SF{D .DFD V,L

GSLsVPfGF 5]+ DMCdDNG[ �DCNLV[ DJŸpN�

DFGTL CTLP VF DMCdDNG[ XC[Z[ ;FDZF"DF\ NOG

SZJFDF\ VFjIF CTFP �DMCdDNLIFC� SF{DGF ,MSM

V[ 56 Ô6TF CTF S[4 DMCdDN B]N .DFDGL

CIFTLDF\ U]HZL UIF CTF4 KTF\ 56 T[ ,MSM

T[DG[ �DCNLV[ DJ ŸpN� DFGTF CTFP 56 JBT

HTF\ T[DG[ T[DGF BM8F bIF,M THJF 50IF\ CTF\P

V:SZLIFC OLZSM

V[S OLZSM S[ H[ �V:SZLIFC�GF GFDYL

DxC]Z CTM4 T[ .DFD[ C;G V:SZLsVPfG[ �

.DFD[ UFV[A� DFGTM CTMP VF OLZSFGF ,MSM

SC[TF CTF\ S[4 .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZLsVPf U]HZL



GYL UIF VG[ T[VM �SFV[D[ C]HHT� K[P VG[ 36]\

H VXSI K[ S[ .DFD DZ6 5FD[4 SFZ6 S[ HDLG

SM. 56 JBT .DFDYL BF,L GYL ZCLP

DMUIZL

V[S SF{D V[ 56 CTL S[ H[ .DFD[ hIG],

VFA[NLGsVPfGF 5]+ �h{N[ XCLN�G[ �.DFD�

DFGTL CTLP 56 HIFZ[ T[VM CLHZL ;G !Z! DF\

S]OF BFT[ XCLN YIF4 tIFZ[ ,MSM

DMCdDN .aG[ VaN]<,FC[ �DCh�G[ �

DCNLV[ DJŸpN� DFGJF ,FuIFP

DMCdDNGF l5TF VaN]<,FC[ �DCh�

ALÔ .DFD ChZT .DFD C;GsVPfGF 5]+

C;G[ D];gGFGF NLSZF CTFP VaN]<,FC[ �DCh�GL

DFTF OFT[DF4 ChZT[ .DFD[ C];{GsVPfGF NLSZL

CTF4 VaN]<,FC CLHZL ;G !$_ DF\

Dg;]Z[ NJFGSLGF S{NBFGFDF\ U]HZL UIFP



DMCdDN .aG[ VaN]<,FC[ �DCh�

DNLGFDF\YL GLS/LG[ CLHZL ;G !$5 DF\ XCLN Y.

UIF4 5Z\T]

DMUIZC .aG[ ;.N[ .DFD[ DMCdDN[ AFSLZ

sVPfGL XCFNT 5KL V[S GJM H WD" AGFjIM4

VG[ T[6[ ,MSMG[ SC[JF DF\0I]\ S[4 DMCdDN ALG

VaN]<,FC[ �DCh� ÒJTF K[ VG[ �VF,DLIFC�GF

5CF0DF\4 S[ H[ DÞFGF Z:T[ VFJ[,M K[4 T[DF\

UFV[A Y. UIF K[4 VG[ HIF\ ;]WL h]C]Z G YFI4

tIF\ ;]WL T[ T[DF\ ZC[X[P DMUIZCGF VG]IFILVM �

DMUIZL� SC[JFTF CTFP VF ,MSMG]\ 5lZ6FD AC] H

A]~\ VFjI]\ VG[ T[VMGM GFX YIMP

h{NLIFC SF{D

V[S ALÒ SF{D �h{NLIFC�GF GFDYL DXC]Z

CTLP VF SF{DGF ,MSM DMCdDN AGL VA], SF;LD

ALG pDZ ALG V,L ALG C];{GsVPfG[ �



DCNLV[ DJŸpN� DFGTL CTLP VG[ T[ ,MSMGM 56

GFX YIMP

DMCdDN XC[Z[ TF,[SFGDF\ V[S DCFG 5]~QF

CTFP TF,[SFG .ZFGDF\ V[S ;F~\ XC[Z K[P J/L

T[ tIF\GM AFNXFC 56 CTM4 56

DMVŸT;LD[ T[G[ EUFJL D}SIM CTMP J/L

T[ DMVŸT;LDGF S{NBFGFDF\ D'tI] 5FdIF CTFP

pDZ ALG VaN], VhLh

AGL pDiIFGF VG]IFILVMDF\YL 56 V[S

SF{D V[JL CTL S[ H[ pDZ ALG VaN], VhLhG[ �

DCNLV[ DJpN� DFGTL CTLP VF pDZ ALG VaN],

VhLh BL,FOT[ AGL pDiIFGM VF9DM B,LOF

CTMP T[ CLHZL ;G !_! GF DFC[ ZHA DF;DF\

DZ6 5FdIMP T[GF D'tI] 5KL H[VM T[G[ �DCNL�

DFGTF CTF4 T[VMGM 56 36L H A]ZL ZLT[ GFX

YIMP



CFZL; .aG[ ;ZLC

CLHZL ;G !Z_ DF\ CFZL; .aG[ ;ZLC[ 56

5MTFG[ �DCNLV[ DJpN� CMJFG]\ ÔC[Z SI]"\4

VG[ 36F ,MSM T[GF 5Z .DFG ,FjIFP 56

K[J8[ T[ VG[ T[GF ;FYLNFZM AWF AZAFN Y. UIF4

VG[ T[VMG]\ SM. GFDvlGXFG AFSL ZC ŸI]\ GYLP

DCNL ALG Dg;]Z

BL,FOT[ AGL VaAF;GM +LÔ[ B,LOF DCNL

CTMP VF �DCNL� Dg;]ZGM NLSZM CTMP T[GF

JBTDF\ YM0F ,MSM V[JF CTF S[ H[VM VF DCNLG[ �

DCNLV[ UFV[A� DFGTF CTFP VF DCNL ALG

Dg;]Z CLHZL ;G &) DF\ HIFZ[ DMCZ"DG[ VF9

lNJ; AFSL CTF4 tIFZ[ U]HZL UIMP



Z!P .:DF.,L SF{D

.:DF.,L SF{DDF\YL 56 36F\ ,MSM K9Ÿ9F

.DFD ChZT HV ŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPfGF NLSZF

.:DF.,G[ �DCNLV[ UFV[A� DFGTF CTFP

VF .:DF.,L SF{D .DFD HV ŸOZ[

;FNLSsVPfGF 5]+ .:DF.,G[ DFGTL CTLP T[YL

VF SF{D �.:DF.,L� SC[JF6LP 56 .:DF., B]N

.DFD[ HVŸOZ[ ;FNLSsVPfGL CIFTLDF\ U]HZL UIF

CTFP HIFZ[ VF JFT .:DF.,L SF{D[ Ô6L4 tIFZ[

T[DF\YL YM0F ,MSMV[ .:DF.,G[ �DCNL� DFGJ]\

D}SL NLW]\P 56 YM0F ,MSM DFGJF ,FuIF S[4

.:DF., .DFD K[4 DCNL 56 K[4 VG[ UFV[A K[4

VG[ ÒJTF 56 K[P 56 VF ,MSMGM VFU/ HTF

GFX YIM VG[ T[VMDF\G]\ SM. 56 AFSL ZCŸI]\ GYLP



.:DF.,L SF{DGM ALÔ[ OLZSM S[ H[6[

.:DF.,GF DZ6 5KL T[G[ DCNL DFGJFG]\ D}SL

NLW]\ CT]\4 T[ OLZSFV[ .:DF.,GF NLSZF DMCdDNG[

K9Ÿ9F .DFDGL XCFNT 5KL .DFD DFGJF ,FuIFP

VG[ CH] ;]WL 56 .:DF.,L OLZSM T[G[ .DFD

DFG[ K[ VG[ T[GF 5Z .DFG ZFB[ K[P

CJ[ VF .:DF.,L OLZSFGF A[ lJEFU YIFP

V[S lJEFU �VFUFBFGL�GF GFD[ VM/BFI K[P

56 T[VMGF VFD A[ lJEFUM XF DF8[ 50IF VG[

S. ZLT[ 50IFm S[8,FS .lTCF;SFZM SC[ K[ S[4

VaN]<,FC S[ VMAIN]<,FC DMCdDN ALG

.:DF.,GL VF{,FNDF\YL CTMP T[6[ VFO=LSF H. �

DCNL� CMJFGM NFJM SIM"P VG[ ,MSMG[ 5MTFGF

51FDF\ ,[JFGL 36L SMXLXM SZLP T[GL SMXLXMGF

,LW[ 36F ,MSM T[G[ �DCNL� DFGJF ,FuIFP T[

V[8,M VFU/ JwIM S[ 36F ,MSM T[GF D]ZXLNM



VG[ R[,F AGL UIFP WLD[vWLD[ T[GF VG]IFILVM

JWJF ,FuIF VG[ K[J8[ T[6[ V[S ;FZL V[JL OMH

T{IFZ SZL ,LWLP T[ ,MSMDF\ 36M l5|I Y. 50IM

VG[ 5]ÔJF ,FuIMP 5KL T[6[ GFGF ZFHIM ÒTJF

X~ SIF"P T[GL OT[C JWTL RF,L VG[ T[ V[S DM8M

AFNXFC YIMP T[GF DZ6 5KL T[GL AFNXFCT T[GL

VF{,FNDF\ VFJLP K[J8[ T[GL AFNXFCT T[GL

VF{,FN V, DM.hŸhM ,[NLGL<,FC ALG V,L

Dg;]Z A[G:ZL<,FC ALG V, SFV[D[ A[

VDZL<,FC ALG VaN]<,FCG[ D/LP V, DM.hŸhM

,[NLGL<,FCGF hDFGFDF\ T[GM V[S U],FD CTMP T[

U],FD ,xSZGM ;ZNFZ CTMP T[G]\ GFD Ô[CZ CT]\P

T[6[ CLHZL ;G #5) DF\ DL;Z p5Z R-F. SZLG[

DL;Z 5Z ÒT D[/JLP 5KL T[6[ DL;ZDF\ ÔD[V

VhCZ I]GLJ;L"8L slJ`JlJ3F,If :YF5L4 H[

VtIFZ[ 56 DF{H]N K[P



56 HIFZ[ V, DM.h ŸhM ,[NLGL<,FC

DL;ZDF\ NFB, YIM4 tIFZ[ T[6[ 5MTFGL AFNXFCT

BTD SZL VG[ WFlD"S ZLT[ 5MTFGL BL,FOT X~

SZLP T[GL VF BL,FOT �AGL OFT[DFC�GF GFDYL

VM/BFJF ,FULP 5KL V, DM.h ŸhM ,[NLGL<,FC[

5MTFG]\ wIFG �.:DF.,L WD"� TZO NMI]"\ VG[ T[6[ �

.:DF.,L WD"�GM 5|RFZ SZJM X~ SIM"P JF\RSMG[

wIFGDF\ ZC[ S[ VCL\ ;]WL �.:DF.,L SF{D�GF

lJEFUM 50IF G CTFP

ZZP GhŸhFZLIFC SF{DGL X~VFT

tIFZ 5KL VF �BL,FOT[ AGL OFT[DFC�

VFU/ VG[ VFU/ JWJF ,FULP VG[ T[GL VF9DL

5[-LV[ VA] TDLD V, D]:Tg;[ZM AL<,FC4 T[

BL,FOTGM VF9DM B,LOF V[8,[ S[ AFNXFC YIMP



T[6[ 5MTFGF 5]+ Gh ŸhFZG[ �J,LV[ VCN� V[8,[ S[

5MTFGM UFNLJFZ; AGFjIMP 5Z\T] T[GF 5]+

GhŸhFZGL RF,vR,6 ;FZL G CMJFYL T[GM AF5

VA] TDLD T[GFYL 36M H GFZFH YIMP VG[ T[G[ �

J,LV[ VCN�DF\YL SF-L D}SIM4 VG[ T[GM CS 56

KLGJL ,LWMP 5KL VA] TDLD[ 5MTFGF GFGF 5]+

V[8,[ S[ GhŸhFZGF GFGF EF. D]:TF,LG[ �J,LV[

VCN� AGFjIMP VA] TDLD Z( DL hL,CH4

CLHZL ;G $(* DF\ U]HZL UIMP D]:TF,L VA]

TDLDGF DZ6 5KL AFNXFC YIMP

Z#P C;G ALG ;aAFCGL SMXLXM

CJ[ HIFZ[ D]:TFV,L AFNXFC YIM4 tIFZ[

V[S DF6; S[ H[G]\ GFD C;G[ ;aAFC CT]\4 T[

DL;ZDF\ CTMP T[G[ VF AL,S], 5;\N VFjI]\ GlC\



VG[ T[ D]:TFV,LGL lJ~wW UIMP T[ D]:TFV,LGL

lJ~wWDF\ ,MSMGF SFG E\E[ZJF ,FuIM VG[ SFJTZF

56 ZRJF DF\0IMP T[YL D]:TFV,LGF JhLZ

VDL~aGM H]I]X S[ H[GF CFYDF\ AFNXFCTG]\ AW]\

SFDSFH CT]\4 T[6[ C;G[ ;aAFCG[ DL;ZDF\YL VA]

TDLDGF hDFGFDF\ H SF-L D}SIMP

DL;ZDF\YL GLS?IF 5KL C;G[ ;aAFC

.ZFGDF\ VFjIM VG[ tIF\ T[6[ 5MTFGL B858M X~

SZLP 5KL T[6[ .ZFGDF\ V[S GJL ;<TGT pEL

SZLP T[ ;<TGT �D,FCLNC�GF GFDYL VM/BFJF

,FULP T[ 5KL T[6[ .:DF.,L WD"GM O[,FJM SZJF

DF\0IMP T[GL ;TT SMXLXMYL .ZFGDF\ .:DF.,L

WD" O[,FIM VG[ DHA]T 56 YIMP 5lZ6FD V[

VFjI]\ S[ T[GF 36F VG]IFILVM YIF VG[ 36F

,MSM T[GF WD" p5Z .DFG WZFJJF ,FuIFP T[6[

,MSMG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VA] TDLD V, D]:TG;[ZM



AL<,FCGF 5KL J,LV[ VCN Gh ŸhFZ K[P� ,MSMV[

T[GL VF JFT DFgI ZFBL VG[ 8[SM 56 VF%IMP

T[YL .ZFGGM .:DF.,L WD" �.:DF.,L V[

GhŸhFZLIFC� AGL UIMP VtIFZ[ 56 �.:DF.,L

V[ GhhFZLIFC� WD"G[ DFGJFJF/F lC\N]:TFGDF\

36F\ K[P

Z$P VFUFBFGL SF{D

VF ZLT[ .:DF.,L WD"GF A[ lJEFU 50IFP

V[S �.:DF.,L V[ Gh ŸhFZLIFC� VG[ ALÔ[ �

.:DF.,L V[ D]:TFV,LIFC�P �.:DF.,L V[

GhŸhFZLIFC�GF DFGJFJF/F ,MSM �VFUFBFGL�GF

GFDYL DXC]Z K[P VG[ T[DF\ VFHGF hDFGF ;]WL

$( VFUFBFGM Y. UIF K[P CD6FGM VFUFBFG

$( DL 5[-LV[ K[P �.:DF.,L V[ D]:TFV,LIFC�GF



DFGGFZF ,MSM �JMCŸZF�GF GFDYL VM/BFI K[P

VF ZLT[ VFUFBFGLVM C:TLDF\ VFjIF VG[ T[VM

5MTFGF V[S �J0F .DFD�G[ DFGJF ,FuIFP C;G[

;aAFCYL �VFUFBFGL .DFDT� X~ Y. VG[ T[

VFUFBFGLVMGM 5C[,M .DFD CTMP CF,GM

VFUFBFG C;G[ ;aAFCGL $( DL 5[-LV[ K[ VG[

T[ VFUFBFGLVMGM $( DM VFUFBFG U6FI K[P

Z5P JMCZF SF{D

VA] TDLD CLHZL ;G $(* DF\ DFC[

hL,CHGL Z( DL TFZLB[ DZ6 5FdIMP T[GL

J;LiIT 5|DF6[ T[GM 5]+ �D]:TFV,L�4 H[G]\ GFD �

V[CDN� CT]\4 T[ UFNL p5Z VFjIM VG[

.:DF.,LVM T[G[ �.DFD� DFGJF ,FuIFP

D]:TFV,LGF DZ6 5KL �Dg;]Z V, VFD[ZM A[



VCSFDL<,FC� T[GL UFNL 5Z VFjIMP VG[ VF ZLT[

�BL,FOT[ AGL OFT[DFC� X~ Y.P VF BL,FOTGM

!$ DM VG[ K[<,M AFNXFC �V, VFh[NM ,[

NLGL<,FC� CTMP CLHZL ;G 5&* DF\ ;,FC]NŸNLG[

ViI]ALV[ VF BL,FOTGM GFX SIM"4 VG[ T[VMG]\

SM. GFDvlGXFG AFSL G ZCŸI]\P

56 �.:DF.,L V[ D]:TFV,LIFC�G]\ V[J]\

DFGJ]\ K[ S[ �V, VFh[NM A[ VCSFDL<,FC[�

5MTFGF DZ6 AFN �TiIA�G[ 5MTFGM UFNLJFZ;

AGFjIM CTMP 56 �TiIA� 36M H GFGM CMJFYL

T[GF pK[ZG]\ SFD .aG[ DwIGG[ ;M\%I]\ CT]\P HIFZ[

V, VFh[ZM U]HZL UIF4 tIFZ[ SF{DGF J0L,M

TiIAG[ IDGDF\ ,. UIFP IDGDF\ tIF\GL ZF6L

C]ZZLI[ D,[SFV[ TiIAG[ DNN SZLG[ ,MSM 5F;[YL

JRG ,. ,LW\] S[4 TiIA DM8M YFI tIFZ[

.DFDTGL UFNL p5Z VFJX[4 VG[ ,MSMV[ T[GL



.DFDT p5Z .DFG ,FJJ]\P V[ 5|DF6[ �.:DF.,L

V[ D]:TFV,LIFC�G]\ V[J]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ TiIA DM8M

YIM VG[ CLHZL ;G 5Z$ DF\ UFV[A YIMP VG[

T[GF TZOYL .DFDTG]\ AW]\ SFDSFH �NF.� ,MSM

V[8,[ S[ D]<,FVM SZ[ K[P VtIFZ[ 56 VF �NF.�

V[8,[ S[ D]<,F ,MSM K[ VG[ ,MSMG[ WFlD"S AMW

VF5[ K[ VG[ VFU/ H6FjIF 5|DF6[ VF ,MSM �

JMCŸZF�GF GFDYL DXC]Z K[P

J/L �NF.VM� V[8,[ S[ D]<,FVMDF\ 56 �

NF.V[ D]t,S� V[8,[ S[ �J0F D]<,F� CMI K[ VG[

T[GF CFY GLR[ ALÔ 36F\ GFGF D]<,FVM CMI K[

VG[ T[ ,MSM 56 WD"GL ;[JF AÔJ[ K[P

IDGDF\ �.:DF.,L V[ D]:TFV,LIFC� 56

5MTFGF �NF.VM�GL OZDFAZNFZL SZTF CTFP J/L

T[VM V[D 56 DFG[ K[ S[ T[DGF 5C[,F J0F D]<,F

TZLS[ C]ZZFC D,[SF ALgT[ V[CDN SFD SZTL CTLP



T[6L CLHZL ;G 5#Z DF\ IDGDF\ DZ6 5FDLP T[

,MSMG[ 36L H RFCTL CTL VG[ ,MSM 56 T[6L

;FY[ ;FZL ZLT[ JT"G SZTFP

Z&P NFpNL JMCZF SF{D

VF �NF.� V[8,[ S[ D]<,F TZLS[GM ;L,;L,M

D,[SCYL X~ YIM VG[ K[<,F �NF.V[ D]t,S�

V[8,[ S[ �J0F D]<,F� NFpN ALG VHA XFC ;]WL

AZFAZ RF<IM VFjIM CTMP VF NFpN ALG VHA

XFC CLHZL ;G ))) DF\ VDNFJFN sU]HZFT4

EFZTfDF\ DZ6 5FdIMP HIFZ[ T[ U]HZL UIM4 tIFZ[

T[GF DZ6 5KL JMC ŸZF ,MSM S[ H[ �.:DF.,L V[

D]:TFV,L� SC[JFTF CTF4 T[VMGF A[ EFU 50L

UIFP V[S EFU �NFpNL JMCŸZF� K[ VG[ ALÔ[ EFU

�;],[DFGL JMC ŸZF� K[P



VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[4 K[<,M �J0F D]<,F� NFpN ALG

VHA XFC CTMP T[GF DZ6 5KL �J0F D]<,F�GL

UFNL DF8[ A[ JFZ;NFZ pEF YIF CTFP V[S

JFZ;NFZ T[ NFpN .aG[ S]T]AXFC CTMP T[

lCgN]:TFGDF\ �J0F D]<,F� Y. UIM VG[ T[ CLHZL

;G !_Z! DF\ DFC[ HDFNLp, VFBZGL !5 DL

TFZLB[ VDNFJFNDF\ U]HZL UIMP H[ JMC ŸZF ,MSM

T[G[ DFGTF CTF4 T[VM �NFpNL JMC ŸZF� SC[JF6F\

VG[ T[VM �;],[DFGL JMC ŸZF� SZTF ;\bIFDF\ JWFZ[

K[P

Z*P ;],[DFGL JMCZF SF{D

NFpN ALG VHA XFCGM ALÔ[ JFZ;

;],[DFG ALG I];]O CTMP CJ[ VCL\ JFT V[D AGL

S[ NFpNGF DZ6 5KL T[GL :+L hMCZFV[ 5MTFGF



EF. ;],[DFG ALG I];]OG[ IDG DMS,FjIM VG[

T[G[ tIF\ IDGGM �J0F D]<,F� AGFjIMP VFYL

S[8,FS JMC ŸZF ,MSM ;],[DFGG[ DFGJF ,FuIF4 VG[

T[YL T[VM �;],[DFGL JMCŸZF� SC[JFIFP

.lTCF;DF\ 36FV[ ,bI]\ K[ S[4 VA]

VaN]<,FC SZLG[ V[S DF6; CLHZL ;G Z(& DF\

VFO=LSFGF ZMSFNF XC[ZDF\ VFjIMP tIF\ T[6[ 5MTFG]\

ZFHI HDFjI]\ VG[ 5MTFGF GFDGF ;LÞF 56

K5FjIFP 5KL T[6[ ,MSMDF\ VaN]<,FC sGFDGM

ALÔ[ V[S Xb;f S[ H[ s,MSMDF\f VFU/ VFJL UIM

CTM4 T[G]\ �DCNL56]\� ÔC[Z SI]"\ VG[ ,MSMG[

VaN]<,FC 5Z .DFG ,FJJF VG[ T[G[ �DCNL�

DFGJF ;DÔJTM CTMP

5KL VaN]<,FC XFDYL VFO=LSF VFjIM VG[

A\G[GL D],FSFT Y.P VFYL VA] VaN]<,FCG[ JW]

Ô[X D?IMP VA] VaN]<,FC ,MSM ;D1F



VaN]<,FCG[ ATFJTM CTM VG[ SC[TM S[4 �VF

DCNL K[�4 5lZ6FD[ XFDYL VFJ[,M VaN]<,FC

36M H DXC]Z Y. UIMP T[6[ lJRFI]" \ S[ T[GL 5F;[

T[GF 36F D]ZLNM sVG]IFILVMf Y. UIF K[ VG[

WD"GF GFD[ 36L DNN 56 D/[ K[P T[YL T[6[ VA]

VaN]<,FCG[ VG[ T[GF EF.G[ DZFJL GFbIF VG[

VF ZLT[ T[VM CLHZL ;G Z)( GF HDFNL,

VFBZGL !5 DL TFZLB[ DZ6 5FdIFP

T[VM A\G[GF DZ6 5KL VaN]<,FC[ �DCNL�GF

GFDYL 5MTFGL ZFHI;tTF X~ SZL VG[ AFNXFC

YIMP T[6[ �DCNLIFC� GFDG]\ V[S DM8]\ XC[Z 56

J;FjI]\ CT]\P

VFH T[GL J:TL K CÔZGL K[P VF XC[Z

CLHZL ;G #_# DF\ A\WFJ]\ X~ YI]\ VG[ #_5 DF\

AF\WSFD 5]~\ YI]\4 VG[ VaN]<,FC CLHZL ;G #_(

DF\ UFNL 5Z VFjIMP



s�DCNLIFC� XC[Z VaN]<,FC[ J;FjI]\ CT]\P

VF XC[Z E]DwI ;D]N=GF lSGFZF 5Z SLZJFG

XC[ZGL Nl1F6[ VFJ[,]\ K[P J/L T[ A\NZ 56 K[4

VG[ J[5FZG]\ V[S DM8]\ DYS 56 K[Pf

K[J8[ VaN]<,FC 56 CLHZL ;G #ZZ DF\ �

DCNLIF� XC[ZDF\ DZ6 5FdIMP Ô[S[ T[6[ �DCNL�GM

NFJM TM SIM"4 56 T[GFDF\ T[JF U]6M G CTFP A<S[

T[GF JBTDF\ B]GZ[hL4 h]<D4 VgIFI4 V\WSFZ4

St,[VFD VG[ AZAFNL l;JFI ALH]\ SX]\ G CT]\P

T[6[ �DCNL� AGLG[ ,MSMG[ S\.56 OFINM G VF%IM

A<S[ ,MSMG[ AZAFN SIF"P

VaN]<,FC4 BL,FOT[ AGL OFT[DFCDF\YL CTM

VG[ T[GL +LÒ 5[-LV[ V, DM.hFh[Z T[ NLGL<,FC

AFNXFC Y. UIMP

�BL,FOT[ AGL OFT[DFC�GF J\X[ ,UEU

Z_5 JQF" ZFH SI]"\P T[GL BL,FOT V[8,[ S[



AFNXFCTDF\ VULIFZ AFNXFC YIF CTFP T[GM

5C[,M AFNXFC V, DM.hM ,[ NLGL<,FC CTM VG[

T[ CLHZL ;G #&5 GF ZaALp, VFBZGL !$ DL

TFZLB[ DZ6 5FdIMP T[GF J\XGM K[<,M AFNXFC

V, VFh[NM ,[ NLGL<,FC CTM VG[ T[ CLHZL ;G

5&* DF\ DZ6 5FdIM VG[ T[ J\XGL BL,FOT

;DF%T Y.P

Z(P AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A

VF56F AFZDF .DFD ChZT �DCNL

V[ ;FC[A]hhDFG�sVPf 5MTFGL Ò\NULDF\ A[ JBT

UFV[A V[8,[ S[ VN=xI YIFP 5C[,L JBT

HIFZ[ UFV[A YIF T[G[ �U{AT[ ;]UZF� SC[ K[4

V[8,[ S[ YM0F ;DI DF8[ VN=xI YIF4 56 OZL

5FKF N[BFIFP ALÒ JBT UFV[A YIF4 T[G[ �



U{AT[ S]AZF� SC[ K[4 V[8,[ S[ VF5

CJ[ N[BFX[ GlC\4 l;JFI S[ T[VM h]C]Z

V[8,[ S[ ÔC[Z YFIP

�U{AT[ ;]UZF� V[ HDFGM CTM S[ H[DF\ ChZT

DCNLsVPf YM0F\ ;DI DF8[ UFV[A YIF CTFP

T[ ;DI *_ JQF"GM CTMP .DFDsVPf RFZ GFV[AM

DFZOT .:,FDGF C]SDMG[ ,MSM ;]WL 5CM\RF0TF

CTFP T[ RFZ GFV[AM GLR[ 5|DF6[ CTFo s!f

p:DFG .aG[ ;.N sZf DMCdDN ALG p:DFG s#f

X[B VA], SF;LD4 C];{G .aG[ ZjC s$f

V,L .aG[ DMCdDN ;DZL4 S[ H[VM !5 DL

XFAFG4 CLHZL ;G #Z) DF\ U]HZL UIF

VG[ tIFZYL �U{AT[ S]AZF�GL X~VFT Y.P

VtIFZ ;]WL VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[ 36F ,MSMV[ �

DCNL�GM NFJM SIM" K[4 56 .DFDGL �

U{AT[ ;]UZF�GF HDFGFDF\ ,MSMV[ �DCNL�GM NFJM



SIM" G CTM4 56 �AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A� GM NFJM

SIM" CTMP �AFA�GM VY" NZJFÔ[ YFI K[P

V[8,[ Ô[ VF56[ 3ZDF\ NFB, YJ]\ CMI4 TM 5C[,F

NZJFÔDF\YL 5;FZ YJ]\ Ô[.V[P CJ[ VCL\ ,MSMV[ �

AFA�GM NFJM SIM" V[8,[ S[ NZJFÔGM NFJM SIM"P

AFZDF .DFD ChZT DCNLsVPf V[8,[ .<DG]\

3ZP DF8[ ,MSMV[ Ô[ .<D ,[J]\ CMI4 TM

NZJFÔDF\YL Y.G[ ÔIP

�AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM V[ DT,A K[ S[ �

UIAT[ ;]UZF�GF ;DIDF\ V[S SF{D[ �

AFA[ DCNL�GM NFJM SIM" VG[ 5MTFG[ �AFA� VG[ �

;OLZ� V[8,[ S[ ;]WFZS 56 SC[JF ,FuIF4 56

T[VM 5Z .DFDGL ,VGT Y. VG[ T[VMGM GFX

YIMP

V[JL ZLT[ 36F ,MSMV[ �

AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM NFJM SIM" CTMP 56



T[VMV[ ,MSMG[ G;LCT VG[ OFINM

VF5JFG[ AN,[ U]DZFC SIF"P VFJF ,MSM 36F\

CTFP T[VMDF\ DMCdDN .aG[ XLZLILC4

DMCdDN .aG[ G];IZLV[ GDLZ4

V[CDN .aG[ CL,F,[ S]ZBL4 VA] TFC[Z

DMCdDN .aG[ V,L .aG[ AL,F,4 DMCdDN ALG

V,L X,D3FGL CTFP VF AWFV[ �AFA[ DCNL�GM

NFJM SIM"4 56 T[VM ,MSMDF\ O;FN4 8\8M4 B]GZ[hL

l;JFI ALH]\ SX]\ G SZL XSIFP

sO}8GM8o DMCdDN .aG[ G];IZL V[ DF6;

CTM S[ H[ .DFD V,L GSLsVPfG[ B]NF DFGTM

CTM VG[ 5MTFG[ T[DGM 5IUdAZ DFGTM CTMP

T[GF DZ6 5KL T[GL SF{DGF +6 EFU Y. UIF

VG[ T[VM AWF AZAFN YIFPf

VFYL .DFD[ ,MSMG[ ARFJJF DF8[ ,MSM 5Z

V[S 5+ ,bIMP T[DF\ VF5[ ,MSMG[ ;DÔjI]\ S[4�



AWF NFJM SZJFJF/F H}9F K[P� J/L T[VM

p5Z .DFDGL ,VGT 56 Y. VG[ T[VMGL AWL

H}9L RF,AFÒVM B]<,L 50L U.P

VA]ASZ[ AUNFNLV[ VA] TFC[Z 5KL �

AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM NFJM SIM" CTMP J/L

S[8,FS[ ,bI]\ K[ S[ C];{G ALG Dg;]Z[ C<,FH[ 56 �

AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM NFJM SIM" CTMP SFZ6

S[ X[B TAZ;L 5MTFGL SLTFA �

V[CT[ÔH�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ C];{G ALG Dg;]Z

5Z ,VGT Y. CTLP

sO}8GM8o C];{G ALG Dg;]Z[ C<,FH[ �

AFA[ DCNL�GM NFJM SIM" CTM VG[ CLHZL ;G

#_)4 hL,SFN DF;DF\ St, SZJFDF\ VFjIMP VF

DF6; lJQF[ T[GL Ò\NULG]\ J6"G D]\A.YL GLS/TF

�.:GF VXZL� DF;LSGF HDFNL, VjJ,4

CLHZL ;G !#&_ GF V\SDF\ K5F. UI]\ K[Pf



;{IN G[VDT]<,FC HhFV[ZL4

SLTFA[ VgJFZ[ GMVDFGLIFDF\ 5[H Z##

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 C];{G Dg;]Z[ B]NF.GM NFJM SIM" CTM

VG[ T[GF 5Z .DFDGL ,VGT pTZL CTLP

K[J8[ B],F;FDF\ V[8,]\ H S[ �U{AT[ ;]UZF�DF\

VF AWF ,MSMV[ AFA[ .DFD sAFALITfGM NFJM

SIM" CTMP J/L HIFZYL CLHZL ;G #Z) DF\ �

UIAT[ S]AZF� X~ Y. tIFZYL ,.G[ VFH ;]WL

36F ,MSMV[ �DCNL� VG[ �AFA[ DCNL�GM NFJM

SIM" CTMP T[VM �DCNL�GM NFJM SZTF V[8,]\ H

GlC\ 56 5MTFG[ �DCNLV[ VF,[ DMCdDN� DFGTF

VG[ ,MSM 5F;[ DGFJTFP

V[ ,MSMG]\ 5lZ6FD 36]\ H BZFA VFjI]\P

V[ ,MSMV[ �DCNL� AGLG[ N]lGIFDF\ O;FN4 8\8M4

AZAFNL4 BZFAL4 B}GZ[hL4 B]G[ GFCS VG[ ,MSM



5Z h]<D JZ;FjIMP K[J8[ V[ ,MSMG]\ H}9F6]\ ;FALT

YI]\P

DCNLGF H}9F NFJ[NFZM

�DCNL�GM NFJM SZJFJF/FDF\YL DMCdDN

ALG VaN]<,FC[ T]DZ 56 V[S CTMP

T[6[ CLHZL ;G 5!5 DF\ VFO=LSFGF DMZMÞMDF\ �

DCNL�GM NFJM SIM" CTMP T[6[ VDLZMYL ,0JF

DF\0I]\4 SFZ6 S[ T[VM T[GF DFU"DF\ SF\8F~5 CTFP

VF VDLZM �NJ,T[ D]XA[TLG�GF GFDYL

VM/BFTF CTFP �NJ,T[ D]XA[TLG� VFO=LSFGF

DMZMÞMGF pDZFJ ,MSM CTFP T[VMV[ CLHZL ;G

$$( YL 5$! ;]WL ZFHI SI]"\P VDLZMGM GFX SZL

T[6[ �NJ,T[ D]JC ŸC[NLG� V[8,[ S[ 5MTFGL

AFNXFCT HDFJLP �NJ,T[ D]JC ŸC[NLG� DMCdDN

ALG VaN]<,FC[ T]DZGF J\XGL AFNXFCT CTLP

T[GF J\XDF\ !# AFNXFC YIF CTFP VG[ Nl1F6



VFO=LSFDF\ T[VMGL AFNXFCT CLHZL ;G &&* DF\

B,F; Y.P

VaN], DMDLG SZLG[ V[S DF6; D]<,F CTMP

T[ ArRFVMG[ NLGL lX1F6 VF5TMP J/L

T[ DMCdDN .aG[ T]DZ 5Z .DFG ,FjIM CTM

VG[ T[GL 36L ;[JF SZL CTLP VFYL

T]DZ[ T[G[ 5MTFGM JFZ;NFZ AGFjIM VG[ �

NJ,T[ D]JC ŸC[NLG� T[GFYL X~ Y.P T]DZ

CLHZL ;G 5#$ DF\ DZ6 5FdIMP J/L T[GL ;tTF

NZdIFG ,MSM 5Z h]<D SZJFDF\ VFJTM CTMP

A[U]GFCMG[ SF5L GFBJFDF\ VFJTF CTFP T[GF

DCNL56FYL ,MSMG[ G]S;FG l;JFI SXM 56

OFINM G D?IMP

CLHZL ;G &)_ VG[ *__ GL JRDF\

NZLIFGL 5F;[ DMZMÞMDF\ VaAF; SZLG[ V[S DF6;

ÔC[Z YIM VG[ T[6[ 56 �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM" CTMP



VFYL T[ ,MSMDF\ l5|I Y. 50IM VG[ tIF\ 5MTFG]\

ZFHI HDFjI]\P T[6[ O=F\; XC[ZG[ 5MTFGL ZFHWFGL

AGFJLP O=F\; D]bI XC[Z VG[ J[5FZL DYS 56

CT]\P T[GF V[S ,FB SZTF JW] D]ZLNM

sVG]IFILVMf AGL UIFP 56 T[6[ 36FG[ St,

SZFJL GFbIF VG[ 36FG[ AF/L GFbIFP

K[J8[ T[6[ 5MTFG[ 56 GFA]N SIM"P

CFOLh VA~ hI,[4 �

ÔD[V[ TJFZLB[ ZXLNL�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ CLHZL ;G

*ZZ DF\ VDLZ T{D]Z YFX ALG VDLZ K]85FG4

ZMDFIFGL ;<TGTDF\ ÔC[ZDF\ VFjIM

VG[ ,MSMG[ E[UF SZL T[DGL ;FD[ B]tAM

V[8,[ S[ EFQF6 SZJF ,FuIMP T[6[ �DCNL�GM NFJM

SIM" VG[ ,MSMG[ 5MTFGL TZO B[\RJF DF\0IMP

K[J8[ T[6[ ,xSZ pE] SI]"\ VG[ ZMDIFGL ;<TGT

5MTFG[ SaH[ SZL VG[ 5MTFGF GFDGF ;LÞF



5F0JF ,FuIMP 5KL T[6[ DL;Z VG[ XFD

SaH[ SZJF DM8]\ ,xSZ DMS<I]\P 56 T[GM AF5 XFD

VG[ DL;ZGF ZFÔ

VA] ;.N[ DMU,GF ,xSZDF\ ;ZNFZ CTMP T[ 56

V[S DM8]\ ,xSZ ,. T[GF 5]+GL ;FD[ UIM

VG[ T[G[ ;DÔjIM4 T[YL T[6[ DCNLGM NFJM SZJFG]\

D}SL NLW]\P

Z)P VSAZ AFNXFCGF HDFGFDF\ DCNLGM NFJM

CLHZL N;DL ;NLGF V\TDF\ V[8,[ S[ VSAZ

AFNXFCGF HDFGFDF\ lC\N]:TFGDF\ 56 ;{IN

DMCdDN HCFG5]ZL GFDGF V[S DF6;[ �DCNL�GM

NFJM SIM" CTMP T[ JBT[ U]HZFTDF\ H[ JMCŸZF ,MSM

CTF4 T[VM T[GF VG]IFIL CTFP T[VM �

JMCŸZFV[ DCNLIFC�GF GFDYL VM/BFTF CTF4

56 VtIFZ[ T[VM VF GFDYL GYL VM/BFTFP



5Z\T] VSAZ AFNXFCYL VF ;CG G YI]\4

T[YL T[6[ V[S DF6; S[ H[G]\ GFD X[B DMCdDN

TFC[Z OLTGL U]HZFTL CT]\4 T[G[ pxS[IM"P J/L

T[6[ ;{IN DMCdDNGL lJ~wW SFJTZF ZRJFDF\ 56

T[G[ DNN VF5LP T[ U]HZFTDF\ UIM

VG[ T[GL ;FD[ ,0JF ,FuIMP CLHZL ;G )(& DF\

T[G[ ST, SIM" VG[ T[GF J\XG[ GFA]N SIM"P

#_P VgI ,MSMGF H}9F NFJF

VFO=LSFGF ;\UF, XC[ZDF\

VgI V[S DF6;[ CLHZL ;G !Z$* DF\

VFO=LSFGF ;\UF, XC[ZDF\ �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"

CTMP T[6[ H}9M NFJM SZL S\. OFINM G D[/jIMP

s;\UF, VFlO=SFG]\ V[S DM8]\ XC[Z K[P

T[ V[8,F\8LS DCF;FUZGL AFH]DF\ H VFJ[,]\ K[P



T[GL J:TL ,UEU A[ ,FBGL K[P DM8[EFU[ T[DF\

A]T5Z:T sV\U|[Ô[ VG[ O\=[RMf ZC[ K[4 KTF T[DF\

D];,DFGM 56 36F K[Pf

G[5M,LVGGF ;DIDF\

DCFG G[5M,LVGGF JBTDF\

HIFZ[ T[ DL;ZDF\ CTM4 tIFZ[ 5l`RD N[XMDF\ ZC[TF

V[S DF6;[ �DCNL� GM NFJM SIM"

VG[ T[ G[5M,LVGGL ;FY[ ,0JF ,FuIMP 56

VFBZ[ T[ O=[\RMGF CFY[ DZF6M VG[ B,F; YIMP

VFO=LSFGF DMZÞM XC[ZDF\

CLHZL ( DL ;NLDF\ VFlO=SFGF DMZMÞM

XC[ZDF\ �T]DZhL� SZLG[ V[S DF6; S[ H[ �;]OL�

CTM4 T[6[ 56 �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"4 56 �

D;FD[NC� GFDGL V[S SF{DGF ,MSMGF CFY[ DZF6M

VG[ ANGFD YIMP



VF VFBZL ;NLDF\

V[8,[ S[ CLHZL ;G !Z5_ YL ,.G[ VFH ;]WLDF\

36F\ ,MSM ÔC[Z YIF VG[ �DCNL� GM NFJM SIM"4

56 T[VMGF �DCNL56F�G]\ X]\ 5lZ6FD VFjI]\

T[ N]lGIF Ô6[ K[P

T[VM �BM8F DCNL� AgIF VG[ BM8M 0M/ SZL

5MTFGL N]lGIF VG[ VFB[ZT A\G[ AZAFN SZLP

T[VMV[ �DCNL� AGLG[ ,MSMG[ S\. 56 OFINM G

VF%IMP T[VMV[ �DCNL� AGLG[ ,MSMG[ ZFCT4

VFZFD4 DNN4 .g;FO VF5JM Ô[.TM CTMP 5Z\T]

T[VMV[ T[YL p<8]\ H SI]"\P T[D6[ D];,DFGMDF\

N]xDGL O[,FJLP T[D6[ ,MSMDF\ 8\8M4 O;FN4

N]xDGL4 AUFJT4 B]GZ[hL4 h]<D VG[ U[Z.g;FO

O[,FjIMP



.ZFGDF\

VFJF ,MSMDF\YL V[S V,LDMCdDN[ AFA

DLZhF ZhFV[ XLZFh 56 CTMP T[6[ �DCNL�GM

NFJM SIM"P 56 T[6[ 5MTFGL ;tTF NZdIFG ,MSM

5Z h]<D SIM"P T[6[ .ZFGDF\ O;FN VG[ CZFDBMZL

JWFZLP ,MSMG[ U]DZFC VG[ AZAFN SIF"P

36F\ ,B[ K[ S[ T[ UF\0M DF6; CTMP 5C[,F

T[6[ �AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM NFJM SIM"4 V[8,]\ H

GlC\ 56 T[6[ 5MTFG[ .DFD VG[ XLIFVMGL

JrR[GM JF:TM AGFjIMP VFYL 36F\ V7FG ,MSM

EM/JF. H. T[GF 5Z .DFG ,FjIF VG[ T[GF

D]ZLNM sVG]IFILVMf Y. UIFP T[YL T[ V[S 0U,]\

VFU/ JwIM VG[ B]N �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"

VG[ 5MTFGM �AFA[ .DFD[ UFV[A�GM BLTFA D]<,F

C];{G A]X~IFCG[ VF%IMP



T[GF lJQF[ V[S JFT V[ K[ S[4�DCNL�GM NFJM

SIF[" V[ 5C[,F T[ A]XCZDF\ ZC[TM CTMP BF;

UZDLGF lNJ;MDF\ T[ 5MTFGF KF5ZF p5Z HTM

VG[ ;}I"GL ;FD[ V[SL GHZ[ Ô[IF SZTMP

VFYL ,MSM T[GF 5Z JW] .DFG ,FjIFP S[8,FS

SC[TF S[ T[ UF\0M Y. UIM K[P Ô[ SM. T[GM .lTCF;

JF\R[4 TM H6FX[ S[ T[ V[S B]NUh"4 ,F,R]4 GFNFG4

V7FG VG[ h]<DL Xb; CTMP

Ô[S[ VFJM DM8M CMN ŸNM

WZFJJFG[ T[ AL,S], ,FIS G CTM4 KTF\ 56

36F\ ,MSM 5MTFGL B]NUhL" VG[ 5MTFGF

EZ65MQF6 DF8[ VG[ ALÔVM 5F;[YL 5{;F

50FJJF DF8[ T[GF GFDYL4 T[GF DCNL56F\GM

5|RFZ SZTF4 H[D S[ �SMZŸZT], VIG� JU[Z[P

VFJF ,MSMGL DNNYL T[ 36M 5|bIFT Y. UIMP

T[ ,MSM VG[ ALÔ VFl,DM ;FY[ JF8F3F8 SZTM4



56 Ô[ VF56[ T[GL JFTRLTM 5Z GHZ GF\BX]\4 TM

H6FX[ S[ T[ V[S 36M H GFNFG VG[ SDVÞ,

DF6; CTMP K[J8[ VF V,LDMCdDN TFZLB Z* DL

XFAFG4 CLHZL ;G !Z&* DF\ ST, SZJFDF\

VFjIM4 tIFZ[ T[GL p\DZ #! JQF"GL CTLP

V,LDMCdDNGF DZ6 5KL DLZhF ICŸIF

GFDGF V[S DF6;[ T[GF �GFV[A�GM NFJM SIM"P

J/L T[6[ 5MTFG[ �;]aC[ VH,�GM BLTFA 56

VF%IMP 5Z\T] 5FK/YL T[6[ �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"

VG[ 5MTFGF EF. C];{GV,L AMCFG[ 5MTFGM �

GFV[A� AGFjIMP

56 VF AFATDF\ ,MSMDF\ h30M 5[NF YIM

VG[ ,0JF ,FuIFP C];{G AMCF SC[TM S[4 T[ V,L

DMCdDNGM GFV[A K[4 GlC\ S[ T[GF EF.GMP

T[ l;JFI AMCF 5MTFGF EF. ICŸIF 5Z ,VGT



56 SZTM CTMP VG[ VF AWF ,MSM T[ JBT[ T]S"GF

D]<SDF\ ZC[TF CTFP

T[VMGL VF5;GL

N]xDGLGF ,LW[ T]SL"GL ;ZSFZ[ CLHZL ;G !Z(5

DF\ DLZhF ICŸIFG[ �SLAZL;�GF 8F5] 5Z DMS,L

NLWM4 VG[ T[ tIF\ H DZ6 5FdIMP J/L

T]SL" ;ZSFZ[ T[GF EF. C];{G AMCFG[ S[N SZL

VbBFGF 8F5] 5Z DMS,L NLWMP

#!P VFlO=SFDF\ DCNLGM NFJM

CLHZL ;G !#_Z GF ZDhFG DF;DF\

V[8,[ S[ .P;P!((5 GF H}G DF;DF\ DMCdDN

ALG VaN]<,FC GFDGM Xb; VFO=LSFGF ;]NFG

Ò<,FGF �pdD[ NZDFG� XC[ZDF\ U]HZL UIMP VF

DMCdDN ALG VaN]<,FC[ 5MTFGL Ò\NUL NZdIFG



5MTFG[ �DCNL�GM BLTFA VF%IM VG[ T[ V[S

DXC]Z �DCNLV[ ;]NFGL� AGL UIMP

CLHZL ;G !#__ DF\ T[6[ 5MTFGL �

DCNLiIT�G[ ÔC[Z SZLP T[YL 36F\ ,MSM T[GF

D]ZLNM sVG]IFILVMf Y. UIF VG[ T[G[ .DFD

DFGJF ,FuIFP T[ 5MTFGF D]ZLNMG[ SC[TM S[4 V[S

JBT HGFA[ Z;},[B]NFs;Pf T[GL 5F;[ :J%GDF\

VFjIF VG[ T[GF lN,G[ 5FS SI]"\4

VG[ T[G[ A]lwW4 .<D VG[ CLSDT VF5LP J/L

T[GL SDZ 5Z V[S T,JFZ AF\WL VF5L

VG[ 5IUdAZ[ T[G[ 5MTFGL B]Z;L 5Z A[;F0IM

VG[ T[G]\ GFD �DCNLV[ DJpN�

ZFbI]\P ;FY[v;FY[ T[G[ 5IUdAZ[ V[D 56 SC ŸI]\ S[4

�T]\ ,MSMGL ;D1F DCNL TZLS[ ÔC[Z YF

VG[ ,MSMG[ CLNFIT SZP�



T[GL VFJL VG[S H}9L VG[ 5|5\RL

JFTMYL ,MSM EM/JF. UIF VG[ T[G[ �DCNL�

TZLS[ DFGJF ,FuIFP 36F ,MSM T[GM C]SD

AÔJJF B0[ 5U[ T{IFZ ZC[TFP VFYL T[6[ V[S

DM8]\ ,xSZ pE] SI]" VG[ XC[ZM ÒTJF X~ SIF"P

V8,]\ H GlC\ 56 T[ V\U|[Ô[ ;FY[ ,0JF ,FuIM

VG[ T[DF\ T[ DZF6MP T[GF DZ6 5KL T[GF D]ZLNM

sVG]IFILVMfV[ B]GZ[hL SZL4 ,MSMG[ ;TFjIF

VG[ AZAFN SIF"P VFBZ[ T[VMG]\ H}9F6]\ ;FALT

YI]\P

#ZP U],FD V[CDN SFNIFGLGM NFJM

U],FD V[CDN �SFNIFGL� 56 V[ ,MSMDF\GM

V[S CTMP T[G[ 56 �DCNL� AGJFGL 36L H

5|A/ .rKF CTLP T[YL T[6[ 5[`JF. VG[ ;ZNFZL



DF8[ SFNIFG[ 5\ÔA[ CLgNDF\ �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"P

VF NFJM T[6[ 36]\ SZLG[ CLHZL ;G !#__ GL

VF;5F; SZ[,MP

U],FD V[CDN �SFNIFGL�GF AFZFDF\ V[S

SLTFA �GLhFD[ .HT[DF NZ .:,FD�DF\ ,BF6]\

K[ S[4 U],FD V[CDN ALG U],FD D]ZT]hF ALG

VTF DMCdDN .P;P!(_) DF\ SFNIFG

s5\ÔAfGF XFDDF\ HGdIM CTM

VG[ T[ CLHZL ;G !#Z* sZ$ DL

D[4 .P;P!)_(fDF\ SFNIFGDF\ U]HZL UIMP

DLZhF U],FD V[CDN ÔT[ DMU, CTM VG[ T[GL

DFT'E}lD ;DZS\N CTLP T[ tIF\YL VFjIM

VG[ SFNIFGDF\ �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"P T[6[ 5MTFGF

AFZFDF\ 36L VFITM 56 AGFJL CTLP

U],FD V[CDN �SFNIFGL� ,MSMG[ 5MTFGF

VG[S GFDM ATFJTMP T[ SIFZ[S 5MTFG[ �



D]HNŸNLN[ NLG� V[8,[ S[ �WD" ;]WFZS� SC[TM4

SIFZ[S 5MTFG[ �D;LC� SC[TM VG[ SIFZ[S �

DCNLV[ DJpN� JU[Z[ SCŸIF SZTMP T[GL 56

V;Z ,MSM 5Z 50L VG[ T[GF 36F\ D]ZLNM YIF4

VG[ T[6[ V[S GJM H WD" 30L SF-IMP

T[GF DZ6 5KL T[GF D]ZLNM sVG]IFILVMf

A[ EFUDF\ JC[\RF. UIFP T[DF\GM V[S EFU �

SFNIFGL� SC[JFI K[4 HIFZ[ ALÔ[ EFU �

DLZhF.�GF GFDYL VM/BFI K[P �SFNIFGL�

5MTFG[ D];,DFG GYL DFGTF4 HIFZ[ �DLZhF.�

5MTFG[ D];,DFG DFG[ K[4 56 T[VM

36F\ ,MSMG[ U]DZFC SZ[ K[4 V[8,[ S[ ,MSMG[ WD"GL

AFATDF\ BM8L J:T]VM ATFJ[ K[P T[ ,MSM

S]ZVFGGM BM8M TZH]DM SZ[ K[4 J/L T[GL BM8L

TO;LZM 56 ,B[ K[P VG[ T[YL T[VMGL TO;LZM

VG[ SLTFAM AWF DF6;M JF\RJF DF\0[ V[ IMuI



GYLP V7FG DF6;M V[DGL XZFZTYL U]DZFC Y.

H. 5MTFGL N]lGIF VG[ VFS[AT U]DFJL A[;X[4

V[DF\ SM. X\SF GYLP T[VMGL SLTFAMG[ TM V[H

JF\RL XS[ S[ H[ .:,FDL .lTCF; Ô6TM CMIP

VG[ OST Ô6SFZ DF6; H Ô6L

XS[ K[ S[ T[VM .:,FDGL S[8,F lJ~wW K[P

NL<CLDF\

VF K[<,F JBTDF\ V[8,[ S[ ,UEU !_ JZ;

VUFp NL<CL sEFZTfDF\ V[S DF6;[ �DCNL�GM

NFJM SIM" CTMP 5Z\T] T[ DF6;GL GFNFGL TZT

H ;FALT Y. U. VG[ K[J8DF\ T[ 56 VF

N]lGIFYL C\D[XGF DF8[ p9L UIMP



##P .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[

Z;},[B]NFs;PfG]\ OZDFG

VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[ VG[S ,MSMV[ VG[S ZLT[ �

DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"P 5Z\T] T[ AWFG]\ 5lZ6FD

H}9F6]\4 NUM4 h]<D4 B]GZ[hL VG[ O;FN CT]\P H[JL

ZLT[ S[ VF56[ Ô6LV[ KLV[ S[ �;FC[A[ XZLVT�

ChZT Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ SC ŸI]\ K[ S[4�VDFZF 5KL

36F\ ,MSM V[JF VFJX[ S[ H[ .DFD VG[ DCNLGM

H}9M NFJM SZX[P�

Z;},[B]NFs;PfGF VF JRGM ;FRF 50IF

K[ VG[ T[ lJQF[ VF56[ VFU/ Ô[. UIF KLV[P

VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[ 36F\ ,MSMV[ �DCNL�GM NFJM SIM"

VG[ T[ hDFGFGF ,MSM ;FR]\ 56 DFGL ,[TF

VG[ T[G[ .DFD DFGL T[DGL TFA[NFZL 56 SZTFP

5Z\T] H[DvH[D hDFGM VFU/ VG[ VFU/ JWTM



RF<IM4 T[DvT[D ,MSM CM\XLIFZ YTF UIF

VG[ T[VMG[ H}9F ;DHJF ,FuIFP

VG[ VF56[ ÔÎ]\ S[ V[ ,MSMGM NFJM DF+ NFJM G

CTM4 A<S[ V[S ÔTGL N]SFGNFZL CTLP

VF56[ V[D 56 G DFGL A[;J]\ Ô[.V[ S[ �

;FRF DCNL� SM. GYLP A<S[4 .:,FDDF\ �DCNL�

V[8,[ S[ �DCFG ;]WFZS� K[ VG[ T[GL BAZ

VF56G[ VUFpYL VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P VG[ BF;

SZLG[ ;FC[A[ XZLVT ChZT

DMCdDNs;PfV[ BAZ VF5L K[ S[4�VDFZL

VJ,FNDF\YL V[S Xb; VFJX[ VG[ T[G]\ GFD

DCNL CX[P T[ VFJLG[ N]lGIFG[ ;]WFZX[P�

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ V[D 56 SCŸI]\ K[ S[4�

T[ VF,DDF\ VFJLG[ h]<D4 CZFDBMZL

VG[ O;FNG[ N}Z SZX[P VG[ HDLG 5Z .g;FO

O[,FJX[P�



5KL �DCNL� BF; .:,FDDF\ H K[ V[J]\ GYLP

56 �DCNL� V[8,[ S[ �DCFG ;]WFZS�GL

N]lGIFG[ JBTM JBT H~Z 50[ K[ T[ VS,L JFT

K[P

#$P N]lGIFG[ V[S DCNLGL H~ZT K[

�VS,L ZLT[ DCNL H~ZL K[�

CJ[ C]\ VS,L ZLT[ ;FALT SZLX S[4�DCNL

N]lGIF DF8[ CMJF H~ZL K[�4 SFZ6 S[ �

DCNL� ;LJFI BZFA VG[ AZAFN YI[,L

N]lGIF ;]WZTL GYLP �VS,L ZLT[ DCNL CMJF

Ô[.V[�4 T[GL N,L,M GLR[ D]HA K[o

N,L, !o �N]lGIFG[ DCNLGL XF

DF8[ H~ZT K[m� VUZ VF56[ Ô[.X]\ S[4 SM. SF{D4

DL<,T4 J:TL4 N[X S[ ZFHIDF\ VD]S JBT 5KL

VD]S BZFALVM 5[NF YIF K[4 VG[ hDFGFGF



JWJF ;FY[ V[ BZFALVM V[8,L AWL JWL ÔI

K[ S[ ,MSM AZAFN Y. ÔI K[P VG[ V[ BZFALVM

N}Z GYL YTL4 HIF\ ;]WL S[ SM. V[S DCFG ;]WFZS

HgD[ VG[ V[ BZFALVM N}Z SZL ,MSMG[ ;]WFZ[P

N,L, Zo GALVM4 J,LVM4 WD" p5N[XSM

VYJF AFNXFCM JU[Z[ HIFZ[ T[VMGL SF{DDF\

S[ 5KL ;<TGTDF\ SM. BZFALGM ;0M 5[;[ K[4

tIFZ[ T[VM �CFNL� V[8,[ S[ �;]WFZS�

AGLG[ VFJ[ K[ VG[ 5MTFGL SF{DG[ ;]WFZ[ K[P VF

p5ZYL H6FI K[ S[ V<,FCGL VFJ0L DM8L

N]lGIFDF\ HIFZ[ BZFAL VG[ ;0M 5[NF YFI4 tIFZ[ �

D]:,[C[ S]<,L� V[8,[ S[ �V[S 36F H

DCFG ;]WFZS�GL N]lGIFG[ H~Z 50[ K[P

VG[ T[ ;]WFZSG]\ VFJJ]\ VS,L ZLT[ H~ZL K[P

VG[ .:,FDDF\ T[ DCFG ;]WFZSG]\ GFD �DCNL�

ZFBJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[P



N,L, #o Ô[ VF56[ 36L H AFZLSLYL

lJRFZ SZLV[4 TM VF56G[ H6FX[ S[ VF VFBL

N]lGIFGF AWF DF6;M V[S SF{D VG[ V[S 3Z H[JF

K[P VG[ VF56[ Ô[.V[ KLV[ T[JL ZLT[ N]lGIFGF

AWF ,MSM V[SALÔGF ;CJF;DF\ VFJ[ K[P T[VM

5MTFGF lJRFZM VG[ 5MTFGL ZLTEFT

VG[ ZC[6LvSZ6LGL VF5v,[ SZ[ K[P CJ[ VF

VF5v,[ SZJFDF\ WLD[vWLD[ BZFAL 5[NF YTL ÔI

K[P ,MSMGL A]ZL VFNTM JWTL ÔI K[P K[J8[ V[S

ÔTGM BZFA ;0M 5[NF YFI

K[ VG[ T[H ;0M ,MSMG[ AZAFN SZL D}S[ K[P

H[DvH[D hDFGM VFU/ JWTM ÔI K[4 T[DvT[D

T[ BZFAL VG[ ;0M ,MSMDF\ JWTM ÔI K[P

K[J8[ ,MSM V[SND BZFA Y. ÔI K[P XZD

VG[ CIF AFSL GYL ZC[TLP ,MSM

ALÔVMG[ A[U]GFC St, SZL GFB[ K[P V[8,[ ;]WL



S[ DF6;DF\ DF6;F. AFSL GYL ZC[TL VG[ T[VM

C[JFG56]\ WFZ6 SZL ,[ K[P

TM 5KL CJ[ H6FI K[ S[ VFJL BZFA YI[,L

N]lGIFG[ V[D G[ V[D ZC[JF N[JFYL T[GF

JWFZ[ BZFA Y. HJFGM ;\EJ ZC[ K[P 56

ZC[DT[ B]NF Ô[XDF\ VFJL ,MSM

VG[ N]lGIFG[ ;]WFZJF DF8[ V[S

DCFG ;]WFZSG[ DMS,[ K[P

T[ VFJLG[ N]lGIFG[ ;]WFZ[ K[P .:,FDDF\

T[ DCFG ;]WFZS �DCNL�GF GFDYL VM/BFI K[P

#5P hDFGFGL VFHGL CF,T

N,L, $o VFHGF JT"DFG hDFGF TZO

VF56[ GHZ SZLX]\4 TM VF56G[ 36L BZFALVM

VG[ ;0M N[BFX[P :+LVM VG[ 5]~QFM .:,FDGF



SFG]G lJ~wW K]8YL ;FY[ OZ[ K[P ,MSMV[ XD"

VG[ CIFG[ D]SL VF5L K[P ;DHNFZ 56

5MTFG[ SFA]DF\ GYL ZFBL XSTMP VFHGL VF

GLXFGLVM p5ZYL DF,]D 50[ K[ S[ V[S hDFGM

V[JM 56 VFJX[ S[ HIFZ[ ,MSM S50F\ 5C[ZJFGF

AL,S], D]SL N[X[P XD"vCIF VG[ 5ZNM AFSL GlC\

ZC[ VG[ ,MSM V[SND BZFA Y. HX[P

VFJF ;DI[ ,MSMG[ ;]WFZJF

DF8[ V[S ;]WFZSGL BF; H~Z 50[ K[P

VG[ B]NFJ\N[ SZLD T[G[ H~Z DMS,[ K[P

VG[ T[ DCFG ;]WFZSG]\ VFJJ]\ VS,L

VG[ CLSDTYL K[P

N,L, 5o 36F\ Ô[ZFJZ ZFÔVMGF TMZL,F

DUHDF\ ALÔ N[XM ÒTJFGL 36L H TLJ| .rKFVM

CMI K[P VF ACFG[ T[VM

ALÔVMGL ;FD[ ,0[ K[ VG[ SFZ6



V[ VF5[ K[ S[ T[VM DG]QIMGL

ZC[6LvSZ6L ;]WFZJF VG[ H]NFvH]NF

N[XGF ,MSMG[ EF. AGFJJF DF8[ ,0[ K[P 56 VF

AW] TNŸNG BM8]\ VG[ H}9]\ K[P

K[J8[ T[VM ,0F.GF ;FWGM VG[ ;FDFG T{IFZ

SZ[ K[ VG[ V[H ;FWGM J0[ T[VM DF6;MG[ GFA]N

SZ[ K[P VG[ Ô[ VFJL H ZLTM N]lGIFDF\ RF,]

ZC[ sH[JL ZLT[ S[ VFH[ K[f TM JBT VFJ[ N]lGIF

B,F; VG[ AZAFN Y. HX[P TM 5KL VFJL S|]ZTF

VG[ DG]QIGL AZAFNL ZMSJF VG[ ,MSMG[ ;]WFZJF

DF8[ V[S DCFG ;]WFZSGL BF; H~Z 50[ K[P

VG[ T[GF CMJFDF\ B]ALVM ;DFV[,L K[P

N,L, &o B]NFV[ N]lGIFDF\ 36L ÔTGL

SF{DM 5[NF SZL K[P VG[ SF{D CMJFGF ,LW[ SMDL56]\

56 K[P VG[ V[ SMDL56F DF8[ V[S SMD ALÒ

SF{DGL ;FY[ ,0[ K[4 T[GFYL GOZT SZ[ K[P



VG[ A\G[ JrR[ N]xDGL pEL YFI K[P

CJ[ Ô[ N]lGIFDF\ VFJL H CF,T ZC[JF N[JFDF\

VFJ[4 TM V[S JBT V[JM 56 VFJX[ S[ VFBL

N]lGIF OGF Y. ÔIP 5KL VFJL

BZFALVMG[ ZMSJF VG[ ;]WFZJF V[S ;]WFZSGL

H~Z 50[ K[P TM 5KL H6FI]\ S[ ;]WFZSGL H~Z

GSFDL VG[ OMS8 GYLP 56 T[ ,MSMGF OFINF

DF8[ K[P VG[ V[8,F H DF8[ ChZT DCNLsVPfG]\

DCFG ;]WFZS AGLG[ VFJJ]\ H~ZL K[4 VG[ T[DF\

CLSDT VG[ B]AL ZC[,L K[P

N,L, *o VFH[ DF6; DF6; GYL ZC ŸIMP

T[DF\ B]DFZL4 DU~ZL VG[ ALÒ 36L BZFALVM

K[P T[ GFGFvDM8FGM VNA GYL ZFBTMP 5{;FNFZ

UZLAG[ GYL Ô[TM VG[ TFSTJF/M GA/FG[ GYL

U6SFZTMP VG[ VF CF,T .g;FGDF\ V[JL

K[ S[ WLD[vWLD[ .g;FGLIT OGF YTL ÔI K[P T[YL



VFJL CF,TMG[ ;]WFZJF DF8[ V[S DCFG ;]WFZS

H~Z Ô[.V[ H4 VG[ T[ ChZT DCNLsVPf K[P

N,L, (o VFHGF VFW]lGS HDFGFDF\ ,MSM

5F;[ .<D4 VÞ, VG[ ;DH 36L K[P

VFHGM .g;FG GFGLvDM8L AWL J:T]VM Ô6[ K[P

T[ S[D[:8=L sZ;FI6XF:+f Ô6[ K[4 T[ DXLGZL

Ô6[ K[P T[GL VF RLÔ[ E,[ 36L

JBT ,MSMG[ OFINM VF5[ K[4 56

T[ AWF ,MSMG[ AZAFN VG[ OGF SZGFZL RLÔ[ 56

K[P NFB,F TZLS[4 S[D[:8=L sZ;FI6XF:+fGM

Ô6GFZ SM.G[ h[Z VF5LG[ DFZL XS[ K[P NF~UM/F

pt5gG SZL CÔZM ,MSMGL V[S ;FY[ B]JFZL SZ[ K[P

VF CF,TDF\ ,MSM DF8[ OGF VG[ AZAFNL K[P TM

VF AWL AFATMYL H6FI K[ S[ V[S JBT V[JM

VFJX[ S[ HIFZ[ VFBL N]lGIF NZ[S AFATGL

BZFALDF\ 50L CX[P ,MSMGM DM8F HyYFDF\ GFX



YTM CX[P DT,A V[ S[ A]ZF.VMGL SM. CN GlC\

CMIP TM 5KL VF56L VÞ, VF56G[ H~Z

SC[X[ S[4 VFJF ;DI[ TM V[S DCFG VG[ 36F\ H

DCFG ;]WFZSGL H~Z K[ S[ H[ VFBL BZFA

VG[ AU0[,L VG[ AZAFN YI[,L

N]lGIFG[ OZL ;]WFZL VF5[ VG[ ,MSMG[ ZFCT

VG[ VFZFD VF5[P N]lGIFGM T[ �DCFG ;]WFZS�

T[H .:,FDGM �DCNL� K[P

HIFZ[ T[ VFJX[4 tIFZ[ AWL HDLG G]ZFGL

VG[ ZMXG YX[P BZFAL4 ;0M4 A]ZF.4 B]GZ[hL4

h]<D4 O;FN JU[Z[ N}Z YX[P VG[ ,MSMG[ .g;FO4

ZFCT VG[ VFZFD D/X[P T[ ,MSMG[ V<,FCGM

5IUFD VF5X[ VG[ T[DG[ ;]WFZX[ VG[ ;DU|

lJ`JG[ V<,FC 5Z:T AGFJX[P



#&P SM6 SC[ K[ S[ DCNLsVPf GYL VFJJFGFm

B]N S]ZVFG[ XZLODF\ J6"G K[o �J VXZ STL,

VhZ A[ G]Z[ ZaA[CF� V[8,[ S[ �VF G]Z VFBL

HDLGG[ T[GF 5ZJZNLUFZGF G]ZYL ZMXG SZX[P�

Ô6J]\ Ô[.V[ S[4 VF G]Z ChZT DCNLsVPf

K[P VG[ T[ �D]:,[C[ S]<,L� V[8,[ S[ �VF,DGF

DCFG ;]WFZS� K[P T[ JBT[ �DCNL� BF;

D];,DFGM DF8[ GYL4 56 N]lGIFGL NZ[S SMDGF

DF8[ K[P VFYL DF,]D 50[ K[ S[ �DCNL�G]\ VFJJ]\

CLSDT VG[ B]ALYL EZ[,]\ K[P J/L T[ VS,L JFT

56 K[P

VF HuIFV[ Ô6J]\ Ô[.V[ S[ �DCNL�

BF; .:,FDDF\ H VG[ OST D];,DFGM DF8[ H

K[ V[J]\ GYL4 A<S[ T[ VFBL N]lGIFGM �DCNL� K[P

SFZ6 S[ VS,L ZLT[ VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[4�DCNL� CMJM



Ô[.V[P p5ZF\T J,LVM4 5IUdAZM

VG[ 5\0LTMV[ 56 BAZ VF5L K[ S[4�DCNL

VFJGFZ K[P� N]lGIFGL NZ[S SMDDF\ VG[ NZ[S

WD"DF\ �DCNLGL BAZ� VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[ S[4�

T[ VFJGFZ K[�4 56 T[G[ H]NLvH]NL

HuIFV[ H]NFvH]NF GFDYL IFN SZJFDF\ VFjIF K[P

NFB,F TZLS[4 IC]NLVMV[ �DCNL�G[ 5MTFGF WD"DF\

�D;LC�GF GFDYL IFN SIF" K[4 VG[ BAZ VF5L

K[ S[4�HIFZ[ N]lGIFDF\ h]<D VG[ BZFAL JWL

50X[4 tIFZ[ T[ VFJGFZ K [�P VG[ G;FZF ,MSM �

DCNL�G[ �OFZS,LN�GF GFDYL AM,FJ[ K[P lC\NGF

A]T5Z:TM V[8,[ S[ lC\N] ,MSMV[ 5MTFGF WD"DF\ �

DCNL�G]\ GFD �lGQS,\S� VYJF �GS,\S� ZFbI]\ K[P

VG[ T[VMV[ 56 BAZ VF5L K[ S[4 HIFZ[ VFBL

N]lGIF BZFA Y. HX[4

tIFZ[ T[ VFJX[ VG[ ,MSMG[ ;]WFZX[P



#*P lC\N] WD" 5|DF6[ N]lGIFGF RFZ I]UM

lC\N]VMG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 VF N]lGIFGL

Ò\NULGF RFZ NMZ V[8,[ S[ �I]U� K[P 5C[,M I]U �

;TŸI]U� SC[JFI K[P T[DF\ ,MSM

V[SALÔGL ;FY[ ;FZL ZLT[ JT[" K[ VG[ ,MSMG[ DNN

VF5[ K[P DT,A S[ ;FZM JBTP ALÔ[ I]U �

TLZTF\�GF GFD[ VM/BFI K[P T[DF\ ,MSM YM0L

E,F.VM VG[ A]ZF.VM SZ[ K[P +LÔ[ I]U �wJF5Z�

K[P T[DF\ ,MSM 36[ EFU[ A]ZF CMI K[4 56

YM0F\ ;FZF 56 CMI K[P VG[ VF +6 I]UM lJTL

R]SIF K[P VG[ RMYM I]U �S/LI]U� SC[JFI K[4

V[8,[ S[ 36M H BZFA JBTP VFHGM hDFGM T[ �

S/LI]U�GM hDFGM K[P VF hDFGFDF\ BZFAL

VG[ A]ZF. VG[ AZAFNL JWL 50X[P VG[ VF

I]UGM K[<,M EFU TM 36M H BZFA VFJJFGM K[P



lC\N]VM SC[ K[ S[4 VF S/LI]UG[ �GXS,\S�

sDCNL VP;Pf VFJLG[ ;]WFZX[P VG[ ,MSMG[ ZFCT

VG[ VFZFD VF5X[P VG[ OZL 5FKM T[H �;TŸI]U�

X~ YFX[P

IC]NL WD"GL DFgITF

OZLN JHNL S[ H[VM V[S DM8F ;]gGL VFl,D

K[4 T[ SLTFA �NFV[ZT], DVFZLO�4 EFUo !4 5[Ho

5#* DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 ;FD[ZLI[ IC]NLVMG]\ V[J]\

DFGJ]\ K[ S[4 K[<,F hDFGFDF\ V[S V[JM RDSNFZ

DF6; sDCNLf 5[NF YX[4 S[ T[GF RC[ZFGF T[HYL

VFBL HDLG 5|SFXLT Y. HX[P VF JFT AWF

IC]NLVMGL DFgI ZFB[,L K[P VG[ T[VM 5MTFGL

Ò\NUL T[GL ZFC Ô[TFvÔ[TF U]ÔZ[ K[P

VG[ XGLJFZG[ T[GM lNJ; U6[ K[P



#(P 5FZ;L SF{DGL DFgITF

5FZ;LVM 56 DFG[ K[ S[4 V[S DCFG ;]WFZS

VFJGFZ K[4 VG[ T[G]\ GFD �XMQFIFg;� VYJF �

XMQFIFgD� K[P T[GM VY" V[ YFI K[ S[4�T[ GÔT

N[JFJF/M K[4 VFhFN SZJFJF/M K[�4 T[G[ �XMQFg;�

VYJF �XMQF5];� 56 SC[ K[P

OZJZ NLGIxT s5MTFGL SLTFA �HgN�

S[ H[ CLHZL ;G !Z) DF\ ,BL CTL

T[DF\f ,B[ K[ S[4 T[ ;]WFZSG[ 5FZ;LVM �XMQFIFg;�

V[8,F DF8[ SC[ K[ S[ ,MSM T[GFYL OFINM D[/JX[P

VG[ 5FZ;LVM T[GF VFJJF 5Z .DFG 56

ZFB[ K[4 J/L 5FZ;LVMGF DCFG A]h]U"

5]~QFMV[ T[GF h]C]ZGL BAZ 56 VF5L K[P

VG[ ,MSM T[GL ZFC H]V[ K[P



ÔDF:A S[ H[ V[S DM8F 5FZ;L CSLD K[4

T[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �ÔDF:AGFDF�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4

T[ DCFG ;]WFZS VFJJFGF K[ VG[ T[ K[<,F GALGL

VJ,FNDF\YL CX[P

ÔDF:A K[<,F GALGF AFZFDF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�

T[ GAL DÞFGF 5CF0MDF\ HgDX[P T[ p\8 5Z ;JFZ

YX[P T[ U],FDMGL ;FY[ VGFH BFX[ VG[ UZLAMYL

D/LG[ ZC[X[P T[GM 50KFIM GYL CMTMP T[ H[D

VFU/ Ô[. XSX[4 T[D 5KJF0[ 56 Ô[. XSX[P

T[G[ V[S 5]+L YFX[ VG[ T[GL VJ,FNDF\ AFNXFCT

VFJX[P T[VM B]NFGF C]SDYL N]lGIFG[ R,FJX[P

T[DGL AFNXFCT VG[ NJ,T SIFDT ;]WL AFSL

ZC[X[P T[DGL AFNXFCT 5KL hDFGM B,F; YX[P

HDLG 5F6LDF\ RF,L HX[P AWF VF:DFGM V[S AGL

HX[P 5CF0M N}Z Y. HX[P T[ JBT[ VFB[~hhDFG

ÔC[Z YX[ VG[ XITFGG[ 5S0L DFZL GFBX[P�



T[ ;LJFI �SFC[G� GFDGL SF{D[ 56 BAZ

VF5L K[ S[4 T[ DCFG ;]WFZS

VFJX[ VG[ VF,DG[ ;]WFZX[P .:,FD WD"DF\ T[GF

h]C]ZGL BAZ VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[ VG[ T[ �DCNL�

K[P

ALÔ WDM"V[ 56 DCNLGF VFJJFGL BAZ

VF5L K[ VG[ J/L V[ 56 BAZ VF5L K[ S[4 T[GL

U[ZCFHZLDF\ X]\ YX[4 VG[ T[GF ÔC[Z YJFGL

GLXFGLVM X]\ K[P

#)P .:,FDGL DFgITF

BF; VF56F GAL Z;},[ DVFAs;Pf

VG[ AWF .DFDMV[ 56 T[GF VFJJFGL BAZ

VF5L K[P T[GL U[ZCFHZLDF\ X]\ YX[ T[GL 56 BAZ

VF5L K[ T[DH T[GF ÔC[Z YJFGL GLXFGLVM 56



ATFJL K[P T[G]\ BF; GFD �DCNL� K[4 SFZ6

S[ Z;},[B]NFs;Pf TYF .DFDMV[ T[G[ �DCNL�

SCLG[ IFN SIF" K[P T[ l;JFI T[GF 36F BLTFAM

56 K[P J/L VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[ 36F\ ,MSMV[ �DCNL�G]\

H GFD WFZ6 SZLG[ AFNXFCTGF BM8F NFJFVM

SIF"P

5KL ;DÒ XSFI K[ S[ �DCNL�GF VFJJF

5Z .DFG ZFBJ]\ V[ S\. BF; WFlD"S GYL4 56

T[ V[S NLGL RLH K[P ;]gGL VG[ XLIF A\G[ VF

AFATG[ DFG[ K[ S[4�K[<,F HDFGFDF\ DCNL VFJX[4

H[ Z;},4 V,L VG[ OFT[DFs;PfGL VJ,FNDF\YL

CX[P�

;]gGL VG[ XLIF VF,LDMV[ VF

JFTG[ 5MTFGL SLTFAMDF\ SM.56 ÔTGF V5JFN

JUZ ,BL K[P V[S A]h]U" ;]gGL

VF,LD ;LaT[ .aG[ ÔJhL 5MTFGL SLTFA �



ThŸS[ZT], pdDC OL DVFZ[OTL, V.dDFC�DF\

ChZT DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�T[ DCNLG]\

GFD �DMCdDN� K[P VG[ T[ OZh\N[ C;G4

OZh\N[ V,L4 OZh\N[ DMCdDN4 OZh\N[ V,L4

OZh\N[ D];F4 OZh\N[ Ô�OZ4 OZh\N[ DMCdDN4

OZh\N[ V,L4 OZh\N[ C];{G4 OZh\N[ V,L .aG[ VAL

TF,LAsVPf K[P T[GM BLTFA VA] VaNL<,FC4

VA], SF;LD4 C]HHT[ B]NF4 ;FC[A]hhDFG

VG[ SFV[D[ D]gThZ K[ VG[ T[ K[<,F .DFD K[P�

p5ZMST JFTG[ DZC]D V<,FDF DLZ CFDLN

C];{G ,BGJLV[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �.:TS;Fp,

VNCLD�4 EFUo !4 5[Ho !Z) DF\ 56 ,BL K[P

V[S ALÔ A]h]U" ;]gGL VF,LD

V[CDN .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL CITDL 5MTFGL SLTFA �

;JFV[S], DMCZ["SC�4 S[ H[ DL;ZDF\

CLHZL ;G !#__ DF\ K5F6L CTL4 T[GF



5[Ho !Z* DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�.DFD[ C;G

V:SZLsVPfG[ VA], SF;LD sChZT DCNLf

l;JFI ALÒ SM. VJ,FN G

CTLP .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZLsVPfGF DZ6

JBT[ T[DGL p\DZ 5F\R JQF"GL CTLP 56 V<,FC

TVF,FV[ T[DG[ CLSDT VF5L VG[ T[DG[ �

SFV[D[ D]gThZ� SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P SFZ6 S[ T[VM

DNLGFDF\ UFV[A YIF K[ VG[ SIF\ UIF K[ T[GL

SM.G[ BAZ GYLP�

X[B DMCdDN ALG V,L :;aAFG], DF,[SL

5MTFGL SLTFA �.:VFO]Z ZFU[ALG�4

H[ DFC[ ZDhFG CLHZL ;G !!(5 DF\ ,BF6L K[4

T[GF 5[H !$_ DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 X[B

DMCŸI]NNLG[ VZAL CdA,L 5MTFGL SLTFA �

OMT]CFT[ DÞLiIC�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�Ô6L <IM S[4

SM. .,FH GYL l;JFI S[ DCNL ÔC[Z YFIP 56



T[ CD6F ÔC[Z GlC\ YFI4 HIF\ ;]WL S[ N]lGIF

h]<DYL EZF. G ÔIP 5KL T[ VFJLG[ .g;FO

O[,FJX[P T[ Z;],GL .TZTDF\YL K[P

T[ OZH\N[ OFT[DFDF\YL K[P T[GF NFNF C];{G K[P

T[ OZH\N[ V,L .aG[ VAL TF,LAsVPfDF\YL K[P

T[GF 5LTF .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZLsVPf K[4

S[ H[ OZh\N[ .DFD[ V,L GSL4

OZh\N[ .DFD[ DMCdDN TSL4 OZh\N[ .DFD[ V,L

ZhF4 OZh\N[ .DFD[ D];F SFhLD4

OZh\N[ .DFD[ HVOZ ;FNLS4

OZh\N[ .DFD[ DMCdDN[ AFSLZ4 OZh\N[ .DFD[ V,L

hIG], VFA[NLG4 OZh\N[ .DFD[ C];{G4

OZh\N[ V,LsZPTPVPf K[�4 5KL ;aAFG

VFU/ ,BTF H6FJ[ K[ S[4 �T[ DCNLG]\ GFD

Z;},[B]NFGF GFDYL D/T]\ CX[P T[ HIFZ[ ÔC[Z

YX[4 tIFZ[ D];,DFGM �~SG VG[ DSFD�GL JRDF\



T[DGL AIVT SZX[P� s~SG VG[ DSFD DÞFGF

A[ :Y/M K[f

;aAFG[ DF,[SL ,B[ K[ S[4 X[B DMCLI]NŸNLG

SLTFA �OMT]CFT[ DÞLiIFC�GF 5[H #55 DF\ GS,

SZ[ K[ S[4�B]NFGF DF8[ V[S B,LOF K[ VG[ T[ ÔC[Z

YX[P T[ Z;],GL VJ,FNDF\YL CX[P T[G]\ GFD

Z;],G]\ GFD CX[P T[GF NFNF C];{G K[4

H[ OZh\N[ V,L .aG[ VAL TF,LAsVPf K[P T[ NZ[S

AFATDF\ Z;},YL D/TF VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[YL T[DGF

Vb,FS Z;],GF H[JF H K[P VG[ ,MSM �~SG

VG[ DSFD�GL JRDF\ T[DGL AIVT SZX[P

T[ JBT[ S]OFGF ,MSM ;FZF ,MSM SC[JFX[P T[ OST

5F\Rv;FT S[ GJ JZ; Ò\NUL EMUJX[P

T[ HhLIFG[ AFTL,

SZX[ VG[ XDXLZYL ,MSMG[ B]NF TZO AM,FJX[P



T[ ALÔ AWF WDM"G[ GFA]N SZX[P 56 BF,L; WD"

s.:,FDf AFSL ZC[X[P�

$_P .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[ ;]gGL

VFl,DMV[ J6"J[,L CNL;M

ChZT DCNLsVPf 5Z .DFG ZFBJ]\ V[ S\.

BF; .:GFVXZL DhCADF\ H K[ V[J]\ GYL4 56

H[D p5Z H6FjI]\ T[ 5|DF6[ ;]gGL EF.VM 56

T[ DFG[ K[P 36F\ ;]gGL VFl,DM H[JF S[ X[B

DMCLN]NŸNLG[ VG[ X[B C;G[ .ZFSLV[ NFJM SIM"

K[ S[4�T[VMV[ DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZL CTLP�

.aG[ VAL, CNLN[ CGOL 5MTFGL SLTFA �

XC[" GCH], A,FUC�4 EFUo !4 5[Ho )#

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ ChZT VDLZ

sVPfV[ H[ B]tAM ,MSMG[ ;\E/FjIM CTM4 T[DF\

T[ A]h]U"JFZ[ .XFZM SIM" CTM S[4�DCNL



K[ VG[ T[ ÔC[Z YJFJF/F K[P T[ K[<,F HDFGFDF\

ÔC[Z YX[P�

s.aG[ VAL, CNLN[ CGOLG]\ GFD VaN],

CDLN ALG VAL, CNLN CT]\P T[ AUNFNGM

ZC[JF;L CTMP DM.G]NŸNLG V, SDLC4

BL,FOT[ AGL VaAF;GM K[<,M AFNXFC

H];GFV;L;GM JhLZ CTMP VG[ T[GF H SC[JFYL

VAL, CNLN[ SLTFA �XC[" GCH], A,FUC� ,BL

CTLP T[ CLHZL ;G &5& DF\ U]HZL UIMPf

V[C,[ CNL;G]\ V[J]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[4�T[ DCNL

OFT[DFGL VJ,FNDF\YL K[� VG[ .:GFVXZL WD"

T[ JFT 5Z .DFG ZFB[ K[P

�SFhL, SMhFT� T[ .:DF., ALG paAFNYL

VG[ T[ E]TL;L, ;GNYL ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4 ChZT

V,LsVPfV[ SC ŸI]\ K[ S[ T[ DCNL ChZT

C];{GsVPfGL VJ,FNDF\YL CX[ VG[ T[GF



lJQF[ ChZT VDLZsVPfV[ ALÒ 36L AFATM SCL

K[P

s.:DF., ALG paAFN ;FC[A �ALG

paAFN�GF GFDYL DXC]Z K[P T[ TF,[SFGL K[P J/L

T[ AFNXFC[ AMJI,GF DM.N]N ŸNMJ,F .aG[ ~SG]N

NMJ,FGM JhLZ CTMP T[ .<D4 .g;FO

VG[ ;BFJTDF\ 36M H 5|bIFT CTMP T[YL

36F\ ,MSM T[GL 5F;[ .<D XLBJF VFJTF

VG[ T[YL T[G[ K DF6;M ZMSJF 50[,F S[ H[YL

T[ ,MSM ;]WL 5MTFG]\ .<D 5CM\RF0L XS[P

T[ DFC[ ZDhFGDF\ ;F\H[ !___ DF6;MG[ .OTFZ

SZFJTMP T[ CLHZL ;G #Z& DF\ HGdIM

VG[ CLHZL ;G #(5 DF\ DZ6 5FdIMPf

.aG[ VAL, CNLN[ CGOL 5MTFGL SLTFA XC["

GCH], A,FUC4 EFUo Z4 5[Ho 5#5

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZT VDLZGF B]tAFGM V[ DT,A



CTM S[4 T[ DCNL VFJJFJF/F K[P D];,DFGM

V[ JFTG[ DFgI ZFB[ K[ S[4�N]lGIF B,F; GlC\

YFI4 l;JFI S[ DCNL ÔC[Z YFIP� J/L 5FKF

T[ ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZTGF B]tAFGM DT,A V[ K[ S[4�

DCNL VFJJFGF K[P�

VMAIN]<,FC[ VD'T;ZL4 V[S DM8F ;]gGL

VFl,D 5MTFGL lSTFA �VZH[C], DTF,LA

S[ ;JFG[ pDZL V,L .aG[ VA] TF,LAsVPf4 5[Ho

$*Z DF\ X[B VA]

VaN]<,FC[ DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O[ U\Ò XFO[.YL GS,

SZ[ K[ VG[ ,B[ K[ S[4 T[ 5MT[ X[B

DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O 5MTFGL SLTFA �V, AIFG

OL VbAFZ[ ;FC[A]hŸhDFG�DF\ ,bI]\ K[ S[4 ChZT

DCNLsVPf ÒJTF K[ VG[ UFV[A K[ VG[ T[GF

DF8[ 36L ;FALT N,L,M 56 K[P SFZ6 S[ B]NFGF

J,L .;F4 BLhZ VG[ .<IF; ÒJTF K[P B]NFGF



N]xDG NHŸÔ, VG[ X{TFG 56 ÒJTF K[P TM 5KL

DCNL 56 ÒJTF CMI V[DF\ SF\. GJF. GYL

VG[ VF JFT SLTFA[ ;]gGTYL ;FALT

K[ VG[ ;]gGL ,MSMGL ,B[,L K[4 V[8,[ T[ lJQF[ SM.

h30M H GYLP

ALÔ ;]gGL VF,LD .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL DÞL

5MTFGL SLTFA �;JFV[S], DMCZ["SC�4 5[Ho $(!

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 T[ DCNLG]\ GFD �DMCdDN� K[P T[G]\

p5GFD �VA], SF;LD� K[P VG[ T[GF BLTFAM

C]HHT4 DCNL4 ;F,[C4 SFV[D[ D]gThZ

VG[ ;FC[A]h ŸhDFG K[P T[DGF l5TFGF DZ6

JBT[ T[DGL p\DZ 5F\R JZ;GL CTLP

B]NFV[ AF/56DF\ T[DG[ CLSDT VF5LP T[DG]\ �

SFV[D� GFD V[8,F DF8[ S[ T[VM UFV[A

K[ VG[ BAZ GYL S[ T[VM SIF\ K[P



CJ[ VF HuIF 5Z C]\ SC[JF DF\U] K]\

S[ .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL 5MTFGL SLTFA �;JFV[S],

DMCZ["SC�4 5[Ho !_Z DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�DCNL .;FGL

5C[,F ÔC[Z YX[P� J/L T[H HuIFV[ VA],

C];{G[ VFA]ZLYL ,B[ K[ S[4 36L CNL;MDF\ ChZT

5IUdAZ ;FC[A[ SC ŸI]\ K[ S[4 DCNL VFJJFGF K[P

T[ Z;},GL V[C,[AITDF\YL K[P T[ ;FT JZ; C]S]DT

EMUJX[ VG[ HDLG 5Z .g;FO O[,FJX[P

T[ .;F ;FY[ ÔC[Z YX[ VG[ NHÔ,G[ DFZL GFBX[P

ALÔ ;]gGL VF,LD D]:TOF ALG VaN]<,FC

CFÒ B,LOFC sD'tI] CLHZL ;G !_&(f 5MTFGL

SLTFA �TXO]hhMG]G�4 EFUo !4 5[Ho #)#

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 �K[<,F hDFGFDF\ DCNL ÔC[Z YX[P�

OZLN JHNL S[ H[ V[S DM8F ;]gGL VF,LD

CTF4 T[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �NFV[ZT],

DVFZLO�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ VFU/GL H]GL SLTFAMDF\



S[8,FS[ ,bI]\ K[ S[4 HIFZ[ SIFDT GÒS

VFJX[ VG[ N]lGIFDF\ h]<D VG[ O;FN JWL 50X[4

TIFZ[ B]NF V[S V[JL jIlSTG[ DMS,X[ S[ T[G]\ GFD

�DCNL� CX[ VG[ T[ Z;],GL VJ,FNDF\YL K[P

T[ h]<D VG[ O;FNG[ N}Z SZX[ VG[ ,MSMG[ VFZFD

VG[ .g;FO VF5X[P T[ VF N]lGIFDF\ ;FT4 VF9

S[ GJ JZ; AFNXFCT SZX[ VG[ ChZT .;F

T[DGL 5FK/ GDFh 5-X[P

$!P S]ZVFGGL VFITMDF\ .XFZF

S]ZVFG[ SZLD 56 ChZT

DCNLsVPfGL ;F1FL VF5[ K[P S]ZVFGGL VFITM

56 ATFJ[ K[ S[4 DCNLsVPf CS

K[ VG[ T[ VFJJFGF K[P ChZT DCNLGF AFZFDF\

36L VFITM S]ZVFGDF\ K[P V[ AWL VFITM VlC\



AIFG SZJL 36L D]xS[, K[4 T[YL YM0L

VFITM ;]gGT TZLSFYL AIFG S~\ K]\P H[D

S[4 ;}Z[ V\lAIFGL !_5 DL VFIT4�J ,SN STaGF

OL hŸhMA}Z[ DLG AV ŸNLhŸ hLS[= VgG, Vh" IZ[;MCF

V[AFN[I :;F,[C]G� V[8,[ S[ �VG[ A[XS

VDMV[ h]A]ZDF\ G;LCT SIF" AFN VF ,BL NLW]\

CT]\ S[ DFZF G[S A\NFVM H 5'yJLGF JFZ; AGX[P�

VF VFIT V[ JFTGL ;FALTL VF5[ K[ S[ .DFD

DCNLsVPf VF 5'yJLGF JFZ; YJFGF K[P

X[B ;],[DFG[ GSXA\NL CGOL 5MTFGL SLTFA

�IGFALp, DJNŸNC�4 5[Ho $Z5

DF\ .DFD[ DMCdDN AFSLZsVPf VG[ .DFD

HVŸOZ ;FNLSsVPfYL ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4�T[ DCNL

SFV[D[ D]gThZ K[ VG[ T[DGF ;UFDF\YL

K[ VG[ T[ ÔC[Z YJFGF K[P�



VA] V,L OH, .aG[ C;G .aG[ OH,

TAZ;L sD'tI]o CLHZL ;G 5$(f 5MTFGL SLTFA �

TO;LZ[ DHDp, AIFG�DF\ .DFD DMCdDN

AFSLZsVPfYL ,B[ K[ S[4 p5ZMST VFITYL UZH

DCNLsVPf K[ VG[ T[ ,MSMGF DNNUFZ K[P T[GL

N,L,DF\ TAZ;L SC[ K[ S[4 ;]gGL

VG[ XLIFVMV[ 36L ZLJFITM

Z;},[ SZLDs;PfYL ,LWL K[P T[ ZLJFITDF\

Z;},[ VSZD[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4 DCNL H~Z ÔC[Z YX[4

5KL E,[G[ SIFDTGF VFJJFDF\ V[S H lNJ;

AFSL CMIP TM 56 B]NF T[ lNJ;G[ 36M H DM8M

AGFJX[ VG[ DCNL ,MSMG[ .g;FO VF5X[P

GSXA\NL T[H SLTFAGF 5[Ho $Z! DF\ VA]

BF,LN[ SFA],LYL ,B[ K[ S[4 .DFD[ HVOZ[ ;FNLS

sVPfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4 VF VFIT �O:TA[S],

BIZFT VIŸGDF TS]G] IVT[ A[SMD]<,FCM HDLVF�



YL ;DÔI K[ S[ VF VFITGM DT,A DCNLsVPf

K[ VG[ T[GF #!# DNNUFZ K[P

VF VFIT �J , Ga,MJgGS]D A[ XI Ÿ.G

D[G, BJO[ J, H]V[ GS;LD D[G, VDJF,[ J,

VGŸOM;[ J:;DZFT[ J AxX[ZL :;FA[ZLG� 56

DCNLsVPfGL BAZ VF5[ K[P

TAZ;L p5ZMST VFITGF

AFZFDF\ ,B[ K[ S[4DMCdDN .aG[ D]:,LD[ .DFD

;FNLSsVPfYL ZLJFIT SZL K[ S[4 DCNLGF ÔC[Z

YJF VUFp 36L GLXFGLVM ACFZ VFJL

K[ VG[ T[ DMVDLGM DF8[ V[S ÔTGL 5ZL1FF K[P

DMCdDN .aG[ D]:,LD ,B[ K[ S[4

T[6[ .DFD ;FNLSsVPfG[ 5]KI]\ S[4 T[ S.

GLXFGLVM K[m TM T[GF HJFADF\ .DFD[ V[S VFIT

5-L VG[ T[GM TZH]DM K[ S[4�,MSM UZLAL4 E}B4

DF,4 ANAbTLDF\ ;50F. HX[4 T[VMGL ÔG



G]S;FGDF\ 50X[4 DF{TGF SFZ6[4 VG[ D[JM VMKM Y.

HX[4 JZ;FN GlC\ JZ;[4 VG[ T[JF JBTDF\ VI

DMCdDNs;Pf¦ TD[ AXFZT VF5M S[4 ;AZ

SZJFJF/F DF8[ OFINM K[P�

GSXA\NL ZOFT .aG[ D];FYL ,B[ K[ S[4

T[6[ .DFD[ ;FNLSsVPfYL ;F\E?I]\ K[ S[4 VF

VFIT �J ,C] V;,D DG OL:;DJFT[ OL, Vh["

TJCG J SZCG�YL DT,A V[JM ;FZ D/[ K[ S[4�

H[ HDFGFDF\ ChZT DCNL ÔC[Z YX[4

tIFZ[ N]lGIFGF NZ[S B]6[vB]6FDF\YL �

,F .,FC .<,<<FFC4 DMCdDN]Z Z;],]<,FC�GF

5MSFZM VFJX[P�

VgI V[S VFITo �IF ViIMC<,hLG

VFDG]:A[~ J ;FA[~ J ZFA[T]4

JtTS]<,FC ,V<,S]D T]O,[C]G�

lJQF[ GSXA\NL4 .DFD[ DMCdDN[ AFSLZsVPfYL



,B[ K[ S[4�ZFA[T]�GM ;FZ V[ K[ S[4�VI ,MSM¦

TD[ 56 ChZT DCNLGL ;FY[ Y. ÔJP�

VFIT �IF ViIMC<,hLG pT],

SLTFA ;FD[G] A[DF Gh Ÿh<GF V,F VaN[GF

DM;NŸN[SG ,[DF DVS]D DLG Sa,[ VgGTD[;

JMH]CG OG~NŸNCF V,F VTAFZ[GF�GL TO;LZDF \

GSXA\NL ÔALZ

Ô[VŸOLYL ,B[ K[ S[4 .DFD[ DMCdDN

AFSLZsVPfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4 ;]OLIFGLG]\ ,xSZ

AINFGL HDLGDF\ N8F. HX[ 56 T[DF\YL BF,L +6

DF6;M ARX[P 56 B]NF T[DGF DM-F\ 5KJF0[GL

TZO O[ZJL GFBX[ VG[ T[ JBT[ ChZT DCNL

ÔC[Z YX[P p5ZMST VFIT VF JFTG[ ,FU] 50[ K[P

GSXA\NL SLTFA[ IDFGLIC4 5[Ho $Z$ DF\

GLR[GL VFITGL TO;LZ SZ[ K[o �J .gG DLG

VCŸ,L, SLTFA .<,F ,[ I]VD[GgG A[CL Sa,



DJŸTL IJŸD, S[IFDC I]S]GM V,ICLD XCLNF�

T[ ,B[ K[ S[ ZLJFIT K[ S[ .DFD[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4

SIFDT 5C[,F ChZT .;F ÔC[Z

YX[ VG[ N]lGIFDF\ SM. WD" AFSL GlC\ ZC[4 l;JFI

S[ .:,FD4 VG[ ChZT .;F ChZT DCNL

sVP;PfGL 5FK/ GDFh 5-X[P

ALÒ 36L VFITM .DFD DCNLsVPf

lJQF[ K[4 56 T[ AWL ,BJF DF8[ VlC\ HuIF GYL4

OST YM0L ,B]\ K]\P �V<,hLG .G DÞG JC]D OL,

Vh[" J VSFD]:;,FT J VFT]h ŸhSFT J VDZ AL,

DV~O J GCL VGL, D]gSZ J ,L<,FC[ VFS[AT],

VMD]Z� .DFD DMCdDN AFSLZsVPfYL ZLJFIT

K[ S[4 VF VFIT ChZT DCNL VG[ T[DGF

VG]IFILVMGF AFZFDF\ K[P B]NF 5}J"YL

5l`RD ;]WLGL AWL HDLG ChZT DCNLGF CFYDF\



VF5L N[X[ VG[ B]NFGF C]SDYL T[ DhCA S[ H[GF

VG]IFILVM A]ZF.VMYL EZ[,F CX[ T[DG[ ;]WFZX[P

DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O[ U\Ò XFO[. 5MTFGL

SLTFA �V, AIFG OL VBAFZ[ ;FC[A]hhDFG�4

5[Ho $$# DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZT DCNL AFSL

ZC[X[ V[ JFT S]ZVFG VG[ CNL;DF\ 56 VFJ[,L

K[P

;.N .aG[ hMA[Z VF VFIT4�,[ I]hŸC[ZS]D

V,NŸNLG[ S]<,[CL J ,J SZ[C, D]XZ[S]G�GL

TO;LZDF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�T[ ÔC[Z YJFJF/F ChZT

DCNL K[ VG[ T[ OFT[DFs;PfGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[P�

p5ZMST VFITGM TZH]DM V[ K[ S[4 A[XS

VD[ T[G[ NZ[S WD"GF p5Z ÔC[Z SZLX]\4

E,[ 5KL ,MSM GFZFh CMIP�

DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O[ U\Ò XFO[. DMSFTL,

ALG ;],IDFGYL GS, SZ[ K[ S[ VF VFIT4�



J .gG C], .,D]G ,L:;FVC�YL UZH ChZT

DCNL K[P

V[CDN .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL SLTFA �;JFV[S],

DMCZ["SC�4 5[Ho )) DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 p5ZMST

VFITYL DT,A ChZT DCNLsVPf K[P T[6[ 56

VF JFTG[ ;],IDFGYL GS, SZL K[ VG[ ,bI]\

K[ S[4 p5ZMST VFIT BF; ChZT DCNL

DF8[ GFhL, Y. K[P

X[B ;],IDFG GSXA\NL CGOL 5MTFGL

SLTFA �IGFALp, DJN ŸNC�4 5[Ho $$Z

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ Z;},[ SZLDs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4

ChZT DCNLGL U[ZCFHZLDF\ ;AZ SZJFJF/F

VG[ T[DGL DMCaATDF\ DÞD

ZC[JFJF/F ,MSMG[ T[GM AN,M H~Z D/X[P

VG[ B]NF V[JF ,MSMGL TFZLO S]ZVFGDF\ SZ[ K[4 �

CMN, ,L, D]tTSLG4 V<,hLG I]V ŸD[G]G AL,



UIA4 VM,FV[S CLhŸA]<,FC[ V,F .gG

CLhŸA]<,FCMD], UF,[A]G� V[8,[ S[4 �D]tTSLVM

DF8[ CLNFIT K[4 5ZC[hUFZM S[ H[VM UIA

p5Z .DFG ,FJ[ K[4 VG[ Ô6L <IM S[ T[VM

B]NFG]\ ,xSZ K[ VG[ BZ[BZ B]NFG]\ ,xSZ H

lJHIL K[P�

$ZP .DFD DCNLsVPf lJQF[ CNL;M X]\ SC[ K[m

CJ[ VF56[ ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ CNL;GL

GHZ[ Ô[.V[ S[ CNL;M ChZT DCNLsVPf lJQF[ X]\

SC[ K[m Ô[ VF56[ lSTFAMDF\ Ô[.V[4 TM

VF56G[ 36L CNL;M ChZT DCNLsVPf lJQF[ D/L

VFJX[P T[DFGL S[8,LS C]\ VlC\ AIFG S~\ K]\o

;{IN VaN]<,FC[ X]aAZ 5MTFGL SLTFA �CÞ],

ISLG�4 EFUo Z4 5[Ho ZZZ DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�ChZT

DCNLGF AFZFDF\ !5_ YL JWFZ[ CNL;M ,BF6L



K[ VG[ 36L 5|bIFT SLTFAMDF\ TM !___ SZTF

56 JW] VFJL K[P�

V<,FDF A[CZFGL ;{IN CFXLD

sD'tI]o !!_)f 5MTFGL SLTFA �UFIT], DZFD�4

5|SZ6o !$!4 5[Ho &)! DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�ChZT

DCNLGF AFZFDF\ !&5 CNL; ;]gGL

TZLSFYL ,BF6L K[� VG[ 5[Ho *_5 DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4

�Z* CNL;M XLIF TZLSFYL ZLJFIT Y. K[P�

C]\ VF SLTFADF\ ChZT DCNLsVPf

lJQF[ XLIF T[DH ;]gGL CNL;M

VG[ ZLJFITMYL ;FALT SZJFGL SMXLQF SZLX S[4

ChZT DCNLsVPf CS K[4 NLG[ .:,FD[ 56 T[GL

BAZ VF5L K[ VG[ Z;},[ SZLDs;PfV[ 56 T[DGL

TFA[NFZL SZJFGM C]SD SIM" K[P

DXC]Z ;]gGL VF,LD CFOLh .aG[ DFH[C

S[ H[G]\ GFD DMCdDN .aG[ IhLN K[ sD'tI]o



DFC[ ZDhFG4 CLHZL ;G Z*#f T[ 5MTFGL SLTFA

�;]GG[ .aG[ DFH[C�4 DL;Z VFJ'lT4 5[Ho

5!( VG[ 5!) DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZT

Z;},[ B]NFs;PfYL 36L CNL;M ChZT

DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ VFJL K[4 H[DF\

Z;},[ SZLDs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�DCNL VDFZF

V[C,[A{TDF\YL K[ VG[ OFT[DFGL VJ,FNDF\YL K[P

VG[ T[ B]NFGF B,LOF K[4 5KL VI ,MSM¦

TD[ Ô[ T[GL D],FSFT SZM4 TM T[GL OZDFAZNFZL

SZM4 E,[ 5KL TD[ AZOGF NZLIFDF\ T6F. HTF

CMJP�

OZL T[ Z;},[ SZLDs;PfYL ,B[ K[ S[4�CdhF4

HVŸOZ4 V,L4 C;G4 C];{G VG[ DCNLsVPf

HgGTGF DCFG 5]~QFM K[P�

DMCdDN ALG .;F TLZDhL sDZ6o ;G

Z*)f 5MTFGL SLTFA ÔD[V[ TLZDhL4 5[Ho



#Z$ DF\ Z;},[ B]NFs;PfYL ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZT

Z;},[ SZLDs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�N]lGIF B,F;

GlC\ YFI4 56 VDFZL VF{,FNDF\YL V[S DF6;

VZAGM B,LOF YX[4 T[G]\ GFD �DMCdDN� CX[4

5KL E,[ V[S H lNJ; AFSL ZC[P 56 B]NF

T[ lNJ;G[ DM8M SZX[ VG[ T[ AFNXFCT SZX[P�

V[CDN .aG[ CdA, sD'tI]o ;G Z$_f

5MTFGL SLTFA D]:GN4 EFUo !4 5[Ho )) DF\

Z;},[ SZLDYL ,B[ K[ S[4�E,[ V[S lNJ;

N]lGIFG[ AFSL ZC[4 56 B]NF VDFZL VF{,FNDF\YL

V[S DZNG[ DMS,X[ VG[ T[ HDLG 5ZYL h]<D N}Z

SZX[ VG[ .g;FOG[ O[,FJX[P�

XCFA]NLG VCDN .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL �

;JFV[S], DMCZ["SC�4 DL;Z VFJ'lT4 5[Ho !__

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4sDM8F ;]gGL VFl,DM H[D S[f

D]:,LD4 VA] NFJ]N4 G;F.4 .aG[ DFH[C



VG[ AICSL4 VF AWFV[ Z;},[ SZLDs;PfYL

ZLJFIT SZL K[ S[4 ChZT

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�DCNL VDFZL

G;,DF\YL K[ VG[ OFT[DFGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[P�

A]BFZL SFNZL CGOL 5MTFGL SLTFA �

TZH]DV[ DLXSFT�4 EFUo $4 5[Ho !&) DF\

Z;],[ SZLDs;PfGL ZLJFIT ,BL K[ S[4 Z;},[ SC ŸI]\

K[ S[4�DCNL DFZL VG[ OFT[DFGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[P�

J/L T[ 5[Ho !*_ DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4

5IUdAZ ;FC[A[ SC ŸI]\ K[ S[4�T[ DCNL DFZFYL K[P

T[GL 5[XFGL B]<,L K[P T[ N]lGIFDF\ ÔC[Z Y.

h]<DG[ GFA]N SZX[ VG[ gIFIG[ O[,FJX[P�

sA]BFZL SFNZL CGOL lCgN]:TFGDF\

DFC[ DMCZ"D CLHZL ;G )Z( DF\ HgdIM CTM

VG[ NL<CLDF\ CLHZL ;G !_5Z DF\ U]HZL UIMf



X[B ;],IDFG[ CGOL GSXA\NLV[ SLTFA �

IFGFALp, DJNŸNC�4 5[Ho $$5

DF\ .aG[ VaAF;YL ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�VF

DhCA[ .:,FDG[ B]NFV[ V,LGF YSL OT[C SIM"4

56 HIFZ[ T[ XCLN SZJFDF\ VFJX[4

tIFZ[ V[ DhCADF\ ,MSM A]ZF. 5[NF SZX[ 56

DCNL VFJL ;]WFZX[P�

;]gGL VF,LD VMAIŸN]<,FC[ VD'T;ZL

SLTFA �VZH[C], DTF,LA�4 5[Ho $*Z DF\

VaN]<,FC ALG pDZYL GS, SZ[ K[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�DCNLsVPf ÔC[Z

YX[ VG[ JFN/ T[GF 5Z KF\IM SZX[ VG[ VFU/

D]GFNL sVJFH VF5GFZf 5MSFZX[ S[4 DCNLsVPf

B]NFGF B,LOF K[4 VG[ TD[ T[GL TFA[NFZL SZMP�



VF JFTG[ VA] G.G[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �pZO],JZNL

OL VbAF~, DCNL�DF\ 56 ,BL K[P

GSXA\NL SLTFA �IGFALp, DJNŸNT�4 5[Ho

$$* DF\ .A|FCLD[ CDJLGL XFO[.YL ,B[ K[ S[4

ÔALZ .aG[ Vg;FZL ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4

GAL ;FC[A[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�A[XS H[ DF6;

DCNLsVPfGF h]C]ZG[ GlC\ DFG[4 T[ DF6; SFOZ Y.

HX[P VG[ J/L H[ DF6; ChZT .;FGF VFJJF

5Z .DFG GlC\ ZFB[4 T[ 56 SFOZ K[4 VG[ J/L

NHÔ,GM 56 H[ .gSFZ SZX[4 T[ 56 SFOZ Y.

HX[P�

CFOLh VA] VaN]<,FC ALG

DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O ALG U\Ò XFO[. sD'tI] ;G

&5(f SLTFA �V, AIFG OL

VbAFZ[ ;FC[A]hŸhDFG�DF\ SC[ K[ S[4 T[ SLTFA BF;

DCNLsVPf lJQF[ ,BL K[P T[GF 5[H #ZZ DF\



ÔALZYL ,B[ K[ S[4 Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\

K[ S[4�T[ DCNLsVPf C];{GsVPfGL VF{,FNDF\YL

K[P�

;]gGL VF,LDM V[CDN4 VA] NFpN4

TLZDLhL VG[ CHZ AWF ,B[ K[ S[4�E,[ N]lGIFDF\

V[S H lNJ; AFSL ZC[4 TM 56 DCNLsVPf

VFJX[ VG[ .g;FO SZX[PP�

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�K[<,F

hDFGFDF\ ZFÔ VG[ AFNXFCMGM h]<D 36M H JWL

HX[4 56 5KL B]NF VDFZL VF{,FNDF\YL V[S

V[JFG[ DMS,X[ VG[ T[ h]<DG[ N}Z

SZX[ VG[ ,MSMG[ ZFCT4 VFZFD VG[ .g;FO

VF5X[P HIFZ[ T[ VFJX[4 tIFZ[ T[GF 36F ,MSM

NM:T YX[P B[TLJF0L VG[ JZ;FN 56 ;FZF YX[P�

CHZ[ CGOL SLTFA �;JFV[S], DMCZ["SC�4

5[Ho !_Z DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4



Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ ,MSMG[ B]XBAZL VF5TF

OZDFjI]\ S[4�HIFZ[ N]lGIF h]<DYL EZF. HX[4

T]OFG ÔUX[4 WZTLS\5M YX[4 tIFZ[ VDFZL

VF{,FNDF\YL VG[ S]Z{XDF\YL V[S jIlST ÔC[Z

YX[ VG[ T[ h]<D VG[ O;FNG[ N}Z

SZX[ VG[ ,MSMG[ ZFCT VF5X[P HDLG

VG[ VF:DFGGF AWF ,MSM B]X YFX[P

T[ DMCdDNs;PfGL pdDTG[ DF,FvDF, SZL

VF5X[P�

V[CDN .aG[ CHZ[ CGOLV[ SLTFA �OTFJ,

CNL;IC�4 5[Ho Z*4 DL;Z VFJ'lTDF\

DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ 36L ZLJFITM ,BL K[4 T[GM

B],F;M VF 5|DF6[ K[o �

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ V,LsVPfGM CFY 5S0IM

VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4 VFGL VF{,FNDF\YL V[S DF6; 5[NF

YX[ VG[ T[ ,MSMG[ .g;FO VF5X[P T[GF DFYF 5Z



V[S JFN/ KFIM SZX[4 VG[ OZLxTFVM SC[X[ S[4

VF K[ B]NFGF B,LOF4 DF8[ TD[ T[GL TFA[NFZL SZMP

VG[ T[ VDFZL OFT[DF VG[ V,LGL VF{,FNDF\YL

K[4 VG[ ChZT .;F T[GL 5FK/ GDFh 5-X[P

D]:,LD 5MTFGL SLTFA4 EFUo Z4 5[Ho 55&

DF\ ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4�DCNL K[<,F HDFGFDF\

B]NFGF B,LOF K[P�

$#P AFZ .DFDM lJQF[ ;]gGL VFl,DMGF AIFG

ChZT DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ ;]gGLVM 56

XLIFGL ;FY[ K[P VFU/GL CNL;MDF\ ;]gGL

VF,LDM BF; ChZT DCNLG]\ H GFD ,[TF4 56 C]\

ALÒ CNL;M H6FJ]\ K]\4 H[DF\ T[VMV[ AFZ .DFDMG]\

56 GFD ,LW]\ K[P

V[CDN .aG[ DCD]N[ VIGLV[ CGOL 5MTFGL

lSTFA �pDNT], SFZL� XC[" ;CLC A]BFZL4 EFUo



(4 5[Ho $(* DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 ChZT

DMCdDNs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[o �.:,FD WD" DFZFYL

AFSL K[ VG[ S]Z{XGF AFZ B,LOF VFJL ÔI

tIF\ ;]WL AFSL ZC[X[P�

X{B VA], CÞ NC[,JL CGOL SLTFA �

TZH]DV[ DLxSFT�4 5[Ho Z$! DF\

Z;},[B]NFs;PfYL ,B[ K[ S[4�VF N]lGIF stIF\ ;]WLf

C\D[XF AFSL ZC[X[ VG[ sHIF\ ;]WLf T[GF 5Z !Z

B,LOF S]Z{XDF\YL 5[NF YX[P�

V[CDN .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL SLTFA �;JFV[S],

DMCZ["SC�4 5[Ho !!& DF\ VG[ TLZDLhL 5MTFGL

SLTFA �ÔD[V�4 5[Ho ###

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[o �DFZF

5KL AFZ H6F DFZF JFZ;NFZ YX[4 VG[ T[ AWF

VDLZ K[4 S]Z{XDF\YL PP�



V[CDN .aG[ CdA, SLTFA �D]:GN�4 EFUo

54 5[Ho ) DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�VF DhCA

s.:,FDf SIFDT ;]WL AFSL ZC[X[ VG[ T[GF 5Z

S]Z{XDF\YL AFZ jIlSTVM BL,FOT SZX[4

VG[ DCNLsVPf T[ AWF B,LOFVMDF\

K[<,[ VFJX[P�

SLTFA �TMCOT], .DFDLIC�4 5[Ho !)) DF\

DMCdDN .aG[ HZLZ TAZL XFO[.4 VA] ;.N

B]NZLYL ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4

5IUdAZs;PfV[ .DFD C];{GsVPfG[ OZDFjI]\ S[4

�TD[ .DFD KM4 .DFDGF EF. KM VG[ TDFZL

VF{,FNDF\ ALÔ GJ .DFDM 5[NF YX[4 T[DF\GF

GJDF �SFV[D�sVPf K[P�

T[ JBT[ S[8,FS ,MSMV[ Z;},[B]NFs;PfG[

5]KI]\ S[4�VF5GL 5KL S[8,F H6 .DFD YX[m� TM



T[GF HJFADF\ VF5s;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ S[4�AFZ s!Zf

H6 VG[ T[DFGF GJ ChZT C];{GsVPfGL 5L9YL

sVJ,FNDF\YLf K[P�

X[B ;],IDFG[ GSXA\NL CGOL 5MTFGL

SLTFA �IGFALp, DJNŸNC�4 5[Ho

Z5( DF\ ;,LD .aG[ S[I;[ CL,F,LYL

VG[ ;,LD ;,DFG[ OFZ;LYL ZLJFIT

SZ[ K[ S[4 ;,DFG V[S JBT Z;],[B]NFs;PfGL

BLNDTDF\ UIF VG[ Ô[I]\ S[ .DFD C];{GsVPf

Z;},[B]NFs;PfGL UMNDF\ A[9F\ CTFP Z;},[B]NF

T[DGF DM-F YTF 5[XFGLG[ R]DTF CTF VG[ SC[TF

CTF S[4�VI C];{GsVPf¦ T]\ ;{IN K[ VG[ ;{INGM

5]+ KM4 T]\ .DFD KM VG[ .DFDGM 5]+ KM4 T]\

C]HHT KM VG[ GJ C]HHTMGM l5TF KM

VG[ T[ GJDF\ C]HHT SFV[DsVPf K[P�



GSXA\NL 5[Ho $$* DF\ ZLJFIT SZ[ K[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�VDFZF AFZ

B,LOF JFZ;NFZ K[4 VG[ C]HHT[ B]NFDF\YL 5C[,F

V,L K[ VG[ K[<,F DCNL K[P�

GSXA\NL 5[H $)$ DF\

ÔALZ .aG[ VaN]<,FC[ Vg;FZLYL ZLJFIT

SZ[ K[ S[4Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�DFZF

5KL D];,DFGMDF\ AFZ .DFD YX[ VG[ T[DF\ 5C[,F

V,L K[4 5KL C;G K[4 5KL C];{G K[4 5KL

V,L .aG[ C];{G4 5KL DMCdDN ALG V,L

sAFSLZf K[P� VG[ Z;},[ OZDFjI]\ S[4�VI ÔALZ¦

T]\ T[ DMCdDN AFSLZsVPfGL D],FSFT SZLX

VG[ T[G[ DFZF ;,FD SC[H[P T[GF 5KL HVOZ ALG

DMCdDN K[4 T[GF 5KL D];aG[ HV ŸOZ4 T[GF 5KL

V,L .aG[ D];F4 5KL DMCdDN .aG[ V,L4 5KL

V,L .aG[ DMCdDN4 5KL C;G .aG[ V,L



VG[ 5KL SFV[D sD]gThZ4 ChZT DCNL VP;Pf

K[P T[G]\ GFD DF~\ GFD K[4 T[GL S]gGLIT DFZL

S]gGLIT K[4 VG[ T[ C;G ALG V,LGF 5]+ K[P�

GSXA\NL 5[Ho $$!

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[ Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ V[S

IC]NLGF ;JF,GF HJFADF\ V[D SCŸI]\ S[4�DFZF

JFZ;NFZM p5Z 5|DF6[ YX[4 VG[ VlUIFZDF\ JFZ;

C;GGF 5KL DCNLsVPf T[GF C]HHT

VG[ JFZ;NFZ K[P�

GSXA\NL 5[Ho $$! p5Z ,B[ K[ S[4

Z;},[ AFZ .DFDMGF GFD ,LWF4

5KL .aG[ VaAF;G[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�DFZF 5KL T[ AFZ

H6 VFJX[ VG[ 5C[,F V,L K[ VG[ K[<,F DCNL

K[P T[GF h]C]Z JBT[ .;F VF:DFGYL GLR[ VFJX[P

T[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL 5FK/ GDFh 5-X[P



T[ JBT[ HDLG G]ZFGL YX[ VG[ T[ 5}J"YL

5l`RD ;]WL AFNXFCT SZX[P�

GSXA\NL 5[Ho $)$ p5Z

ÔALZ .aG[ Vg;FZLYL V[S ,F\AL CNL; ,B[ K[ S[4

Z;},[ AFZ .DFDMGF GFD ,LWF\ VG[ BAZ VF5L

S[4�DCNL VFJGFZ K[ VG[ T[ �SFV[D� K[P T[G]\ GFD

DF~\ GFD K[ VG[ T[GL S]gGLIT DFZL S]gGLIT K[P

T[ C;G ALG V,LGF 5]+ K[P T[ 5}J"YL

5l`RD ;]WLGL HDLGG[ OT[C SZX[P 56 T[GF

UFV[A YJFGL D]NŸNT 36L ,F\AL CX[4

VG[ ,MSMGM T[GF 5ZYL lJ`JF; p9L HX[P 56

36F\ 5MTFGF lN, 5Z SFA] ZFBX[ VG[ OFINM

p5F0X[P�

ÔALZ[ 5IUdAZG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�IF

Z;],]<,FCs;Pf¦ DCNLGF UFV[A

sYJFYLf ,MSMG[ X]\ OFINM YX[m�



Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ HJFA VF%IMo �C]\ S;D

BFp\ K]\ S[ ,MSMG[ H~Z T[GFYL OFINM YFI K[P

H[D ;}ZH JFN/MGL 5FK/ K]5FV[,M CMI K[4

56 ,MSMG[ T[GFYL H~Z OFINM D/[ K[4 T[JL H

ZLT[ ,MSM DCNLYL 56 OFINM ,. XS[ K[P

GSXA\NL 5[Ho $$Z p5Z ,B[ K[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ V[S IC]NLGF ;JF,GM HJFA

VF5TF AFZ .DFDMG]\ GFD ,LW]\ VG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4 V,L

5C[,F K[ VG[ VULIFZDF\ C;G K[4 VG[ T[GF 5KL

T[GF 5]+ DMCdDNsVPf K[4 VG[ T[H SFV[D4

C]HHT VG[ DCNL K[P T[ UFV[A YX[ VG[ 5KL

5FKF ÔC[Z YX[ VG[ .g;FO O[,FJX[P B]XG;LA

V[ ,MSMGF S[ H[6[ T[GL U[ZCFHZLDF\ T[GFYL

DMCaAT ZFBL VG[ T[GF 5Z .DFG 56 ZFbI]\P

B]NF V[ ,MSMGL 5MTFGF S]ZVFGDF\ TFZLO SZ[ K[ S[4

�CMN<,L, D]tTSLG4 V<,hLG I]VŸD[G]G AL,



UiA4 p,FV[S CLhA]<,FC4 V,F .gG

CLhA]<,FC CMD], UF,[A]GP�

.lTCF;4 BAZM4 CNL;M

VG[ S]ZVFGYL ;DÔI K[ S[4 ChZT

DCNLsVPf .:,FDDF\ K[4 VG[ T[DGF

5Z .DFG ,FJJ]\ NZ[S D];,DFG p5Z H~ZL

VG[ JFÒA K[P VG[ T[DGF ÔC[Z YJFGL

VG[ VFJJFGL BAZ 56 VF5JFDF\ VFJL K[P

VG[ T[DG]\ VFJJ]\ VS,L JFT K[P H[JL

ZLT[ VF56]\ .DFG SIFDT VG[ T[GL ;Ô TYF HhF

p5Z K[4 T[JL H ZLT[ VF56[ ChZT DCNLsVPf

p5Z 56 .DFG ,FJJ]\ Ô[.V[P

ChZT DCNL sVP;Pf lJQF[ ;]gGL VG[ lXIF

DFgITFDF\ X]\ DTE[N K[m

VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[4 36F\ ;]gGL

VFl,DMV[ DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ ,bI]\ K[ VG[ SA],



56 SI]"\ K[ S[4 T[ VFJJFGF K[P 56 XLIF

VG[ ;]gGLVMDF\ OST V[S H AFAT DF8[ DTE[N

K[P ;]gGLVM SC[ K[ S[4�CH] ;]WL T[ HgdIF H GYLP�

HIFZ[ VF56[ SCLV[ KLV[ S[4�T[ HgdIF K[4 56

CF,DF\ UFV[A K[P�

ALÔ[ TOFJT V[ K[ S[ ;]gGLVM SC[ K[ S[4�

ChZT DCNL .DFD C;GsVPfGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[�

HIFZ[ VF56L DFgITF K[ S[4�

T[ .DFD[ C];{GsVPfGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[�

VG[ T[ H ;tI K[P H[JL ZLT[ T[VM SC[ K[ S[ ChZT

DCNL C;GsVPfGL VF{,FNDF\YL K[4 56

T[ C;GsVPf V[ ALÔ .DFD C;GsVPf GYL4

A<S[ T[ C;GsVPf VlUIFZDF\ .DFD

C;G[ V:SZLsVPf K[P

ALÔ[ TOFJT ;]gGL VG[ XLIFVM

JrR[ DCNLsVPfGL Ò\NUL VG[ T[DGL CIFTGM



K[P ;]gGLVMGM V[S lJEFU DFG[ K[ S[ ChZT

DCNL .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZLsVPfGF 5]+

K[ VG[ ÒJTF K[ VG[ UFV[A K[4 J/L

S[8,FS ,MSMV[ TM ChZT DCNLGL D],FSFT SZL

CMJFGM NFJM SIM" K[P T[DF\YL X{B

DMCdDN .aG[ V,L ALG VaN]<,FC

S[ H[ DM.G]NŸNLG[ VZAL XFO[.GF GFDYL DxC}Z K[4

T[ 5MTFGL lSTFA �OMT]CFT[ DÞLiIC�4 EFUo Z4

5[Ho $) DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4DMCdDNs;PfGL lJ,FITGM

K[<,M JFZ; A[CTZLG JFZ; K[4 VG[ T[ CH] 56

DF{H}N K[P D[\ CLHZL ;G 5)5 DF\ T[GL D],FSFT

SZL CTL VG[ V[ lGXFGL 56 Ô[. S[ H[GFYL T[VM

VN=xI ZCL XSTF CTFP D[\ T[DGL D],FSFT

VFlO=SFGF OF; XC[ZDF\ SZL CTL VG[ D[\ T[DGFDF\

lJ,FIT B,F; YJFGL DMCZ 56 Ô[.P



X[B DMC\DN .aG[ V,L .aG[ ;aAFG[ DF,[SL

5MTFGL lSTFA �.;VFO]Z ZFU[ALG�4

H[ ;G !_(5 DF\ ,BF6L K[4 T[GF 5[Ho !$_

p5Z VG[ V[S ALÔ ;]gGL VF,LD VaN], JC ŸCFA

XVZFGL 5MTFGL lSTFA �IJFSLTM

HJFC[Z�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�ChZT

DCNL .DFD[ C;G[ V:SZLsVPfGL VF{,FNDF\YL

K[P T[DGM HgD !5 DL XFAFG CLHZL ;G Z55

DF\ YIM4 VG[ T[VM AFSL ZC[X[ tIF\ ;]WL

S[ ChZT .;F VF:DFGYL GLR[ VFJ[P�

XFVZFGL ,B[ K[ S[4 X[B C;G[ .ZFSL4

H[ DL:ZDF\ NOG YIF K[4 T[6[ ChZT DCNLGL

D],FSFT SZL CTLP

VF sp5ZMSTf JFTM l;JFI S]ZVFGGL VF

VFIT4�.gGL ÔV[,]G OL, Vh[" B,LOF�

V[8,[ S[4�A[XS C]\ HDLG p5Z B,LOF AGFJGFZ



K]\� p5ZYL H6FI K[ S[4B]NFGF B,LOF B]NFGF

JFINF 5|DF6[ HDLG 5Z ZC[ K[P 5KL T[ ÔC[ZDF\

ZC[ S[ K]5F.G[ ZC[4 H[D S[ 36F GALVM

K]5F.G[ 56 5MTFGF WD"GM 5|RFZ SZTF CTFP

ChZT VDLZsVPfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�.DFD

lJGF HDLG BF,L GYL CMTLP T[GF 5Z H~Z

B]NFGM B,LOF VG[ C]HHT ZC[ K[4 5KL

T[ ÔC[ZDF\ CMI S[ VN=xI CMIP�

.DFD[ ;FNLSsVPfV[ OZDFjI]\ K[ S[4�

E,[ N]lGIFDF\ A[H DF6;M AFSL ZC[4 56 T[DF\GM

V[S .DFD CMJM H Ô[.V[P�

SM. XS GYL ZC[TM S[ HIF\ ;]WL N]lGIF K[4

tIF\ ;]WL .DFD 56 AFSL ZC[X[P 5KL T[ ÔC[Z CMI

S[ 5MXLNF CMIP V\TDF\ T[ h]C]Z

OZDFJX[ VG[ T[GL .DFDTGF AFZFDF\ SM.56

XZT GYLP



S,FD[ 5FSDF\ K[ S[4 �IjD GNŸp S]<,M

VMGF;LD A[ .DFD[CLD� �

T[ lNJ;[ VD[ NZ[S .g;FGG[ 5]SFZLX]\ TM

VD[ T[G[ T[GF .DFDGL ;FY[ AM,FJLX]\P�

VFYL ;DHJ]\ Ô[.V[ S[ NZ[S .g;FG p5Z JFÒA

K[ S[ T[ 5MTFGF .DFDG[ VM/B[P ;]gGL VG[ XLIF

VFl,DM ,B[ K[ S[4�H[ DF6;

5MTFGF .DFDG[ VM/bIF lJGF DZL ÔI4 TM

T[ V7FGTFGL DF{T[ DIM" SC[JFX[P�

VF CSLSTG[ GSXA\NLV[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �

IGFALp, DJNŸNC�4 5[Ho !!* VG[ $(# DF\

56 ,B[, K[P TM 5KL NZ[S DF6;[ 5MTFGF

hDFGFGF .DFDG[ VM/BJFGL OZÒ SMXLX H~Z

SZJL Ô[.V[P 36L VF`RI"GL JFT

K[ S[ V7FG ,MSM ChZT DCNLGL UIAT

VG[ T[DGL DM8L pDZ 5Z VR\AM



5FD[ K[ VG[ 5MTFG]\ .DFG BM. A[;[ K[P B~\ Ô[TF

ChZT DCNLGL UIAT V[ XLIFVM DF8[ V[S DM8L

5ZL1FF K[4 H[D S[ B]NF S]ZVFGDF\ SC[ K[o �

VD[ ,MSMG[ VHDFjIF l;JFI GYL KM0JFGFP�

VgI V[S VFIT K[ S[4�V,LO ,FD DLD4

VC;[AgGF; V\I I]TZS} V\I IS},] VFDgGF J

C]D ,F I]OTG}G J ,SN OTgG<,hLG DLG

Sa,[CLD� V[8,[ S[ �,MSM U]DFG SZ[ K[ S[ VFDgGF

sVD[ .DFG ,. VFjIF V[Df AM,JFYL

T[DG[ T[DGL CF,T 5Z D}SL N[JFDF\ VFJX[4 5Z\T]

VD[ T[DGF VFU/JF/FVMG[ VHDFjIF K[P�

V[ JFT TM ;FJ ;FALT K[ S[ .g;FG

5IUdAZ VG[ TF{CLN 5Z VG[ ZL;F,T

5Z .DFG ,FjIM4 T[6[ H[ SC ŸI]\ T[ AW]\ DFgI]\4 5KL

NZ[S D];,DFG 5Z JFÒA K[ S[ T[ ChZT

DCNLsVPfG[ 56 SA], SZ[P



VF56[ Ô6LV[ KLV[ S[4

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ D[VŸZFHGL4 SIFDTGL4 5FKF

ÒJTF YJFGL4 V:T YI[,F ;}I"GF 5FKF OZJFGL

JU[Z[ BAZM VF5L VG[ T[ AWL VF56[ SA], ZFBL4

TM 5KL H~ZL K[ S[ ChZT DCNLGL UIAT 56

SA], ZFBLV[P VF56[ V[ 56

Ô6LV[ KLV[ S[ Z;},s;Pf 5MTFGF lN,YL JFTM

GYL SZTF\4 56 V[8,]\ H S[ H[8,]\ B]NF JCL

SZLG[ DMS,[P sJ DF IgT[SM VlG, CJF4 .G

CMJ .<,F JCI]\ I}jCFf

S]ZVFGDF\ K[ S[4�DF VFTFSMD]Z";}, OBMh}CM

J DF GCFS]D VgCM OgTC}\� V[8,[ S[ �H[ RLH

Z;}, ,FjIF K[ T[G[ SA}, SZM VG[ H[GL DGF SZL

K[ T[G[ D}SL VF5MP� TM 5KL H~ZL

K[ S[ Z;},s;PfGL NZ[S RLH 5Z .DFG ZFBJ]\4

SFZ6 S[ Z;},s;Pf H[ S\. AM,[ K[ T[ B]NFGL JCL



K[P VF56[ ;F\E?I]\ K[ S[4GALVMYL DMVŸÒhF

ÔC[Z YIF K[P GFSV[ ;F,[C s;F,[C 5IUdAZGL

p\86Lf 5CF0DF\YL ACFZ VFJL4 .A|FCLD

5IUdAZ[ DZ[,F 51FLVMG[ OZL ÒJ\T SIF"4

ChZT .;FV[ D]NF"VMG[ ÒJTF SIF"P T[H

ZLT[ ;}I"G]\ V:T YIF 5KL 5FK]\ OZJ]\4 D];F

5IUdAZGL ,FS0L ;F5 Y. U. JU[Z[P VF56[ VF

AWL J:T]VM SA}, VG[ DFgI 56 ZFBLV[ KLV[4

SFZ6 S[ T[VM B]NFGF GALVM CTFP TM 5KL X]\

SFZ6 K[ S[ VF56[ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL

UIATG[ GYL DFGTFm T[G[ DFgI ZFBJL H

Ô[.V[4 SFZ6 S[ T[ V[D H GSFDL GYL4 56 T[DF\

CLSDT ;DFI[,L K[ VG[ T[ CLSDT 56 ÔC[Z YX[P



$$P ,F\AL lH\NUL XF DF8[m

V[ JFT Ô6JL Ô[.V[ S[ NZ[S .g;FG OFGL

K[P NZ[S DF6; V[S D]NŸNT 5KL DZL ÔI K[4

VG[ T[G[ DZJ]\ H Ô[.V[P 5KL SM. BF; V[JL

VS,L N,L, GYL S[ .g;FG H<NL DZ[ S[ H<NL G

DZ[4 VYJF T[GL p\DZ V[8,L H CMJL

Ô[.V[ S[ H[8,L VFH[ K[P VG[ VS,L ZLT[ N[BFI

K[ S[ SM. TFSFT V[JL GYL S[ H[ DF6;G[ ,F\AL

p\DZ SZL VF5[P DF6; HIFZ[ HgD[ K[4 tIFZ[ SM.

BF; SFINM S[ N,L, GYL CMTL S[ T[ ,F\A] VFI]QI

ÒJX[ S[ 8}\S]\P AGJFÔ[U K[ S[ T[ JWFZ[ ÒJ[4 SFZ6

S[ T[GFDF\ V[S V[JL XlST ZC[,L

K[ S[ H[ T[G[ N]lGIFDF\ 8SFJL ZFB[ K[P

VG[ VF56[ CF,GF HDFGFDF\

Ô[.V[ KLV[ S[ Ò\NUL 36L H 8}\SL K[P T[GFYL V[D



G DFGJ]\ Ô[.V[ S[ T[GFDF\ ÒJJFGL ,FISFT

VG[ XlST GYLP 56 V[ ,F\ALv8}\SL p\DZ ,MSMGF

E,F DF8[ K[P DT,A S[ S]NZTGF SFG}G

5|DF6[ .g;FGGL p\DZ 8}\SL 56 K[ T[DH ,F\AL 56

K[P

J{7FlGSMV[ .g;FGGL XlST VG];FZ V[J]\

GÞL SI]"\ K[ S[ DF6; 5MTFGF XZLZGF JWJFGL

D]NŸNT SZTF VF9 U6]\ JWFZ[ VFI]QI ÒJL XS[ K[P

NFB,F TZLS[4 V[S DF6;G]\ XZLZ Z5 JQF" ;]WL

JW[ K[4 56 5KL T[ GYL JWL XSTMP

CJ[ CSLDMV[ SLW]\ K[ S[4 T[ T[GF XZLZGF JWJFGL

D]NŸNT SZTF VF9 U6]\ ÒJL XS[ K[ V[8,[ S[ T[ sZ5

U]ÎF (f Z__ JQF" ;]WL ÒJL XS[ K[4 VF lC;FA

CSLDMGM K[P 56 VF56[ Ô[.V[ KLV[ S[ ,MSM 36]\

VMK]\ ÒJ[ K[4 HIFZ[ S[8,FS T[GF sZ__ JQF"f SZTF

56 JW] ÒJ[ K[P



V[S DF6; S[ H[G]\ GFD �;aCT], DZÔG�

K[4 T[ 5MTFGL lSTFA �OL

VF;FZ[ lC\N�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 T[6[ V[S DF6;G[ Ô[IM4

T[GL p\DZ Z5_ JQF"GL CTLP T[G[ RFZ 5ltGVM

CTLP T[ N[BFJ[ 5_ JQF"GF .g;FG H[JM ,FUTM

CTMP T[GL :+LVM 56 ALÒ :+LVMGF H[JL H

CTL4 VG[ T[ VF56L H[D H Ò\NUL ÒJTM CTMP

RFIGFDF\ XF\3CF. XC[Z VFJ[,]\

K[ VG[ T[ XC[ZDF\YL �5M5],� SZLV[ V[S KF5]\

ACFZ 50[ K[4 T[DF\ .P;P!)Z) DF\ ,bI]\ K[ S[ VlC\

V[S RLGL jIlST K[4 T[G]\ GFD �,L RLGU I]G� K[P

V[S;M SZTF JWFZ[ JZ;YL TM T[GF JF/ ;O[N YIF

K[P VtIFZ ;]WLDF\ T[6[ Z# 5ltGVM SZL

K[ VG[ T[GL K[<,L 5ltGGL p\DZ &_ JZ;GL K[P

T[G[ 36L VF{,FN K[P CF,DF\ T[GL p\DZ Z5_

JZ;GL YJF VFJL K[ VG[ CH] ÒJ\T K[P



ALÔ S[8,FS ,MSM V[JF 56 K[ S[ H[VMGL

p\DZ T[GF SZTF\ 56 JWFZ[ K[P TM 5KL S]NZTGF

SFG]GMG[ ;DÒG[ DF6;GL p\DZGM V\NFÔ[ GÞL

SZJM V[ TNŸNG BM8]\ VG[ VIMuI AFAT K[P

VFH[ VF56[ GFGL p\DZYL 8[JF. UIF KLV[4 T[YL

ChZT DCNLsVPfGL Ò\NUL p5Z VÔIAL

VG[ VR\AM YFI V[DF\ GJF. GYLP

$5P DJF,N[ ;,F;C

s5tYZ4 hF05FG VG[ 5|F6LGL pt5ltT lJQF[f

5tYZ4 hF05FG VG[ 5|F6L4 VF +6[I

S]NZTGF lGIDM 5|DF6[ ÒJ[ K[4 DZ[ K[ VG[ OFINM

VF5[ K[P 56 36L JBT T[VM S]NZTGF SFG}GGL

lJ~wW 56 ÔI K[4 H[D S[ VUZ H]NL H DM;DDF\

JZ;FN VFJ[4 TM hF05FGGL Ò\NULDF\ JWFZM



S[ 38F0M YFI K[P 36F hF0 V[JF K[ S[ H[ !__ JZ;

ÒJ[ K[4 HIFZ[ S[8,FS hF0 5__ JZ; ÒJ[ K[P

HZYM:T[ H[ hF0 JFjI]\ CT]\ T[GL p\DZ !___

JZ;GL CTLP XMW SZTF 5___ JZ;GL p\DZGF

J'1FM 56 D/L VFjIF K[¦

SgTFJL 5MTFGL TO;LZ4 EFUo !

DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 V[8,Fg8LS DCF;FUZDF\ V[S 8F5]

K[4 T[DF\ V[S XC[Z K[4 H[G]\ GFD �VM~8FJF� K[P

T[DF\ V[S 36]\ H lJlR+ hF0 K[P T[ hF0G]\ GFD �

VHNZ� K[P T[G]\ Y0 V[8,]\ Ô0]\ K[ S[ Ô[ !_ DF6;M

5MTFGF CFY ,F\AF SZLG[ D[/J[4 tIFZ[ T[ Y0 5]~\

YFIP V[8,[ S[ T[GF Y0GM 3[ZFJM 36M H DM8M K[P

CJ[ T[ 8F5]GL XMW YI[ VFH[ $(_ JZ; 5;FZ YIF

K[P T[ hF0 CH] 56 tIF\ H K[P Ô6SFZM

SC[ K[ S[ HIFZ[ 5C[,M DF6; N]lGIFDF\ HgdIM CX[4

tIFZG]\ V[ hF0 K[P



VFD Ô6JF D/[ K[ S[ J'1F DF8[ VF8,L ,F\AL

Ò\NUL XSI K[4 VG[ T[ S]NZTGF SFG}G

lJ~wW ,F\AL Ò\NUL ÒJL XS[ K[P VFJL GJLGTF

OST hF0DF\ H K[ V[J]\ GYL4 A<S[ .g;FGDF\ 56

K[P SM.GL 8}\SL S[ ,F\AL Ò\NUL DF8[ B]NFGL S\.S

D:,[CT sZC:If CMI K[P J/L T[DF\ ,MSM

DF8[ OFINF 56 ZC[,F CMI K[P V[ JFT TM :5Q8

K[ S[4 D];,DFGM VG[ G;FZF slB|:TLVMf

D/LG[ S], )_ SZM0 H[8,F ,MSM K[4 VG[ T[VM

AWF DFG[ K[ S[ .;F 5IUdAZ CH] ÒJTF

K[ VG[ T[DGL p\DZ ,UEU Z_$! JZ;GL K[P

VFD4 .g;FG ,F\AL Ò\NUL ÒJL XS[ K[P

BLhŸZ 5IUdAZ ChZT .A|FCLDGF

HDFGFDF\ HgdIF CTF4 VG[ CH] T[ ÒJTF K[P

T[DGL p\DZ VtIFZ[ ,UEU $___ JZ;GL YJF



VFJL K[P .<IF; GAL 56 T[H HDFGFDF\ CTF

VG[ CH] 56 ÒJTF K[P

G]C GALGL Ò\NUL Z___ JZ;YL 56

JWFZ[ CTLP S]ZVFGDF\ K[ S[ �O ,A[; OL SjD[CL

V<O ;GTLG .<,F BD;LG� V[8,[ S[ G]C

GALV[ 5MTFGL SF{DDF\ )5_ JZ; WD"5|RFZ

sTa,LUf SZL CTL VG[ T[ 5|RFZ 5C[,F VG[ 5KL

T[D6[ 36L Ò\NUL ÒJL CTLP

.NZL; 5IUdAZ G]C GALGF 36F\ JQFM"

VUFpYL CTF VG[ 5KL VF:DFG p5Z UIF

VG[ CÔZM JZ;YL ÒJTF\ K[P

,]SDFG[ VSAZ S[ H[6[ X[CZ[ DMVFZLAGM

A\W AF\wIM VG[ X[CZ[ ;AFG[ AGFjI]\

T[6[ 56 !5__ JZ; Ò\NUL ÒJL CTLP

,]SDFG[ CSLD 56 #___ JZ; ;]WL ÒjIF

CTFP



VF AWL CSLSTMDF\ S\. GJLGTF GYL4 5Z\T]

CSLST V[ K[ S[ VF56L VFNT V[S 8}\SL Ò\NUL

ÒJJFGL Y. U. K[P VFD4 ,F\AL S[ 8}\SL Ò\NUL S\.

VF56L VÞ,GL lJ~wW GYL4 VF56FDF\

T[G[ ;DHJFGL XlST Ô[.V[P 36F

AWF ,MSM .;F4 G]C4 XITFG

VG[ NHÔ,GL ,F\AL Ò\NULG[ SA],

ZFB[ K[ VG[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL ,F\AL Ò\NULGF

AFZFDF\ XS SZ[ K[4 T[G]\ SFZ6 V[H K[ S[ T[DG[ ,F\AL

Ò\NUL ÒJJFGL VFNT GYLP

NFB,F TZLS[ SM. DF6; DZL ÔI VG[ T[G]\

XZLZ ;0L UIF JUZ !___ JZ; ;]WL T[J]\ H ZCL

XS[ K[4 TM V[ JFT DFGJFDF\ GlC\ VFJ[4 SFZ6

S[ VF56L V[ VFNT GYLP 56 36F\ ,MSMGF

XZLZM !___ JZ; ;]WL V[DGF V[D ZFBJFDF\

VFjIF K[P H[D S[ .aG[ AFAJiC4 H[GM ZMhM



T[CZFG s.ZFGfDF\ K[ VG[ (__ JZ; YIF KTF

T[DG]\ XZLZ 5C[,F H[J]\ H K[P

X{B[ S],{GLGL SAZ AUNFNDF\ DXC]Z K[P

CÔZ JZ; YJF KTF T[DG]\ XZLZ T[J]\ H K[P

J/L4 .g;FG WFZ[ TM D'TN[CMG[ NJFGF Ô[ZYL

JZ;M ;]WL ;FRJL XS[ K[P sDDLGFf XZLZM CÔZM

JZ;M ;]WL ZFBJFDF\ VFjIF CTF\P

HIFZ[ V[S ;FDFgI DF6; 5F;[ V[8,L XlST

K[ S[ T[ D]NF"G[ V[J]\ G[ V[J]\ H ZFBL XS[ K[4 TM X]\

B]NFDF\ V[ XlST GYL S[ T[ ChZT DCNL

sVP;PfG[ ,F\AL Ò\NUL VF5L XS[m¦ OLZVF{GG]\

XZLZ D]DIFGL NJFYL VFH[ $___ JZ; YJF KTF\

AFSL K[4 VG[ NZ JZ;[ 36F\ ,MSM N}Z N[XMDF\YL

DL:ZDF\ T[G]\ XZLZ Ô[JF VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 B]NF

S]ZVFGDF\ OZDFJ[ K[o �O, IjD GMGHÒS

A[ANG[S ,[TS]G ,[ DG B<OS4 VFITG J .gGL



S;LZG D[GgGF;[ VG VFIFT[GF ,UFO[,}G� EFJY"

S[ �5KL VFH[ VD[ TDFZF XZLZG[ GÔT N.X]\4

SFZ6 S[ ALÔ 5FK/ VFJGFZFVM DF8[ TD[ V[S

GLXFGL Y. ÔJP VG[ 36F ,MSM VDFZL

VFITMYL UFOL, K[P�

VFD4 ;DÔI K[ S[ D]DIFGL NJFGL V;ZYL

XZLZ AFSL ZCL XSI\]4 S\. 56 O[ZOFZ YIF lJGF

VG[ ;0IF lJGF4 VG[ T[ .<DG]\ 5lZ6FD K[P TM X]\

B]NFGF CFYDF\ V[ TFSFT GYL S[ T[ 5MTFGF B,LOF

ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ DM8L p\DZ VF5L XS[m T[ H~Z

VF5L XS[ K[P

N]lGIFGF AWF ,MSMG]\ DFGJ]\ K[ S[ GALVM

DMVŸÒhF SZL XS[ K[P V;,L RLÔ[G[ TNŸNG AN,L

GFB[ K[P T[GL ;]ZTDF\ O[ZOFZ SZ[ K[ V[8,[ ;]WL

S[ DZ[,FG[ ÒJTF SZ[ K[P 5tYZG]\ ;MG]\ AGFJ[ K[P

DF8LDF\YL 51FL AGFJ[ K[P H[D S[ .;F



5IUdAZ[ DF8LDF\YL 51FL AGFJ[,]\P VG[ Ô[ lJRFZ

SZLX]\ TM bIF, VFJX[ S[ VF AWF SFIM" VG[ VN,F

AN,L B]NFGF DMS,[,F GAL SZL XS[ K[4 TM 5KL X]\

B]NFGF DF8[ XSI GYL S[ T[ 5MTFGF B,LOF ChZT

DCNLsVPfG[ ,F\AL Ò\NUL VF5[ VG[ T[G[ HDLG

5Z VN=xI ZFB[m

VG[ ALÒ JFT H[ VFBL N]lGIFV[ SM. 56

JF\WF lJGF DFgI ZFBL K[4

T[ V[ K[ S[ ChZT ;],IDFGGF JÒZ VF;LO ALG

AZBLIFV[ V[S VF\BGF 5,SFZFDF\ ;AF XC[ZYL

AL,SL; ZF6LG]\ l;\CF;G sTbTf ;],IDFGGF

NZAFZDF\ CFHZ SZL NLW]\ CT]\P CJ[ HIFZ[ VF

JFTG[ TD[ DFGM KM4 TM 5KL ChZT DCNLsVPf

VG[ T[DGL UIATG[ 56 TDFZ[ DFgI ZFBJF

Ô[.V[P



+LH]\ S[ ChZT ;],IDFGGM UF,LRM CÔZM

DF6;MG[ ,.G[ CJFDF\ p0TM VG[ A[ DF;GM Z:TM

OST V[S H lNJ;DF\ SF5L ,[TM CTMP HIFZ[ VF

JFTG[ TDM lN,MÔGYL SA}, ZFBM KM4 TM 5KL X]\

TDMG[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ CH] 56 XS

K[m¦

RMY]\ V[ S[ HGFA[ D];F ALG .DZFG 5MTFGF

DF6;M ;FY[ NZLIM VM/\UJF DF\UTF CTF

VG[ B]NFGF C]SDYL NZLIM OF8L UIM VG[ T[DF\YL

HJF DF8[ Z:TM AGL UIM VG[ pNI YTM ;}I"

YM0F ;DI DF8[ Y\EL UIM VG[ D];FV[ NZLIM

5;FZ SIM"P

5F\RDL JFT V[ S[ I]XF ALG G]G sD];F

GALGF JFZ;NFZf ;F\HGF ;DI[ SFOZ ,MSMGF 5F\R

AFNXFCM ;FY[ ,0TF CTF4 V[8,[ B]NFGF C]SDYL

VFYDTM ;}ZH V8SL UIM4 V[8,[ ;]WL



S[ T[D6[ T[ 5F\R AFNXFCMG[ CZFjIF VG[ .:,FDGM

lJHI YIM VG[ 5KL ;}I" V:T 5FdIMP

K9Ÿ9L JFT V[ S[ V[S JBT

ChZT ;],IDFG .aG[ NFJ]N[ V;ZGL GDFh

GCMTL 5-L4 T[YL T[D6[ NMVF SZL VG[ ;}ZH 5FKM

OIM" VG[ T[D6[ GDFh 5-LP ALÒ V[S JBT

Z;},[B]NFs;PfGL NMVFYL ;}ZH DghL,[ ;CAFYL

ChZT V,LsVPfGF DF8[ 5FKM OIM" VG[ ChZT

V,LsVPfV[ GDFh[ V;Z VNF SZLP

Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ OZL V[S JBT ChZT V,LsVPf

HIFZ[ H\U[ GC[ZJFGYL 5FKF VFJTF CTF

VG[ GDFh[ V;Z 5-L G CTL4 tIFZ[ T[DGL

NMVFYL ;}ZH 5FKM VFjIM VG[ T[D6[ GDFh[ V;Z

VNF SZLP

VFJL AWL AFATM Ô[S[ VF56L VFNTGL

lJ~wW K[P VF56F DF8[ V[S ÔTGL GJF. K[P



VF56L VÞ,GL ACFZ K[P 56 5IUdAZM

VG[ Z;},M DF8[ T[ SFIM" ;C[,F K[P VG[ V[H

SFZ6[ ,MSM T[DGL GA]jJT p5Z .DFG ,FjIF

CTFP H[D S[ D];F GALGL ,FS0L ;F5 AGL U.

VG[ Z;},[B]NFs;PfGF SC[JFYL ;}ZH 5FKM OIM"

V[8,[ ,MSM T[DGF 5Z .DFG ,FjIF CTF\P

HIFZ[ VFJL AFATM N]lGIFDF\ B]NFGF

DMS,[,F DF6;M SZL XSIF4 TM B]NF

S[ H[6[ T[DG[ DMS<IF CTF4 T[ X]\ 5MTFGF

B,LOFG[ ÒJ\T VG[ VN=xI GYL ZFBL XSTMm

VG[ X]\ T[ 5MTFGF B,LOFG[ VD]S D]NŸNT DF8[ K]5F

ZFBL 5KL 5FKF ÔC[Z G SZL XS[m BZ[BZ

V<,FCGF DF8[ VF JFT 36L H VF;FG K[P



$&P U{ATGF ;DIDF\ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL

D],FSFT

36F VFl,DMV[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL

D],FSFT SZL K[4 T[DG[ ;JF,M 5}KIF

K[ VG[ HJFAM 56 D[/jIF K[P 36F ,MSMV[ ChZT

DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZL K[ VG[ JFTRLT 56

SZL K[P VlC\ S[8,FS pNFCZ6M ZH} SZJFDF\

VFJ[ K[ S[ H[YL JF\RSMG[ ;\TMQF YFIP

H[ ,MSMV[ VFBZL ;DIDF\ V[8,[ S[ sZ$ DL ZHA4

CLHZL ;G !#5*f ;]WLDF\ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL

D],FSFT SZL K[ T[VMGF N=Q8F\TM VlC\ ZH} SZJFDF\

VFJX[P

VF56F AFZDF\ .DFD ChZT DCNLsVPfGL

p\DZ VtIFZ[ sCLHZL ;G !#&_ D]HAf

VFXZ[ !!_Z JQF"GL K[P VF5 UFV[A



K[ VG[ HIFZ[ B]NFGM C]SD YX[4 tIFZ[ ÔC[Z YX[P

T[ ;DI[ NM:TM ZFÒ YX[ VG[ N]xDGM GFZFH

YX[P .g;FG ZFCTYL ZC[X[4 ZFHwJFZL D]xS[,LVM

N}Z Y. HX[4 SFINFvSFG}GM GJF AGX[P VF5

5MTFGL T,JFZ B[\RL ,MSMG[ SC[X[o �IF

J,LI<,FC4 pb~H V,;DL<,FC JST], AL

VVNF.<,FC� V[8,[ S[ �VI V<,FCGF NM:TM¦

TD[ B]NFGF GFDGL ;FY[ ACFZ GLS/M

VG[ DFZL ;FY[ B]NFGF N]xDGMG[ St, SZM� 5KL

T[VM .:,FDG[ ZLJFÒ s5|Rl,Tf WD" AGFJX[P

T[DGL UIATDF\ H[ ,MSMV[ WLZH ZFBL

T[DG[ AN,M D/X[P CJ[ VlC\ C]\ .DFDGF

D],FSFTLVMGF GFDM VF5L ZCŸIM K]\4 5Z\T] V[ 56

wIFGDF\ ZFBJ]\ Ô[.V[ S[ D],FSFT SZGFZ 36L

JBT ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ VM/BL ,[ K[ VG[ 36L

JBT 5FK/YL VM/B[ K[P



$*P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s!f

DFZF l5TF sV[8,[ S[ X[B DMCdDN C;G

GHOL ;FC[AGF l5TFf DZC]D CFÒ X[B VA],

SF;LD GHOLV[ TFA[;ZF sSFXFGL D]HTCLNf

sZPVPfV[ 36L JFZ 5MTFGL Ò\NUL NZdIFG

ChZT DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZL K[4 H[DF\GM V[S

AGFJ GLR[ D]HA K[o

V[S JBT DFZF l5TF 5MTFGF

p:TFNGL ;FY[ GHO[ VXZOYL SZA,F TZO .DFD

C];{GsVPfGL lhIFZT DF8[ HTF CTFP JZ;FNGL

kT] CTL VG[ ;F\HGM ;DI CTMP

T[DGL ;FY[ T[DGM SFO,M 56 CTMP V[JFDF\

WMWDFZ JZ;FN 50JF ,FuIM4 RFZ[ TZO V\WF~\ Y.

UI]\4 5JG VG[ TMOFGG]\ Ô[Z 56 JWL 50I]\P Z:TM

5;FZ SZJM B}A H D]xS[, Y. 50IM4 V[8,[ DFZF



l5TF VG[ T[DGF p:TFN A\G[ H6F SFO,FYL 5FK/

ZCL UIF VG[ Z:TM E},L UIFP Z:TM XMWJF

T[D6[ 5F\R S,FS 36F\ OFOF DFIF"4 56 AW]\ GSFD]\4

K[J8[ DFZF l5TF HZF N}Z UIF VG[ .DFD[ UFV[A

ChZT DCNLsVPfG[ VJFH VF5L S[4�IF

VA] ;F,[C V[CN[GtTZLS� V[8,[ S[ �VI

VA] ;F,[C¦ VDG[ Z:TM ATFJM� s�

VA] ;F,[C� .DFD[ UFV[AGM lBTFA K[f VF

5|DF6[ +6 JBT A]DM 5F0L4 5KL DFZF l5TF

T[DGF p:TFN 5F;[ VFjIF4 56 p:TFN 36F H

EIELT VG[ A[R[G CTFP T[DGL V[JL CF,TYL

DFZF l5TFGL 56 lC\DT T}8L U.4 SFZ6 S[ ZFT JW]

EI\SZ AGTL HTL CTL VG[ J/L H\U,L

ÔGJZMGM 0Z 56 B}A H CTMP DFZF

l5TFV[ T[DG[ VF`JF;G VG[ NL,F;M VF%IM



VG[ SCŸI]\ S[4 WLZH ZFBM4 CD6F SM.

VFJX[ VG[ VF56G[ Z:TM ATFJX[P

V[8,FDF\ A[ 3M0[;JFZ N[BF6FP

T[D6[ VDG[ ;,FD SZL VG[ VD[ ;,FDGM HJFA

VF%IMP T[D6[ .XFZFYL VDG[ Z:TM ATFjIM S[ VF

TDFZM Z:TM K[P VD[ Ô[I]\ S[4 H[ Z:TM JZ;FN4

V\WF~\ VG[ TMOFGG[ SFZ6[ N[BFTM G CTM4

T[ N[BFJF ,FuIMP V[8,[ VD[ T[ Z:TF p5Z VFU/

JwIF4 TM VDG[ VDFZM SFO,M 56 N[BF6MP

T[ JBT[ DFZF l5TFV[ lJRFI]"\ S[ VF AWL

AFAT ;FWFZ6 DF6;YL TM G H Y. XS[P 56

T[DF\GF SM. V[S .DFD K[P T[YL DFZF

l5TFG[ T[DGL D],FSFT SZJFGL ,FU6L Y.4 T[YL

T[D6[ VG[ p:TFN[ H<NLvH<NL T[VM A\G[ TZO

RF,JF DF\0I]\P DFZF l5TF 5U5F/F CTF

VG[ T[DGF p:TFN BrRZ 5Z ;JFZ CTFP DFZF



l5TF BrRZGL ,UFD 5S0LG[ RF,TF CTFP

T[DG[ ,UFD D}SL N[JFG]\ 36]\ DG CT]\4 56 J'wW

p:TFNGL lJG\TLYL DFZF l5TF T[G[ KM0L G XSIFP

T[DGL GHZ T[ A\G[ 3M0[;JFZM 5Z H RM\8[,L CTLP

T[ 3M0[;JFZM 36F\ H WLD[ RF,TF CTFP HIFZ[ DFZF

l5TF VG[ T[DGF p:TFN 36L H h05YL RF,TF

CMJF KTF\ T[DG[ G 5S0L XSIFP K[J8[ Ô[S[ Z:TM

B]<,M VG[ ;FO CTMP JRDF\ hF05FG S[ V[J]\ SX]\ H

G CT]\4 KTF\ 56 VRFGS T[ 3M0[;JFZM T[DGL

GHZYL VRFGS VN=xI Y. UIFP 5KL T[VM

SFO,FG[ H. D?IFP

VFD4 SM.56 ;DHNFZ ;DÒ

XS[ K[ S[ T[ 3M0[;JFZMDF\YL V[S VF56F

AFZDF\ .DFD ChZT DCNLV[ ;FC[A]hhDFGsVPf

CTFP



X[B VA], SFl;D GHOL SFXFGL D]HTC[NGM 8}\S 5ZLRI

!P VF5GM HgD CLHZL ;G !Z*5 DF\

GHO[ VXZODF\ YIMP ZP CLHZL ;G !#_* DF\

EFZTDF\ VFUDG #PGDFh[ HDFVTGL X~VFT

SZFJL sX]:TZL .DFDJF0FDF\ Z5 HDFNLp,

VFBZ4 CLP!#!5f $P D]\A.DF\ GDFh[ H]dVF X~

SZFJGFZ 5P Dl:HNDF\ GDFh 5-FJJF VFJTF\ q

HTF\ tIFZ[ 5F,FU,LDF\ VF5GF p5Z ZFB4 SRZM

JU[Z[ O[\SJFDF\ VFJTF4 T[DH AF/SM CFY R]DJFGF

ACFG[ CFYDF\ A8SF EZTF\P &P Z# DL ;OZ

CLP!#5_ DF\ lADFZ 50IF

VG[ Z( DL ;OZ !#5_ DF\ JOFT 5FdIFP *P

DCFG VFl,D VFSF AFS AC[ACFGLGL SAZGL

AFH]DF\ BFS[ .DFD[ C];{GsVPfDF\ NOG 5FdIFP

s;\NE"o .:GFVXZL DFl;S4 D]\A.4 ÔgI]VFZL o

Z_!#f



$(P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U sZf

VZA:TFGDF\ V[S DF6; ZC[TM CTMP T[G]\

GFD ;{IN DMCdDN[ VFD[,L CT]\P T[G[ OFZ;L EFQFF

lA,S], VFJ0TL G CTLP T[ OST VZAL Ô6TM

CTMP T[ SC[ K[ S[4 V[S JBT C]\ DFZF

SFO,F ;FY[ .DFD[ ZhFsVPfGL lhIFZT DF8[ UIM

VG[ VD]S ;DI tIF\ H ZCŸIMP 5KL V[S

lNJ; ;JFZ[ DFZM SFO,M .ZFS HJF DF8[ p50L

UIM4 5Z\T] C]\ DFZL 5MTFGL 36L H BZFA

CF,TG[ SFZ6[ T[ SFO,FGL ;FY[ H. XSIM GlC\P

A5MZ Y.4 TM C]\ .DFDGF ZMhFDF\ UIM VG[ GDFh

5-LP D[\ lJRFI]"\ S[4 Ô[ C]\ VFH[ SFO,F ;]WL GlC\

5CM\R]\4 TM ALÔ[ SM. SFO,M D/X[ GlC\ VG[ VlC\

ZC[JFDF\ 36]\ G]S;FG K[P J/L 9\0LGF lNJ;M 56

VFJL ZCŸIF K[ VG[ C]\ TS,LODF\ O;F. 50LXP



T[YL C]\ .DFDsVPfGL hZLCDF\ UIM VG[ D[\ 36L

H VFÒÒ SZL VG[ DNN DF\ULP

5KL C]\ DGDF\ GÞL SZL V[SND

RF,JF ,FuIM4 S[ H[YL C]\ SFO,F ;]WL 5CM\RL Ôp\P

C]\ E}bIM 56 CTMP ;F\H ;]WL C]\ SM.

lGE"I :YFG ;]WL 5CM\RL G XSIM VG[ V[S UF-

H\U,DF\ V[S,M O;F. 50IMP J/L Z:TM 56 E},L

UIM VG[ D];LATDF\ 3[ZF. UIMP BFJFG]\ SF\.

D?I]\ GlC\4 SFZ6 S[ T[ H\U,DF\ OST �CDh,�

CTF\P s�CDh,� V[S ÔTG]\ UM/FSFZ4 GFGS0]\

VG[ S0J]\ O/ K[f 5KL D[\ 5__ �CDh,� TM0IF4

56 T[DF\YL SM. DL9]\ D?I]\ GlC\P C]\ 36M H E}bIM

VG[ TZ:IM Y. UIMP D[\ ÒJJFGL VFXF D}SL NLWL

VG[ DF{T DF8[ T{IFZ Y. UIMP

V[JFDF\ DFZL GHZ V[S GFGL 8[SZL p5Z

50LP C]\ tIF\ UIM VG[ D[\ Ô[I]\ TM T[DF\YL V[S



5F6LGM hZM JCL ZCŸIM CTMP D[\ B]NFGM X]S= VNF

SIM" VG[ J]h] SZL GDFh[ .XF 5-IMP VFDKTF\

DG[ HJFGM Z:TM G D?IMP ZFT V\WFZL AGTL

U.P ;BT 5JG O}\SFJF ,FuIM VG[ V[S ÔTG]\

TMOFG X~\ YI]\P lJSZF/ 5|F6LVM H[JF S[ JF34

J~4 l;\C JU[Z[GF ALCFD6F VG[ 0ZFD6F\

VJFÔ[ VFJJF ,FuIFP CJF Ô[ZYL O}\SFJF ,FUL

VG[ C]\ 0ZJF ,FuIMP K[J8[ S\8F/L H. B]NFGL

D:,[CT p5Z ZFÒ ZCL ;}. UIMP 5Z\T] YM0F ;DI

5KL C]\ 5FKM ÔuIM VG[ Ô[I]\ TM R\N= 5|SFXL ZCŸIM

CTM4 AW]\ XF\T Y. UI]\ CT]\4 9\0L CJF

WLD[vWLD[ VFJTL CTLP C]\ B}A H YFSL UIM CTM4

T[YL A[;L ZCŸIMP

56 V[8,FDF\ D[\ N}ZYL V[S

3M0[;JFZG[ VFJTM Ô[IMP D[\ lJRFI]"\ S[ T[ RMZ

CX[ VG[ T[ DG[ DFZL GFBX[P 56



HIFZ[ T[ 3M0[;JFZ DFZL GÒS VFjIM

VG[ DG[ GZDFXYL ;,FD SZL4 tIFZ[ H

DG[ lN,DF\ XF\lT Y.P 5KL T[ ;JFZ[ DG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�

VF TFZF 5U 5F;[ +6 BZA]hF sS,L\UZf K[ T[ XF

DF8[ GYL BFTMm� 5C[,F TM D[ \ T[GL JFT BM8L DFGL

VG[ V[D ;DHIM S[ T[ DFZL DxSZL SZ[ K[P 56

5KL HIFZ[ D[\ Ô[I]\ TM DFZF 5U 5F;[ +6 S,L\UZ

CTFP 5KL T[ ;JFZ[ DG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�VFH[ ZF+[ T]\ V[S

BF4 VG[ SF,[ ALH]\ VZW]\ BFH[4 VG[ AFSLGF NM-

S,L\UZ TFZL ;FY[ ,. HH[P VG[ VF Z:T[ Y.G[ T]\

Ô VG[ SF,[ A5MZGF ALH]\ VZW]\ BFH[P VG[ K[<,]\

V[S T]\ BFTM GlC\4 T[ TG[ SFD VFJX[P ;F\H[ T] �

SF,F T\A]� 5CM\RL H.XP T[GF ,MSM TG[ TFZF

SFO,F ;]WL 5CM\RF0L VF5X[P� V[8,]\ SCL 5[,M

3M0[;JFZ UFV[A sVN=xIf Y. UIMP



5KL C]\ p9LG[ RF,JF ,FuIM VG[ H[D

5[,F ;JFZ[ SC ŸI]\ CT]\ T[ D]HA S,L\UZ BFWFP 56

BZ[BZ T[ S,L\UZ V[8,F TM 9\0F VG[ DL9F CTF

S[ T[JF S,L\UZ D[\ DFZL Ò\NULDF\ SNL 56 RFbIF G

CTFP ALÔ lNJ;[ ;F\H[ C]\ �SF,F T\A]� 5CM\RL UIMP

tIF\GF ,MSM VFjIF VG[ DG[ T\A]DF\ ,. UIFP

T[VM ;DHIF S[4 SNFR C]\ Ô;]; CM.XP T[VM AWF

OFZ;LDF\ JFT SZTF CTF4 HIFZ[ S[ C]\ VZALDF\

AM,TM CTMP T[VM DG[ 5}KJF ,FuIF S[4�T]\ VlC\

S[JL ZLT[ VFjIMm� 5Z\T] DFT'EFQFF H]NL CMJFYL

VDFZFDF\YL SM. S\.56 ;DÒ G XSI]\P

K[J8[ T[ ,MSMGM V[S DM8M p5ZL DFZL 5F;[ VFjIM

VG[ DG[ 5]K ŸI]\ S[4�T]\ VlC\ S[JL ZLT[ VFjIMm ;FR]\

AM,4 GlC\ TM VD[ TG[ DFZL GFBLX]\P� 56 DFZL

JFT T[VM[V[ ;FRL G DFGLP D[\ T[VMG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�C]\

VF Z:T[YL VFjIM K]\P� T[VMV[ SCŸI]\ S[4�H[ Z:T[YL



T]\ VlC\ VFjIM K[4 T[ S\. Z:TM GYLP V[ TM H\U,

K[ VG[ H[ SM. 56 T[ Z:T[YL VFJ[ ÔI K[4

T[G[ l;\C VG[ JF3 OF0L BFI K[P DF8[ T]\ BM8]\

AM,[ K[P DXCNYL VlC\ ;]WLGM Z:TM ALÔ[ Z:TM

K[ VG[ T[DF\ +6 D\Ò,M VFJ[ K[P� K[J8[ T[VM

DG[ DFZJF T{IFZ YIF4 56 VRFGS 5[,]\ S,L\UZ

DFZF S50FDF\YL ;ZL 50I]\P T[D6[ DF~\ S,L\UZ Ô[I]\

TM T[VM 36F\ H B]XL YIF VG[ VFJF VN ŸE}T

S,L\UZ TZO T[DG[ GJF. p5Ò VG[ DFZL JFT

T[VMV[ ;FRL DFGLP V[8,] H GlC\ T[VM DG[ SM.

DCF5]~QF ;DHJF ,FuIFP 5KL TM T[VM DFZM CFY

R]DJF DF\0IFP DG[ GJF S50F 5C[ZFJL 5MTFG[ tIF\

A[ lNJ; DC[DFG ZFbIM VG[ +LH[ lNJ;[ +6

DF6;M DFZL ;FY[ VFjIF VG[ DG[ DFZF

SFO,F ;]WL D}SL UIFP



$)P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s#f

VF AGFJDF\ DF6; .DFDG[ VM/BL GYL

XSTM VG[ .DFDGL V;Z T[GF 5Z V[JL

50[ K[ S[ T[ S\. 56 AM,L GYL XSTMP VF AGFJ

CLHZL ;G !Z&5 DF\ AgIM CTMP

D]<,F sDF:8Zf CALA]<,FCGM 5]+ D]<,F

sDF:8Zf VaN], ZCLD VO3FGL 5MTFGF

VG]IFILVMGL ;FY[ DH,L;DF\ A[9M CTMP

T[ DH,L; S\NCFZ XC[ZDF\ IMÔ. CTLP VRFGS

AWFV[ ChZT[ DCNLV[ ;FC[A]hhDFGG[ Ô[IFP

T[ DH,L;DF\ D]<,F VA], SF;LD S\NCFZL4 ALÔ

36F\ ;]gGL VF,LDM4 SFÒ D]OTL VG[ V[S

VF,LD[ VZA[ DL:ZL 56 CTFP

T[ AWFV[ .DFDsVPfG[ Ô[IF VG[ T[DGF TZO

AWFGF lN, GDL 50IFP SM.GFDF\ AM,JFGL TFSFT



G ZCLP AW] XF\T VG[ G]ZFGL Y. UI]\P YM0F JBT

5KL .DFD UFV[A YIFP

VF AGFJG[ X[B DMCdDN 5MTFGL SLTFA �

NFZ[ ;,FD�DF\ 56 ,B[ K[P T[ X[B

DMCdDN ,B[ K[ S[4 T[ DH,L;DF\ ,MSM JFTM SZTF

CTF VG[ JFTDF\ ChZT DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD VFJL

UI]\P T[DF\GF 36F ,MSM ChZT

DCNLsVPfGM .gSFZ SZJF ,FuIF

VG[ SC[JF ,FuIF S[4�VF AW]\ BM8]\ K[P XLIF WD"

56 BM8M K[P� V[8,[ ;]WL S[ T[VM XLIF WD"G[ UF/M

N[JF ,FuIFP T[DF\ D]<,F DMCdDN �SFhL, SMhFT�

TM .DFD TYF XLIF WD"G[ JWFZ[ UF/M VF5TM

CTMP

T[GF HJFADF\ 5[,F VZA DL:ZL

VF,LD[ SCŸI]\ S[4C]\ V[S JBT DL:ZGL DM8L D:ÒN

�ÔD[V[ T],]G�DF\ V[S UZLA VF,LD 5F;[ CNL;



XLBJF HTM CTMP DFZL ;FY[ ALÔVM 56 VFJTF

CTFP V[S lNJ; CNL; 50TL JBT[ ChZT

DCNLsVPfG]\ GFD VFJL UI]\ VG[ VDFZFDF\YL

NZ[S 5MTFG[ H[D OFJ[ T[D DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\

AM,JF ,FuIF VG[ AWF Ô[ZvÔ[ZYL A]DM

5F0JF ,FuIFP 56 VRFGS V[ AWFGL JRDF\

ChZT DCNLsVPf N[BFIFP T[VM V[S GJHJFG

VG[ G]ZFGL N[BFTF CTFP V[8,[ AWF V[SND R]5 Y.

UIF VG[ SM.GL lC\DT G CTL S[ T[DGL ;FD[ GHZ

SZ[P VF JFT T[ DL:ZL VZA T[ DH,L;DF\ SC[TM

CTM VG[ AWF T[G[ U]5R]5 ;F\E/TF CTF4

V[8,FDF\ TM T[H DH,L;DF\ V[S HJFG N[BFIF

VG[ T[ SLa,FGL TZO A[;L UIFP V[8,[ AWF R]5 Y.

UIF VG[ SM. T[DGL ;FD[ GHZ p\RSLG[ Ô[. G

XSI]\P XZDYL AWFV[ DFY]\ GLR[ GDFJL NLW]\P

T[VMDF\ UEZF8 V[8,M JWL UIM S[ T[VM 5;LGFYL



EL\Ô. UIFP VFJ]\ JFTFJZ6 ,UEU 5\NZ DLGL8

RF,]\ ZCŸI]\P T[ 5KL AWF ,MSM CMXDF\ VFjIF

VG[ V[SALÔGL ZÔ ,LWF lJGF ;,FD SZTF

RF<IF UIFP VFGL V;Z V[ 50L S[ 36F ,MSM

XLIF WD" TZO VFSQFF"IF VG[ XLIF 56 Y. UIFP

5_P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s$f

VF RMYF AGFJGF AFZFDF\ CFÒ DLZhF

C];{G G]ZL 5MTFGL SLTFA �

S,[DFV[ TiIAC�DF\ ,B[ K[ S[4 VF AGFJ X[B

DMCdDN[ GHOL ;FY[ AgIM CTMP

X[B DMCdDN[ GHOL SC[ K[ S[4 C]\ KFTLGF

NN"YL 5L0FTM CTMP T[DH 36M UZLA 56 CTMP C]\

V[S :+LGL ;FY[ XFNL SZJF .rKTM CTM4 56 T[GF

l5TFV[ DFZL UZLALGF SFZ6[ DG[ GF 5F0LP 8}\SDF\



V[ S[ DFZL CF,T 36L H S\UF/ CTL VG[ C]\

5L0FTM CTMP ,MSMGF SC[JF 5|DF6[ D[\ RF,L;

A]WJFZGL ZFT ;]WL D:ÒN[ S]OFDF\ H. JÒOM

5-JFG]\ X~\ SI]"\ S[ H[YL .DFD[ UFV[AsVPfGL

D],FSFT YFIP V[ JÒOM DFZ[ RF,L; ZFT ;]WL

5-JFGM CTMP C]\ GHOYL RFZ DF., RF,LG[ 9\0L4

UZDL4 JZ;FN VG[ D];LATMGL JrR[ tIF\ HTM

CTMP HIFZ[ RF,L;DL ZFT VFJL4 tIFZ[ C]\ 36M H

GA/M 50L UIM CTMP J/L #)

ZFT ;]WLDF\ .DFDGL D],FSFT G YJFYL VFXF 56

T}8JF VFJL CTLP

BF\;LGL ;FY[ DFZL KFTLDF\YL ,MCL 50T]\

CT]\P ZFT V\WFZL CTLP JZ;FN WLD[vWLD[ VFJTM

CTMP 5JG Ô[ZYL O}\SFTM CTMP DFZFDF\ RF,JFGL

TFSFT G CTL4 KTF\ 56 C]\ RF,LG[ tIF\ UIM

VG[ ACFZ VM8,F 5Z A[;L UIMP 9\0L



CJFG[ SFZ6[ D[\ V\UFZ SZL SFJM UZD SIM"4

V[8,FDF\ D[\ N}ZYL V[S DF6;G[ VFJTF Ô[IMP C]\

lJRFZDF\ CTM S[ DFZL 5F;[ SFJM YM0M

K[ VG[ T[ VZAG[ VF5LX4 TM C]\ ZCL H.XP

V[8,FDF\ TM T[ DFZL 5F;[ VFjIM VG[ DF~\

GFD ,.G[ DG[ ;,FD SZLP C]\ 36M H VHA YIM

S[ T[6[ DF~\ GFD S[JL ZLT[ ÔÎ]\P YM0L JFTRLT

5KL T[6[ DG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�T]\ VlC\ X]\ SFD VFjIM K[m�

T[GL DMCaAT DFZF lN,DF\ 36L H Y. U. VG[ D[\

T[G[ DFZL AWL CSLST SCL H6FJLP 5KL D[\

T[G[ 5F.5 sC]SMf VF%IM4 5Z\T] T[6[ SC ŸI]\ S[4 C]\

GYL 5LTMP tIFZ 5KL D[\ T[G[ SFJM 5LJF VF%IM4

5Z\T] T[6[ OST YM0M H 5LWM VG[ AFSLGM

DG[ VF%IMP VG[ T[ SFJM 5LJFYL C]\ HZF A]X[wWLGL

CF,TDF\ ;ZL 50IMP T[ NZdIFG T[ DF6;[ DG[ SC ŸI]\

S[4�Ô TFZL KFTL ;FZL Y. U.



K[ VG[ H[ :+LGL ;FY[ T]\ XFNL SZJF

DF\U[ K[ T[GL ;FY[ TFZL XFNL YX[4 56 TFZL

UZLALGL CF,T V[JL H ZC[X[P� V[8,]\ SCL T[ pEM

Y. UIM VG[ VD[ A\G[ D]:,LDGL lhIFZT SZJF

DF8[ RF,JF ,FuIFP VD[ V\NZ UIF

V[8,[ T[6[ DG[ 5]KŸI]\ S[4�X]\ VF56[ CNLIFGL

A[ ZSFT GDFh 5-LX]\m� D[\ CF 5F0L4 T[YL

VD[ A[ ZSFT GDFh D:ÒN[ CNLIFGL 5-JFGL X~

SZLP56 GDFhDF\ C]\ T[G[ wIFGYL ;F\E/JF ,FuIMP

T[GF 5-JFDF\ 36L H DL9FX CTL VG[ V[J]\ DL9]\

50JFG]\ D[\ SNL ;F\E?I]\ 56 G CT]\P T[YL GDFh

5-TFv5-TF DFZF lN,DF\ bIF, VFjIM S[ VF DF6;

H~Z .DFD[ UFV[AsVPf CMJF Ô[.V[P C]\ X\SFYL

T[DGL ;FD[ Ô[JF ,FuIMP DG[ YI]\ S[ C]\ T[DGF

SNDMDF\ GDL 50]\4 56 C]\ GDFhG[ TM0L G XSIMP

GDFh 5KL D[\ Ô[I]\4 TM T[VM N[BFIF GlC\P 5Z\T]



TZT H V[S G]Z ÔC[Z YI]\P C]\ VFÒÒYL

SC[JF ,FuIM S[4�VI DFZF VFSF¦ TD[ JFINM

VF%IM CTM S[ VF56[ ChZT D]:,LDGL lhIFZT

SZLX]\P� 5KL T[ G]Z D:ÒNGL TZO UI]\ VG[ tIF\

V[S U]\AHDF\ ;JFZ ;]WL ZCŸI]\

VG[ ;JFZ[ T[ VF:DFGDF\ VN=xI Y. UI]\P D[\ 56

VFBL ZFT Z0JFDF\ VG[ .AFNTDF\ 5;FZ SZLP D[\

Ô[I]\ TM DFZL KFTLGL lADFZL 56 ;FZL Y. UI[,L

CTLP 5KL TM C]\ 36M H 5:TFIM S[ D[\

ChZT .DFD DCNL ;FC[A]hhDFG

sVPfG[ VM/bIF GlC\P

K[J8[ C]\ 3Z[ UIM VG[ YM0F JBTDF\ TM

T[H :+LGL ;FY[ DFZL XFNL 56 Y. U.4 56 DFZL

UZLAL AFSL ZCLP



5!P .DFD[ UFV[AGL D],FSFTGM 5|;\U s5f

VF 5F\RDF\ AGFJG[ V<,FDF CFÒ DLZhF

C];{G G]ZLV[ 5MTFGL SLTFA �

GHD]:;FSLA�DF\ ,B[, K[4 T[DH VF AGFJG[ X[B

VaAF;[ S]dDLV[ 56 5MTFGL SLTFA �DOFTLC],

ÒGFG�DF\ GLR[ D]HA ,B[, K[o

CFÒ V,L AUNFNL SC[ K[ S[4 DFZL

5F;[ CÞ[ .DFDGF (_ T]DFG CTFP C]\ GHO UIM

VG[ T[DF\GF Z_ T]DFG D[\ CFÒ X[B D]ZT]hF

Vg;FZL D]HTCLNG[ VF%IF VG[ ALÔ Z_ T]DFG

CFÒ X[B DMCdDN[ C];{G

D]HTCLN[ SFhD{GG[ VF%IFP ALÔ Z_ T]DFG X{B

DMCdDN C;G[ ;]~SL D]HTCLNG[ VF%IFP 5KL C\]

AUNFNYL SFhD{G lhIFZT DF8[ UIM VG[ tIF\ X[B

DMCdDN C;G SFhD{GLGL D],FSFT SZL



VG[ AFSLGF Z_ T]DFGDF\YL YM0F T[DG[ VF%IFP

5KL lhIFZT SZL C]\ HJF DF\UTM CTM4 56 X[B

DMCdDN C;G[ SFhD{GLV[ DG[ ZMSF. HJF SC ŸI]\P

56 D[\ SCŸI]\ S[4 VFH[ ZFT[ DFZ[ DFZF SFZBFGFGF

DH}ZMG[ DH}ZL N[JFGL K[4 V[8,[ D[\ AUNFN TZO

RF,JF DF\0I]\P

VFU/ HTF\ D[\ V[S T[H:JL 5]~QFG[ Ô[IMP

T[D6[ VFJLG[ DG[ ;,FD SZL4 D];FO[CM SIM"

VG[ AU,ULZL SZLP sU/[ D?IFf T[D6[ DFYF

p5Z ,L,M O[\8M AF\W[,M CTMP T[DGF HD6F\ UF,

5Z T,GM 0F3 CTMP T[D6[ DG[ 5]K ŸI]\ S[4�T]\ SIF\

ÔI K[m� D[\ SCŸI]\ S[4�SFD CMJFYL lhIFZT SZL C]\

5FKM AUNFN Ôp\ K]\P� T[D6[ SCŸI]\ S[4�T]\ 5FKM OZ

VG[ VFH[ H]dVFGL ZFT K[4 DF8[ lhIFZT SZ4 C]\

SIFDTDF\ ;F1FL VF5LX S[ T]\ DFZF NFNF

ChZT[ V,LsVPfGM XLIF VG[ NM:T K[P



VG[ T[ X[B 56 TFZF DF8[ ;F1FL VF5X[P� sVF

JBT[ CFÒV,L DGDF\ lJRFZTM CTM S[ C]\ T[ X[B

DMCdDN C;G 5F;[YL RL9 Ÿ9L ,BFJLX VG[ DFZF

SOGDF\ ZFBLXP T[YL H 5[,F GJF VFJGFZ

DF6;[ SCŸI]\ S[4 T[ X[B 56 TFZF DF8[ ;F1FL

VF5X[Pf

CFÒ V,L SC[ K[ S[4 D[\ T[ DF6;G[ 5]KI]\ S[4

�VF5[ T[ S[JL ZLT[ ÔÎ]\m VG[ VF5[ DG[ S[JL

ZLT[ VM/bIMm� tIFZ[ T[D6[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�X]\ T[ DF6;

S[ H[GM CS ALÔ[ DF6; VF5[ T[G[ T[ G VM/BL

XS[m� tIFZ[ D[\ 5]KI]\ S[4�SIM CSm� TM T[D6[ SCŸI]\

S[4�T[ CS S[ H[ T[ VDFZF JSL,MG[ VF%IF K[P� D[\

5]KI]\ S[4�SIF JSL,Mm� T[D6[ SCŸI]\o �X[B DMCdDN

C;G JU[Z[P�

D[\ DGDF\ SCŸI]\ S[4 VF DF6; DG[ VM/B[ K[4

56 C]\ T[G[ E},L UIM ,FU]\ K]\P DFZF DGDF\ YI]\



S[ VF DF6;G[ .DFDGF CSGL H~Z K[P T[YL D[\

T[G[ SCŸI]\ S[4�VI ;ZNFZ¦ C]\ X[B DMCdDN

C;GGL ZÔYL TDG[ .DFDGM CS VF5LXP� TM

T[D6[ C;LG[ SCŸI]\ S[4�T[ DFZM CS VF5L NLWM K[P�

tIFZ[ D[\ 5]KŸI]\ S[4�X]\ T[ SA}, YIM K[m� T[D6[ SCŸI]\o

�CF�4 OZL D[\ 5]KI]\ S[4�X]\ VFl,DM TDFZF JSL,M

K[m� T[D6[ HJFA VF%IMo �CF�

5KL T[DGF SC[JFYL C]\ 5FKM OIM"

VG[ VD[ SFhD{G TZO HJF ,FuIFP D[\ Ô[I]\

S[ H[ Z:TM 5C[,F ;]SM CTM4 T[ VtIFZ[ O],M4 O/M

VG[ J'1FMYL ,L,MKD Y. UIM K[P

VG[ J'1FMG[ ,LW[ Z:TF 5Z KFIM 50TM CTMP V[S

AFH] ;O[N 5F6LGM hZM JC[TM CTMP D[\ VÔIALYL

T[G[ 5]KI]\ S[4�VF AW]\ X]\ K[m� T[D6[ SCŸI]\ S[4�

H[ ,MSM VDFZF NFNFGL lhIFZT SZ[ K[4

T[ ,MSMG[ VF AWF OFINF D/[ K[P� T[YL C]\ 36M H



B]X YIM T[DH HZF lJRFZJF ,FuIM S[4 VF DF6;

SM6 K[m BFTZL SZJF D[\ T[DG[ VD]S

GLR[ D]HAGF ;JF,M 5]KIFo

;JF,o! D[\ X[B VaN], ZhhFS

DZC]DYL ;F\E?I]\ K[ S[4 H[ DF6; lNJ;EZ ZMhF

ZFB[4 ZFTEZ .AFNT SZ[4 RF,L; CH

SZ[ VG[ ;OF TYF DZJFGL JrR[ D'tI] 5FD[4 56

Ô[ T[ ChZT V,LsVPfGM NM:T G CMI4 TM AW]\

GSFD]\ K[P TM X]\ VF ;FR]\ K[m

HJFAo! �CF¦�

;JF,oZ V[S DF6; S[ H[ DFZM ;UM K[4

T[ ChZT V,LsVPfGF NM:TMDF\YL K[ S[ GlC\m

HJFAoZ �CF¦�

;JF,o# 5-GFZF D]<,FVM SC[ K[ S[4 V[S

JBT ;],IDFG[ VVDX SM.GL 5F;[ UIF

VG[ .DFD C];{GsVPfGL lhIFZTGF AFZFDF\



5]KI]\4 TM T[6[ HJFA VF%IM S[ T[ ALNVT K[P tIFZ

5KL ;],IDFG[ :J%GDF\ V[S 5F,BL HDLG

VG[ VF:DFGGL JrR[ Ô[.4 T[DF\ HGFA[ OFT[DF

s;Pf VG[ HGFA[ BNLHV[ S]AZFs;Pf CTF4

VG[ T[VM H]dVFGL ZFT CMJFYL .DFD

C];{GsVPfGL lhIFZT DF8[ HTF CTFP

5F,BLDF\YL GFGFvGFGF SFU/GF 8]S0F O[\SFTF

CTF VG[ T[DF\ ,B[,]\ CT]\ S[4�H[VM C];{GsVPfGF

hjJFZM K[4 T[VM SIFDTGF lNJ;[ NMhBGL

VFUYL ARL HX[P�4 TM X]\ VF JFT ;FRL K[ m

HJFAo# �CF¦�

;JF,o$ X]\ .DFD C];{GsVPfGL

lhIFZT ,MSMGF DF8[ V[S VDFGT K[m

HJFAo$ �CF¦�4 sVG[ T[DGL VF \BMDF\YL

VF\;] ;ZL 50IFf



;JF,o5 DG[ NZMN UFDDF\ V[S X]ZSL

VZA D?IM CTMP T[ .DFD[ Z[hFsVPfGL lhIFZT

SZLG[ 5FKM 3Z[ HTM CTMP D[\ T[G[ VFD\+6 VF%I]\

VG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�.DFD[ Z[hFsVPfG]\ XC[Z S[J]\ K[m�

T[6[ SCŸI]\ S[4�T[ HgGT K[ VG[ T[6[ tIF\ 5\NZ lNJ;

DF{,FG]\ VGFH BFW]\ K[4 V[8,[ T[G[ SAZDF\ D]gSLZ

VG[ GSLZ OZLxTF ;TFJX[ GlC\4 SFZ6 S[ T[G]\

UMxT VG[ ,MCL .DFDGF BMZFSYL ;FO AgIF

K[P .DFD Z[hFsVPf SAZDF\ VFJL T[G[ ARFJX[P�

TM X]\ VF JFT ;FRL K[m

HJFAo5 �CF¦�

;JF,o& D[\ 56 .DFD[ Z[hFsVPfGL

lhIFZT SZL K[4 X]\ T[ SA}, Y. K[m

HJFAo& �CF¦�



;JF,o* DFZM NM:T CFÒ DMCdDN

AHÔH AFXL S[ H[ DFZL ;FY[ D];FOZLDF\ CTM4

T[GL 56 lhIFZT SA}, Y. K[m

HJFAo* �CF¦�

;JF,o( ALÔ[ V[S DF6; AUNFNL 56

DFZL ;FY[ CTM4 T[GL 56 lhIFZT SA}, Y. K[m

HJFAo( �GlC\¦� sHIFZ[ T[D6[ HJFA �

GF�DF\ VF%IM4 V[8,[ C]\ TZT H ;DÒ UIM4 SFZ6

S[ T[ DF6; ;FZM G CTM4 J/L T[6[ 5MTFGL �

DF�G[ DFZL GFBL CTLf

5KL VD[ RF,JF ,FuIF VG[ V[S Z:TF p5Z

VFjIF S[ H[ ITLDMGM Z:TM SC[JFTM CTMP

Ô[ S[ T[ Z:T[YL HJF DF8[ C]\ TM GFZFH CTM4 56

HIFZ[ T[D6[ SC ŸI]\ S[4 VF DF, DFZF NFNF

VDLZsVPfGM K[ VG[ ChZT V,LsVPfGF NM:TM

DF8[ T[ Z:TF 5Z RF,J]\ ÔV[h K[P tIFZ[ VD[ tIF\YL



RF<IFP T[ Z:TF p5Z V[S AFU CTM4 H[GM DFl,S

CFÒ DLZhF CFNL CTMP T[ VHDGM 5{;FNFZ Xb;

CTMP D[\ T[DG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�X]\ VF

AFU .DFD[ ZhFsVPfGM K[ VG[ T[DGFYL

KLGJL ,[JFDF\ VFjIM K[m� T[D6[ SCI]\ S[4�R]5

ZCMP� tIF\YL VFU/ RF,TF GFGL GNL VFJLP tIF\

A[ Z:TF CTFP V[S �ZFC[ ;],TFGL� CTM

VG[ ALÔ[ �ZFC[ ;FNFTL� CTMP VD[ �

ZFC[ ;FNFTL�YL UIFP YM0F 5U,F RF<IF 5KL D[\

Ô[I]\ S[4 VD[ .DFD[ D];FsVPfGF ZMhFGF ;C[GDF\

CTFP 5KL AFA], D]ZFN sD]ZFNGM NZJFÔfDF\YL

CZDDF\ NFB, YIFP tIF\ T[D6[ DG[ lhIFZT

5-JFG]\ SCŸI]\ VG[ DFZF DF8[ T[D6[ lhIFZT

5-JFGL X~ SZLP lhIFZTDF\ T[D6[ !! .DFDMGF

GFD ,LWF VG[ VULIFZDF\ .DFDGF GFD

JBT[ T[D6[ SCŸI]\ S[4�V:;,FDM V,IS]D IF VAF



C;G[ V:SZLsVPf�4 5KL T[D6[ DG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�X]\ T]\

TFZF .DFD[ hDFGFG[ VM/B[ K[m� D[\ HJFA VF%IMo

�CF�4 T[D6[ SCŸI]\ S[4�TM 5KL T]\

TFZF .DFD[ hDFGF 5Z ;,FD SZP� T[YL D[\ SCŸI]\o �

V:;,FDM V,iS IF C]HHT<,FC[ ;FC[A]hhDFG

IF .aGL, C;GP� T[VM C:IF VG[ DG[ HJFA

VF%IMo �V,iS :;,FDP� 5KL ZMhFG[ R]dIFP 5KL

D[\ SCŸI]\ S[4�CJ[ ALÒ lhIFZT 5-MP� T[YL T[D6[ �

lhIFZT[ VDLG]<,FC� 5-JL X~ SZLP V[8,FDF\ TM

AtTLVMDF\YL V[S AtTL ;}ZH H[JL 5|SFlXT AGLP

T[ 5KL .DFD[ C];{GsVPfGL lhIFZT SZLP T[JFDF\

DUZLAGL GDFhGL VhFG Y.P T[YL VD[ AFH]GL

D:ÒNDF\ UIFP T[D6[ DG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�T]\

GDFh[ HDFVTDF\ XZLS Y. ÔP� T[YL C]\ GDFhDF\

XFDL, Y. UIM VG[ T[ 5MT[ .DFDGL AFH]DF\

GDFh 5-JF ,FuIFP HIFZ[ GDFh B,F; Y.4 TM



DG[ 5FKF G N[BFIFP D[\ T[DGL 36L XMW SZL4 56

T[DGM 5TM G ,FuIMP 5KL C]\ lJRFZ SZJF ,FuIM

S[4 T[VM SM6 CX[ S[ H[D6[ DG[ VF8,F ;JF,MGF

HJFA VF%IF4 DMVÒhF ATFjIF4 lhIFZT 5-TL

JBT[ D[\ ;,FD SZL4 TM T[GM HJFA VF%IM JU[Z[P

D[\ T[ ZFT 36L H A[R[GLDF\ 5;FZ

SZLP ;JFZ[ C]\ T[ X[B DMCdDN C;G 5F;[ UIM

VG[ AWL JFT T[G[ SCL ;\E/FJLP T[6[ DG[ SC ŸI]\

S[4�R]5 ZCM VG[ S\. G AM,MP� T[ 5KL V[S

DCLG[ T[H CZDDF\ D[\ V[S ;{ING[ Ô[IFP

T[D6[ DG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�V[S DlCGF 5C[,F

TFZL ;FY[ X]\ AGFJ YI[,M4 T[ DG[ SC[P� 56 C]\ R]5

ZCŸIMP V[8,FDF\ TM T[ ;{IN UFV[A Y. UIFP

VF l;JFI ALÔ 36F AGFJM AGL UIF K[4

H[DF\ ,MSMV[ ChZT .DFD DCNL ;FC[A]hhDFG

sVP;PfGL D],FSFT SZL4 56 T[DG[ VM/bIF



GlC\P 56 5FK/YL T[VMG[ BAZ 50L

S[ T[ .DFDsVPf CTFP VFJF AGFJM YJFG]\ SFZ6

V[ S[ C]HHT TDFD YFI4 V[8,[ S[ ,MSMG[ BAZ

50[ S[ .DFDsVPf AFSL K[P ALH]\ SFZ6 V[ S[ T[YL

ChZT DCNLsVPfGL UIAT ;FALT Y. ÔI

VG[ T[DGF 5Z H[ VFZM5M D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[ N}Z

Y. ÔIP +LH]\ SFZ6 V[ S[ ,MSM T[DG[ lN,YL

DFG[ VG[ T[DG[ E},L G ÔI4 VG[ BF; XLIFVMGL

H[ DFgITF ChZT DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ K[4

T[ BZFA G Y. ÔIP

5ZP —UIAT�GM VY"

UIATGM VY" YFI K[o �G VM/BFJ]\�4 56

T[GFYL V[D G ;DHJ]\ S[4 .DFD

K]5F.G[ ZC[ K[ VG[ Ô[JFDF\ GYL VFJTFP



V[ AGJF Ô[U K[ S[ .DFD VN=xI ZCLG[ VM/BFIF

lJGF ,MSMGL ;FY[ D],FSFT SZ[ VG[ T[VMG[ OFINM

5CM\RF0[P

.DFD DCNLsVPfGL UIATDF\ H[ B]AL

VG[ CLSDT ZC[,L K[ T[ V[ K[ S[ T[ J0[ T[DGL

CIFTL AFSL VG[ ;CL ;,FDT ZC[P VUFpGF

5|SZ6DF\ VF56[ Ô[I]\ S[ ;]gGL VG[ XLIFVMGL

JrR[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ OST A[H

JFTDF\ DTE[N K[4 T[H ZLT[ 36F N]xDGM .DFGL

DF6;MG[ BZFA SZJF DF8[ N,L, ,FJ[ K[ S[4 V[S

K]5F4 S\.56 OFINM G VF5GFZ VG[ WD"GM ;LWM

Z:TM ATFJGFZGF G CMJFYL X]\ OFINM K[m 56

VFJF ,MSMGL VFJL pwWTF. V[S Ô/ ;DFG

K[ VG[ SDVÞ, .g;FG T[DF\ O;F. ÔI K[P

HIFZ[ S[ ;DH] DF6;M V[JF ,MSMGL

JFTMG[ T]rKSFZL SF-[ K[P



Ô6J]\ Ô[.V[ S[ NZ[S DCFG J:T]VMDF\

SM.G[ SM. CLSDT VG[ B]AL ZC[,L CMI K[P VUZ

VF56[ SM. B]AL S[ CLSDTJF/L RLHG[ B]AL

VG[ CLSDTGL GHZ[ G Ô[.V[4 TM T[GFYL V[D

GYL ;DHJFG]\ S[ T[ J:T]DF\ B]AL VG[ CLSDT

GYLP T[ J:T]DF\ B]AL VG[ CLSDT K[4 56

VF56[ T[G[ ;DÒ GYL XSTFP H[D S[4

Z;],[B]NFs;PfGL D[VŸZFHGL X]\ B]ALVM TYF

CLSDT K[ T[ VF56[ GYL Ô6TF4 T[YL S\.

V[D ;FALT GYL YT]\ S[ D[VŸZFH GYL Y.P

VG[ Ô[ SM. SIFDTGL B]AL VG[ T[GL CLSDT G

Ô6JFG[ SFZ6[ SIFDTGM V:JLSFZ

SZ[ VG[ T[G[ H]9,FJ[4 TM T[YL S\. V[D G

DFGL ,[JFI S[ SIFDT H GYL4 A<S[ V[D DFGJ]\

V[ VF56L E}, K[P SIFDTGF AFZFDF\ B]NF

S]ZVFG[ XZLODF\ OZDFJ[ K[o �OL IJŸDLG SFG



DLSŸNFZMC] V<O ;GTLG Bd;C�

XZLVT[ .:,FDGF 36F V[CSFDM4 SFINF4 SFG]GM

JU[Z[ VF56[ GYL Ô6TF\4 TM T[YL V[D ;FALT

GYL YT]\ S[ T[ SFINF SFG}GM GYLP

XÞ], SDZ sR\N=GF A[ 8]S0F SZJFf4 ;}ZHG]\

0]aIF 5KL 5FK]\ OZJ]\ VG[ ALÔ DMVŸÒhF p5Z

DF6; S\. 56 VÞ, GYL WZFJTM VG[ T[YL V[JM

DT,A GYL YTM S[ T[JF AGFJM GYL AgIFP

CJ[ V[SND ;C[,L DL;F, VF5]\

K]\P ;DÔ[ S[ ;FSZ4 V[S DF6; ;FSZDF\ DL9FX

K[ S[ GlC\4 T[ S[JL DL9FX K[ JU[Z[ AFATM GYL

Ô6TM4 TM T[YL T[6[ V[D G DFGL ,[J]\

Ô[.V[ S[ ;FSZDF\ DL9FX GYLP A<S[ CSLSTDF\

T[ DF6; T[GFYL A[BAZ K[P V[JL H ZLT[ VUZ

SM. .DFD[ DCNLsVPfGF AFZFDF\ S\. 56 Ô6TM

G CMI VG[ 5KL T[ ,MSMG[ EDFJ[4 TM ,MSMV[ V[D



G DFGL A[;J\] Ô[.V[ S[ ChZT DCNLsVPf GYLP

V[JF 36F\ ,MSM K[ S[ H[ DCNLsVPfG[ ÔÎF JUZ

T[DGL lJ~wW SFJ+F SZ[ K[P T[DG[ H}9F

5F0[ K[ VG[ V7FG ,MSMG[ EDFJL p\WF

Z:T[ NMZL ,. ÔI K[P D];,DFGMV[ VFJF ,MSMYL

ARJ]\ Ô[.V[ VG[ AG[ tIF\ ;]WL

ChZT .DFD[ UFV[AsVPf lJQF[ Ô6JFGL SMXLX

SZJL Ô[.V[4 VG[ T[YL H VF SLTFA

T]Z\T ,BJFGL DG[ OZH 50L K[P

36F\ ,MSM V[JF 56 K[ S[ H[VM Ô6JF KTF\

56 5MTFGL ÒN DF8[ .DFG GYL ,FJTFP V<,FC

S]ZVFGDF\ V[JF ,MSMGF AFZFDF\ ,B[ K[ S[4�J ,J

VgG Vgh<GF V,IŸC[D], D,FV[SC J S<,DCMD],

DJŸTF JXZG V,IŸCLD S]<,M XIŸ.GL SMAM,F DF

SFG] ,F I]VŸD[G}G� V[8,[ S[ �Ô[ VD[ V[ ,MSMGL

p5Z OZLxTF pTFZLV[4 D]NF"VMG[ T[DGL ;FY[ pEF



ZFBL JFT SZFJLV[ VG[ ALÒ

RLÔ[G[ T[GL ;FD[ ZFBL JFT SZFJLV[4 TM 56

T[VM .DFG ,FJGFZF GYLP� ;}Z[ SFO[~G 56 V[JF

H ,MSM DF8[ GFhL, YIM CTM4 SFZ6 S[ V[ ,MSM

36F H ÒNŸNL CTFP T[YL B]NFV[ ChZT

DMCdDNs;PfG[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�TDM SCL NM S[ TDFZM WD"

TDFZF DF8[ VG[ DFZM WD" DFZF DF8[ K[P�

ÒNŸNLVMGF 56 A[ 5|SFZ K[P V[S TM Ô6JF

KTF\ ÒN SZ[ K[4 HIFZ[ ALÔ 5|SFZGF ,MSM G

Ô6JFG[ SFZ6[ ÒN SZ[ K[P V[8,F DF8[ H

VF56[ ÒNŸNLVMGF ALÔ 5|SFZJF/F ,MSMGL

JFT ;F\E/JL Ô[.V[4 T[VM H[ RLH G Ô6TF CMI

T[G[ VF56[ ;DÔJJL Ô[.V[ S[ H[YL

T[VM ;DH[ VG[ ;LWF DFU" p5Z VFJ[P

�UIAT�GM VY" V[JM GYL S[ SIF \S 5ZNFDF\

H. K]5F. HJ]\4 56 T[GM VY" V[ K[ S[4,MSMGL



GHZYL N}Z ZC[J]\ VG[ ;DI VFjI[ ,MSMG[ D/L

T[DG[ DNN 56 SZJL4 H[D S[ VF56[ VUFpGF

5|SZ6DF\ .DFDGL D],FSFTGF S[8,FS 5|;\UM

Ô[IFP VFYL ;FlAT YFI K[ S[ .DFDsVPf ,MSMDF\

K[4 56 VF56[ T[DG[ Ô[. XSTF GYLP

36F\ ,MSM SC[ K[ S[4 VFJF

K]5F .DFDYL ,MSMG[ SXM OFINM GYLP TM T[GL

N,L,DF\ C]\ +6 HJFA VF5]\ K]\o

!P Z;},[B]NFs;PfV[ SC ŸI]\ K[ S[4 ;}ZH

JFN/FDF\ K]5FI[,M CMI K[4 KTF 56 N]lGIFG[ T[GM

OFINM 5CM\RL ZC[ K[4 T[JL H ZLT[ E,[ 5KL ZFT

CMI4 ;}ZH 5MTFGL UZDLYL ,MSMG[ NZ[S

5/[ OFINM VF5L ZC ŸIM K[P sV[H

ZLT[ .DFD[ hDFGF UIATDF\

ZCLG[ 56 ,MSMG[ OFINM 5CM\RF0L ZCŸIF K[f



ZP B]N V<,FC 5MT[ 56 GHZ VFJTM GYL4

TM 56 VF56[ T[GL .AFNT VG[ A\NUL

SZLV[ KLV[P

#P ChZT V,LsVPf ,MSMDF\ ;BFJT SZTF

CTF4 56 ,MSM T[DG[ VM/BTF G CTF

S[ T[ ;BFJT SZGFZ �.DFD� K[P

VF AWL AFATMYL ;FALT YFI

K[ S[4 .DFDsVPf K[ VG[ UFV[A K[4 56 H~ZL

GYL S[ SM. OFINM N[GFZL RLH ÔC[ZDF\ H CMJL

Ô[.V[P T[ K]5L ZLT[ 56 OFINM VF5L XS[ K[P

V[S CSLD SC[ K[ S[ SM. RLHGL V;Z

VG[ OFINM G Ô6JFYL SF\. T[ RLHGL V;Z

VG[ OFINF VMKF GYL YTF\P H[D S[ BH}ZP

Ô[ VF56[ T[GL V;Z VG[ OFINM G Ô6TF

CM.V[4 TM SF\. BH}ZGL TF;LZ VG[ OFINF VMKF

GYL YTFP �OiIFh� sOFINM VF5GFZf EF{lTS



VG[ ~CFGL A\G[ ZLT[ OFINM VF5[ K[P .DFDsVPf

B]NFGF B,LOF K[ VG[ ,MSMG[ OFINM 5CM\RF0[ K[P

3G3MZ JFN/F4 WMWDFZ JZ;FN VG[ ZFTG]\

V\WF~\ ;}ZHGF OFINFG[ V8SFJL GYL XSTFP T[JL

H ZLT[ .DFDsVPf UFV[A ZCLG[ 56

VF56G[ OFINM VF5[ K[P

36F ,MSM GALVM VG[ T[DGF DMVŸÒhFGM

V:JLSFZ SZ[ K[P K ,FBGL V[S SF{D[ ChZT

D];FGF DMVŸÒhFG[ H}9,FjIM VG[ T[GM V:JLSFZ

SIM"4 56 T[DGF H}9,FJJFYL SF\. ChZT D];FGM

DMVŸÒhM AFTL, GYL YIMP DMVŸÒhFGL ;tITF

TM AFSL H ZC[JFGL HIFZ[ S[ T[VMV[ B]NGM GFX

SIM" VG[ 5MT[ OGF Y. UIFP

V<,FC[ VF N]lGIFG[ 5C[,[YL H .g;FG

DF8[ 5[NF SZL4 T[DF\ DF6;GL Ò\NUL DF8[ CJF4

5F6L JU[Z[GL jIJ:YF SZLP E}TSF/DF\ ,MSM CJF



VG[ 5F6L X[GF AG[,F K[4 T[GFYL XF OFINF K[4

T[ Ô6TF G CTF4 KTF T[VM CJFYL VG[ 5F6LYL

OFINM D[/JTF CTFP 36F G[RZL:8 sS]NZTGF

SFG}GMGF Ô6SFZMf ~CGM .gSFZ SZ[ K[4 KTF T[VM

~CYL OFINM D[/J[ K[ V[8,[ S[ T[VM ~C

J0[ ÒJ[ K[P VFD4 NZ[S DF6; NZ[S RLHYL OFINM

D[/J[ K[4 E,[ 5KL T[ T[G[ Ô6[ S[ G Ô6[P T[JL H

ZLT[ SM. Xb; .DFDG[ VM/B[ S[ G VM/B[4 56

T[DGFYL OFINM H~Z D[/J[ K[P 56

Ô[ T[ .DFDsVPfG[ VM/B[4 TM S\.S H]NM H OFINM

D[/J[ K[P .DFDsVPf B]NFGF B,LOF

K[ VG[ ,MSMG[ H~Z OFINF VF5[ K[P

J/L .DFDsVPfGL UIATDF\ 56 36F ZC:IM

VG[ CLSDT ZC[,F K[4 T[DF\YL S[8,FS

GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P



5#P UIAT p5Z .DFGo V[S DCFG S;M8L

!P .DFGGL 5ZL1FFo V[8,[ S[ .g;FG

UIATGL CF,TDF\ .DFG D}SL VF5[ K[P

ZP DMCaATGL 5ZL1FFo .DFDGF BZF RFCSM

SM6 K[4 T[GL BAZ 50[ K[P

36F ,MSM NFJM SZ[ K[ S[ T[VM .DFD[ UFV[A

sVPf p5Z .DFG ZFB[ K[ VG[ T[DGL DMCaAT

T[DGF lN,DF\ K[P 56 36F\ ,MSMGF lN,DF\ S\.S

CMI K[ VG[ AM,[ K[ S\.SP VF AFATGF 36F\

AGFJM AgIF K[4 H[DF\GM V[S AGFJ GLR[ D]HA K[o

A;ZFDF\ V[S D];,DFG N]SFGNFZ ZC[TM

CTMP T[G[ 5ZR]Z6 NJF VG[ VgI RLÔ[GL N]SFG

CTLP T[ 36M H .DFGNFZ CTM

VG[ T[G[ AFZDF\ .DFD 5|tI[ 36L H DMCaAT

CTLP .DFD DCNLsVPfGL D],FSFT SZJFGL T[GL



36L H .rKF CTLP V[S lNJ; T[GL

N]SFG[ A[ DF6;M ;LN]Z VG[ S5]Z ,[JF VFjIFP

N]SFGNFZ[ T[VMG[ 5]KI]\ S[4�TD[ SIF\ ZCM KMm

TD[ SM6 KM m� HJFADF\ 5[,F DF6;MV[ V[8,]\ H

SCŸI]\ S[4�T[VM ChZT DCNLsVPfGF GMSZM K[�4

T[YL N]SFGNFZ 36M H B]X YIM VG[ SC[JF ,FuIM

S[4�DG[ .DFDGL 5F;[ ,. ÔJ�4 T[VMV[ 36L GF

5F0L4 56 N]SFGNFZGL C9GF SFZ6[ T[VM SA},

YIF VG[ RF,JF ,FuIFP T[VM V[S NZLIFGL GÒS

VFjIF VG[ 5[,F A[ DF6;M 5F6LGL V\NZ RF,JF

DF\0IF4 56 5[,M N]SFGNFZ V8SL UIMP

5[,F ,MSMV[ SCŸI]\ S[4�0Z GlC\\�4 T[YL T[ 56

5F6LDF\ RF,JF ,FuIMP HIFZ[ T[VM JRDF\

5CM\rIF4 tIFZ[ JZ;FN X~ YIMP CJ[ AGJF

SF/[ V[J]\ YI]\ S[ T[H lNJ;[ T[ N]SFGNFZ[ ;FA]

AGFjIM CTM VG[ KF5ZF\ 5Z ;]SFJF D}SIM CTMP



T[YL T[6[ lJRFI]"\ S[ AWM ;FA] 5F6LDF\ VMU/L HX[P

H[JM VF bIF, T[GF DGDF\ VFjIM S[ TZT H

T[ 0}AJF ,FuIMP 5[,F DF6;MV[ SC ŸI]\ S[4�T]\ VF

bIF, SF-L GFB�4 T[YL T[6[ T[ bIF, 50TM D}SIM

VG[ T[VMGL DNNYL ARL UIMP

OZL T[VM VFU/ RF,JF ,FuIFP T[VM V[S

SLGFZF 5Z 5CM\rIFP tIF\ V[S DM8]\ H\U, CT]\P T[VM

T[ H\U,DF\ UIFP tIF\ 36F\ T\A]VM CTFP 5[,F

A[ DF6;MDF\YL V[S DF6; V[S T\A]GL V\NZ UIM

S[ H[YL T[ .DFD 5F;[ 5[,F N]SFGNFZG[ V\NZ ,.

HJFGL ZÔ D[/J[P 56 .DFDsVPfV[ T[G[ SCŸI\]

S[4 T[ DF6;G[ 5FKM ,. ÔJ4 SFZ6 S[ T[G[ ;FA]GL

DMCaAT K[4 T[G]\ lN, AZFAZ 5FS GYLP 5KL 5[,F

DF6;M T[G[ T[GL N]SFG ;]WL D}SL UIFP

VFYL H6FI K[ S[ HIF\ ;]WL O/ G 5FSI]\

CMI4 tIFZ[ BZLNNFZMG]\ AÔZ EZJ]\ GSFD]\ K[P NZ[S



SFD DF8[ V[S DF6; CMI K[ VG[ T[GM V[S

DNNUFZ CMI K[P VG[ V[ XSI H GYL S[ ;\Ô[UM

JUZ T[ DF6; VG[ T[GM DNNUFZ ÔC[Z YFIP T[JL

H ZLT[ .DFDsVPf S[ H[ B]NFGF B,LOF K[4

T[ 56 ;\Ô[UM JUZ ÔC[Z GYL YTFP

�UIAT�GM VY" V[JM K[ S[ .DFD V[S

D]NŸNT ;]WL UFV[A ZC[ VG[ T[ NZdIFG

DMVDLGMGL 5ZL1FF YFI S[ SM6 ;FRM K[P

H[8,F ,MSM HJFJF/F K[ T[ HTF ZC[ VG[ H[8,F

VFJJFJF/F K[ T[8,F VFJL ÔIP tIFZ 5KL

H .DFDsVPf ÔC[ZDF\ VFJX[4 H[D S[ B]NF

S]ZVFGDF\ OZDFJ[ K[o �VC;[AgGF; V\I]tZS}

V\IS},] VFDgGF J C]D ,F I]OTG]G� V[8,[ S[ �

X]\ ,MSMV[ V[D WFZL ,LW]\ K[ S[ T[VM DF+ V[8,]\

SC[JFYL S[ VD[ .DFG ,FjIF KLV[4 KM0L N[JFDF\

VFJX[ VG[ T[DGL S;M8L SZJFDF\ GlC\ VFJ[m�



N;DF .DFD ChZT V,L GSLsVPf

OZDFJ[ K[ S[4 H[ RLHGL TDM ZFC H]VM KM4 T[ RLH

ÔC[Z GlC\ YFIP B]NF S]ZVFG[ XZLODF\ OZDFJ[ K[o

�J ,dDF IV,DL<,FC V<,hLG ÔCN} DLGS]D J

IV,D :;FA[~G�

B],F;M V[ K[ S[4 SM6 K[ S[ H[ �UIŸA�

p5Z .DFG VG[ ;A| ZFB[m HIF\ ;]WL S;M8L GYL

YTL tIF\ ;]WL BAZ GYL 50TL S[ JWFZ[ .DFGNFZ

SM6 K[P H[D S[ VFNDsVPf VG[ CJFsVPfGL

S;M8L hF0YL Y.P .a,L; S[ H[ V<,FCGL

NZUFCDF\ ;LtT[Z CÔZ ;LHNF SZTM CTM4 T[GL

S;M8L V[S ;HNFYL Y. VG[ V<,FCGL

GFOZDFGLGF SFZ6[ T[ �X{TFG� AgIM

VG[ SIFDT ;]WL T[GF 5Z ,VGT YX[P SFAL,GL

S;M8L CFAL,YL Y.P ChZT G]CGL S;M8L SLxTL

VG[ T]OFGYL Y.P ChZT .A|FCLDGL S;M8L



GD~NGL VFUYL Y.P ChZT IF�S]AGL S;M8L

ChZT I];]OYL Y. VG[ ChZT I];]OGL S;M8L

h],[BFYL Y.P 5IUdAZMGL 56 S;M8L SZJFDF\

VFJL K[P VFNGL SF{DG]\ .dT[CFG �GFSV[ ;F,[C�

s;F,[C GALGL p\86LfYL ,[JFI]\P AGL .:ZF.,GL

S;M8L �U]:;F,[ ;FDZL� s;FDZLGL NUFAFÒfYL

Y.P

VF56F Z;}, ChZT DMCdDNs;PfGL

pdDTGL S;M8L 56 Y. K[P T[DGF DZ6 AFN

SMDGL DM8L S;M8L XCFNT[ C];{GsVPf

CTLP ;FRF .DFGNFZM CTF\ T[ TZL VFjIFP CÔZM

D];,DFGM lhIFZT SZJF UIFP .DFG JWFZJF

CHZ[ V:JNYL DÞF UIFP .AFNTM SZL4 56

HIFZ[ S;M8LDF\ VFjiFF4 tIFZ[ T[VM lGQO/ GLJ0IF

VG[ VWDL"VM TZLS[ VF N]lGIFYL UIFP



DF8[ Ô6J]\ Ô[.V[ S[ VFHGF

hDFGFDF\ .DFD DCNLsVPfGL UIAT VF56F

DF8[ V[S DCFG S;M8L K[P 36F\ ,MSM

UIATG[ GYL DFGTF4 HIFZ[ 36F\ ,MSM

SC[ K[ S[ .DFDsVPf H GYLP VF ZLT[ ,MSM VWDL"

TZLS[ N]lGIFYL ÔI K[P V<,FC TVF,F

S]ZVFG[ XZLODF\ OZDFJ[ K[o �,[ IC,[S DG C,S

VG AiIGC J ICIF DG CIFV AiI[G� �T[ ,MSM

H~Z S;M8L 5Z R-FJJFDF\ VFJX[P�

5$P UIAT XF DF8[m

.DFD[ hDFGFsVPfGL UIAT VD:YL H

GYL4 VG[ T[ GSFDL S[ XMBGL GYL4 56 T[DF\ 36F\

p\0F ZC:IM VG[ CLSDTM ZC[,L K[P VF 5|SZ6DF\

VF56[ UIATGL CLSDTM VG[ T[GF ZC:IM



lJQF[ RRF" SZLX]\ S[4 .DFDsVPf XF DF8[ UFV[A K[m

S[8,M JBT UFV[A ZC[X[m JU[Z[P

UIATGL 5C[,L CLSDT VG[ ZC:I TM

V[ K[ S[ T[GF J0[ hFl,D AFNXFCM VG[ WD"GF

N]xDGMGL S;M8L YFI K[P VG[ V<,FC Ô[JF

DF\U[ K[ S[ T[ ,MSM SIF\ ;]WL h]<D SZX[P

UIATGL ALÒ CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ UIAT J0[ pdDT[ Z;}, VG[ T[DGF

XLIFVMG]\ .dT[CFG ,[JFIP .DFDGL UIATGF

hDFGFDF\ ,MSM VFhFN CMI K[P SM.

T[DG[ ZMSJFJF/]\ GYL CMT]\P T[YL ;FRM WD"5|[DL

SM6 K[ T[ H6F. VFJ[ K[P

UIATGL +LÒ CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ UIATGF hDFGFDF\ 36L AFATM

VG[ 36F AGFJM AG[ K[4 H[D S[ DFZFDFZL4 B}G4



SM.GM CS KLGJL ,[JM4 UZLAMGM DF, BF. HJM4

J[5FZDF\ NUM SZJM4 SM.G]\ BZFA SZJ]\ JU[Z[P

UIATGL RMYL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ .DFD .:,FDGF VFl,DMG[ DNN SZ[4

XZLVT[ V[CSFD VG[ OTJFDF\ T[DG[ DNN VF5[P

B]N .DFD VFl,DMG[ XZLVTGF

AFZFDF\ ;LW[ Z:T[ NMZ[ K[4 VG[ Ô[ SM. VFl,D

AFTL, VG[ XZLVT lJ~wW OTJM VF5L 56 N[4

TM .DFD tIF\ H. VFl,DMGL JRDF\ .bT[,FO

VG[ JFNlJJFN GFBL AFTL, OTJFG[ N}Z

SZ[ K[ VG[ ;FRM OTJM ATFJL

VF5[ K[P .DFD[ hDFGFsVPf UIATGF 5ZNFDF\

K[4 KTF\ 56 VF,D VG[ VM,DFV[ .:,FD

T[DGFYL V;Z VG[ OFINF D[/J[ K[P

UIATGL 5F\RDL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ UIATGF hDFGFDF\ 36F\ ,MSM .DFGNFZ



CMI K[P T[VM UIAT p5Z ;AZ SZ[ K[4 5}ZF

WD"lGQ9 CMI K[4 56 Ô[ .DFDGM h]C]Z YFI

VG[ .DFD T[DG[ S\. C]SD SZ[ VG[ SNFR T[VM

T[ VF7FG]\ 5F,G G SZL XS[4 TM T[VM S]O=GL

CF,TDF\ N]lGIFYL ÔIP

DF8[ VFJF .DFGNFZ ,MSMGF E,F DF8[ 56 .DFD

CD6F\ h]C]Z GYL OZDFJTFP

UIATGL K9Ÿ9L CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ Ô[ .DFD ÔC[ZDF\ CMT4

TM ,MSMGL ;FY[ D[/D[,F5 ZFB[T4 T[VMG[ VD| AL,

DVŸ~O VG[ GlC VlG, D]gSZ

SZ[T4 ,MSMG[ T[VMGF CSM hFl,DM 5F;[YL

V5FJ[TP VF C[T] DF8[ SNFR VF5G[ ,0J]\ 56 50[P

V[ JFT ;FALT K[ S[ .DFD VgI TDFD .g;FGM

SZTF JW] A[CTZ

Ô6[ K[ VG[ p5ZMST ;\Ô[UMDF\ .DFD ,MSMGL



.rKF D]HA G SZT[ s.DFD B]NFGL DZÒ lJ~wW S\.

GYL SZTFf VG[ T[YL ,MSM .:,FD KM0L SFOZ 56

AGL ÔIP DF8[ CF,GM ;DI .DFDGF h]C]Z

DF8[ AL,S], IMuI GYL VG[ pdDT DF8[ UIAT

JWFZ[ A[CTZ K[P

UIATGL ;FTDL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ Ô[ .DFD ÔC[Z CMT4 TM hFl,D ZFÔ

DCFZFÔVM T[DGL ÔCMvH,F,L VG[ WD"GL OT[C

Ô[. lN,DF\ A/JF ,FU[ VG[ T[DG[ St, SZJF

T{IFZ 56 Y. ÔI VG[ N]lGIFDF\ DM8L BZFAL

5[NF Y. ÔIP

UIATGL VF9DL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ Ô[ .DFD ÔC[ZDF\ VFJL ÔI4 TM ,MSMGF

lN,MDF\ .DFG K[ S[ S]O=4 T[GL BAZ G 50[P H[D S[4

HIF\ ;]WL lX1FS S,F;DF\ CMI K[4 tIF\ ;]WL

lJwIFYL"VM XF\T A[;[ K[4 56 H[JF T[ ACFZ ÔI



S[ TZT H TMOFG SZL D}S[ K[ VG[ T[YL H6F.

VFJ[ K[ S[ SIF lJwIFYL"VM TMOFGL

K[ VG[ SIF ;FZF K[P T[JL H ZLT[ .DFDGL

UIATDF\ SM6 ;FRF VG[ .DFGNFZ K[ VG[ SM6

SFOZ K[ T[ H6F. VFJ[ K[P

UIATGL GJDL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ .DFD 5MTFGF XLIFGF ;FZFvBZFA

SFDMG[ K]5L ZLT[ Ô[. XS[ K[P Ô[ .DFD ÔC[ZDF\

CMI4 TM AWF ,MSM T[DGF 0ZGF SFZ6[ ;FZF

VG[ E,F SFDM H SZ[4 A]ZL JFTM VG[ A]ZF

SFDMG[ KM0L N[ VG[ AWF ,MSM 5FSF .DFGNFZ AGL

ÔIP 56 Ô[ ,MSM .DFDGL UIATDF\ ;FZF SFDM

SZ[ VG[ .DFGNFZ AG[4 tIFZ[ H T[VM

BZF .DFGNFZ SC[JFI VG[ BZL B}AL 56 T[DF\ H

K[P H[D S[ ZFÔGL ;FD[ SM. DF6; ALÔ DF6;G]\

B}G GlC\ SZ[4 S[D S[ T[G[ ZFÔGM 0Z CMI K[P 56



Ô[ ZFÔ tIF\ G CMI4 TM H~Z T[ DF6; 5[,F

DF6;G]\ B}G SZX[4 SFZ6 S[ ZFÔGM 0Z HTM

ZC[ K[P 56 V[ E},L G HJ]\ Ô[.V[ S[ ZFÔ VFJL

AWL AFATM Ô6JF Ô;];M VG[ K]5F 5M,L;

AW[ UM9JL N[ K[P T[JL H ZLT[ .DFD E,[ UFV[A

K[4 56 UIATYL C[T] V[ K[ S[4 SM6 BZM DG]QI

K[m SM6 V<,FCGM BZM A\NM K[m

SM6 ;FRM .DFGNFZ K[m T[GL Ô6 Y. ÔIP

Ô6J]\ Ô[.V[ S[ .DFD B]NFGF B,LOF

K[ VG[ ,MSMGF SFDMG[ lGCF/[ K[P

V<,FC TVF,F S]ZVFGDF\ OZDFJ[ K[o �

VF,[D], UIŸA[ J,F I]hŸCZM V,F UIA[CL

VCNG .<,F DGLZThF DLZ Z;},LG� V[8,[ S[ �

T[ K]5L AFATMGM Ô6SFZ K[ VG[ T[ 5MTFGL

UIŸAGL JFTM ÔC[Z GYL SZTM4 l;JFI

S[ T[ H[G[ 5;\N SZ[ K[P�



,MSMGL AWL JFTMG[ .DFD Ô6[ K[P H[D S[4

CNL;DF\ K[ S[ ;MDJFZ[ VG[ U]~JFZ[ XLIFGF

VFDF, .DFDGL ;D1F ZH} YFI K[ VG[ ,MSMGL

G[SLVM VG[ ANLVMG[ .DFD H]V[ K[ VG[ 5KL

V<,FCGF G[S A\NFVM VG[ 5MTFGF NM:TM

DF8[ NMVF SZ[ K[P

DF6; ÔC[ZDF\ V[D ;DH[ K[ S[ C]\ H[ SFD S~\

K]\4 T[G[ SM. GYL Ô[. ZCŸI]\P VF ZLT[ T[ A]ZF SFDM

SZL A[;[ K[ VG[ T[ .DFGNFZ GYL ZC[TMP

T[ 5MTFGL AWL OZÔ[G[ E},L ÔI K[P T[YL H

SC[JFDF\ VFjI]\ K[ S[ .DFDGL UIAT XLIFVM

DF8[ V[S DM8L S;M8L K[ VG[ T[YL H .DFDGL

UIAT V[S DM8L CLSDT 56 K[P

Ô[ DF6;G[ K]8M D}SL N[JFDF\ VFJ[4 TM

T[ 5MTFG]\ EFG U]DFJL A[;[ K[ VG[ G SZJFGF SFDM

SZ[ K[P VG[ T[YL H B]NFV[ N]lGIFDF\ Z;},M4



GALVM VG[ .DFDMG[ DMS<IF S[ H[YL .g;FG

E8SL G ÔI4 VG[ .g;FG T[DGFYL 0ZTM ZC[P

T[ AWF Z;},M VG[ .DFDM ,MSMGF AWF SFDMGL

BAZ D[/J[ K[4 H[D S[ S]ZVFGDF\ K[ S[4�DF I]gO[hM

DLG SJ ŸDLG .<,F ,NIC[ ZSLA]G VTLN�

V[8,[ S[ �T[DGL ÒE p5Z SM. JFT GYL VFJTL

56 V[ S[ T[GL 5F;[ T{IFZ ZC[ K[P� VgI V[S VFIT

�J .gG V,IS]D ,CFO[hLG S[ZFDG SFT[ALG

IVŸ,D}G DF TOŸV,}G� V[8,[ S[ �BZ[BZ TDFZF

p5Z GLU[CAFGM D]SZ"Z SZJFDF\ VFjIF

K[ VG[ DCFG OZLxTFVM AWL JFTMGF ,BGFZF

K[ VG[ TDM H[ SF\. SZM KM4 T[VM T[ AW]\ Ô6[ K[P�

VFYL Ô6JF D/[ K[ S[ VF56F NZ[S

SFDMG[ .DFD Ô6[ K[4 56 VF56[ A[BAZ KLV[P

VG[ V[H ATFJL VF5[ K[ S[ UIAT[ .DFDGL X]\

CLSDTM VG[ E[NM VG[ V;Z K[P



UIATGL N;DL CLSDT VG[ ZC:I

V[ K[ S[ UIATGF SFZ6[ ,MSM .DFDGL ZFC

H]V[ VG[ SM6 .DFGDF\ ;FALT SND ZCL

XS[ sT[GL RSF;6L YFIfP CNL;DF\ K[ S[4 H[ DF6;

BZF lN,YL .DFDGF h]C]ZGL ZFC H]V[4 TM

Ô6[ S[ T[ Z;},s;PfGL ;FY[ ZCL

SFOZMGL ;FD[ ,0IM T[D U6FX[P VG[ T[GM

s.gT[hFZGMf 36M H ;JFA K[4

Ô6[ S[ T[ Z;},s;PfGF T\A]DF\ XCLN YIMP

55P UIATGL lCSDTDF\ B]NFGF ZC:IM

K[J8DF\ V[8,]\ H S[ .DFDGL UIATGL

CLSDTMGL SM. CN GYLP S]ZVFGGL VFIT �

V<,hLG I]VŸD[G]G AL, UIŸA� ;DÔJ[ K[ S[ �

UIA� 5Z EZM;M VG[ DFgITF ZFBJL V[ V[S



ÔTG]\ .DFG K[P UIATGL CLSDTMDF\ B]NFGF

E[NM 56 ZC[,F K[4 VG[ NZ[S DF6; B]NFGF

E[NMG[ GYL ;DÒ XSTM4 l;JFI S[ T[GF

S[ H[ ;DHJFGL SMXLQF SZ[P S]ZVFGDF\ J6"G K[ S[4

�J ,F ItT,[VM V,F UIŸA[CL VCNG .<,F

DGLZThF� V[8,[ S[ �T[GF UIŸA p5Z SM. TFSFT

GYL ZFBT]\4 56

H[G[ T[ sV<,FCf ;DÔJ[ T[H ;DÒ XS[ K[P�

UIATGL CLSDTM VG[ ZC:IM X]\vX]\ K[4

T[ TM HIFZ[ .DFDGM h]C]Z YX[4

tIFZ[ H ,MSMG[ ;DÔX[P H[D S[4 CM0LDF\ SF6]\

5F0J]\4 OFINF JUZ NLJF, AGFJJL4 A[ HJFGMG[ S\.

56 S;}Z lJGF DFZL GFBJF4 VF +6[I SFIM"GL

CLSDT SM. GYL Ô6T]\4 56 BLhŸZ 5IUdAZ[ VF

AWL CLSDTMG[ ChZT D];FYL H]NF YTL



JBT[ ;DÔJL CTLP TM 5KL UIATGL CLSDTM

VG[ T[GF ZC:IMG[ VF56[ SIF\YL Ô6L XSLV[m

5&P h]C]Z ;DIGL lGXFGLVM

VF K[ ChZT DCNLsVPfGL ÔC[Z YJFGL

S[8,LS lGXFGLVMP VF K[ T[ hDFGFGM CF,4 H[DF\

ChZT DCNLsVPf ÔC[Z YX[P VF l;JFI 56

ALÒ 36L lGXFGLVM K[o

VF56F AFZDF\ .DFD ChZT DCNLsVPfGL

UIATGM ;DI 36M H ,F\AM K[P T[DF\ 36F\ A/JF

YX[P

.g;FG .g;FGLITYL N}Z EFUX[P DF6;4

DF6; GlC\ ZC[4 CIŸJFG H[JM AGL HX[P



T[ CJ;GM TFA[NFZ AGX[4 T[GF lN,DF\

A]ZL .rKFVM 5|U8 YX[4 VG[ T[ 5}ZL SZJF

T[ T{IFZ Y. HX[P

VF hDFGFDF\ .g;FG VF\B4 SFG4 5UGM

TFA[NFZ AGX[P SFDJF;GF .g;FGGL ZU[ZUDF\

jIF5L HX[P

.g;FGGM GOŸ; T[GL p5Z ;tTF

R,FJX[P .g;FG VÞ,G[ U]DFJL N[X[P

T[ H[ RLHG[ Ô[X[4 T[G[ D[/JJF T[GL 5FK/

NM0X[P

H[ S\. ;FR]\vBM8]\ ;F\E/X[4 T[G[ SA},

SZL ,[X[P

T[ hDFGFDF\ VF{ZT ZFH SZX[4 5]~QF

JF;GFDF\ H ZC[X[P



I]JFGM A[XZD VG[ A[5ZJF AGX[4 J'wWM

GDF,F AGX[P

DF,vNF{,T BZFA Z:T[4 CZFD SFDDF\

VG[ A]ZF SFIM"DF\ J5ZFX[P

GDFh VG[ .AFNT ATFJJF DF8[ YX[P

,MSMDF\ O;FN4 h30F VG[ DFZFDFZL JWL

HX[P

,MSM CZFD BFGFZF AGL HX[P

ZFT VG[ lNJ;MDF\ AZST GlC\ ZC[P

G[S VG[ WlD"Q9 ,MSM A[.hhT YX[P GLR4

5F5L VG[ ANSFZ ,MSM .hhT VG[ A],\NL

D[/JX[P

,MSM ;FZL RLHG[ BZFA Ô6X[ VG[ BZFA

RLÔ[G[ ;FZL U6X[P

:+Lv5]~QF CIF sXZDf KM0L N[X[P



h]<DG]\ 5|DF6 JWL HX[P

H[ RLHG[ A]ZF.GL GHZ[ Ô[JFI K[4 T[H

RLH ;FZL U6FJF ,FUX[P

:+L 5MTFGF 5lTGL TFA[NFZL GlC\ SZ[P

5]~QF 5MTFGL :+LYL A[5ZJF AGL HX[P

VFl,DMGL .hhT GlC\ ZC[P

OSLZM VG[ UZLAM 5MTFGF 5[8

DF8[ WD"G[ J[RLG[ BF. HX[P

C,F, CZFD U6FX[ VG[ CZFD C,F,

U6FX[P

DMVDLGM A[.hhT YX[P

,MSM V[SALÔG[ ANL VG[ A]ZF. TZO

AM,FJX[4 p\WF Z:T[ ,. HX[ VG[ G[S SFDMYL

V8SFJX[P



,MSMGF lN,M 3FTSL AGL HX[4 NIF

VG[ DFG AFSL GlC\ ZC[P

AFNXFCM 5|Ô p5Z B}A h]<D SZX[4 5|Ô

36L ZLAFX[P

DFZFDFZL VG[ ,0F. ;FWFZ6 JFT AGL

HX[P ,MSM VF5;DF\ ,0L DZX[P

,MSM VDLGG[ BIFGT SZGFZ VG[ BIFGT

SZGFZG[ VDFGTNFZ U6X[P

:+LVMDF\ S50F\ VG[ X6UFZGM XMB JWL

50X[4 VG[ T[6LVM 5MTFGL .hŸhT VG[ VFA~YL

A[5ZJF Y. HX[P

I]JFGM 5MTFGL ZLTEFTG[ BZFA SZL

GFBX[P

UZLAMDF\ BZFAL VG[ ANBaTL JWL 50X[P

J[5FZDF\ G]S;FGL VFJX[P



.:,FD VG[ D];,DFGM GFD 5}ZTF ZC[X[P

S]ZVFGG[ OST JF\RJFGL RM50L ;DHJFDF\

VFJX[4 T[GM VD, AFSL GlC\ ZC[P

H}9F6]\ RF,] YX[4 ;tI GFA}N YJF ,FUX[P

B}GZ[hL JWL 50X[P ,F,R4 RMZL4 BIFGT

VG[ ANU]DFGL ,MSMDF\ 5[;L HX[P

5lTv5ltGDF\ ;\5 GlC\ ZC[P

,MSMDF\ NIF AFSL GlC\ ZC[P

h]<DG[ ACFN]ZL VG[ lC<DG[ GA/F.

U6JFDF\ VFJX[P

ZFH SZGFZF hFl,DM AGL HX[4 JÒZM h]<D

SZX[P

ANSFZL VFD Y. HX[P S;D BFJL

VG[ TM0JL DFD},L JFT AGL HX[P



:+LVM 5MTFGF GO;G[ ;\TMQFJF 5]~QFMYL

GOZT SZX[P

A]h]U" SF{D 5:T AGL HX[ VG[ 5:T SF{D

A],\N Y. HX[P

,MSM ;F1FL lJGF JFTG[ ;FRL

DFGL ,[X[ VG[ ;F1FL DF8[ 5{;F ,[JFDF\ VFJX[P

,MSM N]lGIF DF8[ .<D XLBX[4 GlC\ S[ NLG

sWD"f DF8[P

D];,DFGM GA/F VG[ VXSŸT AGL HX[P

NMVF SA}, GlC\ YFIP

,MSM VD| AL, DVŸ~O VG[ GlC \ VGL,

D]gSZG[ KM0L N[X[P

D]gSZ sA]ZF.VMf DVŸ~O sG[SLf AGL

HX[ VG[ DVŸ~O sG[SLGF SFIM"f D]gSZ sA]ZF.f

AGL HX[P



,MSM G[S SFD SZGFZG[ h,L, sT]rKf U6X[P

,MSM VF5;DF\ GOZT SZX[ VG[ V[SALÔ

p5Z ,VŸGT SZX[P

VF{ZT 5NF" slCÔAfGM tIFU SZX[P

,MSMGL KFTLDF\ S]O= 3Z SZL HX[P

ÔG4 DF,4 B[TLJF0L4 O/ JU[Z[DF\ G]S;FG

HX[P

J[5FZ 36M CX[4 56 OFINM GlC\ CMIP

OZ[A4 NUFAFÒ VG[ DSZAFÒ ,MSMDF\ O[,F.

HX[P

DMVDLGGL JFT SM. DFGX[ GlC\P

GFGFvDM8FGM bIF, HTM ZC[X[4 SM. SM.GL JFT

GlC\ DFG[P

,MSM S\H}; AGX[ VG[ OST GFD DF8[ H 5{;F

BR" SZX[P



UZLAMGM CS DFIM" HX[4 CSNFZMG[ CS GlC\

D/[P

WD"GF GFD[ DM8FvDM8F EFQF6

SZGFZFVMGL ;\bIF JWL HX[4 56 T[GL p5Z VD,

SZGFZF AC] YM0F ZCL HX[P

B]NFGL ,VGT DF6;M p5Z pTZX[P

,MSM V[SALÔGF H}9F JBF6 SZX[P

;FZF ,MSM AC] VMKF

GHZ[ 50X[ VG[ GLR ,MSM HIF\ tIF\ Ô[JF D/X[P

SM. 5MTFGF 5F0MXLGL 5ZJF GlC\ SZ[P

XZFABMZL CNYL JWL HX[P

G[S DFUM" A\W Y. HX[P

D:ÒNM DFD},L 3Z AGL HX[P

JOFNFZL HTL ZC[X[P ,MSM C<SFDF\ C<SL

VG[ BZFADF\ BZFA ZLT[ 5MTFG]\ U]HZFG R,FJX[P



ALNVT4 lG\NF4 9[S0L VG[ VtIFRFZ K0[ RMS

sÔC[ZDF\f YX[P

:+L v 5]~QF V[SALÔG]\

A]~\ .rKX[ VG[ V[SALÔG[ DNN GlC\ SZ[P

5]~QFM BZFA VG[ E}\0L JFTM

SZLG[ VG[ ;F\E/LG[ B]X YX[P

36F ,MSM 5MTFGL 5ltGVMG[ VGLlTGF

DFU[" ,. HX[ VG[ T[DGL 5F;[ jIlERFZ SZFJX[P

jIlERFZ J0[ 5[NF YTF ;\TFGMGL ;\bIF JWL

HX[P

O;FN4 OLtGM4 8\8M4 DFZFDFZL

VG[ N]ZFRFZGM SM. 5FZ GlC\ ZC[P

NZ[S DF6; ;ZNFZL4 .hŸhT VG[ VFA~

D[/JJF SMlXQF SZX[4 VF5;DF\ ,0X[4 UF/FUF/L

SZX[4 V[SALÔGL ;TFD6L SZX[P



,MSM CZFD DF, BF.G[ B]X YX[P

UZLAMG[ N[BFJ DF8[ 5{;F VF5JFDF\ VFJX[4

GlC\ S[ V<,FCGL B]XL DF8[P

VF{,FN DFvAF5G[ W]tSFZX[ VG[ T[DGF

U]hZL HJFYL B]X YX[P

,0F.VM 36L H JWL HX[4 SM. CFZX[4 SM.

ÒTX[4 SM. ;tTF EMUJX[4 SM. lGZFWFZ AGL

HX[P

D:ÒNM ,[J0vN[J0G]\ WFD AGL HX[P

DhCAGF SFINF SFG}GMGL lJ~wW

RLÔ[ VF5JFDF\ VFJX[P

S]ZVFGG[ UFIGGL DFOS UFJFDF\ VFJX[P

VF l;JFI 56 ALÒ 36L lGXFGLVM K[P



5*P h]C]Z ;DI[ YGFZL VFSFXL VFUFCLVM

36L lGXFGLVM V[JL ;FO CMI K[ S[ H[GFYL

BAZ 50[ K[ S[ SM. DCFG RLH VFJJFJF/L K[P

H[D S[ ,MSMDF\ VF5;GF h30F4 O;FN VG[ A/JF

YFI4 WZTLS\5YL GFX VG[ G]S;FG YFI4 %,[U

VG[ ALDFZLVM JWL 50[4 VZADF\ DM8L ,0F.VM

YFI4 ,MSMGF GJ EFUDF\ OST A[H EFU AFSL

ZC[4 V[8,[ ;]WL S[ ,MSM 5MTFGL Ò\NULYL A[hFZ Y.

ÔI VG[ .rK[ S[ SM. DCFG ;]WFZS VFJL

T[DG[ ;]WFZ[ VG[ ZFCT VF5[P

V[JF h]<DYL EZFI[,F hDFGFDF\ .DFDsVPf

ÔC[Z YX[P T[ JBT[ VF:DFG VG[ HDLGGL

JRDF\4 !# DL DFC[ ZDhFGGL ZFT[ HDLG

VG[ VF:DFGGL JRDF\ V[S VJFH

VFJX[ S[ H[G[ NZ[S DF6; ;F\E/X[P Z;},s;PfGF



VFBZL .DFD ChZT DCNL ;FC[A]hhDFGsVPf

ÔC[Z YX[P T[ JBT[ AINFGL HDLG WZTLS\5YL

V\NZ RF,L HX[P S]OF VG[ CZDGL JrR[ DFZFDFZL

YX[P .DFDGF ÔC[Z YJFGL VJFH NZ[S ;F\E/X[P

T[ JBT[ !5 DL DFC[ ZDhFGGF ;}I"U|C6 YX[P

DFC[ ZDhFGGL K[<,L TFZLB[ R\N=U|C6 YX[P 5}J"

VG[ 5l`RDGL HDLG V\NZ RF,L HX[P

GO;[ hSLiIFCGF *_ DF6;M S]OFDF\ St,

YX[P CFXDL DF6; ~SG VG[ DSFDGL JRDF\ St,

YX[P DUZLAL IDGYL 5}J"DF\ V[S TFZM

pUX[ VG[ T[G]\ T[H RF\N H[J]\ CX[P 5KL JFN/DF\

V[S ;]ZBL O[,FX[P VHDDF\ B}GZ[hL RF,X[P D]NF"

ÒJTF YX[4 VF5;DF\ D],FSFT SZX[P



5(P .DFD DCNLsVPfGM h]C]Z

.DFD DCNLsVPf B]NFGL DNNYL C]SDM4

SFINFvSFG]GM 30L ZFHI SZX[4 h]<DL

AFNXFCMG[ GFA]N SZX[4 HDLG p5Z .g;FO

VG[ VFZFD O[,FJX[P GHZ[ Ô[JFYL T[DGL p\DZ

#_ S[ $_ JZ;GL ,FUX[P C\D[XF V[S JFN/

T[DGL p5Z KF\IM SZX[P T[DGL VFU/ V[S D]GFNL

Ô[ZYL VJFH VF5X[ S[4�VF K[ ChZT DCNLsVPf

VG[ .DFD[ VF,[ DMCdDNs;Pf�

.DFD DCNLsVPf DÞFDF\ ÔC[Z

YX[ VG[ T[DGL 5L9 SF�AF TZO

CX[4 ,MSMG[ DhCA[ .:,FD TZO AM,FJX[4

VG[ SC[X[ S[4�VI ,MSM¦ H[ SM. VFNDG[ Ô[JF

DF\U[4 XL;G[ Ô[JF DF\U[4 .A|FCLDG[ Ô[JF

DF\U[4 .:DF.,G[ Ô[JF DF\U[4 ViI]AG[ Ô[JF DF\U[4



IF�S]AG[ Ô[JF DF\U[4 .;F VG[ D];FG[ Ô[JF DF\U[4

T[ DG[ H]V[P�

N]lGIF G]Z[ .DFDYL T[H:JL AGX[P XLIF4

ÒgG4 .g;4 OZLxTF V[ AWF T[DG[ DNN SZX[P

T[DG]\ ,xSZ 5F6L p5Z RF,X[P 5CF0M VG[ 5tYZ

V[ JFTGL BAZ VF5X[ S[ VlC\ SFOLZ ,MSM K]5FIF

K[P 36F\ D]NF" ÒJTF YX[P VDFGT ZLT;Z

AWFG[ D/L HX[P AWF 5|F6LVM H[JF S[ UFI4 E[\;4

3M0F4 ASZF4 3[\8F4 JF34 J~4 l;\C

JU[Z[ ;\5LG[ ZC[X[P HDLGGL V\NZ ZC[TF ÔGJZM

H[D S[ ;F54 JL\KL JU[Z[ SZ0X[ GlC\ VG[ AF/SM

T[DGL ;FY[ ZDX[P TDFD ANLVM N}Z Y.

HX[ VG[ AZSTDF\ JWFZM YX[P B[TLJF0L 5]QS/

VG[ ;FZL YX[P :+L V[S,L .ZFSYL XFD ;]WL

5MTFGL .hhTGL ;FY[ H. XSX[4 SFZ6



S[ AW[ ;],[C4 XF\lT4 ;,FDTL VG[ VFZFD

5YZFI[,F CX[P

T[ hDFGFDF\ .g;FG 5MTFGL Ò\NULYL 36M

H B]X YX[4 VG[ ÒJGGM ,FE p9FJX[P hFl,D

AFNXFCM VG[ T[DGF h]<D AFSL GlC\ ZC[P .DFD

DCNLsVPfGF J]H]NDF\ TDFD AFATM Ô[JF

D/X[ H[D S[4 VFNDGL ;OJT4 .A|FCLG]\ lC<D4

XLNNT[ .;F4 ;A|[ ViI]A4 H,F,[ I];]O JU[Z[P

NZ[S RLH S\.S GJF H ~5Z\UDF\ O[ZJF. HX[P



5)P lhIFZT[ .DFD DCNLsVPf

lA:DL<,FCL Z"CDFGL Z"CLD

V:;,FDM V,, CÞL, HNLN4 J,

VF,[DL<,hL .<DMC] ,F IALN

V:;,FDM V,F DMCŸIL, DMVŸD[GLG J

DMALZL, SFO[ZLG

V:;,FDM V,F DCNLIL, VMDD4 J ÔD[.,

S,D

V:;,FDM V,F B,OL:;,O4

J ;FC[ALxXZO

V:;,FDM V,F C]H ŸHTL, DVŸA}N4 J

S,[DTL, DCŸD}N

V:;,FDM V,F DM.hŸhL, VJŸ,[IFVŸ J

DMhL<,L, VVŸNFVŸ



V:;,FDM V,F JFZ[;L, V\lAIFVŸ J

BFT[DL, VJŸ;[IFVŸ

V:;,FDM V,, SFV[DL, D]gThZ4 J,

VNŸ,L, D]xTCZ

V:;,FDM V, :;IŸOL xXFC[Z4 J, SDZLhŸ

hFC[Z4 JgG]ZL, AFC[Z

V:;,FDM V,F Xd;LhŸ h,FD4 J ANŸZL

tTDFD

V:;,FDM V,F ZAL., VGFD4 J GhŸZTL,

ViIFD

V:;,FDM V,F ;FC[AL:;D;FD4 J

O<,FSL,CFD

V:;,FDM V,NŸNLGL, DV;}Z4 J, S[TFAL,

D:T}Z

V:;,FDM V,F ASLITL<,FC[ OL A[,FN[CL4

J C]HŸHT[CL V,F V[AFN[CL, D]gTCF



V[,IC[ DJFZL;], V\lAIFV4 J ,NIC[ DJH}N]G

VF;F~, V:O[IF., DMVTD}G4 V,:;LZ["

J,J,LI[,L, VdZ

V:;,FDM V,, DCNLIL<,hL JVN<,FCM

VhŸh J H<,4 A[CL, VMDD4 VG IHŸDV

A[CL,S,D4 JI,]dD4 A[CLxXV;4 J ID,V

A[CL, Vh" SL:T\ J VNŸ,F4 SDF DM,[VTŸ HJŸZ\ J

h]<DF4 J IMDÞLG ,C] J I]gH[h A[CL DF JVN,

DMVŸD[GLG

VxCNM IF DJŸ,FI4 VgGS J, V.dDT

DLG VFAFV[S V.dDTL J DJF,LiI OL, CIFTLNŸ

N]lGIF4 J IJŸD IS}D], VxCFN4 V:V,MS IF

DJŸ,FI VG T;V,<,FC TAFZS J TVF,F4

OL ;,FC[ XVGL J ShFV[ CJFV[hL4 J

U]OZFG[ hMG}AL4 J, Vbh[ A[INL J N]gIFI J

VFB[ZTL ,L J,[ .bJFGL4 J VBJFT[I,



DMVD[GLG J, DMVŸD[GFT[ SFOŸOC4 .gGS UO]~Z

ZCLDP

&_P ;\NE" ;FlCtI sZ[OZg;Lhf

H[ lSTFAMGF VFWFZ[ VF 5]:TS ,BFI[,

K[ T[DGF GFDMo

!P .SDF,]NNLG4 X{B ;N]S

ZP VV,FD], JZF4 X{B TAZ;L

#P A[CF~, VGJFZ4 V<,FDF DH,L;L

$P VgJFZ[ GMVDFGL4 G[VDT]<,FC HhFV[ZL

5P DHDp, AIFG4 X{B TAZ;L

&P UIAT4 X{B T];L

*P XC[" DGFSLA4 DMCI]NNLG CGOL

(P NF~:;,FD4 X{B DCD]N 5ZFSL

)P TGSLC], DSF,4 DFDUFGL



!_P UFIT], DZFD4 ;{IN CFXLD AC[ZFGL

!!P OTFC J, CN;LIFC4 .aG[ CHZ[ CGOL

CITDL

!ZP TZH]DV[ DLxSFT4 VaN], CÞ NC[,JL

!#P XC[" GCH], A,FUFC4 .aG[ VAL, CNLN �

CGOL�

!$P SLTFA], AIFG OL VBAFZ[ ;FC[A]hhDFG 4

DMCdDN .aG[ I];]O U\Ò XFO[.

!5P .:TLU;FC], VOCFD4 DLZ CDLN

C];{G ,BGJL

!&P DL,, J GC,4 XC[ZL:TFGL

!*P TO;LZ[ N]Z[" Dg;]Z4 H,F,]NNLG ;LI]TL XFO[.

!(P IGFALp, DJNŸNC4 X{B ;],IDFG CGOL

GSXA\NL

!)P GLhFD[ .HT[DFV NZ .:,FD4 GHOL

Z_P CLNFIT], TF,[ALG



Z!P O]T]CFT[ DÞLiIC

ZZP HgGFT], B],]N

Z#P GHD]:;FSLA

Z$P ;CLC A]BFZL

Z5P TgSLC], DSFD

Z&P ;JFV[S], D]CZ["SF

Z*P pDNT], SFZL XC[" ;CL A]BFZL

Z(P ;CLC D]l:,D

Z)P ;CLC TLZDLhL

#_P ;CLV[ .aG[ DFH[V

#!P VZH[C], DTF,LA

#ZP D]:GN[ V[CDN[ CdA,

##P NFV[ZT], DVFZLO

#$P ;CLV[ GL;F.

#5P ;CLOT]:;,FC

#&P DhFC[A], .:,FD



#*P V, C];{G

#(P TGhLC], D]bTFZ

#)P T\ALCFT], H,LIF4 JU[Z[ JU[Z[

ZaAGF TSaA, DLgGF .gGS VgT :;DLp, V,LD

V<,FC]dD ;<,[ V,F DMCdDNL\ J VF,[ DMCdDN


Documents

DFD[ UFV[A - Amazon S3€¦ · .DFD[ UFV[A sEFUo ! VG[ Zf o ,[BS o VFIT]