Ethics Presentation

5/26/2018 Ethics Presentation

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Done By:

He Wei Jian Benson 060039B02

Yue Meng Yi Clarence 060197J02

Seow Wei Chiang 060223F02


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Contractor X

Unique & Better

design

High Price

Contractor Z

Ordinary design

Lower Price

Case Overview

Chemical Company A

Morally permissible? Ethical?


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What is Ethics?Typical Replies

"Ethics has to do with what my feel ingstell me is right or wrong.

"Ethics has to do with my rel ig ious b el iefs."

"Being ethical is doing what the lawrequires."

"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our societyaccepts."


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What is Ethics?

"Ethics has to do with what my feel ingstell me is right or wrong.Feelings are subjective, Plagiarism

"Ethics has to do with my rel ig ious b el iefs."Free Thinkers?

"Being ethical is doing what the lawrequires."Apartheid laws of present-day South Africa

"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society

accepts."Nazi Germany

Typical Replies


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What is Ethics?

Approaches to Ethical Decision Making

Utilitarian Approach:

Focuses on the consequences that actions or policies have

It tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done.

Choose action that will produce the greatest balance of benefits over harms.

Deontology Approach:

Focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the

consequences of those actions

Duty based ethics

Choose action that most dutifully respects the rights of all affected.

Ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how h uman beings

oug ht to act in the many s i tuat ionsin which they find themselves-as

friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers,

professionals, and so on.

Source: Santa Clara University - The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics


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How to decide what is ethical / morally

permissible?

Source: 2008 Loyola Marymount University, Center for Ethics and Business

Three-steps Approach: Resolving an Ethical Dilemma

ANALYZE THE CONSEQUENCES

(Utilitarianism approach)

Who will be hurt?

Kind and scale of benefits? Long term consequences?

ANALYZE THE ACTIONS

(Deontological)

Concentrate strictly on the actions

How do they measure up against moral/ethical principles? Does the actions crossed the line?

MAKE A DECISION

With both part of the analysis, make decision.
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BACK TO THE CASE

Some ethical rules are flexible but others are strict andshould never be broken

White lies

Rules against torture, racism, etc

NOs in the case

No verbal agreement

No black and white (contract)


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BACK TO THE CASE (CONTD)

Business ethics?

Much of business is conducted based on trust & both

parties reasonable expectations of how the other side

will act

One reasonable expectation is the confidentiality of theirproposal

Ethics is often about going beyond whats written

down


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MORALLY PERMISSIBLE

What is morally permissible?

In practice, what is morally permissible is what is in a

way morally indifferent, and it is the subject of legitimate

freedom, while what is morally impermissible canabsolutely not be tolerated and its tolerance (by others)

would mean abandoning the basic principle of moral

evaluation (in oneself).

In a nutshell, tolerance of the actions result is thedemarcation line between permissible and

impermissible actions.

Source: "Justifying Forgiveness" Peace Review, March 2000


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MORALLY PERMISSIBLE (CONTD)

An example of being morally permissible

Lying to Grandmother about a nice present which in fact

is not (white lie)

An example of being morally impermissible

Active or Passive Euthanasia. Actions result is a loss of

life. If letting someone die is morally permissible, then

killing someone is also morally permissible and vice

versa.

Source: http://www.truthawakens.com/euthanasia.asp


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So, we feel that theaction by the company is

morally impermissible.Why?


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ANALYSIS(1) Kind & scale of benefit

Better product selectivity (quality produce)

More flexible operation modes

Higher production rates = Higher profits

Lower capital cost & lower operating cost Long term consequences

Loss of confidence in Company A

Apprehension to do business with company A


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ANALYSIS(2)

How company As action line up?

Breach of mutual trust (honesty)

Lowest bidder (Z) asked to resubmit bid using Xs idea

(fairness)

Release of proposal information (respect for others

work)

In short, motive is incorrect


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DECISION DIAGRAM

Utilitarian Deontological

We are here


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DECISION?

Utilitarianism only considers the total

maximization of preference satisfaction

Does the end justify the means to it?

Deontological result in less than total

maximization of preference satisfaction

The means is the deciding factor?


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CONCLUSION

Company As action is intrinsically and

essentially wrong

Why?

Ethics is beyond written rules, regulations,

laws, codes


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Q&A

Documents

Ethics Presentation