FACULTY OF SECURITY AND PROTECTION

SEMINAR TOPIC

MODAL VERBS

Mentor: Student: Micic Milena Djukic Milan

Banja Luka, March, 2011.god.

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Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………

. 3

2. Modal

verbs…………………………………………………………. 4

3. Possibility ( can, could, may, might )

……………………………….. 7

4. Probability and certainty ( can't, must, should, will )

……………….. 9

5. Conclusion………………………………………………………….

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6. Bibliography………………………………………………………..

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Introduction

Modalni glagoli su glagoli nepotpunog značenja, koji odgovaraju našim: moći, hteti,

umeti,smeti. U engleskom jeyiku oni imaju tri važne karakteristike.

1. traže dopunu u vidu infinitiva bez to

2. imaju isti oblik za sva lica

3. u odričnom i upitnom obliku ne koriste glagol to do

Modal verbs

Modalni glagoli su nap: may, can, must, should, need. Oni iskazuju sposobnost,

dozvolu, želje itd.

Većina modalnih glagola se ne može koristiti u svim vremenima, zato moramo moramo

znati zamjenu ( glagol istog značenja) za modalni glagol. U tabeli su uneseni najčešći

modalni glagoli i nihovi sinonimi:

Modalni glagoli

Zamjena / sinonim

Primjer

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must to have to I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can to be able to I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may to be allowed to I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need to have to I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not not to have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/ ought to

to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

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Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji označava postojanje obaveze. To je najčešće

obaveza koja dolazi od prvog lica, tzv. unutrašnja obaveza.

I must call my sister tonight. ( Moram da pozovem sestru večeras ).

She must win the competition. ( Ona mora da pobedi na takmičenju ).

1 http://www.gramatika.org/modalni-glagoli.html

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Glagolska konstrukcija have to ima slično značenje kao i must. Razlika je u tome što

have to označava obavezu koja dolazi od drugog lica, tzv. spoljašnja obaveza. To se

uglavnom odnosi na pravila i zakone koji su nam propisani.

Children have to go to school. ( Deca moraju da idu u školu ).

You have to fill in this form to get a visa. ( Morate da ispunite ovaj formular da biste

dobili vizu ).

Glagol have to se takođe koristi umesto glagola modalnih glagola must u prošlom i

budućem vremenu, jer must nema oblike za njih.

I had to leave the house at 4 because I had a meeting at 5. ( Morao sam da odem iz

kuće u 4 zato što sam imao satanak u 5.

You didn't have to come if you didn't want to. ( Nisi morao da dođeš kući ako nisi

želeo ).

I' ll have to find a better job. ( Moraću da nađem bolji posao ).

▪ Mustn't je odričan oblik glagola must i označava zabranu.

You mustn't smoke in the classroom. ( Ne smete puštiti u učionici ).

We mustn't play with matches. ( Ne smemo se igrati sa šibicama ).

▪ Can označava postojanje sposobnosti u sadašnjosti, dok can't označava nepostojanje

sposobnosti.

I can play the guitar. ( Umem da sviram gitaru ).

She can't drive a car. ( Ona ne ume da voti auto ).

▪ Could govori o sposobnosti koja je postojala nekada u prošlosti. S tim u vezi couldn't

označava nepostojanje sposobnosti u prošlosti.

Michael could climb tress as a child. (Majkl je mogao da se penje na drveće kao dete)

I couldn't read when I was 4. ( Nisam umela da čitam kad mi je bilo 4 godine ).

Za sposobnost ili mogućnost u prošlosti, koristi se još i glagol be able to.

I wasn't able to come yesterday. ( Nisam mogao juče da dođem ).

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Razlika u upotrebi could i was/were able to se ogleda u tome što se could koristi za

generalnu sposobnost u prošlosti, dok was/were able to za sposobnost u nekoj

specifičnoj situaciji. ( Kada ima značenje-uspeti nešto uraditi = manage )

I could drive when I was nineteen. ( Umeo sam da vozim auto kada sam imao

devetnaest godina ).

The prisoner was able to escape by climbing over the wall. ( Zatvorenik je uspeo da

pobegne tako što se popeo na zid )

Be able to se takođe koristi za budućnost.

I'll be able to come tomorrow. ( Moći ću sutra da dođem )

Can / can't može značiti i imati / nemati dozvolu da nešto uradite.

You can leave the room. ( Možete da napustite prostoriju )

We can't vote when we are 16. ( Ne možemo da glasamo ako imamo 16 godina. )

▪ Should / shouldn't ( trebalo bi / ne bi trebalo ) se koriste za davanje saveta, predloga,

sugestija.

Mary should go home. She has high temperature. ( Meri bi trebalo da ode kući.Ima

visoku temparaturu.)

You shouldn't walk alone by night. It is dangerous.( Ne bi trebalo da šetaš sam noću.

Opasno je. )

▪ May / might se koriste da označe verovatnoću da će se nešto desiti. Might nosi nešto

manju mogućnost da se radnja ostvari.

It may rain. It is cloudy. ( Možda će padati kiša. Oblačno je. )

It might rain. It is still sunny. ( Možda će padati kiša. Još uvek je sunčano. )

▪ Would se koristi za zamišljene situacije. Često se skraćuje i glasi ' d.

Where would you go? ( Gde bi ste išli? )

I wouldn't go by plane. ( Ne bih išla bih avionom. )

I ' d stay at some hotel. ( Odsela bih u nekom hotelu. )

▪ Značenje modala se često može zameniti glagolskim kostrukcijama koje imju gotovo

identično značenje. Obaveza se osim sa MUST može izraziti i upotrebom kostrukcije BE

OBLIGED TO i BESUPPOSED TO gde ova druga ima značenje slabije obaveze koja je

uglavnom rezultat pravila ili tradicije.

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She is obliged to attend the meting tomorrow. ( Ona ima obavezu da prisustvuje

sastanku sutra.)

They are supposed to kiss at the end of the wedding ceremony.( Oni treba da se

poljube na krju obreda venčanja.)

Davanje ili oduzimanje dozvole se izražava i konstrukcijom BE ALLOWED TO.

We are allowed to enter the temple. ( Dozvoljeno nam je da uđemo u hram.)

Ovom konstrukcijom možemo i zabranjivati.

You are not allowed to smoke in the classroom. ( Ne dozvoljava ti se da pušiš u

učionici.) 2

Modalni glagoli- can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall,

should, will, would

Modalni glagoli imaju samo jedan oblik ( ne dobivaju nastavke, ne mjenjaju se kroz

vremena ).

Modalni glagol je uvek prvi u glagolskoj grupi. Iza svih modalnih glagola dolazi osnovni

oblik glagola- osim OUGHT iza kojeg dolazi TO –infinitive.

He must come.- He ought to come.

SHALL/WILL često označavaju budući događaj.

He'll come tomorrow.

COULD se koristi kao prošlost za CAN za izražavanje sposobnosti.

When I was young, I could run for miles.

WOULD se koristi kao prošli oblik za WILL u izražavanju budućnosti.

He remembered that he would see his mother the next day.

Nikad se ne koriste dva modalna glagola zajedno.

2 http://www.link-elearning.com/lekcija-Modal-Verbs_593

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He wiil can come - NE.

POSSIBILITY ( CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT )

- You use CAN to say that somethitng possible.

Cooking can be a real pleasure.

- "cannot" or "can't" – not possible

You use COULD, MIGHT, MAY ( which is slightlu formal ) to indicate that you are not

certain whether sth is possible , but you think it is.

That could be one reason.

He might come. They may help us.

He might not be in England at all.

They may not get a room with a view.

- it actually happened.

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It could have been tomato soup.

You may have noticed this ad.

He might not have see me. ( perhaps he didn't )

They may not have done it. ( perhaps they didn't do it )

"Could not have" – you want to indicate that it is not possible that sth happened

He didn't have a boat, so he couldn't have rowed away.

The old lady couldn't have climbed there.

I couldn't have been wrong – it was him.

"Could have" – there is a possibility of sth happening in the past, but it did not happen.

It could have been awful. ( But it wasn't. )

You could have got a job last year. ( But you didn't get a job. )

- COULD HAVE, MIGHT HAVE – if a paricual thing had happened, then there was

a possibility of sth else happening.

If I'd been there, I could have helped you. ( But I wasn't there, so I couldn't help

you.)

COULD + NEGATIVE WORD + COMPARATIVE

I couldn't be happier. ( I am very happy. )

He could hardly have felt more ashamed of himself.

Since he could not come, he sent a card.

Being unable to come…

You used to be able to buy cigarettes in packs of five. ( sth was possible in the past, but it

is not possible now )

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PROBABILITY AND CERTAINTY - CAN'T, MUST, SHOULD, WILL

1. When you want to say that sth is probably true or that it will probably happen,

you use SHOULD or OUGHT TO.

You should arrive by dinner time.

She ought to know.

- sth is probably not true / it will probably not hapen:

There shouldn't be any problem.

That ought not to be too difficult.

2. You are fairly sure that sth has happend:

SHOULD HAVE

WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

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OUGHT TO HAVE

They should have heard by now that I'm OK.

You will have heard about Donald Trump.

They ought to have arrived yesterday.

- you don't think sth has happened

You shouldn't have had any difficulty in getting there.

This ought not to have been a problem.

3. You expected sth to happen, but it did not happen.

Yestaerday should have been the start of the soccer season.

She ought to have been home by now.

- you do not use the negative forms with this meaning.

4. When you are fairly sure that sth is the case, you use MUST

Oh, you must be Sylvia's husband.

He must know something about it.

- if you are fairly sure that sth is not the case, you use CANNOT or CANT

This cannot be the whole story.

He can't be very old - he's about 25, isn't he?

- you don't use MUST NOT with this meaning.

5. You are almost certain that sth has happend

MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

The article must have been writen by a woman.

We must have taken the wrong

- you don't think sth has hapend.

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You can't have forgotten me.

He can't have said that.

6. You use will or ll to say sth is certain to happen in the future

They'll manage.

- sth is certain not to happen:

You won't get much sympathy from them.

7. There are several ways of talking about probability and certainty without

using modals.

BE + BOUND TO + BASE FORM OF A VERB

It was bound to happen.

You're bound to make a mistake.

BE + CERTAIN, LIKELY, + "to" – infinitive clause or "that" - clause

SURE, UNLIKELY

I am not likely to forget it.

It is unlikely that he'll come. He isn't likely....

He is sure to be late. ( Sigurno će zakasniti.)

He is not to enter before he is called.

She is to be admired for her courage.

She is sometimes to be seen in suspicious bars.

The nightingale is to be heard in the morning.

I expected our children to obey and come home early last night.

The best thing is to ask him directly.

There is a chance to get a ticket.

I am sure that this is Sam's father.

It is impossible that he is in Chicago.

I met him half an hour ago.

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Perhaps they are in in the theatre already.

He said that that he watered the plants every day. He ...( water) them. If he had

they wouldn't have died.

I suggest that we don't give him credit.

Conclusion

Could se koristi kao prošlost za CAN za izražavanje sposobnosti

Would se koristi kao prošli oblik za WILL u izražavanju budućnosti

Shall/Will često označavaju budući događaj.

Can označava postojanje sposobnosti u sadašnjosti,

Must je jedan od modalnih glagola koji označava postojanje obaveze.

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Bibliography

1. http://www.gramatika.org/modalni-glagoli.html

2. http://www.link-elearning.com/lekcija-Modal-Verbs_593

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