akaki SaniZeakaki SaniZe

dafaruli saunje1

(qarTuli mTavruli Sriftis sakiTxis gamo)

ar ixmareb, ra xelsa hxdi

saunjesa dafarulsa?

SoTa rusTveli.

qarTul weras mravali saukunis istoria aqvs. qarTuli wer-

isa da qarTuli enis uZvelesi nimuSebi Semogvenaxa mexuTe sau-

kunidan. sul bolo xanebamde uZvelesad iTvleboda bolnisis

warwerebi, romelTaganac erTi TbilisSia motanili da dacu-

lia muzeumSi. igi 493/4 wels ganekuTvneba. magram cxra wlis

winaT (1953 w.) aRmoCnda amaze adrindeli qarTuli warwera:

italielebma palestinaSi, beTlemis axlos (ierusalimidan

7-ode kilometris daSorebiT), gaTxares erTi borcvi, sadac

aRmoCnda uZvelesi qarTuli taZris nangrevebi.

sur. 1. beTlemis warwera (V s.). ikiTxeba: SewevniTa q͂ÀsiTa (=qri-

steÁsiTa) da meoxebiTa wmidisa T͂eÁsiTa (=TevdoreÁsiTa) S͂n (=Seiwyalen) an-

toni abaÁ da iosia momsxmeli amis sefisaÁ da mama-dedaÁ iosiaÁsi, amen.

1 `sabWoTa xelovneba~, #9, 1962.

89dafaruli saunjeam nangrevebs SemoenaxaT sami warwera, romelTaganac erTi

mSvenivrad aris moRweuli da Sesrulebulia meeqvse sauku-

nis Sua xanebSi, xolo ori danarCeni dazianebulia, magram

ufro Zvelia da uswrebs bolnisisas. am qarTuli warwerebis

mixedviT damtkicda istoriuli cnoba, rom qarTvelTa mon-

asteri, romelic petre qarTvelma uriastanis udabnoSi aaS-

ena, swored es aris.2 qarTuli weris istorias am warwerebiT

viwyebT, radganac amaze adrindeli jer ar mogvepoveba (sur.

1,2). moyvaniloba da saerTo Sexeduleba beTlem-bolnisis

warwerebis da uZvelesi xelnawerebis asoebisa, TiTo-orola

gamonaklisis garda, mrgvalia, simaRliT isini sazogadod

Tanabarnia, mxolod ramdenime maTgans Camoudis boloebi Zirs

(gansakuTrebiT xelnawerebSi). aseT weras mrglovani daerqva.

sur. 2. bolnisis warwera (V s.). TavSi da boloSi Camotexilia.

amnairi asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli yvela Cvenamde moRweuli

uZvelesi qarTuli enis Zegli V-IX saukuneebisa da, maT Soris,

uZvelesi TariRiani xelnaweric 864 wlisa, romelic saba-wmi-

dis monasterSia gadawerili (ierusalimidan 16-ode kilome-

tris daSorebiT, aRmosavleTiT), agzavnilia sinas mTaze da ax-

lac iq aris daculi. sxvaTa Soris, am wignis bolos moipoveba

minaweri, romlidanac irkveva, rom es wigni makari leTeTels

Seuwiravs sinas mTisaTvis, sadac is-is iyo qarTvelebi iw-

yebdnen moRvaweobas. es minaweri 21 striqonisagan Sedgeba da im

mxrivac aris sayuradRebo, rom dawerilia ara mrglovani asoe-

biT, rogorc mTeli xelnaweri, aramed im asoebiT, romelTac

SemdegSi nusxuri daerqva. am asoebis xazebi daxrilia marjvni-

dan marcxniv. amas garda xazebis gadakveTis adgilas kuTxeebi

keTdeba, ris gamoc es kursivi Srifti Sesaxedavad kuTxovania.

2 g. wereTeli, uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebi palestinidan. 1960.

90 akaki SaniZeigi mrglovnisagan imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom simaRlis mixedviT

asoebi oTx jgufad iyofa: zogi aso Suaze iwereba, zogi zemoT

adis, zogi qvemoT Camodis, zogsac mTeli simaRle uWiravs, ro-

gorc es aris dRevandel qarTul weraSi (sur. 3). es nusxuri

Srifti Cveulebriv sateqsto Sriftad iqca da gabtonda X-XI

saukuneebSi. im droidan SemorCenili xelnawerebis umetesoba

nusxuri xeliT aris naweri. amave xelnawerebSi mrglovani ix-

mareboda saTaurebSi da inicialebad. amas garda, mrglovani iyo

TiTqmis erTaderTi qarTuli Srifti, romelic warwerebisTvis

iyo gamoyenebuli am saukuneebSi da mometebulad Semdegac, me-18

saukunemdisac ki.

sur. 3. sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa. marcxena sveti mrglovani xeliT aris

naweri (ori striqonis garda), marjvena _ nusxuriT (sami striqonis garda).

91dafaruli saunjenusxurisagan meTerTmete saukuneSi warmoiSva da Semdeg

TandaTan gadakeTda axali qarTuli wera, romelic ixmareboda

yovelgvar saqmeSi, eklesiis garda: saxelmwifo aqtebis Sed-

genisas, sigel-gujrebis boZebisas, sasamarTlos dadgenileba-

Ta gamotanis dros, saero Sinaarsis wignebis dasawerad, kerZo

miwer-moweris dros da sxv.

sur. 4. bagrat IV-is sigeli (XI s.), romelic Seicavs sasamarTlos

dadgenilebas mijnaZorelTa da opizelTa sarCelis gamo. zogierTi sityva

Semoklebulad aris dawerili da Tavze Semoklebis niSani (xazi) uzis. aq

maT qaragmebiT aRvniSnavT, xolo srul wakiTxvas frCxilebSi vuCvenebT.

ikiTxeba: man: da Ãel-vyav xarkebiT; sauravsa maTsa Sevkriben: karsa: dar-

bazisa C͂nisasa (Cuenisasa) mRdelT moZRuarni: e͂eni (erisTavT erisTavni): e͂ni

(erisTavni): da y͂lTa (yovelTa) ÃevTa zemoTa da quemoTa aznaurni mecni-

erni sabWoTa: sa qmeTani: da davsxeniT w͂e (winaSe) C͂nsa (Cuensa): da wavikiTx-

eniT: maTnica: da maTnica dawerilni: da r͂li (romeli) sityuis gebai iyo:

maT Soris: movism ineT: da samarTlad: ese gavigoneT: r͂l (romel) Ãelni am-

aTni m͂rvni (mravalni) da mtkiceni: iyunes: da C͂ngan (Cuengan) maTi: gatexai:

ara: jer-iyo: da sulsa maT pirvelTa mefeTasa: ara davamZimebdiT: da Tumca:

opizarni unugeSinis.

92 akaki SaniZeZveli wera (mrglovani da nusxuri) darCa eklesias da mis

msaxurebs, kerZod xucebs, da daerqva xucuri, axal qarTul

weras ki daerqva mxedruli (sur. 4) daviT aRmaSenebels Zalian

uyvarda mrglovani da nusxuri xeliT dawerili saeklesio

wignebis kiTxva, magram TviTon ufro mxedrulad werda da mx-

edruladve awerda boZebul siglebs xels.

sur. 5. qarTuli anbani. weris ganviTareba saukuneTa mixedviT

(gadmoxata r. Smerlingma).

XI saukunis mxedruli jer kidev sakmaod hgavda nusxurs,

romlisaganac igi warmoiSva, magram Semdeg da Semdeg igi Tan-

daTan dahSorda mas asoTa moxazulobiT, ase rom warmoiqmna

TiTqmis sruliad axali saxe qarTuli werisa. nusxuri asoebi

daxrili iyo da kuTxovani, mxedrulSi asoebi gasworda, ku-

Txeebi moeSala da oTx xazs Sua moqceuli nawilebis nacvlad

rgolebi gaukeTda, Zirs daSvebuli xazebi ki moukauWda. erTi

Tviseba mainc gamohyva am axal qarTul weras nusxurisagan:

asoebi simaRlis mixedviT oTxi zomisaa: Suaze saweri (a, i,

o, T), sazedao (b, z, m da sxv.), saqvedao (g, e, v, k, l da sxv.)

93dafaruli saunjeda mTeli simaRlis mqone (q, w, W), (sur. 5). qarTuli Sriftis

aseTi ganviTarebis gamo arsebiTad ornairi wera gvaqvs: Zveli

da axali. Zvels amJamad aRaravin misdevs, garda TiTo-orola

pirisa, romelnic Cvens warsuls ikvleven (istorikosebi da

sxv.). sazogadod, igi miviwyebulia da, sadme rom Segvxvdes

Zveli qarTuli wigni an Zveli qarTuli warwera, ver mivxvdeb-

iT, rom igi qarTulia. amas garda, radganac qarTuli nusx-

uri Tavisi daxrilobiT da kuTxovnobiT ramdenadme somxurs

mogvagonebs (Tumca masTan arafriT saerTo ara aqvs erTi k

asos garda), amitom Zveli qarTuli asoebiT, ufro ki nusxuri

xeliT dawerili qarTuli wigni zogs SeiZleba somxuri ego-

nos, rogorc amas Semdeg magaliTebi gviCvenebs.

1924 w. Semodgomaze TbilisSi gamoiara avstriidan somxeTs

mimavalma venelma mxiTaristma n. akinianma, romelmac, prof.

l. melqiseT-begis sityviT, samiode weli dayo erevansa da eC-

miaZinSi iqauri somxuri xelnawerebis asawerad. TbilisSi man

inaxula prof. i. javaxiSvili, romlisTvisac uambnia, rom ev-

ropis wignTsacavebSi zogan xelnawerebi miCvenes da miTxres,

rom somxuriao, magram namdvilad qarTulebi iyoo.

es me i. javaxiSvilisagan maqvs gagonili. axla piradi ga-

mocdilebidanac mogaxsenebT.

erTxel xelSi meWira erTi aseTi xelnaweri universite-

tis erT darbazSi. Semovida erTi friad cnobili profesori

da, rom daminaxa xelSi Zveli xelnaweri, mkiTxa: `akaki, Sen

somxuric icio?~ _ somxuric vici-meTqi, vupasuxe, magram es

xelnaweri qarTulia da ara somxuri-meTqi.

1949 w. martSi saq. mecnierebaTa akademiam samecniero eqs-

pedicia moawyo bulgareTSi, sadac unda gvenaxa rodopis

mTebSi mdebare petriwonis qarTvelTa monasteri (plovdi-

vidan, anu filipopolidan 30-ode kilometris daSorebiT),

romelic 1083 wels daaarsa saberZneTis dasavluri nawilis

didma domestikosma taoelma qarTvelma grigol bakurianis-

Zem (eqspediciis Sedgeniloba: n. berZeniSvili, o. gigineiSvi-

li da am striqonebis damweri). iq gamoirkva, rom bulgareTis

dedaqalaqSi, sofiaSi, saxalxo biblioTekas moepoveba petri-

wonis qarTvelTa monastris tipikonis (wesdebis) qarTuli

teqstis erTi gadmonaweri, romelic Sesrulebulia nusxuri

94 akaki SaniZexeliT. aRniSnuli biblioTekis dabeWdil katalogSi am xel-

naweris Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `naweria somxuri asoebiT, Sinaarsi

ki ucnobiao~. diaR, asea! Cemi TvaliT minaxavs da wamikiTxavs.

amisi mowmec myavs _ istorikosi n. berZeniSvili.

es tipikoni gadmowerilia adrindeli xelnaweridan, ro-

melic petriwonis monasterSi iyo daculi warsuli saukunis

80-ian wlebamde, rodesac igi iqedan monastris winamZRvarma,

tomiT berZenma, gaitaca da gadasca berZenTa sazogado moR-

vawis korais saxelobis biblioTekas kunZul xiosze. iqauri

biblioTekis katalogSi es qarTuli wigni somxurad yofila

miCneuli da erTi berZeni mecnieri iZulebuli iyo, sagangebo

werili daebeWda, rom daemtkicebina, rom xelnaweri qarTu-

lia da ara somxuri.

miuxedavad amisa, rodesac Cven dagvWirda misi fotosu-

raTebi da Cveni mecnierebaTa akademiis centralurma bib-

lioTekam 1957 w. miswera xiosis biblioTekas, gamogvigzavneT

petriwonis monastris tipikonis qarTuli teqstis fotosu-

raTebio, iqidan pasuxad moiweres: `es xom somxuria da rad

gindaTo?~ aqedan upasuxes: ̀ gadmogvigzavneT mainc da Cven ro-

gorme SevZlebT mag somxuris garCevaso~. amis Semdeg, rogorc

iqna, miviReT fotosuraTebi.

sxva magaliTi: Cexoslovakiis dedaqalaq prahaSi rom Ca-

dioda Cveneburi xalxi, erovnuli mwerlobis mudmiv gamofe-

naze uCvenebdnen xelnawers, romelic iq aRniSnuli yofiliyo,

rogorc somxuri. mis mnaxvel qarTvelTagan aravin daeWveb-

ula mis somxurobaSi, mxolod udrood daRupul mwerals

akaki beliaSvils iq yofnisas 1959 wlis Semodgomaze ucvnia,

rom xelnaweri qarTulia, da maSinve ucnobebia profesor iar-

omir iedliCkasTvis, romelmac es Zegli amis Semdeg Seiswavla

da dabeWda kidev gamokvleva mis Sesaxeb qarTulad da ger-

manulad (qarTulad `mnaTobSi~ 1961, ivnisi, gv. 180). akaki be-

liaSvili rom ara, dResac ar gvecodineboda, rom prahaSi

moipoveba qarTuli xelnaweri X saukunisa, miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi zogi qarTveli moRvawisaTvis uCvenebiaT da uTqvamT,

rom somxuriao.

amas winaT miviRe werili miunxenidan doqtor i. asfal-

gisagan, romelic m. TarxniSvils exmareboda k. kekeliZis

95dafaruli saunje`qarTuli literaturis istoriis~ I tomis germanulad ga-

daTargmnaSi. asfalgi ukanasknel xans adgens katalogs qar-

Tuli xelnawerebisa, romlebic germaniis sxvadasxva qalaqSi

moipoveba. igi, sxvaTa Soris, mwerda: ̀ me kidev laifcigis uni-

versitetis biblioTekidan miviRe xuTi qarTuli xelnaweris

nawyvetebi, romlebic k. tiSendorfs wamouRia aRmosavleTidan

(sinas mTidan da ierusalimidan). xuTive qarTulia (umetesad

nawyvetebia liturRikuli wignebisa, rogoricaa: Tveni, svi-

naqsari, agreTve bibliis nawyvetebic, zogi ram asomTavruli-

Tac ki), Tumca ki oTxi maTgani K. Vollers-is katalogSi somxu-

rad aris aRniSnulio~.

es magaliTebi imitom moviyvane, rom mkiTxvelma naTlad

warmoidginos, Tu ra ucnauri mdgomareoba Segveqna imis gamo,

rom qarTuls qarTulad veRar vcnobT verc Cven da verc sx-

vebi. rogorc abreSumis parkidan gamomZvrali pepeli ar hgavs

im Wias, romelmac es parki gaakeTa, ise Cveni dRevandeli wera

ar hgavs im weras, romlisganac igi warmoiSva. qarTuls qarTu-

lad rom ver vcnobT, amis mizezia ara marto qarTuli Srift-

is ganviTareba da sxvagvari weris SemuSaveba, vidre Zvelad

gvqonda, aramed ufro metad Cveni mZime istoriuli pirobebi:

mtrebis ganuwyveteli Semosevisa, Cveni qveynis mudmivi rbevisa

da gaCanagebis gamo qarTveli eri veRar warmodga fexze da

welSi ver gaimarTa imdenad, rom Tavisi kulturuli moTx-

ivnilebani normalurad daekmayofilebina.

wera-kiTxvis mcodne somex bavSvs rom uCvenon mecxre-me-

aTe saukunis somxuri wigni an warwera, uTuod icnobs, rom

somxuria; wera-kiTxvis mcodne qarTvel bavSvs ki ar SeuZlia

Zveli qarTuli wigni an warwera icnos da Tqvas, rom qarTu-

liao. ara Tu bavSvs, aramed umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqonesac ar

SeuZlia waikiTxos Zveli qarTuli wigni. wakiTxvas vin Civis,

netavi gamoicnobdes mainc, rom qarTulia!

saintereso ambavi moxda 1867 wels. mcxeTis qvemoT, Svid-

iode kilometris daSorebiT, mtkvris marjvena mxares gza

unda gaefarTovebinaT da kldes afeTqebdnen. erTi afeTqebis

dros warweriani qva gadmovardnila da gzaze dacemula. muSeb-

Si erivnen axalcixeli berZnebi da, rom dauxedavT, ucvniaT,

rom warwera berZnulia da, metad gakvirvebulan. warwera I

96 akaki SaniZesaukunisaa da ekuTvnis romis imperators vespasianes (69-79

w. w.) erTi mibrZaneT, romeli qarTveli muSa SeZlebda ecno,

rom Seswreboda, mag., italielebis gaTxrebs 1953 w. beTlems

axlos, sadac aRmoCnda qarTuli warwera, mrglovniT Ses-

rulebuli? _ veravin. an kidev: rom uCveno qarTvel muSas S.

rusTvelis ierusalimuri portreti da uTxra: aba wamikiTxe,

ra aweria Tavzeo, SeZlebs ki wakiTxvas? an erTi kidev: saSu-

alo ganaTlebis mqone qarTveli kaci provinciidan (vTqvaT,

yvarlidan, Coxatauridan an Cxorowyudan) an Tund Tbilise-

li, quTaiseli an baTumeli miiyvano TbilisSi, veris bazris

axlos mdebare lurji monastris ezoSi da uCveno taZris

karis Tavze moTavsebuli SoTa rusTvelis droindeli warwera

da uTxra: aba gamoicani, ra asoebiao, gamoicnobs ki? ara mgo-

nia da Cveni ubedurebac swored eg aris.

1959 wlis ivlisis pirvel ricxvebSi aw gansvenebulma pro-

fesorma k. kekeliZem moxseneba waikiTxa bolnisis taZris im

warweris Sesaxeb, romelic taZris aRmosavleTis mxares aris

moTavsebuli, sarkmlis Tavze. moxseneba moewyo TviT taZris

ezoSi, warwerasTan. momxsenebelma gaarkvia am uZvelesi (V

s.) warweris ori ukanaskneli asos mniSvneloba, rac manamde

gaurkveveli iyo. moxsenebas daeswrnen adgilobrivi xelisu-

flebis warmomadgenlebi da inteligencia. moxsenebam didi

interesi gamoiwvia msmenelebSi, magram amodena xalxSi sami-

oTxi kaci Tu eria, romelTac SeeZloT amoecnoT am uZve-

lesi qarTuli eniT dawerili teqstis qarTuli asoebi. ise

ukuRmarTad warimarTa Cveni istoria, rom mravlis metyveli

warwera, romelic 1500 wlis winaT aris amokveTili, ucxo aR-

moCnda ara marto adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic

dRes umTavresad somxebi da Turqebia, aramed taZris ezoSi

Sekrebili qarTvelebisTvisac, romelTa Soris bevri iyo

friad ganaTlebuli piri.

roca saqarTvelom cotaodnad wamoixeda meCvidmete sauku-

nis bolos da meTvrametis dasawyisSi da daiwyo kulturuli

aRorZineba, vaxtangma SemoiRo stamba da wignis beWdvas mi-

hyo xeli orive qarTuli SriftiT, ZveliT da axliT: saekle-

sio wignebis didi nawili dabeWda ZveliT, `vefxistyaosani~

da zogi sxva axliT. Zveli SriftiT nabeWd qarTul wignSi,

97dafaruli saunjesazogadod, yvelgan gatarebulia mTavruli asoebis xmareba,

rogorc amas gviCvenebs, mag., quTaisSi 1803 wels dabeWdili

vnebis kviriakis saxareba, sadac, sxvaTa Soris, mTavruli asoe-

bi naxmaria agreTve sazogado saxelebis TavSic (sur. 6). es

mTavruli iyo mrglovani, romelsac amis gamo asomTavruli

ewoda. magram ufro sayuradRebo is aris, rom zogs me-18 sau-

kunis mxedrulad nawersa da nabeWd wignSic mTavrul asoebad

SemoiRes igive mrglovani. es movlena sazogadod, imasTan aris

dakavSirebuli, rom daiwyo warsulis Seswavla da mis monap-

ovarTa gamoyeneba. cnobilia, mag., rom sulxan-saba orbelia-

nis leqsikonic ki gadaweres Zveli (xucuri) asoebiT. magram

es gadaWarbeba iyo. mSvenieri mxedrulis Secvla ar gvWirdeba,

Zvelisa gvWirdeba mxolod mTavruli asoebi, romelTac kar-

gad iyenebdnen Cveni winaprebi xelnawerebsa da nabeWd wignebSi.

aseTia, magaliTad `kitaiis sibrZne anu swavla queyanasa zeda

bednierad cxovrebisa~, rusulidan Targmnili gaiozis mier da

dabeWdili moskovs 1777 wels (sur. 7). am wignis nawilebis sa-

Taurebi da Tavebi mrglovani asoebiT aris nabeWdi.

sur. 6. vnebis kviriakis saxareba (quTaisi, 1803 w.).

98 akaki SaniZe

sur. 7. kitaiis sibrZne (Tavfurceli).

erekle mefem rom politikuri xelSekruleba dado ruseT-

Tan 1783 w., mis qarTul teqstSi, romelic mxedrulad aris

naweri, mTavrulebad ixmares mrglovani (sur. 8)

sur. 8. 1783 wlis xelSekruleba saqarTvelosa da ruseTs

Soris (dasawyisi). sur. 8b. 1783 wlis xelSekruleba

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris (bolo).

gaiozma rom qarTuli gramatika gamosca kremenCukSi 1789

wels, Sig axal SriftTan erTad Zvelic gauria da, rasak-

virvelia, misi mTavrulebic.

mrglovani Sriftis mTavrulad xmarebas me-19 saukunis

pirvel naxevarSic misdevdnen. mag., `ganweseba Sinaganisa saqa-

rTveloÁsa marTvisa~ (1801) imgvarad aris dabeWdili, rom sa-

Tauri mTlad mrglovniT aris, amas garda, winadadebis dasawy-

isSi da sakuTar saxelebSi igive Sriftia naxmari. maSasadame,

99dafaruli saunjemrglovnis xmarebas aqac, rogorc 1783 w. traqtatSi, orTo-

grafiuli daniSnuleba aqvs (sur. 9).

sur. 9. ganweseba Sinaganisa saqarTveloÁsa marTvisa (1801)

Teimuraz bagrationi mxurvale mimdevari iyo mTavrulebis

xmarebisa. man es wesi `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawer `ganmarteba-

Sic~ gaatara Tavidan bolomdis3 da Tavis istoriaSic, romelic

daibeWda 1848 w.4 es is Sriftia, romlis naxazebi TviT Teimu-

razma SeimuSava da parizSi broses Camoasxmevina (sur. 10a, 10b).

sur. 10a. Teimuraz bagrationi, ganmarteba.

3 Teimuraz bagrationi, ganmarteba poema vefxistyaosnisa. gaioz imedaSvilis re-

daqciiT, gamokvleviT da saZiebeliT, 1960, gv. 033.4 mefis giorgis Ze Teimuraz, istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, e. i. giorgiisa, romel ars

sruliad saqarTveloÁsa, s. peterburRs, 1848. stambasa Sina samecniero akademiisasa.

100 akaki SaniZe

sur. 10b. Teimuraz bagrationi, saqarTvelos istoria (1848).

me-19 saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis Semdeg Zveli mTavr-

ulebis xmareba arsebiTad Sewyda, magram iyo mainc TiTo-oro-

la cda tradiciis gangrZobisa. erT aseT cdad SegviZlia

da vasaxeloT `ciskris~ 1861 wlis Tebervlis nomeri, sadac Ju-

rnalis Tavfurcelze sami sityvis pirvel asod mrglovania ga-

moyenebuli: ciskari, wodeba TxzulebaTa da tfiliss (sur. 11).

sur. 11.

101dafaruli saunjesamocian wlebSi mTavrulebis xmarebis sakiTxSi didi gar-

datexa moxda. 1866 w. daarsda gazeTi `droeba~, romlis re-

daqtori iyo g. wereTeli, gamomcemeli ki _ s. meliqiSvili.

`droebis~ redaqciam gabeduli nabiji gadadga: saWirod miiC-

nia, mTavrulebis xmareba gaetarebina sistemebr Tavisi gazeTis

furclebze: mTavruli asoebiT unda dabeWdiliyo saTaurebi da

axal winadadebaTa da sakuTari saxelebis dasawyisi asoebi, e.

i. qarTul nabeWd teqstSi unda gatarebuliyo igive wesi, rac

didi xania gamtkicebuli iyo evropis enebSi: rusulSi, fran-

gulSi, inglisurSi, italiurSi, berZnulSi da sxv.5 (sur. 12a.).

sur. 12a.

idea, romelic g. wereTels da mis Tanamoazreebs amoqmedeb-

da, uTuod progresuli iyo, magram am ideis praqtikuli ganx-

orcieleba ar gamodga nayofieri. saqme is gaxlavs, rom imis

nacvlad, rom aeRoT lamazi xeliT Sesrulebuli Zveli xel-

nawerebisa da warwerebis saukeTeso nimuSebi da maTi mixed-

viT daexatvinebinaT asoebi da Semdeg am naxatebis mixedviT

daemzadebinaT namdvili qarTuli mTavruli asoebi, gverdi

auqcies qarTuli Sriftis ganviTarebis istoriul gzas, ai-

Res mxedruli beWduri Srifti da misgan gaakeTes mTavrulebi.

mxedrulSi, rogorc zemoT vTqvi, istoriulad oTxi zomis

asoebi SemuSavda: sazedao, saqvedao, Suaze mosaTavsebeli da

mTeli simaRlisa; mag., am sityvebSi qarTuli weris saqme, sami

sazedao asoa naxmari (m, r, s), sami saqvedao (e, l, u), sami

Suaze mosaTavsebuli (a, T, i), ori ki mTeli simaRlisa (q,

w). axali mTavrulebis gakeTebisas yvela aso erT simaRleze

daayenes. amitom Suaze saweri asoebi gaiwela da dagrZelda,

mTeli simaRlis mqone asoebi daitylapa, sazedaoebs saqved-

aoebi amoudga gverdiT, erTi sityviT, istoriuli principi

dairRva da mSvenieri qarTuli mxedruli asoebi damaxinjda

da dauSnovda. amis magaliTia igive sityvebi, qarTuli weris 5 germanelebi sazogado saxelebsac mTavruliT iwyeben, romlis nimuSi qarTuli-

danac vnaxeT zemoT (sur. 6), magram g. wereTeli am SemTxvevaSi maT Sexedulebas ar

iziarebda.

102 akaki SaniZesaqme, sadac yvela aso erTi simaRlisaa. amitom gasakvirveli

rodia, rom amnairi asoebiT dawerili sityvebi Zneli sakiTxa-

via. rom naTeli iyos, Tu rogor gamoiyureba qarTuli nabeWdi

teqsti `droebis~ reformis mixedviT, moviyvanoT erTi nimuSi

(sur. 12b).

sur. 12b. `droeba~. 1866 w. 22 dekembrisa (nawyveti meTauridan).

aqedan vxedavT, rom `droebis~ reformas mTavrulebis Se-

moRebiT garkveuli orTografiuli miznebi hqonda dasaxuli.

ar SeiZleboda, am reformas Tavis dros CoCqoli ar

gamoewvia, radganac mkiTxvelTa farTo wreebi gulgrilad ver

Sexvdebodnen qarTuli asoebis damaxinjebas. amitom `droe-

bis~ redaqcia iZulebuli gamxdara, xma amoeRo da pasuxi

gaeca. pasuxidan Cans, Tu ras usayvedurebdnen `droebas~:

`droebas~ zraxavdnen, rom axali asoebiT raT ibeWdebao.

Cveneburs stambaSi rom asomTavruli ara yofila, `droebam~

saidam SemogvaCeCao. sazogadoeba swyreboda asomTavrulis Se-

moRebaze, _ es ra asoebia, ini ins ara hgavs da eni ens. am

gvaraT wera, Tqveni WirimeT, vis gaugonia: ensa da vins rom

103dafaruli saunjemaRla smeno, sxva asoebs ki dabla. zogi aweulia, zogi daweu-

lia, TiTqo asoebi yiramalazed gadasvlas apirebeno. amisTana

sjaSi bevrjer iyvnen xolme garTulni Cveni moxucebulebi.

magram `droeba~ amisTanaebs yurs ar ugdebda. iman kargad

icoda, rom yoveli axali saqme da nivTi kacs TvalSi eCxireba,

ar moswons imisTvis, rom Tvali SeuCveveli aqvs: imisi winaaR-

mdegia, radganac jereT imisgan sargeblobas ver hxedavs. amas-

Tanave `droeba~ kargad xedavs asomTavrulis sargeblobas.

iman icoda, rom uasomTavruloT kaci sakuTar saxels Znelad

gamoicnobs xolme, ase rom kiTxvaSi xSirad SeuniSnavad rCe-

bian ucxo qveynebis da kacebis saxelebi. amas garda, yoveli

azri kiTxvaSi ufro mkafiod anu naTlad ixedeba, radganac

is yovelTvis asomTavruliT iwyeba xolme. asomTavrulis Se-

moRebiT agreTve TviTon qarTuli stambac6 mravalgvardeba

da mSvenierdeba. `droeba~ kargaT grZnobda, rom, rodesac

mkiTxvelebs asomTavrulzed Tvali gautydebaT, maSin isini

RirsebaT CaTvlian im naklulevanebas, romelsac pirvelaT

xedavdnen. am azris iyo `droeba~ da, vgoneb, arc motyuebu-

la~ (`droeba~, 1867, #1).

am kamaTs rom 95 wlis Semdeg vecnobiT da msjelobis sa-

gnad vixdiT, unda vTqvaT, rom erTi mxarec marTali iyo da

meorec: `moxucebulebi~ im mxriv, rom `axalgazrdebma~ asoe-

bis proporcia daarRvies, `axalgazrdebi~ ki im mxriv, rom

mTavrulebis SemoRebas, sazogadod, didi upiratesoba hqonda

da aqvs. idea `axalgazrdebisa~ swori iyo, misi praqtikuli

ganxorcieleba ki _ mcdari, rogorc es Semdgomma ambebma

cxadyo.

`droeba~ yovel nomerSi atarebda axal orTografias mxe-

druli `mTavrulis~ gamoyenebiT calkeuli werilebis saTau-

rebSi da sakuTari saxelebis Tu winadadebaTa pirvel asoe-

bad. miuxedavad gazeTis redaqtorebis cvlisa (g. wereTeli

1866-69, s. mesxi 69-73, k. lorTqifaniZe 73-74, s. mesxi 74-80,

i. WavWavaZe da s. mesxi 80-81, isev s. mesxi 82-83, i. maCabeli 83-

85), am orTografiulma mimdinareobam gastana `droebis~ ar-

sebobis mTel manZilze, cxrameti wlis ganmavlobaSi (1866-86).

calkeul pirTagan, romlebic droebis~ orTografias izi-

6 avtors undoda eTqva: qarTuli stambis Sriftic.

104 akaki SaniZearebdnen, SegiZlia davasaxeloT i. gogebaSvili, romelic Ta-

vis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mxedrul mTavrulebs xmarobda sis-

temebr, rogorc amas gviCvenebs misi `bunebis karis~ 1876 w.

gamocemidan amoRebuli erTi patara leqsi (sur. 13).

sur. 13. i. gogebaSvilis `bunebis kari~ (1876).

sainteresoa, Seswavlil iqnes specialurad da gamoirkves

detalurad, Tu vin, rodis da ra SemTxvevaSi ganagrZobda

kidev `droebis~ SemoRebuli wesebis dacvas. TviT g. wereTe-

li mTavrulebs xmarobda 1876 w. calke wignakad gamocemuls

`aranka~-Si, magram mermindels beletristulsa da publicis-

tur nawerebSi xeli aiRo mTavrulis xmarebaze (mag., `ruxi

mgeli~, 1892, ̀ qarTvelTa da somexTa urTierToba~: kvali 1893,

#15). magram kargad cnobilia, rom mTavrulebis xmarebis we-

sebs TavgamodebiT icavda quTaisSi silovan xundaZe, romelic

Tavis nawerebSi (gramatikebsa da leqsebSi) mTavrulebs xma-

robda sistemebr da, g. axvledianis sityviT, masve moiTxovda

Tavisi mowafeebisganac da Secdomad uTvlida, Tu vinme am we-

sebs daarRvevda.

g. wereTlis dawyebulsa da gogebaSvili-xundaZis moZax-

ils aravin misca bani da mxedrulma mTavrulma dakarga Tavisi

pirvandeli daniSnuleba. igi darCa xmarebaSi, magram gamoe-

cala orTografiuli miznebi, misi xmareba ganisazRvra mar-

tooden TvalsaCinoebiT: mas iyeneben mxolod wignisa da wer-

ilebis saTaurebSi da zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi, vTqvaT, roca

Soridan unda daCndes naweri, mag., afiSebSi, firniSebSi da sxv.

amgvarad, `droebis~ iniciativam, romelsac miznad hqonda

evropuli enebis msgavsad, kerZod rusulisa, mTavrulebis Se-

moReba qarTulSic, Tavis mizans ver miaRwia. man sabolood

gaaxmo me-18 s-Si gaRivebuli da me-19-is pirvel naxevarSi ram-

denadme amojejlebuli orTografiuli mimdinareoba, ro-

melic mTavrulebad mrglovans miiCnevda. miuxedavad amisa,

mainc iyo cda mrglovnis ganedlebisa da gamococxlebisa:

105dafaruli saunjedimitri yifianma rom 1882 wels Tavisi `qarTuli Rramatika~

dabeWda peterburgSi ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis stam-

baSi, man Sig mTavrulebad yvelgan mrglovani ixmara (sur. 14). sur. 14. d. yifianis `qarTuli Rramatika~ (1882).

me-19 s-is dasawyisSi (1802 w.) ialRuziZe saWirod miiCnevda

osurad naTargmn saxarebaSi, romelic Tavidan bolomdis qar-

Tuli asoebiT iyo naweri, calkeuli Tavebi mrglovani asoebiT

gamoeyvana da mrglovanive exmara sakuTari saxelebisa da wi-

nadadebaTa TavSi. 65 wlis Semdeg TiTqmis fiqradac aRaravis

mosdioda, rom Zveli qarTuli Srifti ara Tu osurSi (saekle-

sio wignebis garda), aramed qarTul wignSi an Jurnal-gazeTSi

gamoeyenebina. saTvalavSi ar aris Casagdebi, ra Tqma unda, Zve-

li Sriftis xmareba specialuri mizniT gamocemul wignebSi,

rogoricaa, vTqvaT, d. CubinaSvilis qrestomaTia (1846 w.), sa-

dac `ivdiTis~ wigni mTlad Zveli SriftiT aris dabeWdili

(gv. 343-377), an i. yifSiZis Zveli qarTuli qrestomaTia (pe-

terburgi, 1918), romlis Zveli SriftiT dabeWdili teqstebi

mTlianad gadabeWdes n. marma da m. brierma qarTuli enis sax-

elmZRvaneloSi (La langue géorgienne, parizi, 1931). mxedvelo-

106 akaki SaniZebaSi araa misaRebi arc `saxis metyveli~, romelic mTlianad

mrglovani SriftiT dabeWda n. marma (1904), an kidev marisave

gamocema spevsipes, elasipes da melasipes cxovrebis teqstisa,

romelic dabeWdilia nusxuri SriftiT (1907), arc v. beneSe-

viCis gamocemuli ori Tavi saxarebisa: maTesi (peterb. 1909) da

markozisa (iqve, 1911), romlebic mrglovani SriftiT aris da-

beWdili ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis stambaSi, k. kekeliZis

ierusalimis ganweseba-ganCinebis teqsti (nusxurad, Tbilisi,

1912), misive `arqieratikoni~ (Tb., 1912), romelic dabeWdilia

im xanebSi axlad Camosxmuli SriftiT, arc a. SaniZis `Zveli

qarTuli qrestomaTia~ (1935), romlis Srifti d. SevardnaZis

naxatebis mixedviT aris damzadebuli, da i. imnaiSvilis `qa-

rTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia~ (1949, 1953), sadac erT

nawilSi igive Sriftia naxmari.

igive iTqmis warwerebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gamocemis dros

Zvel Sriftsac iyenebdnen xolme (m. brose, n. mari, e. TayaiS-

vili, g. CubinaSvili da sxvebi).

Zveli Srifti kanti-kuntad sxva gamocemebSic gvxvdeba:

sabininis `samoTxeSi~ (gv. 1-28), T. Jordanias `qronikebSi~ (I,

gv, 12-26, 31-32, 39, 48, 49, 61, 62, 66, 69, 70, 73, 75, 190-192, II,

gv. 53-54, 62-66) da sxvagan. erT aseTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT

`fsalmuni~, romelic gamoica 1960 w. aq Zalian gamogvadga

Zveli Srifti: saWiro iyo fsalmunTa muxlebis ormagi nu-

meracia: Zveli da axali. Zveli damuxlva ar emTxveva axals.

amitom axali saTvalavi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSna, Zveli

ki _ qarTuli asoebiT; magram, rom naTeli yofiliyo, Tu sad

iwyeba muxli Zveli dayofis mixedviT, iq mrglovani asoebi

davsxiT. ase gamovediT gaWirvebidan.

Cven rom TandaTan vSordebodiT Zvel istoriul ambebs me-

19 s-Si da mis meore naxevarSi sul mTladac movswydiT war-

suls, es gasakvirveli ar aris. qarTuli skola aRar arsebob-

da, TviTmpyrobelobis moxeleebs qarTuli kulturisaTvis ar

ecalaT, an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, mtrulad epyrobodnen mas. mest-

ambeebs ki arc codna hqondaT, arc Segneba, arc sakmao SeZleba,

rom stambis saqme maRal doneze daeyenebinaT, SeeqmnaT axal-

axali Sriftebi didi istoriuli bedis mqone qarTuli weris

saukeTeso nimuSebis mixedviT. grigol tatiSvilic ki Tavisi

107dafaruli saunjebrwyinvale niWiT ver gascda mxedrul asoebs.

mkiTxvelma uTuod icis (da Tu ar icis, grZnobs mainc),

rom mTavruli asoebis gareva SriftSi marto gonebisTvis ki

ar aris saWiro, aramed esTetikuri grZnobis dasakmayofile-

bladac; mis xmarebas marto orTografiuli miznebi ki ar aqvs

safuZvlad (rom, vTqvaT, gairCes sakuTari saxeli sazogadosa-

gan), aramed mTeli naweri an nabeWdi teqsti sasiamovno Sesaxe-

davi iyos da wasakiTxavad mimzidveli.

me-19 saukunem gaaerTiana politikurad daqsaqsuli qar-

Tuli tomebi, magram ukan daxia kulturulad da, rac mTavar-

ia, waarTva xalisi Tavisi simdidris movlisa da gamoyenebisa.

amitom yvelaze mdidari xelnaweri Sriftebis mqone xalxi

yvelaze Raribi aRmovCndiT beWdvisas da iseTsave viTarebaSi

CavcvivdiT, rogorSiac arian arabebi, sparselebi da yvelani,

romelnic arabul weras iyeneben. arabuls ki mTavruli asoe-

bi ara aqvs da saTaurSi Cveulebriv ufro didi zomis asoe-

bs xmaroben, vidre teqstSi. aseTive viTarebaa ebraulsa da

asurulSic.7 arc maT aqvT mTavruli asoebi. qarTuli wera ki

ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba arabul-ebraul-asurulisagan: Cven

marcxnidan marjvniv vwerT, aRniSnuli semituri Sriftebis

mimdevarni ki _ marjvnidan marcxniv (`ukuRma~). striqonTa

mimarTulebiT Cvenca da somxebic berZnebTan, rusebTan da sxva

evropelebTan varT, romlebic laTinur Srifts xmaroben,

mTavruli asoebis uqonlobis gamo ki samxreTis erebTan varT:

arabebTan, sparselebTan, ebraelebTan, asurebTan.

somxebma Tu mTavruli asoebis xmareba SemoiRes, amisi

mizezi marto is ki ar aris, rom maTi Srifti ar ganviTarebula

ise, rom sxva saxe mieRo, rogorc es moxda qarTulSi, aramed

isic, rom isini gafantulni arian da mravlad moipovebian sx-

vadasxva qveyanaSi da saSualeba aqvT, Tval-yuri adevnon sxva

erebis werisa da beWdvis saqmes da maTi gamocdileba gamoiy-

enon.

qarTvelma erma XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ver isarge-

bla verc Tavisi istoriiT da verc sxva erebis gamocdilebiT,

rom namdvili mTavruli asoebi gamoeyenebina, romlebic mas

hqonda da aqvs, gverdi auqcia istoriuli ganviTarebis gzas

7 asurebis Camomavlebia dRevandeli aisorebi.

108 akaki SaniZeda daiwyo axali saxis mTavruli asoebis Zieba. rogorc vTq-

viT, amas Sedegad mohyva lamazi mxedruli asoebis propor-

ciebis darRveva da maTi damaxinjeba axali saxis mTavrulSi.

es axali viTomcda mTavruli asoebi marto beWdvis dros

ixmareba, xeliT rom vwerT, aravin maT ar xmarobs. maSasa-

dame, isini marto nabeWd teqstSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes, isic

mxolod saTaurebSi. es kidev araferi. rodesac gvWirdeba

Semoklebani, maT ver viyenebT da varCevT sityvis srulad daw-

eras (`gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia~ da ara geo da sxv.),

rasac yuradRebas aqcevda prof. p. guguSvili; maT ver viy-

enebT sakuTar (pirTa da geografiul) saxelebSi, winadadebis

dawyebisas da sxva SemTxvevebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasveni

niSnebis sakiTxSi imave wess mivsdevT, rasac rusulSi. maS,

raRa mTavrulia aseTi mTavruli?

gamigonia: viRacas RviZli deda dahviwyeboda da dedi-

nacvals ficulobdao. asea Cveni saqmec: namdvili da lamazi

mTavruli asoebi gvaqvs, SemuSavebuli da xmarebuli saukune-

Ta manZilze, magram isini daviviwyeT da maT nacvlad uSno da

tlanq asoebs viyenebT, isic mxolod garkveuli SemTxvevebi-

saTvis. namdvil mTavrul asoebs ki ver viyenebT, radganac gam-

oyenebas codna unda, codna ki ara gvaqvs.

ucnauri da savalalo mdgomareoba Segveqmna qarTul saSu-

alo skolaSi, rusulis garda, erT-erT ucxo enas swavloben:

franguls, germanuls an inglisurs. es niSnavs, rom Cveni

mowafeebi swavloben 26 laTinur asos, romelTac ramdenime

gansxvavebuli mTavruli moepoveba, aranakleb cametisa (maSa-

sadame, naxevari): Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ll, Mm, Nn, Qq, Rr, Tt. es aris nabeWdur anbanSi. xelnawerSi ki gansxvavebuli asoebi

gacilebiT metia. magram davaneboT Tavi xelnawerebs da marto

beWduri viangariSoT. 26 da 13 aris 39. maSasadame, romelime

evropuli enis teqstis dasaZlevad qarTvel bavSvs pirvel

rigSi 39 niSnis daswavla sWirdeba. magram es kidev araferi,

daumateT amas, rom zogi bgeris gadmosacemad jgufebis mniS-

vneloba unda iswavlos (mag., germanulSi ch x, sch S, sp Sp, st St, frangulSi ch S, ou u, au o da sxv., inglisurSi sh S, ch C, oo u da sxv., an iZulebulia, asos sxvadasxva bgeriTi mniSvneloba

gamoarkvios mdebareobis mixedviT. magaliTisTvis mivmarTavT

109dafaruli saunjefranguls, sadac g aso zogjer g aris, zogjer J, imi mixedviT,

Tu ra mosdevs: ga ga, magram gi Ji; asevea c asoc, xan k-d gamoiTq-

mis, xan s-d: ca ka, magram ci si da sxv.). axla es aso vnaxoT:

u. misi gamoTqma Cveulebriv daviwrovebuli u aris, i-saken

gadaxrili: une. magram sxvaa misi gamoTqma un-Si, xolo eu-sa

da au-Si mas sakuTari bgera arca aqvs da winamaval asosTan

erTad sul sxva bgerebs gadmogvcems. exla esec gavsinjoT: i Cveulebriv igi i aris, magram sul sxva bgeras gadmogvcems

igi in-Si da araferi saerTo aqvs i-sTan oi jgufSi. daumateT

amas sxva saxis siZneleebic, romlebic frangul orTografias

axlavs. mag., zogi niSani iwereba, magram ar gamoiTqmis, vTqvaT,

il parl(e) `laparakobs~, il(s) parl(ent) `laparakoben~, da Tqven

darwmundebiT, Tu ra mZime tvirTi awevs bavSvs Tavze.

inglisurSi kidev metia wera-kiTxvis siZneleebi, radganac

wera da gamoTqma Zalian daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan. magram,

sityva rom ar gagvigrZeldes, inglisurze aRaras vityvi.

TiTqo advilia germanuli wera-kiTxvao, magram namdvilad

iqac didi siZneleebis daZleva sWirdeba qarTvel bavSvs,

radganac xmovanTa sigrZe-simoklis gadmocema erTob rTul

principzea damyarebuli.

sur. 15a. afxazuri anbani (a. WoWuas wignidan, 1961).

rusuli orTografiis siZneleebi xom kargad cnobilia

yvelasaTvis. mag., sul sxvaa е, ю, я asoebis gamoTqma sityvis

110 akaki SaniZeTavSi da sityvis SuaSi an boloSi. amas garda, Zalian rTulia

rbili Tanxmovnebis gadmocemis sistema da umaxvilo xmovnebis

gamoxatvis saSualeba; mag., iwereba `moloko~ da gamoiTqmis

`malako~ da sxv.

kidev meti siZneleebia afxazurSi. jer qarTuli anbaniT

swavleba Wirda afxazurisa da, rusul anbanze rom gadavid-

nen, siZneleebma erTi-orad imata. afxazur saliteraturo

enas safuZvlad uZevs samxruli kilo, abJuuri, sadac bgeraTa

ricxvi naklebia, vidre Crdilour kiloSi, bzifurSi. Tum-

ca abJuurSic samocze metia bgera, magram saliteraturo

miznebisaTvis 56-ze SeCerebulan; am 56 bgeraTagan zogi TiTo

asoTia gadmocemuli, zogi _ wyvil-wyviliT. ai, mag., rogor

gamoiyureba afxazuri anbani a. WaWuas saxelmZRvanelos mixed-

viT (sur. 15a). aq TviTeul ujredSi Casmulia TiTo bgeris

gadmomcemi erTi an ori niSani. rusuli anbanidan yvelaa gamo-

yenebuli garda eqvsisa (ё й щ ю я э). mTavrul asoebTan erTad

cxrilSi maTi mcire asoebia moTavsebuli, pirveli (а) samjer,

sxvebi ki orjer an erTjer. gamoTqmis mixedviT axlos mdgomi

bgerebi diakritikuli (ganmasxvavebeli) niSnebiT aris gamor-

Ceuli: kudebiT, winwklebiT, xazebiT. ganmasxvavebel niSnebad

gamoyenebulia agreTve silbos niSani (ь, mag., гь, кь, жь, шь) an gadmobrunebuli е (Те Де, da sxv.). martivi da diakritikul

niSnebiani asoebi 40-ia, wyvil-wyvili niSniT gadmocemul

bgeraTa ricxvi ki _ 16, sul 56. Tu amas davumatebT sam gan-

sxvavebul mTavrul asos (Аа, Бб, Ее), miviRebT sul 59 niSans,

caleuls, Tu wyvileuls. exla kidev Tu davsZenT, rom ramden-

ime aso gansxvavebulia xelnawerSi , advilia warmovidginoT

afxazi bavSvis gaWireba wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis dros.

afxazur anbans kidev ra uSavs! afxazebma ramdenime aso war-

suli saukunis bolo xanebSi SemuSavebuli anbanidan amoiRes.

amas garda, diakritikul (ganmasxvavebel) niSnebs mihmarTes,

amis wyalobiT maT minimumamde daiyvanes wyvil-wyvili niS-

nebis xmareba.

abazebis ena uaxloesia afxazurTan. q. lomTaTiZe mas afxa-

zuris dialeqtad Tvlis, magram arao, calke enaao, gaiZaxian

zogni da Tavisi mwerloba Seuqmnes ocaTasian xalxs. bgeraTa

SedgenilobiT abazuri bevrad ar gansxvavdeba afxazurisagan.

111dafaruli saunjemisi mwerloba, afxazuriviT rusul grafikazea damyarebuli,

magram ganmasxvavebel niSnebs iq adgili ara aqvs da, radganac

rusuli asoebi ar hyofnis, iq zogierTi bgera sxvadasxva asos

kombinaciiT aris gadmocemuli. amitom arc gasakviria, rom

erTi bgeris gadmosacemad ori, sami da zogjer oTxi aso iyo

gamoyenebuli.8

CerqezulSi, romelic imave enaTa jgufs ekuTvnis, rasac

afxazuri, agreTve rusuli anbania gamoyenebuli, uwinwklod

da urameod, da aqac erTi bgera zogjer sami an oTxi niSniT

aris gadmocemuli, mag. хъ, кхъ, кхъу.9

vityodi oriode sityvas qisturisa (CaCnurisa) da daRist-

nis romelime enis axal Seqmnil anbanzedac, magram, rom ar

movawyino mkiTxveli, mokled movWri. vityvi mxolod erTs:

afsusi kia, rom umwerlobo kavkasiuri enebis anbanis Sedgenis

dros daviwyebul iqna principi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobda

100 wlis winaT am enebis mkvlevari p. uslari. 1500 wlis wi-

naT moxerxda mSvenieri qarTuli da saucxoo somxuri anbanis

Sedgena da Cven dros ki gaWirda srul-yofili anbanis Sedge-

na kavkasiis umwerlobo erTaTvis! magram, mogexsenebaT, Zala

aRmarTs xnavso da moswavle axalgazrdoba eZaleba swavlas da

amgvari rTuli da Seuferebeli anbaniTac axerxeben, avad Tu

kargad werasa da kiTxvas.

dailocos qarTuli wera da kiTxva! yovel asos mxolod

erTi bgera Seesatyviseba da yoveli bgerisTvis calkeuli aso

moipoveba. am mxriv igi somxurzedac maRla dgas, radganac

somxurs dRevandlamde SemohrCa ori niSani u-s gadmosacemad.

amas garda, somxurSi iwereba rb, rg da rd, gamoiTqmis ki rf,

rq da rT (Sesabamisad). aris sxva saxis siZneleebic, magram

unda iTqvas, rom, miuxedavad amisa, somxuri wera saerTod Za-

lian kargia, yvela evropuls sjobs da, maT Soris, axal ber-

Znulsac, sadac wera da gamoTqma Zalian dascilda erTmaneTs.

magram erTi vikiTxoT; ramdeni niSnis Seswavlaa saWiro

dRevandeli somxuri wera-kiTxvisaTvis? _ ara nakleb 48-isa.

amaTgan mcire asoebi 38-ia, amaT emateba mTavruli asoebi,

8 Русско-абазинский словарь, М., 1956.9 Б. М. Карданов, Краткий грамматический очерк кабардино-черкесского языка (Приложение к Русско-кабардинско-черкесскому словарю Б. М. Карданова и А. Т. Бичоева, М., (1955), стр. 997.

112 akaki SaniZeromlebic gansxvavebulia Tavis moxazulobiT, rogorc amas

Semdegi giCvenebs:

Tavi rom davaneboT xelnaweri asoebis gansxvavebas, somexma

bavSvma unda iswavlos 48 beWduri niSani.

zemoxsenebuli enebis werasTan SedarebiT qarTuli wera,

mTavrulianad, imdenad advilia, rom Sedarebac ki ar SeiZle-

ba. Tu afxazma bavSvma 60-ze meti niSani unda iswavlos, rom

ase Tu ise Tavi gaarTvas werasa da kiTxvas, qarTvel bavSvs

viTom gauWirdeba ramdenime damatebiTi mTavruli asos Seswav-

la? aba ra brZanebaa! aba sad qarTuli orTografia da sad af-

xazuri an Cerqezuli, an berZnuli, an Tundac rusuli, fran-

guli da inglisuri! Cven arc wyvil-wyvili an sami Tu oTxi

niSani gvaqvs erTi bgeris gadmosacemad, arc asos mdebareobas

vaqcevT yuradRebas, arc raime diakritikuli niSani gvWird-

eba (rogorc arabulSia an afxazurSi), ar sxva rame xerxia

gamoyenebuli sworad dawerisa da sworad wakiTxvisaTvis.

es Sedareba qarTuli wera-kiTxvis sistemisa sxva enebis

sistemasTan imaTTvis moviyvane, romelTac SeiZleba saqmis

garTulebad moeCvenos mTavrulebis SemoReba qarTulSi. Cven

ver CamovrCebiT Cvens mezobel somxebs, azerbaijanelebs da

osebs, romlebic mTavrulebs xmaroben. Cven fexi ki ar unda

avubaT arabebsa da sparselebs, aramed unda mihvyveT evropis

erebis magaliTs da mivsceT qarTul nawersa da nabeWds Sno da

silamaze.

dRes Cven ver dagvakmayofilebs, ra Tqma unda, verc saekle-

sio wignebSi xmarebuli mTavruli asoebi, Tundac vaxtangiseu-

li Srifti, romelic brosem gamosca `qarTuli enis TviTmas-

wavlebelSi~ (parizi, 1834), verc sinodis stambis (moskovSi),

verc e. xelaZis stambisa (TbilisSi). mTavruli asoebi unda

gakeTdes axlad, saukeTeso xelnaweri da qvaze amokveTili ni-

muSebis mixedviT da ara erTi da ori, aramed sxvadasxva gar-

niturisa da Sexamebuli dRevandel yvela saxis mxedrulTan.

franguli orTografiis magaliTze zemoT davrwmundiT, Tu

113dafaruli saunjera mZime tvirTi awevs qarTvel bavSvs ucxo enebis Seswavlisas.

am tvirTs Cven vurigdebiT, magram imas ufro vurigdebiT, sx-

visas vswavlobT da Cvensas ki ara. ar vswavlobT imitom, rom

mecxramete saukuneSi movtydiT, movdundiT, davkargeT swori

gza da avirCieT mrudi, namdvili mivagdeT da yalbi SemoviReT.

namdvili mTavruli asoebis SemoReba ki gagvmarTavda welSi,

misi gareva teqstSi qarTul wigns, Jurnalsa da gazeTs miscem-

da Snos, daamSvenebda qarTul beWdviT nawarmoebs da qarTul

wigns garegnuli gaformebis mxriv, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (qa-

Raldi, wamali, yda, suraTebi), aiyvanda rusuli da laTinuri

SriftiT dabeWdili wignis simaRleze. kacs oqro-vercxli

hqondes, ver xmarobdes, mSier-mwyurvali iyos da konkebSi da-

diodes, ai rasa hgavs Cveni mdgomareoba Sriftis saqmeSi.

arc erT ers ar moepoveba iseTi farTo gasaqani nair-nairi

da erTimeoreze ulamazesi Sriftebis Sesaqmnelad, rogorc

qarTvel ers. magram ra! ver mogviclia amisTvis, ver mivmx-

vdarvarT, ver CavhkvirvebivarT Cvens umweo mdgomareobas da

namdvili saSualeba ver mogvinaxavs. saWiroa gamovifSvnitoT

Tvalebi da mZime mdgomareoba gamovasworoT.

ra aris saWiro praqtikulad? saWiroa, dawyebiT skolebSi

SemoRebul iqnes namdvili mTavruli asoebis swavleba, ro-

gorc es aris ruseTisa da evropis skolebSi. frangul skola-

Si frangi bavSvi striqonis asosTan erTad mis mTavrulsac

swavlobs: Aa, Bb, Dd, Ee da sxv. agrea rusulSic, somxurSic

da agre unda iyos qarTulSic. unda SemoRebul iqnes, ra Tqma

unda, namdvili mTavruli, romelic warwerebSi ixmareboda.

evropul enaTa mTavrul asoebs mxatvrebi Zveli laTinuri

warwerebis asoebis mixedviT akeTeben. amgvaradvea berZnul-

Sic, somxurSic. qarTvelma bavSvma ra daaSava, rom mas saTana-

do gonebriv sazrdos ar vaZlevT? gaZneldeba saqme? garTul-

deba? advili fafis Wamac ar ariso, mogaxseneben. cota Tu ar

SevwuxdiT, araferi iqneba. Tavis dinebaze saqmis migdeba ar

varga, arc miyrueba ivargebs. Careva unda saqmeSi, gamrudebuls

gamosworeba unda. saxelmZRvanelo ar aris, es marTalia, ma-

gram saxelmZRvanelo unda daiweros, an arsebuli gadakeTdes

da gamoices. maswavleblebi saTanadod unda momzaddnen. ga-

mocdilebiT vici (universitetis praqtikidan), rom saSualo

114 akaki SaniZeniWis mqoneTaTvis 30-ode mTavruli niSnis daswavlas erTi

kviris varjiSi hyofnis.

xalxTa daZabul kulturul WidilSi, romlis mowame-

ni da monawileni dRes varT, mxolod is eri gadarCeba, ro-

melic yovel mxriv aris aRWurvili kulturulad. kultu-

ris erTi iaraRTagania (SeiZleba iTqvas, umZlavresic) wera

da beWdva, romelic yovel mxriv unaklo unda iyos. qarTuli

wera idealuria, magram misi nakli is aris, rom mTavrulebs

ar vxmarobT. Tu gvsurs namdvilad gavaumjobesoT qarTuli

wera, unda gaviziaroT g. wereTlis `droebis~ sabuTianoba da

mTavruls mivsceT orTografiuli daniSnuleba, e. i. igi unda

ixmarebodes ara marto satitulod da calkeuli werilebis

saTaurebSi, aramed teqstSic.

marTali iyo is profesori, romelmac konstantine gamsax-

urdias SehniSna, rom qarTuli Srifti kargia, magram Tvals

Rlis, radganac mTavruli asoebi ar gqoniaTo. marTlac, erT-

ferovani asoebis kiTxva mTeli gverdebis manZilze Tvalis

damRlelic aris da didad mosawyenic. qarTvel kacs amJamad

saSualeba ara aqvs wignis an gazeTis kiTxvis dros erTbaSad

aRiqvas sakuTari saxeli, qalaqisa da mdinaris saxeli, mTisa,

tbisa, soflisa da sxvaTa sakuTari saxeli. am mxriv sworad

daayena sakiTxi `droebis~ redaqciam da scada kidec praq-

tikulad ganexorcielebina mTavrulebis xmareba. marTal-

ni iyvnen cnobili pedagogebi i. gogebaSvili da s. xundaZe,

romelTac gaiziares `droebis~ dawyebuli saqme. oRond g.

wereTels da mis mimdevrebs is unda vusayveduroT, rom tradi-

cia daarRvies da iseTi saxis mTavrulebi Seqmnes, romlebic

ver gamodga praqtikuli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.

Tu rusul anbanSi, laTinurSi, berZnulsa da somxurSi

zogierTi mTavruli asoa gansxvavebuli sastriqonosagan (ru-

sulSi 3, somxurSi 10, laTinurSi 13, e. i. naxevari, berZnulSi

ori mesamedi, 24-idan 16), qarTulSi TiTqmis yvela mTavru-

li aso (mrglovani) iqneba gansxvavebuli, garda erTaderTi

sanisa, romelic dResac ise iwereba, rogorc me-5 saukuneSi.

dRevandel saliteraturo qarTulSi saerTod ixmareba 33

aso, amdenive gvinda mTavrulic. amaTgan erTi (s) ukve viciT,

radganac misi mTavrulis moxazuloba igive darCeba rac dRes

115dafaruli saunjearis. damatebiT Sesaswavli gvaqvs, maSasadame, 32 mTavruli

aso, romelTaganac oTxi (T, m, n, q) axlos dgas Tavisi moxazu-

lobiT dRevandel asoebTan da advili dasaxsomebelia. gvrCe-

ba, maSasadame, 28 aso, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebulia dRe-

vandelisagan; magram es gansxvaveba kidev met Rirsebas hmatebs

Cvens mTavrulebs, radganac isini mkveTrad gamoirCevian mcire

(sastriqono) asoebisagan.

mTavrulebis SemoRebas moiTxoven mwerlebi da sazogado

moRvaweebi: k. gamsaxurdia, g. leoniZe, p. guguSvili, romelT-

ac Tavisi azri amis Sesaxeb werilobiT gamoTqves gazeTis fur-

clebze. magram ueWvelia, bevria aseTi pirebi, romelTac igive

undaT, magram saSualeba ara hqondaT, werilobiT gamoeTqvaT

Tavisi azri. ukve dadga dro, rom SemoRebul iqnes sayovel-

Tao xmarebisaTvis mTavrulebi da gatarebul iqnes Jurnal-

gazeTebsa da wignebSi. rac sayovelTaod ar ixmareba, is davi-

wyebas miecema xolme.

Cvens saqmes sxva ver gaakeTebs da arc gaakeTebs. Cvens tkivi-

lebs Cvenve unda vuwamloT. Tu movindomebT da mtkiced ga-

davwyvetT, es saqme sul male brwyinvaled dagvirgvindeba.

saWiroa modunebidan gamovideT, movikrifoT nebisyofa, Cveni

Tavi da Cveni Rirseba davicvaT da gavakeToT is, rac saWiroa.

Tu ase moviqceviT, erTi wlis Semdeg qarTuli wigni, gazeTi Tu

Jurnali sul sxva iqneba, vidre aqamde iyo. es mcireodeni cv-

lileba rom gatardeba cxovrebaSi, bevri sixarulis grZno-

biT, magram odnav naRvel-gareuli toniT wamoiZaxebs: `netavi

sad viyaviT aqamdiso!~ _ sada da aqve, saqarTveloSi, magram

sxvebi fxizlobdnen, Cven ki tkbilad gveZina.

sulxan-saba orbelianis dabadebis 300 wlisTavis saiub-

ileo dRes mec viyavi sulxanis sofel tanZiaSi (bolnisis

raionSi). didZali xalxi Seikriba mitingze orbelianTa ezo-

Si, sadac maTi sasaxle aRar aris, magram koxta taZari isev

dgas. iyo didZali inteligencia, bevri maTgani Tbilisidan mi-

sulebi. Zalian aRfrTovanebuli viyav, rom Rirseulad dafas-

da didi adamianis Rvawli samSoblos winaSe. magram Cems did

sixaruls didi tkivilic dahyva: friad ganaTlebuli pirebi

me mekiTxebodnen, ra aweria taZarsao? warwera, sazogado we-

sisamebr, mrglovani asoebiT aris Sesrulebuli me-17 saukune-

116 akaki SaniZeSi, sulxan-sabas sicocxleSi. qarTveli inteligentebi idnen

sulxan-sabas ezoSi, Sescqerodnen qarTul Zegls, uyurebdnen

mis qarTul warweras da ver kiTxulobdnen. zogma maTganma

inglisuric icoda. erTs vexumre: ase weria-meTqi: `Tvali

daudges im qarTvels, vinac ver wamikiTxoso~ (sur. 16).

sur. 16. orbelianT taZris warwera s. tanZiaSi (XVII)

ikiTxeba: +. w ͂o n͂kz (wmidao nikoloz), meox eqmen

pt͂rns (patrons) orbels.

droa gamovfxizldeT da vizrunoT, namdvilad vizrunoT

imisaTvis, rom Cveni simdidre gamoviyenoT. merme iciT, mkiTx-

velo, ramden rameSi gamogvadgeboda Cveni lamazi mrglovani

da ramdenad viqnebodiT wel-gamarTuli? rogor unda mo-

dundes da daZabundes eri, rom misi Svilebi laTinur asoebs

gulmodgined swavlobdnen da Tavis asoebs ki vera scnobdnen!

da merme rogor saWiroa CvenTvis mrglovani asoebi, es Cveni

namdvili mTavruli asoebi! aviRoT erTi magaliTi: literatu-

ris institutis rusTvelologiurma ganyofilebam Seadgina

da gamosca vefxistyaosnis 48 xelnaweris variantebis nusxa.

es xelnawerebi laTinuri asoebiT aRiniSna: A, B, C, D, E, F da sxv., magram radganac laTinuri asoebi ar eyo, iZulebuli

gaxdnen, danarCeni xelnawerebi primebiT aReniSnaT: A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1 da sxv. qarTuli mTavruli rom gvqonoda, jer amas

vixmardiT da, roca Semogvakldeboda, laTinurs moviSveli-

117dafaruli saunjeebdiT. aRar iqneboda saWiro primebi, rac did uxerxulobas

qmnis. magram eg sxvaTa Soris. mTavari mainc is iqneboda, rom

asoebi, maT Soris mTavrulebi, samkaulia wignisa. kargi sam-

kauli sul sxva Snos miscems qarTul xelnawersa da beWdur

nawarmoebs. lamazi da moxdenili mTavrulebi sixalises Sei-

tans kiTxvaSi, gagviadvilebs wanakiTxis gagebas, saSualebas

mogvcems advilad vixmaroT sxvadasxva saxis Semoklebani da

sxva. modi, principul debulebaSi mivhyveT samociani wlebis

`axalgazrdebs~, xolo gaformebis mxriT imave xanis `mox-

ucebs~, romlebic, rogorc Cans, mtkiced icavdnen tradicias,

visargebloT me-18 saukunis da me-19 s-is pirveli naxevris ga-

mocdilebiT, SevqmnaT saukeTeso warwerebisa da xelnawerebis

mixedviT erTmaneTTan Sexamebuli mxedruli da misi mTavrule-

bi da davayenoT qarTuli orTografiis saqme swor gzaze.

vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros, rom me Zveli qarTuli enis aRdge-

nas moviTxov. ara! mxolod yeyeCi unda iyos kaci, rom naTqvami

sworad ver gaigos, an iyos Suriani, RvarZliani da qarTuli

kulturis mteri, rom gagebiT ki gaigos, magram sxvisi naTq-

vami gadaamrudos da iseTi ram momaweros, rasac ar vfiqrob

da arc vambob da rac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamomdinareobs

Cemi winadadebidan. ena, ra Tqma unda, igive darCeba, rac amJa-

mad gvaqvs, ZiriTad dRevandel Sriftadac mxedruli darCe-

ba, rac amJamad gvaqvs, oRond mTavrulebis gareviT qarTuli

naweri Tu nabeWdi wigni didad Seimkoba da Snoiani gaxdeba.

mTavruli asoebi nawer-nabeWdis saukeTeso samkaulia. amas

garda, igi garkveul orTografiul samsaxursac eweva.

1550 welze metia, rac qarTuli wera gvaqvs. droa, Cveni

mSvenieri wera SevufardoT dRevandeli dRis moTxovnilebas

da yovelmxriv uzado da unaklo gavxadoT igi.

ama wlis maisis bolo ricxvebSi somxebma 1600 wlis iu-

bile gadauxdes mesrop-maStocs, romelic somxuri anbanis

gamomgoneblad iTvleba. Cven ara naklebi xnis mwerloba gvaqvs,

vidre somxebs, am mwerlobam Semogvinaxa uZvirfasesi Zeglebi.

igi gvSveloda mtrebTan brZolaSi. Cvenc vsceT imdeni pativi

Cvens Zvelebs, rom maTi Seqmnili qarTuli asoebi gonivrulad

gamoviyenoT da gazrdili kulturuli moTxovnileba davik-

mayofiloT.

118 akaki SaniZera aris saWiro praqtikulad? _ pirvel yovlisa, mtkice

gadawyvetileba, SemoRebul iqnes bunebrivi mTavruli asoebi

qarTulSi. Sriftis komitetma unda gamoacxados konkursi

sastambo asoebis mTeli kompleqtis dasaxatavad, mxatvreb-

ma asoebi (mxedruli da misi mTavruli) daxaton saukeTeso

xelnawerebisa da warwerebis mixedviT da ise, rom mTavruli

asoebi kargad Sewyobili iyos sastriqono asoebTan. Semdeg

am naxatebis mixedviT unda gakeTdes punsonebi da matrice-

bi, Camoisxas asoebi da momaragdes stambebi. aucilebelia,

gonivrulad gamoviyenoT Cveni zRapruli simdidre lamazi

Sriftebis Sesaqmnelad. es erTbaSad wagvwevs win: aRdgeba

gawyvetili xazi Cveni kulturuli ganviTarebis gzaze da, rac

mTavaria, gavuswordebiT somxebs da sxvebs, romlebic mTavru-

lebs xmaroben. amis Sedegad gaizrdeba Cveni TviTcnobiereba,

qarTuli wigni, Jurnali da gazeTi gaumjobesdeba da damSv-

endeba.

mSvenivrad Tqva geniosma SoTam:

aras gargebs swavluleba,

Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsa:

ar ixmareb, ra xelsa hxdi

saunjesa dafarulsa?

marTlac, rad gvargebs dafaruli saunje? _ arafers. Cven

igi unda gamovaCinoT, mzis sinaTleze gamovitanoT, movixma-

roT da saTanadod gamoviyenoT.

ai, es aris dRevandeli dRis mkacri moTxovnileba, rom-

elsac saTanado angariSi unda gaewios da, rac SeiZleba, male.

______________amJamad, ra Tqma unda, saqme sagrZnoblad gamartivebulia, radgan lino-

tipis asoTamwyobi manqanisTvis saWiro mTeli es teqnikuri aRWurviloba

kompiuterma Caanacvla (s.s.red.)