Dissentient Judgement of R.B. Pal, Tokyo Tribunal

8/12/2019 Dissentient Judgement of R.B. Pal, Tokyo Tribunal

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FOREORD

Ak(/& N&k&6+/&Dokkyo Un(=2/0($y,J&"&nNo=262/ 5, 1T#2 >(/0$ $(62 I /2&' J+0$(c2 P&)0 '(002n$(n< +' TokyoUn(=2/0($y0 In0$($+$2 o> Soc(&) Sc(2nc20, on J+n2 31, 17. I$ :&0 no$ (n ook >o/6 +$ & $y"2:/($$2nco"y o> o=2/ 1,344 "&22)(n< o> &()2' $o '/&:$#2 &$$2n$(on o> $#2 J&"&n202 2@c2"$ >o/ & >2: :#o #&' 0"2c(&) (n$2/20$ (n $#2 Tokyo M()($&/y T/(+n&).In & :o/', ($ :&0 &)6o0$ >o/ $#2 J&"&n202, 20"2c(&))y :#2n$#2 62'(& $#2602)=20, $#2 "2o")20 6&(n 0o+/c2 o> kno:)2'


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$#2 Tokyo $/(+n&).

I$ 2@c22'0 6y co6"2$2nc2 $o 6&k2 co6"/2#2n0(=2 2@")&n&$o/y co662n$0 on $#(0 =o)+6(no+0 :o/k,&n' ($0 +/('(c&) '2$&()0 &/2 2yon' 6y 0co"2. To +0 o> J&"&n, J+0$(c2 P&)0 o"(n(on (0 20"2c(&))ycon=(nc(n< &n' 0o62$(620 2=2n 6o=(n< 2c&+02 ($ (0 &02' +"on & "/o>o+n' +n'2/0$&n'(n< o> A0(&n#(0$o/y. F(/6)y 2)(2=(n< $#&$ $#2 #&""2n(n &n o=2/-&)) con0"(/&cy o/ 0o62 &&c$, $#&$ on26(22) &0 (> on2 :2/2 /2&'(n< & #(0$o/y, no$ & =2/'(c$. A0 & +' $#2 Hon-0#o-( T26")2 (n $#2 c($y o> H(/o0#(6& T#2y /+n &0>o))o:0;

Fo/ $#2 "2&c2 o> $#o02 '2"&/$2' 0o+)0 :#o $ook +"on $#2602)=20 $#2 0o)26n =o: &$ $#2 0&)=&$(onc2/26ony o> o""/2002' A0(&, O#, Lo/', $#o+ 2(n< (n 6y #2&/$, I 'o &0 &""o(n$2' y yo+.

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On2 $#(n< $#&$ P&) :&0 20"2c(&))y conc2/n2' &o+$ /2$2/ $#2 Tokyo $/(&)2n'2', #2 :&0 /2"o/$2')y 0#ock2' $o kno: $#2 62&n(n< o> $#2 6on+62n$&) (n0c/("$(on '2'(c&$2' $o $#2A-o6 =(c$(60; S)22" "2&c2>+))y, >o/ :2 0#&)) n2=2/ /2"2&$ $#2 6(0$&k2. #y 0#o+)' $#2 J&"&n202&"o)o/o6 G2n2/&) Too, (662'(&$2)y $#26 onJ&"&n202 c($(20 +0$ $o 0#o/$2n $#2 :&/. J+0$(c2 P&) &/ &0 $o 0&y $#&$ . . . (> &ny (n'(0c/(6(n&$2'20$/+c$(on o> c(=()(&n )(>2 &n' "/o"2/$y (0 0$()) ())2&/2, $#2n, (n $#2 P&c(>(c :&/, $#(0


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'2c(0(on $o +02 $#2 &$o6 o6 (0 $#2 on)y n2&/ &""/o&c# $o $#2 '(/2c$(=20 o> $#2 G2/6&n E6"2/o/'+/(n< $#2 >(/0$ :o/)' :&/ &n' o> $#2 N&( )2&'2/0 '+/(n< $#2 02con' :o/)' :&/. No$#(n< )(k2 $#(0 co+)'2 $/&c2' $o $#2 c/2'($ o> $#2 "/202n$ &cc+02'. T#2 T/(+n&) con'26n2' $#2 &$/oc($(20 &n' 6(0'22'0co66($$2' y $#2 J&"&n202, y2$ I :o+)' )(k2 $o "o(n$ o+$ $#&$ $#2 #+6&n /&c2 &0 & :#o)2 :&0 $#2n 0$()) &$& 6o/&) )o: "o(n$ &0 $#2 +02 o> $#2 &$o6(c o6 6(o+n'2' on #(0 >(/6 2)(2> (n )2(/0$ =(0($ $o J&"&n 0(nc2 $#2 Tokyo $/(&),0o62 J&"&n202 2@"/2002' $#2(/ '22" $#&nk0 >o/ #(0 0y6"&$#2$(c +'o/ J&"&n no/ o+$ o> #&$/2' o> $#2 20$. I +0$ :/o$2 :#&$ I 2)(2=2' $o 2 /( $#2 '2>2&$2'. S22(n< #o: 6+c# (0 6&'2 o>, 0&y, I/(0 C#&n $#2 :o/)' $o'&y, I c&nno$ +$ ?+20$(on #o: >&/ $#2 :o/)' #&0 "/o #2&"0 o> co/"020 (nN&nk(n< (0 kno:n $o +0 no/ (0 $#2/2 2=2n & 0(n (nnoc2n$ J&"&n202 $o$#2 0c&>>o)', &/2 0$()) 2(n< )&$&n$)y /2"2&$2', "/o'+c(n< & "2/=2/$2' 02n02 o> ")2&0+/2 (n 0o62 co/n2/0o> $#2 :o/)'.

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P&c$ o> P&/(0 8 54T#2 $#2o/y o> So=2/2( $#2 =2/y >o+n'&$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:Lo/' /(2/2nc2 $o $#2 P/o In$2/n&$(on&) )&:P/o>200o/ (662/n (n T#2 L2&N&$(on0 &n' $#2 R+)2 o> L&: 83 88A$o6 Bo6 &n' T#2 S2con' o/)' &/ 8887(2:0 on &/ C/(6(n&)0$#2(/ P/o02c+$(on &n' P+n(0#62n$ Q QQ 878INDIIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY IN RESPECT OF ACTS OF STATE R2"o/$ y $#2 C&/n2200o/ G)+2ckG)+2ck0 o""o0($2 =(2: 2@"/2002' (n #(0 /2c2n$ ook T#2 N+/262/< T/(&) &n'A $#2 H($)2/($20T#20(0 o> T/&(n(n/2=(2:2' Conc)+0(on 5 147PARTIIHAT (0 AGGRESSIE AR 111197N2c200($y o> D2>(n($(on 111113#&$ (0 62&n$ y &n & $/2&$(20 2$c.*=(( T/2&c#2/o+0 :&/PART 6RULES OF EIDENCE ANU PROCEDURER+)2 o> E=('2nc2H2&/0&y E=('2nc2c&$2


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o2c$(on :($# /2 E@&6(n&$(on o> ($n20020B20$ 2=('2nc2 /+)2 159 183Ly$$on Co66(00(on R2"o/$ &n' Co66(00(on (n C#(n&D2>2n02 con$2n$(onE=('2nc2 /2)&$(n< $o $#2'2=2)o"62n$ o> co66+n(06 (n C#(n& /22c$2' 183 188

C#(n202 Boyco$$ Mo=262n$ &n' Ly$$on Co66(00(on R2"o/$N&$(on&) /20"on0(()($y (n ($0 /2)&$(on $ooyco$$+20$(on >o/ con0('2/&$(on 188 179D2>2n02 c#&/ (ncon0(0$2ncy :($# /2 2=('2nc217917PART IOER-ALL CONSPIRACYFIRST STAGEOBTAINING CONTROL OF MANCHURIAMANCHURIAN INCIDENTP/o02c+$(on /2con0$/+c$(on o> $#2 con0"(/&cyM+/'2/ o> C#&n< T0o-L(n; >(/0$ o=2/$ &c$ (n $#2con0"(/&cy >&c$0 (n $#2 c#&(n o> con0"(/&cy$o :#&$ 2@$2n$ $#2 con0"(/&cy &))2 J&"&n-T/2&$y o> 143Ann2@&$(on o> Ko/2&S2con' A))(&nc2L&n0(n &0#(n>(c(&) 0$&$262n$ o> $#2 B/($(0# Po)(cyD2>2n02 /2>2/2nc2 $o (nc('2n$0 0(nc2 $#2 0( N(n2- "o:2/ T/2&$yDoc$/(n2 o> c)&+0+)& /2+0 0(c0$&n$(+0$2/6(n&$(on o> $#2 $/2&$y o)(C#&n< T0o-)(n; &''($(on&) 2=('2nc20M+k'2n Inc('2n$ o> S2"$262/ 1, 191O02/=&$(on0 o> Ly$$on Co66(00(on '(0c+002'P/o02c+$(on /2con0$/+c$2' "(c$+/2 o> $#2 &))2 T&n&k& Ry+k(c#( T20$(6ony o> S#(6(+ &n' F+($&M&/c# (nc('2n$ &n' M+k'2n (nc('2n$T20$(6ony o> D/. Ok&:&D2>2n02 2=('2nc2 o> G2n2/&) M(n&6( ; $#2 0$&$262n$ o> G2n2/&) Hon o ; D2"o0($(on o> I0#(#&/&Co66on ")&n o> con0"(/&cy6&(n)y 0+"")(2' y $#2 $20$(6ony o> T&n&k& Ry+k(c#(M&nc#+/(&n (nc('2n$2=('2nc2 c&/2>+))y con0('2/2'con'+c$ o> n&$(on0 '2c)(n2' $o $/2&$ $#(0 &c$ &0c/(6(n&) >(n'(n0o62 con0"(/&cy $o :#&$ 2@$2n$ )2&' $o o=2/-&)) con0"(/&cy 38738SUBJECTS PAGES

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:#(c# &>$2/:&/'0 $ook ")&c2 (n J&"&n &0 0$&$2' (n $#2 S+/=2y o> In$2/n&$(on&) A>>&(/0 198S2c/2$& $#2 c&02 y M(n(0$2/ Go)+n0kyE=('2nc2 co=2/(n< $#2 2n$(/2 #(0$o/y o> R+00o-J&"&n202 /2)&$(on0R2)&$(on 2$:22n J&"&n &n' #2/ n2( S#(6ono02k(P&/$($(on o> C#(n&Bo@2/Inc('2n$R+00(&n '(")o6&cyE@")o($&$(on o> M&nc#+/(&M&nc#+/(& '&n 14-45J&"&n202 (n$2/=2n$(on o> 11 (n $#2 So=(2$ F&/ E&0$ /2>2//2' $o (n $#2o"2n(n< 0$&$262n$ o> M(n(0$2/ Go)+n0kyS+/=2y o> $#2 A>>&(/0 o> 134-39T#2 So=(2$-J&"&n202T/2&$y o> 31 J&n+&/y 135G2n2/&) &0()y2=0 0+66&$(on o> $#2 c&02 &n' M(n(0$2/ Go)+n0ky0 o"2n(n< 0$&$262n$ '(0c+002'P/o"o0&)SUBJECTSC#(n202-J&"&n202 /2)&$(on0T#2 F(/0$ J&"&n202 P/o"o0&) &n' $#2 co//20"on'(n< 02c$(on o> $#2A62/(c&n P/o"o0&)T#2 ?+20$(on o> 0$&$(on(n< J&"&n202 $/oo"0 (n C#(n&Tokyo0 >22)(n< o> )&ck o>0(nc2/($y (n $#2 A62/(c&n &$$($+'2F&)) o> $#2 K.ONOYE C&(n2$ on 18 Oc$o2/ 11 Fo/6&$(on o> $#2 TOJO C&(n2$N2: J&"&n202P/o"o0&) kno:n &0 P/o"o0&) A "/202n$2' $o S2c/2$&/y H+))TOJO0 $2)2/o6 $#2 S2c/2$&/y o> S$&$2 $o $#2 J&"&n202 R2"/202n$&$(=20 H+))no$2 &n' A62/(c&n "/o"o0&) co6"&/2''2>2n'&n$0 con0('2/&$(on o> $#2 no$2 &0 &n +)$(6&$+6M2&0+/20, +0$ 0#o/$ o> :&/ & no n&$(on (n $#2 :o/)' (n'(c&$20 & con0"(/&cyR20"on0()2 S$&$2062n &/2 no$ &):&y0&c$+&$2' y 62/2 0(n(0$2/ '20(+))y 2@&6(n2' 55584#2$#2/ $#2 c&02 (0 )(k2n2' $o $#2 c&02 o> H($)2/($2 G2/6&nyR2&'(n< o> $#2 2=('2nc2 /2)&$(n< $o $#2c#&/ con0"(/&cyCon0"(/&cy y ($02)> no$ & c/(62 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2 584 583Lo/' /( $#2 T/(+n&)An&)y0(0 o> $#2c#&/ $#2 P2/6&n2n$ Co+/$o> In$2/n&$(on&) J+0$(c2, 198Un($2' N&$(on0 C#&/$2/Conc2"$ o> &n (n$2/n&$(on&)o>>2n02P/o02c+$(on &n&)y0(0 o> con0"(/&cy &0 0$&$-SUBJECTS


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2' (n $#2 An(c con0"(/&c(202=('2nc20 2@&6(n2'no "&/$ o> $#2 c#&/ con0"(/&cy 20$&)(0#2'c2/$&(n c#&/2n'&n$0 c#&/ $#2 /2&c#20o> $#2 )&:0 &n' c+0$o60 o> :&/0"2c(>(c c#&/)+2nc2 o> &/ $(62 "/o"&o/0+c# &c$0 848 84In0$&nc20 o> &$/oc($(20 (n '(>>2/2n$ $#2&$/20 o> :&/ &n' & $#2 &cc+02' (n $#(0 conn2c$(on >+))y '(0c+002' 814 895AR CRIMES S$/(c$o S2n0+; IN RELATION TO PRISONERS OF AR SUBJECTSC#&/ $#2 )&:0 &n'c+0$o60 o> :&/ (nc)+'(n< $#o02 con$&(n2' (n $#2 con=2n$(on0, &00+/&nc20 &n' "/&c$(c20P/o02c+$(onc)&(6-M/. C&// >o/ $#2 P/o02c+$(onG2n2=& Con=2n$(on o> 13 &n' $#2 "/o02c+$(on "o0($(onIn$2/n&$(on&) Con=2n$(on >o/ $#2 A62)(o/&$(on o> $#2 Con'($(on o> $#2 o+n'2' &n' S(ckP/o02c+$(onc#&/&c$2/(&$(on o> 0(n(0$2/ 0((c&nc2 $o $#2 >&c$+6 o> non-/&$(>(c&$(on o> $#2 G2n2=& Con=2n$(on &n'2=('2nc20 &''+c2' (n ($0 0+""o/$TOJO &n' $#2 G2n2=& Con=2n$(onNon-/&$(>(c&$(on o> $#2 Con=2n$(on y J&"&nJ&"&n202 no-0+//2n'2/ "o)(cyG2n2=& Con=2n$(onG2n2=& Con=2n$(on :($# /2 0+//2n'2/ &n&)y02'T/2&$62n$ o> "/(0on2/0 o> :&/D2"o0($(on o> TANAKARy+k(- c#(D(>>2/2n$ ($260 o> c/(62 &))2 &ny C2n$/&) "o)(cy, '(/2c$(on, o/ "2/6(00(onco+n$2n&nc(n< $#2 &$/oc($(20 no: '(0c)o02' (n 2=('2nc2Con$/&=2n$(on o> A/$(c)2 3 o> $#2 G2n2=& PO Con=2n$(on, 147, 2@&6(n2'P/o02c+$(on con$2n$(on o> =(o)&$(on o> $#2 P/o=(0(on0 o> A/$(c)2 8 o> $#2 H& S$&$2E6")oy62n$ o> "/(0on2/0 o> :&/ (n $#2 :o/k #&=(n< '(/2c$ /2)&$(on :($# :&/ o"2/&$(on0 ; TOJO0/20"on0(()($y(o)&$(on0 o> $#2 /+)20 /2 Co)on2) D&)/y6")2 ()' &n' L$. Co)on2) BANNOR2"o/$ y $#2 J&"&n202 &/ M(n(0$/y


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&>$2/ S+//2n'2/Ac$0 no$ 6&)& (n 02C#&/ E0"(on&SUBJECTSC&"$+/2' &(/62n :($#o+$ $/(&)A/$(c)20 o> :&/ o> OO A/6y *D/&>$ 875 87Co66(00(on o> "/o"o0(n< & co'2 o> &(/ :&/>&/2 /+)20 8781 R202&/c# R2"o/$ &o+$ $#2 J&"&n202

(o)&$(on0 o> $#2 L&:0 o> &/S$&$262n$0 o> "2/0on0 o> +nkno:n /2)(&()($yD(>>(c+)$y (n &cc2"$(n $#2 &cc+02' >o+n' no$ N&"o)2on /2c&))2'T#2 "/202n$ c&02c&nno$ 2 )(k2n2' (n &ny :&y $o $#2 c&02 o> N&"o)2on o/ H($)2/(n'(c$(=2 /2$&)(&$(on 0#o+)' no$ 2(n=ok2' (n $#2 n&62 o> +0$(c2AND OTHERS2/0+0ARAKI SADAO AND OTHERSJUDGMENTOFHONORABLE MR. JUSTICE PALM262/ >/o6 In'(&

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DISSENTIENT JUDGEMENT OF R.B. PAL, TOKYO TRIBUNAL

PART 3

PRELIMINARY UESTION OF LATHE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OFGREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOIET SOCIALISTREPUBLICS, THE COMMONEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, CANADA, THE REPUBLIC OFFRANCE, THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, NE EALAND, INDIA AND THECOMMONEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES.

AGAINST

ARAKI, S&'&o DOHIHARA, K2n( HASHIMOTO, K(n )&: &n' o> >&c$ (n=o)=2' (n ($, I >22) ($ 6y '+$y$o (n'(c&$2 6y =(2: o> $#2 ?+20$(on0 $#&$ &/(02 >o/ $#2 '2c(0(on o> $#(0 T/(+n&).

On A"/() 3, 18 $#2 2)2=2n "/o02c+$(n< n&$(on0 n&62' &o=2 >()2' $#2(/ (n'(c$62n$ & #(0 62n$&)(nco6"2$2ncy. T#2 /26&(n(n< $:2n$y->(=2 "2/0on0 &/2 no: &//&(o/2 +0 $o $&k2 $#2(/$/(&) >o/ :#&$ #&0 22n 0$&$2' $o 2 $#2 6&o/ :&/- c/(620 .

E=('2nc2 #&0 22n $#2 &cc+02' :($# $#2 Go=2/n62n$ o> J&"&n'+/(n< $#2 /2)2=&n$ "2/(o'. D2$&()0 0#o:(n< $#(0 conn2c$(on :()) 2 (=2 co+n$0 &c2' y &n (n$/o'+c$o/y 0+66&/y &6")y (n'(c&$(n< $#2 n&$+/2 o> $#2"/o02c+$(on c&02 &n' &/2 &""2n'2' :($# >(=2 &""2n'(c20 (n $#2 n&$+/2 o> ())0 o> "&/$(c+)&/0.

In $#2 )&n


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In G/o+" On2, C/(620 & :&/ o/ :&/0 (n =(o)&$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, $/2&$(20, & E&0$ A0(& &n' o> $#2

P&c(>(c &n' In'(&n Oc2&n0 Co+n$ 3, 'o6(n&$(on o> M&nc#+/(& Co+n$ 9, 'o6(n&$(on o> &)) C#(n&Co+n$ , 'o6(n&$(on o> $#2 0&62 &/2&0 n&62' (n Co+n$ 1, y :& "2&c2, $o &$$&ck $#o02 "2o")2 (n =(o)&$(on o> H&(=2 co+n$0 *9 $o 9 $#&$ $#2 &cc+02' +n)&:>+))y k())2' &n' 6+/'2/2' $#2"2/0on0 (n'(c&$2' (n Co+n$0 97 &n' 9 y o/'2/(n $o/"2'o2' 0#("0.T#2 c#&/(2' &cc+02' &/2 c#&/ :&/ y'2)(2/&$2)y &n' /2ck)200)y '(0/2 :&/ >o/ $#2 "/o$2c$(on o> "/(0on2/0 o> :&/ &n' c(=()(&n0 o>$#2 n&$(on0 &n' "2o")20 n&62' (n Co+n$ 59.

S+66&/(2' "&/$(c+)&/0 (n 0+""o/$ o> $#2 co+n$0 (n G/o+" On2 &/2 "/202n$2' (n A""2n'(@ A o> $#2In'(c$62n$. In A""2n'(@ B &/2 co))2c$2' $#2 A/$(c)20 o> T/2&$(20 =(o)&$2' y J&"&n &0 c#&/


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co+n$0 >o/ C/(620 &>(c(&) &00+/&nc20=(o)&$2' y J&"&n &n' (nco/"o/&$2' (n G/o+" On2, C/(620 & :&/ &/2 '(0c+002' (n A""2n'(@ D, &n' "&/$(c+)&/0 o> /2&c#20 o> $#2)&:0 &n' c+0$o60 o> :&/ >o/ :#(c# $#2 &cc+02' &/2 /20"on0()2 &/2 02$ >o/$# $#2/2(n. In'(=('+&)/20"on0(()($y >o/ c/(620 02$ o+$ (n $#2 (n'(c$62n$ &n' o>>(c(&) "o0($(on0 o> /20"on0(()($y #2)' y 2&c# o>$#2 &cc+02' '+/(n< $#2 "2/(o' :($# :#(c# $#2 (n'(c$62n$ (0 conc2/n2' &/2 "/202n$2' (n A""2n'(@ E.

In "/202n$(n< ($0 c&02 &$ $#2 #2&/(n< $#2 "/o02c+$(on o>>2/2' :#&$ ($ c#&/&c$2/(2' $o 2 $#2 :2))-/2co "/oo>1. I$ +n'2/$ook $o "/o=2;

1. *& $#&$ $#2/2 :&0 &n o=2/-&)) con0"(/&cy.* $#&$ $#2 0&(' con0"(/&cy :&0 o> & co6"/2#2n0(=2 c#&/&c$2/ &n' o> & con$(n+(n< n&$+/2.*c $#&$ $#(0 con0"(/&cy :&0 >o/62', 2@(0$2' &n' o"2/&$2' '+/(n< $#2 "2/(o' >/o6 1 J&n+&/y, 13$o 3 S2"$262/, 15.3. $#&$ $#2 o2c$ &n' "+/"o02 o> $#2 0&(' con0"(/&cy con0(0$2' (n $#2 co6")2$2 'o6(n&$(on yJ&"&n o> &)) $#2 $2//($o/(20 (2' &c$ o/ no$.

In co+n$0 on2 $o >(=2 $#2 &cc+02' &/2 c#&/o/6+)&$(on o/ 2@2c+$(ono> & co66on ")&n o/ con0"(/&cy, $#2 o2c$ o> 0+c# ")&n o/ con0"(/&cy 2(n< $#2 6()($&/y, n&=&),"o)($(c&) &n' 2cono6(c 'o6(n&$(on o> c2/$&(n $2//($o/(20 &n' $#2 62&n0 '20( on2 n&$(on y &no$#2/ (0 &c/(62 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2.3. #2$#2/ :&/ o/ :&/0 * & o> &


15/503

* (n =(o)&$(on o>;*4 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:.*(( $/2&$(20.*((( &(=2 $o $#(/$y-0(@ c#&/ $#20&62 c&$2&() (> 0+c# :&/0 &/2 no$ c/(62 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2.

Co+n$0 $#(/$y-02=2n $o >(>$y-$:o con$&(n c#&/oo$(n< $#&$ #o0$()($(20 0$&/$2' (n /2&c# o>$/2&$(20 :o+)' no$ #&=2 $#2 )2 :&/ &n' '(' no$ $#2/2>o/2 con>2/ on $#2 J&"&n202 >o/c20&ny /( )&:>+) 2))(2.

T#2 "/o02c+$(on c&02 (0 $#&$ $#202 &cc+02' "2/0on0 '(' $#2 &c$0 &))2o/ $#2 &))2 $#2 In'(c$62n$ $#+0;

I$ (0 c#&/$2/ 02$ o+$ & $#o02 /20"on0()2 >o/ &)) $#2 &c$0 &n' o6(00(on0 o> $#2 =&/(o+0 :#(c# #2 :&0& 6262/, &n' o> $#2 =&/(o+0 c(=(), 6()($&/y o/ n&=&) o/ $#2 con>2/2nc20 &n' c&(n2$ 622$(no/ &n' )2' $o +n)&:>+) :&/ on 7 &n' D2c262/, 11.

T#2 &c$0 &))2 2=2n$0.

S2=2/&) 02/(o+0 ?+20$(on0 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: :o+)' $#+0 &/(02 >o/ o+/ con0('2/&$(on (n $#(0 c&02. 2


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c&nno$ $&k2 +" $#2 ?+20$(on0 o> >&c$ :($#o+$ co6(n< $o & '2c(0(on on $#202 ?+20$(on0.

T#2 6&$2/(&) ?+20$(on0 o> )&: $#&$ &/(02 >o/ o+/ '2c(0(on &/2 $#2 >o))o:(n no$,* #2$#2/ &ny 2@ "o0$ >&c$o )&: co+)' 2 &n' :&0 2n&c$2' 6&k(n< 0+c# :&/0 c/(6(n&) 0o &0 $o &>>2c$$#2 )2 $#2 &c$0 &))2 0+c# &c$0.

S2=2/&) 0+0('(&/y ?+20$(on0 o> )&: :()) &)0o >&)) $o 2 '2c('2' 2>o/2 :2 c&n +0$)y $&k2 +" $#22=('2nc2 (n $#(0 c&02. T#202 ?+20$(on0 :()) 2 (n'(c&$2' (n $#2(/ "/o"2/ ")&c20 (n co+/02 o> $#2 '2c(0(ono> $#2 6&(n ?+20$(on0 0"2c(>(2' &o=2. B+$ 2>o/2 &)) $#(0, I 6+0$ '(0"o02 o> 0o62 PRELIMINARYMATTERS CONCERNING OURSELES.

T#2 &cc+02' &$ $#2 2&/)(20$ "o00()2 o""o/$+n($y 2@"/2002' $#2(/ &""/2#2n0(on o> (n+0$(c2 (n $#2 #&n'0o> $#2 T/(+n&) &0 &$ "/202n$ con0$($+$2'.

T#2 &""/2#2n0(on (0 $#&$ $#2 M262/0 o> $#2 T/(+n&) 2(n< /2"/202n$&$(=20 o> $#2 n&$(on0 :#(c#'2>2&$2' J&"&n &n' :#(c# &/2 &cc+02/0 (n $#(0 &c$(on, $#2 &cc+02' c&nno$ 2@"2c$ & >&(/ &n' (6"&/$(&) $/(&)&$ $#2(/ #&n'0 &n' con02?+2n$)y $#2 T/(+n&) &0 con0$($+$2' 0#o+)' no$ "/oc22' :($# $#(0 $/(&).

R2 :&/ c/(620, $#2A'=(0o/y Co66($$22 o> J+/(0$0 :#(c# 62$ &$ T#2 H&o/ $#2P2/6&n2n$ Co+/$ o> In$2/n&$(on&) J+0$(c2 2@"/2002' & =o2+ >o/ $#2 20$&)(0#62n$ o> &n In$2/n&$(on&)Co+/$ o> C/(6(n&) J+0$(c2. T#(0, (n "/(nc(")2, &""2&/0 $o 2 & :(02 0o)+$(on o> $#2 "/o)26, +$ $#2 ")&n#&0 no$ &0 y2$ 22n &'o"$2' y $#2 0$&$20. H&)) 0+ =(o)&$(n< $#2 )&:0 &n' +0& :&/.

I >22) $26"$2' (n $#(0 conn2c$(on $o ?+o$2 $#2 =(2:0 o> P/o>200o/ H&n0 K2)02n o> $#2 Un(=2/0($y o>C&)(>o/n(& :#(c# 6&y #&=2 $#2 2>>2c$ o> $+/n(n< o+/ 2y20 $o on2 "&/$(c+)&/ 0('2 o> $#2 "(c$+/2 )(k2)y $o2 )o0$ 0( (n & >)oo')($ co+/$ #o+02 :#2/2 on)y on2 $#(n< (0 6&'2 $o 0$&n' o+$ c)2&/ >o/ &)) 62n $o022, n&62)y $#&$ $#2 6o/&) con0c(2nc2 o> $#2 :o/)' (0 $#2/2 /2&002/$(n< $#2 6o/&) '( $#2 #+6&n/&c2.

T#2 )2&/n2' P/o>200o/ 0&y0-.($ (0 $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 =(c$o/(o+0 0$&$20 o=2/ $#2 :&/ c/(6(n&)0 o> $#22n26y :#(c# $#2 T#/22 Po:2/ D2c)&/&$(on0( $#2 &o6(n&)2 c/(620 o> $#2 A@(0 Po:2/0 :(0# $o $&k2 $#2 )&: (n $#2(/ o:n #&n'0 (n o/'2/ $o"+n(0# $#2 c/(6(n&)0 . B+$ &>$2/ $#2 :&/ :()) 2 o=2/ o+/ 6(n'0 :()) 2 o"2n & $#2 '2)(n?+2n$0 &0 =2n (n$2/n&$(on&) +0$(c2,


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no$ $#2 0&$(0>&c$(on o> & $#(/0$ >o/ /2=2n (n$2/n&$(on&) +0$(c2$#&$ on)y $#2 =&n?+(0#2' 0$&$20 &/2 o)(2/ $#2(/ +/(0'(c$(on o=2/ $#2(/ o:n 0+2c$0 :#o #&=2 o>>2n'2' $#2 )&:0 o> :&/>&/2 $o $#2 0&62(n'2"2n'2n$ &n' (6"&/$(&) (n$2/n&$(on&) $/(+n&).

T#2 )2&/n2' P/o>200o/ >+/$#2/ 0&y0; A0 $o $#2 ?+20$(on:#&$ k(n' o> $/(+n&) 0#&)) 2 &+$#o/(2' $o $/y:&/ c/(6(n&)0, n&$(on&) o/ (n$2/n&$(on&), $#2/2 c&n 2 )($$)2 'o+$ $#&$ AN INTERNATIONAL COURT(0 6+c# 6o/2 >($$2' >o/ $#(0 $&0k $#&n & n&$(on&), c(=(), o/ 6()($&/y co+/$. On)y & co+/$ 20$&)(0#2' y &n(n$2/n&$(on&) $/2&$y, $o :#(c# no$ on)y $#2 =(c$o/(o+0 +$ &)0o $#2 =&n?+(0#2' 0$&$20 &/2 con$/&c$(n2/2nc2 :($# $#2 co+/02 o>+0$(c2.

T#2 >2&/ o> 6(0c&//(& +0$(c2 (0 con0$&n$)y (n $#2 6(n' o> &)) :#o &/2 "/&c$(c&))y o/ $#2o/2$(c&))yconc2/n2' :($# $#2 )&: &n' 20"2c(&))y :($# $#2 '(0"2n0&$(on o> c/(6(n&) )&:. T#2 0"2c(&) '(>>(c+)$y &0 $o$#2 /+)2 o> )&: +/$#2/ :($# $#2 &:k:&/' "o00(()($(20 o> (&0 c/2&$2' y /&c(&)o/ "o)($(c&) >&c$o/0, 6&k20 o+/ "o0($(on on2 o> =2/y 2/2nc2 o> 26o$(on&) >&c$o/0 :($# o2c$(=($y.

2 c&nno$ o=2/)ook o/ +n'2/20$(6&$2 $#2 2>>2c$ o> $#2 (n>)+2nc2 0$&$2' &o=2. T#2y 6&y (n'22' o"2/&$22=2n +ncon0c(o+0)y. 2 kno: #o: +ncon0c(o+0 "/oc20020 6&y


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+no02/=2' y $#2 con0c(o+0 "&/$ o> $#2 "2/0on&)($y &n' 6&y 2 (n>)+2nc2' on)y (n'(/2c$)y &n' /26o$2)yy ($, $#2y "/202n$ "2/6&n2n$ "($>&))0 $o o2c$(=2 &n' 0o+n' +' $#2 S+"/262 Co66&n'2/>o/ $#2 A))(2' Po:2/0 :($# :#(c# M/. K22n&n c)o02' #(0 o"2n(n< 0$&$262n$ &n' &=o(' $#2 2&2n02 &)0o $ook 02=2/&) o$#2/ o2c$(on0 $o $#2 $/(&) o> $#202 $#2 0+0$&n$(&) on20 6&y 20+'(=('2' +n'2/ $:o #2&'0;1. T#o02 /2)&$(n< 0$/(c$)y $o $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&).3. T#o02 :#(c#, :#()2 &00+6(n< $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&), c&)) on $#2 T/(+n&) $o '(0c#&/ $#26, 0$()) con$26")&$2 /2co+/02 $o :&/, $#2 "/(nc(")20:#(c# &/2 '2262' $o /2(n$2/n&$(on&) +0$(c2. S$/on< 62&0+/20 &/2 /2?+(/2' $o c+/ $#(0 $2n'2ncy (n $#2 2))(2/ $o &c$0 &0c/(&)2 $o (n'(=('+&)0 conc2/n2' (n $#2(/(n'(=('+&) c&"&c($y. T#202 &/2 no$ &c$0 o> S$&$2 &n' con02?+2n$)y $#2 "/(nc(")2 $#&$ no S$&$2 #&0+/(0'(c$(on o=2/ $#2 &c$0 o> &no$#2/ S$&$2 'o20 no$ &"")y $o $#(0 c&02.

O""2n#2(6 0&y0; T#2 /( $#2 2))(>2c$, (n #(0 "o:2/. An', &)$#o+ P2&c2 /(n2&$2' S$&$2 $#2 '+$y, &0 on2 o> $#2 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 &/6(0$(c2 o/ o> $#2 P2&c2T/2&$y, $o 0+//2n'2/ >o/ $/(&) "2/0on0 &cc+02' o> :&/ c/(620.

S(6()&/ =(2:0 &/2 2@"/2002' y H&)) &n' G&/n2/.

T#2 "/(nc(")2, 0&y0 G&/n2/, $#&$ $#2 (n'(=('+&) 0o)'(2/ :#o co66($0 &c$0 (n =(o)&$(on o> $#2 )&:0 o>:&/, :#2n $#202 &c$0 &/2 &$ $#2 0&62 $(62 o>>2nc20 &


19/503

&'=2/0&/y (n c&02 #2 >&))0 (n$o $#2 #&n'0 o> $#2 &+$#o/($(20 $#2/2o>, #&0 )on< 22n 6&(n$&(n2'.

H&)) 0&y0; A 2))(/o6 $#2 /( UNIERSALLY

ACKNOLEDGED LAS.I$ 0#o+)' on)y 2 /26262/2' $#&$ $#(0 /+)2 &"")(20 on)y :#2/2 $#2 c/(62 (n ?+20$(on (0 no$ &n &c$ o>0$&$2. T#2 0$&$262n$ $#&$ (> &n &c$ (0 >o/(''2n y(n$2/n&$(on&) )&: &0 & :&/ c/(62, $#2 "2/"2$/&$o/ 6&y 2 "+n(0#2' y $#2 (n+/2' 0$&$2 (> #2 >&))0 (n ($0#&n'0 (0 co//2c$ on)y :($# $#(0 )(6($&$(on $#&$ $#2 &c$ (n ?+20$(on (0 no$ &n &c$ o> $#2 2n26y 0$&$2.

IN MY JUDGMENT, ($ (0 no: :2))-02$$)2' $#&$ 62/2 #( $#2 T/(+n&) (0 $#&$ $#2 CRIMES TRIABLEBY THIS TRIBUNAL MUST BE LIMITED TO THOSE COMMITTED IN OR IN CONNECTIONITH THE AR HICH ENDED IN THE SURRENDER on 3 S2"$262/, 15. In 6y +'2&$ (n & :&/ 0#o+)' 0+2c$ $#2'2>2&$2' n&$(on &n' ($0 n&$(on&)0 $o $/(&) >o/ &)) $#2 '2)(n?+2nc(20 o> $#2(/ 2n$(/2 2@(0$2nc2. T#2/2 (0no$#(n< (n $#2 Po$0'&6 D2c)&/&$(on &n' (n $#2 In0$/+62n$ o> S+//2n'2/ :#(c# :o+)' 2n$($)2 $#2S+"/262 Co66&n'2/ o/ $#2 A))(2' Po:2/0 $o "/oc22' &2//(n< $o &)) $#2 &c$0 o>&/22 &n' (n'2"2n'2n$.

THE POTSDAM DECLARATION (n "&/& $#2 A+$#o/($y o> $#2 S+"/262 Co66&n'2/.

A0 I READ THESE DECLARATIONS I 'o no$ >(n' &ny$#(n< (n $#26 :#(c# :()) &6o+n$ 2=2n $o &n&nno+nc262n$ o> (n$2n$(on on $#2 "&/$ o> $#2 '2c)&/&n$0 $o $/y &n' "+n(0# :&/ c/(6(n&)0 (n /2)&$(on $o


20/503

$#202 (nc('2n$0. I &6 "/2"&/2' $o +/$#2/. In 6y +' :2 &00+62 $#&$ $#202 D2c)&/&$(on0c&n 2 /2&' 0o &0 $o co=2/ 0+c# c&020, $#&$ :o+)' no$ c&//y +0 >&/. T#2 A))(2' Po:2/0 y 62/2'2c)&/&$(on o> 0+c# &n (n$2n$(on :o+)' no$ &c?+(/2 (n )&: &ny 0+c# &+$#o/($y. In 6y =(2:, (> $#2/2 (0 &ny(n$2/n&$(on&) )&: :#(c# (0 $o 2 /20"2c$2' y $#2 n&$(on0, $#&$ )&: 'o20 no$ con>2/ &ny /((n' &ny$#(n< (n $#2 C#&/$2/ :#(c# :o+)' 2n$($)2 +0 $o 2@$2n' o+/ +/(0'(c$(on $o 0+c# 6&$$2/0.

In 6y o"(n(on, $#2/2>o/2, c/(620 &))2)(c$,#o0$()($y, (nc('2n$ o/ :&/ no$ >o/6(n< "&/$ o> $#2 :&/ :#(c# 2n'2' (n $#2 0+//2n'2/ o> $#2 3n'S2"$262/, 15 &/2 o+$0('2 $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&).

T#2 '2>2n02 c)&(60 $#2 >o))o:(n< (nc('2n$0 $o 2 $#+0 o+$0('2 o+/ +/(0'(c$(on, n&62)y;

1. T#2 M&nc#+/(&n Inc('2n$ o> 191.3 T#2 &c$(=($(20 o> $#2 J&"&n202 Go=2/n62n$ (n $#2 P/o=(nc20 o> L(&on(n/o6 $#2(/ 2(n< "&/$0 o> $#2 o=2/&)) con0"(/&cy c#&/o/2 $#2 Po$0'&6 D2c)&/&$(on o> 38 J+)y 15 &n' $#2 J&"&n202S+//2n'2/ o> 3 S2"$262/ 15.

In $#2 In'(c$62n$ $#2 "/o02c+$(on 6&k20 $#2 c&02 o> &n o=2/-&)) con0"(/&cy (n co+n$ 1 :#(c#, (> "/o=2',6&y /(n< (n &)) $#202 (nc('2n$0 &0 "&/$ o> $#2 :&/ :#(c# 2n'2' (n $#2 &>o/20&(' S+//2n'2/.

T#2 ?+20$(on, $#+0, +)$(6&$2)y 2co620 & ?+20$(on o> >&c$ $o 2 '2$2/6(n2' on $#2 2=('2nc2 (n $#2 c&02.

I> on $#2 2=('2nc2 on $#2 /2co/' :2 &/2 +n&)2 $o >(n' $#2 o=2/-&)) con0"(/&cy &0 &))2(2' &o=2. T#202 :2/2&)0o /&(02' y $#2 '2>2n02 (n $#2(/ "/2)(6(n&/y o2c$(on0.

T#2 ?+20$(on0 &/2;

1. #2$#2/ & :&/ o> $#2 &))2


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I 0#&)), >(/0$ o> &)), $&k2 +" $#2 ?+20$(on HETHER THE CHARTER 20$&)(0#(n< $#(0 T/(+n&), (n &ny:&y, OBLIGES IT TO APPLY ANY PARTICULAR LA o$#2/ $#&n :#&$ 6&y 2 '2$2/6(n2' y $#2T/(+n&) ($02)> $o 2 $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, &n', (> 0o, :#&$ $#&$ )&: (0; :#2$#2/ $#2 C#&/$2/ #&0 '2>(n2' :&/ c/(620 &n' :#2$#2/ $#2 T/(+n&) (0 o+n' y $#&$ '2>(n($(on, (> &ny, (n '2$2/6(n(n< $#2 $#2"2/0on0 +n'2/ $/(&) #2/2.

T#2 (n'(c$62n$ (n on2 ")&c2 62n$(on0 $#2 o>>2nc20 &0 C/(620 &(n2' (n $#2 C#&/$2/ o> $#(0 T/(+n&), &n' (n &no$#2/, c#&/&c$2/(20 $#26 &0C/(620 & Co66on P)&n0 o/Con0"(/&c(20 $o Co66($ $#o02 C/(620, &)) &0 '2>(n2' (n $#2 C#&/$2/ o> $#2 T/(+n&).

In $#26 &/2 (n'(=('+&))y /20"on0()2 (n &cco/'&nc2 :($# A/$(c)2 5 &n'"&/$(c+)&/)y A/$(c)2 5 * & &n' * o> $#2 C#&/$2/ o> $#2 In$2/n&$(on&) M()($&/y T/(+n&) >o/ $#2 F&/ E&0$&n' (n &cco/'&nc2 :($# In$2/n&$(on&) L&:, o/ 2($#2/ o> $#26.

G/o+" T:o, M+/'2/, (0 n&62' &0 2(n< &c$0 >o/ :#(c# ($ (0 c#&/ $#2 0&(' C#&/$2/,$o In$2/n&$(on&) L&:, &n' $o $#2 'o620$(c )&:0 o> &)) $#2 co+n$/(20 :2/2 co66($$2', (nc)+'(n< J&"&n, o/$o on2 o/ 6o/2 o> $#26.

G/o+" T#/22, Con=2n$(on&) &/ C/(620 &n' C/(620 &o/ $#2 "/o02c+$(on '2=o$2' con0('2/&)2 $(62 $o :#&$ "+/"o/$2' $o 2 &0$&$262n$ o> $#2 )&: +"on :#(c# $#2 (n'(c$62n$ (0 &02', +$ &(n2' y $#2 C#&/$2/. H2 $#2n"/oc22'2' $o '2>(n2 &n' 2@")&(n con0"(/&cy, 0&y(n(/0$ o>>2n02 c#&/>2n020c#&/ $#(0 '2>(n($(on, $#2 2002n$(&) 2)262n$ #2/2 (0 :&/ o> &


22/503

'(>>2/2n$ :/($2/0 &0 $#2 co66on )&: o/ $#2 "o0($(on $&k2n +" y $#2 "/o02c+$(on (n $#(0 c&02 (0 $#&$ &cco/'(n< $o ($, ($ (0 $#2&)/2&'y 2@(0$(n< /+)20 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, 2@(0$(n< &$ $#2 '&$2 o> co66(00(on o> $#2 &c$0 &))2 $#o02 /+)20.

M/. Co6yn0 C&// >o/ $#2 "/o02c+$(on 6&'2 $#(0 "o0($(on c)2&/ (n #(0 &''/200 o> 1 M&y 18 &$ $#2#2&/(n< o> $#2 "/2)(6(n&/y o2c$(on $&k2n y $#2 D2>2n02 Co+n02) &0 $o $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#(0T/(+n&). H2 0&(';

2 &/2 no$ &0k(n< $#(0 T/(+n&) $o 6&k2 &ny n2: )&:, no/ &/2 :2 &'6($$(n< $#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ "+/"o/$0 $oc/2&$2 &ny n2: o>>2nc2. Acco/'(n< $o #(6, (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: ($02)> 2(n< $#2 $#2 &"")(c&$(on y +'(c(&) 6(n'0 o> o)' 20$&)(0#2' "/(nc(")20 $o n2: c(/c+60$&nc20 ... ($(0 +n?+20$(on&)y :($#(n $#2 "o:2/, &n' . . . $#2 '+$y o> $#(0 T/(+n&) $o &"")y :2))-20$&)(0#2'"/(nc(")20 $o n2: c(/c+60$&nc20, (> $#2y &/2 >o+n' $o #&=2 &/(02n, :($#o+$ /2o/ 0+c# &"")(c&$(on &)/2&'y 2@(0$0 (n 2=2/y c&02.

T#2 "o0($(on (0 6&'2 c)2&/2/ y $#2 P/o02c+$(on (n $#2 >(n&) 0+66&$(on o> $#2 c&02. In ($0 0+66&$(on $#2"/o02c+$(on 0+6($$2' $#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ (0 conc)+0(=2 &0 $o $#2 co6"o0($(on &n' +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2T/(+n&) &n' &0 $o &)) 6&$$2/0 o> 2=('2nc2 &n' "/oc2'+/2. A0 $o $#2 c/(620 LISTED (n A/$(c)2 5, $#2"/o02c+$(on 0+6(00(on :&0 $#&$ $#2 c#&/$2/ (0 &n' "+/"o/$0 $o 2 62/2)y '2c)&/&$o/y o> (n$2/n&$(on&))&: &0 ($ 2@(0$2' >/o6 &$ )2&0$ 13 on:&/'0 &n' (n'22' 2>o/2. T#2 "/o02c+$(on +/2/2nc2 $o $#2 /+)20 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: 2@(0$(n< &$ $#2 '&$2 o> $#2co66(00(on o> $#2 &))2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: &06&y 2 >o+n' y +0 $o $#2 >&c$0 &))2)+2nc2 o> $#o02 :#o #&=2 '2c2(=2' &n'6(0)2' $#2 "2o")2 o> J&"&n (n$o 26&/k(n< on :o/)' con?+20$, >o/ :2 (n0(0$ $#&$ & n2: o/'2/ o> "2&c2,02c+/($y &n' +0$(c2 :()) 2 (6"o00()2 +n$() (//20"on0()2 6()($&/(06 (0 '/(=2n >/o6 $#2 :o/)'.7. Un$() 0+c# & n2: o/'2/ (0 20$&)(0#2' &n' +n$() $#2/2 (0 con=(nc(n< "/oo> $#&$ J&"&n0 :&/-6&k(n $#&$ 'oc+62n$. I$ :()) 2 /20"2c$2' &n' >2c$ 2c&+02 $#2 Po$0'&6 D2c)&/&$(on>o/60 & "&/$ o> o+/ "o)(cy 0$&$2' (n o/ $#2 +0$ &n' "/o6"$ $/(&) &n' "+n(0#62n$ o> $#2 6&o/ :&/ c/(6(n&)0 (n $#2 F&/ E&0$. T#2"2/6&n2n$ 02&$ o> $#2 T/(+n&) (0 (n Tokyo.

A/$(c)2 3 . M262/0. T#2 T/(+n&) 0#&)) con0(0$ o> no$ )200 $#&n 0(@ no/ 6o/2 $#&n 2)2=2n M262/0,&""o(n$2' y $#2 S+"/262 Co66&n'2/ >o/ $#2 A))(2' Po:2/0 >/o6 $#2 n&620 0+6($$2' y $#2S( S+//2n'2/, In'(&, &n' $#2 Co66on:2&)$# o> $#2 P#()(""(n20.

SECTION IIJURISDICTION AND GENERAL PROISIONS

A/$(c)2 5. J+/(0'(c$(on O=2/ P2/0on0 &n' O>>2n020. T#2 T/(+n&) 0#&)) #&=2 $#2 "o:2/ $o $/y &n' "+n(0#F&/ E&0$2/n :&/ c/(6(n&)0 :#o &0 (n'(=('+&)0 o/ &0 6262/0 o> o/ $#26, &/2 c/(620 co6(n< :($#(n $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o>$#2 T/(+n&) >o/ :#(c# $#2/2 0#&)) 2 (n'(=('+&) /20"on0(()($y ;

*& C/(620 & &ny o> $#2>o/2 :&/.*c C/(620 &o/6+)&$(on o/ 2@2c+$(on o> & co66on ")&n o/ con0"(/&cy $o co66($&ny o> $#2 >o/2o/62' y &ny "2/0on (n 2@2c+$(on o> 0+c#")&n.

A/$(c)2 8. R20"on0(()($y o> Acc+02'. N2($#2/ $#2 o>>(c(&) "o0($(on, &$ &ny $(62, o> &n &cc+02', no/ $#2>&c$ $#&$ &n &cc+02' &c$2' "+/0+&n$ $o o/'2/ o> #(0 & 0+"2/(o/ 0#&)), o> ($02)>, 20+>>(c(2n$ $o >/22 0+c# &cc+02' >/o6 /20"on0(()($y >o/ &ny c/(62 :($# :#(c# #2 (0 c#&/


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$o &"")y o/ $o 2@c)+'2 &ny "&/$(c+)&/ )&:.

B2>o/2 "/oc22'(n< $o 2@&6(n2 $#2 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 C#&/$2/ (n /2)&$(on $o $#2 ?+20$(on no: +n'2/con0('2/&$(on, I :o+)' )(k2 $o '(0"o02 o> on2 /&nc# o> $#2 &/ $#2 '2>2n02 (n $#(0 conn2c$(on,&02', I &6 (nc)(n2' $o 2)(2=2, on & 6(0conc2"$(on o> & :2))-/2co2n02 :&n$2' $o 0&y $#&$ $#2 '2>(n($(on0, (>

&ny, (n $#2 C#&/$2/ :o+)' 2 =o(' on $#(0 "/(nc(")2.T#2 /+)2 '2ny(n< /2$/o&c$(=($y $o & )&: (0 no$ $#&$ )&: c&nno$ 2 6&'2 /2$/o&c$(=2 y ($0 "/o6+) 0+c# /2$/o&c$(=2 o"2/&$(on c&n 2 &=o('2' co+/$00#o+)' &):&y0 'o $#&$.

T#2 C#&/$2/ #2/2 (0 c)2&/)y (n$2n'2' $o "/o=('2 & co+/$ >o/ $#2 $/(&) o> o>>2nc20, (> &ny, (n /20"2c$ o> "&0$&c$0. T#2/2 c&nno$ 2 &ny 'o+$ &0 $o $#(0 0co"2 o> $#2 C#&/$2/ &n' con02?+2n$)y ($ (0 '(>>(c+)$ >o/ +0 $o/2&' (n$o ($0 "/o=(0(on0 &ny non-/2$/o&c$(=($y.

No/ c&n ($ 2 '2n(2' $#&$ (> $#2 "/o6+) $#2 C#&/$2/ :&0 &$ &)) (n=20$2' :($# &ny &+$#o/($y $o"/o6+) ($0 &+$#o/ 0o $o '2>(n2 $#2 c/(62.9. #2$#2/ ($ (0 :($#(n o+/ co6"2$2nc2 $o ?+20$(on #(0 &+$#o/($y (n $#(0 /20"2c$.

A/$(c)2 5 o> $#2 C#&/$2/, ($ (0 0&(', '2>(n20 $#2 '(>>2/2n$ c&$2 c/(620. T#2 &/$(c)2 (n ($0 ")&(n$2/60 "+/"o/$0 on)y $o "/o=('2 >o/ +/(0'(c$(on o=2/ "2/0on0 &n' o>>2n020 . In 0o 'o(n< $#2 C#&/$2/0&y0; $#2 >o))o:(n< &c$0 .... &/2 c/(620 co6(n< :($#(n $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&) . . . . T#2(n$2n$(on, (n 6y o"(n(on, (0 no$ $o 2n&c$ $#&$ $#202 &c$0 'o con0$($+$2 c/(620 +$ $#&$ $#2 c/(620, (> &ny,(n /20"2c$ $o $#202 &c$0, :o+)' 2 $/(&)2 y $#2 T/(+n&) . #2$#2/ o/ no$ $#202 &c$0 con0$($+$2 &nyc/(62 (0 )2>$ o"2n >o/ '2$2/6(n&$(on y $#2 T/(+n&) :($# /2>2/2nc2 $o $#2 &""/o"/(&$2 )&:. In 6yo"(n(on, $#(0 (0 $#2 on)y "o00()2 =(2: $#&$ :2 c&n $&k2 o> $#202 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 C#&/$2/.

T#2 Po$0'&6 D2c)&/&$(on &n' $#2 In0$/+62n$ o> S+//2n'2/ c2/$&(n)y '(' no$ con$26")&$2 $#&$ $#2 A))(2'Po:2/0 :o+)' #&=2 &+$#o/($y $o o/ & 6o62n$ (6& $#2 F/2nc# R2"+)(c &n' o> $#2 Un(on o> So=(2$ Soc(&)(0$R2"+)(c0, 20$&)(0#(n< $#2 T/(+n&) >o/ $#2 $/(&) &n' "+n(0#62n$ o> $#2 6&o/ :&/ c/(6(n&)0 o> $#2E+/o"2&n A@(0 co+n$/(20, Lo/' /(


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T#2 A $#2 T/(+n&), "2/0on0 :#o co66($$2' $#2>o))o:(n< c/(620;

*& C/(620 &>2c$, ")&nn(n & "2/0on0 :#(c# ($ 0"2c(>(20 &/2 :&/ c/(6(n&)0 .* T#&$ $#2 &c$0 62n$(on2' (n c)&0020 *&, *, &n' *c &/2 c/(620 >o/ :#(c# $#2/2 (0 "/o"2/)y (n'(=('+&)/20"on0(()($y.*c * ( T#&$ $#2y &/2 no$ c/(620 2c&+02 o> $#2 & $#2 >o+/ $#2 &""/o"/(&$2 /+)20 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, :#2$#2/ $#2 &c$0con0$($+$2 &ny c/(62 +n'2/ $#2 &)/2&'y 2@(0$(n< )&:, '2#o/0 $#2 D2c)&/&$(on, $#2 A $#2 C#&/$2/, $#2 A$#202 o'(20, >o/ o$#2/:(02 $#2 T/(+n&) :()) no$ 2 & +'(c(&) $/(+n&) +$ & 62/2 $oo) >o/ $#26&n(>20$&$(on o> "o:2/.

T#2 0o-c&))2' $/(&) #2)' &cco/'(n< $o $#2 '2>(n($(on o> c/(62 no: c(=()(&$(on :#(c# 0$/2$c# 2$:22n +0 &n' $#2 0+66&/y 0)&y(n< o> $#2 '2>2&$2' (n & :&/. A$/(&) :($# )&: $#+0 "/20c/(2' :()) on)y 2 & 0#&6 26")oy62n$ o> )2 +0$(c2. S+c# & $/(&) 6&y +0$)y c/2&$2 $#2 >22)(n(n2 $#2"/o=(0(on0 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:.

I$ (0 con$2n'2' (n $#(0 conn2c$(on $#&$ $#2 Mo0co: D2c)&/&$(on 6&'2 $#2 (n$2n$(on o> $#2 A))(2' Po:2/0(n $#(0 /20"2c$ c)2&/ &n' $#&$ $#2/2 $#2 A))(2'Po:2/0 c)2&/)y "/oc)&(62' $#&$ :&/ c/(6(n&)0 :o+)' 62&n &n' (nc)+'2 "2/0on0 :#o &/2 no: c)&002'&0 #&=(n< co66($$2' o>>2n020 & $#2 'oc+62n$&c$+&) "2/"2$/&$o/0 o> $#2 =&/(o+0 c/+2)$(20 (n =(o)&$(on o> +0 (n #2))o &/2 0"2c(>(c&))y n&62' $#2026&o/ c/(6(n&)0 6&y on)y 2 $#2 "2/0on0 /20"on0()2 >o/ (00+(n< o/$#2 "/2"&/&$(on o> &&c$$#2y 2@"/200 $#2(/ (n$2n$(on c)2&/)y 2no+ $#2 =(c$o/ (n $#(0 /20"2c$. I &6 /2>2//(n< $o #(6 (n $#(0 conn2c$(on &0 #(0 (0 $#2=(2: 6o0$ >&=o+/&)2 $o $#2 "/o02c+$(on. T#2 )2&/n2' P/o>200o/ 0&y0;

I> $#2 (n'(=('+&)0 :#o &/2 6o/&))y /20"on0()2 >o/ $#(0 :&/, $#o02 "2/0on0 :#o #&=2, &0 o/ $#2(/0$&$20, '(0/2o/ $#2&c$0 conc2/n2', &n' 3. T#&$ $#2 &c$0 >o/ :#(c# $#2 0$&$2, y & co+/$ o>&no$#2/ 0$&$2, o/ y &n (n$2/n&$(on&) co+/$, $#2 )2 $#2 $/(&), &0 & /+)2, 6+0$ 2 &n (n$2/n&$(on&)$/2&$y conc)+'2' :($# $#2 0$&$2 :#o02 &c$0 0#&)) 2 "+n(0#2', y :#(c# $/2&$y +/(0'(c$(on o=2/ $#202(n'(=('+&)0 (0 con>2//2' +"on $#2 n&$(on&) o/ (n$2/n&$(on&) co+/$. T#2 )2&/n2' P/o>200o/ $#2n "o(n$0 o+$;


28/503

(> ($ (0 & n&$(on&) co+/$, $#2n $#(0 co+/$ >+nc$(on0, &$ )2&0$ (n'(/2c$)y, &0 &n (n$2/n&$(on&) co+/$. I$ (0n&$(on&) on)y :($# /20"2c$ $o ($0 co6"o0($(on (n 0o >&/ &0 $#2 +' & 0$&$2, 0&y0 P/o>200o/ K2)02n, con$&(n0 no no/60 $#&$ &$$&c# 0&nc$(on0 $o &c$0 o> o$#2/ 0$&$20

:#(c# =(o)&$2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:. R20o/$(n< $o :&/ (n '(0/2:&/. T#2 0+0$&n$(=2 )&: &"")(2' y & n&$(on&) co+/$ co6"2$2n$ $o "+n(0# (n'(=('+&)0 >o/ 0+c# &c$0 c&n2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: on)y. H2nc2, $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) $/2&$y 6+0$ no$ on)y '2$2/6(n2 $#2 '2)(c$ +$ &)0o $#2"+n(0#62n$ , o/ 6+0$ &+$#o/(2 $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) co+/$ $o >(@ $#2 "+n(0#62n$ :#(c# ($ con0('2/0 $o 2&'2?+&$2.

Acco/'(n< $o P/o>200o/ K2)02n;

An (n$2/n&$(on&) $/2&$y &+$#o/((n< & co+/$ $o "+n(0# (n'(=('+&)0 >o/ &c$0 $#2y #&=2 "2/>o/62' &0 &c$0o> 0$&$2 con0$($+$20 & no/6 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) c/(6(n&) )&: :($# /2$/o0"2c$(=2 >o/c2, >o/ $#2 &c$0 :2/2 &$ $#26o62n$ :#2n $#2y :2/2 co66($$2' no$ c/(620 >o/ :#(c# $#2 (n'(=('+&) "2/"2$/&$o/0 :2/2 /20"on0()2.

($# '+2 /20"2c$ I 'o no$ &cc2"$ &)) $#2 "/o"o0($(on0 "/o"o+n'2' y $#2 )2&/n2' P/o>200o/ (n 0+""o/$ o>$#2 )2 $/(&) &n' "+n(0#62n$ o> 0+c# c/(6(n&)0. I c&nno$ &cc2"$ $#2 =(2: $#&$ y 0+c# & $/2&$y 2@"o0$ >&c$o )&: c&n &):&y0 2 c/2&$2' &n' &"")(2' $o $#2 c&02 o> 0+c# "2/0on0. I$ (0, #o:2=2/, no$n2c200&/y >o/ 62 $o ?+&//2) :($# $#(0 "/o"o0($(on (n $#2 "/202n$ conn2c$(on. HERE THERE (0 NOSUCH TREATY &n' $#2 $2/60 o> &+$#o/($y o> $#2 S+"/262 Co66&n'2/ 6&k2 ($ 2@"/200)y c)2&/ $#&$&ny "o:2/ con>2//2' on #(6 (0 no$ (n &ny :&y '2/(=2' >/o6 $#2 =&n?+(0#2' $#/o+ $#2 ALLIED POERS AS ICTORSHAE NOT, UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL LA, THE LEGAL RIGHT $o $/2&$ 0+c# "2/0on0 &0:&/ c/(6(n&)0, $#2y #&=2 no$ '2/(=2' &ny 0+c# /( $#2(/ (n$2n$(on $o &00+62 &ny "o:2/ :#(c# 'o20 no$ 2)on< $o$#26 (n )&:. I$ (0 $#2/2>o/2 "2/$(n2n$ $o (n?+(/2 :#&$ (0 $#2 2@$2n$ o> THE LAFUL AUTHORITY OFA ICTOR o=2/ $#2 =&n?+(0#2' (n (n$2/n&$(on&) /2)&$(on0. I &6 0+/2 no on2 (n $#(0 T:2n$(2$# C2n$+/y:o+)' con$2n' $#&$ 2=2n no: $#(0 "o:2/ (0 +n)(6($2' (n /20"2c$ o> $#2 "2/0on &n' $#2 "/o"2/$y o> $#2'2>2&$2'. A"&/$ >/o6 $#2 /( /2"/(0&), $#2 =(c$o/ :o+)' no 'o+$ #&=2 $#2 /( "+n(0#(n< "2/0on0:#o #&' =(o)&$2' $#2 )&:0 o> :&/. B+$ $o 0&y $#&$ $#2 =(c$o/ c&n '2>(n2 & c/(62 &$ #(0 :()) &n' $#2n"+n(0# >o/ $#&$ c/(62 :o+)' 2 $o /2=2/$ &ck $o $#o02 '&y0 :#2n #2 :&0 &))o:2' $o '2=&0$&$2 $#2occ+"(2' co+n$/y :($# >(/2 &n' 0:o/', &""/o"/(&$2 &)) "+)(c &n' "/(=&$2 "/o"2/$y $#2/2(n, &n' k()) $#2(n#&($&n$0 o/ $&k2 $#26 &:&y (n$o c&"$(=($y. #2n (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: :()) #&=2 $o &))o: & =(c$o/ n&$(on$#+0 $o '2>(n2 & c/(62 &$ ($0 :()), ($ :()), )(k2 D&=(' Lo:0 P2&c2, 2 0+/"/(02' $o >(n' ($02)> &ck on$#2 0&62 0"o$ :#2nc2 ($ 0$&/$2' on ($0 &""&/2n$)y on:&/' o+/n2y 02=2/&) c2n$+/(20 &(n($(on NO


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"/(nc(")20 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: &n' ($ :()) 2 & '&no/ 0+c# c/(62, D/. G)+2ck 0&y0 $#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ +n'2/ :#(c# $#2 In$2/n&$(on&)

M()($&/y T/(+n&) &$ N+/262/< (0 0+""o02' $o o"2/&$2 $#2 N+/262/< C#&/$2/, co//20"on'(n< $o A/$(c)20 5 &n' 8 o> $#2 "/202n$ C#&/$2/.

T#2 T/(+n&) &$ N+/262/< 02260 $o #&=2 '2262' ($02)> o+n' y $#2 0o-c&))2' '2>(n($(on o> $#2 )&:&(/n200 $o $#2 "/o02c+$(on (n $#2 c&02 2>o/2 +0 ($ 6+0$ 2 "o(n$2'o+$ $#&$ ($ 'o20 no$ c)&(6 &ny conc)+0(=2 c#&/&c$2/ >o/ $#2 "/202n$ c#&/$2/ (n $#(0 /20"2c$. Acco/'(n< $o$#2 "/o02c+$(on T#2 C#&/$2/ (0 conc)+0(=2 &0 $o $#2 co6"o0($(on &n' +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&) &n' &0$o &)) 6&$$2/0 o> 2=('2nc2 &n' "/oc2'+/2. A0 $o $#2 c/(620 )(0$2' (n A/$(c)2 5, $#2 "/o02c+$(on 0+6($0$#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ (0 &n' "+/"o/$0 $o 2 62/2)y '2c)&/&$o/y o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: &0 ($ 2@(0$2' >/o6 &$ )2&0$13 on:&/'0. 2 &/2 +/ $#2 con?+2/o/ #&=(n< &+$#o/($y 0o $o :()). I 2)(2=2 $#2 2@(0$(n2/0 on $#2 con?+2/o/ &ny 0+c# &+$#o/($y. N2($#2/ $#2 2))(2/ 0+c# &n &+$#o/($y on $#2 (n=&'2/ o/$#2 con?+2/o/. #2$#2/ $#2 &cc+02' 2 $/2&$2' &0 "/(0on2/0 o> :&/ o/ no$, $#2y &/2 no$ )2 $#2 (n=&'2/ o/ $#2 con?+2/o/. On)y 6()($&/y n2c200($y 02260 $o (n=20$ $#2 (n=&'2/ o/ $#2con?+2/o/ :($# =2/y :('2 "o:2/ &n' "2/#&"0 ($ (0 (6"o00()2 $o 02$ o+n'0 $o $#2 '26&n'0 o> 0+c#6()($&/y n2c200($y. B+$ 2=2n $#2/2 ($ 6+0$ 2 /26262/2' $#&$ 6()($&/y n2c200($y (0 no$ & 62/2 "#/&02 o>con=2n(2nc2, +$ (0 $o 2 &n (6"2/&$(=2 /2&)($y.

A 2))(/o6 $#2 /( :&/, (> $#2y >&)) (n$o#(0 #&n'0. H&)) 0&y0; To $#2 2@2/c(02 o> $#2 &o=2-62n$(on2' /(2)$ 0o )on< &0$#2 2))((n20 #(602)> $o "+n(0#(n< /2&c#20 o> UNIERSALLY ACKNOLEDGEDLAS. . . . #2n, #o:2=2/, $#2 &c$ 'on2 (0 no$ +n(=2/0&))y $#o+o/c(n< #(0 o:n =(2:0 $o &ny '2)(c$(n< $#2 "2n&)$y o> '2&$#, o/ &ny "+n(0#62n$ o> &'(0+) k(n'. H&)) (0 #2/2 0"2&k(n< o> :&/ c/(620 0$/(c$o 02n0+ &n' 2=2n (n 0+c# c&020 $#22))( $#2 )&: 'o20 no$ +0$(>y #(0 &c$(on o/ :()). In 6y o"(n(on & con?+2/o/ 'o20 no$2noy &ny #( $#2 ILL o> $#2 con?+2/o/. I n22' no$ 0$o" #2/2 $o 2@&6(n2 $#(0


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?+20$(on >+/$#2/ &0 (n 6y o"(n(on $#2 C#&/$2/ 'o20 no$ '2>(n2 $#2 c/(62 +$ on)y 0"2c(>(20 $#2 &c$0 $#2&+$#o/0 :#2/2o> &/2 ")&c2' +n'2/ $#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&).

T#2 "/o02c+$(on /2>2/0 +0 $o $#2 +' $#2 N+/262/< T/(+n&) (n $#(0 /20"2c$. In '2)(=2/(n< $#2+' $#&$ T/(+n&), Lo/' J+0$(c2 L&:/2nc2, /2>2//(n< $o $#2 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 C#&/$2/20$&)(0#(n< $#&$ T/(+n&), (0 /2"o/$2' $o #&=2 o02/=2' &0 >o))o:0;

T#202 "/o=(0(on0 &/2 (n'(n< +"on $#2 T/(+n&) &0 $#2 )&: $o 2 &"")(2' $o $#2 c&02. T#2 T/(+n&) :()))&$2/ '(0c+00 $#26 (n 6o/2 '2$&() +$, 2>o/2 'o(n< 0o, ($ (0 n2c200&/y $o /2=(2: $#2 >&c$0.

L&$2/ :#()2 con0('2/(n< $#2 L&: o> C#&/$2/ #(0 Lo/'0#(" 0&(';

T#2 +/(0'(c$(on o> $#2 T/(+n&) (0 '2>(n2' (n $#2 & o> $#2 '2>2n'&n$0 $#&$ & >+n'&62n$&) "/(nc(")2 o> &)) )&:(n$2/n&$(on&) &n''o620$(c(0 $#&$ $#2/2 c&n 2 no "+n(0#62n$ o> c/(62 :($#o+$ & "/2-2@(0$(n< )&:. N+))+6 c/(62n 0(n2)2&c$o "+n(0#62n$ (0 o//2n$ $o $#2 )&: o> &))c(=()(2' n&$(on0, $#&$ no 0o=2/2(o/ ($0 co66(00(on, &n' no co+/$ #&' 22n c/2&$2' $o $/y &n' "+n(0# o>>2n'2/0.H(0 Lo/'0#(" $#2n 0&(';

In $#2 >(/0$ ")&c2, ($ (0 $o 2 o02/=2' $#&$ $#2 6&@(6 n+))+6 c/(62n 0(n2 )20o=2/2( :&/ (n 19.

T#2 ?+20$(on (0, :#&$ :&0 $#2 )2>2c$ o> $#(0 P&c$ T#2 n&$(on0 :#o 0(o/ $#2 >+$+/2 &0 &n (n0$/+62n$ o> "o)(cy, &n' 2@"/200)y/2no+nc2' ($. A>$2/ $#2 0( $#2 P&c$ &ny n&$(on /20o/$(n< $o :&/ &0 &n (n0$/+62n$ o> n&$(on&)"o)(cy /2&k0 $#2 P&c$. In $#2 o"(n(on o> $#2 T/(+n&) $#2 0o)26n /2n+nc(&$(on o> :&/ &0 &n (n0$/+62n$o> n&$(on&) "o)(cy n2c200&/()y (n=o)=20 $#2 "/o"o0($(on $#&$ 0+c# & :&/ (0 ())2 &


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T#2 ?+20$(on &0 $o :#&$ (0 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: '2#o/0 $#2 C#&/$2/ &n' :#2/2 $#2 )&: 0$oo' &>$2/ $#2 P&c$o> P&/(0 :()) 2 '(0c+002' )&$2/. H2/2 :2 &/2 conc2/n2' on)y :($# $#&$ "&/$ o> $#2 o02/=&$(on0 o> Lo/'J+0$(c2 L&:/2nc2 :#(c# '2&)0 :($# $#2 o)( $#2 C#&/$2/.

I :o+)' no$ &//o $#2 '+$y o> 2@&6(n(n< $#2 0co"2 o> $#2 o$#2/ C#&/$2/ (n o/'2/ $o 022

:#2$#2/ o/ no$ ($ '2>(n2' :&/ c/(620. I :o+)' &00+62 $#&$ ($ '(' 0o '2>(n2 &0 :&0 #2)' y $#2 o$#2/T/(+n&). A00+6(n< $#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ "+/"o/$2' 0o $o '2>(n2 :&/ c/(620 $#2 ?+20$(on (0 :#2$#2/ $#(0'2>(n($(on (0 (n$/& =(/20.

Lo/' J+0$(c2 L&:/2nc2 con0('2/0 $#&$ $#2 6&@(6 n+))+6 c/(62n 0(n2 )2 0o=2/2( +0$(c2.

I &6 no$ ?+($2 0+/2 (> $#2 Con0$($+$(on o> $#2 U. S. A., (n ($0 A/$(c)2 1 S2c$(on0 &n' 14 "/o=('(n< $#&$ no 2@ "o0$ >&c$o )&: 0#&)) 2 "&002' y $#2 Con&/ &0 #(0 "o:2/ o> )2 "o:2/ on $#2 "&/$ o> $#2 =(c$o/(o+0 n&$(on0, +$ (n $#2=(2: o> $#2 T/(+n&), &0 :()) 2 0#o:n, ($ (0 $#2 2@"/200(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: 2@(0$(n< &$ $#2 $(62 o> ($0c/2&$(on &n' $o $#&$ 2@$2n$ (0 ($02)> & con$/(+$(on $o (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:.

H(0 Lo/'0#(" con$(n+20; T#2 S((n2' $#2 )&: ($ :&0 $o&'6(n(0$2/, &n' 6&'2 /2o/ $#2 "/o"2/ con'+c$ o> $#2 $/(&). In 'o(n< 0o, $#2y #&=2 'on2$o $#26 6(2n'&n$0 &/2 2n$($)2' $o &0k (0 $o /2c2(=2 & >&(/ $/(&) on $#2 >&c$0 &n' )&:.

Acco/'(n< $o #(0 Lo/'0#("; T#2 C#&/$2/ MAKES $#2 ")&nn(n< o/ :& & :&/ o> & $#2S(2&$2' 0$&$2.3. T#2 0o=2/2( $#2 =(c$o/ 0$&$2.

T#(0 "o/$(on o> $#2 +' $#2 C#&/$2/, &n' ($ 02260 $o '2&)


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:($# TO DISTINCT MATTERS /2)&$(n< $o $#2 ?+20$(on o> +/(0'(c$(on. T#2 >(/0$ (0 $#2 ?+20$(on o>CREATION OF THE TRIBUNAL &n' $#2 02con' (0 THAT OF DEFINING THE LA TO BEADMINISTERED y $#2 T/(+n&) $#+0 c/2&$2'.

T#202 o02/=&$(on0 o> Lo/' J+0$(c2 L&:/2nc2, $#2/2>o/2, (n=o)=2 $#2 >o))o:(n< ?+20$(on0;

1. *& #2$#2/ $#2 =(c$o/ 0$&$20 (n $#2 /( $#2(/ o:n /20"2c$(=2 n&$(on&) 0o=2/2(o/ &/ C/(620.* #2$#2/, >o/ $#(0 "+/"o02, $#2y c&n (n $#2 /( $#2(/ o:n 0o=2/2(o/ :&/ c/(620, &n' * >o/ $#(0 "+/"o02 c&n,*( 02$ +" & T/(+n&) >o/ 0+c# & $/(&),*(( )2 $#2 +ncon'($(on&) 0+//2n'2/ o> $#2 =&n?+(0#2' 0$&$2,o/ y $#2 $2/60 o> $#2 0+//2n'2/, o/ y &ny$#(n< 6o/2.* I> 0o, :#2$#2/ $#(0 &c?+(/2' 0o=2/2( $#2=&n?+(0#2' 0o=2/2( 0"2c(&) co+/$0, :2 n22' no$ $/o+)2o+/02)=20 :($# ($ #2/2. I>, #o:2=2/, ($ /2>2/0 $o $#2 /( '2>(n(n< $#2 )&: 0+c# co+/$ (0 $o&'6(n(0$2/, I /20"2c$>+))y 2< $o '(>>2/ >/o6 $#2 =(2: $#+0 2@"/2002'. In$2/n&$(on&) )&: c2/$&(n)y 'o20no$ y2$ /2co;*& $#2(/ o:n n&$(on&) 0$&$2.* $#2 2))(&)) :($#(n ($0 c+0$o'y.3. * & T#2(/ n&$(on&) 0$&$2 #&' "o:2/ $o )2>(c+)$y (0 :($# $#2 "/o"o0($(on0 9*& &n' 3 * &0 02$ 'o:n &o=2.

No on2, I 2)(2=2, :()) 02/(o+0)y 0+""o/$ $#2 "/o"o0($(on 6&/k2' 9 * & &o=2. A0 I #&=2 no$(c2'&)/2&'y, "/(0on2/0 c&n 2 $/(2' &n' "+n(0#2' on)y >o/ /2&c#20 o> /2co c(=()(&$(on :#(c# 0$/2$c#


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2$:22n +0 &n' $#2 '&y0 o> 0+66&/y 0)&y(n< o> $#2 =&n?+(0#2'.

T#2 ?+20$(on0 :#2$#2/ $#2 C#&/$2/ (0 o/ (0 no$ &n &/($/&/y 2@2/c(02 o> "o:2/ on $#2 "&/$ o> $#2 =(c$o/n&$(on0, &n' :#2$#2/ ($ (0 o/ (0 no$ $#2 2@"/200(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: 2@(0$(n< &$ $#2 $(62 o> ($0c/2&$(on &n' $o $#&$ 2@$2n$ (0 o/ (0 no$ ($02)> & con$/(+$(on $o (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: &/2 no$ /2)2=&n$ >o/ o+/

"/202n$ "+/"o02. I> $#2 &+$#o/0 o> $#2 c#&/$2/ #&' $#2 /( :&/ (n $#2(/ c+0$o'y.

P/o>200o/ +(ncy /( $#2 Bo&/' o> E'($o/0 o> $#2 A62/(c&n Jo+/n&) o> In$2/n&$(on&) L&:, (n &nA/$(c)2 2n$($)2' T#2 L&: o> N+/262/< T/(&) "+)(0#2' (n $#2 Jo+/n&) (n J&n+&/y 17 /2>2//(n< $o$#(0 "&/$ o> $#2 +' 0+c# o>>2n020 $#/2&$2n ($0 02c+/($y. I$ (02)(2=2' $#&$ $#(0 +/(0'(c$(on (0 /o&' 2no+(n(n< :&/ c/(620 . I #o"2 #2 '(' no$ "+/"o/$ $o 'o &ny 0+c# $#(n )&:, &)0o $#2 2))(200o/ /(2/2nc2 $o $#2 Lo$+0 c&02 &n' $#2 conc)+0(on0 '/&:n $#2/2>/o6 'o no$, (n &ny :&y,&'=&nc2 $#2 c&02 o> $#2 &))2(n(n< c/(62 (0 & '(>>2/2n$ $#(n P/(0on2/0 o> &/(n ($0 c+0$o'y.

A =(c$o/ 0$&$2, &0 0o=2/2( :&/:($#(n ($0 c+0$o'y >o/ :&/ c/(620 &0 '2>(n2' &n' '2$2/6(n2' y $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:. B+$ n2($#2/ $#2(n$2/n&$(on&) )&: no/ $#2 c(=()(2' :o/)' /2co :&/ (0no$ & /( $#2 C#&/$2/ o> $#2 Un($2' N&$(on0 0+""o/$$#2 ('2& $#&$ $#2 >o+/ Po:2/0 &c$(n< (n $#2 (n$2/20$ o> $#2 Un($2' N&$(on0 #&' $#2 /( n&$(on0.


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In'22' occ&0(on0 6&y 0o62$(620 &/(02 >o/ 0+c# '20"2/&$2 2>>o/$0%

A/$(c)2 5 o> $#2 Mo0co: D2c)&/&$(on /+n0 $#+0; T#&$ >o/ $#2 "+/"o02 o> 6&(n$&(n(n< (n$2/n&$(on&)"2&c2 &n' 02c+/($y "2n'(n< $#2 /2-20$&)(0#62n$ o> )&: &n' o/'2/ &n' $#2 (n&+ & 0y0$26 o> o> $#2 co66+n($y o> n&$(on0 .

A/$(c)2 3 *8 o> $#2 Un($2' N&$(on0 C#&/$2/ 0&y0 $#&$ $#2 o/o/ $#2 $/(&) o> :&/ c/(6(n&)0, +$ no &+$#o/($y $o )2 $#2 )&$$2/0 '2>2&$ &n' +ncon'($(on&) 0+//2n'2/, &n' :#2$#2/ & 0o=2/2(&c$+&) >2&$+/20 o> $#2 c&02 2>o/2 #(6,n&62)y, $#&$ $#2 c#&/&c$2/ &n' $2/60 o> $#2 0+//2n'2/ o/ o> occ+"&$(on (n ?+20$(on =20$2' $#2 =(c$o/0:($# $#2 0o=2/2( $#2 =&n?+(0#2' 0$&$2, $#2n =2/y )($$)2 /26&(n0 >o/ 62 $o 0&y (n $#(0 conn2c$(on2@c2"$(n< $#&$ $#2 $2/60 o> 0+//2n'2/ #2/2 (n $#2 c&02 2>o/2 +0 &n' $#2 c#&/&c$2/ o> occ+"&$(on '(' no$=20$ $#2 0o=2/2( J&"&n (n $#2 =(c$o/ n&$(on0.

I #&=2 ?+o$2' $#2 /2)2=&n$ $2/60 o> $#2 Po$0'&6 D2c)&/&$(on, &0 &)0o, o> $#2 (n0$/+62n$0 o> 0+//2n'2/.R2>2/2nc2 6&y #2/2 2 6&'2 $o c)&+020 7, &n' 14 o> $#2 (n0$/+62n$0. 2 0#o+)' &)0o /26262/ $#&$(n 0"($2 o> $#2 )(6($2' occ+"&$(on y $#2 A))(2' Po:2/0 $#2 Go=2/n62n$ o> J&"&n #&0 &)) &)on< 22n&))o:2' $o >+nc$(on.P/o>200o/ +(ncy /(


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&nn2@&$(on &>$2/ 0++ $#2 $2//($o/y (> $#&$ '2c)&/&$(on (0 0o=2/2( $#2 0"2c(&)>&c$+&) >2&$+/20 o> $#2 G2/6&n c&02.

I #&=2 &)/2&'y (n'(c&$2' $#&$ $#2 >&c$+&) "o0($(on (n $#(0 /20"2c$ (n $#2 c&02 2>o/2 +0 (0 ?+($2 '(>>2/2n$.

A0 & "/o"o0($(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: $#&$ $#2 +ncon'($(on&) 0+//2n'2/ $/&n0>2/0 $#2 0o=2/2( 2n26y $2//($o/y y 6()($&/y>o/c2, &n' (0 co6")2$2' &0 0oon &0 $#2 $2//($o/y (0 2>>2c$(=2)y occ+"(2'.A 2))(2&$2' 0$&$2, /2-20$&)(0# ($0 on2 2))(o/62/0 $2//($o/y &>$2/ con?+20$, $#2 2n26y >o/c20 #&=(n< 22n &nn(#()&$2'.I n22' no$ "+/0+2 $#2 ?+20$(on :#2$#2/ $#2 )2>2c$ o> 0++ $#20o=2/2( $#2 '2>2&$2' 0$&$2 y $#2 =(c$o/ 0$&$2. In 6y o"(n(on, 2=2n &00+6(n< $#&$ $#2 =(c$o/ 0$&$22co620 $#2 0o=2/2( $#2 0++2&$2' 0$&$2 o/ $#2 '2>2&$2' "2o")2 &n' #2nc2 (0 $#2 con$(n+&$(on o> $#2 0o=2/2( $#2'2>2&$2' 0$&$2. E=2n (> ($ (0 & 0o=2/2( $#26.

I :o+)' no$ c&)) ($ & 0o=2/2( $#2 '2>2&$2' 0$&$2 &$ &)). T#&$ 0$&$2 (0 non-20$, #&=(n< 22n&nn(#()&$2'. A n2: 0$&$2 6(


36/503

($02)> ($ (0 on)y & +nc$(on0 02)>-con0c(o+0)y.

#&$2=2/ $#&$ 2, $#2 c&02 2>o/2 +0, (0 no$ on2 o> 0++ $#2 =(c$o/ "/(o/ $o0++ & 6()($&/y occ+"&n$. #&$2=2/ #2 'o20 (n /20"2c$ o> $#2 =&n?+(0#2'0$&$2 #2 'o20 0o (n $#2 c&"&c($y o> & 6()($&/y occ+"&n$. A 6()($&/y occ+"&n$ (0 no$ & 0o=2/2( $#2occ+"(2' $2//($o/y.

B+$ 2=2n &00+6(n< $#&$ (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, & =(c$o/ 0$&$2 '2/(=20 $#2 0o=2/2( $#2 =&n?+(0#2'0$&$2, $#2 >o/62/ :o+)' no$ #&=2 $#2 "o:2/ c)&(62' >o/ ($ 2=2n (n $#(0 c&"&c($y.

P/(0on2/0 o> :&/, 0o )on< &0 $#2y /26&(n 0o, &/2 +n'2/ $#2 "/o$2c$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:. No n&$(on&)0$&$2, n2($#2/ $#2 =(c$o/ no/ $#2 =&n?+(0#2', c&n 6&k2 &ny 2@ "o0$ >&c$o )&: &>>2c$(n< $#2(/ )(&()($y >o/"&0$ &c$0, "&/$(c+)&/)y :#2n $#2y &/2 ")&c2' on $/(&) 2>o/2 AN INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL. T#2(/o:n 0$&$2 6( :2 &00+62 $#&$ >o/ $#(0 "+/"o02, ($ 6(o/ $#2 &"")(c&$(on y &n INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL. SO )on< &0 $#2 "/(0on2/0 &/2")&c2' on $/(&) 2>o/2 &n INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL, ($ 'o20 no$ 6&$$2/ :#2$#2/ &0 "/(0on2/0 o>:&/, y $#2 =(c$o/ 0$&$2, o/, &0 ($0 c($(2n0, y $#2 =&n?+(0#2' 0$&$2, NEITHER STATE c&n )2 02$$(n< +" $#2 $/(+n&); $#2y 6(o/ $#2 $/(&). 2 &/2 no$ conc2/n2' :($# :#&$ $#2y 6( & G2/6&n So=2/2( :&/ >o/ :&/ c/(620 :())&/(02 >o/ o+/ con0('2/&$(on &)0o (n conn2c$(on :($# $#2 c#&/ $#2 U. S. &(/ "()o$0 y J&"&n. T#2/2, o> co+/02, $#2 "/o02c+$(on '2n(20 &ny 0+c#"o:2/ $o $#2 J&"&n202 $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 (n #(0 /2"o/$ &0 C#(2> o> Co+n02) >o/ $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 (n"/o02c+$(n< $#2 "/(nc("&) :&/ c/(6(n&)0 o> $#2 E+/o"2&n A@(0 o02/=2';

2 co+)' 2@2c+$2 o/ o$#2/:(02 "+n(0# $#26 :($#o+$ & #2&/(n(n($2 >(n'(n &(/)y &//(=2' &$, :o+)' =(o)&$2 ")2' $#2 Un($2' S$&$20, co+)' (n02/$ $#202 )(n20 (n $#2 T:2n$(2$# C2n$+/y.On :#&$ &+$#o/($y, on2 >22)0 (nc)(n2' $o &0k, co+)' & =(c$o/ 2@2c+$2 2n26y "/(0on2/0 :($#o+$ & #2&/(n


37/503

y $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 :&/ #&0 22n /2no+nc2' &0 &n (n0$/+62n$ o> n&$(on&) "o)(cy /2n'2/(n< 0+c# & :&/ &c/(62 &n' $#&$ 0+c# & :&/ on)y 2n$($)20 $#2 o$#2/ "&/$y $o & /( 02)>-'2>2n02. #2$#2/ $#2 :2&"on o>'2>2n02 c&n 2 o> &ny &=&() $o $#2 =(c$o/ >o/ &ny &c?+(0($(=2 o/ & $#2 =(c$o/ /2&))y #&' 0+c# & /( "&0$ &c$0 &n' "+n(0# $#2 "/(0on2/0 &0 c/(6(n&)0 &cco/'(n< $o 0+c# n2:'2>(n($(on &>$2/ #2&/(n< $#26 (> $#&$ :o+)' 2&02 $#2 con0c(2nc2 o> &ny n&$(on. In $#&$ c&02 ($ :o+)' #&=222n 62/2 &'&"$&$(on o> & "&/$(c+)&/ 62$#o' $o $#2 2n>o/c262n$ o> &n 2@(0$(n< /($2/ $/+c2.E=2n +n'2/ $#2 6&/$(&) )&: o> $#2 occ+"&n$ $#2 "o0($(on o> $#2 "/(0on2/0 &n' o> $#2 (n#&($&n$0 o> $#2occ+"(2' $2//($o/y (0 no$ 0o #2)")200.

#&$2=2/ =(2: o> $#2 )2 & :&/ 6&y 2 $&k2n, =(c$o/y 'o20 no$ (n=20$ $#2 =(c$o/:($# +n)(6($2' &n' +n'2>(n2' "o:2/ no:. In$2/n&$(on&) )&:0 o> :&/ '2>(n2 &n' /2 $#2=&n?+(0#2' n&$(on&)($y. In 6y +'o/2, ($ (0 2yon' $#2 co6"2$2nc2 o> &ny =(c$o/ n&$(on $o(n($(on0 o> c/(620 &n' $#2n "+n(0#$#2 "/(0on2/0 >o/ #&=(n< co66($$2' o>>2n02 &cco/'(n< $o $#(0 n2: '2>(n($(on. T#(0 (0 /2&))y no$ & no/6 (no//2nc2 o> $#2 /2$/o&c$(=($y o> )&: ; I$ (0 0o62$#(n< 6o/2 0+0$&n$(&). To &))o: &ny n&$(on $o 'o $#&$:()) 2 $o &))o: +0+/"&$(on o> "o:2/ :#(c# (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: '2n(20 $#&$ n&$(on.

K22"(n< &)) $#(0 (n =(2: 6y /2&'(n< o> $#2 C#&/$2/ (0 $#&$ ($ 'o20 no$ "+/"o/$ $o '2>(n2 :&/ c/(620 ($0(6")y 2n&c$0 :#&$ 6&$$2/0 :()) co62 +" >o/ $/(&) 2>o/2 $#2 T/(+n&), )2&=(n< ($ $o $#2 T/(+n&) $o'2c('2, :($# /2>2/2nc2 $o $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, :#&$ o>>2n02, (> &ny, #&0 22n co66($$2' y $#2 "2/0on0")&c2' on $/(&).

A =(2: 02260 $o #&=2 22n 2n$2/$&(n2' (n 0o62 ?+&/$2/0 $#&$ &0 $#(0 T/(+n&) (0 02$ +" y $#2 =(c$o/n&$(on0, ($ (0 no$ co6"2$2n$ $o ?+20$(on $#2(/ &+$#o/($y (n /20"2c$ o> &ny o> $#2 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 C#&/$2/20$&)(0#(n< $#2 T/(+n&). E=2n $#2 =(2: 2@"/2002' y Lo/' /( co+/02, ?+20$(on $#2co6"2$2ncy o> $#2(/ &""o(n$62n$ &n' /2>+02 $o &"")y $#2 '2>(n($(on0 o> $#2 )&: )&(' 'o:n (n $#2 Lon'onA $#2 +' $#2 T/(+n&) &/2 $#2 C#&/$2/ &n' $#2(/&""o(n$62n$0 $o &c$ +n'2/ $#2 C#&/$2/.3- T#&$ &"&/$ >/o6 $#2 C#&/$2/ $#2y #&=2 no "o:2/ &$ &)) &n'9. T#&$ 2&c# +' $#(0 T/(+n&) &cc2"$2' $#2 &""o(n$62n$ $o 0($ +n'2/ $#2 C#&/$2/ &n' $#&$


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&"&/$ >/o6 $#2 C#&/$2/ #2 c&nno$ 0($ &$ &)) no/ "/ono+nc2 &ny o/'2/ &$ &)).

F/o6 $#202 $#2y conc)+'2 $#&$ $#(0 T/(+n&) (0 no$ co6"2$2n$ $o $/y $#2 ?+20$(on :#2$#2/ $#2 S+"/262Co66&n'2/ #&0 2@c22'2' #(0 6&n'&$2, &0 $#2 C#&/$2/ #&0 no$ /26($$2' 0+c# & ?+20$(on $o ($.

I 0(nc2/2)y /2 '2/(=20 ($0 &+$#o/($y>/o6 $#(0 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:. In 6y o"(n(on ($ c&nno$ o=2//('2 $#2 &+$#o/($y o> $#(0 )&: &n' $#2 T/(+n&)(0 ?+($2 co6"2$2n$, +n'2/ $#2 &+$#o/($y o> $#(0 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, $o ?+20$(on $#2 =&)('($y o/ o$#2/:(02 o>$#2 "/o=(0(on0 o> $#2 C#&/$2/. A$ &ny /&$2 +n)200 &n' +n$() $#2 C#&/$2/ 2@"/200)y o/ y n2c200&/y(6")(c&$(on o=2//('20 $#2 &"")(c&$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) )&:, $#&$ )&: 0#&)) con$(n+2 $o &"")y &n' &T/(+n&) =&)(')y 20$&)(0#2' y & C#&/$2/ +n'2/ $#2 &+$#o/($y o> 0+c# (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: :()) 2 ?+($2co6"2$2n$ $o (n=20$((c /26($$&nc2 >o/ (n=20$(o/ $#2 $/(&) o> :&/ c/(6(n&)0, +$ 0+c# & con?+2/o/ (0 no$ co6"2$2n$ $o )2 (n$2/n&$(on&)0y0$26, $#&$ )2$2/ c&/2>+) con0('2/&$(on o> $#2 ?+20$(on I co62 $o $#2 conc)+0(on;1. T#&$ $#2 C#&/$2/ #&0 no$ '2>(n2' $#2 c/(62 (n ?+20$(on.3 * & T#&$ ($ :&0 no$ :($#(n $#2 co6"2$2nc2 o> ($0 &+$#o/ $o '2>(n2 &ny c/(62.* T#&$ 2=2n (> &ny c/(62 :o+)' #&=2 22n '2>(n2' y $#2 C#&/$2/ $#&$ '2>(n($(on :o+)' #&=2 22n+)$/& =(/20 &n' :o+)' no$ #&=2 22n (n'(n< on +0.9. T#&$ ($ (0 :($#(n o+/ co6"2$2nc2 $o ?+20$(on ($0 &+$#o/($y (n $#(0 /20"2c$.. T#&$ $#2 )&: &"")(c&)2 $o $#(0 c&02 (0 $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: $o 2 >o+n' y +0.

THE PRINCIPAL UESTION :#(c# $#+0 +)$(6&$2)y &/(020 >o/ o+/ '2c(0(on (0 :#2$#2/ $#2 &c$0 &))2(2' c#&/&c$2/0.


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I$ (0 no$ $#2 "/o02c+$(on c&02 $#&$ :&/, (//20"2c$(=2 o> ($0 c#&/&c$2/, 2c&62 & c/(62 (n (n$2/n&$(on&))&:. T#2(/ c&02 (0 $#&$ & :&/ "o00200(n< $#2 &))2 $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 *37 A+/o6 $#2 '&$2 o> $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 $o $#2 co662nc262n$ o> $#2 o/)' &/ +n'2/con0('2/&$(on.. T#&$ 0(nc2 $#2 S2con' o/)' &/.

So >&/ &0 $#2 >(/0$ o> $#2 &o=2 >o+/ "2/(o'0 (0 conc2/n2' ($ 02260 $o 2 :&/ o/ o$#2/2@$/&o/'(n&/y n2c200($y +$ $#2 $/&n0($(on >/o6 & 0$&$2 o> "2&c2 $o & 0$&$2 o> :&/ (0 n2($#2/ )2 "2&c2. T#2 /2&0on>o/ $#(0 conc2"$(on, '(>>2/2n$ >/o6 $#&$ o> &n$(?+($y &n' $#2 M('')2 Ao+n' (n $#2 co6")2@($yo> $#2 c&+020 o> :&/ (n $#2 "/202n$ 0$&$2 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) /2)&$(on0, (n $#2 '(>>(c+)$y o> )oc&$(ny c+//2n$ 2'+c&$(on&), 0oc(&), /2)(


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$#2y &>>2c$ (n$2/n&$(on&) /2)&$(on0.S2n&$o/ Bo/, on D2c262/ 13, 137, (n #(0 R20o)+$(on 2>o/2 $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 S2n&$2, 0$&$2' $#+0;

#2/2&0, :&/ (0 $#2 >2n020& n&$(on0So 2=2n on $#2 13$# '&y o> D2c262/ 137, S2n&$o/ Bo/ co+)' 0&y $#&$ &/ 2$:22n n&$(on0 HASALAYS BEEN AND STILL IS & )&:>+) (n0$($+$(on &n' $#&$ &ny n&$(on 6&y, :($# o/ :($#o+$ c&+02,'2c)&/2 :&/ & H&))0 In$2/n&$(on&) L&: *13, :2 >(n' $#2 >o))o:(n< "&00& >2c$ $o($0 '2c(0(on0. T#2o/2$(c&))y, &0 ($ *(n$2/n&$(on&) )&: "/o>20020 $o co=2/ $#2 :#o)2 >(2)' o> $#2 /2)&$(on0o> 0$&$20 :#(c# c&n 2 /o+ )&:, &/2 $oo co6")2@ $o 2 +' /( $:o co6&$&n$0 $o #&=2 co66($$2' & :/ono/ ($ $o &>>2c$ $o (6"&/$ $#2


41/503

c#&/&c$2/ o> & "2n&)$y $o :&/ :#2n ($ (0 "o:2/)200 $o 2n>o/c2 ($0 '2c(0(on0 In$2/n&$(on&) )&: #&0con02?+2n$)y no &)$2/n&$(=2 +$ $o &cc2"$ :&/, (n'2"2n'2n$)y o> $#2 +0$(c2 o> ($0 o/( $#2y c#oo02, &n' $o +0y ($02)> on)y (n /2>2c$0 o> $#2/2)&$(on. H2nc2 o$# "&/$(20 $o 2=2/y :&/ &/2 /2o/ >2c$ $o 2@(0$(n2c$2' y 0+c# co=2n&n$0 &n' "&c$0 (0 conc2/n2', ($ 02260 &6")y c)2&/$#&$ no :&/ 2c&62 c/(62 '+/(n< THE FIRST TO OF THE ABOE FOUR PERIODS. &/ 6(2 ($ 6( $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 o> A62/(c& &n'M/. T/&(n(n o> $#2 U. S. S. R. D/. G)+2ck 02260 $o $#(nk $#&$ & c+0$o6&/y (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: '2=2)o"2'6&k(n< & $#2 #(0$o/(c&) "/oc200,on2 2(n< $#2 co))(0(on o>(6"2/(&)(0$(c (n$2/20$0, $#2 '&()y 0$/++$()($y o>(n$2/n&$(on&) )&:$#2 $2n'2ncy /2>)2c$(n< $#2 "o)(cy o> $#2 & & n2: &n' "o:2/>+) (n$2/n&$(on&)>&c$o/$#2 0oc(&)(0$ 0$&$2 o> $#2 $o()2/0, $#2 U. S. S.R.

Acco/'(n< $o #(6 $#2/2 :&0 0o62 0co"2 >o/ $#2 (n$/o'+c$(on o> $#2 conc2"$(on o> c/(6(n&)/20"on0(()($y (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2 (n =(2: o> $#2 02con' $2n'2ncy n&62' &o=2.

In 6y o"(n(on n2($#2/ =(2: (0 0+0$&(n&)2. I :o+)' 2@&6(n2 $#26 (n '2$&() :#()2 con0('2/(n< $#2"o0($(on '+/(n< $#2 n2@$ "2/(o',Co6(n< no: $o THE THIRD OF THE PERIODS 0"2c(>(2' &o=2, n&62)y, THE PERIODBEGINNING ITH THE PACT OF PARIS, I 6+0$ 0&y $#2/2 #&0 &)/2&'y co62 (n$o 2@(0$2nc2 &>o/6('&)2 &//&y o> )($2/&$+/2 /2)&$(n< $o $#2 ?+20$(on. A c&/2>+) 2@&6(n&$(on o> $#202 =&/(o+0 &+$#o/($(20:o+)', I 2)(2=2, y(2)' $#2 >o))o:(n< CONFLICTING RESULTS;

1. T#2 K2))o


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$#2 Un(=2/0($y o> C&)(>o/n(&3. T#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 >&()2' $o 6&k2 =(o)&$(on0 o> ($0 $2/60 &n (n$2/n&$(on&) c/(62 "+n(0#&)22($#2/ y n&$(on&) co+/$0 o/ 0o62 (n$2/n&$(on&) $/(+n&); *M/. G2o/2 o> c(=()(2' n&$(on0 :#2n &n(n$2/n&$(on&) c+0$o6 0#o+)' 2 $&k2n $o #&=2 '2=2)o"2' $o #o)' &(2' (n $#2 C#&/$2/ )on< 2>o/2 $#2 &c$0 c#&/2n'&n$0 :2/2 co66($$2'*P/o>. /( P&/(0 (0 $#2 2=('2nc2 o> $#2 &cc2"$&nc2 y $#2 c(=()(2' n&$(on0 o> $#2 "/(nc(")2$#&$ :&/ (0 &n ())2 (n$2/n&$(on&) )&: *Lo/'/( P&/(0 con=2/$2' $#2 "/(nc(")2 $#&$ & "o0($(=2 )&: *Lo/' /( :('2n(n< 02n02 o>#+6&n($y, #&0 "/o&c2' :($# $#2 '+$y o> '2c('(n< (> $#2/(n &+) /2)&$(on0 2$:22n S$&$20 *M/.T/&(n(n &n' Lo/' /(; I$ /2&k0 (n$2/n&$(on&) "2&c2 *M/. T/&(n(n &n' Lo/' /((2' on 0o62 0"2c(>(2' o/2, & c/(62 Lo/' /( $#2 0&62, & n2: (n$2/n&$(on&) 0oc(2$y#&0 '2=2)o"2'. To >&c()($&$2 $#(0 "/oc200 o> '2=2)o"62n$ &n' $o 0$/2n n&$(on0 $#2 "/o)26 o>c/(6(n&) /20"on0(()($y >o/ &$$26"$0 on $#2 >o+n'&$(on0 o> (n$2/n&$(on&) /2)&$(on0 *M/.T/&(n(n.

T#(0 )&0$ "/o"o0($(on o> M/. T/&(n(n /2&))y >&))0 $o 2 con0('2/2' (n /2)&$(on $o $#2 >o+/$# "2/(o'0"2c(>(2' &o=2. B+$ I :o+)' 2@&6(n2 ($ &)on< :($# $#2 o$#2/ "/o"o0($(on0 >o/6+)&$2' y $#2 )2&/n2'&+$#o/.

I :o+)' >(/0$ o> &)) "/oc22' $o 2@&6(n2 $#2 2>>2c$ o> $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0. In 6y o"(n(on $#2 P&c$ '(' no$ (n&ny :&y c#&n&()2' $o (n$/o'+c2 &ny n2: /+)2 o> )&: (n $#(0 /20"2c$.


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T#2 ?+20$(on >&))0 $o 2 con0('2/2' FROM TO DISTINCT IEPOINTS, n&62)y;1. #2$#2/ $#2 P&c$ 6&'2 &ny :&/ & c/(62 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>23. #2$#2/ $#2 P&c$ (n$/o'+c2' $#2 ?+20$(on o> +0$(>(c&$(on o> :&/ (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2 &n' $#+0,6&k(n< & P&/(0 :&0 0(/&nk /2n+nc(&$(on o> :&/ &0 &n (n0$/+62n$ o> n&$(on&) "o)(cy0#o+)' 2 6&'2 $o $#2 2n' $#&$ $#2 "2&c2>+) &n' >/(2n')y /2)&$(on0 no: 2@(0$(n< 2$:22n $#2(/ "2o")206&y 2 "2/"2$+&$2'

Con=(nc2' $#&$ &)) c#&n & "2&c2>+) &n' o/'2/)y "/oc200, &n' $#&$ &ny 0( $#2 :o/)' :()) o(n (n $#(0 #+6&n22n'2&=o/, &n' y &'#2/(n< $o $#2 "/202n$ $/2&$y &0 0oon &0 ($ co620 (n$o >o/c2, /(n< $#2(/ "2o")20:($#(n $#2 0co"2 o> ($0 2n2>(c2n$ "/o=(0(on0, $#+0 +n($(n< $#2 c(=()(2' n&$(on0 o> $#2 :o/)' (n &co66on /2n+nc(&$(on o> :&/ &0 &n (n0$/+62n$ o> $#2(/ n&$(on&) "o)(cy $#2y #&=2 & $#2(/ /20"2c$(=2 "2o")20,$#&$ $#2y con'26n /2co+/02 $o :&/ >o/ $#2 0o)+$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) con$/o=2/0(20, &n' /2no+nc2 ($ &0 &n(n0$/+62n$ o> n&$(on&) "o)(cy (n $#2(/ /2)&$(on0 :($# on2 &no$#2/.

A/$(c)2 3. T#2 H(2c$ &0 2$:22n $#26 &0 0oon &0 &)) $#2(/ 02=2/&)(n0$/+62n$0 o> /&$(>(c&$(on 0#&)) #&=2 22n '2"o0($2' &$ &0#(n>2c$ &0 "/20c/(2' (n $#2 "/2c2'(n< "&/&o/ &'#2/2nc2 y &)) $#2 o$#2/ "o:2/0 o> $#2 :o/)'.

I$ :()) 2 "/o>($&)2 $o #&=2 & /(2> 0k2$c# o> $#2 #(0$o/y o> $#2 P&c$.

I :o+)' 0$&/$ >/o6 $#2 ABORTIE G2n2=& P/o$oco) o> 13. In $#2 "/2&6)2 o> $#(0 P/o$oco), $#2"&/$(20 '2c)&/2' $#2602)=20 $o 2 &n(6&$2 y $#2 >(/6 '20(/2 $o 2n0+/2 $#2 6&(n$2n&nc2 o> $#2 6262/0 o> $#2 (n$2/n&$(on&) co66+n($y, &n' &002/$2' $#&$ & :&/ o>


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& $#2 n&$(on&) &/6&62n$0 $o $#2 )o:20$"o(n$ con0(0$2n$ :($# n&$(on&) 0&>2$y, $#2 2n>o/c262n$ y co66on &c$(on o> (n$2/n&$(on&) o)(o/$# & '/&>$ /20o)+$(on (n $&k(n< +" $#2 0$+'y o> $#2 >+n'&62n$&) "/(nc(")20 o> $#2 G2n2=&P/o$oco) & n&$(on0B2(n< (n0"(/2' y & >(/6 '20(/2 >o/ $#2 6&(n$2n&nc2 o> &)) :&/0 o> & & :&/3. An +n'2/$&k(n< no$ $o 022k $#2 02$$)262n$ o> (n$2/n&$(on&) '(0"+$20 y o$#2/ $#&n "&c(>(c 62&n0.A$ $#2 )&0$ ")2n&/y 0200(on o> $#2 S(@$# In$2/n&$(on&) Con>2/2nc2 o> A62/(c&n S$&$20, :#(c# 0&$ &$H&=&n& >/o6 $#2 18$# J&n+&/y $o $#2 34$# F2/+&/y 13, $#2 M2@(c&n D2)2>2c$ $#&$;1. A)) &)(c$0 :#(c# 6&y &/(02 2$:22n $#26.

T#(0 /20o)+$(on :&0 &cc2"$2' &$ $#2 con>2/2nc2.

In $#2 62&n$(62, F/&nc2 :&0 $#(nk(n< o> c2)2/&$(n< $#2 $2n$# &nn(=2/0&/y o> $#2 2n$/y o> $#2 Un($2'S$&$20 (n$o $#2 G2n2/&) &/. T#2 '&$2 >2)) on $#2 8$# A"/() 137. Mon0(2+/ B/(&n' 62$ P/o>200o/ J&620T. S#o$:2)) on $#2 33n' M&/c#, :#o >o/6+)&$2' $o #(6 $#2 ('2& o> /2n+nc(&$(on o> :&/ &0 &n (n0$/+62n$o> n&$(on&) "o)(cy. Fo))o:(n< #(0 0+


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T#(0 $#2 P&c$ 0( 14, :#(c# :&0 '+2 $o2@"(/2 on $#2 37$# F2/+&/y 13, :&0 /2")&c2' y & n2: $/2&$y, '+)y 0(>2c$ $#&$ $#2 $:o "&/$(20 :2/2;

E&(c 02$$)262n$ o> (n$2/n&$(on&) '(0"+$20 0#&)) #&=2 2- )(6(n&$2' >o/2=2/ $#2"o00(()($y o> :&/ &6on< &ny o> $#2 "o:2/0 o> $#2 :o/)'.

A0 /2o/ $#2 /2n+nc(&$(on o> :&/, "/o"o02' y Mon0(2+/ B/(&n', 0#o+)' no$ 2 62/2)y ()&$2/&), +$6+)$()&$2/&).

T#2/2 >o))o:2' & con>)(c$. T#2 F/2nc# Go=2/n62n$ (n0(0$2' $#&$, (> $#2 $/2&$y :&0 $o 2 6+)$()&$2/&), $#2$2/60 "/o"o02' y Mon0(2+/ B/(&n' 0#o+)' 2 ?+&)(>(2' $#2 A62/(c&n Go=2/n62n$ (n0(0$2' $#&$ $#2$2@$ o> $#2 P&c$, 2=2n (n c&02 o> ($0 2(n< 6&'2 6+)$()&$2/&), 0#o+)' 2 &0 (n $#2 "/o"o02' '/&>$.E=2n$+&))y $#2 F/2nc# Go=2/n62n$ &cc2"$2' & 0+ B/(&n'0 '/&>$ o> $#2 "/2c2'(n< J+n2, 2@c2"$ 0o62 =2/&) c#&n ?+&)(>(c&$(on0 &n' "/o=(0o0 :2/2(n$/o'+c2' (n "/2c(02 $2/60. T#(0 F/2nc# '/&>$ 0o+o/:&/' on $#2 F/2nc# 0('2 (n $#2 co+/02 o> $#2F/&nco-A62/(c&n co//20"on'2nc2.

On $#2 3$# A"/(), M/. K2))oo))o:2' &>$2/ $#(0. E=2n$+&))y,$#2 B/($(0# Go=2/n62n$ &cc2"$2' K2))o $#2 3$#, (n & )on< &n' /2&0on2' no$2 '&$2' $#2 1$# M&y 13. F+/$#2/, $#2 B/($(0# Go=2/n62n$


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0+/o6 $#26 &)) y $#2 6('')2o> J+n2. A0 /2 $#2 1$# J+)y 13, (n $#2 &c$ o> &cc2"$(n< $#2 $/2&$y /2-0+6($$2' y M/. K2))o&/2&n' (n$2 :#(c# con0$($+$2 & 0"2c(&) &n' =($&) (n$2/20$ >o/ o+/ "2&c2 &n' 0&>2$y. H(0 M&20$y0Go=2/n62n$ #&=2 22n &$ "&(n0 $o 6&k2 ($ c)2&/ (n $#2 "&0$ $#&$ (n$2/>2/2nc2 :($# $#202 /2>2/2'. T#2(/ "/o$2c$(on & &c$(on (n $#(0 /20"2c$. T#2 Go=2/n62n$o> $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 #&=2 co6"&/&)2 (n$2/20$0, &ny '(0/2o/2, $#&$(n '2>(n(n< $#2(/ "o0($(on $#2y &/2 2@"/200(n< $#2 (n$2n$(on &n' 62&n(n< o> $#2 Un($2' S$&$20Go=2/n62n$. On $#2 39/' J+n2 13, M/. K2))o($0 >+/n(0#2' y $#(0 $/2&$y.

T#2 $/2&$y :&0 &cc2"$2' y $#2 =&/(o+0 o/6.

B2>o/2 $#2 S2n&$2 o> $#2 Un($2' S$&$20 /&$(>(2' $#2 P&c$, M/. K2))o$2n &""2&/2' 2>o/2 $#2 S2n&$2Co66($$22 on Fo/2( $#2 co66($$22, 6o0$ o> $#2 con$/o=2/0(&) "o(n$0 :2/2 /o+ $#2 $/2&$y :2/2 &>>2c$2' y $#2 "/2=(o+0 co//20"on'2nc2 2$:22n $#2 0( $#o02 no$20 $#&$ :&0 no$ con$&(n2',2@")(c($)y o/ (6")(c($)y, (n $#2 $/2&$y ($02)>. On $#2 ?+20$(on o> 02)>-'2>2n02, M/. K2))o-'2>2n02 +(&0 no$ )(6($2' $o $#2 '2>2n02 o> $2//($o/y +n'2/ $#2 0o=2/2( $#2 0$&$2conc2/n2', &n' $#&$ +n'2/ $#2 $/2&$y, 2&c# 0$&$2 :o+)' #&=2 $#2 "/2/o +'o/ ($02)>, HATACTION THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE COERED &n' :#2n ($ c&62 (n$o ")&y, 0+2c$ $o $#2/(0k $#&$ $#(0 +' $#2 :o/)' (> ($ (0 no$ &n #on20$ '2>2n02 $#&$ (0 &)). T#(0 (0M/. K2))o


47/503

o/( $#(0 P&c$, #o:2=2/, &):&y0

/26&(n0 DEPENDENT ON THE ILL OF THE STATES, (n &0 6+c# &0 ($ (0 )2>$ $o $#202 0$&$20$#2602)=20 $o '2$2/6(n2 :#2$#2/ $#2(/ &c$(on :&0 o/ :&0 no$ (n =(o)&$(on o> $#2 o)(-'2>2n02 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2 (0 no$on)y no$ "/o#(($2', +$ $#&$ ($ (0 '2c)&/2' $#&$ EACH STATE RETAINS THE PREROGATIE OFJUDGING >o/ ($02)> HAT ACTION $#2 /( 02)>-'2>2n02 co=2/2' &n' :#2n ($ c&62 (n$o ")&y (0,(n 6y o"(n(on, 0+>>(c(2n$ $o $&k2 $#2 P&c$ o+$ o> $#2 c&$2 )&:. A0 '2c)&/2' y M/. K2))oo/ $#2 '2$2/6(n&$(on o> $#2 LEGAL CHARACTER o> /+)20 o> con'+c$o$&(n(n< (n 0oc(2$y &/2;

1. T#&$ on)y $#/o+(n&) &0c2/$&(n62n$ y & $#22002nc2 o> )&:.3. T#&$ ($ (0 2002n$(&) >o/ $#2 /+)2 o> )&: $#&$ $#2/2 0#o+)' 2@(0$ & $#2 :()) o> $#2 0+2c$ o> $#2 )&:, o/ $#&$ no 6&$$2/ #o: c/2&$2', ($ con$(n+20 $o 2@(0$ (n/20"2c$ o> $#2 0+2c$0 o> $#2 )&: (n'2"2n'2n$)y o> $#2(/ :()).

T#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 &0 2@")&(n2' y M/. K2))o $#2 /( 02)>-'2>2n02 &n' 02)>-"/202/=&$(on (n $#2>o/6 &n' $o $#2 2@$2n$ 2@")&(n2' y M/. K2))o ($ c&n 2 c&))2' & co66+n($y &$&)), $#(0 /( 02)>- '2>2n02 o/ 02)>-"/202/=&$(on (0 2=2n no: & >+n'&62n$&) /( 0$&$20 &/2 no/6&))y 0+o/'(n&$2 $o $#(0/(>o/'0 (n&'2?+&$2 "/o$2c$(on $o $#2 (n'(=('+&), #2 6+0$ 2 "2/6($$2', (> #(0 2@(0$2nc2 (0 (n?+20$(on, $o "/o$2c$ #(602)> y :#&$2=2/ 62&n0 6&y 2 n2c200&/y, &n' ($ :o+)' 2 '(>>(c+)$ $o 0&y $#&$&ny &c$ no$ (ncon0(0$2n$ :($# $#2 n&$+/2 o> & 6o/&) 2(n< (0 >o/(''2n, 0o 0oon &0 ($ c&n 2 "/o=2' $#&$y ($, &n' ($ on)y, 02)>-"/202/=&$(on c&n 2 02c+/2'. B+$ $#2 /(o/6 (0 /&$#2/ &


48/503

(0 (662'(&$2)y (n ?+20$(on, (n :#(c#, $#/o+ 2@$2n0(on o> $#2 ('2& o> 02)>-"/202/=&$(on $o(nc)+'2 02)>-"/o$2c$(on & )&: (n $#2 0&62 6&nn2/ &0 (> $#2(/ 2@(0$2nc2 :2/2 (n=o)=2'.T#2 /( 02)>-"/202/=&$(on (n 0o62 c&020 +0$(>(20 $#2 co66(00(on o> &c$0 o> =(o)2nc2 &/(2n')y o/ n2+$/&) 0$&$2, :#2n >/o6 ($0 "o0($(on &n' /20o+/c20 ($ (0 c&"&)2 o> 2(n< 6&'2 +02 o> $o

'&n>2c$ y &n 2n26y, :#2n $#2/2 (0 & kno:n (n$2n$(on on #(0 "&/$ 0o $o 6&k2 +02 o> ($, &n':#2n, 0+cc22', 2($#2/ $#/o+2n02 o/ 02)>-"/202/=&$(on $#+0;T#202 /( 02)>-"/202/=&$(on *con02/=&$(on, /20"2c$, (n'2"2n'2nc2 &n' 6+$+&) $/&'2, :#(c# c&n &))2 c&//(2' &ck $o & 0(n-"/202/=&$(on, &/2 >o+n'2' on $#2 =2/y no$(on o> $#2 0$&$2 &0 &"2/0on o> $#2 )&: o> n&$(on0. T#2y >o/6 $#2 $#2 )&: *'/o($ o> n&$(on0, &n' $#2co66on con0$($+$(on o> o+/ "o)($(c&) c(=()(&$(on. T#2 /2co & 0$&$2 (n $#2 ?+&)($y o> & 0+2c$o> $#2 )&: o> n&$(on0 (6")(20 ("0o +/2 $#2 /2co ($0 )2('2' $o ($. T#2 &n ('2&) :#(c# c&n +0$)y c)&(6 $#20+2c$(on o> ($0 6262/0 $o &n (6"o02' co66&n'. T#&$ ('2&) (0 02)>-"/202/=&$(on &n' 02)>-'2=2)o"62n$ (n #(0$o/y (n & :o/)' o> co6"2$(n< "#y0(c&) >o/c20 /2"/202n$2' y o$#2/ 0$&$20. T#(0 ('2&)c&n 2 +)$(6&$2)y >+)>())2' on)y y "#y0(c&) &n' 6o/&) >o/c2 on $#2 "&/$ o> $#2 0$&$2 ($ c&n 2 >+)>())2'on)y y 2n)(0$(n< &)) $#2 "#y0(c&) &n' 6o/&) "o:2/0 o> ($0 6262/0. T#2 2002nc2 o> $#2 0$&$2 (0 "o:2/,&0 /2=2&)2' (n =(c$o/(o+0 :&/.

Acco/'(n< $o HEGEL, $#2 /2)&$(on o> 0$&$20 (0 on2 o> (n'2"2n'2n$ 2n$($(20 :#(c# 6&k2 "/o6(020, +$ &$$#2 0&62 $(62 0$&n' &o=2 $#2(/ "/o6(020. No$#(n< 'on2 (n $#2 (n$2/20$ o> $#2 "/202/=&$(on o> $#2 0$&$2 (0())2 "o00()2 (n (n$2/n&$(on&) )(>2.

ESTLAKE, :#o $&k20 & 6o/2 /20$/(c$2' =(2: o> $#2 /(


49/503

#&$ :2 $&k2 $o 2 "o(n$2' o+$ y +0$(c2 &0 $#2 $/+2 (n$2/n&$(on&) /( 02)>-"/202/=&$(on (0 62/2)y$#&$ o> 02)>-'2>2n02. A 0$&$2 6&y '2>2n' ($02)> y "/2=2n$(=2 62&n0 (>, (n ($0 con0c(2n$(o+0 +' $#2)2 o/ o> ($0 0+2c$0, :#2$#2/ y $#2 o>>2n'(n< 0$&$2 o/ y ($0 0+2c$0 :($#o+$ '+2

/2"/200(on y ($ o/ &6")y co6"2n0&$(on, :#2n $#2 n&$+/2 o> $#2 c&02 &'6($0 co6"2n0&$(on. An' y '+2/2"/200(on :2 (n$2n' 0+c# &0 :()) 2>>2c$+&))y "/2=2n$ &)) +$ $/(>)(n< (n+/(20 *'2 6(n(6(0 non c+/&$ )2@,2=2n $#o+ 0+c# /2"/2000(on 6&y &/(02 >/o6 $#2 "o:2/)200n200 o> $#2 o/ o+/ "/202n$ "+/"o020. #&$ (0 n2c200&/y >o/ +0 $o no$(c2 (0 $#&$ $#2 conc2"$(on o>&- '2>2n02 /26&(n0 +n+0$(c(&)2, &n' (0 6&'2 $o '2"2n' on)y +"on $#2con0c(2n$(o+0 +' $#2 "&/$y ($02)>, THE PACT FAILS TO ADD ANYTHING TO THEEISTING LA. I$ on)y 02/=20 $o &2n'(n< "&/$y. No$#(n< c&n2 0&(' $o 2 )&: :#2n ($0 o)(o/ &)) "/&c$(c&) "+/"o020 '2"2n'2n$ on $#2 62/2 :()) o>$#2 "&/$y.

P/o>200o/ L&+$2/"&c#$ "o(n$0 o+$ $#&$ $#2 ?+20$(on o> $#2 >+)>())62n$ o> $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 #&0 22n$/2&$2' &0 non-+0$(c(&)2 6&$$2/ &0 $#2 /20+)$ o> $#2 '2$2/6(n&$(on o> ($0 "/(nc("&) 0(2n02 *$#&$ (0 >o/ '(0/2200o/ L&+$2/"&c#$ =2/y /( +'(c(&) '2$2/6(n&$(on (0no$ &n ())+0$/&$(on o> non-+0$(c(&()($y o> (6"o/$&n$ 6&$$2/0, +$ & con$/o=2/0(&) (n$2/"/2$&$(on c&)c+)&$2'$o /2'+c2 $#2 =&)+2 o> $#2 P&c$ o> P&/(0 &0 & )2o/2 +0, #o:2=2/, (0 no$ :#2$#2/ $#2 >+)>())62n$ o/ non>+)>())62n$ o> $#2 P&c$ :&0c&"&)2 o> +'(c(&) co $#2P&/$(20 $o $#2 Co=2n&n$, (> $#2 P&/$(20 $#2602)=20 (n$2n'2' $o 2n02 (0 '+2 $o $#2 con>+0(on o> $:o '(>>2/2n$ &0"2c$0 o> $#(0 ?+20$(on.T#2/2 (0, >(/0$, $#2 &c$+&) +02 o> >o/c2 :#2n & 0$&$2 2)(2=20 ($0 )(>2 &n' =($&) (n$2/20$0 $o 2 2n'&n 02)>-'2>2n02 $#&$ /2co+/02 $o ($ 6+0$, (n $#2 >(/0$ (n0$&nc2, 2 & 6&$$2/ >o/ $#2 +' $#2 0$&$2conc2/n2'. B+$ $#(0 (0 no /2&0on :#y (0 0#o+)' no$ /26&(n +0$(c(&)2 $o 022 (> $#2 0$&$2 /2&))y #&' &nyocc&0(on 0o $o 2)(2=2:#y $#2 )2 $#2 &c$(on $&k2n 0#o+)' no$ 2 +0$(c(&)2.


50/503

I$ (0 /( '(0(n$2-'2>2n02 (0 no$ &62n&)2 $o +'(c(&) '2$2/6(n&$(on.

I> $#(0 :2/2 $#2 co//2c$ (n$2/"/2$&$(on o> $#2 T/2&$y, $#2n, ($ (0 &'6($$2' $#&$ $#2 /20+)$ :o+)' 2 $o'2"/(=2 ($ o> ($0 )2 "/2=2n$(n< :&/. T#2 T/2&$y :o+)' 0$&6" &0 +n)&:>+) 0+c#:&/0 on)y &0 $#2 2))(o/6&nc2 o> $/2&$y o)( )&: con$&(n "/o=(0(on0 :#(c#2@"/200)y /2>2/ $o $#2 /2?+(/262n$ o> $#2 )2 $#2 T/2&$y 0o (n$2/"/2$2'.

P/o>200o/ L&+$2/"&c#$ #(602)>, #o:2=2/, (0 o> $#2 o"(n(on $#&$ $#2/2 (0 no$#(n< (n $#2 '2c)&/&$(on o//202/=&$(on0 /2>2//(n< $o $#2 P&c$ >o/ R2n+nc(&$(on o> &/, &n' conc2/n(n< $#2 /( 02)>-'2>2n02,:#(c# n2c200($&$20 $#2 &00+6"$(on $#&$ $#2 0( $#2 T/2&$y (n$2n'2' $o &'o"$ $#(0 (n$2/"/2$&$(on:#(c# :o+)' '2"/(=2 $#2 T/2&$y o> 6o0$ o> ($0 )2>(/6 & "/(nc(")2 n2c200&/()y =&)(':($#o+$ &ny 2@"/200 '2c)&/&$(on, n&62)y, $#&$ (6")(2' (n $#2 >(/0$-62n$(on2' (n$2/"/2$&$(on o> $#2non+0$(c(&()($y o> $#2 /( 02)>-'2>2n02.

T#(0 6&y 2 0o o/ >/o6 :#&$ #&0 22n 0&(' o> $#2 n&$+/2 o> $#(0 /( 02)>-'2>2n02, ($ (0 no$ o"2n $o +0 $o 2n02, &n' $#&$ 2&c# n&$(on :&0 $o 2 $#2 +' $#&$ ?+20$(on.

In 6y o"(n(on, ($ :o+)' no$ 2 co//2c$ $o 0&y $#&$ $#2 "&/$(20 $o $#2 P&c$ (n$2n'2' $o /202/=2 >o/ $#2(/o:n +' (662'(&$2 &c$(on. T#2 "&/$(20 $#2602)=20 n2=2/ +n'2/0$oo' $#2 P&c$(n $#&$ :&y, &n', I 2)(2=2, M/. K2))o 6&'2 ($ &6")y c)2&/ :#&$ $#2 P&c$ :&0 (n$2n'2' y $#2"&/$(20 $o 62&n (n $#(0 /20"2c$.

P/o>200o/ L&+$2/"&c#$ "o(n$0 o+$ $#2 "/(nc("&) '(>>(c+)$y $o 2 $#&$ $#2/2 (0 no 6&c#(n2/y "/o=('2' (n $#2P&c$ >o/ & )2-'2>2n02. S+c# 6&c#(n2/y 2@(0$0 (n $#2 Co=2n&n$ o> $#2L2& N&$(on0. Acco/'(n< $o #(6, $#2 Co+nc() &n' $#2 A0026)y o> $#2 L2&o/ 2=o)=(n< no$ on)y & 6o/&), +$ &)0o & )2

8/12/2019 Dissentient Judgement of R.B. Pal,

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Dissentient Judgement of R.B. Pal, Tokyo Tribunal