Emergency Mobile Telecommunication

Dr. Dora Maros PhDÓbuda University

Institute of Telecommunicationmaros.dora@kvk.uni-obuda.hu

Emergency telecommunication

- emergency calls, civil warning and information/instruction systems- recovery of damaged telecommunication network elements - traffic congestion handling

The concept covers the telecommunications needs of society's dedicated resources

for ensuring public safety: police forces, fire fighting units, ambulance services and other health and medical services,

as well as civil defence services.

Regulations and Standards I.

Tampere Convention: An international framework for the provision of telecommunications resources for disaster mitigation and relief between states, between nations and non-governmental organisations.

Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC

112

European Commission Recommendation 2003/558/EC on the processing of caller location information in electronic communication networks for the purpose of location-enhanced emergency call services

E112

Directive on privacy in electronic communications 2002/58/EC

User Data (location)

EU documents

Regulations and Standards II.

2003: Partnership Cooperation Panel for Telecommunication for Disaster Relief and Mitigation (PCP-TDR)

2005: ITU-T Action Plan – Telecommunications for Disaster Relief and Early Warning (TDR/EW)

Location management in IMT-2000 networks:ITU-T Q.1701ITU-T Q.1711ITU-T Q.1721

ETSI TS 102 180: Requirements for communication of citizens with authorities/organizations in case of distress (emergency call handling)

ETSI TS 102 182: Requirements for communications from authorities to citizen during emergencies

ETSI TR 102 444: Suitability of SMS and CBS for Emergency Messaging

Location Based Services

*GSM Association, Permanent Reference Document (PRD) SE 23. Title: Location Based Services, January 2003.

**ETSI TS 123 171 V3.11.0 (2004-03) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Location Services (LCS); Functional description; Stage 2 (UMTS)

LBS* is when service/information depends on terminal geographical position

LoCation Services (LCS)** in GSM/UMTS standards• Commercial: value-added service (eg. Traffic report) • Internal: support internal network operations (eg. Handover)• Emergency: in case of emergency calls (112)• Lawful Intercept: supports various legally required or

sanctioned services

Location Management in case of normal calls

HLR: 1. level

VLR: 2. level

Find the called subscriber

Range of Location Area depends on number of cells and diameter of

cells

HLR

MSC

VLR

MS/UE

BSC/RNC

Paging

MSC/VLR identityIMSI record

GMSC

LACIMSI record

MSISDN

Routing info

Location management with LCS

MSC

SMLC

BSC/RNC GMLC

LCS client

HLR

BTS/Node BMS/UE VLR

SMLC: Service Mobile Location CentreGMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Centre

Terminal based location identification

MSC HLR GMLC LCS clientMS/UE

BSC/RNC+ SMLC

Service request

Security func.

LCS request

Loc. meas. reportLoc. meas. process

LCS info

Send loc. info

Report ACKLCS finished

End connection

VLR

Network based location determination

BSC/RNC+ SMLC

MSC HLR GMLCLCS

clientMS/UE

Loc. meas. process

LCS Sevice request

Security func.

LCS request

Loc. meas. reportLCS info

LCS request ACK

Determine user loc.

Start meas.

Send routing info

Routing info for LCS

VLR

Geographical position measurement methods I.CGI based

CGI +TA

CGI

Omni antenna

CGI

Sector antenna

CGI +TA+RSL

E-CGI

Geographical position measurement methods II.TDOA, TOA, AOA

Reference direction

α

β

AOA: Angel of ArrivalTDOA: Time Difference of Arrival

TOA: Time of Arrival

T1 T2

T3

d1 d2

d3

Base Station antenna

Base Station antenna

BSC/RNC+ SMLC

Geographical position measurement methods III.E-OTD

LMU

Measurement report

BSC/RNC+ SMLC

Base Station antenna

Base Station antenna

Base Station antenna

LMU: Location Management Unit

GPS

Reference timing

E-OTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference

Geographical position measurement methods IV.A-GPS

BSC/RNC+ SMLC

Send GPS coordinates

GPS position data

CGI, ECGI

Accuracy of location determination technologies

TDOA, TOA

E-OTD

GPSA-GPS

Accuracy (m)

20

50

100

200

500

1000

Outdoor Indoor

Comparison of location determination technologies

BasicCGI, ECGI- Data is available in the

network - Software upgrade in

the network is needed to evaluate location data

- It is not possible to change the phone

- Cheapest

EnhancedTDOA, TOA, EOTD- Data is available in the

phone/network - Software upgrade in

the network is needed to evaluate location data

- It is not possible to change the phone’s software (TDOA, TOA)

- It is possible to add a new phone software (E-OTD)

AdvancedA-GPS

- Data is available in the phone (GPS coord.)

- Software upgrade in the network is needed to evaluate location data

- It is possible to change the phone (with GPS)

- Expensive for the user

LMU/SMLC

SMLC (optional)

SMLC/ LMU (op.)

Location management in case of emergency calls

ETSI TS 102 180: Requirements for communication of citizens with authorities/organizations in case of distress (emergency call

handling)

Location Data

Call

Location management in civil warning systems I.SMS

MSC

HLRMS/UE

VLR

MS/UEMS/UE

MS/UE

MS/UEMS/UE

BSC/RNC

SMSC

BTS/Node B

LAC and CGI info

Routing info

Send SMS

Cell Broadcast Alert

Alert message

SEND CB MESSAGE

WMNC 2010, Budapest

Location management in civil warning systems II.CBS

MS/UE

MS/UEMS/UE

MS/UE

MS/UEMS/UE

BSC/RNC CBC

BTS/Node B

Network Management System

Operator (CGI, message)

Unless CBCWith CBS

LCS client

CGIs, message

e.g Disaster Management Office

Comparision of SMS and CBS warning systems

SMS- Addressed (one by one)- 100-200 SMS/sec in the

network (SMSC capacity)- IMSI is necessary- Only one message is sent- 160 characters- ACK from the phone- Not immediate display- SDCCH, limited capacity- Location information of the

user is required

CBS- Not addressed (broadcasted)- To many thouthends of users at

the same time (or more)- IMSI is not necessary- Message is sent repeatedly in

every 2-32 sec. (GSM), 1 sec (UMTS), different languages

- 93 characters- No ACK from the phone- Immediate display- Channel assigned: 920.

WATER

TELECOM

ELECTRIC POWER

OILTRANSPORTATION

NATURAL GAS

Fuels, lubricants

Fuel Transport, Shipping

Power for pumpingstations, storage, Control system

Fuels for generators, lubricants

SCADA, Communications

Power for switches

Shipping

SC

AD

A,

Com

mun

icat

ions

Critical Infrastructure’s interdependencies

EM-DAT Disaster Database

Disasters and damages in 2010

Not damagedSmall part is damaged

Largely damaged

Partially collapsed Completely collapsed

Verizon building

4 digital switching centre, • 500 optical

transmission system

• 1200 channel call-center,

• 17.000 optical cabel connections

• 4,4 million data stream

• 90.000 message trunk

Losses200.000 speach line100.000 PBX line4,4 million data stream11 cellsNumber of affected 14.000 business 20.000 individual subscriber

9/11 2001 NYC

Originated calls

Blocked calls

92 blocked calls from 100 originated calls

1300% increase in the number of calls

Mobile traffic on the day of the attack

Normal cell capacityIncrease fr. band

Restoration of Base Stations

Mobile Base Stations

Restoration time

Mobile traffic, restoration 9/11 2001

9:17

9:47 8:56

8:51

London 07.07.2005.

London 07.07.2005.

WMNC 2010, Budapest

Outgoing Calls from HTCom to London BTTr

affic

SUBWAYs

BUS

TV, radio news

Successful calls

Previous day Blasts day

Originated calls

Emergency calls

Calls to Ambulance(104) Calls to Police (107)

Calls to Emergency Call Centers(112) Calls to Fire Deputies (105)

Mobile networks

PSTN

Internet

Satellite

Domino Effect

Power Supply Problems Caused by Disaster

Electric Power network Off

time (hours)1 10 100 1000

Butte

ries

Som

e bu

tterie

s ar

e di

scha

rged

Die

sel g

ener

ator

s w

here

ava

ilabl

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Alar

ms

to N

OC

s

Mob

ile d

iese

l gen

erat

ors

deliv

ery

All t

he b

utte

ries

disc

harg

ed

Firs

t con

gest

ion

on th

e ro

ads

Nee

d fo

r new

sta

ff G

ener

al fu

el s

horta

ge

Loss

of a

reas

in te

leco

m n

etw

orks

The

wor

kers

are

exh

aust

ed

Firs

t tra

ffic

prob

lem

s (n

o se

rvic

e)

Onl

y oc

casi

onal

ly o

pera

ted

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

A Fiction? NO!

B

AABTS

A network

BBTSB

network

112 Emergency call

Roaming aggreement

Spectrum Efficiency?

WMNC 2010, Budapest

OSA for Spectrum Unitilization

• We consider the concept of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) -- whereby radios identify unused portions of licensed spectrum, and utilize that spectrum without adverse impact on the primary licensees. OSA allows both dramatically higher spectrum utilization and near-zero deployment time, with an obvious and significant impact on both civilian and military communications. 

Opportunistic Mobile Networks

Wireless access:Bluetooth, Zegbee, WLAN…etc.

Opportunistic Mobile Networks(example ONE simulation)

Opportunistic Mobile

Networks(movement

modells)

To be continued…..

Thank you for your attention!