国际动物命名法规与动物物种名录...2 《国际动物命名法规》与分类学（核心理念） 3《国际动物命名法规》简介 ... •Kim van der Linde & Amir

国际动物命名法规与动物物种名录

周红章2016年生物多样性委员研讨班

主要内容

1 动物分类系统：名称的唯一性

2 《国际动物命名法规》与分类学（核心理念）

3《国际动物命名法规》简介

4 命名规则

5 模式与载名模式

6 可用名称与有效名称

7 异名与同名

8 委员会的作用

地球上有蕴藏着极大的生物多样性，物种数量巨大，发现物种、认识物种、记录物种及相关生物学知识，生物学的核心，也在相当长的时间内，是科学界的挑战。

隐翅虫

http://ergodd.zoo.ox.ac.uk/tranindiv.GIF

地球上的物种数量：

1千万-1.5亿。

实际描述：150万种。其中

甲虫物种总数：

约30万种；

隐翅虫科：6.6万种。

象虫类：约8万种

叶甲类：约6万种

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

Class: Hexapoda

Subclass: Insecta

Order: Coleoptera

Suborder: Polyphaga

[Supercohort]

[Cohort]

[Subcohort]

[FAM] Superfamily: CucujOIDEA

[FAM] Family: TenebrionIDAE

[FAM] Subfamily: TenebrionINAE

[FAM] Tribe: PlatynotINI

[FAM] Subtribe: Anomalipina

[GEN] Genus: Anomalipus

[GEN] Subgenus: Anomalipus

[SP] Species: Anomalipus (Anomalipus) plebejus Peringuey, 1896

[SP] Subspecies: A. (A.) plebejus plebejulus Endrödy Younga, 1988

[Variety] (not recognised by the Code)

等级系统，唯一名称

分类名录——科学名称的完整系统，知识管理、储备与检索的参照

关于生物物种名称的数据库与注册制度：

Zoobank (注册制度）

Species 2000

ITIS

中国生物多样性信息系统

各门类的物种数据库

GNA

Encyclopedia of Life

Tree of Life

Interesting websites

GBIF (www.gbif.org), Catalogue of Life (www.catalogueoflife.org),

ERMS, WoRMS, Fishbase, FaunaEuropaea (www.faunaeur.org),

Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG: www.tdwg.org)

BioNET International (http://www.bionet-

intl.org/opencms/opencms/index1.jsp)

Global Taxonomy Initiative (http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/cross-

cutting/taxonomy/)

Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBio: www.uBio.org)

http://www.kimvdlinde.com/professional/publications/DrosophilaSplit.html

http://www.kimvdlinde.com/professional/publications/DrosoPhylogeny.html

http://www.zmuc.dk/EntoWeb/InSysEvol/

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=GRH

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7648160&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S001667231000008X

http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/cross-cutting/taxonomy/

http://www.drosophila-conf.org/

对分类系统与科学名称体系的重大挑战

物种需要一个科学名称！

如何确保物种具有唯一正确、相对稳定、

且广泛使用的科学名称？

造成分类名称混乱的原因

巨量的物种数量（最重要的原因）；

科学发展是不断发展的，分类学也不断完善的；

分类学研究是不均衡的（类群，地域，分类学者）；

掌握信息是不完善的，也是不全面的；

条件决定的

态度决定的

分类变动与《法规》变动

物种数量，物种名录编制的痛点与动力

• Costello, M. J., Wilson, S., & Houlding, B. (2012). Predicting Total Global Species Richness Using Rates of Species Description and Estimates of Taxonomic Effort. Systematic Biology, 61(5), 871–883. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr080

• Mora, C., Tittensor, D. P., Adl, S., Simpson, A. G. B., & Worm, B. (2011). How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? (G. M. Mace, Ed.) PLoS Biology, 9(8), e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.t002

• Costello, M. J., May, R. M., & Stork, N. E. (2013). Can We Name Earth’s Species Before They Go Extinct? Science, 339(6118), 413–416. doi:10.1126/science.1230318 (see BBC News piece on this paper).

• Others (mnay different publications (like May, Erwin, Simpson etc.)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr080

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.t002

http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1230318

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21162197

果蝇学名问题：

Sophophora melanogaster，

还是 Drosophila melanogaster

Poster: Kim van der Linde, David Houle, Greg S. Spicer & Scott J. Steppan. (2008) "A Paraphyletic Genus Drosophila" 49th Annual Drosophila Research Conference, San Diego, California, USA.

Presentation: Kim van der Linde (2008). The fate of the genus Drosophila in modern systematics. Symposium on Drosophila Evolution, San Diego, CA, USA.


Supporting documents

Kim van der Linde, Gerhard Bächli, Masanori J. Toda, Wen-Xia Zhang, Toru Katoh, Yao-Guang Hu & Greg S. Spicer. Splitting the paraphyletic genus Drosophila while preserving the name Drosophila melanogaster.

Kim van der Linde & David Houle (2008). A supertree analysis and literature review of the genus Drosophila and related genera.Insect Systematics and Evolution 39(3): 241-267.

Kim van der Linde, David Houle, Greg S. Spicer & Scott J. Steppan (2010). A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae. Genetics Research, 92: 25-38.

Poster: Kim van der Linde & David Houle(2006) "Sophophora melanogaster?" 47th

Annual Drosophila Research Conference, Houston, Texas, USA.

http://www.kimvdlinde.com/professional/publications/DrosophilaSplit.html

http://www.kimvdlinde.com/professional/publications/DrosoPhylogeny.html

http://www.zmuc.dk/EntoWeb/InSysEvol/

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=GRH

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7648160&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S001667231000008X

http://www.kimvdlinde.com/professional/presentations/DrosoConf_2006.html


Revising the paraphyletic genus Drosophila sensu lato

The genus Drosophila, as currently defined, is paraphyletic.

A proposal to split the genus has been made, but runs into the problem that Drosophila melanogaster should be renamed Sophophora melanogaster.

To avoid that, an application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been made. The case has, as expected, generated much interest. (debating)

Official documents• Kim van der Linde, Gerhard Bächli, Masanori J. Toda, Wen-Xia Zhang, Toru Katoh, Yao-Guang Hu & Greg S. Spicer (2007). Case 3407: Drosophila Fallén, 1832 (Insecta, Diptera): proposed conservation of usage. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 64(4): 238-242. Reprint , additional references:

Revising the paraphyletic genus Drosophila sensu lato

•Comments March 2008 (BZN 65(1)) Andrew Polaszek. Page 55. ◦Amir Yassin. Pages 55-57. ◦V. S. Sidorenko. Page 57.

•Comments June 2008 (BZN 65(2))◦ Stéphane R. Prigent. Pages 137-140.

◦F. Christian Thompson, Neal L. Evenhuis, Thomas Pape & Adrian C. Pont. Pages 140-141.

◦Patrick M. O'Grady, Michael Ashburner, Sergio Castrezana, Rob DeSalle, Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro, Richard T. Lapoint,

Karl N. Magnacca, Therese A. Markow, Bryant F. McAllister, Alfredo Ruíz, Carlos R. Vilela & Francisca C.

do Val. Pages 141-144.

◦Pavel Štys. Pages 144-145.

◦Stephen D. Gaimari. Pages 146-147.

◦Shane F. McEvey, Michele Schiffer, Jean-Luc Da Lage, Jean R. David, Françoise Lemeunier, Dominique Joly, Pierre

Capy & Marie-Louise Cariou. Pages 147-150.

•Comments September 2008 (BZN 65(3)) ◦Hans Silfverberg. Pages 214-215. ◦Yves Roisin. Page 215.

•Comments December 2008 (BZN 65(4)) ◦Kim van der Linde, Gerhard Bächli, Masanori J. Toda, Wen-Xia Zhang, Toru

Katoh, Yao-Guang Hu & Greg S. Spicer. Pages 304-307.

•Comments March 2009 (BZN 66(1)) ◦Jan Máca. Pages 70-71.

•ICZN (2010) OPINION 2245 (Case 3407) Drosophila Fallén, 1823 (Insecta, Diptera): Drosophila funebris Fabricius,

1787 is maintained as the type species. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 67(1): 106-115. Opinion

including arguements of commissioners

•Kim van der Linde & Amir Yassin (2010) Opinion: The fruit fly formerly know as Drosophila. NewScientist 2764: 24-25

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 异名与同名


Correct application of

nomenclatural codes(e.g., correction of errors; homonyms;…)

命名法：命名的工具，

Increased scientific understanding(e.g., discoveries; changes in species

concept (s.l.) and phylogenetic

understanding)

分类科学：

为什么学名会变化？Why do names change?

Science Tool

《国际动物命名法规》与分类学（核心理念）

• 对于分类学研究：不干预，科学上中立；

• 保持科学名称的稳定性与唯一性。

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 异名与同名


国际动物命名法规（中文版）

动物命名及《国际动物命名法规》的相关网页

《国际动物命名法规》 International Commission and Code on

Zoological Nomenclature : http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp

Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/

《国际动物命名法规》委员会 International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature http://iczn.org/commissioners

Nomenclator Zoologicus (347,000 zoological genus- and subgenus

names from 1758 to 1994: http://www.ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus

http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp

http://zoobank.org/

http://iczn.org/

Chapt 1: 动物命名法 Zoological nomenclatureChapt 2: 动物科学名称的字数 The number of words in the scientific names

of animalsChapt 3: 发表的标准 Criteria of publicationChapt 4: 可用性的标准 Criteria of availabilityChapt 5: 发表的日期 Date of publicationChapt 6: 学名及命名调整的有效性 Validity of names and nomenclatural

actsChapt 7: 学名的构成和处理 Formation and treatment of namesChapt 8: 科级命名分类单元及其学名 Family-group nominal taxa and their

namesChapt 9:属级命名分类单元及其学名 Genus-group nominal taxa and their

namesChapt 10:种级命名分类单元及其学名 Species-group nominal taxa and their

namesChapt 11: 作者身份 AuthorshipChapt 12: 同名关系 HomonymyChapt 13: 命名法中的模式概念 The type concept in nomenclatureChapt 14: 科级单元的模式 Types in the family groupChapt 15: 属级单元的模式 Types in the genus groupChapt 16: 种级单元的模式 Types in the species groupChapt 17: 国际动物命名法委员 The International Commission on Zoological

NomenclatureChapt 18: 管理本《法规》的规定 Regulations governing this code

《国际动物命名法规》目录Title pageExplanatory Note on theCodePreface to the FourthEditionIntroductionPreamble

GlossarySummaryAppendicesAppendix A: Code ofEthicsAppendix B: General RecommendationsConstitution of the ICZNIndex

《国际动物命名法规》简介 1

权威性（为什么是一部国际法规）：

最初：国际动物学大会采纳通过，并授权生效

1973年以来：国际生物科学协会（IUBS)采纳通过，并授权生效。

作者权：国际动物命名法委员会

目标: 促进动物科学名称的稳定性与普遍性，确保每个分类单元的名称是唯一的和明确的，但不限制分类学研究与探索的观点表达和分类学处理。


目前正在采用的是：第四版（2000年1月1日生

效) ;

共18章90条（包括相应的荐则和举例）；

包括词汇和附录（A B C）


起始时间（1758年1月1日）；

适用范围：现生或绝灭的动物（实体或印迹等）；

排除：假想的概念，畸形个体，杂种，亚种下，现

生动物产物（1930年以后）等；

独立性（特别是原生生物）。

《国际动物命名法规》的发展历史简介 4

1758 Formal starting point = 10th Edition of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae (also

Clerck’s Aranei Svecici)

1842 Strickland Code (botany and zoology)

1889 First ICZ meeting (Paris); tentative adoption of a set of rules

1901 Fifth ICZ meeting (Berlin); “Rules of Zoological Nomenclature”;

published as Règles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique

(French, English & German)

1961 First edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature (朱弘复等译)

1964 Second edition

1985 Third edition (朱弘复等译)

1988 Launch of fourth edition project

1995 Draft of fourth edition released by Secretariat

1999 Fourth edition (current edition) (effect at 1 January 2000 (卜郑译)

2005 Discussion on registration of names re-opened; “zoobank”, Launch of

fifth edition project

2013 Singapo meeting (秘书处迁移，新版规划，改选委员会）

国际动物命名法规（中文版）简介 5

(朱弘复等译)

动物命名法的原则简介 6

The Principles of zoological nomenclature

1. 双名法原则 Principle of binomial

nomenclature.

2. 同等原则 Principle of coordination.

3. 模式固定原则 Principle of typification.

4. 优先权原则 Principle of priority.

5. 第一修订者原则 Principle of the first reviser.

6. 同名关系原则 Principle of homonymy.

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 异名与同名


动物命名法的原则The Principles of zoological nomenclature


nomenclature.






什么是“双名法”？

专用于种的名称;

“一个种的而不是任何其他级别的一个分类单元的科学名称，是两个名称的组合（一个双名），第一个是属名，第二个是种本名。属名必须以一个大写字母开始，种本名必须以一个小写字母开始”。

关于亚种名称（三名）：

关于亚属名称（插入名称）：在圆括号内，不是双名或三名的一部分。

物种名称：双名法

中国筒隐翅虫Osorius chinensis Bernhauer, 1934

短突隐翅虫Plastus (Eutriacanthus) curtcornis (Wu & Zhou, 2007)

注意：亚属名称的插入，不是双名的一部分；命名人加圆括号，不是原始组合，属变化（Wu and Zhou,

2007b: 268，Priochirus).

亚种名称：三名

中国筒隐翅虫

Osorius chinensis minutus Bernhauer, 1934

注意：• 有三个字，是亚种名称；• 有没有四名：第四个字，不符合《法规》；• 其他情况：如var. ， form 等。

参考：周红章．2002．关于亚种下名称的可用性问题：实例与分析．动物分类学报, 27 (4)：659-664.

学名的构成：

1. 拉丁化（由26个拉丁字母组成）

2. 属名：主格单数名词（或处理为主格单数名词）。

3. 种本名：与属名的性、数和格要一致，必须组合发表。

主格单数的形容词或分词、

与属名同格的主格单数名词、

属格形式的名词。

拓展学习：

什么是拉丁词的性、数和格？

推荐参考：

陈少风. 2007. 生物学拉丁语基础. 中国轻工业出版社。

张永辂. 1984. 古生物命名拉丁语。科学出版社。



nomenclature.






分类系统界 Kingdom门 Phylum亚门 Subphylum总纲 Superclass

纲 Class亚纲 Subclass总目 Superorder目 Order

亚目 Suborder

总科 Superfamily（－ oidea）

科 Family（－idae）亚科 Subfamily（－inae）族 Tribe (-ini; 亚族 –ina)

属 Genus

亚属 Subgenus种 Species亚种 Subspecies

亚种下名称 Infrasubspecies

法规适用范围

科级Family group

属级Genus group

种级Species group

属级名称与科级名称（单字）

隐翅虫属Staphylinus Linné, 1758

隐翅虫亚族 Staphylinina

隐翅虫族 Staphylinini

隐翅虫亚科 Staphylininae

隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae

隐翅虫总科 Staphylinoidea

Principle of co-ordination (Zoology only)Names established at any rank within the F/G/S groups are deemed

established at any rank within the group

– Family-group: Super-,Family, sub-, Tribus, sub-

– Genus-group: Genus, sub-

– Species-group: Species, sub-

重名关系Tautonymy

(Bison bison, Glis glis, Mops mops...) allowed in

zoology;

拉丁文简征 Latin diagnosis

required in botanical nomenclature

统一结尾Application & different standardised endings

不同《法规》比较

Standardized endings for names of taxa

Rank : Zoological Botanical Bacteriological

phylum/divisio * - phyta/-mycota1

classis * - opsida/-mycetes1/ -

phyceae²

subclassis * - idea/-mycetidae1/-

phycidae2

superordo * - anae

ordo * - ales - ales

subordo * - ineae - ineae

superfamily - oidea (not used) (not used)

family - idae - aceae - aceae

subfamily - inae - oideae - oideae

tribus - ini - eae - eae

subtribus - ina - inae - inae

同等原则在科级名称上应用：Piestinae Erichson, 1839

Piestinae Erichson, 1839: Eichelbaum, 1909: 111 (list of genera with some references; generic synonyms; number

of genera; number of species in each genus; general distribution of genera); Blackwelder, 1943: 41 (key to

genera from West Indies); Blackwelder, 1944: 100 (checklist of species from Mexico, Central and South

America, and the West Indies); Crowson, 1955: 33, 38 (adult and larval characters in key; notes);

Scheerpeltz, 1968a: 2 (catalog of Austrian species); Moore and Legner, 1979: 131 (characters; tabular key

to genera of North America north of Mexico); Naomi, 1995b: 141, 142 (discussion; key to genera of Japan);

M. Hansen, 1996: 36 (listed in Oxyteline group of subfamilies); M. Hansen, 1997: 125, 177, 179

(autapomorphic features; key adult and larval characters; notes); Herman, 2001: 1781 (catalog).

Piestini Erichson, 1839b: 31 (genera included: Leptochirus, Lispinus, Piestus, Prognatha, Isomalus, Hypotelus;

Type genus: Piestus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 4 (world catalog; Trigonuri, Piesti, Eleusii,

Leptochiri, Lispini, Thoracophori); Cameron, 1930: 25 (key to genera of British India); Scheerpeltz, 1933:

992 (world catalog supplement); Scheerpeltz, 1940: 9 (key to Palaearctic genera).

Piesti: Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 6 (world catalog; Piestus, Eupiestus, Euphanias, Siagonium, Cephaloxynum,

Piestoneus, Hypotelus); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 993 (world catalog supplement); Scheerpeltz, 1968a: 2 (catalog

of Austrian species).

Piestina: Jakobson, 1908: 446, 464 (characters; key to genera; list of species of Russia and western Europe);

Hatch, 1957: 241 (characters; species of Pacific Northwest).

Prognathites Blanchard, 1845: 290 (genera included: Hypotelus, Isomalus, Prognathus, Piestus, Lispinus,

Leptochirus; Type genus: Prognathus (see Newton and Thayer, 1992: 62); Newton and Thayer, 1992: 62

(synonym of Piestinae).

Prognathaires Mulsant and Rey, 1878: 454, 827 (genera included: Prognatha, Glyptoma; Type genus: Prognathus;

Newton and Thayer, 1992: 62 (synonym of Piestinae).

Siagoniini Crowson, 1980: 289 (genera included: Siagonium, Parasiagonium, Prognathoides; cited without

characters; Type genus: Siagonium); Newton and Thayer, 1992: 63 (synonym of Piestinae).

同等原则在属级名称上应用：

原来的属Prochirus

是并系

Borolinus 属

Thoracochir属

原来的属Prochirus

保留原属名Prochirus

一个新属Plastus

同等原则下处理种级名称及亚种下名称：

Oxyporus nigriceps Cameron, 1924

O. flavicornis var. nigriceps Cameron, 1924: 178; Cameron, 1930:

312; Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1141 (catalogued); Zhou, 2003: 310

(valid species).

O. flavicornis sensu Cameron, 1930: 312 (non Schubert, 1908)

(redescription).

O. flavicornis var. maculatus Cameron, 1930: 312 ; Scheerpeltz,

1933: 1141 (catalogued).

O. proximus Cameron, 1931: iii (nom. nov.); Scheerpeltz, 1933:

1141 (catalogued); Herman, 2001:1988 (valid); Zhou, 2003:

310 (syn. of nigriceps ).

应用“同等原则 ”Principle of coordination.

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 异名与同名




nomenclature.






Art. 61.1. Each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups has actually

or potentially a name-bearing type. The fixation of the name bearing type of a

nominal taxon provides the objective standard of reference for the application of

the name it bears.

61.1.1. The valid name from a taxon is determined only from the name-

bearing type(s)

61.1.2. Objectivity through typification is continuous through the hierarchy of

names, from species to family group

61.1.3. Name-bearing types (generally) are stable and provide objective

continuity in the application of names

(ICZN)

=> Identity of a name relies only on its type, not on its

description or diagnosis

模式固定原则Principle of Typification

Types of name-bearing types (in the species group)

Original designation(Fixed in the original publication)

Subsequent designation(Not fixed in the original publication)

正模Holotype: the single specimen

upon which a new species-group taxon

is based in the original publication (see

also isotype)

副模Paratypes: remaining specimens

of the original type series (see also

allotype)

全模Syntypes: specimens of a type

series that collectively constitute the

name-bearing type

选模Lectotype: a syntype

designated as the single-name

bearing type specimen

副选模Paralectotypes: each

specimen of the former syntype series

remaining after lectotype designation (see also isolectotype)

新模Neotype: the single specimen

designated as the name-bearing type

when no name-bearing type specimen

is believed to exist (anymore)

Principle of Typification

与模式相关的重要问题：

科级单元的模式：模式属，名称相关; 换模式就要换名称。

属级单元的模式种：原始指定，后来指定，独模。

模式产地：

模式标本：

模式指定 type fixiation

综模中的选模指定 How does it work?

SyntypesType localities New Species A

Species B

How does it work?

Holotype + ParatypesType locality

New Species A

Species B

How does it work?

Lectotype + paralectotypeType localities Species A

Species B

How does it work?

Lectotype + paralectotypeType localities Species A

Species B

没有实体标本收藏，能发表新种吗？

We had this discussion at the ICZN meeting in Washington DC in 2007, and decided that requiring a physical type specimen created too many new problems, including (the first two already mentioned by Frank):- How to deal with taxa that cannot be preserved effectively- How to deal with taxa that live in extreme environments where collection is effectively impossible, but organisms are readily diagnosable from image-based characters- How to deal with taxa that are extremely endangered- How to deal with taxa known only from regions where collecting permits are impossible to obtain- How to define how much of an organism must be preserved in order to constitute a legitimate type specimen (A single hair? A single cell? A single DNA molecule?)- How to define the integrity of the preservation method- Etc. (there were other issues raised, which I can’t remember off the top of my head right now)

根据照片能发表新种吗？一个新的案例。

发表与正式的采集许可制度！

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 异名与同名


可用名称：可用的标准

第四章 10-20条。

正式发表（或出版，作者身份与日期）；

拉丁字母的强制使用，有出处（来自一个语言，字母组合能当成一个拉丁化的字，地方性名称应该恰当拉丁化；

双名法一贯使用；

提出时被认为是有效的；

种级、属级与科级；

注意各年代阶段的不同（1930，1960， 1999）。

有效科学名称（唯一的正确名称）的判定步骤：

1. 正式发表的（没有发表排除）(published or

not)?

2. 《动物命名法规》包括在内的（not excluded);

3. 符合《法规》各条规定的可用名称（不符合的不

可用（available or unavailable)?

4. 客观有效的（客观无效的排除）（objectively

valid, objectively invalid excluded)

5. 主观有效（主观无效排除，由分类学研究判定)

(subjectively valid , subjectively invalid).

1

2

3

4

5

可用名称：发表才能成为可用

第四章 7-9条：发表（出版物）的标准。

为了提出一项公开的和永久的科学记录而发行的；

首次发行时能免费或通过购买而得到；

保证获得许多相同而耐用的拷贝；

最近的修订：电子出版，Zoobank 注册；

可用名称：发表才能成为可用第四章 9条：什么不构成发表（出版物）。

1930年以后通过任何过程产生的手迹；

各类照相；

校样；

缩微胶片；各类声学记录；

标本的标签；

未发表的拷贝；

与会议相关的各类（文摘、论文、墙报等）

学位论文不算。

争议（个人一些行为：买书号印刷，出版没有同评议的杂志等，互联网公开，正式杂志的公开撤稿）

发表日期很重要，如何确定发表日期：

第五章21条：日期的确定；22条：日期的引证。

注明的日期；

未注明：年或月的最后一日；

不确定的日期：证据说了算，否则参见前一条；

分期发表：分别确定；

日期的范围：最后一个日期；

日期未注明：证据说了算，否则参见前一条；

电子版：提前上网？预印本，单印本。

作者后：作者与年代之间，只应有一个逗号。

名称的有效性

法规第六章：唯一正确使用的名称

23条优先权原则；

24条第一修订者原则（第一厘订者原则）

当一个单元有多个名称或两个以上单元有相同名称时，优先权决定有效性

瘤叶甲属 The genus Chlamisus Rafinesque, 1815

Rafinesque, 1815: 16; Gressitt, 1946: 84; Monrós, 1949: 617; 1950: 412-413; 1952: 540,

547-549; Chûjô, 1956: 54; Gressitt & Kimoto, 1961: 176-189; Kimoto and Gressitt,

1981; 387.

Type species: Bruchus gibbosus Fabricius, 1777 (=Chlamys tuberosa Knock).

Syn.: Chlamys Knoch, 1801: 122; (nec Röding IN Bolten, 1798); Jacoby 1908: 271 (type

species); Chen 1940: 192; Gressitt 1942: 354. Type species: Bruchus gibbosus

Fabricius, designed by Jacoby, 1908.

Myochlamys H. Ihering 1905: 642 (nec Fairmaire, 1876; replacement name for

Chlamys Knoch, 1801).

Arthrochlamys Ihering 1907: 251 (replacement name for Myochlamys Ihering 1905).

Boloschesis Jacobson 1924: 239 (replacement name for Chlamys Knoch, 1801).

Exema Lacordaire 1848: 634, 844; Chapuis 1874: 204; Jacoby 1908: 271, 278 (type

species); Achard 1913: 243-247; Chûjô1940: 265; 1942: 77; Monros 1952:540,

645-647; Chûjô, 1956: 54 (syn. of Chlamisus). Type species: Chlamys intricata

Kollar.

优先权：异名中的发表日期7. 黄铠甲Micropeplus fulvus Erichson, 1840

Erichson, 1840: 912 (Type locality: Lutetiae); Fauvel, 1861: 263(synonym ofmargaritae); Fauvel, 1873b: 108 [=1873c: 1] (Sardinia; Sicily; Russia); Fauvel,1874: 319 [=1874b: 25] (Japan); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 27 (catalog); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1022 (catolog); Nakane, 1963a: 81(habitus photograph; Japan); J. Li, 1993: 18(cited as fulyus; China); Assing and Wunderle, 2001: 36 (Cyprus); Herman, 2001: 191 (catalog).

Syn.: Micropeplus margatitae Jacquelin du Val, 1857: 82 (Type locality: jardin à Bercy); Fauvel, 1871a: 36 [=1972:10] (synonym of fulvus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 28 (synonym of fulvus).

Micropeplus angulosus Motschulsky, 1860: 542 (Type locality: Sicile); Fauvel, 1869: 494 (synonym of fulvus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 27 (synonym of fulvus).

Micropeplus ferrugieus Motschulsky, 1860: 541(Type locality: Géorgieméridionale aux envirous d'Elisabethpol); Fauvel, 1871a: 36[=1872:10] (synonym of fulvus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 28 (synonym of fulvus).

Micropeplus japonicus Sharp, 1874: 101(variety of fulvus; Type locality: Japan); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1910: 28 (variety of fulvus); Watanabe and Shibata, 1964: 67, 68 (subgenus Micropeplus; subspecies of fulvus; Japan); Abdullah and Qadri, 1968a: 303 (variety of fulvus; East Pakistan); Watanabe, 1975: 316 (subspecies of fulvus Japan); Coiffait, 1982: 40 (subspecies of fulvus; India); Watanabe and Luo, 1991: 93 (subspecies of fulvus; China); Löbl & Smetana, 2004: 271 (ZHE).



nomenclature.






主要内容




4 命名规则



7 同物异名与异物同名


同物异名：一个单元有多于一个的名称

同物异名：synonym；异名关系：synonymy;

科，属，种：

首异名与次异名。

客观同物异名：objective synonym；基于相同

载名模式；

主观同物异名：subjective synonym；基于不同

载名模式，分类学者观点不同的原因。

客观同物异名与主观同物异名

7. 盗隐翅虫属 Lesteva Latreille, 1797

Latreille, 1797: 75 (Without includes species, see Latreille, 1802: 129 for first included species);Watanabe, 1990: 149 (key to species of Japan); Rougemont, 2000: 147 (key to and descriptions of species of China); Herman, 2001: 309 (catalog); Löbl & Smetana, 2004: 245 (catalog).

Type species Lesteva punctulata Latreille, fixed by Latreille, 1804: 369(see Herman, 2001).

Syn.: Tevales Casey, 1894; 398, 399 (species included: cribratulus). Type species: Tevales cribratulus Casey, fixed by monotypy.

Pseudolesteva Casey, 1894: 398, 399 (species included: pallipes, biguttula, picescens). Type species: Lesteva pallipes LeConte, fixed by subsequence designation of its objective synonym Paralesteva for which R. Lucas, 1920: 480, designated the type species.

Paralesteva Casey, 1905: 164 (replacement name for Pseudolesteva Casey). Type species: : Lesteva pallipes LeConte, fixed by subsequence designation by R. Lucas, 1920: 480.

Lestevella Jeannel and Jarrige, 1949: 313, 315 (subgenus of Lesteva; species included: pubescens, pandellei). Type species: Lesteva pubescens Mannerheim, fixed by original designation.

Lestevidia Jeannel and Jarrige, 1949: 313, 315 (subgenus of Lesteva; species included: punctata).Type species: Lesteva punctata Erichson, fixed by original designation and monotypy.

Lesta Blackwelder, 1952: 218 (replacement named for Lesteva Latreille; [Note: According to Blackwelder, Lesta was needed to replace Lesteva since that name was needed forAnthophagus]). Type species: Staphylinus longoelytrata Goeze, fixed by original designation.

Lestevina Bordoni, 1999a: 119 ([Note: See Bordoni, 1973h for description and list of species included]). Type species: Lesteva sbordonii Bordoni, fixed by original designation.

异物同名：不同单元有相同的名称

异物同名：homonym；同名关系：homonymy;

科，属，种：

首同名与次同名。

原同名：primary homonym；原始的、与同一属名组合

的不同种本名相同，是为不同单元建立；

后同名：secondary homonym；由于后来的变动，与同

一属名组合的导致种本名相同，是为不同单元建立。



nomenclature.






4

5

异名及同名关系，在名录中引证瘤叶甲属The genus Chlamisus Rafinesque, 1815

Rafinesque, 1815: 16; Gressitt, 1946: 84; Monrós, 1949: 617; 1950: 412-413; 1952: 540,

547-549; Chûjô, 1956: 54; Gressitt & Kimoto, 1961: 176-189; Kimoto and Gressitt,

1981; 387.

Type species: Bruchus gibbosus Fabricius, 1777 (=Chlamys tuberosa Knock).

Syn.: Chlamys Knoch, 1801: 122; (nec Röding IN Bolten, 1798); Jacoby 1908: 271 (type

species); Chen 1940: 192; Gressitt 1942: 354. Type species: Bruchus gibbosus

Fabricius, designed by Jacoby, 1908.

Myochlamys H. Ihering 1905: 642 (nec Fairmaire, 1876; replacement name for

Chlamys Knoch, 1801).

Arthrochlamys Ihering 1907: 251 (replacement name for Myochlamys Ihering 1905).

Boloschesis Jacobson 1924: 239 (replacement name for Chlamys Knoch, 1801).

Exema Lacordaire 1848: 634, 844; Chapuis 1874: 204; Jacoby 1908: 271, 278 (type

species); Achard 1913: 243-247; Chûjô1940: 265; 1942: 77; Monros 1952:540,

645-647; Chûjô, 1956: 54 (syn. of Chlamisus). Type species: Chlamys intricata

Kollar.

客观与主观（objective or subjective)

属级单元的同名（最多，也最困难）

A genus name must be unique in the animal

kingdom. Hence, careful consideration should

be given when selecting a genus name.

Taxonomic resources : Neave (1939),

Edwards & Vevers (1975), Sherborn (1902,

1922, 1932), Zoological Record, and the

World Wide Web should be consulted.

关于异物同名的若干问题

属级异物同名最难避免。

种级异物同名最复杂。

拼写不一样，就一定不是同名吗？

拼写一样呢？

都不一定，关键看词源。

关于异物同名的若干问题_1

种级异物同名最复杂：受属名变动影响。


拼写不一样，就一定不是同名吗？

不一定，关键看词源。下边列一些有用例子。

首先，看一个与中国有关的例子：

“中国”为基本含义的三个名称

sinensis, sinicus 和 chinensis，

拼写不一样，但构成同名关系（荐则58A）。

《法规》第58条规定，下列不同拼法是同名：(1) 使用ae, oe 或e，如caeruleus, coeruleus和ceruleus被视为同名；

(2) 使用ei, i或y, 如cheiropus, chiropus和 chyropus被视为同名；

(3) 将i和j用作同一拉丁字母，如iavanus和javanus被视为同名; maior和major被视为同名；

(4) 将u和v用作同一拉丁字母，如neura和nevra被视为同名; miluina和milvina被视为同名;

(5) 将c和k用作同一字母, 如microdon和mikrodon被视为同名;

(6) 一个辅音的气音与非气音，如oxyrhynchus和oxyxrynchus被视为同名;

(7) 使用单个或双列的辅音字母，如litoralis和littoralis被视为同名;

(8) 在字母t前加c或不加c，如auctumnalis和autumnalis被视为同名;

(9) 使用f或ph, 如sulfureus和sulphureus被视为同名;

(10) 使用ch或c，如chloropterus和cloropterus被视为同名；

(11) 使用th或t，如thiara和tiara被视为同名；clathratus和clatratus被视为同名;

(12) 在复合词中使用不同的连接元音，如nigricinctus和nigrocinctus被视为同名;

(13) 将半元音i转换成y, ei, ej或ij，如guianensis和guyanensis被视为同名;

(14) 基于人名（复数或单数）建立的名称，或者在与该单元有关系的地名、寄主名或其它实物名基础上建立的名称，以下列之一作为第二格（所有格genitive）词尾：-i或-ii, -ae或 -iae, -

orum或-iorum, -arum或-iarum; 或者，以上列之一作为复合的种级名称词素之间的连接。例如，smithi和smithii，patchae和patchiae, fasciventris和fasciiventris，均依次被视为同名;

(15) 在后缀或词尾之前，有或无i, 如timorensis和timoriensis, comstockana和comstockiana，各被视为同名。


种级异物同名最复杂。

拼写一样呢？例如：

Noctua variegata Jung, 1792（昆虫纲）

Noctua variegata Quoy & Gaimard, 1830（鸟纲）

种级名称不能构成异物同名关系（《法规》第57.8条）。

属级是同名，其中一个要废弃。

分类名录的引证

分类引证是一个分类单元的历史文献总结、分析与结论，是分类学研究的结果。

一个单元的分类引证，要体现该作者（或当代分类者）的分类研究的结论及观点。

所有关于这个单元的文献，都是代表一种分类学的处理或观点（不管是否是抄写来的引证），这要在名录中体现出来。

引证格式，要有方便于单元的分类变化。

在分类引证中，要分清楚属一级变化，还是种一级变化；尽量减少或避免属一级分类变化（亚属提升、属名变换等）对种级名称的影响。

8. 毛须隐翅虫属 Ischnosoma Stephens, 1829 Stephens, 1829a: 22 (species included: splendens, tenuis, lepidum, punctatostriatum, splendidum, punctum along

with 4 unavailable names); Erichson, 1839b: 281 (synonym of Mycetoporus); Seidlitz, 1891: 410 (subgenus of

Mycetoporus; key to some European species); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1479 (subgenus of Mycetoporus); Blackwelder,

1952: 204 (synonym of Mycetoporus; type species: splendida); Tikhomirova, 1973a: 148 (subgenus of

Mycetoporus; checklist of species of USSR); Campbell, 1991a: 74 (valid genus; key to North and Central

American species); Campbell, 1992a (application to Commission to conserve Ischnosoma and to give

Mycetoporus precedence over Ischnosoma if the two become synonyms); Kocian, 1997 (revision of and key to

species of western Palaearctic; species group classification); Schülke, 1998i: 140, 141 (valid genus); Newton,

Thayer, Ashe, and Chandler, 2000: 357 (13 Nearctic species; notes; characters in key); Herman, 2001: 716

(catalog); Löbl & Smetana, 2004: 332 (catalog).

Type species: Tachinus splendidus Gravenhorst, fixed by subsequent designation by Thomson, 1859: 47; the type

species designation is endorsed and Ischnosoma is conserved with proviso that according to decisions by the

Commission in Opinion 1726 (ICZN, 1993).

Syn.: Leichotes Gistel, 1834: 9 (species included: punctus, lepidus, splendidus along with 3 other unavailable

names); Campbell, 1991a: 74 (synonym of Ischnosoma). Type species: Tachinus splendidus

Gravenhorst, fixed by subsequent designation by Blackwelder, 1952: 212.

Myteroxis Des Gozis, 1886: 14 (species included: splendidus); Luze, 1901c: 663 (synonym of Ischnosoma).

Type species: Tachinus splendidus Gravenhorst, fixed by original designation.

Ischnosomata E. Strand, 1935: 293 (replacement name for Ischnosoma Stephens); Campbell, 1991a: 74

(synonym of Ischnosoma). Type species: Tachinus splendidus Gravenhorst, fixed by objective synonymy

with Ischnosoma.

从Mycetoporus属分出来的。该属还是有效属

Mycetoporus Mannerheim, 1830 Mannerheim, 1830: 11, 62 (species included: lepidus, splendidus, pallidulus, longulus, punctus); Bernhauer and

Schubert, 1916: 448 (world catalog; 87 species); Cameron, 1932: 327 ( key to species of British India);

Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1479 (world catalog supplement); Shibata, 1985a: 18 (checklist of species of Japan);

Campbell, 1991a: 9 (key to North American and Mexican species; species groups); Campbell, 1992a

(application to Commission for designation of punctus Gravenhorst as type species and for precedence of

Mycetoporus over Ischnosoma); Schülke, 1998i: 141 (characters); Schülke and Kocian, 2000: 21 (revision of

nigricollis species group; key); Herman, 2001 (catalog).

Type species: Tachinus punctus Gravenhorst by subsequent designation by Thomson, 1859: 47, affirmed by

action of the Commission in Opinion 1726 with Mycetoporus taking precedence over Ischnosoma if the two

become synonyms (ICZN, 1993).

Syn.: Schinomosa Tottenham, 1939d: 226 (proposed for Thomson’s misuse of Mycetoporus); Tottenham, 1949:

378, 423 (type species: punctus Gyllenhal; subgenus of Mycetoporus; checklist of British species);

Campbell, 1991a: 9 (synonym of Mycetoporus); ICZN, 1993: 171 (placed on Official Index of Rejected

and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology). Type species: Tachinus punctus Gravenhorst, by original

designation.

(1) 红头毛须隐翅虫 Ischnosoma splendidum (Gravenhorst, 1806) Gravenhorst, 1806: 24 (Tachinus; Type locality: Brunsvigae; [Note: See lectotype designation by Kocian, 1997].

Also cited from Norimbergae); Cameron, 1932: 329 (Mycetoporus; East Indies); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1485

(Mycetoporus; catalog); L.-Z. Li, 1996: 257 (Ischnosoma; Japan); Downie and Arnett, 1996: 468

(Ischnosoma; cited as spendidum; USA); Schülke, 1998i: 141 (Ischnosoma); Assing and Schülke, 1999: 15

(Ischnosoma; note); Ryabukhin, 1999: 77 (Ischnosoma; catalog; habitat; distribution; northeastern Russia);

Herman, 2001: 724 (catalog, much detailed citaions); Löbl & Smetana, 2004: 333 (catalog, HEB). Syn.: Mycetoporus pallidulum Mannerheim, 1830: 63 (Type locality: Villnäs, Finland; lectotype designation by

Kocian, 1997; Originally cited from Finlandia australis; Sueciae: Ostrogothia); Mannerheim, 1831: 477

(Mycetoporus; Finland; Sweden); Kraatz, 1857d: 466 (Mycetoporus; cited as pallidus; characters;

Germany); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 565 (Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

Bolitobius nitidulum Stephens, 1832: 175 (Type locality: Battersea; Ripley; lectotype designation by Schülke,

2000b); Stephens, 1839: 379 (Bolitobius; characters; England); G. Waterhouse, 1858: 22 (Mycetoporus;

synonym of splendidus).

Bolitobius piciceps Stephens, 1832: 176 (Type locality: London; lectotype designation by Schülke, 2000b);

G. Waterhouse, 1858: 22 (Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

Bolitobius ruficolle Stephens, 1832: 176 (Type locality: Norfolk; London); G. Waterhouse, 1858: 22

(Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

Bolitobius simpsoni Stephens, 1832: 176 (Type locality: Yorkshire; Schülke, 2000b: 102 (Ischnosoma; type

probably lost; synonym of splendidum).

Megacronus elegans A. Matthews, 1838: 197 (Type locality: Weston); Erichson, 1840: 922 (Bolitobius, cited

as Boletobius; synonym of pygmaeus); G. Waterhouse, 1858: 22 (Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

Mycetoporus subrubrum Heer, 1841: 586 (variety of splendidus; Type locality: Genf); Fauvel, 1869: 486

(Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

Mycetoporus braminum Motschulsky, 1858a: 215 (Type locality: Indes orientales); Bernhauer and Schubert,

1916: 449 (Mycetoporus; catalog); Cameron, 1932: 329 (Mycetoporus; characters; East Indies);

Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1480 (Mycetoporus; catalog); Cameron, 1934d: 79 (Mycetoporus; type examined;

synonym of splendidus).

Mycetoporus testaceum Kraatz, 1859: 64 (Type locality: India orientalis; lectotype designation by Kocian,

1997); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 455 (Mycetoporus; synonym of splendidus).

分布：河北；日本，俄罗斯，欧洲，中亚，北非，加拿大，美国。

15. Sepedophilus Gistel, 1856 Gistel, 1856: 267, 386 (species included: pubescens, littoreus, binotatus; [Note: Gistel included “pubescens Gr.”.

Gravenhorst did not name pubescens; he cited the name twice, that described by Paykull and the other by De

Geer. Blackwelder, 1952: 350 fixed as type species the Paykull name. Note: Conosoma, Conosomus, and

Conurus were misidentified by most authors and most of the species described under these names are in

Sepedophilus. However, the type species for these names are in Tachinus and so they are junior synonyms of

Tachinus; all the species descibed under the three generic names are cross-indexed in Tachinus but most are

included in Sepedophilus]); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 465 (world catalog; cited as Conosoma; 141

species); Cameron, 1921a: 355, 406 (cited as Conosoma; key to Singapore species; catalog); 1925: 77

(catalog of Indian species; cited as Conosoma); 1932: 353 (cited as Conosoma; key to species of British

India); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1493 (cited as Conosoma; world catalog supplement); Cameron, 1950d: 26 (cited

as Conosoma; key to Malayan species); Shibata, 1973c: 65 (checklist of species of Taiwan); Tikhomirova,

1973a: 149 (cited as Conosoma; checklist of species of USSR); Hammond, 1984: 208 (checklist of species of

Borneo); Shibata, 1985a: 36 (checklist of species of Japan); Naomi and Maruyama, 1997 (revision of and key

to species of armatus group in Japan); 1997b: 62, 66 (characters for glabratus and exiguus species groups and

revision of species of Japan); 1998 (revision of and key to species of pedicularius species group in Japan);

Kim and Ahn, 2000: 252 (key to species of Korea); Herman 2001: 853 (catalog); Löbl & Smetana 2004: 341

(catalog).

Type species: Staphilinus pubescens Paykull, fixed by subsequent designation by Blackwelder, 1952: 350.

(1) Sepedophilus littoreus (Linné, 1758)

Linné, 1758: 422 (Staphylinus; Type locality: Not cited; [Note: See lectotype designation by

Hammond, 1973]); 1760: 232 (Staphylinus; Sweden); 1767: 685 (Staphylinus; Europe); Goeze,

1777: 720 (Staphylinus); Villers, 1789: 416 (Staphylinus); Gmelin, 1790: 2029 (Staphylinus);

Paykull, 1800: 421 (Staphylinus; synonym of cellaris Fabricius); Fabricius, 1801: 605

(Oxyporus; synonym of cellaris Fabricius); Turton, 1802: 515 (Staphylinus); Curtis, 1839: pl.

762 (Tachyporus; Britain); Erichson, 1839a: 399 (Tachyporus; Germany); Heer, 1839: 291

(Tachyporus; Switzerland); Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus; Europe); Stephens, 1839: 377

(Conurus; England); Kiesenwetter, 1844: 343 (Conurus; notes); Westwood, 1845: 51 (Conurus;

notes); Redtenbacher, 1849: 679 (Conurus; Austria); Hardy, 1851: 65 (Conurus; notes;

England); Fairmaire and Laboulbène, 1856:474 (Conurus; France); Kraatz, 1857d: 433

(Conosoma; cited as litoreum; Germany); Redtenbacher, 1857: 168 (Conurus; Austria);

Thomson, 1861: 148 (Conosoma; Scandinavia); Gredler, 1863: 97 (Conosoma; cited as litoreum;

Austria); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 560 (Conurus; catalog); Pandellé, 1869: 289 (Conurus;

Sweden, Pyrenees); Redtenbacher, 1874: 190 (Conosoma; Austria); Fauvel, 1875: 609 [= 1876:

91] (Conurus; France; Caucasus; North America); Seidlitz, 1875: 283 (Conurus; Baltic region);

J. Sahlberg, 1876: 184 (Conurus; Finland); Horn, 1877: 109 (Conosoma; Massachusetts and

Canada); Rey, 1882: 176 (Conurus; France); Fowler, 1888: 191 (Conosoma; Britain); Casey,

1895: 438 (Conosoma; Massachusetts); Ganglbauer, 1895: 356 (Conurus; Europe); Luze, 1902:

23 (Conosoma; Europe; Caucasus; North America); Reitter, 1909: 93 (Conosoma; Germany);

Johansen, 1914: 301 (Conosoma; cited as litorea; Denmark); Bemhauer and Schubert, 1916:

468 (Conosoma; catalog); Notman, 1919a: 95 (Conosoma; Ontario); Portevin, 1929: 319

(Conosomus; France); Scheerpeltz, 1933: 1496 (Conosoma; catalog); V. Hansen, 1952: 199

(Conosoma; Denmark); Lohse, 1964: 236 (Conosoma; central Europe); Palm, 1966: 37

(Conosoma; cited as litoreum; Sweden; Denmark; Norway; Finland); Horion, 1967: 50

(Conosoma; Siberia; Japan; Azores; all Europe); Szujecki, 1968a: 737 (Conosoma; Poland);

Hammond, 1973: 133, 135 (Sepedophilus; lectotype designation; notes; Britain); Campbell,

1976: 12 (Sepedophilus; British Columbia; Manitoba; Ontario; Quebec; Nova Scotia; Maine;

New Hampshire; Vermont; Connecticut; Massachusetts; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania;

Maryland; Michigan; Wisconsin; Iowa; Illinois; North Carolina); Legner and Moore, 1977: 176

(Sepedophilus; found under bark); Pope, 1977: 32 (Sepedophilus; Britain); -Anderson, 1978a

(Sepedophilus; collecting notes; Ireland); Lucht, 1987: 112 (Conosoma; checklist; Germany;

Poland; Czechoslovakia; Austria; Switzerland; France; Benelux; Denmark; Sweden); Borges,

1990: Table II (Sepedophilus; Azores); Tóth, 1993: 57 (Sepedophilus; Hungary); Boháč, 1993:

51 (Sepedophilus; cited as littoresus; Czech Republic; Slovakia); Zanetti, 1995: 35

(Sepedophilus; Italy); Downie and Arnett, 1996: 481 (Sepedophilus; USA); Hayashi, 1996a: 22

(Sepedophilus; Japan); Fowles, Alexander, and Key, 1999: 129 (Sepedophilus; saproxylic

species; status as endangered or threatened species; Britain); Hågvar, 1999: 28 (Sepedophilus;

collected on Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomesfomentarius; Norway); Herman 2001: 881 (catalog,

China); Löbl & Smetana 2004: 341 (catalog, China); Schülke, 2005: 168 (Heilongjiang,

Beijing).

更复杂的

个例：

分布：

北京、黑龙江；

日本, 俄罗斯, 伊

朗, 加拿大, 美国,

欧洲, 埃及, 阿尔

及利亚, 摩洛哥,

Canary Islands,

Madeira, 亚述尔

群岛, 高加索.

它有更多

的异名：

只有一个

异名有中

国纪录。

Syn.: Staphylinus maculatus Geoffroy, 1785: 169 (Type locality: Paris); Villers, 1789: 422 (Staphylinus); Gmelin,

1790: 2035 (Staphylinus; France); Olivier, 1795: (42): 34 (Staphylinus; synonym of nitidulus Fabricius);

Turton, 1802: 518 (Staphylinus; France); Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Kraatz,

1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 561 (Conurus; synonym

of littoreus); Rey, 1882: 177 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Ganglbauer, 1895: 357 (Conurus;

synonym of littoreus); Luze, 1902: 23 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Bernhauer and Schubert,

1916: 468 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Hammond, 1973: 135 (Sepedophilus; synonym of

littoreus).

Staphylinus pubescens Paykull, 1790: 138 (preoccupied; Type locality: Not cited); Paykull, 1800: 421

(Staphylinus; synonym of cellaris Fabricius); Fabricius, 1801: 605 (Oxyporus; synonym of cellaris

Fabricius); Gravenhorst, 1802: 131 (Tachyporus; synonym of cellaris); Gravenhorst, 1806: 5

(Tachyporus; characters of varieties; Germany; France); Gyllenhal, 1810: 243 (Tachyporus; characters;

Sweden); C. Sahlberg, 1830: 292 (Tachyporus; Finland); Mannerheim, 1831: 474 (Tachyporus; Finland;

Sweden; Russia); Lacordaire, 1835: 518 (Tachyporus; France); Erichson, 1839a: 399 (Tachyporus;

Germany); Heer, 1839: 290 (Tachyporus; Switzerland); Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus; synonym of

littoreus); Märkel, 1841: 216 (Conurus; in Formica rufa nest); Mannerheim, 1844: 180 (Conurus);

Märkel, 1845: 233 (Conurus; with Formica rufa); P. Lucas, 1846: 104 (Conurus; notes; Algeria);

Hochhuth, 1849: 78 (Conurus; Caucasus); Redtenbacher, 1849: 679 (Conurus; Austria); Kiesenwetter,

1851 a: 413 (Conurus; Pyrenees); Hardy, 1851: 65 (Conurus; notes; England); Wollaston, 1854: 565

(Conurus; notes; Madeira Islands); Rosenhauer, 1856: 69 (Conurus; Malaga); Fairmaire and

Laboulbene, 1856: 475 (Conurus; France); Wollaston, 1857: 184 (Conurus; habitat; Madeira Islands);

Kraatz, 1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Redtenbacher, 1857: 168 (Conurus; Austria);

Thomson, 1859: 46 (type species of Conosoma); 1861: 147 (Conosoma; Scandinavia); Gredler, 1863: 97

(Conosoma; Austria); Hochhuth, 1862: 39 (Conosoma; notes; Russia); Wollaston, 1864: 556 (Conosoma;

notes; habitat; Canary Islands); Fauvel, 1865a: 291 [=1865b: 41 ] (Conurus; habitat; France); Wollaston,

1865:4 78 (Conosoma; habitat; notes; Madeira Islands; Canary Islands); Gemminger and Harold, 1868:

561 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 561 (Conurus; catalog); Pandellé,

1869: 292 (Conurus; Europe; Caucasus; Algeria; Egypt); Wollaston, 1871: 297 (Conosoma; notes);

Redtenbacher, 1874: 190 (Conosoma; Austria); Fauvel, 1875: 609 [= 1876: 91] (Conurus; France;

Madeira; Barbary; Cyprus; Caucasus; Iran; Siberia; China; North America); J. Sahlberg, 1876: 184

(Conurus; Finland); Horn, 1877: 111 (Conosoma; New York to Louisiana); Fauvel, 1878: 134 [= 1878a:

54] (Conurus; Morocco; Algeria); Rey, 1882: 181 (Conurus; France); Fauvel, 1886: 64 [=1886a: 56]

(Conurus; Barbary); Ganglbauer, 1895: 357 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Luze, 1902: 23

(Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906: 107 (Conurus; Corsica); Peyerimhoff,

1907: 14 (Conosoma; Sinai); Montandon, 1908: 80 (Conosoma; Gravenhorst cited as author; Romania);

Poppius, 1909: 30 (Conosoma; Lena Valley, Siberia); Reitter, 1909:93 (Conosoma; Germany); Blatchley,

1910: 451 (Conosoma; Indiana); Johansen, 1914: 301 (Conosoma; [Note: Cited with Gravenhorst as

author whose use of the name was a misidentification]; Denmark); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468

(Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Portevin, 1929: 319 (Conosomus; France); Paulian, 1941: 278

(Conosoma; larval characters); Pototskaia, 1967: 95 (Sepedophilus; [Note: Cited with Gravenhorst as

author whose use of the name was a misidentification]; larval characters); Hammond, 1973: 135

(Sepedophilus; synonym of littoreus); Campbell, 1976: 12 (Sepedophilus; synonym of littoreus);

Bordoni and Oromi, 1998: 1157 (Conosoma; Gravenhorst cited as author; facultative cave species;

Europe and North Africa).

Staphylinus tomentosus Rossi, 1792: 97 (Herman (2001) note: Rossi cited Paykull [1790] "Mon. Car. App.

pag. 138" as author of this species but Paykull cited pubescens, not tomentosus. However the two copies

of Paykull's work I have examined both have "pubescens" crossed out and replaced with "tomentosus"

written by hand; Type locality: Not cited); Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); R

Lucas, 1846: 104 ( Conurus; synonym of pubescens); Kraatz, 1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym of

littoreum); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 561 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Ganglbauer, 1895: 357

(Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Luze, 1902: 23 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Bernhauer and

Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Hammond, 1973: 137 (Sepedophilus; synonym

of littoreus).

它有更多

的异名：

如果有分

类变动呢

？

Oxyporus cellaris Fabricius, 1793: 532 (Type locality: Suecia); Paykull, 1800: 421 (Staphylinus; Sweden);

Fabricius, 1801: 605 (Oxyporus); Gravenhorst, 1802: 131 (Tachyporus; Herman (2001) note:

Gravenhorst cited Paykull as author of cellaris but Paykull attributed the species to Fabricius); Turton,

1802: 521 (Staphylinus; Sweden); Gravenhorst, 1806: 5 (Tachyporus); Gyllenhal, 1810: 244

(Tachyporus; Sweden); Curtis, 1829: 27 (Tachyporus; catalog; Britain); C. Sahlberg, 1830: 292

(Tachyporus; Finland); Mannerheim, 1831: 474 (Tachyporus; Finland; Sweden; Russia); -Stephens,

1832: 189 (Conurus; England); Lacordaire, 1835: 518 (Tachyporus; France); Zetterstedt, 1838: 55

(Tachyporus; habitat; Lapland); Curtis, 1839: pl. 762 (Tachyporus; synonym of littoreus); Erichson,

1839a: 399 (Tachyporus; synonym of littoreus); Heer, 1839: 291 (Tachyporus; synonym of littoreus);

Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Redtenbacher, 1849: 679 (Conurus; synonym of

littoreus); Hardy, 1851: 65 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Kraatz, 1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym

of littoreum); Redtenbacher, 1857:168 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Gemminger and Harold, 1868:

560 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Pandelle, 1869: 289 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Seidlitz,

1875: 283 (Conurus; characters; Baltic region); Rey, 1882: 177 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus);

Ganglbauer, 1895: 357 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Luze, 1902: 23 (Conosoma; synonym of

littoreum); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Hammond, 1973:

135 (Sepedophilus; synonym of littoreus).

Oxyporus bimaculatus Fabricius, 1793: 533 (Type locality: Selandia); Erichson, 1839b: 219 (Conurus;

synonym of littoreus); Kraatz, 1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Gemminger and Harold,

1868: 560 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Ganglbauer, 1895: 357 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus);

Luze, 1902: 23 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma;

synonym of littoreum); Hammond, 1973: 135 (Sepedophilus; synonym of littoreus).

Tachinus sowerbii Stephens, 1832: 193 (Type locality: Norfolk; Coombe-wood; [Note: See lectotype

designation by Hammond, 1973]); Stephens, 1839:377 (Conurus; variety of bipustualtus; England); G.

Waterhouse, 1858:21 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 561 (Conurus;

synonym of littoreus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum);

Hammond, 1973: 135 (Sepedophilus; lectotype designation [Note: Locality not cited]; synonym of

littoreus).

Tachinus angularis Stephens, 1832: 193 (Type locality: London; Devonshire; [Note: See 1ectotype

designation by Hammond, 1973]); Stephens, 1839: 377 (Conurus; variety of littoreus; England); Hardy,

1851: 65 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); G. Waterhouse, 1858: 21 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus);

Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 560 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468

(Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Hammond, 1973: 138 (Sepedophilus; lectotype designation [Note:

Locality not cited]; synonym of littoreus).

Conurus incertus Hampe, 1850: 349 (Type locality: Wien); Kraatz, 1857d: 434 (Conosoma; synonym of

littoreum); Redtenbacher, 1857: 168, note (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Fauvel, 1866c: 247 [=

1866d: 105] (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Gemminger and Harold, 1868: 561 (Conurus; synonym of

littoreus); Ganglbauer, 1895: 357 (Conurus; synonym of littoreus); Luze, 1902: 23 (Conosoma; synonym

of littoreum); Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum); Scheerpeltz, 1933:

1496 (Conosoma; synonym of littoreum).

Conosoma knoxii LeConte, 1866: 374 (Type locality: Pennsylvania: Lycoming County); Gemminger and

Harold, 1868: 560 (Conurus; catalog); Horn, 1877: 110 (Comosoma; Pennsylvania; Michigan); Casey,

1895: 438 (Conosoma; Pennsylvania to Wisconsin); Blatchley, 1910: 450 (Conosoma; Indiana);

Bernhauer and Schubert, 1916: 468 (Conosoma; catalog); Campbell, 1976: 12 (Sepedophilus; synonym

of littoreus).

Sepedophilus carissimus Hatch, 1957: 125 (Type locality: British Columbia: Creston); Campbell, 1976: 12

(Sepedophilus; synonym of littoreus).

主要内容




4 命名规则



7 同物异名与异物同名


国际动物命名委员会

权威的来源，授权，授权的条件

章程

组成成员

权力与职责

起草《法规》，提出修订，处理案例，出版名录，刊物《动物命名法通报》

全权的使用

国际动物命名委员会官方网页（ICZN, Web:

http://iczn.org/commissioners)

Singapore 2013: 5th edition of ICZN

1) Goals

a) Split Code into rules for new names and acts and rules for existing names and acts.

b) Examine other Codes for useful ideas

i) Botanical Code [isonyms, “effective” vs. “available”]

ii) Phylocode

c) Determine what current Recommendations should be Articles and vice versa.

d) Add examples.

2) Process

a) Review suggestions for changes from Paris meeting (2008), 4th edition revision committee (2009), ICZNwiki, ICZNlist, Commissioners and other

zoologists.

b) Determine which changes should be implemented through amendments (Article 78.3.1) or clarifications with Declarations (Articles 78.3.2),

and which should be deferred to the 5th edition.

c) Determine target deadlines for publication of Declarations, Amendments and circulation of draft 5th edition.

3) Proposals: Among many possible changes to the Code, the following are suggested for discussion. The Editorial Committee seeks input on which of

these should be pursued.

a) Broadened requirements for registration (Article 8)

i) To all new works, not just electronic works?

ii) To all new names?

iii) To all new acts?

b) Broaden “Principle of First Reviser” to “Principle of Precedence”.

i) Glossary mentions only Articles 23 and 24 for precedence, but Articles 3.1, 35.5, 40, 55.5, 56.3, 57.7, 61.2, 68, and 79.1.2 and

Recommendation 69(10) invoke it.

ii) Give more emphasis to balance between priority and precedence.

c) Institute “Variety group” below species group.

i) No nomenclatural reason not to name varieties; ban results from taxonomic view influenced by the biological species and geographic

subspecies concepts.

ii) Inability to name varieties in zoology results in imprecision; many “polytypic species” turn out to be species complexes.

iii) Names in variety group not treated as valid species or subspecies (or senior homonym) before 201X need not be considered in species

group. Addresses taxonomic impediment.

iv) After 201Y varietal group name can be promoted to species group, but takes precedence from promotion. Similar to botanical code.

d) Gender agreement: Keep or abandon?

e) Prevailing usage of subsequent spelling (Article 33): define more precisely or abandon?

i) If kept, make it a nomenclatural act (“scriptum protectum”?)

ii) Define percentage (80%?), minimum number of works, time period

iii) Define conditions for reversal without invention of commission.

f) Reversal of Precedence (Article 23.9):

i) Discount usages where senior synonym is misidentified?

ii) Correct imbalance between Article 23.9.1 (unused name can invalidate name in use if it is not much used) and 23.9.5

(name in use cannot invalidate little used name).

iii) Unfair to scientists in developing countries; their name less used?

g) The meaning of “extant” in Article 16.4.2.

i) Type material lost

ii) Type material released into the wild

h) Should taxa above the family group be typified?

i) Name first published as a synonym (Article 11.6)

i) Needs to comply with other criteria of availability?

ii) Adopting source needs to cite where it first appeared?

j) Type Series (72.4): if all type material is referred to unnamed varieties, allow first reviser’s choice to establish which is

nominotypical

k) Lectotype designation before 2000 (Article 74.5). State that

i) Use of term “lectotype” in itself is a lectotype designation.

ii) Use of term “the type” by original author in subsequent work is a lectotype designation.

l) Article 13.1. Characters must be “intrinsic” and the exclusions of 12.3 apply after 1930 as well.

m) Allow correction of omission of depository information (Article 16.4.2) without again stating taxon is new; taxon dates from

correction.

n) Add to Article 89.2: conflicts between the legislative text and “Recommendations, examples, titles and appendices” can be

resolved by Declarations.

o) Rename the Code as the “International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature” so that it doesn’t have same acronym as the

Commission.

Documents

国际动物命名法规 与动物物种名录...2 《国际动物命名法规》与分类学（核心 理念） 3《国际动物命名法规》简介 ... •Kim van der Linde & Amir

国际动物命名法规与动物物种名录...2 《国际动物命名法规》与分类学（核心理念） 3《国际动物命名法规》简介 ... •Kim van der Linde & Amir