Folio 1 R Aizuddin & Akmal

8/12/2019 Folio 1 R Aizuddin & Akmal

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Name:

Aizuddin b. Mohd Othm an

Muhammad Akm al b. Zulk i f lee

Class:

1 Rajin

Teacher:

Pn. Ainul A iza bt. Kar im


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Content

No. Types of Peripherals Devices Page

1 Input Devices 1-6

2 Output Devices 7-8

3 Storage Devices 9-4 Reference


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Input Devices

Meaning/Funct ion:

Incomputing,an input deviceis anyperipheral(piece ofcomputer

hardwareequipment) used to provide data and control signals to

aninformation processing systemsuch as acomputeror otherinformation

appliance.Examples of input devices

includekeyboards,mouse,scanners,digital camerasandjoysticks.

1.Input Devices For Text

The input of text into a computer system is one of the most common and important

channels for humans to interact with a system. This essay provides a brief overview

of text input devices. However, literallyevery input device could be used for this task,

even one button would be sufficient, when it is used as a Morse key.

a.Keyboard

Incomputing,a keyboardis atypewriter-style device,which uses an

arrangement of buttons orkeys,to act as mechanical levers or electronic

switches. Following the decline ofpunch cardsandpaper tape,interaction

viateleprinter-style keyboards became the maininput

deviceforcomputers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter#Keyboard_layouts:_.22QWERTY.22_and_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter#Keyboard_layouts:_.22QWERTY.22_and_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter#Keyboard_layouts:_.22QWERTY.22_and_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-buttonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-buttonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-buttonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-buttonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typewriter#Keyboard_layouts:_.22QWERTY.22_and_othershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing


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b. Bar Code Reader

A barcode reader(or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for

reading printedbarcodes.Like aflatbed scanner,it consists of a light

source, a lens and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical

ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decodercircuitry

analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the sensor and sending

the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.

2.Input Devices For Grafhic

The graphic input devices subsystem includes the keyboard/sound,

mouse, tablet, dials, and lighted programmable-function keys (LPFK)

devices. These devices provide operator input primarily to graphic

applications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode


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a.Scanner

In computing, an image scanneroften abbreviated to just scanner,

although the term is ambiguous out of context (barcode scanner, CATscanner, etc.)is a device that optically scans images, printed

text,handwriting,or an object, and converts it to adigital image

b.Camera Digital

A digital camera(or digicam) is acamerathat encodesdigital

imagesandvideosdigitally and stores them for later reproduction.[1]Most

cameras sold today are digital,[2]and digital cameras are incorporated into

many devices ranging fromPDAsandmobile phones(calledcameraphones)to vehicles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwriting


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3.Input Devices for Audio

Audio input devices allow a user to send audio signals to a computer for

processing, recording, or carrying out commands. Devices such as

microphones allow users to speak to the computer in order to record a

voice message or navigate software. Others are made to interface a

computer with a CD audio source, digital audio, orMIDIinstrument such as

a synthesizer.

a.Microphone

b.Midi Keyboard

MIDI keyboardis typically apiano-style user interfacekeyboarddevice

used for sendingMIDIsignals or commands over a USB or MIDI cable to

other devices connected and operating on the same MIDI protocol interface
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-midi.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-midi.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-midi.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianohttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-midi.htm


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4.Input Devices for Video

a.Video Camera

A video camerais acameraused for electronicmotion pictureacquisition,

initially developed by thetelevisionindustry but now common in other

applications as well.

b.Web Camera

A webcamis avideo camerathat feeds orstreamsits image in real time toor through acomputerorcomputer network.When "captured" by the

computer,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera


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5.Pointing Devices

A pointing deviceis aninput interface(specifically ahuman interface

device)that allows auserto inputspatial(i.e., continuous andmulti-

dimensional) data to acomputer

a.Mouse

Incomputing,a mouseis anpointing devicethat detectstwo-

dimensionalmotion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated

into the motion of apointeron adisplay,which allows for fine control of

agraphical user interface.

b.Touch Screen

A touchscreenis anelectronic visual displaythat the user can control

through simple ormulti-touch gesturesby touching the screen with a

special stylus/pen and-or one or more fingers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)#End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)#End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)#End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch_gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch_gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch_gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch_gestureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(graphical_user_interfaces)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-dimensionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_(computing)#End-userhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_interface


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Output Devices

Meaning/Function:

An output deviceis any piece ofcomputer hardwareequipment used to

communicate the results ofdata processingcarried out by aninformation

processing system(such as acomputer) which converts the electronically

generated information into human-readable form.

1.Monitor

A monitoror a displayis anelectronic visual displayforcomputers.The

monitor comprises the display device,circuitryand an enclosure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_displayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware


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2.Printer

In computing, a printeris aperipheralwhich makes a representation of an

electronic document on physical media. Individual printers are designed to

support local and network users at the same time. Some printers can print

documents stored onmemory cardsor fromdigital camerasandscanners.

3.Speaker

Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, arespeakersexternal to a

computer, that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral


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Storage Devices

Meaning/Function:

A data storage deviceis a device

forrecording(storing)information(data). Recording can be done using

virtually any form ofenergy,spanning from manual muscle power

inhandwriting,to acoustic vibrations inphonographicrecording, to

electromagnetic energy modulatingmagnetic tapeandoptical discs.

1.Primary Storage

A computer's internalhard driveis often considered a primary

storage device.

a.RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

Random Acc ess Memoriesis the fourth studio album byFrenchelectronic musicduoDaft Punk.It was released by the duo's imprint

Daft Life, under exclusive license toColumbia Records,on 17 May 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dischttp://pc.net/glossary/definition/harddrivehttp://pc.net/glossary/definition/harddrivehttp://pc.net/glossary/definition/harddrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daft_Punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daft_Punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daft_Punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daft_Punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://pc.net/glossary/definition/harddrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording


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b.ROM (Read Only Memori)

Read-only memory(ROM) is a class ofstoragemedium used

incomputersand other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be

modified slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to

distributefirmware(softwarethat is very closely tied to specifichardware,

and unlikely to need frequent updates).

2.Secondary Storage

Auxiliary memory, also known as auxiliary storage, secondary

storage, secondary memoryor external memory, is used to store a

large amount of data at lesser cost per byte thanprimary memory.They

are two orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. In

addition,

a.Magnetic Medium

Magnetic storage(or magnetic recording) is the storage ofdataon

amagnetizedmedium. Magnetic storage uses different patternsofmagnetizationin a magnetizable material to store data and is a form

ofnon-volatile memory.The information is accessed using one or

moreread/write heads.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_read-and-write_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage


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b.Optical Medium

An optical mediumis material through whichelectromagnetic

wavespropagate. It is a form oftransmission medium.

Thepermittivityandpermeabilityof the medium define how

electromagnetic waves propagate in it.

c.Flash Memory

Flash memoryis an electronicnon-volatilecomputer storagemedium that

can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.Introduced byToshibain 1984, flash memory was developed

fromEEPROM(electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).

There are two main types of flash memory, which are named after

theNANDandNORlogic gates. The internal characteristics of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave


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individual flash memory cells exhibit characteristics similar to those of the

corresponding gates


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References

Documents

Folio 1 R Aizuddin & Akmal