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Extra Syntax Exercises 1
Ken Ramshj Christensen Aarhus University
2014
Structure of XP: NP, DP, PP, AdjP, and AdvP. Complements and
Adjuncts.
1
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The building blocks of X-bar structure
The bare minimum
XP with specier only
XP with complement only
A full XP with both specier and complement
XP with a leP/right adjoined modier
ALWAYS PROJECTED
2
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Draw the full tree structure of the following phrases:
(1) This (2) (I found) the hammer (3) (He likes) old cars (4)
The center of the universe (5) From out of the dark (6) Extremely
ill (7) The girl from Russias eyes (8) Pictures of Alice (9) (This
is) Jacks (10) (He) never liked boring books (11) (She will)
actually be sleeping in the park
3
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ANSWERS
Trees drawn using Miles Shangs Syntax Tree Generator
(h`p://mshang.ca/syntree/) Addiaonal text, gures, lines and arrows
added in Microso1 PowerPoint
4
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(1)
As a bare minimum, ALL phrases contain all three levels of the
X-bar structure.
Head/X-level
Phrase/XP-level
Bar-levels
5
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(2)
The denite aracle the is a determiner, D.
Complement of D
6
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(3)
The indenite plural aracle is a zero-determiner, an empty D.
Modier leP-
adjoined to NP
Complement of D
Adjuncaon to an NP projects another instance of that NP.
7
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(4)
Complement of N
Complement of P
Of is a preposiIon, a P, introducing a DP.
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(5)
Adverb, Adv, with a PP complement.
PreposiIon, P, with a DP complement.
9
PreposiIon, P, withan AdvP complement.
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(6)
Modier leP-adjoined to AdjP
Adjuncaon to an AdjP projects another instance of that AdjP.
10
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(7)
Modier right-adjoined to NP
GeniIve s is the head of a DP.
Specier of geniave s in D POSSESSOR
Complement of geniave s in D POSSESSED
Adjuncaon to an NP projects another instance of that NP.
11
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(8)
Complement of N
Complement of P
The indenite plural aracle is a zero-determiner, an empty D.
In proper names, D is (usually) a zero-determiner, an empty
D.
12
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(9)
In proper names, D is (usually) a zero-determiner, an empty
D.
Specier of geniave s in D POSSESSOR
GeniIve s is the head of a DP.
13
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(10)
Modier leP-adjoined to VP
Modier leP-adjoined to NP
The indenite plural aracle is a zero-determiner, an empty D.
Object: DP sister of V
Adjuncaon to an NP projects another instance of that NP.
Adjuncaon to a VP projects another instance of that VP.
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(11)
Modier leP-adjoined to VP
Modier right-adjoined to VP
Adjuncaon to a VP projects another instance of that VP.
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