Syntax Treediagrams Ppt

7/24/2019 Syntax Treediagrams Ppt

1/32

SyntaxThe analysis of sentence structure

Dr. Alok K Das

http://www.freewebs.com/alokdas/


2/32

2

Syntax in Linguistic Tree

Phonetics Phonology

Soundsoflanguage

Linguistics

Grammar

Morphology

Syntax

Meaning

Semantics

Pragmatics

SyntaxDr Alok K Das


3/32

3

Why syntax?

Its part of Linguistics

Its part of the grammarof eerylanguage

An! the gra""ar of a language is

part of a natie speakerslinguistic knowledge

Syntax

Dr Alok K


4/32

#

$easons for stu!ying syntax

Infinity of expressions There is an infinite nu"%er of possi%le

utterances in eery language It is o%ious that all these utterances cannot

%e store! in our %rains &ur kno'le!ge of a language consists of A finite nu"%er of 'or!s (the lexicon) the

*!ictionary in your hea!+,- an!

$ules (the gra""ar of the language, It is the .o% of the syntactician (an! the

"orphologist, to fin! out 'hat these rulesare

Syntax

Dr Alok K


5/32

/

Language ac0uisition

1eryone 'ho can speak kno's ho' tousethe rules an! it is amazingthat chil!ren can !o it

so fast ut no%o!y can really stateexactly

'hat the rules are

4n!erstan!ing syntax (an!"orphology, can help researchers toun!erstan! ho' young chil!ren learntheir natie language

Syntax

Dr Alok K


6/32

5

4niersal gra""ar

Theory of 6ho"sky

47 has Principles- true of all languages All languages hae the sa"e un!erlying

structure e.g. all languages have nouns and verbs

an! Parameters- 'hose setting ariesfro" language to language 1nglish an! 6hinese SV) 8apanese SV

Spanish an! 6hinese pro!drop) 1nglish notpro9!rop

Syntax

Dr Alok K


7/32

:

All languages hae constituents

Take a si"ple sentence

Johnny danced

We can call the sentence S- an! la%el the syntacticcategories ; an! hrase structure gra""ar

; an! < arent al'aysery goo! la%els

Johnny is si"ilar to thehandsome student,

%ecause they are %oth thesa"e kin! of constituent

They are %oth ;oun>hrases

We can re"oeJohnny an! a!! the

handsome student,an! the sentencestructure is still si"ilar

S

NP

The

handsomestudent

VP

danced

Syntax

Dr Alok K


9/32

Different sentence- sa"econstituents

;o' lets a!! an o%.ect

danced the lambada isthe sa"e kin! ofconstituent as danced

a

@ou can s'ap danced fordanced the lambada an!the %asic structure is thesa"e

S

NP

Thehandsome

student

VP

danced thelambada

Syntax

Dr Alok K


10/32

B

What are the ;> an! ?

The frog ate the liCar!

The frog sat on the lilypa!

The fat frog ate the long liCar! slo'ly The fat frog 'ith a liCar! in its "outhsat on the lilypa!

The fat frog 'ho 'as sitting on the

lilypa! 'ith a liCar! in its "outh!ance! the la"%a!a

Syntax

Dr Alok K


11/32

>hrase structure rules

;o'- you kno' this phrase structure ruleE

S ;> (a Sentence co"prises a ;oun>hrase follo'e! %y a hrase,

Dra' a tree for the phrase Emma drinks Fere are t'o "ore phrase structure rulesE

< ;>

;> ;

Think a%out that carefully ;o'- !ra' a tree 'ith "ore !etail

Gor the sentence Emma drinks whisky

Syntax

Dr Alok K


12/32

2

;o' lets change the ;> rule

Girst- D1T "eans determiner Gunction 'or!s like the- a- this- seeral

;> (D1T, ;

That "eans a noun phrase can hae a !eter"iner-an! it "ust hae a noun

;o' you can !iagra"Johnny danced thelambadain a %it "ore !etail than I !i! on theother sli!e

$e"e"%erE S ;>

< ;>,

Syntax

Dr Alok K


13/32

3

;o' lets change the ;> ruleagain

Such that 'e hae S ;>

< ;>

;> (D1T, (AD8, ;

;o' you can !iagra" this sentence The unhappy book ate the green lambada

The sentence is syntactically 'ell9for"e!-%y the 'ay

Syntax

Dr Alok K


14/32

7ra""atical or 4ngra""aticalE

". #he bo$ found the ball

%. #he bo$ found &uickl$'. #he bo$ found in the house

(. #he bo$ found the ball in the house

). Disa slept the bab$

*. Disa slept soundl$

Find: Transitive verb (with object)

Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)

#Syntax Dr Alok KDas


15/32

Syntactic 6ategories

+e,ical categories

-oun -

Verb V

Ad0ecti1e A

Preposition P

Ad1erb Ad1

2,amples

moisture3 polic$ melt3 remain

good3 intelligent

to3 near

slowl$3 now

/Syntax Dr Alok KDas


16/32

Syntactic Categories

Non-lexical categories

Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg)

Qualifier (Qual)

Auxiliary (Aux)

Conjunction (Con)

Examples

the this !ery more

always perhaps

will can

and or

5Syntax Dr Alok KDas


17/32

In!icate the category of each'or! in the follo'ing sentences

a The glass su!!enly %roke

% A .ogger ran to'ar!s the en! of the lane

c The peaches neer appear 0uite ripe

! 7illian 'ill play the tru"pet an! the !ru"s in the orchestra

Det / N / Adv / V

Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N

N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N

Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A

:Syntax Dr Alok KDas


18/32

>hrases

;> E ;oun >hrase

The car- a cleer stu!ent E hrase

stu!y har!- play the guitar

>> E >repositional >hrase

in the class- a%oe the earth

A> E A!.ectie >hrase

ery tall- 0uite certain

=Syntax Dr Alok KDas


19/32

Phrase Structure Rules ;> (Det, ; (>>,

>> > ;>

The bus (NP)

The

Net

bus

The bus in the yard

NP

The

Net

bus

PP

in

NPP

the

et N

yard

Syntax Dr Alok KDas


20/32

Phrase Structure Rules < (;>, (>>,

S ;> (Aux,

too! the money (VP)

too!

NPV

too! the money from the ban!

VP

too!

NPV PP

from

NPP

the

et N

ban!

the

et N

money

the

et N

money

2BSyntax Dr Alok KDas


21/32

Draw the tree diagram.

". repaired the telephone

%. the success of the program

'. a film about pollution

(. mo1e towards the window). cast a spell on the broomstick



22/32

#he main structure rules

". S -P Au, VP

%. -P Det AP - PP

'. VP V -P PP Ad1

(. PP P -P

). AP A PP



23/32

ExampleThe old tree swaed !n the w!nd

old

V PP

in

NPP

the

et N

"indThe

N

s"ayed

S

NP VP

et #d$

tree

#u%

past



24/32

ExampleThe ch!ldren "ut the to !n the box

V PP

in

NPP

the

et N

bo%The

N

put

S

NP VP

et

children

NP

the

et N

toy

2#Syntax Dr Alok KDas


25/32

A"%iguityE a 'or!- phrase orsentence 'ith "ultiple "eanings

Synthetic buffalo hides (NP) Synthetic buffalo hides (NP)

Synthetic buffalo hides Synthetic buffalo hides

Buffalo hides that are synthetic. Hides of synthetic buffalo.

2/Syntax Dr Alok KDas


26/32

Ambiguities often lead to humorous resultsAmbiguities often lead to humorous results

Gor saleE an anti0ue !esk suita%le for la!y'ith thick legs an! large !ra'ers

'hat !oes *thick legs an! large !ra'ers+refer to?

The !esk or the la!y?



27/32

Structural Ambiguit$

The %oy sa' the "an 'ith the telescope

V PP

with

NPP

the

Det N

telescopeThe

N

saw

S

NP VP

Det

boy

NP

the

Det N

man

u!

past

2:Syntax Dr Alok KDas


28/32

Structural Ambiguit$

The %oy sa' the "an 'ith the telescope

V

PP

with

NPP

the

Det N

telescopeThe

N

saw

S

NP VP

Det

boy

NP

the

Det N

man

u!

past

2=Syntax Dr Alok KDas


29/32

Draw two "hrase structure trees re"resent!ng the two

#ean!ngs o$ the sentence%

The magician touched the child with the wand.

&e sure ou !nd!cate wh!ch #ean!ng goes w!th wh!chtree.

2SyntaxDr Alok K

Das


30/32

Declaratie H Interrogatie oe the auxiliary to the left of the su%.ect

The boy will lea"e.

S

VPNP

Det

u!

N

The boy will lea"e

#ill the boy lea"e$

S

VPNP

Det

u!

N

the boy#ill lea"e

The dee" structure The sur$ace structure

V V

3BSyntaxDr Alok K

Das


31/32

The Whoe"ent Surface structureE Which car shoul! the "an repair?

Deep structureE

V

N

carThe

N

repair

S

NP VP

Det

man

NP

which

Det

u!

should3Syntax

Dr Alok KDas


32/32

Draw the deep structure of the following sentences

Will the %oss hire Fillary?

2 Is that player leaing the tea"?

3 Who shoul! the !irector call?

# What is 8oanne eating?

32SyntaxDr Alok K

Documents

Syntax Treediagrams Ppt