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INTRODUCTION

Like many of the groups of small globular cacti, spe-

cies ofParodia (incl.Notocactus, etc.) have enjoyed high

popularity amongst hobby plant growers and horticul-turists. And as is frequently the case with such plants,

those trying to classify the observed diversity have left a

diluvium of names at all ranks, many of them ill-typified,some of them nomina nuda, and many of them posing

nomenclatural problems and challenges.InParodia numerous names need to be clarified (such

asParodia lenninghausii, Eggli & Hofacker, submitted).

Such problems are not restricted to names of species and

taxa at subordinate ranks, but also prevail at the ranks be-tween genus and species. The present note deals with the

proper interpretation of the names of subgenera ofParodia

in the context of a forthcoming revised classification of

the group (Machado & al., in prep.), and in the light of thetypification of the nameNotocactus, which was in a state

of confusion for a considerable period of time. Doweld &

Greuter (2001) explained the problems in detail. Here, abrief summary will provide the necessary background to

the subsequent discussions:The generic name Notocactus was for a long time

attributed to various authors such as A. Berger, A.W. Hill

or Backeberg, but the name was in fact first published by

Fri in 1928. Doweld & Greuter (2001) established thatFris name has to be interpreted as a transfer (nomen no-

vum) ofEchinocactus subg.Notocactus K. Schum. 1898

to the rank of genus, backed by Art. 33.3. Echinocactus

subg.Notocactus K. Schum. 1898 was published as a newtaxon, and not as a status novus for a previously published

entity. It included, however, only a single species name(Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C. Weber, included only

because of its aberrant characteristics) and the previously

published name Echinocactus [unranked] MicrogoniSalm-Dyck 1841, and hence the type must be selected

from amongst the constituent species ofE. [unranked]Mi-

crogoni, plusE. microspermus. When Backeberg (1938)selectedNotocactus ottonis (Lehm.) A. Berger ( = Cactus

ottonis Lehm.) as type forNotocactus, this was perfectly

in accordance with the rules and the available selection oftaxa, and his lectotypification must be followed (Doweld

& Greuter, 2001).

If Fris name Notocactus would have to be inter-preted as a completely new and independent name (as

was the custom before Doweld & Greuter (l.c.) resolvedthe situation), its type would have to be selected from thetaxa Fri included in his concept of the genus, i.e., the

species which were later treated as the segregate genus

Eriocactus (nom. illeg., correctlyEriocephala, see belowforParodia subg. Eriocactus). On the assumption that

the correct type ofNotocactus isEchinocactus schuman-nianus Nicolai, Doweld (1999) unnecessarily provided the

namePeronocactus (type Cactus ottonis Lehm.) to referto the former notocacti of horticulture.

THE SUBGENERA OF PARODIA

Parodia Speg. in Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 96: 70. 1923

subg.Parodia Type:Parodia microsperma (F.A.C.

Weber) Speg. (Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C.Weber).

The autonymic subgenus was established with thepublication ofP. subg. Obtextospermae Buxb. 1966 and

P. subg. Protoparodia Buxb. 1966. Since this subgenusincludes the type of the generic name, its name is auto-

matically established according to Art. 22.1. Even though

the nameEchinocactus subg.Notocactus K. Schum. 1898is an earlier name, when it is subsumed underParodia,

Art. 22.1 and 22.3 mandate that P. subg. Parodia mustbe used.

Nomenclatural note on the subgenera ofParodia (Cactaceae Cactoideae)

Urs Eggli1, Marlon Machado2 & Reto Nyffeler2

1 Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zrich, Mythenquai 88, 8002 Zrich, Switzerland. urs.eggli@zuerich.ch (authorfor correspondence)

2 Institut fr Systematische Botanik der Universitt Zrich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zrich, Switzerland

The nomenclatural problems involved with subgeneric names underParodia are elucidated, and the nomencla-

ture of all existing names is evaluated in detail. Subgeneric names underNotocactus are similarly covered in a

second part. A third part consists of a list of published subgeneric names for the group arranged alphabetically

by the epithet of the name of the species indicating the type.

KEYWORDS:Cactaceae,Notocactus,Parodia, nomenclature, subgenus

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Parodia subg.Brasilicactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt in Kakt.-

Orch.-Rundschau 7: 53. 1982 (Brasilicactea) Notocactus subg.Brasilicactus Buxb. in Krainz, DieKakteen, part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 Acanthocephala

Backeb. in Bltt. Kakt.-forsch. 1938(6): [7], [21]. 1938Brasilicactus Backeb., Cactaceae 1941(2): 36, 76.

1942, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs. AcanthocephalaBackeb. 1938) Notocactus subg.Acanthocephala

(Backeb.) Havlek in Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 78. 1989

Dactylanthocactus Y.It, Explan. Diag. Austroechi-

nocactinae: 225, 294. 1957, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs.

Acanthocephala Backeb. 1938) Type: Echinocac-

tus graessneri K. Schum. Parodia graessneri(K. Schum.) F.H. Brandt.

Brasilocactus Fri ex Kreuz., Verzeichn. Amer. Kakt.

Sukk., 19. 1935, nom. inval. (Art. 36.1) (includingEchinocactus graessneri), attributed to Fri 1933,

but no publication by Fri in 1933 is known.

Notocactus subg.Acanthocephalus Backeb. 1936, nom.inval. (36.1) (includingEchinocactus graessneri).

= Brasiliparodia F. Ritter, Kakt. Sdamer. 1: 144149.

1979 Type:Brasiliparodiabuenekeri (Buining) F.Ritter (Parodia buenekeri Buining) (Aparadoa

Vliet in Succulenta 65(4): 86. 1986, nom. inval. (36.1,

37.1), includingParodia buenekeri).

= Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek in Kakt.

Vilg 18(4): 7980. 1989 Type:Notocactus alacri-portanus (Backeb. & Voll) Buxb. (Parodia alacri-portana Backeb. & Voll). This subgeneric name was

used previously by Havlek but not validly published

(e.g., Havlek, 1982).Parodia subg. Brasilicactus (sphalm. Brasilicac-

tea) was published by Brandt (1982) as a combination(specifically stated as comb. nov.) forBrasilicactus

Backeb. 1942.Brasilicactus was for a long time regarded

as the legitimate replacement name forAcanthocephala

Backeb. 1938, which was treated as illegitimate under

Art. 53.1 vs.Acanthocephalus Kar. & Kir. 1842 (Aster-aceae). This view is no longer tenable in view of Art.

53 *Ex. 10, a voted example (Doweld, 2000a). A pro-

posal to conserve Brasilicactus overAcanthocephalawas submitted by Doweld (2000a) but was subsequently

rejected (Brummitt, 2002: 795796; Brummitt, 2005:

1096; Barrie, 2006: 800). Accordingly,Brasilicactus re-mains illegitimate at generic rank under Art. 52.1. Brandt

(1982) explicitly stated comb. nov. for his subgeneric

name. From the typography it is clear that he intended

to base his combination on the illegitimate generic nameBrasilicactus Backeb. 1942. Buxbaums combination as

Notocactus subg.Brasilicactus has priority at this rank,

is ascribed solely to Buxbaum, and was listed as ho-motypic synonym by Brandt. The change in spelling(Brasilicactea instead ofBrasilicactus) is regarded ascorrectable; Brandt most probably but incorrectly tried

to change the gender ofBrasilicactus to agree with that

of the nameParodia.

Parodia subg. Eriocactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt in Kakt.-

Orch.-Rundschau 7: 58, 61. 1982 (Eriocactea)Notocactus subg.Eriocactus Buxb. in Krainz, Die

Kakteen, part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 EriocephalaBackeb. in Bltt. Kakt.-forsch. 1938(7): [11], [21].1938 Eriocactus Backeb., Cactaceae 1941(2): 37,

76. 1942, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs.Eriocephala Backe-

berg 1938) Notocactus subg.Eriocephala (Backeb.)

Havlek, Kakt. Vilg 18(4): 77. 1989 Type: Echi-

nocactus schumannianus Nicolai Parodia schu-manniana (Nicolai) F.H. Brandt.

Notocactus subg.Eriocephalus Backeb. 1936, nom. inval.

(Art. 36.1) (includingEchinocactus schumannianus).= Notocactus subg. Eonotocactus Doweld in Sukku-

lenty 1999(2): 23. 1999 Type:Notocactus magnifi-cus (F. Ritter) Krainz (Eriocactus magnificus F.

Ritter).The situation is comparable to that pertaining toPar-

odia subg. Brasilicactus: The name was published as acombination based on Eriocactus Backeb. 1942. Erio-cactus was for a long time regarded as the legitimate re-

placement name forEriocephala Backeb. 1938, which was

treated as illegitimate (Art. 53.1) vs.Eriocephalus L. 1753

(Asteraceae). As above, this view is no longer tenable, andsubsequent to acceptingEriocephala Backeb. as legitimate

name,Eriocactus Backeb. is now illegitimate under Art.

52.1. A proposal to conserve the name (Doweld 2002b) was

also rejected (Brummitt, 2002: 795; Barrie, 2006: 798).Buxbaums combination asNotocactus subg.Eriocactus

has priority at this rank, and is ascribed solely to Buxbaum,

forming the basionym of Brandts subgeneric combination

inParodia.

Parodia subg. Obtextospermae Buxb. in Krainz, DieKakt., part 34: [unpaged]. 1966 Type:Parodia ay-opayana Crdenas.

Parodiasubg.Protoparodia Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakt.,part 34: [unpaged]. 1966 Type:Parodia maassii A.

Berger.

FURTHER SUBGENERIC NAMES

FOR ALTERNATE CLASSIFICA-

TION SYSTEMS

If it is deemed advisable to accept additional groupsof taxa at the rank of subgenus, the following subgeneric

names (presented in alphabetical order of epithet) are val-idly published and available (although combinations under

Parodia have not been published in all cases).

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Eonotocactus

Notocactus subg. Eonotocactus Doweld in Sukkulenty

1999(2): 23. 1999 Type: Notocactus magnif icus(F. Ritter) Krainz (Eriocactus magnificus F. Rit-

ter, incorrect name, Art. 11.4, asEriocactus Backeb.1942 is illegitimate).

Eunotocactus: SeeNotocactus.

Gymnocephalus: SeeNotocactus.

Malacocarpus

Echinocactus subg. Malacocarpus K. Schum., Gesamt-beschr. Kakt.: 295. 1898 Notocactus subg.Mala-

cocarpus (K. Schum.) Buxb. in Krainz, Die Kakt.,part 35: [unpaged]. 1967 Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck,

Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 124. 1850 (nom. illeg., Art.53.1) Wigginsia D.M. Porter in Taxon 13: 210. 1964

Type:Echinocactus corynodes Otto ex Pfeiff./sell-

owii Link & Otto.Note. Salm-Dyck published the generic nameMala-

cocarpus in 1850, but the name is an illegitimate (Art.53.1) later homonym ofMalacocarpus Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

1843 (Zygophyllaceae). However,Malacocarpus may be

used as an epithet at the ranks of generic subdivisions.When publishingEchinocactus subg.Malacocarpus in the

key to the subgenera ofEchinocactus, Schumann (1898:

291) based his name onMalacocarpus Salm-Dyck as be-comes evident from the full treatment of the subgenus

(l.c.: 296297). Schumann did not provide a description

for the subgenus except that in the key, and recognizedonly three species, all of them part ofMalacocarpus Salm-

Dyck. Schumanns name has priority at subgeneric rank

and is ascribed solely to him, but must be typified by the

type ofMalacocarpus Salm-Dyck.

The typification ofMalacocarpus has been disputed.

Echinocactus corynodes Otto ex Pfeiff., the name ofthe first species included by Salm-Dyck, was selected

by Britton & Rose (1922) applying the American Codemethod. Havlek (1994: 88) listedNotocactus sellowii

Link & Otto (Echinocactus sellowii Link & Otto) as

lectotype ofNotocactus subg.Malacocarpus, but withoutany discussion of the previous designation. Nevertheless,

Havleks selection supersedes that of Britton & Roseunder Art. 10.5 (b) and voted Ex. 7 of the ICBN. ING

(accessed March 2007), however, still lists as typeEchi-

nocactus corynodes (which was treated as Notocactusacuatus (Link & Otto) Theun. var. corynodes (Otto ex

Pfeiff.) Havlek by Havlek, 1994: 124).

Neonotocactus

Notocactus subg.Neonotocactus Backeb. in Cact. Succ.

J. (US) 22(5): 153. 1950 Type:Notocactus mammu-losus (Lem.) A. Berger (Echinocactus mammulosus

Lem.).

Notobrasilia

Notocactus subg. Notobrasilia Havlek in Kakt. Vilg18(4): 7980. 1989 Type:Notocactus alacriportanus

(Backeb. & Voll) Buxb. (Parodia alacriportana

Backeb. & Voll).Note. This epithet was first published at the rank of

subgenus by Havlek in 1989, and was erroneously listedas not validly published under Art. 36.1 inRepertorium

Plantarum Succulentarum (Eggli & Taylor, 1991). In asubsequent publication, Havlek attempted to provide a

validly published name for this taxon, but preferred to rec-

ognize it at the rank of section. He therefore published thenameNotocactus sect. Notobrasilia Havlek in Gerloff, &

al., Notokakteen: 130131. 1995, and selected Notocactus

rechensis Buining 1968 as type, without any explanation

for the change in typification. BecauseNotocactus sect.Notobrasilia Havlek 1995 is based on a different type,

the name is illegitimate under Art. 53.4 vs. Notocactus

subg.Notobrasilia Havlek 1989.

Notocactus

Echinocactus subg. Notocactus K. Schum., Gesamtbe-schr. Kakt.: 292. 1898 Type:Echinocactus ottonis

(Lehm.) Link & Otto Cactus ottonis Lehm. Noto-cactus (K. Schum.) Fri 1928 Peronocactus Doweld

1999, nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1 vs.Notocactus see the

discussion of the typification ofNotocactus, above).Notocactus subg. Eunotocactus Backeb. 1950, nom.

inval. (Art. 21.3, 22.2).

Notocactus subg. Gymnocephalus Backeb. in Backeberg

& Knuth, Kakt.-ABC: 253. 1936 (1935); Sda inMinimus 1991(13): 30. 1991, nom. inval. (Art. 36.1)

(including Cactus ottonis).

Scopacactus

Notocactus subg. Scopacactus Doweld, Sukkulenty3(12): 55. 2000 Type:Notocactus scopa (Spreng.)

A. Berger (Cactus scopa Spreng.).

AVAILABLE NAMES AT GENERIC

AND SUBGENERIC RANK

The names are listed alphabetically by the species

epithet of their types.

Parodia alacriportana Backeb. & Voll:Notocactus subg.

Notobrasilia Havlek 1989.

Parodia ayopayana Crdenas: Parodia subg. Obtex-tospermae Buxb. 1966.

Parodia buenekeri Buining: Brasiliparodia F. Ritter,Kakt. Sdamer. 1: 144149. 1979.

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TAXON 57 (3) August 2008: 985988Eggli & al. Subgenera ofParodia

Echinocactus corynodes Pfeiff.: Echinocactus subg.Malacocarpus K. Schum. 1898 Notocactus subg.

Malacocarpus (K. Schum.) Buxb. 1967.

Echinocactus graessneri K. Schum.: Notocactus subg.Brasilicactus Buxb. 1967 Parodia subg. Brasili-

cactus (Buxb.) F.H. Brandt 1982.

Parodia maassiiA. Berger:Parodia subg.Protoparodia

Buxb. 1966.

Echinocactusmammulosus Lem.:Notocactus subg.Neo-

notocactus Backeb. 1950.

Echinocactus microspermus F.A.C. Weber:Parodia subg.

Parodia (autonym dating from 1966).

Cactus ottonisLehm.:Echinocactus subg.Notocactus K.Schum. 1898Notocactus subg.Notocactus (autonym

established with the publication of subg. Neonoto-

cactus Backeb. 1950) Notocactus (K. Schum.) Fri

1928 Peronocactus Doweld 1999 (nom. illeg., Art.52.1).

Echinocactus schumannianusNicolai:Notocactus subg.Eriocactus Buxb. 1967 Parodia subg. Eriocactus

(Buxb.) F.H. Brandt 1982.

Cactus scopa Spreng.: Notocactus subg. ScopacactusDoweld 2000.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Katherine Challis of the Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew, for advice and discussion of nomenclatural is-

sues, This publication is part of a taxonomic study of the ge-

nusParodia funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation

(3100A0-103583).

Barrie, F.R. 2006. Report of the General Committee: 9. Taxon

55: 795800.

Brandt, F.H. 1982. Die Gliederung der GattungParodia Spe-

gazzini.Kakt.- Orch.-Rundschau 7: 5268.Britton, N.L. & Rose, J.N. 1922. The Cactaceae, vol. 3. Carn-

egie Institution, Washington D.C.

Brummitt, R.K. 2002. Report of the Committee forSpermato-phyta: 53. Taxon 51: 795796.

Brummitt, R.K. 2005. Report of the Committee forSpermato-phyta: 57. Taxon 54: 10931103.

Doweld, A.B. 1999.Ritterocactus &Peronocactus: new ge-

neric segregates from polyphyleticNotocactus (Notocac-

teaeCactaceae). I. Formal taxonomy and classification.

Sukkulenty 1999: 2025.

Doweld, A.B. 2000a. (1465) Proposal to conserve the name

Brasilicactus againstAcanthocephala (Cactaceae). Taxon49: 564565.

Doweld, A.B. 2000b. (1466) Proposal to conserve the name

Eriocactus againstEriocephala (Cactaceae). Taxon 49:

566568.

Doweld, A.B. & Greuter, W. 2001. Nomenclatural notes on

Notocactus and on Alwin Bergers Kakteen. Taxon 50:

879885.

Eggli, U. & Taylor, N.P. 1991.Repertorium Plantarum Suc-

culentarum, vol. XLI (1990). International Organisation

for Succulent Plant Study, Zrich.

Havlek, R. 1982.Zarazen druhu sbernho rodu Notocactus

sensu Buxbaum do podrodu, sekc a rad. Supplement to

Minimus, vol. 13. Vydala Notosekce CSSR, Plzen.

Havlek, R. 1989 (1988). ANotocactus Fri 1928 nemzetsgsszefoglalsa a fajoknak alnemzetgsgekbe s fajsorokbarendezsvel.Kaktusz Vilg18: 7180.

Havlek, R. 1994. Neugliederung der UntergattungMala-

cocarpus Buxbaum (1967), Teil I / Teil II. Internoto 15:

8794, 124131.

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