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ÉksarbNþúHbNþal
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal
Training of Trainers
EksRmYleday³
elak eGg Casan GnuRbFanrdæ)alClpl nigCaRbFankariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmag
elak lI vuTæI RbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaT nigCaCMnYykar
énkariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmag
elak eBC b‘unNa GnuRbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaT nigCamRnþIRtYtBinitü
tamextþénkariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmagsRmab;extþkMBg;FM-esomrab
elak QYn KwmQa GnuRbFankariyal½yGPivDÆn_shKmn_ensaT nigCamRnþIRtYtBinitü
tamextþénkariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmagsRmab;extþkMBg;qñaMg-eBaF×sat;
elak G‘uy CIg mRnþIRtYtBinitütamextþénkariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmagsRmab;
extþ)at;dMbg nigextþbnÞaymanC½y
rcnaeday³
elak eCOg sIusUvin Gñkcat;karkariyal½yKaMRTKeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2
kBaØa BuF Narin CMnYykarkariyal½yKaMRTKeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2
rUbftRkbeRkA ³ rUbcMlak;RBHnrayn_ enATIrYmextþ)at;dMbg
rUbfteday ³ edob Lwg CMnajEpñkerobcMshKmn_ensaT extþ)at;dMbg
ÉksarbNþúHbNþal tula 2006
e)aHBum<eday³
GgÁkares,og nigksikmμénshRbCaCati
KeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2
kariyal½yKaMRTKeRmag
pÞHelx 5 pøÚv 370 sgáat;bwgekgkgTI1
xNÐcMkarmn raCFanIPñMeBj km<úCa
TUrs½BÞelx³ ¬855¦ 23 211 702
TUrsarelx³ ¬855¦ 23 216 547
GIuEm:l³ [email protected]
shkarCamYy³
rdæ)alClpl
KeRmagRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab-EpñkTI2
kariyal½yGnuvtþKeRmag
GaKarelx 186/ mhavifIRBHneratþm/
RbGb;sMbuRt 582/ raCFanIPñMeBj/ km<úCa
TUrs½BÞ¼TUrsarelx³ ¬855¦ 215 470
GIuEm:l³ [email protected]
-i-
esckþIBiBN’na cMNgeCIgGtßbT b¤B½t’mankñúgGtßbTe)aHBum<pSayenH minEmnCaTsSn³rbs;GgÁkares,óg
nigksikmμénshRbCaCati b¤k¾CaTsSn³rbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuIeLIy Tak;Tinnwgc,ab; b¤sßanPaBGPivDÆn_
rbs;RbeTsNamYyelI TwkdI TIRkug b¤tMbn; b¤GMBIsiT§iGMNac b¤mYYyTak;TineTAnwgkarkMNt;RBMEdn .
TsSn³eyabl;Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgGtßbTe)aHBum<pSayenH KWCaTsSn³rbs;GñkniBn§Etb:ueNÑaH .
matikaGtßbT3
TMB½r
esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
eKalbMNgrYm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
1- kareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>4
2- karerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10
3- karsresreKalbMNgemeron nig vKÁbNþúHbNþal>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16
4- viFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>22
5- kic©Etgkar b¤ KeRmagemeron >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26
6- eTBekaslü b¤ CMnajsRmbsRmYl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29
7- karerobcMsmÖar³CMnYy >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>38
8- ÉksarCMnYy >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>46
rUbPaBTI1 ³ skmμPaBrbs;GñksRmbsRmYlénEpñkGnuvtþKeRmag enAextþkMBg;qñaMg
-ii-
esckþIepþIm³
eKalbMNgrYm³
- yl;dwgkan;EtRbesIrGMBIeKalkarN_énkareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y
- GacerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþaledayxøÜnÉg
- manTMnukcitþEfmeTotkñúgkarsRmbsRmYlvKÁbNþúHbNþalb¤sikçasala
- GacRtYtBinitülT§plénkareronsURt
sMNYrGMBIkarrMBwgTuk³
- eBlGñkeTApSBVpSayGnuRkwtü etIGñk)anerobcMkic©EtgkarsRmbsRmYldUcemþc?
- knøgmk etIkarsRmbsRmYlrbs;GñkmansPaBdUcemþc? cMNucl¥GVIxøH? cMNucEklMGGVIxøH?
etIGñkCYbnwgRBwtþkarN_lM)akNaxøH? ehIyEtgEtedaHRsaydUcemþc?
- etIemeronGVIxøHEdlcg;BiPakSaenAkñúgvKÁenH?
- etIcMNucGVIxøHEdlGñkRtUvBicarNa enAeBlsresrkic©EtgkarsRmbsRmYlelIerOgGVImYy?
]TahrN_ EpnkarRKb;RKg lkçnþik³ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúgkic©RBmeRBogCaedIm
- etIGñk)ansegáteXIj \riyabfrbs;shkarI GMBIkarsRmbsRmYly:agNaEdr? etIGñkcUlcitþ
cMNucNaxøH? ehIymincUlcitþcMNucNaxøH?
- etIkayvikar BaküeBcn_GVIxøHEdlKYreFVI? ehIyGVIxøHEdlminKYreFVI?
- Tak;TgCamYykargarshKmn_knøgmk etIGñkeBjcitþelIerOgGVIxøH?
- etIemeronCabTBiesaFn_ GVIxøHEdlGñkKYrEckrMElkdl;shkarI?
- etI karGPivDÆ mann½ydUcemþc?
- etI karpþl;GMNac ¬karpþl;kmøaMgcitþ¦ mann½ydUcemþcsRmab;Gñk?
-1-
karGPivDÆCadMeNIrkarmYyénkarpøas;bþÚr
lkçxNÐminsUvl¥ lkçxNÐeyIgcg;)an
dMeNIrkarénkarpøas;bþÚr
eettIIGGVVIIEEddllGGaacceeFFVVIIppøøaass;;bbþþÚÚrrbb¤¤EEkkllMMGG ??
• karpøas;bþÚrxagsMPar³ - pÞHsMEbg plitplksikmμ FnFanFmμCati Clpl salaeron mnÞIreBTü
pøÚvfñl;CaedIm
• karpøas;bþÚrxagsμartI - eTBüekaslü cMeNHdwg Gakb,kiriya PaBsÁal;xøÜnÉg TMnukcitþ
TMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ karrYbrYmKña
>>>ehIykarpøas;bþÚrcab;epþImBIeyIgmñak;²>>>
eyIgmñak;²RtUv)anGPivDÆtamviFIxusKñaCaeRcIn
ehIykarbNþúHbNþalCaviFImYykñúgcMeNamviFITaMgenaH
karbNþúHbNþal CaskmμPaBerobcMeLIgedIm,ICYyeyIgmñak;² kñúgkarEklMG
CMnaj cMeNHdwg Gakb,kiriya edIm,IeFVIkargarkan;EtRbesIreLIg
>>>enAeBlGñkkan;jjÜr rbs;GVIepSgeTotsuT§EtCaEdkeKal
etIGñkyl;eXIjdUcemþc?>>>
-2-
FatuTaMgbIénkarbNþúHbNþal
sikçakam
GñksRmbsRmYl
briyakasénkareronsURt
-3-
1>1 eKalkarN_
kkaarreeKKaarrBB – CYysikçakam [mmaannGGaarrmmμμNN__ffaa mmaannkkiittþþiiyyss ehIyRtUv)aneKarBkñúg
namCamnusS
PPaaBBCCaabbnnÞÞaann;; – etIeKGacykkareronsURtenaH eeTTAAeeRRbbIIRR))aass;;CCaaRRbbeeyyaaCCnn__))aannPPøøaamm²²
Edrb¤eT?
bbTTBBiieessaaFFnn__ – xøwmsarénkareron KWTak;Tgnwg bbTTBBiieessaaFFnn__kkññúúggCCIIvviitt
kkaarreerroonnssUURRtt – ¬B¤ 20PaKry¦ ¬B¤nigeXIj 40PaKry¦ ¬GVIEdlrkeXIjxøÜnÉg
80PaKry¦
kkaarrBBiiPPaakkSSaaGGMMBBIIttRRmmUUvvkkaarr – karEsVgyl;GMBIttRRmmUUvvkkaarreerroonn CCaakkttþþaassMMxxaann;;bbMMppuuttéénnkkaarrccaabb;;eeppþþIImm
ssuuvvttßßiiPPaaBB – karerobcMemeron RtUv[mansikçakammanCMenOfakareron b¤bTBiesaFn_
enHBitCaCYydl;kargar)an .
bbddiibbttþþii – CYysikçakam [ ¬eFVI - sBa¢wgKit - eRCIserIs - pøas;bþÚr - eFVICafμI ¦
eeFFVVII KKiitt mmaannGGaarrmmμμNN__ – karbeB©ajGarmμN_ KMnit nigGnuvtþCMnaj
ttYYnnaaTTIIcc,,aass;;llaass;; – sRmbsRmYl ENnaM eFVI[kareronsURtgay² karBieRKaHKña pøas;bþÚr
KMnitCamYysikçakam .
kkaarrccUUllrrYYmmyy::aaggsskkmmμμ – eFVI[sikçakamcUlrYmy:agskmμ GnuvtþCak;Esþg sMEdgdUcsPaBBit
ssμμaarrttIITTTTYYllxxuussRRttUUvv – TTYlykkic©kardwknaM karBiPakSa karsMeyaK nigsegátGMBI cMeNHdwg
CMnaj Gakb,kiriya EdlGñkcg;[sikçakamTTYlyk)an
kkaarrggaarrCCaaRRkkuumm – karTTYlxusRtUvrYmKña cMeBaHkareronsURt TegVI ehIyeFVI[RKb;Kña
cg;niyayfa ¬´BitCaRtUvkarRkum ehIyRkumk¾RtUvkar´Edr¦
eeFFVVIIttaammllMMddaabb;;llMMeeddaayy – sRmbsRmYlkareronsURttamlMdab;lMeday nig]sSah_rMlwkbEnßm
nniiggCCMMrruujjbbEEnnßßmm eTot
-4-
emeronTI 1³
kareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y
mü:ageTot>>>
mnusSeBjv½y eronkan;EtRbesIrenAeBlEdl³
GGVVIIEEddlleerroonnTTaakk;;TTggnnwwggttRRmmUUvvkkaarrnniiggCCIIvvPPaaBBRRbbccaaMMééff¶¶
ccUUllrrYYmmyy::aaggsskkmmμμkkññúúggkkaarreerroonn nniiggsseeRRmmcccciittþþ
kkaarreerroonnssUURRtt rrYYmmmmaannEEbbbbbbTT ¬¬ssÞÞIIll¦¦nniiggsskkmmμμPPaaBBCCaaeeRRccIInn
o bbrriiyyaakkaasseerroonnssUURRttmmaannllkkççNN³³ eebbIIkkTTUUllaayy nniiggkkaarreeKKaarrBB
o kkaarreerroonnmmaanneeKKaallbbMMNNggcc,,aass;;llaass;;
o kkMMhhuussqqÁÁgg CCaaccMMEENNkkmmYYyyéénnkkaarreerroonnssUURRtt
� mmaann»»kkaassnnwwggGGnnuuvvttþþGGVVIIEEddll))aanneerroonn
� mmaannkkaarrCCMMrruujjkkMMllaaMMggcciittþþ[[eerroonn
� eerroonneeddaayyEEpp¥¥kkeellIIbbTTBBiieessaaFFnn__rrbbss;;ssiikkççaakkaamm
• »»kkaassEEcckkrrMMEEllkkBB½½tt’’mmaann nniiggbbTTBBiieessaaFFnn__
• bbrriiyyaakkaassmmaannppaassuuxxPPaaBB nniiggKKaaMMBBaarr
• ddMMeeNNIIrrkkaarrkk¾¾mmaannssaarr³³ssMMxxaann;; ddUUccCCaaxxøøwwmmssaarrEEddrr
-5-
1>2 PaBxusKñarvagkareronrbs;ekμg nigmnusSeBjv½y³
1>3 EbbbTeronxus²Kña³
• GGññkksskkmmμμnniiyymm Activists : CaGñkerontamry³eFVIpÞal; [témøelIkaryl;eXIjpÞal;xøÜnCaCag
GVIEdlBit b¤tkáPaB . eKBwgGaRs½yelIkarviPaKrbs;GñkÉeTot CaCagkarviPaKrbs;xøÜn .
eKrIkraynwg GnuvtþkareronsURtkñúgCIvPaBrs;enACak;Esþg . eKeron)anRbesIr BIbTBiesaFn_
ehIyeKminsUvcUlcitþGan emIl b¤ sþab; CaBiess GVIEdlTak;TgnwgRTwsþI .
• GGññkkqqøøúúHHbbBBaaaaMM©©ggnniiyymm Reflectors : eKcUlcitþBinitüemIl nigBicarNarbs;GVImYy [sBVRCugeRCay
BüayamsMlwgemIlCaCageFVIskmμPaB . eKcg;RbmUlB½t’man[)aneRcIn . eKeRbIrU)armμN_kñúg
karedaHRsaybBðaa . mankareRbIR)as;GarmμN_CaeRcInkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða . eKeron)anl¥
enAeBlskmμPaBNamYy EdlGac[eKman»kas sþab; segát . eKmincUlcitþ eFVIGVImYy
edayminmanB½t’manRKb;RKan; nigmin)aneFVIEpnkarCaedIm .
• GGññkkRRTTwwssþþIInniiyymm Theorists : eKcg;edaHRsaybBaða nigrkdMeNaHRsayCak;Esþg nigeRbIR)as;Ca
kareronsURtrbs;eK. eKhak;dUcCasÞak;esÞIr cMeBaHkargarTaMgLay EdlTak;TgnwgsgÁmGnþr
buKÁl ehIycUlcitþTidæPaBkargarbec©keTsCag. eKeron)anRbesIr enAeBlskmμPaBmYymankar
erobcMmaneKalbMNgBitR)akd nigehtuplc,as;las; .
-6-
ktþaKnøwH ekμg mnusSeBjv½y
karyl;BIxøÜnÉg BwgGaRs½y ÉkraCü tRmg;TisxøÜnÉg
bTBiesaFn_ minsUvTUlay CIvPaBrs;enA - TUlMTUlay
qnÞ³eron Ep¥kelIsm,Ta KMnit RKYsar Ep¥ktRmUvkarCak;Esþg
GnuvtþeBlNa? eRbIR)as;enAeBleRkay eRbIR)as;Pøam²
kmμviFIsikSa epþatelImuxviC¢aCaeRcIn epþatelIbBaða - tRmUvkar
Epnkar RKUbeRgon rYmKña
karkMNt;tRmUvkar RKUbeRgon rYmKña nigkMNt;xøÜnÉg
karerobcMemeron lMdab;lMedaytammuxviC¢a lMdab;lMeday-bBaða tRmUvkar
skmμPaB epÞrB½t’man viFIsaRsþ bTBiesaFn_
karvaytémø RKUbeRgon rYmKña
• GGññkkBBiieessaaFFnn__nniiyymm Pragmatists : eKcUlcitþsakl,gKMnitfμI² faetIRTwsþI nigKMnitfμI²man
RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþEdrb¤eT? eKEtgyl;fa vaEtgEtman vviiFFIIEEddllRRbbeessIIrrCCaaggeennHH. eKeron
)anRbesIr enAeBlEdlskmμPaBmYy manTMnak;TMngxøaMgCamYykargarral;éf¶ .
1>4 vdþénkareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y³
-7-
eFVIskmμPaB
skmμPaBCamUldæanénkareronsURt
mann½yfakarcUlrYmdMeNIrkar
NamYy ehIyBRgIk»kas
edIm,IeronsURt.
etIGñk)aneFVIskmμPaBGVIxøH?
eFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg
Binitü nigKiteLIgvijGMBIRBwtþikarN_Na
mYy . bTBiesaFn_cab;epþImBI dwg viPaK
nigyl; . mñak;² b¤CaRkumcMNayeBl
evla viPaKTegVI nigbTBiesaFn_
etI)anTTYlply:agNaEdr? ehtuGVI?
eFVIkarsnñidæan
karsnñidæaneRkayBIkarviPaKditdl; nUv
RBwtþikarN_TaMgLay edIm,Irk[eXIjnUv
viFINamYy EdlGaceRbIR)as;TUlMTUlay .
etIGñksnñidæandUcemþc?
etIdkRsg;)anbTBiesaFn_GVIxøH?
eFVIEpnkar
EpnkarCaQñab;rvagkareroneBlenH nigkar
eronnaeBlxagmux . EpnkarEdlminTak;
Tg nwgGtItkalCYnkal KWCakarcMNay
eBl\tRbeyaCn_ .
etIGñkKYreFVIGVIEdlRbesIrCagenH?
xYbénkaeron
sURt-mnusS
eBjv½y
vdþénkareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y
{erontamry³kargar – eronpg eFVIpg}
-8-
eFVIskmμPaB
etI)aneFVIkic©karGVIxøHEdlTak;TgnwgshKmn_?
Tak;TgnwgkarBRgwgGgÁPaB?
Tak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆpÞal;xøÜn?
Rkumkargar?
qøúHbBa©aMg
kic©karTaMgenHTTYllT§pldUcemþc?
GñkNaxøHKaMRT?
KuNPaBkargardUcemþc?
GVIxøHEdlRtUv[RbesIreLIg?
FnFansRmab;kargar?
sIlFm’kargar? KitKUrdl;eynD½r?
eFVIy:agNa[GgÁPaBmankitþiys?
GarmμN_Rkumkargar?
eFVIEpnkar
EpnkarCak;lak;-R)akdRbCa
karebþCJacitþkargarx<s;
man»kasnwgGnuvtþ
smtßPaBRKb;RKan;
FnFanRKb;RKan;lMhat;Cak;Esþg
yuT§saRsþpøas;bþÚr-RbesIrCagmun
GVI? nrNa? eBlNa? ÉNa? ehtuGVI?
dUcemþc?
snñidæan b¤sMeyaK
KMniteTArkRbBn§½kargarfμI?
EbbbTkargarfμI?
emeronBIkargar?
bTBiesaFn_RbcaMCIvit?
emeronEp¥m CUrct;?
GIcwgeTetI///?
GVIEdleyIgrkeXIjedayxøÜnÉg?
´RtUvxMsegátemIleKEfmeTot?
sMNYrEdlGaceRbI
vdþénkareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y
viFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþalEdlGaceRbI)an
ssMMNNYYrr³³
etIGñknwkeXIjfa cMNucNaxøHkñúgemeronenH EdlGacGnuvtþ)an?
etIkayvikar BaküeBcn_ \riyabfNaxøH EdlGñkKYrRbkan;yk eBleFVIkarenAshKmn_?
etIGñkmanviFIy:agNaxøH edIm,I[ RsþIenAshKmn_kan;EtmanPaBkøahankñúgkarniyaysþI?
eFVIskmμPaB
EckrMElkbTBiesaFn_
bzkfa
bTbgðaj
sMEdgerOg
krNIsikSa
niTanerOg
vIedGU TsSn³kic©sikSa
qøúHbBa©aMg
sYrsMNYrCCIk
BiPakSaRkumtUc
edIremIlBiBN’
viPaKrkcMNucxøaMg EklMG
eFVIEpnkar
lMhat;Cak;Esþg
sMEdgerOg
yuT§saRsþpøas;bþÚr-RbesIrCagmun
sYrsMNYr
GVI? nrNa? eBlNa? ÉNa? ehtuGVI?
dUcemþc?
snñidæan b¤sMeyaK
emIlTMenarBITUeTA-Cak;lak;
Cak;lak;-TUeTA
TMenarEdllMeGogeTAmtiPaKeRcIn-tic
CYnkalyl;eTAelIcMNucxusTaMgGs;Kña
bMeBjbEnßmelIcMNucxVHxat
eRbobeFobKuNsm,tþi KuNvibtþi
KUsbnÞat;eRkamBaküsMxan;²
-9-
etIkarbNþúHbNþalmann½ydUcemþc?
- KWCaskmμPaBerobcMeLIg edIm,ICYyeyIgmñak;² kñúgkarEklMG CMnaj cMeNHdwg Gakb,kiriya
edIm,IeFVIkargar[kan;EtRbesIreLIg .
- KWCadMeNIrkarénkareronsURtBICMnajpÞal;tamry³karENnaM sRmbsRmYl EckrMElk
bTBiesaFn_ nigGnuvtþCak;Esþg .
etIvKÁbNþúHbNþaleFVIedIm,IGVI?
- eFVI[mankarekIneLIgnUvTMnukcitþ
- EckrMElk b¤ eFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvCMnajEdlmanRsab;
- rYmcMENkdl;karpøas;bþÚr\riyabTl¥
- cgRkg nigpøas;bþÚrcMeNHdwg bTBiesaFn_l¥²dl;sikçakam .
-10-
emeronTI 2³
karerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþal
erobcMemeron
eKalbMNg
eBlevla
TItaMgfñak;eron
fvika-smÖar³
viFIsaRsþbeRgon
sikçasala
karTMnak;TMng
reboberobcMvKÁ
ddUUeeccññHH eeddIImm,,IIeerroobbccMMnnUUvvvvKKÁÁbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaallGGVVIImmYYyy eettIIRRttUUvveeFFVVIIGGVVIIxxøøHH ??
CaTUeTA edIm,IerobcMnUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalGVImYy eyIgKYrKitBicarNaeTAelIbIdMNak;kalsMxan;²KW
mmuunneeBBll kkññúúggeeBBll nigeeRRkkaayyeeBBllvKÁbNþúHbNþal EdllMGitdUcxageRkamenH³
2-1 muneBlvKÁbNþúHbNþal³
k- kar):an;RbmaNtRmUvkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþaledaymankarcUlrYm
- erobcMRkumkargar nigsMukarGnuBaØatBIRbFan
- BinitüelIeKalbMNg-TMhMénkar)a:n;RbmaN viFIsaRsþ lkçN³vinicä½y nigsMNYrsMxan;²
- cuHRbmUlB½t’manEdlmanRsab; - etIB½t’manTaMgLayNaEdlBak;B½n§ ehIyvaGacykCakar)an
Edrb¤eT? RKb;RKan; b¤k¾enAxVHxat. CaTUeTA B½t’manEdlGacykCakar)anmanry³eBl cab;BI 1-
3 qñaM cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati EtsMrab;sßiti KW 1qñaM b:ueNaÑH.
- cuHRbmUlB½t’manCak;Esþg ³ edayeRbInUvviFIsaRsþmYycMnYn mandUcCa karsegát sMNYrbMpusKMnit
karsmÖasBak;kNþalpøÚvkar RkumBiPakSa karsmÖaspÞal;xøÜn
- viPaKB½t’man ¬bBaða¦³ enAral;eBll¶ac b¤eBlTMenr GñksRmbsRmYl KYrkt;Rta b¤pÁMúnUvral;
bNþaB½t’mansMxan;²Tuk faetIvaRKb;RKan;eTAtamGVIEdleyIgcg;)anEdrb¤eT? nigeFVIkarviPaK
qøúHbBa©aMg faetIB½t’manTaMgenaHBitb¤eT? GVICatRmUvkar cm,g nigcaM)ac;? etIeKmanKMnit b¤Epn
karfaeFVIy:agNaehIyb¤enA? RbsinCaGacenaH KYreFVIbTbgðajy:agxøIBIlT§plEdlTTYl)an
dl;GñkBak;B½n§sMxan;² .
- sresrr)aykarN_ KWGaRs½yeTAtamTRmg;rbs;sßab½nnimYy² EdlkñúgenaHKYrman esckþIepþIm
mUlehtu eKalbMNg viFIsaRsþ lT§pl bBaða karlM)ak PaBRbQm snñidæan sMNUmBr .
- begáIt b¤eRCIserIsnUvdMeNaHRsay edayeyageTAelIlT§plEdlTTYl)anCaBiess KWbBaða
b¤PaBRbQmenaH faetIKYrbegáIt b¤eRCIserIsnUvdMeNaHRsayy:agNa edIm,IsRmYldl;karbegáIt
RbFanbT nigGtßn½ykñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal[tam lMdab;lMeday nigmanTMnak;TMngKña ¬tarag
]bsm<½n§¦.
ssMMNNYYrr³³ etIRtUveFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNvKÁbNþúHbNþaly:agNaCamYy RkumRbwkSaXMu KN³kmμkarshKmn_
ensaT>>>?
-11-
x- karerobcM b¤tak;EtgvKÁbNþúHbNþal
GñksRmbsRmYlRtUvpþÜcepþImKMnitedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;mYy edIm,IeFVIkarBnül;bBa©úHbBa©Úl b¤
erobcMsMeNIesñIsMu elakRbFanRkum b¤RbFansßab½nTTYlxusRtUvGnuBaØat[mankarerobcMnUvvKÁbNþúH
bNþalenHeLIg. ÉksarEdlRtUverobcMrYmman ehtupl eKalbMNg lT§plrMBwgTuk viFIsaRsþ
kic©Etgkar kmμviFI Rkumkargar sikçakam TItaMg eBlevla smÖar³ fvika ÉksarBak;B½n§
epSg²>>>.l.
- karkMNt;ehtupl
ehtupl KWmUlehtu b¤cMNucEklMGcm,g²rkeXIj. GñksRmbsRmYlRtUvbMpus[sikçakam
viPaKeTAelIcMNucexSay-xøaMg tRmUvkarrbs;mñak;².
- lT§plrMBwgTuk
KWCaGVI²EdlvKÁbNþúHbNþalcg;seRmc)an .
- begáIteKalbMNgrbs;kmμviFIbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNgenHbegáIteLIgedIm,IeFVIkarvas;EvgcMeNHdwgrbs;sikçakamBImun nigeRkayvKÁbNþúH
bNþal. dUecñHetIvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;eyIgmaneKalbMNgy:agNa? faetIeyIgcg;[sikçakam
ecHGVIxøH? manEpnkary:agNaenAeBlbBa©b;vKÁ?
- karerobcMviFIsaRsþ
faetIviFIsaRsþNaxøHEdlKYreRbIenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH? xageRkamenHKWCaviFIsaRsþmYy
cMnYn Edl)aneRbIR)as;kñúgdMeNIrkarsRmbsRmYlvKÁmandUcCa³ karbMpusKMnit karBiPakSaCaRkum
tUc² nigRkumrYm karEksRmYlqøúHbBa©aMglT§plBiPakSarbs;RkumnImYy² krNIsikSa kareFVITsSn³
kic©sikSa karcuHsmÖasn_ pÞal;CamYysßab½nBak;B½n§enAmUldæan karsakl,gsMEdgerOg El,gkMsanþ
niyayerOgkMEbøg xøI².
- erobcMkic©Etgkar ÉksarEckCUn kalviPaK lixitGeBa¢Ij kalbriecäT smÖar³ fvika cMNgeCIgbda
ÉksarBak;B½n§epSg²
• GñksRmbsRmYlnImYy²RtUverobcMÉksarRKb;RKan;edIm,Icat;karmandUcCaTRmg;énkarvaytémø
RbcaMéf¶ nigbBa©b;vKÁ TRmg;éncMeNHdwgEdl)aneronRbcaMéf¶ nigRbcaMvKÁRBmTaMgkareFVIEpnkar
skmμPaBsRmab;ykeTAGnuvtþenAsßab½nrbs;xøÜn
• kalviPaKvKÁ nigkMNt;eBlevla[)anc,as;las; RtUvmankarÉkPaBrYm
• smÖar³ fvika ÉksarBak;B½n§epSg²RtUverobcM[)aneRsc
• lixitGeBa¢IjRtUverobcM[)aneRscCamunvKÁcab;epþImy:agticcMnYn 1s)þah_ .
-12-
K- sMukarGnuBaØatebIkvKÁbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdlÉksarerobcMrYceRsc RtUvdak;CUnRbFanRkum b¤RbFansßab½nTTYlxusRtUv
GnuBaØat[mankarerobcMnUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalenHeLIg .
X- RbCuMCamYyRkumsRmbsRmYl
RtUveFVIkarRbCMu b¤TMnak;TMngCamYyRkumsRmbsRmYl edIm,IBinitüeTAelIÉksaremeron kmμviFI
viFIsaRsþEdlRtUveRbI kic©EtgkarbeRgon kareRCIserIssikçakam karsakl,gbeRgonkñúgkrNIdMbUg
edIm,IeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg EklMGbTbgðajKñaeTAvijeTAmk kMu[Can;kmμviFIKña EbgEcktYnaTI nigParkic©
KñasRmab;eFVIkarsRmbsRmYl CaBiessKWRtUvkMNt;fa etInrNaCaRbFanRkumsRmbsRmYl .l.
g- eRCIserIssikçakamcUlrYm
RtUvkMNt;fa etInrNaKYreRCIserIsCasikçakam edayeyageTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yénkar)a:n;
RbmaN edIm,I[RsbeTAtameKalbMNgrbs;vKÁ etIbc©úb,nñBYkeKmankaryl;dwgy:agNaEdr?
mkBIRbPBNaxøH? CaTUeTA eRCIserIsyksikçakamy:ageRcInbMputKW 2200eeTTAA 2255 nnaakk;; kñúgmYyvKÁ².
c- eRCIserIsTItaMg
TItaMgRtUveRCIserIsykkEnøgNaEdlmanbriyakasl¥ s¶at; smlμmnwgcMnYnsikçakam
KYrmanbnÞb; sRmab;erobcMGaharsRmn; nigRkumBiPakSa.
2-2 kñúgeBlvKÁbNþúHbNþal
RkumkargarsRmbsRmYlRtUvEbgEcktYnaTI nigParkic©KñamandUcCa nrNaCaRbFanRkum
Gñkcat;karTUeTA GñkeFVIkMNt;ehtu Gñksegátkar GñkftrUb GñksRmbsRmYlemeron .l.
q- sRmbsRmYlerobcMGaharsRmn; nigBiFICb;elogepSg²
C- kt;eQμaHsikçakam nigEckÉksarCUn
cMeBaHÉksarEckCUnsikçakam GacEckBImun b¤eRkayeBlbeRgon enaHvaGaRs½yelIRKU
beRgonnImYy² .
Q- dMeNIrkarvKÁbNþúHbNþal
RtUvkMNt;GñkTTYlxusRtUv nigEbgEcktYnaTI nigParkic© mandUcCa nrNaCaGñkerobcMmti
sVaKmn_ nigsunÞrkfaebIkvKÁ Gñkkan;kmμviFI Gñkcat;karTUeTA Eføgkic©sVaKmn_nrNaCaGñkebIkvKÁ .
j- kic©sVaKmn_ karENnaMxøÜn[sÁal;Kña eKalbMNg R)ab;BIkalviPaK nigvin½yrYm
GñksRmbsRmYlRtUveFVI kic©sVaKmn_ karENnaMxøÜn[sÁal;Kña sYr nigR)ab;BIeKalbMNg kal
viPaK nigvin½ykñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigmankarÉkPaBBIsikçakam. kñúgdMNak;kalenH vaGaRs½y
-13-
elICMnajsRmbsRmYlnImYy²rbs;GñksRmbsRmYl CaTUeTAGñksRmbsRmYlEtgeRbIsMNYrbMpus
KMnit nigeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg CamYynwgGVIEdl)aneRtomerobcMTukrYcCaeRsc.
d- karsRmbsRmYlemeron
GaRs½yelICMnajsRmbsRmYlnImYy²rbs;GñksRmbsRmYl CaTUeTAGñksRmbsRmYlEtg
eRbIsMNYrbMpusKMnit sMNYredjedal nigeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgsMeyaKCamYynwgGVIEdl)aneRtomerobcMTuk
rYcCaeRsc. bTbgðajGaceFVIenAkñúg POWER POINT b¤ Bnül;sresrenAelIkþarexon.
GñksRmbsRmYl RtUvQøasév BinitüemIlsPaBkarN_kñúgfñak;eron RbsinebIsikçakamFujRTan;
b¤guyedk b¤ CECkKñaxøaMg>>> enaH KYrniyay erOgkMEbøg b¤elgEl,g b¤sMuecjelgmunkMNt; .
f- karvaytémøRbcaMéf¶
enAerogral;l¶ac b¤cugbBa©b;énéf¶nImYy² GñksRmbsRmYlRtUv[sikçakamcUlrYmeFVIkar
vaytémøGacCaviFIsaRsþénkarsRmbsRmYlGakb,kiriya briyakaskñúgfñak; kareKarBvin½y em:ag
eBl .l. cMeBaHTRmg;énkarvaytémømaneRcInRbePT GaRs½yeTAtamGñksRmbsRmYleRCIserIs
ykmkeRbI. bnÞab;mkGñksRmbsRmYlRtUveFVIkarbUksrublT§plénkarvaytémøRbcaMéf¶ Rbsin
ebIeXIjnUvcMNucxVHxatenaH RtUveFVIkarEklMGedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvvKÁbNþúHbNþal .
D- bUksrublT§pl nigEpnkarskmμPaB
karbUksrubCUnnUvlT§pl nigTisedArbs;sikçakaménvKÁbNþúHbNþal eFVIeLIgedayGñkkt;Rta
b¤sikçakamNaEdlskmμ nigRtUv)anykeTAraykarN_bnþ enAkñúgeBlbiTvKÁedayGñkerobcMvKÁ b¤
tMNagRbFansßab½nsamIu.
-14-
ehtuGVI
(Why)
ssMMKKaall;;³ sMNYrRtUvEtsYrBIeRkameLIgeTAelI
GVI
(What)
rebobNa
(How)
nrNa
(Who)karBit
ÉNa
(Where)
eBlNa
(When)
KMnit nigTsSn³
témø nigPaBeCOCak;
KMrUénkarsYr
F- BiFIbiTvKÁbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH GñksRmbsRmYlRtUverobcMkmμviFIbiTvKÁ ehIydMeNIrkardUcKña nigkar
ebIkvKÁEdr EtxusRtg;favarYmmankarbUksrubCUnnUvlT§pl nigTisedAénvKÁbNþúHbNþaltamry³
karraykarN_BIGñkerobcMvKÁ b¤sikçakamNaEdlskmμ b¤tMNagRbFansßab½nsamIu RBmTaMgmankar
EckCUnlixitbBa¢ak;karsikSadl;sikçakamcUlrYm. RbsinCaGacmankarerobcMGaharsamKÁIrYmKña
pgEdr GaRs½yeTAelIfvikarbs;KeRmag b¤sßab½nnImYy² kñúgeKalbMNgbnþBRgwgnUvcMNgmitþPaB
nigkareFVIkargarCaRkum.
2-3 eRkayeBlvKÁbNþúHbNþal³
N- karsresrr)aykarN_
eRkayvKÁ RkumkargarRtUvsresrr)aykarN_ dak;CUneTARbFansßab½nsamIu b¤KeRmag b¤Gñk
pþl;CMnYyRtUvRbmUlB½t’manmkBIkMNt;ehtu nigbNþaB½t’manepSg²eTotEdlRbmUl)an. cMeBaH
TRmg;énkarsresrr)aykarN_KWGaRs½yeTAtamsßab½nnImYy² mandUcCaesckþIepþImmUlehtu
eKalbMNg viFIsaRsþ lT§pl GñkcUlrYm bBaða karlM)ak PaBRbQm nigsnñidæansMNUmBr .
b- kartamdan RtYtBinitü vaytémønUvvKÁbNþúHbNþal
kñúgry³eBlNamYysmRsb RtUvmanynþkarénkartamdan RtYtBinitü vaytémønUvvKÁbNþúH
bNþaldl;sikçakamEdl)ancUlrYmCaBiess eFVIkarBinitüemIleTAelIPaBrIkcMerInénkargarfa etIBYk
eK)anykcMeNHdwgb:unμanmkGnuvtþCak;Esþg? RBmTaMgeFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMgemIleTAelIviFIsaRsþTaMgenaH
etImanbBðaaGVIekIteLIgfμI²Edrb¤eT? etIKYr[eFVIRbesIrb¤EklMGy:agNa?
-15-
CaesckþIGFib,ayelIkeLIgGMBIGVIEdlsikçakamGacnwgeFVI
ehIyCalT§plénvKÁbNþúHbNþal
eKalbMNgemeronb¤karsRmbsRmYlnImYy² mansar³sMxan;enARKb;dMNak;kalénkarbNþúHbNþal b¤
karsRmbsRmYl. va)anpþl;nUvkarENnaM kñúgkarerobcMxøwmsartamlMdab; karerIsykviFIsaRsþbNþúH
bNþal nigkarerIsyksmÖar³CMnYyCaedIm . eKalbMNgk¾Ca]bkrN_sRmab;vas;sÞg;nUvkaryl;dwgrbs;
sikçakam ehIyk¾sRmab;vaytémøkargarrbs;GñkbNþúHbNþalEdr . eKalbMNgenHhak;dUcCakic©snüa
EdlmankarcrcarrvagGñkbNþúHbNþal nigsikçakamcMeBaH GVIEdlCakarrMBwgTukrbs;sikçakam .
eeKKaallbbMMNNggCCaa XXøøaaRRbbeeyyaaKKbbBBaa¢¢aakk;;BBIIsskkmmμμPPaaBB EEddllGGaaccTTTTYYllyykk))aann nniiggCCaaPPssþþúúttaaggéénnkkaarrsseeRRmmcc
eeKKaallbbMMNNggrrbbss;;ssiikkççaakkaammeeRRkkaayyBBIITTTTYYllkkaarrbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaall
eeyyIIggKKYYrrRRbbIIBBaakküüsskkmmμμ CCaaCCaaggeeRRbbIIBBaakküümmiinnsskkmmμμ
BBaakküüsskkmmμμ ddUUccCCaa ³³ ssrreessrr eeddaaHHRRssaayy eeRRCCIIsseerrIIss EEkkssRRmmYYll eeRRbboobbeeFFoobb bbggððaajj ddaakk;;eeQQμμaaHH
EEcckk[[ddaacc;;rrvvaagg kkMMNNtt;; BBnnüüll;; eeqqøøIIyyttbb ccaatt;;ffññaakk;; //////
kMritepSg²éneKalbMNgemeron Tak;TgnwgcMeNHdwg
� ccMMeeNNHHddwwgg – GaccgcaM nigkarTTYlyk
� kkaarryyll;; – GacbkRsayBIrebobmYyeTArebobmYyeTot
� kkaarrGGnnuuvvttþþ – GacGnuvtþ b¤eRbIB½t’manenHkñúgsßanPaBmYyfμIeTot
� kkaarrvviiPPaaKK – BinitüB½t’mansaMjaúMmYy ehIybMEbkCaEpñktUc²
� kkaarrssMMeeyyaaKK – karpþMúB½t’manTaMgGs;eLIgvij tamviFIdEdl b¤viFIepSg
� kkaarrvvaayyttéémmøø – karvinicä½yGMBIGVImYytamry³lkçN³vinicä½yxøH²
-16-
emeronTI 3³
karsresreKalbMNgemeron nigvKÁbNþúHbNþal
llMMddaabb;;ffññaakk;;éénnGGaakkbb,,kkiirriiyyaa
karTTYl)an
kareqøIytb
kar[témø
karerobcM
karbMElg
llMMddaabb;;ffññaakk;;éénnCCMMnnaajj bb¤¤eeTTBBeekkaassllüü
kareFVIclna
karcat;Ecg
karR)aRs½yTak;Tg
karéqñRbDit
BBaakküümmiinnsskkmmμμ ³³ eeccHH yyll;; eekkIInnccMMeeNNHHddwwgg ccggccaaMM KKiitt//////
ehtuGVI?
eeKKaallbbMMNNgg ))aannppþþll;;nnUUvvTTiisseeddAACCaakk;;llaakk;; ssRRmmaabb;;vvKKÁÁbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaall bb¤¤eemmeerroonnmmYYyy .. eeKKaallbbMMNNgg
EEddllssrreessrrcc,,aass;; ppþþll;;nnUUvvTTMMhhMMssRRmmaabb;;eerroobbccMMEEppnnkkaarrrrbbss;;kkmmμμvviiFFIIbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaall bb¤¤eemmeerroonnmmYYyy .. vvaaGGaacc
CCaa]]bbkkrrNN__mmYYyyssRRmmaabb;;vvaayyttéémmøøvvKKÁÁbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaallppggEEddrr ..
dUcemþc?
eeKKaallbbMMNNggKKYYrrEEttrrMMeellcceeLLIIggnnUUvv ³³
sskkmmμμPPaaBBrrbbss;;ssiikkççaakkaamm ³³ GGVVIIxxøøHHEEddllssiikkççaakkaamm GGaacceeFFVVII))aann GGaaccGGnnuuvvttþþ))aannEEddllCCaallTT§§pplléénnkkaarr
eerroonnssUURRtt ..
-17-
KKuuNNPPaaBB--xxññaattKKMMrrUU ³³ CCaallTT§§pplléénnkkaarreerroonnssUURRtt eettIIGGññkkrrMMBBwwggffaa ssiikkççaakkaamm GGaaccbbMMeeBBjjkkaarrggaarr ))aannll¥¥kkMMrriittNNaa??
eeBBlleevvllaa ³³ eettIIGGññkkccgg;;eeXXIIjjllTT§§pplleennAAeeBBllNNaa ??
vviiFFIIeeppSSggeeTToott
5Ws, H
SMART
]TahrN_³
eeRRkkaayyBBIIccbb;;vvKKÁÁbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaallssiikkççaakkaammnnwwggGGaacc ³³
1- begáItsmÖar³CMnYy y:agtic2 EdlsmRsbnwgxøwmsarrbs;emeron
2- bgðajBIsmtßPaB kñúgkarerobcM kic©Etgkar sRmbsRmYl sRmab;karpSBVpSayGnuRkwtü
-18-
-19-
gay
² Ba
küs
km
μ b¤k
iriyas
½BÞEd
lTa
k;T
gnwgc
MeNHd
wgs
μúKs
μaj
cMeN
Hdwg
kar
yl
;Gn
uvtþ
viPa
Ks
MeyaK
vay
tém
ø
[niy
mn½y
erob
rab;e
LIgv
ij
kt;Rt
a
eFVIbB
a¢I
rMlwke
LIgv
ij
P¢ab
;nwger
Ogep
SgeT
ot
KUsbn
Þat;
bkRs
ay
niyay
eLIgv
ij
BiPak
Sa
erob
rab;
TTYl
sÁal
;
Bnül
;
sMEd
gecj
kMNt;
dak;[
RtUvT
ItaMg
ray
karN
_
rMlwke
LIgv
ij
bkRs
ay
Gnuv
tþ
eRbIR
)as
;
eFVIbg
ðaj
sMEd
gtY
Gnuv
tþCak
;Esþg
cg¥úl
bgðaj
Rbtib
tþi b¤d
ak;[
dMeN
Ikar
eFVIka
lviP
aK
RBag
Eck[
dac;r
vag
viPaK
r
kPaB
xusKña
vay
tém
ø KN
na
eFVIBie
saF
n_ e
FVIets
þ
eRbo
beFo
b T
ieton
KUsdü
aRka
m B
initüe
mIl
CECk
edj
edal
eFVIs
areB
IPN
н
sYrs
MNYr
P¢ab
;eTAn
wg
edaH
Rsay
bBaða
Bnül
; Ebg
EckC
aRkum
begáIt
b¤ p
ÁúM
eFVIEp
nkar
elIks
MeNIr
erob
cM
tak;E
tg
begáIt
Rbm
UlpþúM
RKb;R
Kg
vinicä½y
vay
tém
ø
vas
;Evg
eRbo
beFo
b
[té
mø
rMlwke
LIgv
ij
dak;B
inÞú
eRCIs
erIs
):an;R
bmaN
)a:n;s
μan
gay
²Ba
küs
km
μ b¤k
iriyas
½BÞEd
lTa
k;T
gnwgG
akb
,kiriy
as
μúKs
μaj
kar
TTYl
kar
eqøIy
tb
kar
[t
émø
kar
erob
cM
kar
bMEl
g
sþab
;
cUlrYm
TTYl
yk
yl
;eXIj
TTYl
dwg
KaMRT
eRCIs
erIs
erob
rab;
eqøIy
tb
bMeBj
eRCIs
erIs
eFVICa
bBa¢I
sre
sr
kt;Rt
a
begáIt
TTYl
yk
TTYl
sÁal
;
cUlrYm
begáIn
GP
ivDÆ
TTYl
)an
bBa¢ak
;bgðaj
seR
mc
man
\T§iBl
elI///
erob
cM
vinicä½y
P¢ab
;eTAn
wg
rk[
eXIj
kMNt;[
eXIj
bgðaj
TMnak
;TMng
rYmbB
a¢Úl
Rbm
UlpþMú
eRCIs
erIs
Eks
RmYl
pøas
;bþÚr
RbQ
mnwg
TTYl
yk
vinicä½y
begáIt
bgðaj
kMNt;
seR
mc
-20-
-21-
gay
² Ba
küs
km
μ b¤k
iriyas
BÞ½Ed
lTa
k;T
gnwgC
Mnaj
b¤eT
Büek
asl
ü s
μúKs
μaj
kar
eFVIc
ln
ak
arc
at;Ec
gk
arR)
aRs
½yTa
k;T
gk
aréc
ñRbDit
tRm
Uv
yYr
cab;y
k
elat
rkTIk
Enøg
rk)a
n
edIr
tem
øIg
sag
sg;
Rkwitt
amxña
t
tP¢ab
;
elg
gak
viPaK sYr
erob
rab;
KUr
Bnül
;
sre
sr
écñRb
Dit
eFVIKe
Rmag
begáIt
matika³
- karerobcMTIkEnøgGgÁúy
- karniTanerOgkMEbøgxøI²
- karbMpusKMnit
- karsMEdgtY
- karGnuvtþCak;Esþg
- karKUrEpnTIedaymankarcUlrYm
- cMNat;fñak;
- karBiPakSaCaRkum
- El,gkMsanþ
- rUbPaB
4>1 niymn½y³
viFIsaRsþ¼]bkrN_bNþúHbNþal KWCakareRbIR)as;sil,viFI nig]bkrN_smRsbedIm,IFana[GñkcUlrYm
gaycab;)an gayyl; edayeRbIry³eBlxøI .
kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalmanviFIsaRsþCaeRcInxus²KñaRtUv)aneKykmkeRbI. eTaHbICamanviFIsaRsþ d¾eRcIn
EmnBit EtviFIsaRsþnImYy²RtUv)aneKykmkeRbIkñúgsßanPaBepSg²Kña eTAtamkMrityl;dwgrbs;GñkcUlrYm
eBlevla TIkEnøg nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;GñkcUlrYm . xageRkamenHnwgelIkyknUvviFIsaRsþsMxan;²mYy
cMnYnmkBiPakSa .
-22-
emeronTI 4³
viFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal
4>2 viFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal³
1> karerobcMTIkEnøgGgÁúy (Sit style)
eehhttuuGGVVII))aannCCaaccaaMM))aacc;;[[mmaannEEbbbbbbbbTTkkññúúggkkaarreerroobbccMMTTIIkkEEnnøøggGGggÁÁúúyyssRRmmaabb;;GGññkkccUUllrrYYmm??
eettIImmaannbb::uunnμμaannrreebboobbkkññúúggkkaarreerroobbccMMTTIIkkEEnnøøggGGggÁÁúúyyssRRmmaabb;;GGññkkccUUllrrYYmm??
karerobcM[sikçakamGgÁúyCaragrgVg; Gac[GñkcUlrYmmñak;nUv»kasEckrMElkmti-eyabl;b¤
eqøIytbnUvsMNYrGñkNamñak; b¤cUlrYmcMENkedaHRsaybBaðagayRsYl .
2> kartaMgrUbPaB nigB½t’manepSg² (Exhibit poster and other information)
BBnnüüll;;sseeggççbbnnUUvvkkaarrttuubbEEttggrrUUbbPPaaBB nniiggBB½½tt’’mmaanneeppSSgg²²
karbiTbgðajenHmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarCYybEnßmB½t’man cMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_dl;GñkcUlrYm
enAkñúgeBlsRmak .
3> karniTanerOgkMEbøgxøI² (Funny story)
kkaarrnniiTTaanneerrOOggkkMMEEbbøøggxxøøII²²RRttUUvv))aanneeFFVVIIeennAAeeBBllNNaa ??
erOgniTankMEbøgxøI²EdlmanGtßn½yBak;B½n§nwgsßanPaBCak;Esþg RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAeBl Edl
sikçakamCYbRbTHnwgPaBsμúKsμaj Bi)akyl; edIm,ICYylagsMGatGarmμN_twgEtgenAkñúgxYrk,al nig
CYypþÜcepIþm¼bMpusKMnit[BYkKat;rkeXIjnUvKMnit bEnßm niggayyl;nUvGVIEdleyIgkMBugBnül; .
4> karbMpusKMnit (Brainstorming)
kkaarrbbMMppuussKKMMnniittRRttUUvv))aanneeFFVVIIeennAAeeBBllNNaa?? eehhttuuGGVVII??
KWCaviFIsaRsþedIm,ITTYl[)aneRcInEdlGaceFVIeTA)annUvKMnit¼Gnusasn_ ¬minRtUve)aHbg;ecal
mtiNamYyeTI,y¦ nigedIm,IeFVI[sikçakammanPaBekøovkøa . bnÞab;mkKMnitTaMgGs;enaHnwgRtUv)an
erobtamlMdab; b¤RbePT esñI[sikçakambkRsaynUvKMnitrbs;xøÜn ebIsinmancm¶l;. GñksRmbsRmYl
KYrrkSa karecaTsYrsMNYrEtminRtUvsMedAeTAelIbuKÁleT .
5> karsMEdgtY (Role play)
eessññIIssiikkççaakkaammmmññaakk;;[[BBnnüüll;;BBIIkkaarrssMMEEddggttYYnnaaTTII nniiggssaarr³³ssMMxxaann;;rrbbss;;vvaa??
Ca»kasedIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIKMnittamry³karsMEdg . karsMEdgGacCYbkarlM)ak ebIsinCa smaCik
RkumminsUvsÁal;Kña. karsMEdgtYGacbgðajnUvbBaða nigdMeNaHRsay. munnwgsMEdg GñksRmbsRmYl
Gacerobrab;xøI² GMBIQutqak nigGVIEdlGñksMEdgRtUveFVIkayvikar nigniyay . cugRkayénkarsMEdg
KYreFVIkarqøúHbBa©aMg .
viFIsaRsþenHRtUv)aneKeRbIjwkjab;enAkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl edIm,I[GñkcUlrYmecHeFVIkarviPaK
-23-
nUvcMNucxøaMg nigcMNucexSay énskmμPaB Edl)ansMEdgkñúgeKalbMNg EklMG kargarrbs;BYkeK
naeBlGnaKt .
6> karGnuvtþCak;EsþgenAmUldæan
ssYYrrGGññkkccUUllrrYYmmffaaeehhttuuGGVVIIccaaMM))aacc;;[[mmaannkkaarrGGnnuuvvttþþCCaakk;;EEssþþggeennAAmmUUllddææaann??
manviFIsaRsþcaM)ac;GVIxøHEdlcaM)ac;ykeTAsakl,gGnuvtþenAmUldæan?
edIm,I[kan;Etyl;c,as;nUvRTwsþIEdl)anTTYlenAkñúgbnÞb;BiPakSa GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;RtUvykRTwsþI
TaMgenaHeTAGnuvtþCak;Esþgfa etIviFIsaRsþenHmanRbsiT§PaBy:agNa. kargarenHRtUvmankartRmg;
Tisc,as;las; .
7> karKUrEpnTIedaymankarcUlrYm (Participatory mapping)
eettIIvviiFFIIssaaRRssþþeennHHRRttUUvv))aanneeRRbbIIRR))aass;;eennAAeeBBllNNaa?? CCaammYYyyGGññNNaa?? eeddIImm,,IIGGVVII??
viFIsaRsþenHRtUv)aneKeRbICajwkjab;enAeBleFVIkarCamYyshKmn_ . vamansar³sMxan; kñúgkar
rMlwknUvRBwtþikarN_BIGtItkal bc©úb,nñ nigRbemIlemIlkarvivDÆnaeBlGnaKt . viFIsaRsþmankarBak;
B½n§dl;karerobcMEpnkarGPivDÆn_PUmi-XuM b¤ FnFanFmμCati .
8> taragB½t’mantameBlevla (Time table information)
9> cMNat;fñak; (Range)
eettIIvviiFFIIssaaRRssþþeennHHRRttUUvv))aanneeRRbbIIRR))aass;;eennAAeeBBllNNaa ?? CCaammYYyyGGññkkNNaa ?? eehhttuuGGVVII ??
enHCaviFIsaRsþd¾samBaØEdlRtUv)aneRbICamYyshKmn_mUldæan edIm,IeRbobeFobBIGVImYy.
10> karBiPakSaCaRkum nigkareFVIbTbgðaj (Group discusion)
BBnnüüll;;sseeggççbbBBIIppllRRbbeeyyaaCCnn__éénnvviiFFIIssaaRRssþþeennHH ..
viFIsaRsþenHeFVIeT,IgedIm,IFana[ral;GñkcUlrYm)anbeBa©jmti-eyabl; nigTTYl)annUvKMnit
epSg² KñaCaeRcInedIm,ICatRmaypøÚvsRmab;ykeTAGnuvtþnaeBlGnaKt . vak¾CYysnSM eBlevlakñúg
karBiPakSaeTotpg .
-24-
11> El,gkMsanþ (Energizing)
BBnnüüll;;sseeggççbbBBIIppllRRbbeeyyaaCCnn__éénnvviiFFIIssaaRRssþþkkaarreeRRbbIIRR))aass;;EEll,,ggkkMMssaannþþeennHH ..
ral;karRbCMu sikçasala nigvKÁbNþúHbNþal El,gkMsanþRtUv)aneKykmkeRbIR)as; edIm,IeFVI[
briyakasrbs;RkumkargarmanPaBRss;Rsay-PaBsVahab;eT,Igvij .
12> rUbPaB (Pictures)
vviiFFIIssaaRRssþþeennHHRRttUUvveeRRbbIICCaammYYyyGGññkkccUUllrrYYmmRRbbeePPTTNNaa?? sskkmmμμPPaaBBGGVVIIxxøøHH?? ccMMeeBBaaHHkkaarrGGnnuuvvttþþCCaakk;;EEssþþgg
rrbbss;;KKeeRRmmaagg ??
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHGñkcUlrYmEdlminsUvecHGkSr eRBaHvaeFVI[GñkcUlrYmcab;GarmμN_
gayyl; RBmTaMgeFVIbriyakasrIkrayeTotpg .
13> RkdasBN’ (Color cards)
vviiFFIIssaaRRssþþeennHHRRttUUvveeRRbbIIeennAAeeBBllNNaa ?? eehhttuuGGVVII ??
viFIsaRsþenHRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþenAeBlEdleKsegáteXIjGñkcUlrYmmansPaBs¶b;es¶omman
karcUlrYmbeBa©jmti-eyabl;tictYc b¤mankarKabsgát;BIbuKÁlNamñak;enAkñúgkic©BiPakSa .
vak¾eFVI[GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs; ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdles¶oms¶at;bMput¦)anbeBa©jmtirbs;xøÜn .
14>TsSnkic©sikSa (Study tour)
karcuHeTAemIlpÞal;RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,Ipþl;cMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_fμI GMBIGVImYyedIm,I
begáInkarcab;GarmμN_ GMMBIsßanPaBbBaða edIm,IbgðajlT§plCak;EsþgénkargarP¢ab;nwgRTwsþI .
ÉksarCMnYysμartI³ karvaytémøCnbTedaymankarcUlrYm (Participatory Rural Appraisal- PRA)
-25-
5>1 ehtuGVIRtUvsresrkic©Etgkar ?
- eyIgGacdwgBICMhanmYyeTACMhanmYyeTot
- eFVI[R)akdfacMNucsMxan;² RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSa
- bgáarCamunnUvRBwtþikarN_lM)ak² ¬eRtombgáarsßanPaBlM)ak nigCeRmIsepSg²eTot¦
- BiPakSa nigR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyRkumkargar
- begáIn»kas kñúgkareRbIxøwmsar viFIsaRsþ smÖar³CMnYy EdlsIuKñaTaMgRsugnwgsikçakam
- eBlGñkNamñak;Gvtþman smaCikmñak;eTotGacsRmbsRmYlemeronenH)an
5>2 kic©Etgkar)anR)ab;eyIgGMBI³
- etIemeronmYyenH RtUvkarry³eBlb:unμan?
- GñkNaCaGñksRmbsRmYl?
- etIeKsgÇwmfasikçakamnwgGaceFVIGVI?
- Qñab;énemeronEdlCab;²Kña
- emeronmanCMhanGVIxøH? ¬CMhanmYy² - xøwmsar - viFIsaRsþ - karENnaM - rebobsMeyaK -kMNt;
sMKal;sRmab;GñksRmbsRmYl¦
- viFIsaRsþEdleRbI
- smÖar³RtUvkar
kñúgkarerobcMkic©Etgkar GñksRmbsRmYl GacmanlkçN³ 2y:ag³ Casil,³krEdlmanPaBéqñ
RbDit nigCaGñkbec©keTsEdlKitGVIm:t;ct; . xageRkamenH CakarBicarNaCaTUeTAmYykñúg
karerobcM : kic©Etgkar :
sikçakam
GñksRmbsRmYl
eKalbMNg
eBlevla
B½t’man nigCMnajEdlRtUvepÞr
KMrUénEbbbTbNþúHbNþal
-26-
emeronTI 5³
kic©Etgkar b¤KeRmagemeron
viFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal
briyakaseronsURt
EpnkarskmμPaBrbs;sikçakammñak;²
karvaytMélemeron
5>3 karBinitüemIlkic©Etgkar
� eKalbMNgemeron c,as;Edrb¤eT ?
� viFIeFVI[sikçakammankarcab;GarmμN_
� rUbPaBFMrbs;emeron
� pSarP¢ab;bTBiesaFn_rbs;sikçakam
� lMhUrrbs;emeron
� karBüayameRbIviFIsaRsþ[)aneRcIn
� eBlevla tic b¤eRcIn
� xøwmsarsMxan;² tic b¤eRcIn
� viFIeFVI[sikçakamcUlrYmy:agskmμ
� RKb;CMhan RtUvFanadl;karsMerceKalbMNg
� eRbIR)as;smÖar³CMnYy nigelIk]TahrN_Tak;TgnwgkargarCak;Esþg
� eFVIkarsegçbemeron
� EpnkarskmμPaBrbs;sikçakameRkayBIeron
5>4 CMnYysμartI
- BüayamniyayeyageTAemeronmun
- eRKag b¤rUbPaBFMrbs;emeron
- viFIeFVI[mankarcab;GarmμN_
- segçb nigsnñidæan
- KMnitb¤EpnkarGnuvtþ
- P¢ab;nwgemeroneRkayeTot
ccuuggeeRRkkaayyGGññkkRRttUUvvEEttssaakkll,,ggCCaammYYyyRRkkuummkkaarrggaarr
ssuuxxcciittþþQQIIccaabb;;eennAAeeBBllssaakkll,,ggCCaaCCaagg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
-27-
vKÁbNþúHbNþalsþIGMBI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
KMrU³
kic©Etgkar b¤KeRmagemeron
emeronTI 5 karsresrKeRmagemeron
GGññkkssRRmmbbssRRmmYYll ³³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
eeKKaallbbMMNNgg ³³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
GGññkkccUUllrrYYmm ³³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
vviiFFIIssaaRRssþþbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþaall ³³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ssmmÖÖaarr³³RRttUUvvkkaarr ³³ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
-28-
eeBBlleevvllaa CCMMhhaannbb¤¤sskkmmμμPPaaBB vviiFFIIssaaRRssþþ
10 naTI 2-karcab;epþImnig>>>>>>>
>>>>naTI 3- xøwmsar karENnaM viFIsMeyaK kMNt;sMKal; sRmab;GñksRmbsRmYl
>>>>naTI 4-
>>>>naTI 5-
>>>>naTI 6-
matikarGtþbT³
• PaBxusKñarvagGñksRmbsRmYl nigRKUbeRgón
• lkçN³sm,tþiénGñksRmbsRmYl
• tYnaTIrbs;GñksRmbsRmYl
• víFanénkarsRmbsRmYl
• vFIsaRsþedaHRsaybBaða¼]bsKÁEdlEtgEtekItmaneLIgkñúgeBlsRmbsRmYl
• kareFIVkargarCaRkum
• karRtYtBinitü tamdan nigvaytémøedayGñkcUlrYm
6>1 PaBxusKñarvagGñksRmbsRmYl nigRKUbeRgón
-29-
emeronTI 6³
eTBekaslü b¤CMnajsRmbsRmYl
GGññkkssRRmmbbssRRmmYYll RRKKUUbbeeRRggóónn
- TTYlB½t’manRtlb;edIm,IeFVIkarviPaK
- GBüaRkwtüminlMeGog
-mansiT§iesμIKñarvagGñksRmbsRmYl nigGñkcUlrYm
- pøas;bþÚreyabl; cMeNHdwgeTAvijeTAmk
- eFVI[GñkcUlrYm)anseRmceKaledAénkarBiPakSa
- RbmUleyabl; eFVI[BYkeK)anEsVgyl;nUvKMnitfμI
- begáInPaBsñiT§sñal - pþl;kþIsgÇwm[GñkcUlrYm
- eronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk
- karcUlrYmBiPakSaminskmμ
- pþl;bT]eTÞsnam¼emeron
- minmansiT§iesμIKñarvagRKU nigsisS
- manvin½ytwgEtg
- Kμankartva:-pþl;dMbUnμan
- rkSakars¶at;es¶óm¼minesñIsMu[sisSpþl;mti
- niyaytamnUvGVIEdlRKUbeRgónR)ab;
- RKUbeRgónpþl;cMeNHdwg sisSTTYlcMeNHdwg
6>2 lkçN³sm,tþirbs;GñksRmbsRmYl³
k> etIeyIgRtUvkareTBekaslüénkarsRmbsRmYlenAeBlNa?
- eBlmanbBaða
- eBlRbCMu-sikçasala
- eBlRbmUlB½t’man
- eBleFVIkargarCamYyshKmn_
- eBlbNþúHbNþal
- eBlBiPakSa - BieRKaHeyabl;
- eBlbBa©úHbBa©ÚlnrNamñak;
- eBlTMnak;TMngkargarCamYysßab½nnana
eehhttuuddUUeeccññHHeehhIIyy))aannCCaaeeyyIIggRRttUUvvkkaarrCCMMnnaajjéénnkkaarrssRRmmbbssRRmmYYllRRKKbb;;eeBBlleevvllaaTTaaMMggGGss;;eennAAkkññúúggkkaarrggaarr ..
x> etIGñksRmbsRmYlKYrmanlkçN³sm,tþiEbbNa ?
GñksRmbsRmYll¥RtUvmanlkçN³sm,tþidUcxageRkamenH ³
CamnusSmankareCOCak;elIxøÜnÉg ¬GacENnaMkarRbCMu sikçasala vKÁbNþúHbNþal edayKμanKit
BIkarykcaj;QñH nigcat;faxøÜnÉgCakatalIkr¼GñkCYysRmYl CaCagembBa¢akar¦
- CamnusSQøasév rh½srhYn nigecHbt;EbntamsPaBkarN_¬EdlmanlT§PaB nigsucänÞ³
kñúgkarEksRmYl kñúgkargarsRmbsRmYl edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgPaBkgVl;rbs;GñkcUlrYm
- CamnusSrYsrayrak;Tak; sñiT§sñal suPaBrabsar
- CamnusSGMNt;BüayamkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl edIm,Ipþl;TMnukcitþdl;GñkcUlrYm ¬ecHpþÜcepþIm
KMnit bMpusKMnit pþl;eyabl; nigbgðajehtuplsmRsb
-30-
GGññkkddwwkknnaaMM GGññkkRRssaavvRRCCaavv
- begáItKMnitfμI²
- bgðajbBaða nigBüyamedaHRsay
- dwknaMmnusS
- bTBiesaFn_kñúgkardwknaMsgÁm
- sþab;tic
– niyayeRcIn
- Gt;Fμt;
- eRbIRTwsþIeRcIn
- maneRKag nigeKalKMnitc,as;las;
- epþatGarmμN_elIkarsYrsMNYr nigRbmUlB½t’man
- sMedAelIlT§pl
- BUEkbMpus nigCCIksYr
- BUEkviPaK
- CaGñkecHeKarBmtieyabl;rbs;GñkcUlrYm
- sMelokbMBak;samBaØ
- eKarBRbéBNI vb,Fm’mUldæan
K> Gakb,kiriyaEdlGñksRmbsRmYlminKYrRbkan;yk ?
- bgÁab;bBa¢a sþIbenÞas bgçitbgçM
- Rbkan;b£kBaeqμIgéqμ edayKitfaxøÜnecHCageK
- bdiesFmtieyabl;GñkcUlrYm
- eqvqav bM)ak;TwkcitþGñkcUlrYm
- eFVIesckþIseRmccitþCMnYs[GñkdéT
- FujRTan;kñúgkaredaHRsaycm¶l;¼bBaða
- temáIgxøÜnCaFM
- minmanninñakarneya)ay
6>3 tYnaTIrbs;GñksRmbsRmYl³
k> cUlrYmcMENkpþl;nUvcMeNHdwg
- pþl;nUvRTwsþImuneBl nig enAkñúgeBlBiPakSa
- RbmUlKMniteyabl;
- pþÜcepþIm¼bMpusKMnit[mankarBiPakSa
- ENnaMkarBiPakSa[)anpulpus
- eqIøytbnwgsMNYr enAeBlEdlsßanPaBTamTarcaM)ac;
- eFVI[kargarsRmbsRmYlmanlkçN³samBaØ
x> RtYtBinitükargarCaRkum
- dwgBIeBlevlaEdlRtUvcab;epþIm nigRtUvbBa©b; ¬cab;epIþmkargarCaRkumedaypþl;nUvkargarCak;
lak; nigeBlevlasmRsb¦
- eFVI[GñkcUlrYmcab;GarmμN_ nigykcitþTukdak;sþab;-beBa©jeyabl;
- RtYtBinitüeBlevla edayeRbobeFobkarcab;)anrbs;GñkcUlrYm . bMRBYj b¤ bnøayeBlevla
ebIsinCamankarcaM)ac; .
- ENnaMGMBItYnaTIrbs;RkumBiPakSanImYy² ebIsincaM)ac;
- ENnaM[GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;CYyEklMGkareFVIbTbgðajedayRkumBiPakSa tamry³karpþl;bEnßm
-31-
nUvmtil¥²
- elIkTwkcitþ[GñkcUlrYmbeBa©jeyabl;RKb;²Kña
- pþl;»kasdl;Gñkes¶óms¶at;GacbeBa©jmtieyabl;
K> RtYtBinitüGnþrGMeBIrvagRkumBiPakSa
- elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarcUlrYmesμIPaBKña
- ecHedaHRsaybBaðaExVgKMnitKñarvagGñksRmbsRmYl
- edaHRsaybBaðaExVgKMnitKñakñúgcMeNamsmaCikGñkcUlrYm
- ecHRKb;RKgGñkcUlrYmEdlEtgEtmanKMnitRbqaMg
- rkSakarBiPakSamin[cakRbFan¼tERmtRmg;karBiPakSa[cMsac;erOg
- eFVI[GñkcUlrYmmanGFüaRs½y KaMRT nigecHGt;Fμt;[KñaeTAvijeTAmk
- eFVI[GñkcUlrYmmansmtßPaBkñúgkarseRmccitþ nigseRmc)annUveKalbMNg
- segçbmtirYm edIm,IsMu[mankarseRmcrYmKña
- karvaytémøkarsMEdg b¤Gakb,kiriyarbs;GñkcUlrYm
- pþl;nigTTYlmkvijnUvkareqøIytbnwglT§plbNþúHbNþal
6>4 dMeNIrkarénkarsRmbsRmYl³
k- karcab;epþIménkarsRmbsRmYl
EEpp¥¥kkeellIIkkaarrssMMEEddggttYY bbMMppuussKKMMnniittffaaeettIIRRkkuummssRRmmbbssRRmmYYllRRttUUvvccaabb;;eeppþþIImmkkaarrggaarrrrbbss;;xxøøÜÜnnyy::aaggddUUcceemmþþcc??
• eFVIbTbgðajedayxøÜnÉg nigsegçbnUvtYnaTIpÞal;xøÜn ¬eRbIR)as;viFIsaRsþsmRsbeTAtameBlevla
cMnYnmnusS¦
• esñIsMu[mankarENnaMbgðajxøÜnénGñkcUlrYm
• erobcM vin½y bTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;vKÁbNþúHbNþal
• bgðajnUvskmμPaBsMxan;² kMNt;[)anc,as;elIeBlevla nigskmμPaBcMbg
• sresrcMNucsMxan;TaMgLaydUcCaeKalbMNgkmμviFIbNþúHbNþalenAelIRkdas ehIybiTeTAnwg
CBa¢aMg.
• esñI[mankarrMlwkeLIgvijnUvemeronEdl)aneronBImSilmij ¬sμ½RKcitþcUlrYmRBmTaMgbeBa©j
eyabl;TaMgGs;KñaeRbIEl,gdMT,ÚgekþA kareRCIserIsedayGñkcUlrYmxøÜnÉg EbgEckRkumGñkcUlrYm¦
• Bnül;BIdMeNIrkarénkarBiPakSa
• mankarEbgEcktYnaTIkñúgcMeNamGñksRmbsRmYlc,as;las; ¬tamCMnaj bTBiesaFn_¦
-32-
• eRCIserIsRkumRtYtBinitübriyakaskargar¬Rkumsμ½RKcitþedIm,ICYysRmYlkñúgkarsRmbsRmYl¦
• KYrEtc,as;facMNucnImYy²énkic©BiPakSaRtUv)ankMNt;eBlevla nigmanGñkkt;Rta .
x- enAeBlEdlkMBugsRmbsRmYl
eettIIRRkkuummssRRmmbbssRRmmYYllRRttUUvvKKiittddll;;kkaarrssRRmmbbssRRmmYYllkkaarrggaarrrrbbss;;xxøøÜÜnnyy::aaggddUUcceemmþþcc??
• RtUv[c,as;fasmaCikTaMgGs;)ancUlrYm CaBiessRsþI
• KμanGñkrMxan
• RtUvecHeFVIkarRKb;RKgdl;bBaðaTaMgLayNaEdlekItmaneLIg
• BüayamTb;sáat;karCECkeRkARbFanbT
• RtUvpþl;kþIsgÇwmdl;kic©BiPakSa
• begáItnUvPaBkøahandl;GñkcUlrYm
• RtUvcUlrYmedaHRsay[Tan;eBlevla RbsinebImanbBaðaekIteLIgenAeBlBiPakSa
• eKarBkMritcMeNHdwg nigvb,Fm’rbs;GñkcUlrYm
K- TIbBa©b;énkarsRmbsRmYl
EEpp¥¥kkeellIIkkaarrssMMEEddggttYY bbMMppuussKKMMnniittffaaeettIIRRkkuummssRRmmbbssRRmmYYllRRttuuvvbbBBaa©©bb;;kkaarrggaarrrrbbss;;xxøøÜÜnnyy::aaggddUUcceemmþþcc??
• kMNt;[)anc,as;elIGVIEdl)anseRmc nigeFVIkarkt;RtaTuknUvesckþIseRmccitþTaMgenaH
• rMlwkeLIgvijnUvcMNucEdlminTan;)anBiPakSanaeBlRbCMu ehIydak;cMNucTaMgenHeTAkñúg
EpnkarRbCMunaeBleRkay
• begáItRbFanbTsRmab;kic©RbCMuelIkeRkay
• TTYl nigkt;RtaTuknUvmtieyabl;epSg²BIsikçakam
• pþl;lT§PaBdl;smaCikedIm,IeFVIkarcab;GarmμN_eTAelIkic©BiPakSanimYy²
• erobcMsresrkMNt;ehtu-r)aykarN_énkic©RbCMu nigeFVIkarRtYtBinitüelIkarBiPakSanImYy²
6>5 bBaða¼]bsKÁEdlEtgEtekItmaneLIgkñúgeBlsRmbsRmYl³
CarYmeyIgsegáteXIjmanbBaðamYycMnYnEtgEtekIteT,IgenAkñúgeBlsRmbsRmYl dUcmanerobrab;
xageRkam .
k> cMeBaHGñksRmbsRmYl
• niyayeRcInEtÉg
• minpþl;»kas[GñkcUlrYmbeBa©jmtieyabl; nigbkRsay
• deNþImniyay b¤ niyaykat;sMdIrbs;GñkcUlrYm
-33-
• [témøfamtienHxus mtienaHRtUv
• ykmtixøÜnCaFM RkGWtRkTm
• minc,as;xøÜnÉg
• bBa©ÚlCMnajcakRbFaneRcIneBk
• mindwgfaRtUvcab;epþIm nigbBa©b;y:agdUcemþc
• rvl;nwgkargarepSg²
• hYssmtßPaB
• biTsMelgTUrs½BÞ
x> cMeBaHGñkcUlrYm
• karniyayKñaCaRkumtUc²kñúgeBlsRmbsRmYl
• sYrsMNYrEdlminTak;TgeTAnwgRbFanbT
• manGñkniyayeRcInEtÉg
• manGñkmin)anniyayesaH
• manGñkniyayeRkAsac;erOg b¤niyaycakRbFanbT
• mankarExVgKMnitKña QaneTArkTMnas;
• manGñkCECkKña minykcitþTukdak;sþab;GñkdéTniyay
• manGñkseRmccitþtamKña
• GñkcUlrYmminEmnRkumeKaledA
K> TIkEnøg
• TIFøatUc
• GU‘rGr ¬Ek,rTIpSar salaeron>>>¦
• køinminl¥
X>viFIsaRsþedaHRsaybBaðaEdlekItmaneT,Igkñúgry³eBlsRmbsRmYl
• eRCIserIsGñkcUlrYm[cMeKaledA ¬tamdankarGeBa¢IjedayshKmn_ ¼GaCJaFrmUldæan¦
• eFVI[GñkcUlrYmmancMNab;GarmμN_ ¬RtUvmanrUbPaB sresrc,as; niyaygayyl; man
eKalbMNgc,as;las; TIkEnøg eBlevla RbFanbT nigrebobvar³RtwmRtUv ¦
• eFVI[GñkcUlrYmniyayecj¼h‘anbeBa©jeyabl;
• elIkTwkcitþ nigpþl;CargVan;
-34-
• ecHeRbI»kas)anl¥ ¬eBlsikçakamFujRTan; gguyedk niyaycakRbFanTMnas;>>>¦
• elIk]TahrN_Cak;Esþg b¤ eRbobeFob
• rkSakarBiPakSamin[cakRbFanbT
• begáItbriyakasrIkray ¬eRcóg niyayerOgkMEbøg BakübeNþA>>>l.¦
• CMrujelIkTwkcitþGñkcUlrYmedayeRbIsMNYrKnwøH ¬sUmeTas eFVIdUcemþc? nrNa? eBlNa?
ehtuGVI? manerOgGVI?¦
• bMpusKMnit sMEdgtY elIkeLIgnUvkrNIsikSa nigniyayBICMerIsepSg²eTot
• sþab;edayykcitþTukdak; nUvGVIEdleKniyay cab;ykcMNucsMxan;²rYcBicarNaehtuGVI?
• sYrbBa¢ak;eT,IgvijnUvsMNYr nigB½t’manEdlminc,as;las;
• segátnUvGarmμN_ Twkmux kayvikarrbs;GñkcUlrYmRKb;RKgeBlevla
• Büayam[GñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;yl;RBmelImtiÉkPaBmYy
• eBlmansMNYrEdlminGaceqIøy)an KYrCMrabCUnfacemøIynwgeqøIytbenAeBleRkay
• kMuBüayampSBVpSay nigeqøIynUvsMnYrEdlBak;B½n§nwgneya)ay
• kñúgkrNImankartwgEtg b¤sμúKsμajeBkKYrp¥akkarsRmbsRmYlsin.
6>6 kareFVIkargarCaRkum³
esñIsMu[sikçakamEbgEckCabIRkum RkumTI1mansmaCik1nak; RkumTIBIrmansmaCik4nak; nig enAsl;
b:unμancUlkñúgRkumTI3 rYcesñIsMu[RkumnimYy²mYysresrerobrab;BIRbePTénFnFanClpl.
bnÞab;mkesñIsMu[GñkcUlrYmBiPakSaBIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiénkareFVIkargarCaRkum. esñIsMu[sikçakam
sresrKMnitBIKuNsm,tþimYy nigKuNvibtþirbs;RkumnimYy²mYyenAkñúgRkdastUc² rYcbiTelIkþarexon.
KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþiCarYm
-35-
KuNsm,tþi KuNvibtþi
- RbmUlKMnit nig eyabl;)aneRcIn
- manKñaBieRKaHeyabl; nigCYykargarKñaeTAvij
eTAmk
- snSMsMéceBlevla nigfvika
- CYyEklMGKñaeTAvijeTAmk
- mankarEbgEcktYnaTI nigkarTTYlxusRtUv
- mantmøaPaB
- smaCikxøHmankarFujRTan;
- smaCikxøHmanPaBs¶at;es¶om
- Bi)akrkdMeNaHRsay ebIKμanCMnajsRmbsRmYl
- smaCikxøHdeNþImniyayEtÉg
- KμanGñkBiPakSa
TMhMénRkum³
vamanRbeyaCn_Nas;kñúgkarBicarNaelITMhMénRkumBiPakSa cMnYnGñkEdlcUlrYmkñúgRkumnImYy²
BIeRBaHebIRkumenaHmanKñaeRcIneBknwgminpþl;»kasRKb;RKan;[smaCikRkumTaMgGs;)anpøas;bþÚrnUvKMnit
eyabl;rbs;BYkeKeTAvijeTAmkeLIy ehIyebImansmaCikticeBkkñúgRkumk¾minl¥Edr .
6>7 karRtYtüBinitü tamdan nigvaytémøedayGñkcUlrYm³
edIm,IEksRmYlkMhusqÁgEdlmanknøgmk nigedIm,IFana[kargarsRmbsRmYlelIkeRkayeTotkan;
EtmanPaBRbesIreT,Ig karvaytémøskmμPaBsRmbsRmYlRbcaMéf¶ nigbBa©b;vKÁcaM)ac;RtUveFVIeT,Igeday
GñkcUlrYm . GñksRmbsRmYlRtUverobcMnUvviFIsaRsþ b¤ taragvaytémøEbbsamBaØ gayyl;gaybMeBj
edayeRbIry³eBlxøI .
cMNucsMxan;²énkarvaytémøEdlGñksRmbsRmYlcg;)anedIm,IEklMGCMnajrbs;xøÜnman³
- viFIsaRsþsRmbsRmYl
- matika ¬mYyNasMxan;? mYyNaminsMxan;? nigmanGVIeTotEdlRtUvbEnßm¦
- ÉksarEckcay
- kMritcUlrYmrbs;sikçakam
- eBlevla
- epSg²³ TIkEnøg ¬smrmü s¥at Gnam½y ekþA>>>>¦ karTTYlePJov GaharsRmn; briyakas
¬G‘UrGr¦.l.
-36-
cMnYnsmaCikcUlrYm lT§PaBénkarcUlrYm
1 nak;
2 - 5 nak;
6-10 nak;
11-18 nak;
19-30 nak;
elIsBI 30 nak;eLIg
- TTYl)anmtitic
- )ancUlrYmRKb;Kña lT§pleRcIn
- )ancUlrYmesÞIrRKb;Kña
- GñkEdlRsKt;RsKM niyaytic
- mñak; b¤ 2nak;min)ancUlrYmGVITaMgGs;
- 6-7 nak;niyayeRcIn
- 3 b¤ 4 nak;epSgeTotniyaycUlrYmmþgmáal
- man 3 b¤ 4 nak; niyayeRcInCageK
- mankarcUlrYmEtbnþicbnþÜc
6>8 KuNPaBrbs;GñksRmbsRmYl³
GGaakkbb,,kkiirriiyyaa nniigg\\rriiyyaabbff
karKitmanlkçN³viC¢a man[témøKMnitrbs;GñkcUlrYm manCMenOelIsmtßPaBrbs;mnusS eKarB
vb,Fm’GñkRsuk ebIkTUlayGakb,kiriyacg;ecH cg;eron bt;EbnebþCaJx<s;cMeBaHkarpøas;bþÚrsgÁm.
ccMMeeNNHHddwwgg
yl;dwgTUlayGMBIkarGPivDÆ viFIsaRsþcUlrYm rebobGPivDÆmnusS vdþénKeRmag nigRKb;RKg kar
RKb;RKgTMnas; karGbrMGMBIkarGPivDÆcMeNHdwgbec©keTs nigRbFabTBak;Bn§½ .
CCMMnnaajj bb¤¤ eeTTBBüüeekkaassllüü
eFVIkarl¥CamYyshKmn_ bMpuscUlrYm sþab;shKmn_niyayCMnajviPaKsgÁmeRbIR)as;y:agsÞat;GMBI
viFIsaRsþcUlrYm Pasakayvikar kargarCaRkum karcrcar PaBCaGñkdwknaMelIkTwkcitþRKb;RKgTMnas; eFVI
Epnkar .
-37-
{smÖar³pSBVpSayGb;rMEdlTak;TgnwgEPñkvaCavtßúmYycaM)ac;Nas; edIm,IeFVI[eyIg)an
yl;dwgc,as;BIGVImYy}
7>1 esckþIepþIm³
karTMnak;TMng)anmkBIBaküLaTInfa kkuummμμúúyynnIIss ¬COMMUNIS¦ mann½yfa eFVI[dUcKña b¤ begáIt[
man PaBdUcKñarvagmnusSBIrnak; b¤eRcInnak; . karTMnak;TMng KWCadMeNIrkarEdlRbPBmYyepJIsareTAGñk
TTYlmñak;tambNþajNamYy kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IbegáIn[mancemøIyBIGñkTTYledayeyaleTAtambMNg
énRbPBGñkepJI. vaKWCadMeNIrkarmYyekItmanCanic© ¬on-going¦ekIteLIgkñúgry³eBleTogTat; ¬cycling¦
pøas;bþÚr\tQb;Qr ¬ever-changing¦ KμanTIcab;epþIm nigbBa©b; ¬with no beginning and no end¦BwgEp¥k
KñaeTAvijeTAmk ¬interdependent¦ nigCaGnþrGMeBI ¬interrelated¦.
FatuTaMg 5 éndMeNIrkarTMnak;TMngman³
1- RbPB ¬Source¦ 2- sar ¬Message¦ 3- bNþaj ¬Channel¦
4- GñkTTYl ¬Receiver¦ 5- lT§pl ¬Effect¦ .
FFaattuuéénnkkaarrTTMMnnaakk;;TTMMnngg
-38-
emeronTI 7³
karerobcMsmÖar³CMnYy
-- eebbIIxxJJúúMM BB¤¤ ´nnwwggeePPøøcc
-- eebbII eeXXIIjj ´nnwwggyyll;;
-- eebbII ))aanneeFFVVII ´nnwwggccggccaaMM
rrUUbbPPaaBBmmYYyyRRbbeessIIrrCCaaggmmYYyyBBaann;;BBaakküü
7>2 tYnaTIénkarpSBVpSay
GaceFVIkarepÞrbTBiesaFn_[KñaeTAvijeTAmk CamYyKñaenHEdrGacCYypþl;nUvbec©keTs epSg²eTot
eTAdl;ksikrGacerobcMedIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚrKMnitksikrQandl;karrIkceRmInGacpøas;bþÚrGakb,kiriyarbs;
ksikrQaneTArkkarGnuvtþbec©keTsfμI .
CaTUeTAmanGñkeRbIR)as;B½t’man nigGñkRKb;RKgB½t’manKWCa³
- GGññkkeeRRbbIIRR))aass;;BB½½tt’’mmaann ³ RtUvkarKMnitfμI RtUvkarCYykmμviFIkargarrbs;xøÜn b¤edaHRsaybBaðaRtUvkar
eronsURtRtUvkarpþþl;B½t’mandl;GñkdéTeTot
- GGññkkRRKKbb;;RRKKggBB½½tt’’mmaann ³ RbmUlB½t’man erobcMB½t’man rkSaB½t’manplit[eRbIR)as;CaRbeyaCn_)an
7>3 karEbgEckB½t’man³
RtUvKitBItRmUvkarB½t’mankñúgtMbn;rbs;Gñk etIGñkNaxøHEdlRtUvkarB½t’manenH? etIB½t’manGVIxøHEdl
eKRtUvkar? etIeKTTYl)anB½t’manEdleKRtUvkarEdrb¤eT? ehtuGVITTYl)an? ehtuGVIminTTYl)an?
7>4 RbsiT§PaBénkarpSBVpSay³
eyIgeFVIkarpSBVpSaytamry³karEst TsSnavdþI viTüú TUrTsSn_ CasmÖar³pSBVpSaymantémøefak
GacpSBVpSay)anRKb;TIkEnøgsmÖar³TaMgGs;enHGaceFVI[Gñksþab; GñkemIlmancMNab;GarmμN_ nigbegáIt
eLIgenAKMnitfμI² edIm,IGnuvtþþGacRbkas[eKdwgCabnÞan;begáInkarcab;GarmμN_. tamry³énkarpSBVpSay
ksikrTTYl)anB½t’manBIGñkCitxagBImitþP½RkBIGñkpSBVpSay b¤BIksik EdlmankareCOnelOnkñúgtMbn; .
-39-
tamkarniyay B¤ 20 °
tamkaremIleXIj tamEPñk 30 °
tamkarniyay nigeXIj tamEPñk nigB¤ 50 °
eXIj niyay nigBiPakSa tamEPñk B¤ nigBiPakSa 70 °
eXIj niyay BiPakSa nigeFVI tamEPñk B¤ BiPakSa nigeRbI 90 °
etIGVICasmÖar³pSBVpSayedayckçúviBaØaN?
- KWCaGVIEdlCYy[mnusSeronsURttamkaremIleXIj.
- CaeRKOgEdlGacbgðajGMBIsar b¤ B½t’man tamry³karsresr karKUrrUbPaB semøg clna nig
sBaØaepSg²eTot.
- vaCa]bkrN_CMnYy[GñkbNþúHbNþalbeRgonmnusSqab;yl; ehIynwgcgcaMBIsar³sMxan;
énsar b¤B½t’manepSg².
- GacCYyeyIg[emIleXIj yl; nigcgcaMBIsar b¤B½t’mansRmab;eFVIkarR)aRs½y Tak;TgKña[
manRbsiT§PaB .
7-5 kareRbIR)as;rUbPaBedIm,IbeRgonGñkminecHGkSr
1- rkSarUbPaBsamBaØtamEdlGaceFVI)an enaHvaminEmnCakargayRsYleT. erobcMÉksartamlMdab;
lMeday KWvamankarsaMujaMNas;.
2- GVIEdlhYsehtu nigmincaM)ac;Tak;Tgnwgkaryl;dwgenaH KYrlb;ecal
3- rUbPaBnImYy² KYrdak;[manGtßn½yEtmYy. sareRcInnaM[mankarsaMuujaM
4- RkdasmYysnøwkminKYrdak;eRcIneBk. manrUbPaBeRcIn EteKalbMNgKYrmanEtmYy b¤BIrEtb:ueNÑaH
5- enAeBlEdlGñkdéTemIl cg;emIlrUbPaBTaMgRsugenaH KYreFVIkarbgðajCUn .
6- RtUveFVIy:agNa[manPaBR)akdRbCa mandUcCa rUbNaEdlbgðajBI vtßú mnusS nig skmμPaB
7- rUbPaBKYr[manPaBrs;revIk.
8- eRCIserIsBN’[smRsbCamYynwgvb,F’mEdlmanRsab;enAkñúgtMbn;enaH.
9- RbsinebIRbCaCnEdlminsUvcab;GarmμN_nwgrUbPaBenaH KYreFVIkarsaksYrGñkepSg²eTot[)an
eRcIn edIm,IRbmUlKMnitEklMG[)anRbesIr.
10-RbsinebI plitesovePAtøúk enaHKYrmankMras;y:ageRcIn 16TMB½r kñúgenaHGtßn½yEdl sMxan;²enaH
KYrkMNt;ykEtBI 8-12 TMB½r)anehIy.
11-RbsinebIrUbPaBminRKb;RKan;enaH KYr[mankarBnül;)aneRcIn . R)ab;GñkemIlfarUbPaBenaH KW
tMNag[dMeNIrkarGVImYy.
12-pÞaMgrUbPaBEdlmanGkSrKYrsresr[)anFM² edIm,I[kUnekμgEdlecHGanGkSrR)ab;dl;mnusS
cas;EdlminecHGkSr.
-40-
7>6 viFIsaRsþbeRgonGñkminecHGkSr
karsikSatamrUbPaBminEmnCaviFIsaRsþbeRgonGñkminecHGkSrenaHeT vamanviFIsaRsþ CaeRcIneTot
mandUcCa³
- TMenomTMlab;EdlmanRsab;enAkñúgtMbn;³ karniyayerOg kMNaBü elçan cMerog Gaéy: tuktþa
suPasit pÞaMgrUbPaB>>>.l.
- epSg²eTotmandUcCa El,gkMsanþ viTüú vIedGU TUrTsSn_ karbBa©aMgsøay TsSn³kic©sikSa
kic©RbCMu karBiPakSa>>>>.l.
7>7 kareRbIR)as;sMPar³e)aHBum<pSay³
77--77--11 kkaarree))aaHHBBuumm<<ppSSaayy
Éksare)aHBum<pSay)anRKbdNþb;eTAedaybec©keTs karpSBVpSayEdl)anmkBIkarrYmbBa©Úl
KñarvagXøaRbeyaKénBakü nigrUbPaBeKGaceRbIR)as;vay:agmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarGb;rMRKb; kMritGñkecH
nigGñkminecHGkSrGaRs½yeTAtamkareRCIserIs. CamYyKñaenHEdrvaman\T§iBlCaBiessGñkpSBV
pSay eKGacykÉksarenHCaeKalsRmab;eRbIR)as; .
eKGace)aHBum<pSayB½t’manya:gTUlMTUlay smÖar³enHmanGtßRbeyaCn_ kñúgkarpþl;B½t’manTan;
ehtukarN_mancMNucsMxan;²cMnYn 6 ³
1> CaB½t’manTan;ehtukarN_ ehIysMxan;
2> B½t’manhak;dUcCaenACitGñkGanTaMgEpñkPUmisaRsþ nigcitþþsaRsþ
3> Esþg[eXIjsßanPaBCak;Esþg
4> B½t’manEdlelceFøa
5> mansar³sMxan;sRmab;GñkGan EdlBak;Bn§½nwgkarrs;enArbs;mnusS dUcCaPaBminRbRktIPaB
pÞúyKña nigPaBrIkceRmInCaedIm .l.
6> FananUvKuNPaBB½t’manEdl)ane)aHpSay
77--77--22 kkaarrEEcckkssnnøøwwkkbb½½NNÑÑ
Gacdak;TINak¾)an [EtKμansøaksBaØahamXat; CakarRbesIrdak;enATIkEnøgEdlmanmnusSCYbCMu
KñaeRcIn. pÞaMgrUbPaBbiTtamGKarRtUvbiTRtwmkMBs;EPñk biTtamTIsaFarN³ nig[x<s;RtUvbiTenATIEnøg
EdlmanBnøWc,as;.
etIRtUvmanGakb,kiriyadUcemþc ?
- RtUvesøokBak;EbbsamBaØ bgðajnUvPaBCitsiTi§ nigsb,ayrIkray
-41-
- sMelokbMBak;rIkray l¥RbesIrCagsMelokbMBak;RsgUtRsgat;
- RtUvecalEPñkemIl[cMGñkEdlkMBugcUlmkCiteyIg
- RtUvjjwmCanic©eTArkmhaCn
- karkan;snøwkb½NÑRtUveFVIya:gNa[GñkedIrkat;GaceXIjcMNgeCIg)anc,as;
- kMuCab;mat;niyayyUreRBaHeKalbMNgeyIgKWeTAedIm,IEcksnøwkb½NÑ
- Gacpþl;karCECksaksYr)aneTAdl;GñkNamñak;eRkayeBlEckb½NÑ
- kMuxVl;xVayCECkrkxusRtUvGVITaMgGs;
- RtUveFVIya:gNa[GñkTTYlb½NÑBIeyIgmankareCOTukcitþ { R)akdNas;}
- enAtampøÚvfñl;BMuEmnCaeBlevlasRmab;eFVIkarbBa©úHbB©aÚl b¤ GUsTajnrNamñak;[
EkERbTsSn³yl;dwgBitR)akd)aneT
- ebImannrNaBüayameQøaHRbEkkCamYynwgeyIgRtUvtbedayPaBGMNt;vijfa ebIGñk
cMNayeBlEtbnþicGansnøwkb½NÑenH GñkRbEhlCanwgGacpøas;bþÚrKMnitrbs;Gñk)anxøH
- RtUverIsRbmUlsnøwkb½NÑEdlmhaCn)ane)aHecal munnwgcakecjBIkEnøgenaH eRBaHva
qøúHbBa©aMgnUvmUlehtud¾GaRkk;RbsinebIsnøwkb½NÑkøayCasMramray)a:yenAtampøÚvfñl;.
77--77--33 vviiTTüüúú
CUnCaB½t’man b¤eRkInrMlwkdl;RbCaBlrdæ[mankarRbugRbytñ½ pþl;nUvkaryl;dwgdl;Gñksþab;
pþl;»kas[Gñksþab;eFVIkarpøas;bþÚr\riyabT Gakb,kiriyabegáInRbsiT§PaBénsarCYykMNt;BIRkum
kargar. karGPivDÆvis½yGb;rM ksikmμ sgÁmvb,Fm’ esdækic© neya)ay sasna nigbrisßan.
KKuuNNssmm,,ttþþii ³³
viTüúmansmtßPaBCH\T§iBldl;sgÁm yuvCn nigkumar Gacpþl;B½t’manEdleFVI[l¥RbesIreT,Ig
nUvdMeNIrkarrIkFMFat;énesdækic© nigsgÁmvb,Fm’ bBa¢ÚnB½t’man)anqab;rh½s nigTan;eBlevla
B½t’manbBa¢Ún)anq¶aydl;RKb;TisTI minerIseBlevla nigTIkEnøgmantémøefak.
KKuuNNvviibbttþþii ³³ minGacTukCaÉksar)an nigGacCH\T§iBlminl¥dl;sgÁm.
77--77--44 vvIIeeddGGUU
etIRtUveFVIy:agNa? RbmUlerobcMsMPar³sMrab;ykeTApSBVpSay ¬DVD,VCD,TAPE¦ karbBa©aMg
tamsßanIyTUrTsSn_ nigkarbBa©aMgtamry³kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_tampÞH nigmUldæan.
eeFFVVIIrreebboobbNNaa??
- RRbbmmUUlleerroobbccMMssMMPPaarr³³ssMMrraabb;;yykkeeTTAAppSSBBVVppSSaayy ¬¬DVD,VCD,TAPE¦¦³³ cMNgeCIgsar Edl
-42-
ksikrRtUvkarTTYlkaryl;dwg erobcMCa kaEsSt vIsuIDI DIvIDI nig fvika.
- kkaarrbbBBaa©©aaMMggttaammssßßaannIIyyTTUUrrTTssSSnn__ ³³ eFVIkarTMnak;TMngCamYybNþajTUrTsSn_ erobcMdak;kmμviFI
pSayCamYykmμviFITUrTsSn_ kMNt;eBlevlaEdlTUrTsSn_bBa©aMgsarEdl)an bBa¢ÚneTAsßanIy
TUrTsSn_ eFVIkarpSBVpSayCamYyksikr CUndMNwgCamuneFVIkarvaytémøelIkarTTYl)anrbs;
ksikr.
- kkaarrbbBBaa©©aaMMggttaammrryy³³kkaarreeRRbbIIRR))aass;;]]bbkkrrNN__ttaammppÞÞHH nniiggmmUUllddææaann³³ TMnak;TMngCamYy GaCJaFrmUldæan
edIm,IrkkEnøgpSBVpSay TMnak;TMngrk]bkrN_ nigsMPar³pSBVpSay kMNt;eBlevlapSayeFVI
karvaytémøkaryl;dwg nigkarTTYl)anrbs;ksikr .
ÉÉkkssaarrEEcckk ³³
7CMhankñúgkarerobcMsmÖar³pSBVpSayedayckçúviBaØaN
1- begáIteKalbMNg ¬kMNt;nUvsar³sMxan;² Edlcg;eFVIkarpSBVpSay¦
2- begáItviFIsaRsþ nigEpnkar
3- sakl,g
4- EklMG
5- sakl,gcugeRkay
6- EksRmYlcugeRkay
7- plit
ÉÉkkssaarrEEcckk -- eKalkarN_sRmab;vaytémørUbPaB
kk-- eeKKaallkkaarrNN__éénnkkaarrvvaayyttéémmøøssmmÖÖaarr³³ppSSBBVVppSSaayyeeddaayycckkççúúvviiBBaaØØaaNN
GkSr nigrUbPaB smÖar³pSBVpSayedayckçúviBaØaNKYrgayRsYlyl;
- etIGkSrFMlμmRKb;RKan;kñúgkarGanb¤enA ?
- etIrUbPaBFMeXIjlμmRKb;RKan; b¤enA ?
xx-- GGkkSSrr nniiggrrUUbbPPaaBBggaayyRRssYYllyyll;; nniiggmmaannkkaarrTTaakk;;TTaajj
- etIGkSr nigrUbPaBsmnwgKñab¤eT?
- etIGkSr nigrUbPaBgayRsYlnwgkarcgcaM b¤yl;b¤eT?
- etIrUbPaBbegáInkaryl;dwgb¤eT?
- RbsinebItYelxminGacbgðajbBa¢ak; etIGacKUrva[gayRsYlyl;b¤eT?
- etIGñkyl;fa rUbPaBmann½yy:agdUcemþc?
-43-
KK-- ssaarrkkññúúggkkaarrppSSBBVVppSSaayyKKYYrreerroobbccMM[[ssaammBBaaØØ nniiggcc,,aass;;llaass;;
- etImanGkSr nigrUbPaBNa EdlmincaM)ac;Edrb¤eT?
- etIGñkemIlyl;b¤eTBIsarenaH?
XX-- ssaarrkkññúúggkkaarrppSSBBVVppSSaayyKKYYrreerroobbccMM[[ttaammllMMddaabb;;llMMeeddaayy
- etImanGkSr nigrUbPaBdak;tamlMdab;Edrb¤eT?
- etITaMgGkSr nigrUbPaBmann½yEtmYyb¤eT?
gg-- BB½½tt’’mmaannssMMxxaann;; KKYYrryykkeeTTAAddaakk;;eennAAkkññúúggkkEEnnøøggEEddllGGññkkeemmIIllyykkcciittþþTTuukkddaakk;;ccaabb;;GGaarrmmμμNN__
- etIcMNucsMxan;énrUbPaBc,as;b¤eT?
- etIGñkemIleXIjnUvsar EdlGñkcg;[eKdwgb¤eT?
- etImanGVIenAkñúgrUbPaB EdleFVI[GñkemIlGam:as; b¤)ak;muxb¤eT?
7-8 karEsVgyl;BIB’N
BBNN’’ KWCaeRKOgEdl)anpþl;[CIviteyIgmansRms;. vamansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúg karerobcM
begáItsmÖar³pSBVpSay eRBaHvabegáInnUvkarTak;Taj. dUecñHkarEsVgyl;BIeKalkarN_ nigviFIsaRsþénkar
layBN’kñúgkarbegáItsmÖar³pSBVpSay KWmankarsμúKsμaj .
7-8-1 tYnaTIénBN’
enAkñúgkarerobcMbegáItrUbPaB BN’mantYnaTI 6 y:agKW³
1- rMelcnUvrUbPaBCak;EsþgedaymanBN’FmμCati Edlbgðajtamry³karpat;BN’
2- bgðaj[)anc,as;las;BIPaBdUcKña nigxusKña
3- begáIt[mankarrMePIbcitþCaBiess
4- eFVI[manPaBxusKñarvagépÞxageRkay nigGkSr
5- eFVI[mankarTak;Taj
6- bEnßmesaP½NÐPaB .
7-8-2 kareRbIR)as;BN’
kñúgRbB½n§énkareRbIR)as;BN’cm,g² CaTUeTAman12BN’KW³
- BBNN’’TTII11 ³ man3B’NKW Rkhm elOg exov
- BBNN’’TTII22 ³ man3B’NKW TwkRkUc ébtg sVay
- BBNN’’TTII33 ³ man6BN’KW exovlayTwkRkUc RkhmlayTwkRkUc RkhmlaysVay exovlay
sVay exovlayébtg nig TwkRkUclayébtg .
-44-
-45-
BN’rUbPaB BN’GtßbT
exμA b¤ exov elOg
ébtg Rkhm exμA b¤ exov s
s exμA b¤ exov
exμA nigexov s
TwkRkUc exμA nigexov
s Rkhm ébtg exov exμA Rkem:A sVaylayRkhmbnþic
TwkRkUc Rkhm exov exμA Rkem:A ébtg
exovbnþic b¤esþIg TwkRkUc Rkem:A sVaylayRkhmbnþic exμA exovxøaMg Rkhm
exovxøaMg Rkhm ébtg TwkRkUc s
TwkRkUcesþIg Rkem:A Rkhm exμA
ébtgcas; exμA s TwkRkUc
Rkhmbnþic b¤esþIg ébtg exμA exov
Rkhmdit ébtg s TwkRkUc
Rkem:A cas; exμA s TwkRkUc ébtgesþIg
Rkem:A esþIg ébtg exovcas; Rkhmcas; exμA
ébtgesþIg exovcas; Rkhm exμA
exμA s Rkhm exovx©I ébtg
karR)aRs½yTak;Tg ³ Gñksþþab;EdlmankarqøúHbBa¢aMg
(Communicating Ideas: Reflective listener)
GIVeTAEdlehAfakarsþþab;EdlmankarqøúHbBa©aMg? (What is Reflective listening?)
karsaþb;EdlmankarqøúHbBa©aMgKWCMnajmYyedIm,IbegáInRbsiTæPaBénkarTak;Tg . vaCaCMnaj
sRmab; CYyedaHRsaybBaðarbs;eKpÞal; . karsþab;EdlmankarqøúHbBa©aMg Gñksþab;RtUvTTYlxus
RtUvy:agskmμ edIm,Iyl;[)annUvesckþI nigGarmμN¾énGIVEdleKniyay .
ehtuGVIk¾RtUvmankarsþþab;EdlmankarqøúHbBa©aMg?
karsþab;EdlmankarqøúHbBa©Mg KWCMnajmYyEdleKbgðaj[eXIj dwgBIkaryl;RBm nigbegáIn
CMenOTukcitþKña . vabegáIt[manbriyakasTak;TgcMhsRmab;karyl;dwg . Gñksþab;GaceronKitemIl
BIGVIEdlmnusSmñak;cg;bBa¢ak; nigBIRbkarEdleKKiteTAelIsßanPaBb¤bBaðaepSg² . kareRbIR)as;
karsþab; EdlmankarqøúHbBa©aMg)ansmRsbGacbegáInRbsiTæPaBTak;Tg nigsRmYldl;karedaH
RsaybBaða.
rebobNa? (How?)
karbBa¢ak;eLIgvij (Restanting)
– Gñksþab;qøúHbBa©aMgeLIgvijnUvGVIEdlGñkniyay eBaleLIgeday eRbInUvsMdIrbs;Gñkniyay[
)aneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an .
karniyaysMray (Paraphrasing):
Gñksþab;qøúHbBa©aMgeTAelIGVIEdlGñkniyay)aneBal edayeRbIsMdIrbs;Gñksþab;pÞal; .
segçb (Summarizing):
Gñksþab;tamdansþþab;lkçN³ nigdMeNIreCOnelOnénkarBiPakSa nigRtiHriHeTAelIcMNucsMxan;²én
karBiPakSa.
-46-
emeronTI 8³
ÉksarCMnYy
karsþþþab;
(Listening Guide)
1> RkelkemIl\riyabfrbs;Gñk ( Look at your attitude)
bgðajeTAGñkniyay faGñkRsbtamKat; minemIlRsal b¤riHKn;GVIdl;Kat;eT . R)ab;xøÜnGñkfa {´nwg
[xøÜn´saþþb; } . bgðajKat;tamry³kayvikarfa GñkminEmnRbqaMgnigKat;eLIy . bgðajR)ab;eTA
Gñkniyayfa Kat;min)ac;xøacGVIEdlKat;KitenaHeT.
2> RtgRtab;sþþab; (Be attentive)
cMeBaHrebobEdlmnusSmñak;emIleTAnwgbeB©ajkayvikar . RtUvecjCakayvikarbgðajeTAGñk
niyayfaGñkykcitþþTukdak; nigcab;GarmμN¾cMeBaHeKedayemIleTArkeK ¬EtminEmnsMLwgmindak;
EPñkeT¦ niggk;k,al. l .
3> elIkkMBs;CMnajkñúgkarsþþab;rbs;Gñk (Develop your listening skills)
yl;BIBaküEdlTak;TgnigGarmμN¾. [Gñkniyaydwgfa Gñkyl;eKedayeqøIytb ¬beBa©j
Rbtikmμ¦ eTAelIGVIEdleKniyay nigmenaseBa©tnarbs;eK.
4> eCosvag[)annUv (Do your best to avoid)
karvaytémø eTAelIesckþþIEdleKniyay karpþþl;karENnaM karbgðajBIkarminyl;Rsb ¬edaykar
beBa©jeyabl; b¤minbeBa©jeyabl;¦karRbEkkKiteTAelIerOgpÞal;xøÜnepSg²enAeBlkMBugsþþþab; .
RbePTsMNYr
(Types of Questions)
sMNYrebIk (Open Questions) KWGacmanpøÚveqøIyeRcIny:ag. vaeRcIncab;epþþImCamYyBakü GñkNa? GVI?
eBlNa? kEnøgNa? ya:gdUcemþþc? ehtuGVI? b:unμan?
- etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlpld¾sMxan;CageKenAkñúgKeRmagkmμviFIrbs;Gñk?
- ehtuGVIeKcaM)ac; RtUvepþþImKeRmagkmμviFIenH?
- etIyuTæviFIGIV edIm,I[TTYl)annUveKaledA?
- enHCakargarmYyd¾lM)ak etIGñkeFVIkarCMrujTwkcitþbuKÁÁlikrbs;Gñkya:gdUcemþþc?
sMNYrbiT (Closed Questions) KWCasMNYrEdleKRtUveqøIyfa)aT cas b¤eT? bJk¾seRmcykkareRCIserIs
NamYy .
- etIGñkmankar]btßmÖEpñkhirBaØvtßúepSg²eTotenAkñúgKeRmagkmμviFIenH b¤eT?
- enaHCakmμviFImYysRmab;dMeNIrkarEmneT?
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KKYYrrkktt;;ccMMNNaaMMffaa ssMMnnYYrrbbiiTTGGaacceeFFVVIIeeTTAACCaassMMNNYYrreebbIIkkyyaa::ggggaayy..
- etIiRbPBhirBaØvtßúKeRmagkmμviFIrbs;GñkenAÉNa?}
- etI´KYreFVIya:gdUcemþþc?}
eettIIRRttUUvveeRRbbIIRR))aass;;ssMMNNYYrreennAAkkññúúggeemmeerroonnbbNNþþúúHHbbNNþþþþaallyyaa::ggddUUcceemmþþþþcc ??
sMNYrTUeTA (General question) KWeKsYreTARkumTaMgmUl. vabMpus[smaCikRkumTaMgGs;Kit . eKsYr
sMNYrTUeTAenAeBlcab;epþþImskmμPaBsikçasala CaCagkareRbIsMNYrcM²PøameBkGaceFVI[sikçakamxøHman
karxμas;eGon ebIeKmin)anerobcM nigeqøIyenaH.
CMnajkñúgkarsYr
(Questioning Skills)
sMNYrKWCa]bkrN¾sMxan;sRmab;
s [smaCikRkumTaMgGs;cUlrYmmaneyabl;
s [smaCikEdleGoneRbon es¶oms¶at; ecHniyayekøóvkøaeLIg
s das;stiGarmμN¾[eKPJak; nigKit
s bBaÄb;karniyayBIerOgpÞal;xøÜn b¤bBaÄb;smaCikniyayeRcInEdlRKbdNþþb;eTAelIRkum
s [smaCikeLIgniyaynUvbTBiesaFn¾ nigcMeNHdwgrbs;eK
s BinitüemIl faetIRkumsikçakamTaMgGs;yl;eTAelIemeron b¤eT?
sMNYrpÞal; (Direct Questions) : sYrdl;eKmñak;²edaycMeQμaH. eKRtUvsYredayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IkMu[
mankarxμas;eGonenAeBlEdleKminGaceqøIy)an. eKGacsYrsMNYrpÞal;edIm,I[smaCikEdlman
kar eGoneRboncUlrYmBiPakSa b:uEnþsMNYrKYrEtCasMMNYrEdlGaceqøIy)an. eKeRbIsMNYrpÞal;
edIm,Ibg¥ak;karsnÞnaelIerOgepSg² b¤edImI,bg¥at;karBiPkSaEdlkñúgenaHmnusSmñak;sYrEtmñak;Ég
edayesñI[GñkÉeTotmanmti. bec©keTsEdll¥ KWerobcMsMNYr[manlkçN³ CaTUeTAQb;bnþþicsin
edIm,I[eKKitrYc ehIycuceQμaHGñk EdlRtUveqøIy³ etIGñkKitfaGñksRmbsRmYlkñúgkargarbNþþúH
bNþþal KYreFVIGVIxøH? ¬Qb;bnþþic¦KWrkemIlGñkEdlCYy[eyabl;?
sMNYrbEgVrTis (Re-directed Questions) KWCasMNYrEdlsikçakam sYreTAGñksRmbsRmYl b:uEnþþCMnYs[
kareqøIysMNYrrbs;Kat;pÞal; GñksRmbsRmYlsYrsMNYrdEdlenHeTARkumvij . vaeFVI[RkummanPaB
skmμeLIg ehIyraraMgkMu[mankarsnÞnaEtrvagGñkdwknaMkarBiPakSa nigsikçakamEtmñak; .
enaHCasMNYrl¥mYy. etImanGñkNamaneyabl;eT?
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KnøwHl¥²kñúgkareRbIsMNYr (Tips for using Questions)
k / sMNYrKYEtxøI gayyl; c,as; eRbIBaküsamBaØ
x / sMNYrpÞal;KYrsYrqøas;KñaCaCagsYrtamlMdab;lMeday
K / KYrsYreTAsmaCikecaH²enAkñúgRkum . sYredayKμaneRBog KYrsYr[)ancUlrYmRKb;Kña
X / sMNYrRtUvepþþatEteTAelImYycMNuc ehIykMueRbIXaøEvgGnøayeBk
g / sMNYrRtUvTak;TgeTAnwgsmtßPaB nigbTBiesaFn¾rbs;GñkEdlRtUvsYr
c / enAeBlsYrsMNYrmYy KYrTukeBllμm[eKri³KitemIlcemøIy
cemøIytb
(Feedback)
cemøIytb KWCadMeNIrkarpÞal; nigTTYlykB½t’man Edltamry³enHeKmñak;²GacemIleXIjBI
\TæiBl ¬plb:HBal;¦ énskmμPaBrbs;eKeTAelIbuKÁl b¤Rkum . cemøIytbEbbenHGacpþþl;»kas
eronsURtsRmab;eyIgmñak;² ebIeyIgGacykRbtikmμrbs;GñkdéTykmkeFVICakBa©k;qøúHemIl BIGakb,kiriya
¬TegVI¦ rbs;eyIg . cemIøytbrbs;buKÁlCYy[eyIgyl;eXIjc,as;eTAelIrebobEdleyIgeFVI . vabegáIn
smßPaBrbs;eyIg kñúgkarEktRmUv nigpøas;bþÚreTArkRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;Tgrbs;eyIgCamYy
GñkdéT . cemøIytbGacbgðaj b¤TTYltamry³pøÚvTak;Tgkayvikar nigeTAtamBaküsMdI .
eBlNa (When)
cemøIytbGacsMu b¤segátemIlenAdMNak;kalNamYyéndMeNIrkabNþþúHbNþþalCaBiesskñúgeBl nig
eRkayeBlvKÁbNþþúHbNþþal .
RbePTéncemøIytb (Types of Feedback)
cemøIytbEdleyIgsYreK ³ (Solicited Feedback)
+ sYrsMNYr edIm,I[sikçakambeBa©j nigbMPøWRbtikmμrbs;eKcMeBaHvKÁbNþþúHbNþþal
+ KiteTAelIsMNYrEdleFVI[eKbeB©ajRbtikmμtbnwgGVIEdleyIg)aneFVI
cemøIytbEdleyIgmin)ansYr ³ (Un-Solicited Feedback)
+ enAeBlbkRsay b¤sRmYlkarBiPakSa cUrkt;cMNaMRbtikmμrbs;sikçakam
+ kMNt;BIB½t’manEdlTMngCaBit enAeBlcemøIytbbgðajmk
+ seRmcfaetIGñkcaM)ac;RtUveqøIyeTAvij bJk¾caM)ac;GñkRtUveFVIkarEktRmUv
-49-
cemøIytbmanlkçN³sßabnavaKYrepþateTAelI ³
- GGaakkbb,,kkiirriiyyaaCCaaCCaaggmmnnuussSS ³ (Behavior rather the Person)
eKminsUvCaxVl;b:unμan enAeBleKB¤BIkarniyayGMBIGakb,kiriyarbs;eK KWmindUcCaeKB¤karniyayGMBI
lkçN³rbs;eKeT .
- kkaarreerroobbrraabb;;CCaaCCaaggkkaarrvviinniiccää½½yy³³ (Description rather than Judgement) erobrab;EtGVIEdlGñk
GacemIleXIj
- CCaakk;;llaakk;;mmiinnEEmmnnTTUUeeTTAA ³³ (Specific rather than General )
erobrab;BIsßanPaBNamYycM² EdlGacpøas;bþþÚr
- TTIIeennHH nniiggeeBBll\\LLÚÚvveennHH ³³ (Here and new)
CaFmμtacemøIytb KWmanGtßn½yRCaleRCA ebIcemøIyenaHRtUv)aneKpþþl;mk)ansmRsbeRkayBIkar
segátemIl dUecñHcemøIyenaHRtwmRtUvminmanbeBa©jbBa¢ÚlenAeBleRkay .
- ppøøaass;;bbþþþþÚÚrreeyyaabbll;; nniiggBB½½tt’’mmaannCCaaCCaaggkkaarrEENNnnaaMM³³ (Sharing ideas and information than Giving Advice)
edaypøas;bþþÚreyabl; nigB½t’maneyIgTuk[eKseRmcedayxøÜneK cMeBaHTisedArbs;eKpÞÞal;kñúg sßanPaB
nigeBlNamYy nig[eKseRmcfaetIRtUvykB½t’manenaHeTAeRbIya:gdUcemþc .
- [[ttéémmøøssRRmmaabb;;GGññkkTTTTYYllCCaaCCaaggbbeeBB©©aajjssRRmmaabb;;GGññkkppþþll;; ³³(Value for Receiver than Release for Sender)
cemøIytbEdlpþl; KYrbMerIdl;esckþIRtUvkarrbs;GñkTTYlCaCagesckþIRtUvkarrbs;Gñkpþl; .
cemøIyenaHKYEteKpþþl;[dwgsRmab;CaCMnYydl;karGPivDÆn¾ Cagkardak;kMhit.
- bbrriimmaaNNBB½½tt’’mmaann ³ (Amount of information)
karpþþl;cemøIytbpÞúkeTAelImnusSmñak;eRcIneBk nigGaceFVI[eKminGacykvaeTAeRbI[manRbsiTæPaB
l¥. nAeBlEdleyIgpþl;eRcInhYsBIkarGaceRbI)an eyIgGaceBjcitþþnUvtRmUvkarxøÜneyIgCaCagCYy
GñkdéT.
- TTIIkkEEnnøøgg nniiggeeBBlleevvllaa ³ (Place and time )
BIeRBaHkarTTYlnigkarykcemøIytbeTAGacbNþþal[manRbtikmμxagpøÚvcitþ eKKYrykcitþþþTukdak;cMeBaH
erOgRbtikmμenH nigcMeBaHeBlevla nigkEnøgsmRsbsRmab;pþl;cemøIytb.
-- GGIIVVEEddlleeKKnniiyyaayy CCaaCCaaggmmUUlleehhttúúEEddlleeKKnniiyyaayy³³ (What is Said rather Why is Said)
ykcitþþTukdak;cMeBaH {GVIEdleKniyay} CaCag {mUlehtuEdleKniyay}.
-50-
viFIl¥²sRmab;TTYlcemøIytb (Helpful Hints for Receiving Feedback)
- cUrcaMfa vaCakaryl;eXIjrbs;mnusSmñak;cMeBaHTegVIrbs;Gñk minEmnsuTæEtCakaryl;eXIjfa caM
)ac;sRmab;mnusSRKb;KñaenaHeT .
- cUrepþþImsegátemIlfaetIGñkÉeTotyl;RsbtamcemøIytbbJeT . ebImnusS2 - 3nak;eTotbeBa©j
mtidUcKña enaHRbEhlCamanlMnaMGVImYy kñúgGakb,kiriya¬TegVI¦rbs;GñkEdlGñkKYrelIkykmkKit
- eCosvagnUvkarBnül; } ehtuGVIk¾´eFVIdUecñH} ebIeKminsYreT.
- sYrnUvsMNYrcaM)ac; edIm,I)anyl; nigbMPøWcemøIytb.
- cUrcaMrhUtdl;eKpþþl;cemøIytb ehIybnÞab;mkfaeLIgvijtamXaøfμI ¬Paraphrase) edIm,I
bBa¢ak;c,as;faGñkyl;BIGtßn½y.
- eCosvagkMubgá[manlkçN³Bi)akcMeBaHGñkpþþl;cemøIytb ¬edayxwgm:Uhμg .l.¦
- sMEdgGMNrKuN cMeBaHGñkpþþl;cemøIytb edIm,I[eKcg;pþþl;eTot .
-51-
KMrUTRmg;vaytémøvKÁbNþúHbNþal
(Sample of Training Evaluation Form)
1-etIGñk[eyabl;ya:gdUcemþþccMeBaHvKÁsikçasalaTaMgmUl?
¬sUmKUsrgVg;elxNaEdlGñkeBjcitþ¦
� 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 �
ehtuGVI?_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2-etIsikçasalaseRmc)aneKalbMNgeT? ebIGt; etIGIVEdlmin)anseRmc?
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3-etIsikçasalabMeBjtamkarrMBwgrbs;GñkeT? ebIGt; etIGVIEdlGt;?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4-sUm[eyabl;eTAelImatikaénvKÁsikçasala? etIGñkyl;faGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;nigGVIEdl
Kμansar³sMxan;? ehtuGVI?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5-sUmGñk[eyabl;eTAelIdMeNIrkarénvKÁsikçasaladUcCakalviPaK eBlevlalMdab;énskmμPaBsmÖar³
CMnYy nigbec©keTsbeRgon. etIGñkyl;faGVIEdlmansar³sMxan; nigGVIEdlKμansar³sMxan;? ehtuGVI?
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6- sUmGñk[eyabl;eTAelIkarerobcMénvKÁsikçasaladUcCa³ TIkEnøg mðÚbGahar karsRmaksñak;enA
etIGñkyl;famansar³sMxan; nigGVIEdlKμansar³sMxan; ? ehtuGVI?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7-sUmGñk[eyabl;eTAelIkarerobcMénvKÁsikçasaladUcCa³ Éksaremeron nigRkumtak;Etg
r)aykarN_etIGñkyl;faGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;nigGVIEdlKμansar³sMxan;? ehtuGVI?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
-52-
8-sUmGñk[eyabl;eTAelIkarerobcMvKÁsikçasaladUcCa ³CMnajrbs;RKU nigviFIsaRsþbeRgon etIGñkyl;
faGVIEdlmansar³sMxan; nigGVIEdlKμansar³sMxan; ? ehtuGVI ?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9-sUmbgðajBIkMriténCMnaj nigCMenOTukcitþþrbs;Gñk edIm,IebIkvKÁbNþþúHbNþþalenAkñúgkargarbec©keTs
rbs;GñkEdleRbIlTæplénsikçasalaenH . etIvaGacCYyGñky:agdUcemþþc?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10-ebIsinCaGñkmantYnaTIebIkvKÁbNþþúHbNþþalRKUenHbnþþeTAéf¶GnaKt etIGñknigeFVIGVIepSgeTot edIm,I[
sikçasalaenHkan;EtTTYl)aneCaKC½y? ehtuGVI ?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11-karpþþl;eyabl; nigsMNUmBrepSg²
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
-53-
ÉksarBieRKaH
1. CF Development Guideline, FAO [PNRMP], 2004
2. Managment of Change, VBNK, 2003
3. Training of Trainers, by Management and Organizational Development, MOD,
1995
4. Teaching Improvement courses, IRRI, 1990
-54-
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -57- emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -58-emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -59- emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -60-emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -61- emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -60-emeronTI 8³ÉksarCMnYy
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -61- esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -60-esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -61- esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -60-esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -61- esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -60-esckþIepþIm
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRKUbegÁal -61-
