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7/29/2019 ESIEE_MIMO
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 1
Page 1Page 1Page 1
MIMO MIA!
…or the different faces of MIMO!
Taking LTE MIMO from
Standards to Starbucks
Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 2
Page 2Page 2
Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
•Testing MIMO in the real world
Taking LTE MIMO from
Standards to Starbucks
Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 3
Agilent LTE Book
www.agilent.com/find/ltebook
www.amazon.com
In print April 16th
The first LTE book dedicated
to design and measurement
30 Authors460 pages
Page 3
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 4
Page 4Page 4
Book overview
Chapter 1 LTE IntroductionChapter 2 Air Interface Concepts
Chapter 3 Physical Layer
Chapter 4 Upper Layer Signaling
Chapter 5 System Architecture Evolution
Chapter 6 Design and Verification Challenges
Chapter 7 Conformance Test
Chapter 8 Looking Towards 4G: LTE-Advanced
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 5
Page 5Page 5
Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
•Testing MIMO in the real world
Taking LTE MIMO from
Standards to Starbucks
Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 6
Page 6Page 6
Basic channel access modes
Transmit
Antennas
Receive
Antennas
SISO
The Radio
Channel
MISO
Single Input Single Output
Multiple Input Single Output
(Transmit diversity)
Receive
Antennas
Transmit
Antennas
MIMO
The Radio
Channel
SIMO
Single Input Multiple Output
(Receive diversity)
Multiple Input Multiple Output
(Multiple data streams)
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 7
MIMO principles
•Transmitting multiple data streams in the same space andtime used to be called interference!
• So how does MIMO work?
1. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial
diversity in the radio channel
2. Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank(number of simultaneous streams) can be varied
3. The performance can be optimized using precoding
• These three MIMO principles can seem complex to
understand particularly abstract mathematical descriptions• But we intuitively already know these MIMO principles in the
way they apply to our perception of audio
Page 7
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 9
Understanding MIMO spatial diversity through
Audio - Dual Stream (Stereo)
Page 9
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Interference! MIMO!Interference!
For MIMO to work:• Must have at least as many receivers as transmitted streams
• Must have spatial separation at both transmit and receive antennas
• More transmitters enables beamforming in addition to MIMO
Interference!
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 10
Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio
• MIMO Precoding is a pre-emphasis
technique used to improve the separation
of the streams at the receiver due to
unhelpful coupling in the channel
• In audio systems precoding is similar to
stereo “balance” • If the receiver is not positioned directly
between the speakers the received
streams will be at different levels
• Adjusting the balance at the transmitter
can mitigate the problem
• Balancing requires feedback from the
receiver to the transmitter
Page 10
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Not enough R
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 11
Understanding MIMO precoding through Audio
• The receiver could just amplify the right channel but in the
presence of noise the corrected signal would degrade:
• Precoding the transmission as L, 5R optimizes signal recovery
Page 11
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L + NL, 0.2 R + NR
L + NL, R + 5*NR
L + NL, R + NR
Problem!
Solution!
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 12
Understanding MIMO Rank adaptation through
Audio
•In good radio conditions an FM stereo receiver will attempt todecode both the left and right signals (streams)
• When the noise gets too high the receiver switches to mono
and the quality improves although stereo is lost
• This is the audio equivalent of rank adaptation where the
number of streams is reduced under poor conditions
• Transmit matrix encoded FM stereo as L + R, L – R
• Receive (L + R) + N1, (L – R) + N2
• Since N1
and N2
are largely correlated, adding the two
streams (maximum ratio combining) cancels most of the
noise
Page 12
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 13
The role of channel correlation and noise in
system performance
•
In a ideal 2x2 system the potential capacity gain is 2x• The actual gain depends on how easily the receiver can
descramble the simultaneous transmissions – this depends
on the amount of unwanted correlation and noise
• In audio systems channel correlation and noise also affectsperceived stereo performance
– Spaced living room speakers - lots of correlation degrades stereo,
susceptible to external noise
–Open headphones
–zero correlation, good stereo but stillsusceptible to noise
– Closed headphones – zero correlation, minimal noise
Page 13
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 14
So what makes a good channel for MIMO?
• A perfect MIMO channel is
like the closed headphones:
channels 2 and 3 don’t exist
• By simple observation it follows that R0
= T0
and R1
= T1
• This is the case that creates double the capacity
• But suppose we create a
simple static channel like this:
• How do we know if it will
provide capacity gain?
Page 14
1 0
0 1
Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Channel H
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ch1
ch4
T0
T1
R0
R1
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 16
The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal
• So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?
• We can recover the original signal
• In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be
resolved PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise!
• So what kinds of channels are robust to noise?
Page 16
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Channel HR0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = 0.2 T0 - 0.9 T1
T0 = 1.15 R0 + 0.39 R1
T1 = 0.26 R0 - 1.03 R1
Giving:
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 17
The MIMO challenge: Recovering the signal
• The receiver can untangle the two signals because it knows
the coupling coefficients, based on the reference signals, but
reference estimation is susceptible to noise
• But pilot estimation is susceptible to noise
• If the estimate is wrong the recovered signal is impaired
• Consider these equations for T0 from different channels:
• Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in thecoefficients or large coefficients amplifying noise N0 and N1
• It is possible to analyze the matrix H to predict the impact of
noise on signal recovery
Page 17
T0 = 1.15 (R0 + N0) + 0.39 (R1 + N1)
T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 18
Condition Number Measures the short term
MIMO channel performance
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = -0.9 T1 + 0.2 T0
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Channel H
0.8 0.3
0.2 -0.9
Channel HT
0.73 -0.11
-0.11 0.85
Channel HTH Eigenvalues
0.914
0.666
Singular values
0.957
0.815
К = Condition number
0.957 / 0.815 = 1.17
The condition number is the ratio of the singular values of HHT
The dB value of К approximates the increase in SNR required
to recover the signal
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 19
MIMO needs better SNR than SISO
High К increases SNR requirements further
The extra SNR required to achieve the same recovered signal
quality as SISO rises as the condition number rises
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 20
Ped. A Channel Condition Number vs. Freq.
Page 20
Condition number and channel response across 10 MHz, 10 ms
0 dB
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 21
Impact of condition number frequency
dependency
• The previous example of how the condition number varies
across the channel during one 10 ms frame and how the
pattern varies a few frames later depending on speed
• This variability is both a challenge and an opportunity
• OFDMA systems can transmit at different frequencies within
the channel to target that part of the channel offering the
best MIMO gains
• CDMA systems cannot do this and have to accept the
average performance across the channel
Page 21
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 22
Antenna influence on performance
• The dynamic condition number example did not isolate
effects from different components, including the antenna
• In real life, the instantaneous channel matrix H is made up
from the interaction of three components:
• The static 3D antenna pattern of the transmitter
• The dynamic multipath and Doppler characteristics of the radio
channel
• The static 3D antenna pattern of the receiver
• The overall antenna contribution is the product of the
transmit and receive antennas known as the channelcorrelation matrix
Page 22
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 23
Antenna correlation
Page 23
• The correlation between antennas is a primarily a function of
distance and polarization
• For non polarized antennas the correlation decreases with
larger separation in the y axis - usually expressed in terms of
wavelength λ
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 24
Examples of low and high antenna correlation
Page 24
Spaced non polarized:
High correlation
Compound spaced and
cross polarized:Low correlation
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 25
Antenna correlation by type
Page 25
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AS =
Azimuth
Spread
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 26
Generating the overall channel correlation
matrix
Page 26
Transmit antenna correlation Receive antenna correlation
The correlation matrix R s
is the Kronecker product R BS
R MS
The α and β terms are complex and will vary by frequency
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 27
Example channel correlation matrices
Page 27
Cross polarized, UE (0, 90) BS (-45, 45), -8dB XPR ratio
Cross polarized, UE (-10, 80) BS (-30, 60), -8dB XPR ratio
Channels
balanced
Diagonal = 1
Channelsunbalanced
Not ideal
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 28
Computing the instantaneous channel
Page 28
The complex instantaneous channel coefficients are obtained
by applying each path of the desired fading profile to eachchannel of the correlation matrix
Ch 1 Ch 3Ch 2 Ch 4
Ch 1
Ch 3
Ch 2
Ch 4
The received signals and condition number are dynamic
in both the time and frequency domains according to the
chosen fading profile
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ch1
ch4
T0
T1
R0
R1
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 31Page 31Page 31
Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 32
LTE downlink transmission modes3GPP TS 36.213 subclause 7.1
LTE has seven different downlink transmission modes:
1.Single-antenna port; port 0 SISO
2.Transmit diversity MISO
3.Open-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO – no precoding
4.Closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO - precoding5.Multi-user MIMO MIMO -separate UE
6.Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding MISO - beamsteering
7.Single-antenna port; port 5 MISO – beamsteering
Each mode is suited to different channel and noise conditions
Page 32
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 33
The LTE MIMO toolset
• The LTE standard recognizes the complexity of the MIMO
channel and has developed a very flexible air interface
• OFDMA allows for frequency-selective scheduling with 180
kHz and 1 ms granularity (one resource block)
• Comprehensive channel state information
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) –
• Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) – codebook based
• Rank Indication (RI)
• Subband reporting for CQI & PMI, RI is wideband only
• Highly configurable reporting mechanisms to account for different scenarios
• The UE can select what subbands to report on
Page 33
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 34
CQI definition3GPP TS 36.213 Table 7.2.3-1
CQI index modulation code rate x 1024 efficiency
0 out of range1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.523414 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
Page 34
For each CQI reporting
period the UE is requiredto return the highest CQI
index that would have
resulted in an error
probability of less than
10% for a single transportblock transmitted using
the reported modulation
and code rate.
Subband CQI reporting
can be configured downto the resource block level
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 35
PMI definition3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1
Page 35
For single stream
transmission theprecoding produces
beamsteering
For the 4 layer case
there are 16 entries
Subband PMI reporting
can be configured down
to the resource block
level
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 36Page 36Page 36
Agenda
• Just a little MIMO theory
• MIMO in the LTE air interface
• LTE MIMO conformance testing
• Testing MIMO in the real world
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 37
LTE MIMO conformance testing
• The performance requirements for LTE are based on a
number of simplifications to real world operation
• This often involves a modular approach of doing open loop
testing of parts of the functionality rather than a more end-to-
end approach
• This is a bit like measuring engine performance and other
components rather than going for a test drive or a real track
• The modular approach is useful and separates the test
equipment from the DUT but does not tell the whole story
• The consequence is that conformance test results cannot beeasily mapped to real life conditions to predict typical
performance
Page 37
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 38
MIMO conformance testing vs. real world
Page 38
Attribute Conformance testing Real world operation
Correlation matrixHigh, medium and zero -not linked to reference
antenna design
Real correlation based on
actual antenna pattern
Fading channel Extended PA, VA, TU Channels with dynamic taps
Adaptive Modulation &
coding
Off – UE becomes fading
channel discriminator
On – coding aims for constant
symbol to noise at UE receiver
CQI, PMI, RI Separate open loop tests Included as part of throughput
Cell-edge Interference
signal
Static wideband
Gaussian
Narrowband frequency-
selective based on loading
Live antenna testingDeveloping open loop
Over The Air proposals
Closed loop Real loading due
to body/hand effects
Scheduling None, Single UEMultiple UE, real scheduler with
frequency selectivity base on
subband CQI/PMI
Transmission mode FixedVariable based on prevailing
conditions
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O
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 40
Testing MIMO in the real world
• Most of the simplifications in conformance testing can be
overcome with alternative test methods to get closer to real
world performance
• We will now look at a few of the possibilities
Page 40
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PXB t l l ti b d f
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 42
PXB creates real correlation based on reference
antenna designs
Page 42
Rx antenna pattern, omni, 3 sector or 6 sector
Rx antenna #1 location
and polarization
Rx antenna #2 location
and polarization
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Fl ibl A t C fi ti d C l ti
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 43
Flexible Antenna Configuration and Correlation
In this example, thereare 6 paths, each with
complex cross
coupling coefficients
Path 1
Path 6
Path 2
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PXB t i bl f di i l ti i l di
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 44
PXB customizable fading simulation including
dynamic channel taps
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Fl ibl MIMO t t i S t V
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 45
Flexible MIMO test using SystemVue
• TD-LTE or LTE-FDD MIMO Baseband data is
generated by SystemVue and sent to PXB
• Flexible Fading applied by PXB• Two phase locked ESGs/MXGs driven by PXB
generate Receiver test signals for the DUT
• Two MXAs capture received signals from DUT
output and send to SystemVue
• SystemVue demodulates and decodes MIMO
signals to measure receiver performance
2xE4438C Signal Gen2xN9020A Signal Analyzer
N5106A PXB
SystemVue
DUT
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M d li MIMO t lk i S t V
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 46
Modeling MIMO crosstalk in SystemVue
Specify LO Phase Noise
dBc/Hz @ Freq. Offset
Specify 1dB
Comp. Pt.
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M i i t f t lk d h i
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 47
Measuring impact of crosstalk and phase noise
on demodulated MIMO streams
-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
QPSK 64 QAM
-29dB Tx0 / Rx1
• These measurement were made using the MIMO features of
the Agilent 89601A Vector Signal Analyzer which fully
integrates with the SystemVue design software
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U i TOL b t
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 48
Upcoming TOL webcast
• For further information on SystemVue:
LTE MIMO System-Level Design and Test
5/27/2009
Greg Jue
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Testing closed loop AMC with CQI PMI and RI
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 49
Testing closed loop AMC with CQI, PMI and RI
with integral fading
• Open loop testing with no AMC avoids having to define the
reference behaviour of the test equipment
• However, it is still necessary to investigate closed loop
• The E6620A wireless
communications test set is
designed to go beyond basicconformance to test closed
loop MIMO up to 4x2
• Central to this is the inclusion
of a baseband fading emulator • This solution is the basis for development of scheduling
algorithms and transmission mode selection criteria
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E6620A Wireless Communications Test Set
Conclusion:
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 50
Conclusion:
Making MIMO work and testing it is tough!
• The standards are very flexible and complex
• The conformance tests are simple and largely open loop
with corner case SNR and artificial correlation
• Real life is way more complex
• Real antennas
• Real channels
• Real schedulers with multiple UE per cell
• Dynamic configuration for CSI reporting
• Real TX/RX distortion impacting channel feedback
•Non Gaussian frequency-selective cell-edge interference
But Agilent is here to help you clear the way for MIMO
Page 50
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LTE VSA SW
LTE Lif l
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Concepts of 3GPP LTE
9 Oct 2007Page 51
RF Module Development
RF Proto RF Chip/Module
Design
Simulation
BTS and Mobile
BB Chipset Development
L1/PHY
FPGA and ASIC
Pre-
Conformance
Conformance
RF and BB
Design
Integration
L1/PHY
System
Design
Validation
System Level
RF Testing
BTS or
Mobile
Protocol Development
L2/L3
Manufacturing
Network Deployment
Systems for RF and
Protocol Conformance
ADS and
SystemVue
LTE VSA SW
Spectrum and signal
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Page 51
Taking LTE MIMO fromStandards to Starbucks
Moray Rumney 30th April 2009
LTE Lifecycle
Finding MIMO: Don’t stop now! Learn more at
7/29/2019 ESIEE_MIMO
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/esieemimo 52/52
Concepts of 3GPP LTE
Finding MIMO: Don’t stop now! Learn more at www.agilent.com/find/MIMO and www.agilent.com/find/lte
MIMO Poster (5989-9618EN)
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The 3GPP MIMO song:
ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/WG1_RL1/TSGR1_56/Docs/R1-091041.zip