2

1.

- . Baruch d' Espinosa , , Benedictus de Spinoza 1632 , - , . , , , , 1656. , Franciscus van den Enden. van den Enden " ". 1660, , Rijnsburg ( ) , , - . 1670, Voorburg . , , , , . , , . 1677 , . , , ( , ). - , , Opera Posthuma, .

3 - . 17 : . ( 1648), , . " . , , . "1. , , - . . 1650, , (pensionaris) Jan de Witt - . , stadhouder - , "" - . ( , , , ). , 1672 14 , ' de Witt. . Stadhouder , " "2.

2. 1

Pierre-Franois Moreau, Spinoza, d. du Seuil-crivains de toujours, Paris 1975, ( ) . 2 , tienne Balibar, Spinoza et la politique, PUF, Paris 1985 (. 122-123). , . (. , 1996, . 10 ..).

4

, ' "" , . 4 , : " , , ". 50 Jarig Jelles, ( ) , : " Hobbes : , , , . ". , . , , . , . - , , " ", : / , , ... , , ( , ) , , , ' . ' , " , , ,

5 , "3. , " ", , , . , , . , , , , . A : , , . , , : , , . , , , , , . , . , , , , , 4, (potentia). , , ( ) , . , , - , , " " 3 4

. , , , 1983, . 285. . , , tantum juris quantum potentiae, (. 1 3).

6 , , , , . "" "" ( - ' ), . , , , , . , . , . . ' . , , . , , . - . , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , (=). 3, 4, 5-6 7-8. , , , . , , ,

7 , ' , ' . . 9 , . , 17o 18o . , , , , . , , ( 5), ( 6), ( 7) , , ( 8 9). - - , - . . , , , , - - , ' . , , ' , ' - . , ' , , , , , , . , , , "

8 ", , 7 - . , , , , . , - . , , , - . , , . , , , , . , , : , , -. , . , , , . , , . . , , , (. .. 5 ), . , , - , , .6. *** - , :

9 , , , , , . , , . , . , . "" , , , . , , . ' , . , , , . , , , , , : 5. , , . , , . , (' ) . , , , ( ) . 5

, .

10 , , - "" . , , . .. , , , . , - 6. , , "". .. , "" . ' , , ( ), , . , , . "" , , , , . , , . "" , - , -, (=) . " " , , , , 7.6

, , , () , .

11 , "" , : . , , , , : , , - , , . , . , . , 8. , "" , , , , , , "" . . . . , , , 7

, ( ). 31 Blyenbergh, . 8 , . , , , . , , , , "", , . , , . "" "".

12 , 9. . , ' . , . , , , . : , , , , /. , , " ", . , , . , , , , - - . , , - , .. , ... - " "10. *** - . , , :9

.. . Louis Althusser, Philosophie et philosophie spontane des savants, F. Maspero, Paris 1974, . 18.10

13 van Vloten Land (Benedicti de Spinoza, Opera quotquot reperta sunt, . ijhoff, Hagae Comitum MDCCCVC [ 1895]). : (), .-. . (- ), . . ( ). - , ( ) , . , , , , " " , . , .. " . 28 ." ", , 28". , , . , Opera (, , 2 ) . , - - (. , ..). , . *** , - - . "" , , , . , , . , , , , - - , , . , , ,

14 , , . , , .

K

1.

" " " "(, " ". jus naturae ' , jus naturale). T , , , , , . . - , 1. " ," , " , , , ". , "" - ' - , . , , . , " , , , ", , , [Jus]. ( 2) , , : 1

2 , , , .

16 , . ' . , "ab hominum placito dependet". placito , , voluntas 3. ' , , , , , , , " ", " "4. , . , ( , 5). , ... ( )6. , ( ) , , ' () . , " ", , 7. , ,2

. 1 , "" (, 2 ). 3 , voluntas , , " , " ( . 32 ). 4 "er proximas suas causas" -. ., . 4, . 2 ( ). 5 " , [...] , . , , , , " (Elhanan Yakira, La causalit de Galile Kant, d. PUF, Paris 1994, . 54). . Gilles Deleuze, Spinoza, philosophie pratique, d. de Minuit, Paris 1981, . 85. Alexandre Matheron, Individu et communaut chez Spinoza, d. de Minuit, Paris 1969, . 11-12. 6 . . 28. 7 . , . 4, 5 .

17 . , , , : . , () , . .-. . . . , , - . , , , . - , -, . : " , ". , . , . , , . , , - , , . ' , ' . , / , , , 8. , " , ", " "9.8

, ( , participatio ). . Divi Thomae Aquinatis, Summa Theologica, Romae, ex typographia Senatus, MDCCCLXXXVI, Prima Secundae Partis, Questio 91, Articulus 2, . 651. . 9 . . . 2 . 8.

18

2.

, , - . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , - - , : , ' . 17 , , : , . , . , , . , , ("mediantibus causis secundis"10), "" , 11. , ' , 12.

10

Thomae Aquinatis, Liber de Veritate Catholicae Fidei contra errores Infidelium seu Summa contra Gentiles, , . 78 (Marietti, Taurini-Romae 1967, . 109). 11 . Michel Villey, La formation de la pense juridique moderne, d. Montchrestien, Paris 1968, . 124-125. 12 . , . ( . , . , 1980, . 51) : " [ ] ", " ", - - T. Campanella, Monarchia Messiae (1623, . L. Firpo, Torino 1960), " ".

19 , , (=) 13, , 14. , " , ' , ... , , , () " 15. (, , ) 17 18 , . , : 16 16. " " "": 17. . ' , , , . , . . , , ' 13

. .. Summa contra Gentiles, , . 22 ( Quomodo diversimode res ordinantur in suos fines), . 2029. 14 Summa Theologica, Prima Secundae Partis, Questio 44, Articulus 4: "Deus sit causa finalis omnium" (.., . 360). 15 Louis Althusser, Montesquieu, la politique et l' histoire, PUF, Paris 1959, . 29. . . Summa Theologica, Prima Secundae Partis, Questio 93, Articulus 3 (.., . 663), omnis Lex a Lege aeterna derivetur. E, , , . 16 . Yakira, .., . 25. 17 . Althusser, ibid.

20 "" , , . / . , : , ( ) . , . , , , ' 18. , , . , , : , . , , , , ( ) . ' , , , , Hobbes Kant19. ,

18

, . . . 19 " : , , , " ( , . , , 1978, . 69).

21 , " " 20. , , , "", "" . , 21, " (imperium in imperio)". ( ) ( ), . , ' , : , . / , , . , , . . Deus sive natura . 22, - - (, ) . . " "23, " "24. , .

20 21

. , , . , .., , . 1035. . . . . 2 . 6. 22 Hegel, , , , , , "" ("Akosmismus"). " , , '', ''". , : "bei ihm ist 'zu viel Gott'" (G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesungen ueber die Geschichte der Philosophie, Leiden, A. H. Adriani 1908, . 891). 23 . 32 1. 24 .. . 17.

22 : 25. " " , , , . , . , , , , , . - , , . , " ", , . Y , - - , , . (per translationem) , " , "26. , (translatio) "" , . , , , , - - , " ... [] "27, . , , , / , , , / . , , 2 .

25 26

. .. - passim. . 4, .. 27 . (. , , , . , 1992, . 75).

23 .

3.

(univoce) , , jus. , , , , . leges naturae, , jus naturae, 28 " ". , jus ' - . , , " jus status . ( '), , "29. : " .. , . , , (summo naturali jure)"30. ' , . , 28 29

.-. . . 16 (. . 121). . . , , . , 1984, . 70-71. . 30 .-. ., ..

24 . , ' , , : , . jus , , 31. , - /32. , - (modus), - 33. ratio , 34. ' , . (, ) , , , , . , , . . , . 31

. Pierre Macherey, Hegel ou Spinoza, d. La Dcouverte, Paris 1990, . 218: "N' existent proprement parler que des relations". 32 , . 33 . Gilles Deleuze, Spinoza et le problme de l' expression, d. de Minuit, Paris 1968, . 183 . 34 . . 13 : " , , , , , , " ( ).

25 , , , . , ( , 35). (. , ) . , , , . , , . , , , , jus . . essentia , , ' , . existentia , , , , " " . , , , , . , , , , . , 36. . , 35 36

, 2 . 40. Martial Gueroult, Spinoza. II. L' me, Aubier-Montaigne, Paris 1974.

26 , : . -.

3. " " , , . , modi: " "37. , natura humana. , , , . - ' , , , -. , . ..:-" , , , . , .., , "38. - ", ' , [ ] ' "39.

- 40 - . , , , . , ,37 38

. 10 . . 39 .-. . . 16, . 122. . , , . 57 . 40 , . 1 . 37, " ' , ".

27 : , ' , . , , , . , , 41. ' , , : . . , Gueroult : " , , , [chose relle] . , , [tre de raison], , . , . "42. natura humana , , . , , , . , ' , , , , . , , :

41 .

42 Gueroult,

.. B . 10 .. .., . 103, . 1.

28 ) " " 43, . , - , -, . , () . , " ", , , , . ) , . , , 44. , 45. , 46, , , , , , , "" , . (Universalia), ' Universalium47.43

. . 10: " , ". 44 . Alexandre Matheron, Individu et communaut chez Spinoza, d. de Minuit, Paris 1969, . 10: "Nous pouvons donc affirmer qu' il y a des essences individuelles" ( ). 45 . . 57. . , 3. 46 K " [...] ' " (William of Ockham, "Five Questions on Universals", in: P.V. Spade (ed.), Five Texts on the Medieval Problem of Universals, Hackett Publishing Co, Indianapolis/Cambridge 1994, . 230). 47 "... . , [ - ..], , , ... [...] .. , . , , , , , " ( . 40 . 1). , " " Gueroult.

29 . , , , , : , . , ' , . , , , : .

3. , , , . , - - : quid Corpus possit48. , - . - - 49. , , , . , - , " " . , , . , "", . , , .

48

49 .

. 2 . . . . 2 . 4.

30 , " " . , "" - , , , Locke50 ( ). , , , , . , jus, " " , . , , , . , , , jus , " ", 51. ' , - - " ", - / . , , 52. , , potentia, , . " "53 , , 50

. John Locke, Two treatises of Government, . , . 123-124 (Cambridge University Press, 1967, . 368-369). 51 " , ..." ... (JeanJacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Livre I, chap. III Union Gnrale d' ditions, Paris 1973, . 64). 52 . , . 2. 53 . 37 . ( . .. . . . 2 . 4).

31 , . , , . . , , 54. , , " (force) (puissance). ". , , - - potentia55. , o , . , modi , , , . , . , , , modus operandi, . , (=) conatus, ( , ' , ) . conatus, , , ' , 56. 57 - , , . , " " 54

. . (. , 1996) . 86. 55 lexandre Matheron Le droit du plus fort. Hobbes contre Spinoza, in: Revue Philosophique, no 2, 1985, . 151. 56 . 6. 57 . 7.

32 . , , . , / , , , , , , in actu, , . , , 58. , , 59. , conatus : , , (appetitus). , (cupiditas)60. H , ( " " 61), : , 62. , , , "" ( ), . . , : - . . , 58

. Paolo Cristofolini, Spinoza. Chemins dans l' "thique", d. PUF, Paris 1996, . 43: " . , , ". 59 . 40 . 2. 60 . 9 . 61 . 62 cupiditas. , ( ) , , , ( ). cupiditas " , . " (ibid).

33 (corpora simplicissima) . - , , , ( , ... - ), , , . - , , , , - . - , , . , , . - , () , .

4.

conatus , , " "63, , , ( " " , , ). ' affectiones ( ) , conatus . . 57 , " , ". , "" () . , , 63

. , . 8 (30.6.95), . 23 .

34 , , 64, , " , .. , "65. , "" (in transitu) - , . , : , , . . . - , , - , . , , . : ( ) . , , . - - , , 66, , 67. , . , , 64

, libido - , . 65 . 66 . . . . 1 . 1. 67 " . , , , , . , ' , " (.-. . . 16, . 122).

35 , 68. , , , "" . , . Ratio cupiditas : - - , , . , , , . , , . , , (, , ) . , . , , . , , 69. , () , . "" , :68

.. , " [...] , " (mmanuel Kant, Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, Werke, hrsg. von der Koeniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1910, Band V, . 22). . , . , , 1978, . 70: [ ] " [...] : , ". 69 Louis Guillermit " " ( Emmanuel [sic] Kant , in: (.), . , , . , 1985, . 58).

36 1) ( , , ), 70. , " , , , , , "71. 2) , . , , , , . . : ) , 72. ) - , , - , - , . , , ... - , , ( ) , , 73.70

.. . 16 3 Summa contra gentiles , "Quod finis cuiuslibet rei est bonum". , . Auguste Bayonas, Spinoza, la pense antique et les preuves aristotliciennes de l' existence de Dieu, in: .../ , 12, 1973, . 186. 71 . 9 . 72 . . , , Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Werke, hrsg. von der Koeniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1910, Band V, . 27 30 ). 73 .. : " , , [Diskurs], , [mit Gruenden],

37 , 74. "" " ". , , , , , . , - . ' . , () conatus " " ( 75) , , , (a priori)76. , , ''" (Jrgen Habermas, Legitimationsprobleme im Sptkapitalismus, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1973, . 144). 74 ' , , " , , " (Pierre-Franois Moreau, Spinoza et l' Exprience, in: Spinoza et la politique, Actes du Colloque de Santiago du Chili, L' Harmattan, Paris/Montral 1997, . 33). , Moreau, , , Spinoza. L' Exprience et l' ternit, PUF, coll. Epimthe, Paris 1994, , , " . ' , [construit]. , ". , , (""), " : ;". . , , 3. 75 . 1140 7. 76 " , '' ' [...]. ,

38 : " "77, , , , - . - - "" , , , , . , , , () , , , - , 78. , 8.

5.

, - (. 66), , , '' ' , , , . , " ( , .., . 66. ). 77 . 25. 78 " ;" , . : " - , , , . ( ' ' - ). , , . ' ' ' ' ' '. . "": " ( , . . . 46. ).

39 ' , . , , , - - . , "" - . , / , , . ( ) . , , . . , , . , . 44 79, , , "" () 80. sub specie aeternitatis, - .. , ... : ... (. . 44, ..). ' : , 79

, , , " , ". , " , , ". 80 " , , . ... ... , , , , . , , ... , ..." ...

40 , . , , , . , , , " , "81. , , . , , , " , , ...". . - , , -, , () . , , . . , : , , , - 82. , .

81 82

. 6. - 32 - : " [. ] , . . , , , . , , , ".

41 cupiditas libido83, , , . , , , , . , , 19 - 20 . " " . ' ' , - , , : 84. , , () . 49 , "" . , " ". . , , : 85. , , , , ' . , concipiamus puerum:" . , . 83

, libido , . 48 ( ). 84 : F. Burbage - N. Chouchan, Freud et Spinoza. La question de la transformation et le devenir actif du sujet, : O. Bloch (dir.), Spinoza au XXe sicle, PUF, Paris 1993, . 533. 85 /. , "" , , . .. " ", . . Descartes, uvres et lettres, Gallimard, Paris 1953, . 305-6 (4 Mditation). , , consilium, , eligere, consentire uti, intentio finis (Summa Theologica, 1a 2 , Q 13. .., . 114). , , .

42 , ".

, , , , . . 2 86, 87. , , : . , . - , - . , , , , , : ) , , i) ii) . ) . ) - " ' , ". : " , , ". , , (. , )88. , 86

, . 87 " , (aequo animo) . ". 88 . 2 :

43 , , 89, .. 90. , , , . E ' , " "91, , . 2 92. , , 93, . . ' ' , . , , " "94. , , , "" ""95 , - " , , , ". - " , , ". - " , . , , ". , in-fans ( -, ) . 89 . Jacques Lacan, crits - Livre III, d. du Seuil, Paris 1981, . 157. Elizabeth Rudinesco, Lacan et Spinoza. Essai d' interprtation, : Spinoza au XXe sicle, .., . 577, . 90 " ...". 47 . 91 , 1 . 92 Pierre-Franois Moreau, Spinoza, d. du Seuil-crivains de toujours, Paris 1975, . 99. 93 , .. 94 ", , , , " ( . 6 ). 95 O "" . , .

44 , , . ( . , : , . : " , " 96). o ' " " , , . 97.

5. " " , , , -. "" , . , , , ( ). ' - - , , : . , , , , . , 96

Sigmund Freud, Aus der Geschichte einer infantilen Neurose, Gesammelte Werke, London, Imago Pub. Co, 1940, Band 8, . 171. . 97 . 49 : " , , ..". " " . 39 , , " , " - , .

45 : - . , , , : " [...]. ; . ; "98. , . . ' ( ) , . - , . . , , ' . , , , , , . , 99. H , "' " , , , - . . . , , , . , en fait en droit, 98

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Livre I, Chap. I (Union Gnrale d' ditions, Paris 1973, . 60). H . 99 : . , egel. "" - Louis Althusser, Sur le "contrat social" (in Cahiers pour l' analyse no 8, d. du Seuil 1967, . 10), .

46 . , . : - - . , , , , " ". : ) - , , "" , , ' , . : , , , . , , "" (, ) , "" . ' . ) , . . "' " . : , , . . : . " "100, . , , , ' , : , 100 ,

.., . 79.

47 , , 101. , . , : . , , 2 , " " : . , , . , , 102. : , . (= ) "" . , , " "103. , , - - , . , , ' ,101

, , " , " (J.J. Rousseau, Lettres crites de la Montagne, Lettre VIII, Ed. Ides et Calendes, Neuchtel 1962, . 239). 102 . 28. 103 - - . : , . (, 1994, . 44 passim), , , " " , , " ". , , : ", . " 13 1927 250 , "" (sic). , " ' - - - , " (. , , 13, . , ..).

48 , , . . , , , , , . ( ), ' , " " 104. : ( ) , - , / , , , sui juris. , , , , ' . ' , "", , , . , / /. , , . , , , ( ) . , , , , " ", . , " " ( ), . " ", , , 104

3.

49 . : , 105, , -, - , , " ", , . , , . " "106. , . , , , , . , 107. , . - . , , 108. -, " "109. 105

.. .. : " . . " (Jean-Paul Sartre, L' tre et le nant, d. Gallimard, Paris 1943, . 514. ). 106 H . 2 . 107 , , . , . 108 , . , . , , 1995 . 150: " Hobbes . , , , ". 109 O John Gray (Liberalisms. Essays in Political Philosophy, Routledge, London/New York 1989), Isaiah Berlin Two concepts of liberty, ("

50 , (= ) .

6.

, " '' , ' "110. . , ( , ) , . 111. , , , . , , ' : , - , , . ". .. . 62). , , ' ("my argument so far has been that a freedom-promoting policy is one which expands the options open to men [...] against those classical liberals who insist that their intellectual tradition is partly defined by advocacy of a narrowly negative view of liberty" - . 63, ). 110 , . . . 45. . 111 , .. . 639: " , , : , ' ".

51 1664-65 [Willem Blyenbergh], - . 112, . , " B.d.S." (, o ). 113. : " , . , , , ..." : " , [...] , , ; , , . ; , . ( );"114. 115, , , "" (concoctu difficilia). , "" , Cogitata metaphysica, , " "116. , , 112 B.

Deleuze, Spinoza. Philosophie pratique, d. de Minuit, Paris 1981, . 44 - 63. 20, . 261. 114 20, . 261 268. 115 , , " " " " , . , . 116 Blyenbergh, .. . 268.113

52 : 117. , . , . , ' , . , " " (palato arridebat) , de gustibus et coloribus, . , ..., , , " "118. , , , . , , : . , , , , . , . , ' , - , , . O . 17 , , . " " , , , 119. 117 .

, 2. 268. 119 . K.O. Meinsma, Spinoza en zijn kring: historisch-kritische studin over Hollandsche vrijgeesten, 's-Gravenhage, M. Nijhoff 1896, . V. . 118 .., .

53 120. 121. () , : , ' , , ; , , , . , , . : , . ' , , . , , , ' . , . , Glossaire des sectes et mouvements rligieux au temps de Spinoza, H.G. Hubbeling, (Spinoza et son cercle, Paris, Vrin 1983). , . (. , 1996, . 15 .). 120 . Leszek Kolakowski, Chrtiens sans Eglise, . . d. Gallimard, Paris 1943, . 206 . 121 , " '' [ ], . [...] [] : ''" ( , - V, , . , .. . 201-202). , , , . . W.J. Courtenay, Nominalism and late medieval religion, in: C. Trinkaus/H.A. Oberman (eds), The pursuit of holiness in late medieval and renaissance religion, Leiden, E.J. Brill 1974, . 27 ("excessive stress on the omnipotence of God") 47 ( Soteriology).

54 , - . , " , ... ...", - - . , : , - . , , , o, . ' , , - ' - " "122. sui juris, jurisdictio. , , , . ' , , : " , ;". : 123. , , . . , , " " . : .. . 2 . 9. . . 4 . 5. 123 " : ( . ) ; ( ' ) , . ' , " ( . 21 , 28.1.1665, . 280. ).122 .

55 , , , . , . , " , "124. ( , ). " , ' "125. , , . , 21, . 126, , . , , . , , - - , , 127.124

E . 42. 21, .. 126 . . 13 . ( " "). 127 . Filippo Mignini, Introduzione a Spinoza, Editore Laterza, Bari 1994, . 179-180: " , - , , , [...] , , , , , ". ( ) Leiden, ' , .125

56 128. , "", "", "" ... , , . , , 129. , , " "130. . , "" , , , . , , , . . , , 128

"" , , . (. , 1996). . 25: " . , . [...] , , " ( ). 129 " , . [...] 17 , , , , , " (Friedrich Engels/arl Kautsky, Juristensozialismus, Neue Zeit, 5 (1887), , . 49-51 = Marx-Engels, Werke, . 21, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1973, . 491-492 . ). 130 " " (Carl Schmitt, , . . , 1994, . 65).

57 / , ( ) , , " ". , , . , , , 131. , , . , , , . , , , , . .

7.

" " 17 , "" . - , 6 , , - : " , , "132. ' , , ( ) , .

131 . 132

, . 3. , : . . Leviathan, . XIV (London 1651, repr. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1909, . 99).

58 , . , , , 133. . . , 134 ' , , . , , , , . , ' , - , - . , : , . , , . , , , . , , ' "" -

133

. . . , , . , 1986, . 350 . (vii) - passim. , (2 ), , 1981, . 177 . 134 "" , ( " ") Ronald Dworkin (. , 1992, . 16).

59 , , : . , , . , , , : . . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , . , . , , , . , " ", 135. , (), (), , 136, .135

. John Locke, Two treatises of Government, . , . 124 (.., . 368): "The great and chief end therefore, of Mens uniting into Commonwealths, [...] is the Preservation of their Property" ( ). 136 Rousseau, Du contrat social, .. . 87.

60 , " " , , ' , , , , , . , " " " " ( ) , ... , , , , .. 137. , , , , , - , , , : " -"138, . , , . , 139, , - - . .. , , 137

( 5 Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbuergerlicher Absicht . Kant's Werke, hrsg. von der Koeniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1910, Band VIII, . 22). 138 5 . 139 . ..: " . Smith . . . ' '" ( . , Adam Smith. -, , 1994 . 95).

61 , . , ' " " "" - 140. , , : " ' , , , , , , "141. , , . 18 :" [contra naturam], , , ' , " ( ).

, ' . , , , . , "-": , , . , ; , , , , . , . ' 140

: Immanuel Kant, Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten - , , Band V, . 459, : " , ...". 141 Kant, Idee .., . & 1 (.., . 18). . Gilles Deleuze, La philosophie critique de Kant, d. PUF-le philosophe, Paris 1963, . 107: " (. " "), , , , ".

62 , , , . "" , , " , " ( . 35 , 2)142. , () ( ) 143. , . ' , . 18 ,

142

, Horkheimer/Adorno ( . 22 , " ") " , " (Dialektik der Aufklrung, in: Th. Adorno, Gesammelte Schriften, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1981, . 46). " , , , , , , ...". - - , " " (. ). . Pierre Macherey (L' actualit philosophique de Spinoza. Heidegger, Adorno, Foucault, : vec Spinoza. tudes sur la doctrine et l' histoire du spinozisme, d. PUF, Paris 1992, . 229), , . , . Guenther Mensching, Spinoza dans l' cole de Francfort, : O. Bloch (dir.), Spinoza au XXe sicle, PUF, Paris 1993, . 345. 143 , The philosophy of economic science (in: W. Stark (ed.), Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings, George Allen & Unwin, London 1952, . , . 117), : " [a mercenary language]. . . , . . , ".

63 . , 144 (revera), ( ). , 145. - - ( ) , , , - - . , , , . 146. revera utile, ' ( ) . , :" , , , . [...] "147.

144

. : , , (verum), veritas, utile utilitas. 145 . Scott Meikle, Aristotle's Economic Thought, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1995, . 119. , , , : " , ". , , , (, . 142): " , . , : " ''; , ;" (Meikle, ibid). 146 Alexandre Matheron, , " " (Individu et communaut chez Spinoza, d. de Minuit, Paris 1969, . 247 . 266 .). , , , . 147 . 38.

64 3 , . ' ' , (conatur) , . , , conatus , . , utile , , "" (=, ), . " ", ( ). , , 148. , , . /. .

8.

, .148

revera utile " " , . , , (. , . , . , 1997, . 1). , , (.., . 30) - , . , , ( ), . (ibid.), "o , , , ". , , : , , , . " " " ".

65 , , ." , ' , . , , . .. , , " ( , . ).

, , , (.. ) . , , :", , [. ] . , , . '' , " (ibid., . ).

, , . (vocabula) , 149. , - - "" "", . , , " ", .

149

B. . , . , . , 1980, . 100 .

66 , ( , ...). , a priori . .. 150. - 151. (discourse) ' -, . , . , , 152, , " " , , . , . , , ' , , , . , , : 153 , 154. , "" , "" , , , 150

" , , [fabrica] " (, . 59 ). 151 . "" . 152 , 1. 153 " " , : . . "" (= " " ), : . 154 Norberto Bobbio, Giusnaturalismo e positivismo giuridico (Edizioni di Comunit, Milano 1965, . 185), : " , . [...] () " ( ).

67 . . H ( ) , , , , , , 155. ' , " " 156: /// . " [...], ' "157.

9.

, , . 158 , "" ( ). , , " " - , . , , 159 , , 155

, Jacqueline Lagre ' , , " [ ] ". , , : " deus quatenus" (Spinoza et la subversion des normes religieuses, in: Spinoza et la politique, Actes du Colloque de Santiago du Chili, L' Harmattan, Paris/Montral 1997, . 52). To , , , , : , . 156 3 4. 157 . 18 . 158 . 8. 159 , ipso facto. .

68 , . , - , . , . , ( ' , ), , 160 , , . , , , ' , . , , - , ' , , ' . (, , ) : . , , , . , () . , , " " , .. 2 . 45 161. " " , " " " , . 160 . , . 50, 53 54 . 161 " . , , , ; . , , , , , , ".

69 , , , , , ..."162. ( ) . K , - (appetitus). K , 163. , , , , , ' " ", 164. , , . . "" , (, , ) . , -. ' (, , ), , " "165. , , . , , 166. , , , ,162

, .. Deleuze, Spinoza. Philosophie pratique, d. de Minuit, Paris 1981, . 34. 164 ", , , , . , - , " ( . 13). 165 . 32, . 166 . : ", [doctus] , , . , , , " ( ).163 .

70 , () , " "167. A ' , ' 168. , , . 169, . , , , . ( ) , - , 170. , , , , , - "". , . : . ' " " ( ) , . , -, . , , , , : . , .

167

. . 63. ' " " (ibid). 168 , Max Horkheimer ( , , 1971, . 61) " [ - ..], , : , , ". 169 Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, in: Marx-Engels, Werke, . 1, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983, . 378. 170 . , . 15 ( .., . 206).

71 , , , . , . . , " " , , " " (Reaktionsbildung) , , , 171. , , . 162 - , , -, o , "" 172. , , , . . Zukunft einer Illusion - ' , , , . , , , . 173. , 174, . 171

B. , ( , , . , 1974, . 109): " ( ) ... . ". 172 T ... (..), Romain Rolland. , " ", , . , , ' . 173 .: " , ... ". , : " [...] ... , - - ... [] , , " ( = ..., .., . 113. ).

72 , , , , . , . , "" "", 175. , 1 . , , - - . , . . ' , . " , "176. , , , 4 , .174

. ..: " , , . . , " (.., . 102). - - , : " , , , , , , , " (. 100). 175 "... [] , , , , , , (pietatis). " (. . 2 . 18 ). 176 .

73 . , , , . , : , , , . : . ' , , , () 177 - . , 178. , . , , . , , , . , . , 179. , . , , 180 . ,177

, , , " . , " (. arx, La misre de la philosophie, d. Sociales, Paris 1946, . 96-97). 178 , " [ex usu] ...". (=) . 179 Jacqueline Lagre, Spinoza et la subversion des normes religieuses, .., . 52. 180 , , . , , , . ' . , , , ' , "", .

74 "": . , , ( ) conatus, . , , . . (, , "") , . : . , , : , , , . , , . 181, : , , . "" "", . , , .

10. " "

, . , , ,

181

.: " , " (. , , , " " , 1988, . 361).

75 , . , "" , " (=) ", ' . , / 182. ' , 183. , ' : , , 184. , , 29 40 , . , , ' . . : , , , , 185. , , 186. . 36 , " " ,

182 183

38. 31. 184 1 . 35 . 185 . . , . , , 1994 . 161 passim. .. , , . , 1986, . 18. 186 , tienne Balibar, , , " " (galibert). . "Droits de l' homme" et "droits du citoyen". La dialectique moderne de l' galit et de la libert, in: Les frontieres de la dmocratie, d. la Dcouverte, Paris 1992 . 139.

76 , , omnibus commune. , , . " ", , , . ' , . , , , , 187. "" (communicabile) , , , 188. , " , "189, . , , - , , conatus -, property, . , 190. , , 191. " "192,187 188

. 37. , .., , , ", " ( ). , : " : , , ". 189 , .., . 249. " " . B. 2 Treatise of Government, . V, . 27: "very Man has a Property in his own Person" (John Locke, Two treatises of Government, Cambridge University Press, 1967, . 305). 190 "The mutual Preservation of their Lives, Liberties and Estates, which I call with a general Name, Property ..." (Locke, .., . , , 123, . 368. ). 191 .. V (On Property) Treatise of Government: " , , , , " (.., . 303). 192 , .., . 18.

77 , " ". , . 29 40 , - : , , 193 - . conatus 194. , appetitus societatis Hugo de Groot, Grotius195. , , -. , : . , . , a posteriori suum utile, , . , , . "" , " ". 193 . 194

7. E , conatus, ' ( . 7 ), (cujuscunque rei potentia sive conatus, que ipsa vel sola vel cum aliis quidam agit ...). , . , , . 195 . Hugo Grotius, De iure belli ac pacis, Prolegomena, . 16: "ipsa humana natura, qu [...] ad societatem mutuam appetendam ferret ...". , Grotius , " " (, 1253 29-30).

78 -, (= ;). . , / . , , , , , -, . ' , . , , , . : - , , . "" - - . , " " , "" . , "". , . : 1) , ' , "" ' " ". , ( , "") , ,

79 / - 196. , , jus naturae, . 197. 2) , . , . 198. , , , , ( 1) . , ( jus suum) , , . , - . , , : - , , - , , , " ". , , 196

, o (individualismus), (atomismus), , , (. 56 Hugo Boxel, . . 378). 197 . , . ", , ", . . 39 , . 198 . ' (res singulare. . 7): " , , ' ". , , .

80 " " ( ""). , ( "" ""), , . , , , 199. , , , . , , . , ad hoc ( ) . .. 2 . 35 "homo homini deus", . , " ". , , , 200. , , () , , . . , , ( ) . , , , ' .199 . 200

, ( , 8 ). , , , "" . .. . 12 . 8 . . " ", , , .

81 ' , . , - , " ", -, : , , , , , . , , - - , . . , , "" . , , , , . - ' -, - - / . , - . , , ' 201. "", , , 202. , , . , - - . , 201

. .. : " , [ ] . , " (. . . 1 . 5). 202 . . 34.

82 , - , , . , , (, , "" ), . , . , - .. , - () , ( ) , . , . ( , . , , , "ad hoc" : avaritia203). , "" : , , . " , " (. 34 ). , , " ". , , , , . , , , , . , , , 204, 203

avaritia () " " ( 47). O , ambitio (. 44). 204 . . 48 .

83 " ", , , " " , , . , , , . , , . "" , ( ) . homo homini lupus , , . liberi quatenus diversi quatenus: . , . quatenus ' , - - . . : , - , - , . . , , . , , . , , 17 18 , , , , . ,

84 . , : ( )

. ( "" ) ( ) , : =

, . " ", . , . : 6 , - () ( ) . , , : , . , . " [...] , , ,

85 "205. - , " ", . , , , . , " ", , . - , / . , ' , . , , (' , ). , , , 206. , , . ' , . , , . .

.., . 349. . . . 1, 3 . . Deleuze, Spinoza et le problme de l' expression, d. de Minuit, Paris 1968, . 197 .205 , 206

29 40 . , . 371, " ". , , , (religio), (pietas) (honestas), : ", ". . , Opera posthuma , 2. . , : (" "3) ' . 1

(, , ). 2 W. Meijer, Vereniging het Spinozahuis [= " ."] . Meijer Ch. Appuhn . , , Meijer - . . - . . Spinoza, thique, demontre suivant l' ordre gometrique et divise en cinq parties, Traduction nouvelle avec notice et notes par Charles Appuhn, Paris Librairie Garnier Frres . ., . 2 . 74 note . 248. 3 . , .

87 . , ( ), , , , ' , . , . - , - , 37. , " , , ". . " ", . , : ( ), ' , , ... , . (, , 17 19 ) , - , - . , , : , , . , - 4 - ,4

.. Michael Lessnoff (Social Contract, McMillan, London 1986), , "" , " ", , " " (. 158).

88 "" , , "". . " " " " , . , , , 1960, (Matheron, alibar, reau) (Negri, Giancotti-Boscherini). Individu et communaut chez Spinoza Alexandre Matheron (d. de Minuit, Paris 1969), , , , . . , , , . , .. Althusius Bodin5.5

, Lessnoff , , o "with this [theory] we may deal very briefly" (.., . 71) , , "requires lengthier consideration" (ibid). , , "very strange indeed" " ". . , B8. Manfred Walther, Carl Schmitt et Baruch Spinoza ou les aventures du concept du politique, in: O. Bloch (dir.), Spinoza au XXe sicle, PUF, Paris 1993, . 361 ., , " [...] ". , , . , Walther " , ' , " (.., . 364). , . .. Einfhrung in Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie der Gegenwart, hrsg. von Arthur Kaufmann und Winfried Hassemer, C.F. Mueller Juristischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1985, (. 49-50). ( : " "), .

89 , ' , () , , . " " , . ' , " ", , , ' , .. . , , , - , () . " ", , , ( "", ) . , 6, . , : , , , . , , ( -) , , . , , , . ' : , "" . , , 6

.. , "the Law of Nature stands as an eternal Rule to all Men, Legislators as well as others" (2 Treatise of Government, . 136. ).

90 . , , , , , , . 50 , ( ), , , , - . , " "7. , 8, " " (naturalistic fallacy), "" (. ) , . , , " ". , " " 9 , " " . ( ) , , . , 10. , 1 . . , 5. 8 . J. Habermas, Theorie und Praxis. Sozialphilosophische Studien, Luchterhand Verlag, Neuwied und Berlin 1969, . 35: "H : o Hobbes ". 9 " " (Leviathan, . XIV. London 1651, repr. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1909, . 100). . , , , 1989, . 68: " , ' ', , ". 10 Christian Lazzeri (Les lois de l' obissnace: sur la thorie spinoziste des transferts de droit, in: Les tudes philosophiques, no 4, 1987, . 413), "7

91 11. , , " ". 12. "" , , . ' . , , 13. . ' - 17 , . , , / , , . , . " ", . "/" .

, [ ] De Corpore ... To " ( ). 11 Norberto Bobbio (Giusnaturalismo e positivismo giuridico, Edizioni di Comunit, Milano 1965, . 173), o , , , " - - ". 12 . , 2. 13 . . 32 : " , ". . , 4.

92

1. " " ( )

1 , 4 - , / , " " - , , , , . , , , , - , , (pactum) societas formari potest14. , / , : , jus naturale , . , , 15. , , 16. , , ' , " "17. - . " "18, ( , " ") . , , "[ ]

14

16 . .-. ., reipublicae fundamenta ( ). 15 .-. ., . 122. 16 Ibid. 17 , , , 1988, . 219. 18 .-. ., .. . . (. 2 . 8).

93 "19. , , " " . , . , . - , . - , , . " " , , - - , . , " ", . , , , 20. , - , , - , - 21. , , . 123. . " ' , , , ' " (.. . 2 . 15. . , 2 . 35, ). 21 Auguste Bayonas, Spinoza, la pense antique et les preuves aristotliciennes de l' existence de Dieu, .., . 190.19 .., . 20

94 , " " . , ' , , . , , , , , . , . , , - .-. ., - , , , . , , , , 22. , " " () "" () . " , , , , , [collective]"23. "" " ", , , , : ad secure et optime vivendum, . , , "" .

22

. (. 20): " , , : ' ..." 23 .-. ., .., . 123.

95 - , " " : [societatem], . : , , (/) . , ' , , , , . : " ... [ ] "24. , , , - - (.. ). , , " ", , , , 25. , , , , .. , , 26. , , , , " "27. .. " " , , 24 Ibid. 25 Ibid. 26

.. , " , " (.. ., ..). . Lazzeri, .. (. 10), . 422-423. 27 Du contrat social, Livre I, chap. V, Union Gnrale d' ditions, Paris 1973, . 71.

96 28. , , " " , (Talis vero societatis jus Democratia vocatur ...). , , , (), , , , . , 29. . , , , ( ), . . , , , " " . , , . , , , . , , 30. 28

, , . ., " " (summa potestas), . , " , , " (.-. . . 127). Soveraign (Leviathan, . XIX, .. . 142) , , , . summa potestas ' " " Appuhn: le Souverain. , Samuel Shirley - Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-politicus, E. J. Brill, 1991 - : "the sovereign powers". 29 "" . . " " (. 8 . 12). (. , . 123 277 ). 30 " , , , , . [...] , ,

97 (' , , . -) : , , , ' .. 31 - - 32. , . , . , , , , "" . , , , , . , , "", , . , jus, . , - - . , , () , , . , . , " ",

" [communa jura, " "]. . ., 15 . 2. ( ) " " (.-. . . 126). 31 .. . 2 Treatise of Government . : "To which 'tis obvious to Answer, that though in the state of Nature he hath such a right, yet the Enjoyment of it is very uncertain" (. 136. .. . 368). 32 . .. Die Metaphysik der Sitten, Rechtslehre, , . 15 (Werke, . VI, . 264).

98 - , , . , " " ' " ": , , - . " ". , , , . , , , , . , " ", 33. 34, . "" . , , 35. 33

. Immanuel Kant, Die Metaphysik der Sitten, Werke . VI, . 315. . . , K , , 1989: " " (. 44). 34 : " [ ] , , , [earum jus]" (.-. . . 126-7). . pactum tienne Balibar Jus - Pactum - Lex. Sur la constitution du sujet dans le Trait Thologico-politique (in Studia Spinozana 1, ed. Giancotti et al., Koenighausen & Neumann, Wuerzburg 1985, . 105 .), , " , [ .-. .] ", , . , ( , ) (. 109). 35 Filippo Mignini ("Sub specie aeternitatis", Revue philosophique de la France et de l' Etranger, no 1, Janvier-Mars 1994, . 41 .), " (une modalit) ". ' , , Chantal Jacquet, Sub specie aeternitatis. tude des concepts de temps, dure et ternit chez Spinoza, d. Kim, Paris 1997, . 110 - passim, .

99 " " - , . . . , , - , , . " "36 , . 37. 17 . ( , , ) , : . , , , , " "38 . ' , , 39. , 36 37

. , . " , [ ] , . (in hoc statu naturali constituti] ..." (.-. . . 17, . 135). 38 (. . . 10 . 1). 39 (, . , .., . 157). , , 20 , , , " ", . , ( , - ). , , , .

100 "" - . - - "" 6 , : " , , , , , , "40. , , ( " "), , , , . , , : " , , [...]. : . , , "41. , - "' ", - , 42, , . , - .. 43 -, : . 40 Niccol 41 Ibid. 42

Machiavelli, Il Principe, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, . 49. .

Princeps Tutte le opere . . J.M.M. Aler (.), Catalogus van de bibliotheek der Vereniging het Spinozahuis te Rijnsburg, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1965, . 26 ( 86 87 ). . Carla Gallicet Calvetti, Spinoza lettore del Machiavelli, pubblicazioni della Universit Cattolica, Milano 1972, . 197 . 43 .-. ., ..

101 ( ) . , , , .

2.

, , , "" . , , ""44, " " , . , (.-. . . 17). (contemplatio) , , " , , , ". , , : ) , , () . ) " ". ) , 45.44

.. " (repugnantia) " (.-. ., . , . 125). " " (ibid). 45 "" "" . . (. 1, . 1).

102 (" ") , , . . 17 .-. ., , . " , , , "46. , , 47. , . , , 48. , , 49, . " " , () () , :" , (sui juris est), (potestas) (potentia) o, "50.

46 .-. 47

., . 17, , . 131. " . , ..." ... (ibid). 48 Lazzeri, .. (. 10), . 437. 49 . , 3. 50 . . . 4 . 4. .

103 - , . " " - - , , " "51, . .., , - , , , , . , () 52 . , " ", , - , , 53. (obsequium), .-. ., . , , ( 12 13 ), - . : ( " ") ,

51

. 5. . 10. 53 " , , . , . . , , [...] , " (. . . 2 . 12).52 .

104 ( ) . . , , , . , 54. : (multitudo)55. K , , jus civitatis, . . , (. multitudo), 56 , , , ( 3) jus ' . . , , , , , 57. . , - : ) () , , , , () . .54

" , , , ' , . ' , " (.., . 13). 55 " , , " (.., . 17). 56 . 13 . 57 rnst Bloch, " Althusius . , Gierke, . " (Naturrecht und menschliche Wuerde, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1961, . 60).

105 ) , , , , - - . , , , . , ( ) ancien rgime, . , , 58. , , 59, , . , , ( ) . , , , . , () () : , , (species aeternitatis). , , - . , , , jus: . 60 () .58

. (. , . . . , 1978, . 255). 59 . Jean Bodin, Les six livres de la rpublique, B 1, . 8 (Fayard, Paris 1986, . 179), "il est icy besoin de former la definition de souverainet, parce qu' il n y a ni jurisconsulte, ni philosophe politique, qui l' ait definie". B. rnst Bloch, Vorlesungen zur Philosophie der Renaissance, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt a.M. 1972, . 125. 60 . 3.

106 , ' , " ", (3 ) . "" . : " , "61. , 62 , - - , 63. . , "" ' , , , , . , , , " , "64. ' , . " " , . 17 . .-. ., , " "65. , , , , ,

61

Rousseau, Du contrat social, Livre I, Chap. III, Union Gnrale d' ditions, Paris 1973, . 64. 62 , . . ..: " , , , " ( . , , A. . , - 1981, . 132). 63 violenta imperia nemo continuit diu ( , , . 258) . 5 16 (. 16 125 ) - . 64 . . . 10 . 8. 65 T. II, . 132.

107 , , . . , , , "" " " . , , , ( " " " "66 - . , ). , ' , 67. , "", (=, ) "" (=), . "" . , , . violenta imperia , ' . , . , , , . . , , , ' . , : , , , 66

, .. (. 61). , , (.-. . . 16, . 123-124), : , . : , " ", ( , ) . 67 Il Principe, .. (. 40), . 18, . 98-99.

108 , " "68. , , , " ", . : , " ". , , , multitudo . , 69, . , , .

3. T

, : ; princeps legibus solutus est - o Hobbes, . , (, , 68 69

. . . 10 . 7. . 6.

109 70) : , . 71. , , , , " " , . 72. . , " . , , "73. 74. "" . , , . , , , - - . , , " , ( )"75. " , ( )"76. 70

" , , " (. . . 4 . 4. ). 71 " , (ipso jure civili), , , " ( .). 72 Ibid. 73 , . XVIII , .., . 136. 74 : " ... [. ] [author] , . " (ibid). 75 . .. 2 Treatise of Government, . 135 (.., . 375) . 76 . .. Leviathan, . XXVI, . 2 (.., . 204): "The Soveraign of a Common-wealth [...] is not subject to the Civill Lawes".

110 , . , , , "" "". ( ' . ). , , ' , . , (ratio) / , ' , . . , . , , , , . , , - , , 77. , , . , sui juris, . , . , - . , , " "78. . . , , , 1989, . 83 69 . 77 . . 4: "K ". 78 , " , " (. . . 4 . 4). , " , , . , " (... ).

111 , . , , , . , . (4 . 4), :" ... ' ' , , ' ".

: , , ! : , " " - - 79 , - . , " ": . , , , ' , - , , . . , - , , - . . , . . , .79

112 . , ( ) , ' : ( , ) sui juris. : , . , , . , . . ' , , . , , "" , , . . , , , . "" - , . , , , , . . , , 80. . 6 (. 5 .), , , " " , - -, 81.80 81

. 11 . . . .. : " , , .

113 , , . (, ' , ) , , 82. , - 83. , , . .. , , 5, . ( ), ( ), libido84 . potestas , potentia - - , : , , , . - , , " ( , , , , 1982, . 109. . ). , " " . 82 B. : " ''. [...] ' ( ) " (Grahame Lock, "Liberalisme" Herman van Gunsteren tienne Balibar - Sterke Posities in de politeke filosofie, Stenfert Kroese, Leiden/Antwerpen 1989, . 86). 83 " ... , , . , . " (ibid. , , ). 84 B. . 48.

114 " " , , . , " " 85. , ' , , ( 86, ) . : , . , , - - , 87. . .88. - , , -, , , , 89.85

" , " (. . . 6 . 8). 86 " , , , , " (. . . 6 . 6). 87 Balibar ( Spinoza: la crainte des masses, in: Spinoza nel 350o anniversario della nascita, atti del Congresso, Urbino 4-8 ottobre 1982, a cura di Emilia Giancotti, Bibliopolis, Napoli 1985, . 293). 88 - . .. 17 , , : " , , " (.-. . . 17, . .133). 89 . : " [ , ..] , . ' , ,

115 () . , , , . , . , , , , () , . , , , , : , . , , . , . ( 6 . ) . "" , multitudo . , , . , 90, . () . , , , " "91. , " (. . . 8 . 4). 90 "... , , , . , , , " (ibid). 91 .-. . . 149.

116 . , , , . , . , . , " " (finem bonum habuit), "' , , , "92. - 93, o " . [...] ". 94, , , .

4.

, , .92 93

. . . 5 . 7. " , . (rpublicains)". Rousseau, Du contrat social, Union Gnrale d' ditions, Paris 1973, . 140. 94 A.G. Wernham, (. 5 . 7), "quite indefensible". . Benedict de Spinoza, The political works, Oxford - The Clarendon Press (..) . 313.

117 , . , . , , , . (indignatio), , " "95. , , , 96. , . . , " , "97, . , , 98. , , , . , . , , , . , , - .95 96

20. "[ ,] , , , , " (. ., . 4 . 4). 97 . 98 . Two Treatises of Government, II, . 222 . (.., . 430).

118 " " , . , , : 99. , " " 100, " , , , ..." (ibid). : " ". , , " " . ("", ) " " : , - . ' - - : , " ( ) " . " ": " , . , " (ibid). , , ""99

. . . 7 . 30. " , , '', , , , " (ibid).100

119 . "" - "". - - , . 101. , (seditio), , . . "", , .. . A , . (multitudo), , 102. , ( , .-. ., 103), - - . , . - , , - , "" ,

101

T "" Alain Rey Rvolution. Histoire d' un mot, Gallimard, Paris 1989, : " 17 , " (. 80). 102 "... , , , . [...] ' , , , o " (. . . 5 . 2). 103 . , 1, .

120 104 " " . " ". , , - ' - " ". ' "" , , - , , . , , , 105. , a priori , 106. , , , , . , , " " 107. de jure . , jus ' . 104

" , , , , , " (Machiavelli, .., . 30). 105 . . 40. 106 " , , , " (. . . 3 . 9). in unum conspirare, , . 16 .-. . (. 123). . 107 "... , , . [...] , , " (ibid).

121 ' - , potestas potentia . " ", . , , "", . , . , 2 : , , : " . , "108. , . Matheron, " : , ' , "109. , , : " [raison], ", (ibid). . , . , , (=) . , , , . - .

5. 108 Du contrat social, .., . 109

64. Le droit du plus fort, Hobbes contre Spinoza, in: Revue Philosophique, no 2, 1985, . 151. .

122

, : ( , , ) . 110

, , jus civitatis, jus belli. () . (.. "" ). , , bellum omnium contra omnes , . " " . ' , " " ( , ) . , . "" , , , 17 , . .. 111. " " - "Non au sexe roi, Nouvel Observateur, . 644 (12 1977). : , , . , 1987, . 85. 111 " , ' ' , . : " (. . . 6 . 9).110

123 "112 - , , : (militia ex solis civibus) , , 113. " " , .. . , " [architecturam militarem]"114. , , , . , ' ' , 115. 112 . 113

Il Principe, . (.., . 76). . . . 6 . 10. . 8 9 8 ., , "" . , , . "-" , - : (. -. . . 17, . . 142). , , . 114 . , , , , C. Appuhn, " 17 ' ". (. . 2 94 ). 115 Goeran Therborn: " [...] . 1540 1690, 17 1792 1840. , , , , , , " (European Modernity and beyond, Sage Publications, London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi 1995, . 22. ).

124 , , , . (= ) " , : , "116. " ". .. , " " [Principum libidinem coercendam]117. : , , , , 118. " " , , - , , . , , 119. , / 120/ . .116 Machiavelli, 117

.., . 82. .-. . . 17 (..). K " ' . , ' , , , " (ibid). 118 .. . 7 . 2 . ., , . , : , " ". 119 . .. . . . 6 . 6. 120 , , , , , .

125 ' , " ", ( ) , , 121. ' , , , " 122 , " (ibid)123. , , , - - . , " " 124, ' - . . " , "125. , ( ) , , (, ) - 121

" , " (. . . 7 . 5). 122 , , , . (, , ), . 123 " ", (. 29). . 12 . 8, " ", : " , ". " " , ' "" , , . . , 9. 124 . . . 7 . 30. . , . 99. 125 . . . 8 . 9. . 7 . 5, , " ' , , , , ".

126 . , ' , . " , "126. , , , , " "127, 128: .. - - 129. ( - ) , . , , . , , , - 130.126

. . . 7 . 12. ' , " , " (ibid). 127 . . . 8 . 31. 128 " , . ' , " ( . . . 7 . 21). 129 - 18 . .-. ., " " . , " ". " , , , , , , , , " (.-. . . 155). 130 . .. . 7 , ' , ( . 7) " , . , [. - ..] , , ,

127 " " /, /, , . . 131 :" , , , , . , , . , , , , . : "132.

. - - (, , ) - (, . , ) . , , - - (, , ) - (= , . ) - .

5.

, , , ". " ' , , , ' , ". 131 De Cive X, 17 (in: Hobbes, Opera, ed. Molesworth, Londini apud Joannem Bohn, MDCCCXXXIX, v. II, . 277). , , , , " ", "monarchia absolutissima civitatis sit optimus omnium status". 132 . . . 7 . 5.

128 , , " ". " " , , "" . , " " , , . , , : , , , , . , , , . ., " , "133. " ", . "" , - , , : " , , . " (.. ). , , "" 134. , ( ), , . , , "" 135.133 . 134

5 . 4. " , , , " (ibid). 135 " , . . ,

129 , o , , [plebe] , 136. , , , ( ) . . , , . , , , , , . , , , , 137. ( , ) , .-. .:

, , , ' , . , , " (. . . 6 . 4. ). , "" , , . ( jus ) vivere ex communi decreto, . 136 B. Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (Garzanti editore, Milano 1993, . 99), . V , Che la disunione della Plebe e del Senato Romano fece libera e potente quella republica. 137 , , Herman van Gunsteren : " . . . . " (Lock/Gunsteren/Balibar, Sterke Posities in de politeke filosofie, Stenfert Kroese, Leiden/Antwerpen 1989, . 42).

130 138. , (, , ) , , , , , , "" : " , "139 (.-. ., ..). , , - , , - ' . : , ( " ") . , , . . () , . . , " " , " " si vis pacem, para bellum. - - , , , , , "" . ' , " ", . , , .138 . 139

16, . . 128. . , Feind, , ' , , ( ), ( ) . . , , , 1988, . 45 50.

131 , , . , , ' , . , , bellum omnium contra omnes , , , . : " " " " , , . . , " ". , 3 . " : , , . ", . () . , , . , , . " ", "" - , , , . , , . , , "" " ",

132 , , 140. , , " " , - . , ( ), , , . , / "" ' , : " " ... .., , , "" . , ( , ) . - - " " ( ). " "141, , , , . : " " . , "" - 140

" . , " (. . . 10 . 10). 141 Antonio Negri: l' orizzonte della guerra o V3 (L' anomalia selvaggia. Saggio su potere e potenza in Baruch Spinoza, Feltrinelli, Milano 1981).

133 . . , - ' , ' , , : . " ", . , " " - , - . , , , , . , , ( ) . / : , "" , : . -, , . , . tantum juris quantum potentiae " " , - . ' , , "" . , . , , , , ,

134 , . , , - . . , 142. "" "": ( ) , "" , .

6.

(, mutatis mutandis, ) , , . , ' , , , - - . , , - - , : ; , . : . . , , 142

, : " , " (. 6 . 5 . .). - , .

135 . - - , . , ' , : , ' , , , , . , " "143, . K, , " " , "" . , "" , , . "