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UFC 3-560-016 December 2006

Including change 1, 7 December 2006

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

ELECTRICAL SAFETY, O & M

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED


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Edited by Foxit PDF EditorCopyright (c) by Foxit Software Company, 2004For Evaluation Only.



FOREWORD

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies

to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects andwork for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States isalso governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded ConstructionAgreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.)Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, theSOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services responsibility for providing technical criteria for mil itaryconstruction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (AFCESA) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies should contact thepreparing service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronicform: Criteria Change Request (CCR)below.

.

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the current electronic version prior to use to ensure that they are current.

AUTHORIZED BY:

______________________________________M. K. MILES, P.E.Acting Chief, Engineering and ConstructionDirectorate of Civil WorksU.S. Army Corps of Engineers

______________________________________DR. JAMES W WRIGHT, P.E.Chief EngineerNaval Facilities Engineering Command

______________________________________KATHLEEN I. FERGUSON, P.E.The Deputy Civil EngineerDCS/Installations & LogisticsDepartment of the Air Force

______________________________________Dr. GET W. MOY, P.E.Director, Installations Requirements and

ManagementOffice of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense

(Installations and Environment)


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UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)REVISION SUMMARY SHEET

Document: UFC 3-560-01, Electrical Safety, O & M

Superseding:

Air Force Manual 32-1185, Electrical Worker Safety. This manual wasprepared in draft form, but was not issued.

TM 5-682, Facilities Engineering, Electrical Facilities Safety.

UFC 3-560-10N (previously MIL-HDBK-1025/10), Safety Of ElectricalTransmission And Distribution Systems.

Draft UFC 3-560-02, Electrical Safety. This document was mademandatory guidance by Air Force Engineering Technical Letter (ETL) 04-15, Electrical Safety Guidance

Description: This UFC 3-560-01 incorporates tri-service requirements into one unifieddocument and provides electrical safety requirements for all electrical work activities.

Reasons for Changes:

Provide guidance for all aspects of electrical safety.

Conform UFC criteria to recently issued industry standards.

Clarify work requirements for unique activities.

Impact: There are cost impacts associated with the required use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE). The new requirements associated with working on exposed,energized circuits involve additional safety precautions. However, the following benefitsshould be realized.

Electrical safety criteria are more consistent with industry standards andOSHA requirements.

Personnel working on electrical systems have improved guidance toensure a safer working environment.


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CONTENTSPage

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Paragraph 1-11-21-2.11-2.21-2.31-2.41-2.51-2.61-2.71-2.81-2.91-31-41-51-5.11-61-6.11-6.21-71-7.11-7.21-7.31-7.41-81-8.11-8.21-8.3

1-8.41-8.51-9

PURPOSE ....................................................................................SCOPE .........................................................................................Voltage Classification. ..................................................................Need. ............................................................................................Familiarity and Requirements .......................................................Mishap Prevention ........................................................................Mishap Causes .............................................................................Unclear Conditions .......................................................................Applicability...................................................................................Work Type ....................................................................................Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)..............REFERENCES .............................................................................CODES, STANDARDS, AND PUBLICATIONS............................VARIANCES FROM NORMAL SAFETY PRACTICES ................Applicability...................................................................................WARNINGS AND NOTES ............................................................Warning ........................................................................................Note ..............................................................................................ELECTRICAL HAZARDS .............................................................Electrical Shock Dangers and Effects...........................................Danger from Arcs and Blasts........................................................Workplace Dangers ......................................................................Health Hazards of Asbestos .........................................................MISHAP RESPONSE ...................................................................Knowing What to Do .....................................................................Work Injuries and Mishap Reports................................................Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and First Aid Training.................

First Aid Supplies..........................................................................Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs) ......................................COMMUNICATIONS ....................................................................

1-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-21-21-21-21-41-41-41-41-41-41-51-71-71-71-81-81-91-9

1-91-91-10

CHAPTER 2 WORKER/CREW RESPONSIBILITIES

Paragraph 2-12-22-2.12-2.2

2-2.32-32-3.12-3.22-42-52-62-6.12-6.2

LEVELS OF RESPONSIBILITY....................................................ELECTRICAL WORKER QUALIFICATIONS ...............................Qualified Persons ........................................................................Unqualified Person .......................................................................

Type of Training............................................................................SAFETY MEETINGS ....................................................................Scheduled Meetings .....................................................................Job Briefing/Tailgate Meetings .....................................................WORK SITE SAFETY...................................................................JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS/JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS ...................SAFETY COMPLIANCE ...............................................................Carelessness ................................................................................Enforcement .................................................................................

2-12-12-12-2

2-22-22-22-22-22-42-52-52-5

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2-6.32-6.4

Interpretation.................................................................................Violations ......................................................................................

2-52-5

CHAPTER 3 PRE-SITE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Paragraph 3-13-1.13-1.23-23-2.13-2.23-2.33-33-4

WORK LOCATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ..........................Working Near Energized Circuits..................................................Work Location...............................................................................PUBLIC SAFETY..........................................................................Warning Devices...........................................................................Flagmen........................................................................................Excavations ..................................................................................NUMBER OF WORKERS REQUIRED.........................................VERIFYING SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT PROVISIONS ............

3-13-13-43-43-43-43-53-63-8

CHAPTER 4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Paragraph 4-14-2

4-34-3.14-3.24-4

4-5

4-5.1

4-5.2

4-5.3

4-5.44-5.54-64-74-84-8.14-8.24-8.3

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................INSPECTION OF APPAREL, TOOLS, AND MATERIALS

HANDLING EQUIPMENT........................................................PERSONAL PROTECTIVE APPAREL.........................................Applicable Documents ..................................................................General Clothing Considerations..................................................PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR ARC

FLASH PROTECTION.............................................................AIR FORCE PPE REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE

OVERHEAD LINE WORK AT 69 KV (NOMINAL) OR LESS..Background...................................................................................Overhead Lines Above 35 kV Hot Stick Distance Less

Than 10 Feet ...........................................................................Overhead Lines Above 35 kV Hot Stick Distance More

Than 10 Feet ...........................................................................Overhead Lines 35 kV Hot Stick Distance More Than 8 Feet . Overhead Lines 35 kV Hot Stick Distance Less Than 8 Feet..CLOTHING PROHIBITIONS ........................................................SKIN PROTECTION.....................................................................POLE/TREE CLIMBING AND FALL PROTECTION ....................Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................Climbing Personal Protective Equipment .....................................Fall Protection Personal Protective Equipment ............................

4-1

4-14-14-14-2

4-2

4-154-15

4-16

4-164-174-184-194-194-204-204-204-20

CHAPTER 5 WORK AREA PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS

Paragraph 5-15-25-2.15-2.25-2.35-2.45-2.5

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................RUBBER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ........................................Job Requirements.........................................................................Use of Rubber Protective Equipment ...........................................Use of Rubber Gloves ..................................................................Use of Rubber Sleeves.................................................................Care and Inspection......................................................................

5-15-15-15-15-25-35-3

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5-2.65-35-45-4.15-4.25-4.35-4.45-4.55-4.65-4.75-4.85-4.95-4.105-4.115-4.125-4.135-4.145-4.15

5-55-5.15-5.25-5.35-5.45-5.55-5.65-5.7

Test Intervals for Rubber Protective Equipment ...........................ELEVATED WORK.......................................................................LIVE-LINE (HOT-LINE) TOOLS ...................................................Manufacture..................................................................................Authorized Types of Tools ............................................................Records ........................................................................................Tool Cleaning Before Use.............................................................Tool Inspection After Cleaning and Before Use............................Other Conditions for Removal From Service ................................Returning a Tool to Service ..........................................................Waxing..........................................................................................Repairs and Finishing ...................................................................Dry Electrical Testing....................................................................Wet Electrical Testing ...................................................................Precautions for Shop or Field Testing ..........................................Transportation...............................................................................Storage .........................................................................................Use of Live-Line Tools ..................................................................

ELECTRICAL TESTING DEVICES ..............................................Electrical Testing Device Calibration ............................................Voltage Detectors .........................................................................Phasing Testers............................................................................Line Fault Locators .......................................................................Insulator Testers ...........................................................................Leakage-Current Monitors ............................................................Combustible Gas/Oxygen Detectors ............................................

5-45-45-55-55-55-55-65-65-65-65-65-75-75-75-75-85-85-8

5-95-95-95-9

5-105-115-115-11

CHAPTER 6 ENERGY CONTROL (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT)

Paragraph 6-16-1.16-1.26-1.36-1.46-1.56-1.66-1.76-26-2.16-2.26-.3

SAFE CLEARANCE AND LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURESDevelopment of Procedures .........................................................Lockout .........................................................................................Tagouts.........................................................................................Preparation of the Safe Clearance Form ...................................... Issue (Approval) of the Safe Clearance Form (Switching Order) . Safe Clearance Form Description.................................................Lockout and Tagout Precautions ..................................................ENERGY CONTROL (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT) ...............................Low-Voltage Levels (600 Volts and Below) ..................................High-Voltage Levels (>600 Volts to 69,000 Volts) ........................INSPECTIONS AND TRAINING...................................................

6-16-26-26-26-26-26-36-46-56-66-66-7

CHAPTER 7 DEENERGIZED LINE GROUNDING

Paragraph 7-17-1.17-1.27-1.37-1.47-1.5

TEMPORARY GROUNDING........................................................Testing ..........................................................................................Installation Criteria ........................................................................Temporary Grounding System Components ................................Equipotential Zone........................................................................Ground Connection and Electrodes..............................................

7-17-17-17-17-37-3

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7-2

7-37-47-5

7-67-7

TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF SUBSTATIONCURRENT-CARRYING EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS ..........

AERIAL LIFT TRUCK VEHICLE GROUNDING ...........................TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF UNDERGROUND LINES ........OPENING OR SPLICING DEENERGIZED CONDUCTORS .......GROUNDING FOR STRINGING AND REMOVING LINES .........TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF AERIAL LINES ........................

7-37-57-77-77-8

7-10

CHAPTER 8 ENERGIZED LINE WORK

Paragraph 8-18-1.18-1.28-28-2.18-2.28-2.3

8-2.48-2.58-2.6

WORK ON ENERGIZED CIRCUITS ............................................Energized Work Permit.................................................................Categories of Work .......................................................................ENERGIZED WORK RULES........................................................Permitted Work .............................................................................Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................Statement of Qualifications...........................................................

Work Methods for Voltage Levels.................................................Pre-Work Procedures ...................................................................General Job-in-Progress Procedures ...........................................

8-18-18-28-38-38-38-3

8-38-68-6

CHAPTER 9 SUBSTATIONS AND SWITCHGEAR

Paragraph 9-19-1.19-1.29-1.39-1.49-1.59-1.69-29-2.19-2.29-2.39-2.49-39-3.19-3.29-3.39-3.49-3.59-3.6

9-49-4.19-4.29-4.39-4.49-4.59-59-5.1

SUBSTATION WORK...................................................................Purpose of Substation ..................................................................Diagrams and Schematics............................................................Engineering Guidance ..................................................................System Operation .........................................................................Abnormal Conditions ....................................................................Defective Equipment.....................................................................SWITCHING .................................................................................Air Switches ..................................................................................Oil Switches ..................................................................................SF6 Switches ................................................................................Oil-Filled Vacuum Switches ..........................................................FUSES..........................................................................................Characteristics ..............................................................................Fuse Handling...............................................................................Operation of Energized Fuses ......................................................Open Fuse Holder ........................................................................Closed-Position Fuse Locking ......................................................Bypassing .....................................................................................

ENERGY STORING PROTECTIVE DEVICES ............................Electrical Charge ..........................................................................Surge Arresters.............................................................................Choke Coils ..................................................................................Capacitors.....................................................................................Coupling Capacitors .....................................................................INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ...............................................Potential (Voltage) Transformers (PT)..........................................

9-19-19-19-19-19-29-29-29-39-49-49-49-59-59-59-59-59-59-5

9-69-69-69-69-69-79-89-8

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9-5.29-69-6.19-6.29-79-89-8.19-8.29-8.39-9

Current Transformers (CT) ...........................................................POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REGULATORS.......................Transformers (Power and Distribution).........................................Voltage Regulators .......................................................................METALCLAD SWITCHGEAR.......................................................STATIONARY BATTERIES..........................................................Basis for Safety Requirements .....................................................Protective Equipment....................................................................Safety Precautions........................................................................INSULATING OIL HANDLING OPERATIONS .............................

9-99-99-9

9-109-119-129-129-139-149-15

CHAPTER 10AERIAL LINES

Paragraph 10-110-1.110-1.210-1.310-210-2.110-2.210-2.310-2.410-2.510-2.610-2.710-310-3.110-3.210-3.310-3.4

10-3.510-3.610-3.710-3.810-3.910-410-4.110-4.210-510-5.110-5.210-5.310-610-6.110-6.210-6.310-6.410-6.510-6.610-7

AERIAL LINE WORK....................................................................Working in Elevated Positions ......................................................Qualified Climber ..........................................................................Navy Criteria for Qualified Climbers .............................................POLE HANDLING OPERATIONS ................................................General .........................................................................................Pole Contact Precautions .............................................................Receiving Pole Shipment..............................................................Ground Handling...........................................................................Long Term Pole Storage...............................................................Temporary Pole Storage...............................................................Hauling Poles................................................................................POLE INSTALLATION, REPLACEMENT, AND REMOVAL ........Pole Holes ....................................................................................Digging Holes ...............................................................................Covering a Hole ............................................................................Hole Casings ................................................................................

Setting Poles.................................................................................Pole Setting Trucks.......................................................................Setting Poles in Energized Lines ..................................................Backfilling the Hole .......................................................................Dismantling Poles .........................................................................CLIMBING AND WORKING ON POLES......................................General Rules...............................................................................Pole Inspection Before Climbing...................................................POLE CLIMBING EQUIPMENT ...................................................General Rules...............................................................................Wooden Pole Climbing Equipment ...............................................Concrete and Steel Pole Climbing................................................POLE CLIMBING AND WORK PRECAUTIONS ..........................General Pole Climbing Precautions..............................................Wooden Pole Climbing Precautions .............................................Concrete and Steel Pole and Tower Climbing Precautions.......... Working on Poles..........................................................................Safety Straps ................................................................................Hoisting or Lowering Materials .....................................................CROSSING STRUCTURES .........................................................

10-110-110-110-110-210-210-210-310-310-410-410-410-510-510-510-510-5

10-510-910-1010-1010-1010-1110-1110-1210-1310-1310-1410-2010-2110-2110-2210-2310-2310-2310-2410-24

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10-8

10-8.110-8.210-8.3

10-8.410-8.510-8.610-8.710-8.810-8.910-910-1010-10.110-10.210-10.310-10.410-10.5

10-10.610-1110-11.110-11.210-11.310-11.410-1210-12.110-12.210-12.310-12.410-12.510-1310-13.110-13.210-1410-14.110-14.210-14.310-14-410-14.510-14.610-14.7

10-1510-15.110-15.210-15.310-15.410-15.510-15.610-15.710-15.8

STRINGING OR REMOVING DEENERGIZEDCONDUCTORS AND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES ...........

Pre-Work Meeting.........................................................................Work Adjacent to Energized Lines................................................Grounding .....................................................................................Handling and Stringing .................................................................Primary Line Installation ...............................................................Secondary Line Installation...........................................................Removing Lines ............................................................................Guying ..........................................................................................Insulators ......................................................................................ENERGIZED WORK.....................................................................STREET LIGHTING......................................................................Voltage Level ................................................................................Clearance Requirements ..............................................................Multiple Street Lighting Circuits ....................................................Series Street Lighting Circuits ......................................................Climbing Space.............................................................................

Time Switches ..............................................................................WORKING ON OR NEAR POLE-MOUNTED EQUIPMENT ........Surge Arresters.............................................................................Switches and Fuses......................................................................Capacitors.....................................................................................Power Transformers and Voltage Regulators...............................AERIAL ROPE..............................................................................Conductivity ..................................................................................Terminology of Rope Use .............................................................Knots and Splices .........................................................................Handline and Rope Line Precautions ...........................................Tackle Blocks................................................................................TOOLS..........................................................................................Portable Power Tool Precautions .................................................

Miscellaneous Tool Precautions ...................................................AERIAL LIFTS AND INSULATED BUCKETS ..............................Types of Aerial Lifts ......................................................................General Requirements..................................................................Training.........................................................................................Driving Precautions.......................................................................Setting Up and Knocking Down at the Job Site ............................Operating at the Job Site ..............................................................Operation of Aerial Lift Equipment Near Energized

Electrical Facilities ...................................................................TREE TRIMMING AND BRUSH REMOVAL ................................Training Qualifications ..................................................................Public Safety.................................................................................Tool Safety....................................................................................Work Near Energized Lines..........................................................Climbing and Working on Trees ...................................................Felling Trees .................................................................................Power Trimming Equipment .........................................................Right-Of-Way Brush Removal ......................................................

10-2410-2410-2410-2510-2610-2610-2710-2710-2810-2910-2910-2910-2910-2910-2910-2910-30

10-3010-3010-3010-3010-3010-3010-3210-3210-3210-3310-3310-3410-3410-3410-3410-3510-3510-3910-4110-4110-4210-43

10-4410-4510-4510-4510-4510-4610-4610-4610-4710-47

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CHAPTER 11 UNDERGROUND LINES

Paragraph 11-1

11-211-311-411-511-611-6.111-6.211-6.311-6.411-6.511-6.611-6.711-6.811-711-7.111-7.211-7.3

UNDERGROUND WORK............................................................. 11-1

GENERAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS .............................. 11-1CABLE PULLING.......................................................................... 11-3BURIED ELECTRICAL CABLES.................................................. 11-3DAMAGE TO EXISTING UTILITY LINES..................................... 11-4PREPARING TO WORK UNDERGROUND................................. 11-4General Atmosphere Control Precautions Before Entry ............... 11-4Atmosphere Testing Before Entering Underground Structures .... 11-5Atmospheric Test Equipment........................................................ 11-6Stray Electrical Voltage Testing.................................................... 11-6Pumping a Manhole...................................................................... 11-7Removal of Duct Plugs ................................................................. 11-7Emergency Entrance .................................................................... 11-7Ventilation of Underground Structures.......................................... 11-7WORK INSIDE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES ...................... 11-8General ......................................................................................... 11-8Work Precautions ......................................................................... 11-9Working on Cables and Apparatus ............................................... 11-10

CHAPTER 12 LOW-VOLTAGE INTERIOR SYSTEMS

Paragraph 12-112-1.112-1.212-1.312-1.412-212-2.112-2.212-2.312-2.412-2.512-312-3.112-3.2

WORKING ON INDOOR EQUIPMENT ........................................Restricted Space ..........................................................................Grounding Systems ......................................................................Disconnection of Power Sources..................................................Related Building Systems.............................................................LOW-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS .........................................................Overview.......................................................................................Battery Room Hazards .................................................................Fire Alarm Systems ......................................................................Solid-State Equipment ..................................................................Low-Voltage Work Precautions ....................................................ROTATING MACHINERY.............................................................Hazards of Rotating Machinery ....................................................Motors and Generators.................................................................

12-112-112-112-112-112-112-112-212-212-212-212-412-412-4

CHAPTER 13 SHORE-TO-SHIP ELECTRICAL POWER CONNECTIONS

Paragraph 13-113-213-2.113-2.213-2.313-2.413-313-3.113-3.2

CONNECT/DISCONNECT RESPONSIBILITIES ......................... 13-1SHIPS MAIN ELECTRICAL SERVICE COMPONENTS ............. 13-2Shore High-Voltage Distribution System ...................................... 13-2Pier Substations............................................................................ 13-2Ship-to-Shore Pier Electrical Outlet Assemblies........................... 13-5Ship-to-Shore Power Cables and Connectors.............................. 13-7SHIPS ELECTRICAL SERVICE COMPONENT RELATIONS .... 13-9Equipment Physical Relationships................................................ 13-9Electrical Circuit Arrangement ...................................................... 13-10

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13-413-4.113-4.213-4.313-4.413-4.513-513-5.113-5.213-613-6.113-6.2

13-713-7.113-7.213-7.313-7.413-7.5

13-8

13-913-1013-11

UNUSUAL SHORE-TO-SHIP SYSTEM HAZARDS .....................Split Personnel Responsibilities....................................................Portable Power Cable and Outlet Safety Assurance .................... Electrical Equipment Accessibility and Working Space ................Ships Electrical Power Input Safety .............................................Parallel Operation .........................................................................SUPPORTING SHORE-TO-SHIP SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ...Specialized Shore-to-Ship System Training .................................Specific SOPs...............................................................................PORTABLE SHORE POWER CABLES AND RECEPTACLES ... Low-Voltage Terminations and Protective Circuit Breakers .........High-Voltage (4,160 Volt and 15 kV) Terminations and

Protective Circuit Breakers ......................................................SHIP CONNECTION PROCEDURES BEFORE SHIP DOCKS ...General .........................................................................................Laying, Inspecting, and Testing Power Cable Assemblies ........... Checking 480 Volt Shore Receptacles .........................................Checking 4,160 Volt Shore Receptacles ......................................

Inserting Cable Plugs Into Receptacles (480 Voltsand 4,160 Volts).......................................................................SHORE-TO-SHIP POWER CABLE RIGGING AFTER

SHIP DOCKS...........................................................................SHIPS TRANSFER TO SHORE POWER ...................................SHIPS TRANSFER BACK TO THE SHIPS GENERATOR ........ SHORE DISCONNECTION OF CABLE PLUGS AND REMOVAL

OF CABLE ASSEMBLIES .......................................................

13-1213-1213-1313-1313-1413-1413-1413-1413-1513-1613-16

13-1713-1913-1913-1913-2113-22

13-23

13-2413-2413-24

13-25

CHAPTER 14 ELECTRICAL WORKER RESCUE

Paragraph 14-114-214-314-314-514-5.114-5.214-5.3

RESCUE TRAINING.....................................................................POLE-TOP RESCUE....................................................................RESCUE FROM A MANHOLE .....................................................RESCUE FROM AN AERIAL LIFT (BUCKET TRUCK)................ELECTRICAL SHOCK..................................................................Effects...........................................................................................Freeing the Victim.........................................................................Training.........................................................................................

14-114-114-414-714-814-814-814-8

G-1

A-1

GLOSSARY

APPENDIX A REFERENCES

APPENDIX B OPNAV P-45-117-6-98, ELECTRICAL WORKER FIELD B-1SAFETY GUIDE

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FIGURES

Figure

1-11-23-14-14-25-15-27-17-27-37-4

7-5

10-110-210-310-411-113-113-213-313-4

13-513-613-713-813-913-1013-11

13-1213-13

13-1413-1513-1613-1713-1914-114-214-314-4

Title

Ground Potential Gradient.......................................................................Current Path Flow ...................................................................................Approach Limits ......................................................................................Personal Protective Equipment for Working on a Pole............................Types of Fall Protection ..........................................................................Support Points of Full Body Harness ......................................................Phasing Check Using Hot-Stick Phasing Testers....................................Substation Temporary Grounding ...........................................................Insulated and Uninsulated Aerial Lift Vehicle Grounding Connections....Underground System Grounding Sets ....................................................Using a Conductive or Insulating Platform for Opening/Closing

Deenergized Overhead Conductors...................................................

Composite Stringing/Removing Temporary Protective Groundson Overhead Conductor Lines ...........................................................

Pike Pole Method ....................................................................................Winch Line Method .................................................................................Comparison of Correct and Incorrect Gaff Shapes .................................Honing a Gaff ..........................................................................................Sail Method of Manhole Ventilation.........................................................Electrical Connection Outlet Assembly with a 15 kV Receptacle ............Close-Up of Electrical Connection Outlet Assembly................................Inside a Pier Vault Housing a Substation ................................................Skid-Mounted Substation ........................................................................Skid-Mounted Substation with Camlock Connections .............................

Newer Double-Pier Switchgear ...............................................................480 Volt Pier Electrical Outlet Assembly Without Cable Connections.....4.16 kV Pier Electrical Outlet Assembly and Outlets...............................480 Volt Pier Electrical Outlet Assembly and Cable Connections ...........480 Volt Shore-Cable to Ship-Cable with Single-Pole Connection..........480 Volt Shore-Cable to Ship-Cable Plug and Receptacle

Connection in Place ...........................................................................480 Volt Shore-Cable to Ship-Cable Splice Connection In Place............Shore-to-Ship Portable Power Cable Location Diagram .........................Preferred Ship-to-Shore Circuit Arrangement .........................................Procedure for Safely Energizing a Ship From a Shore Electrical Circuit .Cable Being Reeled by a Boom Truck ....................................................Low-Voltage (480 Volt) Shore Receptacle ..............................................High-Voltage Shore Receptacle ..............................................................Unconscious Victim on a Pole.................................................................Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation on a Pole ................................................Position to Support Victims Body Weight ...............................................Two Rescuers Preparing to Lower Victim ...............................................

ix

1-51-63-1

4-204-215-5

5-107-47-77-7

7-8

7-910-710-9

10-1810-1811-813-313-313-413-4

13-513-513-613-613-713-8

13-813-9

13-10

13-1113-1213-1613-1713-1814-214-314-314-4


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14-514-614-7

Control of a Handline One and Two Persons ....................................... 14-4Bowline Position for Two-Worker Manual Rescue from a Manhole......... 14-5Vault/Manhole Rescue ............................................................................ 14-6

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TABLES

Table

1-11-21-31-42-12-22-32-42-52-63-13-2

3-33-43-53-63-73-83-94-14-24-35-15-2

6-17-17-27-37-47-57-67-77-88-18-28-3

8-48-58-610-110-2

Title

Effect of 60-Hertz Current on Humans ....................................................Hazardous Materials ...............................................................................Precautionary Steps to Minimize Asbestos Exposure .............................Knowing What to Do ...............................................................................Levels of Safety Accountability................................................................Prohibited Actions ...................................................................................Unsafe Worker Indications ......................................................................Pre-Site Job Requirements .....................................................................Significant Unsafe Actions and Conditions..............................................Job Hazard Analysis/Job Safety Analysis ...............................................Qualified Worker Minimum Working Distances .......................................Altitude Correction Factors......................................................................

Excavation Pre-Survey Checklist ............................................................Performing Excavations ..........................................................................Backfilling ................................................................................................Damage During Backfilling of Trenching .................................................Jobs Requiring Two Electrical Workers...................................................Jobs Working In Confined Spaces Requiring Additional Workers ...........Jobs Acceptable For One Electrical Worker............................................PPE Criteria ............................................................................................Hazard/Risk Category Classifications for Work Tasks on Grade ............Additional Work Tasks and Associated PPE Requirements....................Rubber Insulating Equipment Voltage Requirements..............................Rubber Insulating Equipment Test Intervals............................................

Lockout/Tagout Sequence ......................................................................Maximum Fault Current Capability for Grounding Cables .......................Temporary Ground Rod Minimum Requirements....................................Substation Protective Grounding Procedures .........................................Grounding of Substation Equipment .......................................................Grounding of Equipment During Oil Handling .........................................Procedures for Grounding Insulated and Uninsulated Aerial Lift Trucks .Stringing/Removing Conductor Ground Locations ..................................Conductor Ground Location After Pulling ................................................Approved Energized Overhead Line Work Methods by Voltage Class ...Insulating Tools for Electrical Workers ....................................................Insulating Overhead Line Plastic Guards/Platforms for

Electrical Workers ..............................................................................Pre-Work Procedures Overhead Line ..................................................Energized Work Precautions Overhead Line .......................................Voltage Level Work Procedures Overhead Line ..................................Average Crew Size Required to Raise Poles by Piking ..........................In-Use Check of Pole Climber Gaffs .......................................................

xi

1-61-71-81-82-12-32-32-32-42-43-33-4

3-53-63-63-63-73-73-84-64-7

4-125-25-4

6-17-27-37-47-57-57-67-9

7-108-48-4

8-58-68-68-7

10-810-20


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10-310-410-5

10-6

10-710-8

10-911-113-113-214-1

Insulating Device Categories...................................................................Application and Uses of Aerial Devices...................................................Periodic Electrical Test Values for Insulating Aerial Devices with a

Lower Test Electrode System (Category A and Category B) .............

Insulating Aerial Devices Without Lower Test Electrode System(Category C).......................................................................................Insulating Aerial Ladders and Insulating Vertical Aerial Towers..............In Field Tests for Insulating Aerial Devices ANSI A92

Section 5.4.3.2 Item 10(c) ..................................................................Approach Distances for Qualified Employees - Alternating Current ........Precautions Before Entering Underground Structures ............................Shore-to-Ship Electrical Connect Responsibilities ..................................Shore-to-Ship Electrical Disconnect Responsibilities ..............................Method for Lowering a Victim..................................................................

10-3610-37

10-38

10-3810-39

10-3910-4011-513-113-114-2

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1-1PURPOSE. This Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) has been issued to providesafety requirements for electrical workers. The requirements address various aspectsassociated with work safety for electrical workers. Wherever specific instructions areprovided, the emphasis is on the job safety requirements; additional work instructionswill likely be necessary related to the actual work being performed.

1-2SCOPE. This UFC provides safety requirements and guidance for electricalworkers (high or low voltage) and any other trade working on or near electricalcomponents rated at 50 volts or above.

1-2.1Voltage Classification. For the purposes of this UFC, low voltage is defined

as 600 volts or less. Voltages higher than 600 volts are referred to as high voltage.Refer to Glossary for definitions.

1-2.2Need. Electrical personnel involved in operating and maintaining electricalfacilities can be injured and equipment can be damaged whenever electrical systemsand components are not handled safely. The adoption and enforcement of safe electrical practices will reduce the hazards to personnel.

1-2.3Familiarity and Requirements. Each worker must understand and applythose safety requirements of this UFC that apply to the work performed. A copy ofthese safety manuals must be readily available to each worker for reference and study.

1-2.4Mishap Prevention. Mishap prevention is a basic responsibility of everyworker. Personal safety, fellow workers safety, and the general publics safety dependupon compliance with this manuals requirements. Safety takes precedence over workproduction.

1-2.5Mishap Causes. Most mishaps are caused by careless or thoughtless actsby workers. Workers must always be cautious and deliberate in their actions, andalways notify coworkers before energizing or deenergizing a circuit. Unsafe equipment,tools, and conditions must be reported immediately and corrected. Good housekeepingis also important for safety.

1-2.6Unclear Conditions. If this UFC does not cover a specific working conditionor job requirements are unclear, workers must obtain clear instructions from anauthorized individual-in-charge before proceeding with the work.

1-2.7Applicability. This UFC applies to workers involved in any aspect ofelectrical work. This UFC covers the authorized individual-in-charge, crew members,and qualified and unqualified electrical workers. The authorized individual-in-chargemight be a supervisor, a foreman, or a lead electrician depending upon local policy.

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This UFC applies to operations, maintenance, and construction functions. It alsoapplies to design functions when on project sites.

Note: For Navy electronics personnel/operations, follow the guidance outlined inSPAWARINST 5100.9D, Navy Shore Electronics Safety Precautions.

1-2.8Work Type. The type of work covered includes electrical construction,installation, maintenance, operation, repair, and testing of base and facility electricalsystems.

1-2.9Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Comply withOSHA electrical system requirements, as applicable.

1-3

1-4

REFERENCES. Appendix A contains a list of references used in this UFC.

CODES, STANDARDS, AND PUBLICATIONS.

1-4.1Several codes, standards, and regulations apply to basic electrical practices;these documents cover electrical work rules, safety procedures, and requirements forelectrical installations. Comply with all applicable provisions of the current issues ofthese codes with exceptions provided herein. The applicable documents include:

ANSI C2, National Electrical Safety Code (NESC), American NationalStandards Institute.

ANSI/NETA ATS, Acceptance Testing Specifications for Electrical PowerDistribution Equipment and Systems.

ANSI/NETA MTS, Maintenance Testing Specifications for Electrical PowerDistribution Equipment and Systems.

NFPA 70, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), National ElectricalCode (NEC).

NFPA 70B, Electrical Equipment Maintenance.

NFPA 70E, including Tentative Interim Amendment (TIA) 04-1, ElectricalSafety in the Workplace.

29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health, General IndustryStandards.

29 CFR 1926, Occupational Safety and Health, Safety and HealthRegulations for Construction.

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1-4.4.2 Following completion of the JHA and development of the SOP, SOPs shall berouted through the appropriate chain-of-command and the activity Safety Office forreview and approval. Upon completion of this process, employees shall be trained on

the SOP and a training record shall be maintained by the supervisor:

1-4.4.3 SOPs that have been issued by NAVFAC Activities are available for review at http://www.navfac.navy.mil/safetyand Enterprise Safety Applications ManagementSystem (ESAMS) at https://www.hgwllc.com/ESAMS_GEN_2/LoginESAMS.asp.

1-5 VARIANCES FROM NORMAL SAFETY PRACTICES.

1-5.1Applicability. The safety requirements of this UFC apply to most commonlyencountered working conditions. Occasionally, there might be a need to vary workpractices from these requirements due to unusual or abnormal conditions. An example

might be to permit work on energized equipment. In these cases, the authorized individual-in-charge must analyze and discuss alternatives with the crew prior tocommencing work. Obtain required approvals according to local directives.

1-5.1.1 For the Navy, all energized work will require written, job specific proceduresapproved, in writing, by the Commanding Officer/Executive Officer and considerednecessary to support a critical mission, prevent human injury, or protect property.

1-5.1.2 For the Air Force, all energized work must be authorized by the authorityreferenced in AFI 32-1064, Electrical Safe Practices, and considered necessary tosupport a critical mission, prevent human injury, or protect property. Energized work

permits are required in advance of work and require as a minimum those itemscontained in AFI 32-1064.

1-6WARNINGS AND NOTES. The following definitions apply to Warnings, andNotes found throughout this UFC.

1-6.1Warning. An operating procedure, practice, or condition that might result ininjury or death or equipment damage if not carefully observed or followed.

WARNING

1-6.2Note. An operating procedure, practice, or condition that is essential toemphasize.

Note: This is an example of a note.

1-7ELECTRICAL HAZARDS. Electrical hazards are particularly dangerousbecause the human body usually does not sense electrical energy until contact is madeand significant injury has already occurred. Workers must always be aware of the

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location of energized equipment and its voltage level at each job site. Additionally,workers must be aware of the possible sources of electrical feedback from otherenergized power sources into the work site. These hazards must be determined beforestarting work. Pre-job planning must include engineering guidance in understanding the

systems operation and review of up-to-date single line and schematic as-built drawings.All apparel, tools, and other equipment required for worker safety must be identified andavailable before beginning the job.

1-7.1Electrical Shock Dangers and Effects. Electric shock results from settingup an electric current path within the human body. The current flows because there is apotential gradient (voltage difference) between an energized object and the groundedworker. Figure 1-1 shows potential gradients and the safe area or equipotential zonewhich has no potential gradient. Figure 1-2 indicates current flow paths. Table 1-1indicates the effects of 60-hertz current on humans.

Figure 1-1. Ground Potential Gradient

Ground Potential Gradient

Energized Grounded Object

Equipotential Zone

Step

Step

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Figure 1-2. Current Path Flow

Touch Potential Step Potential

Touch/Step Potential Touch/Step PotentialThe current path will determine which tissues and organs willbe damaged or destroyed. The pathway is differentiated into threegroups: touch potential, step potential, and touch/step potential.

Table 1-1. Effect of 60-Hertz Current on Humans

Milliamperes

Men

Slight sensation on hand

Perception threshold

Shock, not painful and muscular control not lost

Painful shock, painful but muscular control not lostPainful and severe shock, muscular contractions,breathing difficultVentricular fibrillation, thresholdVentricular fibrillation, fatal (usually fatal for shockduration of 5 seconds or longer)Heart paralysis (no ventricular fibrillation), threshold(usually not fatal; heart often restarts after shortshocks)Tissue burning (usually not fatal unless vital organsdamaged)

1

EffectWomen1

0.3

0.7

1.2

6

15

75

235

4,000

5,000

0.4

1.1

1.8

9

23

75

235

4,000

5,000

The current values for women are lower because women typically have less body massthan men.

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1-7.2Danger from Arcs and Blasts. This UFC addresses arc flash criteria forelectrical safety. Arcs result from the passage of electric current through air; the airfailing as an insulator but serving as a conducting medium for ionized gases. Blasts

result when the metal at the arc site expands and vaporizes. Arcs can reachtemperatures up to four times the temperature of the suns surface. Water expands1,670 times when it becomes steam; copper expands 67,000 times when it vaporizes.High energy arcs can be fatal even at distances of 10 ft (3 m).

1-7.3Workplace Dangers. Table 1-2 indicates typical hazardous materials thatcan be found in enclosures or confined work spaces. Check the applicable materialsafety data sheets (MSDS).

Table 1-2. Hazardous Materials

Material

Asbestos*

Source

Insulation, underground manholes, under houses;crawl spaces, old electric equipment, fire protectingtape, duct banks, arc chutes/shields, cables, andwiring

Old liquid-filled transformers, capacitors, ballasts,lead-sheathed cables

Toxic decomposition products from electric arcs orfaults acting on SF6 insulation

Sewer or natural gas accumulations or fromoutgassing of lead-acid batteries

Cable faults, combustion engine exhausts

Faults or fires involving polyvinyl chloride (PVC)conduits or PCB oils

Displaced by heavier-than-air gases

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

Combustible gases

Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen chloride

Inadequate oxygen

Note: Asbestos was a widely used insulator. If insulation is not marked as beingAsbestos Free, consider it to contain Asbestos. Avoid disturbing the material, getting

it on clothing, or any activity that could make the fiber airborne.

1-7.4Health Hazards of Asbestos. Asbestos is a known human carcinogen. Itsprimary route of entry to the body is by inhalation, however exposure can occur byingestion. Asbestos is not absorbed through the skin. The diseases caused by longterm exposure to asbestos are: cancer of the lungs, pleura sack surrounding the lungs,bronchus, oropharynx, stomach, and colon. Symptoms are shortness of breath, drycough, and clubbing of the fingers. These symptoms generally do not show up for 20years or more after initial exposure. The potential for a material containing asbestos to

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release breathable fibers depends on the materials degree of friability. Friable meansthat the material can be crumbled with hand pressure. When working around materialssuspected of containing asbestos, it is important not to bump, brush or disturb thematerials in any way. Wetting the materials can help to reduce the emission of fibers.

Refer to Table 1-3.

Note: Employees who are not qualified to work with asbestos are not to handle orremove materials containing asbestos fibers. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.1001 (Asbestos) or29 CFR 1926.1101 (Asbestos) for worker qualifications and requirements for handlingasbestos containing materials.

Table 1-3. Precautionary Steps to Minimize Asbestos Exposure

1. Prior to disturbance, have unknown material tested forasbestos.

2. Keep unknown fibers off clothing. Wear disposable coveralls.

3. Wear proper respiratory protection: either full face or half facerespirators with P-100 Filter if working with fibrous materials.

4. After working with materials, wash hands prior to eating,drinking or taking a break.

1-8MISHAP RESPONSE. Each worker should know what to do when a mishap occurs. Additionally, each worker should know how to report injuries and othermishaps.

1-8.1Knowing What to Do. Table 1-4 summarizes the first aid knowledgerequired of each worker. As a preplanning aid, an emergency telephone number listshould be prepared to include the location and telephone numbers of the nearestambulance or emergency medical treatment responders, the nearest hospital with anemergency room, the nearest helicopter evacuation service, and the nearest burntrauma center. A medical professional must evaluate all shock victims for possibleimmediate hospitalization.

Table 1-4. Knowing What to Do

Item Instructions/Training

How to control bleeding and apply artificial respiration andcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). How to provide pole topand manhole rescues of mishap victims. Familiarity withelectric shock symptoms.

Location, contents, and use of first aid kits and where locatedin electric line and aerial lift vehicles. How to get medicalassistance.

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1-8.2Work Injuries and Mishap Reports. Report injuries, including minor injuries,to your immediate supervisor. Every mishap involving personnel injury, propertydamage, or near misses must be investigated to determine the cause and the corrective

action needed to prevent recurrence. Cognizant safety personnel conductinvestigations. The safety staff must be notified of all mishaps that involve personnelinjuries or property damage.

1-8.3Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and First Aid Training. Employeesexposed at or above 50 volts and those trades listed in paragraph 4-4.1 shall beprovided with first aid and CPR training. First aid training is primarily received throughthe American Red Cross, the National Safety Council, or other private institutions.Employees shall obtain refresher training as necessary to maintain their certificationscurrent. When employees are performing work on or associated with exposed lines orequipment energized at 50 volts or more, persons trained in first aid includingcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) shall be available as follows:

a. For field work involving two or more employees at a work location, at leasttwo trained persons shall be available. See Paragraph 3-3 for those jobsrequiring at least two employees.

b. For fixed work locations such as generating stations, the number oftrained persons available shall be sufficient to ensure that each employeeexposed to electric shock can be reached within 4 minutes by a trainedperson. However, where the existing number of employees is insufficientto meet this requirement (at a remote substation, for example), allemployees at the work location shall be trained.

1-8.4 First Aid Supplies.

1-8.4.1 Storage and Inspection. First aid supplies shall be placed in weatherproofcontainers if the supplies could be exposed to the weather. Each first aid kit shall bemaintained, shall be readily available for use, and shall be inspected frequently enoughto ensure that expended items are replaced. Inspection shall occur at least once peryear.

1-8.4.2 Contents. An example of the minimal contents of a generic first aid kit is

described in American National Standard (ANSI) Z308.1, Minimum Requirements forWorkplace First-aid Kits. The contents of the kit listed in the ANSI standard should beadequate for small worksites. When larger operations or multiple operations are beingconducted at the same location, employers should determine the need for additionalfirst aid kits at the worksite, additional types of first aid equipment and supplies andadditional quantities and types of supplies and equipment in the first aid kits.

1-8.5Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs). Where emergency medicalassistance is not readily available, usually within four minutes, the use of AEDs may be

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warranted. Prior to agencies/activities purchasing AEDs, effective written programsmust be established. These programs shall, at a minimum, address:

Coordination with private sector and/or DOD medical facilities, fire

departments, emergency responders.

Training.

Placement and availability of properly trained employees.

Equipment maintenance.

Legal issues.

Note: For the Air Force, refer to AFI 32-1064 for requirements on training and AEDs,including certification requirements.

1-9COMMUNICATIONS. All employees participating in a work procedure mustbe in constant voice contact with all other members involved in that procedure. Theability of work crews to communicate during circuit isolation, maintenance,troubleshooting and restoration is absolutely essential. Accordingly, each employeeshall be provided with a personal communication device (radio or cellular phone) and will be assigned a unique caller identification, in order to effectively communicate withother members of the work crew, work leader and/or supervisor.

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CHAPTER 2

WORKER/CREW RESPONSIBILITIES

2-1LEVELS OF RESPONSIBILITY. Operation and maintenance of electricaldistribution systems are a single work group responsibility. The same personnel willfrequently perform both functions. All personnel are responsible for safety at all times.Table 2-1 lists the level of accountability for each job function.

Note: The titles and responsibilities listed in Table 2-1 are typical assignments forelectrical workers at most facilities or organizations. However, titles and responsibilitiesmight be assigned differently in accordance with local directives.

Note: In other sections of this UFC supervisors and lead electricians will be referred toonly as authorized individuals or authorized individuals-in-charge.

Table 2-1. Levels of Safety Accountability

Title

Installation commander

Base civil engineer

Electric supervisor (if assigned)

Supervisor/lead electrician

Accountability

Ultimate safety accountability

Base systems safety accountability

Systems safety accountability

Systems safety and specific work tasksafety

Crew members safety accountability islimited to doing only work for which theyare qualified

Crew members

2-2ELECTRICAL WORKER QUALIFICATIONS. Qualifications for electricalworkers are normally established locally. Workers are classified as Qualified orUnqualified.

2-2.1Qualified Persons. Those permitted to work on or near exposed energized parts shall, at a minimum, be trained in and familiar with the following:

The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts fromother parts of electric equipment,

The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage ofexposed live parts, and

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The clearance distances and the corresponding voltages to which thequalified person will be exposed.

2-2.2 Unqualified Person. Any person who is not a qualified person.

2-2.3Type of Training. The training shall be of the classroom or on-the-job type.The degree of training provided shall be determined by the risk to the employee. At aminimum, the employee must demonstrate to their supervisor or designatedrepresentative, the capability, knowledge and skills to understand and apply the controlsrequired by their exposures, and that they can safely complete their assigned workusing the tools, procedures and safety precautions established or referenced by theappropriate sections of this guide. Each employee's possession of the necessary skills,knowledge and abilities should be determined by written or verbal tests, in conjunctionwith functional tests. Develop and use lesson plans or Standard Operating Procedures.Training may be contracted from outside sources, which include certified trainingfacilities and utility companies.

Note: An employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course ofsuch training, has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level oftraining and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person is considered to bea qualified person for the performance of those duties.

2-3SAFETY MEETINGS. Safety meetings must consist of scheduled meetingsfor all personnel and job briefing/tailgate meetings as needed for specific jobs.

2-3.1Scheduled Meetings. Safety meetings must be scheduled in accordance

with local policy. Twice a month is recommended, but once a month is minimum; lessfrequent meetings tend to de-emphasize the importance of safety. Supervisorypersonnel must conduct these meetings, but encourage other knowledgeableindividuals to conduct training on specialized topics.

2-3.2Job Briefing/Tailgate Meetings. Meetings at the job site prior to thecommencement of work are commonly called tailgate meetings. This meeting covers allaspects of the planned work, site hazards, safety precautions to be followed, specialprecautions, energy source controls, and personal protective equipment. The individualin charge must conduct the job brief and must ensure that each crew memberunderstands the precautions to be observed and the procedures to be followed. Tailgate meetings are also recommended at the beginning of each work shift for longerduration jobs so that all crew members understand what is to be done, how toaccomplish the job, safety hazards present, and methods used to provide workerprotection.

2-4WORK SITE SAFETY. Maintaining acceptable work site safety involvesproper behavior, good housekeeping, maintenance of protective measures, andavoiding unsafe actions. The following tables provide examples and not all inclusive.Table 2-2 lists prohibited actions. Report indications of unsafe worker actions listed in

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Table 2-3. Verify that pre-site job requirements listed in Table 2-4 are met. Significantunsafe actions and conditions are listed in Table 2-5.

Table 2-2. Prohibited Actions

Taking chances

Playing jokes

Carelessness

Smoking

Use of intoxicants or drugs

Throwing material

Quarreling

Disobedience

Unnecessary talking or noise

Working while ill or under emotional stress

Table 2-3. Unsafe Worker Indications

Lacks information

Lacks skills

Lacks experience

Unaware of safe practices

Does not realize danger

Table 2-4. Pre-Site Job Requirements

Regular safety meetingsJob hazard analysis if safe clearance (Chapter 6) requires it or ifenergized line work (Chapter 8) will be doneWritten work procedures covering existing conditions

Job briefing/tailgate briefings

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Table 2-5. Significant Unsafe Actions and Conditions

Unsafe Actions

Operating without authority; failure to secure or warn others

Operating or working at unsafe speeds

Making safety devices inoperative without proper authorization

Using unsafe equipment (hands instead of equipment) or equipment unsafely

Taking unsafe positions or postures

Working on moving or dangerous equipment

Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling

Failing to use safe attire or personal protective devices

Failing to lock-out energized circuits

Unsafe Conditions

Improperly guarded facilities

Defects of facilities

Hazardous arrangement or procedure

Improper ventilation

Improper illumination

Unsafe dress or apparel

2-5JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS/JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS. Written workprocedures must be prepared for unusual or complicated work activities. Table 2-6 liststhe minimum requirements for a job hazard analysis or job safety analysis.

Table 2-6. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)/Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Identification of the work site

Description of the work to be doneSpecific hazards and how to minimize or eliminate them by use of safetyequipmentUse of proper arc flash and shock hazard personal protective equipment (PPE)Instructions covering special practices for grounding, unusual equipment andtools, and first aid requirements for hazardous materialsSequence of major steps or a detailed step-by-step work listing

A JHA or JSA, and written standard operating procedure

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2-6SAFETY COMPLIANCE. A requirement of employment is compliance withsafety requirements. Workers must not perform work they consider unduly hazardousbased on their own capabilities; they are not trained or qualified to perform; or when

they are not properly protected from injury. In a case where the safety requirements arenot clear, the worker must obtain direction from the authorized individual-in-charge.

2-6.1Carelessness. A worker must challenge a fellow worker who violates any ofthese rules or works in an unsafe manner, and must promptly report any violations ofsafety requirements to the authorized individual-in-charge.

2-6.2Enforcement. Supervisors and foremen are responsible for enforcing safetyrules and are subject to penalties for violations as are crew members.

2-6.3Interpretation. In any case where rules are not clear a worker should ask

the foreman or supervisor for an interpretation.

2-6.4Violations. Each safety rule must be strictly enforced. Workers failing toobserve the rules can be subject to penalties. Supervisors must follow local guidelinesand ensure the severity of the penalty is related to the seriousness of the offense.

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CHAPTER 3

PRE-SITE SAFETY MANAGEMENT

3-1WORK LOCATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS. The location and the publicaccess to the work site impose additional protective or regulatory requirements.

3-1.1Working Near Energized Circuits. Perform electrical maintenance nearenergized circuits with rubber blankets or other suitable guards as a safety measure.Minor work (such as cutting weeds, taking oil samples, or securing nameplate data)when done near energized apparatus or conductors located on or near the ground maybe performed when workers maintain at least the qualified worker minimum working distances or the unqualified worker minimum approach distances, as appropriate.

3-1.1.1 Minimum Approach Distances. Figure 3-1 shows a general layout of the

various approach limits. Each boundary is defined following Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Approach Limits

Any point onan exposedenergizedelectricalconductor orcircuit part

Limited Space

Restricted Space

ProhibitedSpace

LimitedApproachBoundary

FlashProtectionBoundary

ProhibitedApproachBoundary

RestrictedApproachBoundary

3-1.1.1.1 Flash Protection Boundary. The distance from an arc source (energizedexposed equipment) at which the potential incident heat energy from an arcing fault onthe surface of the skin is 1.2 cal/cm2 (5 J/cm2). Within this boundary, workers arerequired to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) clothing, such as flame resistantshirts and pants and other PPE.

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Table 3-1. Qualified Worker Minimum Working Distances

FlashProtectionBoundary

From Phase toPhase Voltage

Limited ApproachBoundary

ExposedMovable

Conductor

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

10 ft 0 in(3.05 m)

ExposedFixed

Circuit Part

3 ft 6 in(1.07 m)

3 ft 6 in(1.07 m)

5 ft 0 in(1.53 m)

6 ft 0 in(1.83 m)

8 ft 0 in(1.83 m)

8 ft 0 in(1.83 m)

MinimumWorking

Distance (3) (4)

IncludesStandard

InadvertentMovement

Adder

Avoid contact

1 ft 0 in(304.8 mm)

2 ft 2 in(660.4 mm)

2 ft 7 in(787.4 mm)

2 ft 9 in(838.2 mm)

3 ft 2 in(965.2 mm)

ProhibitedApproachBoundary

IncludesReduced

InadvertentMovement

Adder

Avoid contact

0 ft 1 in(25.4 mm)

0 ft 7 in(177.8 mm)

0 ft 10 in(254.0 mm)

1 ft 5 in(431.8 mm)

2 ft 1 in(635.0 mm)

Nominal SystemVoltage Range

Phase to Phase(1)

50 V to 300 V (2)

>300 V to 750 V (2)

>750 V to 15 kV (2)

>15 kV to 36 kV (2)

>36 kV to 46 kV (2)

>46 kV to 69 kV (2)

Notes for Table 3-1:

1. For single phase systems select the range that is equal to the systems maximumphase to ground voltage times 1.732.

2. The flash protection boundary is determined by a flash hazard analysis. Refer toParagraph 4-4 for PPE requirements for the intended work location.

3. The minimum working distance is defined as the distance between energized partsand grounded objects without insulation, isolation, or guards.

4. The minimum working distance applied to hot sticks is the distance between aworkers hand and the working end of the stick.

3-1.1.4 Altitude Correction for Minimum Working Distances. Refer to Table 3-2for altitude correction factors for work performed at elevations greater than 3000 ft(914 m); the minimum approach distance is determined by multiplying the distances in Table 3-1 by the appropriate correction factor from Table 3-2.

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Table 3-2. Altitude Correction Factors

Altitude

Feet3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Meters900

1200

1500

1800

2100

2400

2700

CorrectionFactor

1.00

1.02

1.05

1.08

1.11

1.14

1.17

Altitude

Feet10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Meters3000

3600

4200

4800

5400

6000

CorrectionFactor

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.39

1.44

3-1.2Work Location. The location of the work will determine whether climbing orconfined space training along with fall and/or respiratory protection are mandatory (referto Chapter 4). Safety standards require protection from excessive noise and provision ofminimum illumination at any applicable work site.

3-1.2.1 Noise. Follow local procedures regarding hearing protection. Whereverhazardous noise area signs are posted, hearing protection must be used as prescribed.

3-1.2.2 Minimum Illumination. Ensure the working area has adequate illumination.Provide temporary lighting where natural or installed artificial illumination is notsufficient. Survey facility electrical equipment rooms to determine if lighting has beenconnected to a timer/motion control device. Ensure timers/motion control devices aredisengaged prior to beginning any electrical work operations.

3-2PUBLIC SAFETY. Protect the public around the work area by safely guiding unqualified personnel and traffic away from workers, equipment, and excavations.

3-2.1Warning Devices. Locate appropriate barriers, warning signs, traffic cones,and lights at approaches to and at work areas, excavations, open manholes, parkedequipment, and other hazards. Take special precautions for any areas where reducedvisibility occurs, such as night operations or in fog. Immediately remove warning

devices after removal of hazards and equipment. Provide flagmen if there is any doubtas to whether the warning devices will be adequate as controls, such as in areas withobstructed vehicular traffic.

3-2.2Flagmen. Flagmen must be used whenever there is any doubt of theeffectiveness of warning devices. This often occurs on busy roadways or duringcommuting hours on less traveled streets. Flagmen must wear brightly colored andhighly reflective warning vests.

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3-2.3Excavations. Provide barricades around every excavation area. Keepwarning barricade (cones, tape, and other items providing no physical protection) 5 ft(1.5 m) from the excavation. A protective barricade may be placed closer since itprovides both a warning and physical protection. Protective barricades must have a

withstand rating of at least 200 lb (90 kg) in any direction with minimal deflection. Neverenter an excavation deeper than 4 ft which does not have a safe access-way, which hasnot been inspected by a competent person before allowing an entrance, or which hasequipment working next to the edge. Comply with requirements stated in 29 CFR 1926,Subpart P, (Excavations). Identify underground lines and services prior to startingexcavations.

Table 3-3. Excavation Pre-Survey Checklist

Location

Prior to leavingthe shop.

Checklist Items

1. Ensure location of underground cables has been established.2. Verify that field sketch is available.

3. Obtain as-built/maps from facility owner(s).

4. Have subsurface facility engineering performed.

5. Conduct pre-construction meetings with facility owner(s).

On the job site. 1. Check for field sketch.

2. Verify all facility marks on ground.

3. Verify all service feeds from houses or buildings. All should be marked

or noted above ground. Draw sketch. Check for: pedestals, risers, andnew trench lines.

4. Verify position of dig area to sketch.

5. Check for private facilities not marked.

6. Advise facilities owner of excavation.

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Table 3-4. Performing Excavations

1. Maintain 24 in (610 mm) from marks. If digging within 24 in (610 mm), exposelines to verify.

2. Expose all major facilities within 5 ft (1.5 m) of work area.

3. If paralleling: expose to verify location and depth of facilities every 100 ft(30.5 m).

4. Hand dig within 5 ft (1.5 m) of pedestals, risers, meters, flags, whiskers, etc.

5. Bore away from facilities.

6. Verify depth of any facilities boring across, change route or depth as required.

7. Do not place excavation dirt on locate marks, flags, whiskers, etc.

8. Support all lines exposed during excavation to avoid kinks or other damage.

Table 3-5. Backfilling

1. Prior to backfilling, contact facility owner to inspect exposed facility.

2. Shade all lines placed or exposed with good fill dirt.

3. Verify all fill dirt is free from rocks, cable trash, and large dirt clods.

4. No cable or personal trash may be backfilled into the trench.

Table 3-6. Damage During Backfilling of Trenching

1. If damage involves a potential risk of life, health or significant property damage,call 911 or local emergency response number.

2. All damage, including kinking or sheath damage, must be reported immediately to a supervisor and facility owner or operator.

3. Photograph the damage.

4. If a water line, other than a main, attempt to stop the damage.

5. If a gas or power line, evacuate the area, if necessary, and notify others workingin the area.

6. Complete damage investigation report.

3-3NUMBER OF WORKERS REQUIRED. All work must be performed with asufficient number of workers to provide safe working conditions. 29 CFR 1910.269(Electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution) requires more than one worker where the hazard exposure of the work is considered to be significantly reducedby the presence of additional workers. The following tables provide specificrequirements:

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Table 3-7. Jobs Requiring Two Electrical Workers

Hazard Exposure Working On

Installation, removal, or repair when working on or near lines or parts energized at:

1. Voltages of 600 volts ac or 250 volts Energized phasing.dc, or less.

Installing portable monitoringequipment.

2. Greater than 600 volts ac or 250 volts Energized lines.dc

Deenergized lines with possibleenergized parts contact.

Equipment with possible energized linecontact.

Mechanical equipment operation(except insulated aerial lifts) nearenergized parts.

Operation of insulated aerial lifts(bucket trucks).

Other work with equal or greaterhazard exposure.

Table 3-8. Jobs Working In Confined Spaces Requiring Additional Workers

Hazard Exposure Additional Worker Requirement

Installation, removal, or repair 1. An attendant with first-aid and CPR training willwhen working in a confinedbe available on the surface in the immediatespace.Manhole or vaultvicinity.requirementsaregenerally

2. If a hazard exists within the space, or a hazardclassified as confined spaces.

exists or is created because of traffic patterns

outside the space, the attendant may not enterthe confined space.3. If the restrictions of Item 2 above do not apply,

the attendant may enter the confined space toprovide assistance, but only for a brief period(other than in an emergency). For extendedperiods of assistance, a second worker inaddition to the attendant is required.

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Table 3-9. Jobs Acceptable For One Electrical Worker

1. Work on deenergized systems with nominal system voltages of 600 volts ac or250 volts dc, or less.

2. Routine electrical measurements on energized systems with nominal systemvoltages of 600 volts ac or 250 volts dc, or less.

3. Routine operation of metal-enclosed switchgear with nominal system voltages of600 volts ac or 250 volts dc, or less.

4. Routine operation of metal-enclosed switchgear and pad mounted switches withnominal systems voltages greater than 600 volts ac if the activity responsible candemonstrate that conditions at the site allow this work to be performed safely.

5. Routine electrical measurements or switching using gloves and live-line tools if theworker is positioned out of reach or possible contact with energized parts.

6. Emergency repair work to safeguard the general public, if previously authorized.

3-4.VERIFYING SYSTEM AND EQUIPM