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V
INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIORPEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO
“VÍCTOR ANDRÉS BELAUNDE ”
ESPECIALIDAD :CIENCIA,
TECNOLOGÍA Y AMBIENTE
MARCIA FERNÁNDEZCRUZADO
7 ! SEMESTRE "A"
COMPOSICIÓN #UÍMICA DLOS SERES VIVOS
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BIOELEMENTOS
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L!( !&'&&$*!( ! &'&&$*!( !-9$/!( (!$'!( &'&&$*!( 40./!(, 1)&(&$*&( &$ (&)&(!(8
L+ +*&)+ + &(*; /!$(**0%+ 1!) 0$!( 7<&'&&$*!(, '+ 1);/*/+ *!*+'%+% %& '!( &'&&$*!(&(*+'&( 40& =+5 &$ '+ T&))+, &>/&1*! '!( -+(&(
$!'&(8
CONCEPTO DE BIOELEMENTOS
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TIPOS DE BIOELEMENTOS
S&-?$ (0 $*&)&$/2$ &$ '+ /!$(**0/2$ %& '+(!!'9/0'+( , 5 (&-?$ (0 +0$%+$/+, '!(!&'&&$*!( (& 10&%&$ /'+(@/+)
PRIMARIOS
SECUNDARIOS
OLIGOELEMENTOS
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BIOELEMENTOS PRIMARIOS
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CARBONO: T&$& '+ /+1+/%+% %&6!)+) '+)-+( /+%&$+( /+)!$!/+)!$! +/)!!'9/0'+(8 L+ %+&(*; /!$(**0%+ 1!) /+)!$!8
IDRÓGENO: A%&;( %& (&) 0$! %&'!( /!1!$&$*&( %& '+ !'9/0'+ %&+-0+, $%(1&$(+'& 1+)+ '+ %+,6!)+ 1+)*& %& '!( &(40&'&*!( %&
/+)!$! %& '+( !'9/0'+( !)-;$/+(8
OÍGENO: E( 0$ &'&&$*!&'&/*)!$&-+*! 40& 1&)*& '+!*&$/2$ %& '+ &$&)-.+ &%+$*& '+
)&(1)+/2$ +&)2/+8NITRÓGENO: P)$/1+'&$*& /!!-)01! +$! 1)&(&$*& &$ '+(1)!*&.$+(, 5+ 40& 6!)+ 1+)*& %&*!%!( '!( +$!;/%!(8 T+9$ (&=+''+$ &$ '+( +(&( $*)!-&$+%+( %&'!( ;/%!( $0/'&/!(8
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IOELEMENTOS SECUNDARIO
C!1)&$ &$ + )& & !)%& H %&' 1)!*!1'+(+,1&)! 1+)*/1++$ &$1!)*+$*&( 60$/!$&(/&'0'+)&(, /!! '+/!$%0//2$ %& '!(10'(!( $&)!(!(, '+/!$*)+//2$ 0(/0'+), &'!&$*! /&'0'+) 5 '&)&-0'+/2$ %&'60$/!$+&$*!
&$;*/!8 L!( +( +0$%+$*&((!$ &' (!%! N+, &'1!*+(! J, &' +-$&(!M-, 5 &' /+'/! C+8
S& /'+(@/+$ &$ %!(-)01!(: '!($%(1&$(+'&( 5 '!(+)+'&(8
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LASIFICACIÓN DE LOS BIOELEMENTOS SECUNDARIOS
INDISPENSAB
LES
VARIABLES
E(*;$ 1)&(&$*&( &$*!%!( '!( (&)&(!(8 L!( ;(+0$%+$*&( (!$ &'(!%!, &' 1!*+(!, &'+-$&(! 5 &'
/+'/!8 I$*&)&$&&$ '+ (.$*&(( 5 '+%&-)+%+/2$ %&'ATP, &$'+ )&1'/+/2$ %&' ADN 5 &$ (0
&(*+'+/2$, &*/8E(*;$ 1)&(&$*&( &$+'-0$!( (&)&(!(8
TENEMOS
TENEMOS
S!%!N+
C'!)!
C' P!*+(!
J M+-$&(
! M- C+'/!
C+ &))!
F& Y!%! I B!)! B C!)&
C0 B)!!
B) F'?!) F M+$-+$
&(! M$ S'/!
S
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OLIGOELEMENTOSM/)!( /!$(**05&$*&(, ! &'&&$*!(
&(*-+'&(, 40& +1+)&/&$ &$ '+
+*&)+ + &$ 1)!1!)/2$ $6&)!)
+'
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BIOMOLÉCULA
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TO DE BIOMOLÉCULAS: L+( !!'9/0'+( (!$ '+(
!'9/0'+( /!$(**05&$*&( %&
'!( (&)&( !(8
L!( (&( &'&&$*!( 40./!( !
!&'&&$*!( ;( +0$%+$*&(
&$ '!( (&)&( !( (!$ &'
/+)!$!, =%)2-&$!, !>.-&$!,
$*)2-&$!, 62(6!)! 5 +06)&
C,,O,N,P,S )&1)&(&$*+$%!
+')&%&%!) %&' H %& '+ +(+
%& '+ +5!).+ %& '+( /9'0'+(,
/!$ &''!( (& /)&+$ *!%! *1!( %&
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P&)*&$ '+ 6!)+/2$ %& &$'+/&( /!+'&$*&( &$*)& &''!(,/!1+)*&$%! &'&/*)!$&(, %&%! + (0 1&40&+ %6&)&$/+%& &'&/*)!$&-+*%+%8 E(*!( &$'+/&( (!$ 05 &(*+'&(, '+60&)+ %& &$'+/& &( %)&/*+&$*& 1)!1!)/!$+' + '+( +(+(%& '!( ;*!!( 0$%!(8
P&)*&$ + '!( ;*!!( %& /+)!$! '+ 1!('%+% %& 6!)+)&(40&'&*!( *)%&$(!$+'&( CCC 1+)+ 6!)+)/!10&(*!( /!$ $?&)! +)+'& %& /+)!$!(8
P&)*&$ '+ 6!)+/2$ %& &$'+/&( ?'*1'&( %!'&( 5*)1'&( &$*)& C 5 CQ C 5 OQ C 5 N8 A(. /!! &(*)0/*0)+('$&+'&(, )+@/+%+(, /./'/+(, =&*&)!/./'/+(, &*/8
P&)*&$ '+ 1!('%+% %& 40& /!$ 1!/!( &'&&$*!( (& %&$0$+ &$!)& +)&%+% %& -)01!( 60$/!$+'&( +'/!=!'&(,
+'%&=.%!(, /&*!$+(, ;/%!(, +$+(, &*/8 /!$ 1)!1&%+%&(40./+( 5 6.(/+( %6&)&$*&(8
E(*!( (&( &'&&$*!( (!$ '!( 1)$/1+'&( /!1!$&$*&(%& '+( !!'9/0'+( %&%! + 40&:
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CLASIFICACIÓN DE LASBIOMOLÉCULAS
&-?$ '+ $+*0)+'&+ 40./+, '+( !!'9/0'+( (!$:
BIOCOMPUESTOSINORGÁNICOS
BIOCOMPUESTOS
ORGÁNICOS
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S!$ !'9/0'+( 40& 1!(&&$
*+$*! '!( (&)&( !( /!!
'!( (&)&( $&)*&(, +0$40&
(!$ 1)&(/$%'&( 1+)+ '+
%+, /!! &' +-0+, '+
!!'9/0'+ ;(
+0$%+$*&, '!( -+(&(!>.-&$!, &*/8 5 '+( (+'&(
$!)-;$/+(: +$!$&( /!!
6!(6+*! PO, /+)!$+*!
CO 5 /+*!$&( /!! &'
COMPUESTOS INORGÁNIC
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S!$ ($*&*+%+( (!'+&$*& 1!)
'!( (&)&( !( 5 *&$&$ 0$+
&(*)0/*0)+ /!$ +(& &$ /+)!$!8
E(*;$ /!$(**0%+(,1)$/1+'&$*&, 1!) '!(
&'&&$*!( 40./!( /+)!$!,
=%)2-&$! 5 !>.-&$!, 5 /!$
6)&/0&$/+ *+9$ &(*;$1)&(&$*&( $*)2-&$!, 62(6!)! 5
+06)&Q + &/&( (& $/!)1!)+$
!*)!( &'&&$*!( 1&)! &$ 0/=+
&$!) 1)!1!)/2$8
OCOMPUESTOS ORGÁNIC
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GLÚCIDOS
L!( -'?/%!( 1)!1+&$*& ''++%!( =%)+*!(%& /+)!$! ! /+)!=%)+*!(8(!$ '+ 60&$*& %& &$&)-.+ 1)+)+ 40& 0*'+$ '!(
(&)&( !( 1+)+ )&+'+) (0( 60$/!$&( *+'&(Q '+-'0/!(+ &(*; +' 1)$/1! %& 0$+ %& '+( )0*+(&*+2'/+( 1)!%0/*!)+( %& &$&)-.+ ;( +$*-0+,'+ -'0/2'((, 0(+%+ &$ *!%!( '!( $&'&(&!'0*!(, %&(%& '+( +/*&)+( + '!( &)*&)+%!(8M0/=!( !)-+$(!(, &(1&/+'&$*& '!( &-&*+'&(
+'-+(, 1'+$*+( +'+/&$+$ (0( )&(&)+( &$ 6!)+%& +'%2$, &$ /+! '!( +$+'&( 6!)+$ &'-'0/2-&$!, &$*)& &''!( (& %6&)&$/+ 1!) '+/+$*%+% 5 &' $?&)! %& )+@/+/!$&( %& '+-'0/!(+8A'-0$!( -'?/%!( 6!)+$ 1!)*+$*&( &(*)0/*0)+(
&(40&'9*/+(, /!! '+ /&'0'!(+, /!$(**05&$*& %&
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L ÍP IDOS
L!( '.1%!( (!$ 0$ /!$30$*! %& !'9/0'+(!)-;$/+( '+ +5!).+ !!'9/0'+( /!10&(*+(
1)$/1+'&$*& 1!) /+)!$! & =%)2-&$! 5 &$&$!) &%%+ !>.-&$!, +0$40& *+9$ 10&%&$/!$*&$&) 62(6!)!, +06)& 5 $*)2-&$!8
T&$&$ /!! /+)+/*&).(*/+ 1)$/1+' &' (&)=%)26!+( $(!'0'&( &$ +-0+ 5 (!'0'&(&$ %(!'&$*&( !)-;$/!( /!! '+ &$/$+,
&' &$/&$! 5 &' /'!)!6!)!8 E$ &' 0(! /!'!40+', + '!( '.1%!( (& '&( ''++
$/!))&/*+&$*& -)+(+(, 5+ 40& '+( -)+(+( (!$(2'! 0$ *1! %& '.1%!( 1)!/&%&$*&( %& +$+'&(8L!( '.1%!( /01'&$ 60$/!$&( %&)(+( &$'!( !)-+$(!( &$*&(, &$*)& &''+( '+ %& )&(&)+
&$&)-9*/+ /!! '!( *)-'/9)%!(, '+ &(*)0/*0)+'
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PROTE ÍNAS
L+( 1)!*&.$+( (!$ '+( !!'9/0'+( 40& ;(%&)(%+% %& 60$/!$&( )&+'+$ &$ '!( (&)&( !(Q
1);/*/+&$*& *!%!( '!( 1)!/&(!( !'2-/!(%&1&$%&$ %& (0 1)&(&$/+ 5! +/*%+%8 S!$ 1)!*&.$+( /+( *!%+( '+( &$+(, /+*+'+%!)&(
%& )&+//!$&( &*+2'/+( %& '+( /9'0'+(Q 0/=+(=!)!$+(, )&-0'+%!)&( %& +/*%+%&( /&'0'+)&(Q '+=&!-'!$+ 5 !*)+( !'9/0'+( /!$ 60$/!$&( %&
*)+$(1!)*& &$ '+ (+$-)&Q +$*/0&)1!(, &$/+)-+%!(%& +//!$&( %& %&6&$(+ $+*0)+' /!$*)+ $6&//!$&( !+-&$*&( &>*)+!(Q '!( )&/&1*!)&( %& '+( /9'0'+(, +'!( /0+'&( (& @3+$ !'9/0'+( /+1+/&( %&%&(&$/+%&$+) 0$+ )&(10&(*+ %&*&)$+%+Q '+ +/*$+5 '+ !($+, )&(1!$(+'&( @$+'&( %&' +/!)*+&$*!
%&' ?(/0'! %0)+$*& &' &(*+%! %& '+ /!$*)+//2$Q &'/!'; &$! $*& )+$*& %& @)+( +'*+&$*&
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ÁC IDOS NUCLE ICOS
L!( ;/%!( $0/'&/!( (!$ !!'9/0'+( !)-;$/+(/!$(**0%+( 1!) /+)!$!, !>.-&$!, =%)2-&$!,
$*)2-&$! 5 62(6!)!8 +5 %!( *1!( %& ;/%!($0/'&/!(: &' ;/%! )!$0/'&/! ARN 5 &' ;/%!%&(!>))!$0/'&/! ADN8
L!( ;/%!( $0/'&/!(, ADN 5 ARN, %&(&1&+$, *+'&, '+ 60$/2$ ;( 1!)*+$*& 1+)+ '+ %+:/!$*&$&), %& +$&)+ /!%@/+%+, '+( $(*)0//!$&($&/&(+)+( 1+)+ &' %&(+))!''! 5 60$/!$+&$*! %&'+ /9'0'+8
E' ADN *&$& '+ /+1+/%+% %& )&1'/+)(&,*)+$(*&$%! +(. %/=+( $(*)0//!$&( + '+(/9'0'+( =3+( 40& =&)&%+);$ '+ $6!)+/2$8
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