Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it happen · Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it happen 25-27 February, 2019 New World Makati Hotel, Manila, Philippines 2 ... into

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BOOKOFABSTRACTS

InternationalConference

ForestandLandscapeRestoration:Makingithappen

25-27February,2019NewWorldMakatiHotel,Manila,Philippines

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Ó 2019 LocalorganizingcommitteeArturoPasa(VisayasStateUniversity)AngelaFerraren(VisayasStateUniversity)HenryGoltiano(VisayasStateUniversity)DennisPeque(VisayasStateUniversity)EduardoMangaoang(VisayasStateUniversity)DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesForeign-AssistedandSpecialProjectsServiceVisayasStateUniversityInternationalorganizingcommitteeRobinChazdon(PeopleandReforestationintheTropicsNetworkforEducationResearchandSynthesis)JohnHerbohn(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)GrahameApplegate(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)NestorGregorio(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)VictoriaGuttierez(WeForest)EvaGaren/DavidNeidel(EnvironmentalLeadership&TrainingInitiative)LizOta(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)ScientificorganizingcommitteeJohnHerbohn(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)DavidLamb(UniversityofQueensland)BobFisher(UniversityofSydney)BillJackson(Intellagama)JeffSayer(TheUniversityofBritishColumbia)IntuBoedhihartonoRobinChazdon(PeopleandReforestationintheTropicsNetworkforEducationResearchandSynthesis)ManuelGuariguata(CenterforInternationalForestryResearch)JenniferFirn(QueenslandUniversityofTechnology)SharifMukul(UniversityoftheSunshineCoast)CathyWatson(WorldAgroforestryCenter)SarahWilson(PeopleandReforestation intheTropicsNetworkforEducationResearchandSynthesis)MathildeIweins(FoodandAgricultureOrganization)

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WelcomeMessageGlobally, Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) is receiving increasing attention from thegovernmentsandagenciesforitspotentialtoprovidekeyecosystemservicesandtoimprovehumanwellbeing.TheBonnChallenge,launchedinGermanyin2011,currentlyinvolving56nations,pledgedtorestore150millionhectaresofdegradedanddeforestedareasby2020and350millionhectaresby2030.ThisisoneofthelargestinitiativessofarinthelineofFLR.Otherkeyglobalinitiativesinclude(but not limited to) – the New York Declaration on Forests signed in 2014 and the Trillion TreesPartnership.DespitetheprospectandemergenceofFLRinlastyears,manyaspectsofFLRincludinggovernance,monitoringandsuccesscriteriaandindicatorsarenotproperlyunderstood.Thisthree-dayconferencewillbringtogether leading internationalexpertsandpractitionersworkingonFLRacrosstheworld.TheconferencewillmakeanimportantcontributiontoourunderstandingofFLRandhowtoimproveitsplanning,implementation,assessmentandmonitoring.Withfivedifferentthemes,wewillalsouseempirical case studies to report both positive and negative outcomes in regard to FLR design,management,monitoringandimplementation.Theconferencehasbeenorganisedaspartof theactivitiesof twoprojects fundedby theAustralianCentre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) projects - ASEM/2016/103 ImprovingLivelihoods through Forest and Landscape Restoration and FST/2016/153 Enabling CommunityForestry in Papua New Guinea. We thank ACIAR for the financial support provided through theseprojects that has made this conference possible. We would also like to thank Forest FoundationPhilippines(FFP)forprovidingfinancialsupporttosponsortheattendanceoflocaldelegatesandtohiretheconferencevenue.WearegratefultotheAsiaPacificForestryNetwork(APFNet)fortheirfundingto support three international participants to present insights from FLR projects in their homecountries.WealsothankthePhilippineCouncilforAgriculture,AquaticandNaturalResourcesResearchandDevelopment(PCAARRD)andEnergyDevelopmentCorporation(EDC)forthefinancialassistance.Weextendthankstothevariousconferenceorganizingcommitteesforallofthehardworkthathasgoneintomaking theconferenceagreatsuccess.Theprojectstaffandresearchers fromASEM/2016/103based at the Visayas State University have work tirelessly on the local logistics to ensure that theconferencehasrunsmoothly.FromtheAustralian-basedteam,DrsLizOta,NestorGregorio,andSharifMukulhaveworkedhardtocoordinatetheparticipationofmorethan60internationalresearchersandintheproductionofthevariousmaterialsassociatedwiththeconference.

ProfessorJohnHerbohnProfessorRobinChazdonConferenceChairConferenceChair

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CONFERENCEPROGRAM

25February-Monday

8:00-9:00 Registration

9:00-10:00 OpeningandWelcome-ArturoPasa(VSU)

DENRSec.RoyCimatu

PCAARRD–DrLeilaAmerica

ForestFoundationPhilippines-Atty.JoseAndresCanivel

ACIARCanberra–DrJayneCurnow

USC–Prof.JohnHerbohn

10:00-10:30 Coffeebreak

10:30-12:15 Keynoteplenary:TheForestandLandscapeRestorationContext

Moderator:RhettHarrison

10:30-11:00 TheEssenceofForestandLandscapeRestoration:BeyondBandwagonsandBusinessasUsual:RobinChazdon

11:00-11:30 Mainchallengesonthegroundforpractitioners:PatrickDurst

11:30-12:00 CommunitycapacityandFLRprogress:JohnHerbohn

12:00-12:30 Questionsanddiscussion

12:30-1:30 Lunch

1:30-3:00 Panel:Advancesinscience,practiceandpolicytoinformFLRandimproveoutcomes

Moderator:BobFisher

1:30-1:45 CapacitybuildingforFLR:DavidNeidel

1:45-2:00 SilvicultureforFLR:JerryVanclay

2:00-2:15 Noseeds,notrees:buildinguptheseedsupplyformeetingmulti-millionhectarerestorationtargets:RiinaJalonen

2:15-2:30ERDB-AnationalstrategyofthePhilippinegovernmenttoimprovethequalityofseedlingsinforestrestoration:SofioQuintana

2:30-2:45 FAO’sFLRrelatedinitiativesinSoutheastAsia:KarlVillegas


3:00-3:30 Coffeebreak+GroupPhoto

3:30-3:55 Keynoteplenary

3:30-3:40 GlobalFLRcasestudydatabase:RobinChazdon

3:40-3:55 UsingleadingandlaggingindicatorsforFLR:LizOta

4:00-5:30 Concurrentsessions

EnablingconditionsforForestLandscapeRestoration(FLR)inBukidnon/MisamisOriental,Philippines.Moderator:FFP

ApproachesandpracticesforFLR.Moderator:ArturoPasa

Designing,monitoringandmanagingadaptivelyforsuccess.Moderator:EduardoMangaoang

4:00-4:15

ForestFoundationResultsFramework2017-2021:SustainableForestLandscapeApproachinBukidnon/MisamisOriental:ForestFoundationPhilippines

Tropicalpeatswampforestrestoration:Natural,assistedordirectre-vegetation?:LauraGraham

ToguideornottoguideFLR?Analyzingproposedguidanceandstandards:MarcelStarfinger

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4:15-4:30

Scientifically-soundforestecosystemassessment:Landcovermapping:EnvironmentalScienceforSocialChange

Cannaturalregenerationbeacost-effectiverestorationstrategyintheuplandPhilippines?:SharifMukul

DevelopingsuccessindicatorsforSFM:PriscilaDolom

4:30-4:45

Scientifically-soundforestecosystemassessment:Mangroveassessment:MacajalarBayDevelopmentAlliance

Acceleratingrestorationthroughselectivethinning:TomSwinfield

Participatoryrainforestationandmonitoringsystem:TheBoholIslandStateUniversityExperience:TomasReyes

4:45-5:00

Capacitystrengthening,partnershipbuildingandenhancinggovernance:XavierScienceFoundation

ProvisionofadequatetreeseedportfoliostoenhanceproductivityandresilienceofFLRinEthiopia:CathyWatson

RevisionoftheITTOrestorationguidelines:CesarSabogal

5:00-5:15

PlacingincentivesforprotectingandmanagingforestsoftheMountKitangladRangeNaturalPark:KitangladGuardVolunteers

Plantfunctionaltraitsforspeciesselectionintropicalsubsistenceagroforestrysystems:MichelleMogilski

InnovationonRestorationOpportunitiesAssessmentMethodologytosupportsuccessfulforestandlandscaperestorationinIndonesia:EliNirmalaSari

5:15-5:30

Q&A

ASmallholder-basedSeedlingProductionSystemtoImprovingForestRestorationOutcomesinthePhilippines:NestorGregorio

IsseekingperfectioninFLRoutcomesachievableordesirable?:BobFisher

5:30-5:45 Q&A Q&A

26February-Tuesday


RestorationandmonitoringframeworkintheStateofSaoPaulo,Brazil:RafaelChaves

9:00-10:30 Panelsession:Lessonslearned:CasestudiesofFLRdesign,implementationandoutcomes

Moderator:RobinChazdon

9:00-9:15 PilotreforestationprograminBiliran,Philippines:NestorGregorio

9:15-9:30 LivelihoodandLandscapeStrategyinChina:LiJia

9:30-9:45 SupportingwatershedrestorationthroughinstitutionalizationofcommunitiesinEthiopia:YitbarekTibebe

9:45-10:00 Multi-functionforestrestorationandmanagementofdegradedforestareasinCambodia:TheaSo

10:00-10:15UseoftheframeworkspeciesmethodtorestoreforestecosystemstotheUpperMaeSaValley,northernThailand:StephenElliott

10:15-10:30 WaterProducerProjectintheAtlanticForestinBrazil:RicardoViani


11:00-12:30 Panelsession:Lessonslearned:CasestudiesofFLRdesign,implementationandoutcomes(continuation)

11:00-11:15ForestlandscaperestorationthroughAssistedNaturalRegenerationinCaroodWatershedModelForest,Philippines:PatrickDugan

11:15-11:30DemonstrationofcapacitybuildingofforestrestorationandsustainableforestmanagementinVietnam:TrungC.Luu

11:30-11:45 PhilippinePeñablancaSustainableReforestationProject:IrineoTalosig

11:45-12:00 SelectedcasestudiesfromLatinAmerica:CesarSabogal

12:00-12:30 Panelist:VictoriaGutierrez,PatrickDurst,TBA

12:30-1:30 Lunch


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ManagingprivatesectorforFLR:LeeMingEnn

2:00-2:45 Panelsession:EngagingtheprivatesectorinFLR:Fromsmallholderstointernationalcorporations

Moderator:GrahameApplegate

2:15-2:30 TheBINHIproject:Atty.AllanBarcena

2:15-2:30 TheconceptofInvestmentinFLR:BrianSharp



3:15:4:00 Keynoteplenary

Forestlandscaperestorationandhydrologicalrecoveryinthehumidtropics:whatcanbeexpectedrealistically?SampurnoBruijnzeel

Soilandwaterimpactsofreforestingfire-climaxgrasslandsonLeyteIsland,thePhilippines:JunZhang


ChallengesandopportunitiesforFLR.Moderator:EmmaCastillo

Forestrestorationandlivelihoods.Moderator:DannyCacanindin

Apeople-centredapproach.Moderator:DennisPeque

4:05-4:20

AnthropogenicfiresintheRamu-MarkhamValley:Underlyingcausesandmotivations:NathanWampe

Revitalizationoflivelihoodsthroughpaddycultivationasanapproachfortropicalpeatlandrestoration:EliN.Sari

AssessmentofrolesandparticipationoflocalcommunitiesandlinegovernmentagenciesintheimplementationofNGPinBiliranProvince,Philippines:EduardoMangaoang

4:20-4:35

Forestlandscaperestorationinaglobalproductionnetwork:ThecaseoftheBrazilianAmazon.:DaniloIgnaciodeUrzedo

TheeffectoftheNationalGreeningProgramonthesocioeconomicstatusofsmallholdersinthePhilippines:HenryGoltiano

Empoweringwomenthroughforestlandscaperestoration:LilianNunez

4:35-4:50

StatusoflocalknowledgeandpracticesofcommunitiesonpestanddiseasemanagementintreenurseriesinBiliranProvince,Philippines:YolandaMangaoang

Contributionsofcommunity-basedresourcemanagementprojectasastrategyforuplandcommunitydevelopmentandforestRestorationinUsmad,Argao,Cebu:ArchiebaldBaltazar

LocalStakeholdersandinterestsforForestLandscapeRestoration:CasestudiesofthePhilippinesandPapuaNewGuinea:KanchanaWiset

4:50-5:05

ReviewofReforestationinPNG:suitabletreespecies:GedisaJeffery

Forestrylivelihoods:CasimiroOlvida(AlsonsPower)

Gender,agroforestryandforestlandscaperestorationintheRamu-MarkhamValley:MelindaThom

5:05-5:20

PredictionofforestcoverchangeusingremotesensingandGIS:HuongThanhThiNguyen

MangrovePlantationandDisasterRiskReduction:NguyenCuc

Sustainableforestrehabilitationandmanagementthroughcommunity-basedapproach:AcasestudyinNorthernShanState,Myanmar:InkyinKhaine

5:20-5:30 Q&A Q&A Q&A

27February-Wednesday


DENRinitiatives:UsecJonasLeones

9:00-10:30 Panelsession:KeyinterventionsanddirectionsforFLR

Moderator:DominiqueCagalanan

9:00-9:15 Status,opportunities,andchallengesoftheNGPimplementationinthePhilippines:FMBDirector

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9:15-9:30 ScalingupFLRacrossAfricathroughembeddedlearning:RhettHarrison

9:30-9:45 RestorationandpreventingFLdegradationinarefugeesettinginNWUganda:CathyWatson

9:45-10:00 SmallholderforestryinMelanesiaasameansforresourceandlandscaperestoration:TonyPage

10:00-10:15 IntegratingFLRintothepost-2020globalbiodiversityagenda:JimHallett



11:00-12:00 SpecialsessiononFLORES

GuidelinesforFLRandwhitepaperfromFLORES:VictoriaGutierrez

12:00-1:00 Lunch

1:00:1:55 Panelsession:FundingandFinancingofFLR

Moderator:RotacioGravoso

1:00-1:15 Scalematters:modelsofpaymentsforecosystemservicesforFLRinthePhilippines:DominiqueCagalanan

1:15-1:45 PrivatepartnershipsinimplementingNGP:ProfandFormerUsecMarloMendoza



AgricultureandFLR.Moderator:PriscilaDolom

ThebiophysicalaspectsofFLR.Moderator:TeresaAquino

FinancialandinstitutionalarrangementsinFLR.Moderator:DavidNidel

2:00-2:15

TheobromaCacao(Cocoa)intheRamuMarkhamValley:AStrength,Weakness,OpportunitiesandThreatsAnalysis:CliffordSingle

Designingmixed-speciesnativetreereforestationprogramsinthePhilippines:MariyaChechina

Forestlandscaperestoration:theREDDPlusexperience:FloranteSabijon

2:15-2:30

AgroforestryandEcologicalfarmingpracticestoimproveLandscapeRestorationinitiativesinthehumidtropics:CamilaRibeiro

EcologicalRestorationofDegradedLowlandRainForestsinSriLanka:AnOverview:NimalGunatilleke

EconomicValuationforForestEcosystemServices:TheCaseofMt.NacolodandMahagnaoVolcanoNaturalParkinEasternVisayas,Philippines:LemuelPreciados

2:30-2:45

TreesandAgriculturalcroppreferencesamongNGPbeneficiariesintheVisayasRegion:AnatolioPolinar

AdvancementofSciencefortheSustainableUtilizationandConservationofForestGeneticResourcesofFalcata(FalcatariamoluccanaMiq):JupiterCasas

Public-corporatecommunity-basedforestlandscaperestorationapproachinNorthwesternLeyte,Philippines:EduardoMangaoang

2:45-3:00

Reviewofpresentations

Growthperformanceandnutrientuptakeoffalcata(Paraserianthesfalcataria)asinfluencedbychemicalfertilizer,arbuscularmycorrhizalfungalinoculation,andtypesofpottingmix:AngelaFerraren

OpportunitiesandchallengesinimplementingNGPintheVisayas:ArturoPasa

3:00-3:15 Q&A Q&A Q&A

3:15-3:45 Coffeebreak+GroupPhoto

3:45-4:30 Concurrentworkshops

Room1 Room2 Room3

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1)PrinciplesandCriteria.Moderator:VictoriaGutierrez

3)ObstaclesforFLR.Moderator:JimHallett

5)Stakeholderengagement.Moderator:TonyPage

2)Fundingandfinancing.Moderator:BrianSharp

4)Project,programandprocess.Moderator:TBA

6)SustainingFLRbeyondprojectsandprograms.Moderator:TBA

4:30-5:00 Synthesisofconferenceandfinalmessage

RobinChazdon

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Keynoteplenary:TheForestandLandscapeRestorationContext(BallroomIII)THE ESSENCE OF FOREST AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION: BEYOND BANDWAGONS AND BUSINESS ASUSUAL

RobinL.Chazdon

TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,AustraliaABSTRACT: Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is becoming widely used as a term, concept, andrecommended approach by NGOs, international conventions, and government agencies. As a holisticapproach that strives to balance improvement in ecological integrity, livelihoods, humanwell-being, andlandscapefunctionsindeforestedordegradedforestlandscapes,FLRholdsgreatpromise.Butthispromisemay be empty if the FLR process fails to take hold on the ground and does not move restoration andreforestationpracticesbeyondpastbusiness-as-usualapproaches.Thebandwagoneffectisaphenomenonwherebytherateofuptakeofbeliefs,ideas,fadsandtrendsincreasesthemorethattheyhavealreadybeenadoptedbyothers.Asmorepeople come tobelieve in something, others also "hopon thebandwagon"regardlessoftheunderlyingevidenceorthelackofpreparation,capacityorenablingconditions.Despitetheadvantagesofbeingpopular,thebandwagoneffectcouldreflectashort-livedfadthatunderminestheneedforrobustevidenceandlong-termcommitment.FLRisahealingprocess,notabandage.TheessenceofFLRisembodiedinsixcoreprinciplesthatdistinguishthe concept and practice from business-as-usual approaches to restoration, reforestation and landmanagement.Althoughrapidimplementationof3-to5-yearprojectsmaybenecessaryfordemonstratingprogressandreportingtofundingagencies,externallyinitiated,governed,andfinancedinterventionsdonotfulfilFLRprinciplesiftheyfailtorecognizeandactontheneedforlocalempowermentandgovernanceoftheFLRprocess.Localagencyandsustainedinvolvementarefundamentaltoco-createalong-termpathwaythatdevelopsonthegroundandtransformslivesforthebetter.Inadditiontotheroleofimpassionedandcharismatic individuals (including religious leaders), the support, collaboration, and alignment of localinstitutions,professionalassociations,communitygroups,andgovernmentagenciesareessentialtoreverseentrenchedunsustainable and/or unjust practiceswithin landscapes and territories. Implementation andsustainability of FLR in landscapes will likely require adaptations in local governance, power structures,marketsandsupplychains.BygroundingFLRpracticeonthecoreprinciples,thepotentialfortransforminglandscapescanberealizedalongwithagrowingevidencebaseandsupporttools.

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COMMUNITYCAPACITYANDFLRPROGRESS

JohnHerbohn

TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,AustraliaABSTRACT:Intropicaldevelopingcountries,smallholdersandcommunitiesareoftenengagedtoundertakerestorationprojects.However,thefundersofreforestationandthegovernmentagenciesandNGOswhoareresponsiblefor implementingrestorationprogramsoftentreatbothsmallholdersandcommunities,alongwith the landscapeswithin they live, ashomogeneous. The capacityof smallholdersand communities toimplementrestorationishoweverhighlyheterogenous;andalsoimpactssubstantiallyontheirabilityandwillingnesstobecomeinvolvedinrestoration/reforestationprojects,suchasthoseimplementedaspartofForest and Landscape Restoration (FLR). This paper outlines our recent thinking about the relationshipbetween community capacity and restoration. We develop a conceptual model which we then use toillustratethatcommunitieswithdifferentlevelsofcommunitycapacitywillrequiredifferentlevelsandtypesofassistanceifFLRprojectsaretohaveahighchanceofsuccess.Weoutlinehowthisconceptualmodelcanbeused todesign restorationprojects tobe implementedbycommunityandsmallholdersand tobetterinformpolicydecisions.Panel:Advancesinscience,practiceandpolicytoinformFLRandimproveoutcomes(BallroomIII)CAPACITY-BUILDINGFORFORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATION(FLR)

DavidNeidel

ELTIAsiaProgramABSTRACT:ForestLandscapeRestoration(FLR)iscriticalforconservingbiologicaldiversityandensuringtheadequateprovisionoffundamentalenvironmentalservices.Restorationofdegradedlands,however,oftenhashadlimitedsuccessintermsofqualityandextentduetofinancial,technical,political,andsocio-economicconstraints.ThispresentationwillexploresomeofthechallengestoscalingupFLReffortsbyexaminingtheworkofYaleUniversity’sEnvironmentalLeadershipandTrainingInitiative(ELTI).Since2006,ELTIhasbeenworkingtoincreaselocalcapacitytoconductforestrestorationanddegradedlandrehabilitationthroughavarietyoffield-based,online,andblendedtrainingevents.ThroughitsLeadershipProgram,ELTIalsoprovidesTrainingProgramalumniwithfollow-upsupporttohelpensurethattheknowledgeandskillslearnedthroughthetrainingsareimplementedontheground.ThispresentationwillprovideanintrospectiveassessmentofELTI’sworkonFLR.ItwillalsohighlightthearrayofstrategiesthatELTIisusingtoscaleupFLR,aswellasexploresomeofthechallengesthathaveariseninthisworkandthekeylessonslearned.Thispresentationwill also give particular focus to the importance of network building to overcome impediments to fieldimplementation.Finally,itwillpresentsomeofELTI’sachievementstodatewhileunderliningthedifficultyinformulatingandactualizingmetricsofsuccess.FAO’SFORESTANDLANDSCAPERESTORATION(FLR)INITIATIVESINTHEASIA-PACIFICREGIONKarlVillegasandKenichiShono

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Bangkok,Thailand

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ABSTRACT:Over thepast twodecades, forestarea in theAsia-Pacific regionoverallhasbeen increasing.However,thistrendisduetolarge-scalereforestationeffortsinahandfulofcountries,whiledeforestationand forest degradation remains high in many countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. Despite someachievementsonforestrestoration,theextentofdegradedlandsthatcouldbenefitfromrestorationremainshuge. Recognizing this potential, ambitious international, regional andnational forest restoration targetshavebeenadopted.Withtheincreasedrecognitionoftheimportanceofaccommodatingbroaderobjectivesand values at landscape levels in implementing restorationprograms, there is an emerging emphasis onforestandlandscaperestoration(FLR)asanintegratedresponse.FAOhasbeenimplementingadiverserangeofactivitiestosupportcountriesintheimplementationofFLRinresponsetomembercountries’needs.Theseinclude:1)thedevelopmentofaregionalstrategyandactionplanonFLR;2)supportingthedevelopmentandimplementationofnationalFLRplansinCambodiaandPhilippinesthroughtheFLRMechanism(aglobalFLR programme of FAO); 3) strengthening coordination and collaboration among partners; 4) recentpublication of “Advancing the Role of Natural Regeneration in Large-Scale Forest and LandscapeRestoration”;5)co-organizationofworkshopsandtrainingwithpartnersfocusingonfinancing,privatesectorinvestmentandFLRmonitoring;6)mobilizationoffinancingforFLR;7)launchingofaglobalprojectonFLRfundedbytheInternationalClimateInitiative(IKI);and8)supportingfieldactionsonFLRthroughvariousfieldprojects.USINGLEADINGANDLAGGINGINDICATORSFORFLR

LizOta1,JohnHerbohn1,JenniferFirn2andNestorGregorio1

1TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,Maroochydore,QLD4558,Australia2School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, QueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,QLD4001,AustraliaABSTRACT:Currentmajorforestrestorationgoalsaroundtheworldarebasedonaforestandlandscapeapproach.Thisapproach isconcernedwithnotonlyenhancingbiodiversityconservationandecologicalfunction,butalsowithimprovingthestatusandwellbeingofpeopleandcommunitiesinvolved.Landscape-scaleapproachesarecharacterisedbymulti-governancestructureandmanagement,embeddedinalargersocioeconomic-political context. Despite this complex setting, in which stakeholders have differentprioritiesatdifferentlevelsofgovernance,targetsareoftenplanned,implemented,measuredandreportedbasedsolelyonnumberofseedlingsorareaplanted.Besidesthepluralityofobjectivessought,anadditionalconcernwiththewayforestrestorationisassessedreferstotheshortperiodinwhichsuccessisexpectedtobeobserved.Because thecurrentparadigmof forest restorationcombinesmultipleobjectives related toboth ecological and humanwellbeing and is focused on long-term processes instead of interventions inindividualsites,projectsandprograms,wedefendtheuseofleadingandlaggingindicatorstodesign,plan,assessandmanageadaptivelyforestrestorationforenhancedimpacts.Concurrent session 1: Enabling conditions for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) inBukidnon/MisamisOriental,Philippines(BallroomIII)

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FORESTFOUNDATIONRESULTSFRAMEWORK2017-2021:SUSTAINABLEFORESTLANDSCAPEAPPROACHINBUKIDNON/MISAMISORIENTAL

ForestFoundationPhilippinesABSTRACT: ForestFoundationPhilippines (formerlyknownas thePhilippineTropicalForestConservationFoundation)developedafive-yearprogramplan,withprioritiesgiventotheforestedlandscapeslyingwithinthe geographic areas of SierraMadre, Palawan, Samar-Leyte and Bukinon/Misamis Oriental, given theirecologicalsignificanceandimportancetotheirneighboringprovincesandregions.TheFrameworkemployssustainableforestlandscapeapproachthroughsupportingprojectsthataimtoincreaseunderstandingontheimpactsofaholisticmanagementapproachandestablishparticipatoryandcoordinatedforestprotectionstrategiesonalargescale.TheforestedlandscapeofBukidnon/MisamisOrientaliscriticallyimportantasitcoverstheCagayandeOroRiverBasin,fiveprotectedparks,andotherforestlands.Moreover,thelandscapeisrecognizedashometothetribesofHigaunon,Manobo,Matigsalug,Talaandig,TigwahanonandUmaymnon.Duetotherichnessofnaturalresources,thelandscapefacesthreatsthatcontributetothedeteriorationofproductsandservicescrucialtothelivelihoodsandqualityoflifeofbothforest-dependentandlowlandcommunities.Beginning2017,theFoundation,inpartnershipwithmultiplestakeholders,providessupporttoaround12projectsthatwillenablesustainableforestlandscapemanagementandrestorationinBukidnon/MisamisOriental.The paper discuss how participatory and coordinated strategies on forest protection and restoration inBukidnon-MisamisOrientalprovidedtheenablingconditionstowardasustainablelandscape.SCIENTIFICALLY-SOUNDFORESTECOSYSTEMASSESSMENT:LANDCOVERMAPPING

EnvironmentalScienceforSocialChange(ESSC)ABSTRACT: In 2005, a land cover assessment andmapping of Bukidnon Provincewas conducted by theEnvironmentalScienceforSocialChange(ESSC),indicatingvariouslandcoverclassessuchasnaturalforests,plantationforestandcrops.InanefforttoupdatethisBukidnonlandcovermap,ESSCisnowperforminganewlandcoverassessmentfor2018/2019.Sentinel2satelliteimagescollectedfromJune2017totheendof2018weredownloadedandprocessedandwerecomplementedbyphotosand images fromgroundandaerialcampaignsduringthesameperiod.The2018landcovermapidentified22landcoverclasseswhichhavebeendesignedtobecomparabletothe2005Bukidnonlandcoverdata.Thisallowsthedetectionandmappingoflandcover/land-usechangesbetween2005and2018usingvarioustechniquessuchasthestockchangemethod.Preliminaryanalysisonthedriversofforestchangewasconducted,identifyingsourcesandagentsofdeforestationand forestdegradationasnegativedrivers and forestprotectionand sustainablemanagementaspositivedrivers.The2018BukidnonlandcovermapshallserveasaninputforForestLand-usePlanningforLocalGovernmentUnitsandtheDENRandbethemajorreferenceforforestconservationinterventionsfromhereon.ThisisrelevantinFLRasrestorationinterventionsmustconsiderthe2018landcovermapasabaselineandbasisforsite-specificFLRinterventions.

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SCIENTIFICALLY-SOUNDFORESTECOSYSTEMASSESSMENT:MANGROVEASSESSMENT

MacajalarBayDevelopmentAlliance(MBDA)ABSTRACT:Species-sitesuitabilityiscrucialinmangroverestorationandnotjustbasedonconvenienceinmangrove planting such as the common practice of direct planting of mono species (Rhizophora).Disregardingthebasicrequirementonspecies-sitesuitabilitymayleadtomortalityofplantedmangrovesoreven further environmental degradation such as the case of seagrass areas and mudflats planted withmangroves. Suitabilityassessmentrequiressurveyandmappingonthelocationoftheexistingmangroveforest (natural growth and planted) and characterization of the mangroves as to species composition,substrateandotherinformation.Togenerateascientifically-soundassessmentofthemangroveforestofMacajalarBayinMisamisOriental,theXavierUniversity-AteneodeCagayanimplementsamangrovemappingproject.Thisaimstogenerateinformation on the mangroves of Macajalar Bay as to bio-physical profile (of natural growth, plantedmangrovesandpotentialareasforrestoration)andimpactsofsedimentation/siltationonthemangroves.TheinformationshallbedevelopedasCommunication,EducationandPublicAwareness(CEPA)materialsfordistributiontothemember-LGUsofMacajalarBayDevelopmentAlliance(MBDA).Thepaperreflectstherealitiesandchallengesofconductingbay-widescientifically-soundmangroveforestassessmentasbasisformangrovemanagementincludingrestoration.CAPACITYSTRENGTHENING,PARTNERSHIPBUILDINGANDENHANCINGGOVERNANCE

XavierScienceFoundation(XSF)ABSTRACT:Mt.KalatunganRangeNaturalPark(MKRaNP)ishometolocalandindigenouscommunitiesthatconsider forests as sacred grounds and source of their basic needs such as food and medicine. Thesecommunities play a critical role in rehabilitating and protecting the forest within their domain. Thus,engagement of IP communities in forest management and conservation of local ecosystems is deemedessential.ThiscriticalroleofindigenouscommunitiesinforestconservationisnotuniquetoMt.KalatunganbuthasbeenrecognizedinmanyothercountriesasreportedbytheConventiononBiologicalDiversitySecretariatandtheIndigenousPeoplesandLocalCommunitiesConservedAreasandTerritories(ICCA).Capacitiesofthesecommunities,however,requirefurtherstrengtheningconsistentwiththeir IndigenousKnowledgeSystemsandPractices.Thereisalsotheneedtorecognizetheemergingroleofyouthandwomeninforestconservation.Moreover,giventheintensifyingcommercialpressuresandnaturalcalamitiesthatcutacrossboundaries,thereisanurgentdemandtoharmonizeresourcegovernancewithotherstakeholders,mobilizesupportamongtheirpartnersandenhancethepolicyenvironment.

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ThepaperreflectsthecatalyticroleofXavierScienceFoundation(XSF) inenhancingthecapacitiesoftheindigenouscommunitieson forestandprotectedareamanagement,buildingpartnershipsandenhancingresourcegovernanceinMKRaNP.PLACINGINCENTIVESFORPROTECTINGANDMANAGINGFORESTSOFTHEMOUNTKITANGLADRANGENATURALPARK

KitangladGuardVolunteers(KGV)ABSTRACT: TheMount Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKRNP) was declared as Protected Area throughRepublicAct9878andASEANHeritagePark. Itoccupiesportionsofeightmunicipalities inBukidnonandprovides variousecosystems services to theprovinceandnearby cities. It is theancestral domainof theTalaandig,HigaononandBukidnon.The Kitanglad Guard Volunteers (KGV), composed of around 380 members from the 28 barangayssurrounding theMKRNP, was organized in 1997 to assist in forest protection. A federation of people’sorganization,KGVisprimarilyengagedinforestmonitoringandaddressingthreatssuchasforestfires.Thefederation’seffortsarewidelyrecognized,givenitscontributiontothesustainablemanagementofMKRNP.Initiallyoperatingonavoluntarybasis,theKGVnowreceivesbothcashandin-kindassistancefromtheDENR,LocalGovernmentUnits,andotherdonors.However,thereisaneedtoamplifysupportfortheproductionofthewiderangeofproductswitheconomicvaluecomingfromsustainableforestlandscapes.ThepapershalldiscussthesupportonimprovingthelivelihoodassetsoftheKGVcommunitiesasanincentiveforprotectingandmanagingtheforestsofMKRNP.Concurrentsession2:ApproachesandpracticesforFLR(PressRoom1)TROPICALPEATSWAMPFORESTRESTORATION:NATURAL,ASSISTED,ORDIRECTRE-VEGETATION?

LauraL.B.Graham1andGrahameB.Applegate2

1BorneoOrangutanSurvivalFoundation,Indonesia2Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC,Queensland4558,AustraliaABSTRACT:Afterfires,hazeandhighcarbonemission,Indonesiaisfocusedonrestoringitsexpansiveareasofdegraded tropicalpeat swamp forests (TPSF).Withover tenmillionhectares to restore,however, it isessentialthatcost-effective,landscape-scalemethodsareused.Directre-vegetationisexpensiveandtime-consuming,althoughsometimesnecessary.Assistednaturalregeneration(ANR),suchasremovalofweeds,canbeappropriateinareaswithsomeself-regenerationcapabilities.Finally,insomelessdegradedareas,naturalregenerationmaybesufficient.

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InCentralKalimantananareaofoveronemillionhectaresofTPSFbecamedegradedthroughagovernmentagriculturalschemeinthe1990s.Nowthefocusofrestorationactivities,anassessmentofbestre-vegetationmethodswasundertaken.Somedegradedareaswerefoundtosupporthighnaturalseedlingsdensitybutwereunabletocontinuegrowingduetoathickinvasiveferncanopy–intheseareasANRwasconductedthrough weeding trials. Other areas lacking high seedling densities were targeted for direct replanting.VegetationmonitoringplotswereestablishedattheANR,replantingandnaturalforestsites.Measurements enabledaquantitative analysis on thedensities, species compositions andheightsof theseedlingsacrossalltreatments.ThisstudyshowedthatalthoughseedlingdensitieswereinitiallylowerinANRsitesthanatreplantedsites,theANRareashowedgoodsignsofcontinuedrecruitment.Growthrateswerecomparable,andANRspeciesdiversitywashigherthanreplantedsites.TheANRactivitieswerealsofarlesscostlythanreplanting.Thisstudy,therefore,highlightstheimportanceofsite-assessmentandemployingtargetedrestorationmethods.CAN NATURAL REGENERATION BE A COST-EFFECTIVE RESTORATION STRATEGY IN THE UPLANDPHILIPPINES?

SharifA.Mukul1,2,JohnHerbohn1,NestorGregorio1andJenniferFirn31TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia2Department of Environmental Management, School of Environmental Science and Management,IndependentUniversity,Bangladesh,BashundharaR/A,Dhaka1229,Bangladesh3SchoolofEarth,EnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,FacultyofScienceandEngineeringQueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,QLD4001,AustraliaABSTRACT:Forest landscape restoration in the tropics has a clearly recognized potential for biodiversityconservation and climate change mitigation. Different interventions are currently available to restoredegradedforestedlandscapeswithvaryinglevelofbiodiversityandcarbonco-benefits.Highmaintenancecosts,technicalandoperationalknowledge,however,hinderingmanyoftheirimplementationinthetropics.Naturalregenerationinsuchcircumstancescanbeadesirableforestrestorationstrategy.Wemeasurethebiodiversityandcarbonco-benefitsinsecondaryforestsregrowingnaturallyfollowingshiftingcultivationintheuplandPhilippines.Whencomparedwithotherexistingrestorationstrategiesinthecountry,wefoundthatnaturalregenerationcanoffersuperiorbiodiversityandcarbonco-benefits.Ourfinancialanalysisalsoconfirmednaturalregenerationasacost-effectiverestorationstrategyinthePhilippines.Wefinallydiscusspotentialmechanismsthroughwhichnaturalregenerationcanbeintegratedintonationalforestrestorationprogramsandissuesthatmayaffecttheirprogress.PROVISIONOFADEQUATETREESEEDPORTFOLIOSTOENHANCEPRODUCTIVITYANDRESILIENCEOFFLRINETHIOPIACWatson1,LGraudal1,SMoestrup1,KHagdu1andRJamnadass1

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1InternationalCentreforResearchonAgroforestry(ICRAF),KenyaABSTRACT:Ethiopiaintendstoexpanditsexisting15.5%forestcoverto30%by2030.Theseambitiousplanswillrequirelargescaleafforestationandreforestation.However,amajorchallengeisthatFLRrequirestheuseofmultipletreespeciesatthesametime.InEthiopia,as inmostcountries,theavailabilityofseedofdiversespeciesislimited,posingtheriskofrestorationbasedonlyahandfulofspecies.Toaddressthis,theProvisionofAdequateTreeSeedsPortfolioProject(PATSPO)issupportingtheEthiopiantreeseedsector,withtheaimofinvigoratingandenablingittoprovidehighqualitytreeseedofpriorityspeciesforlargescalerestoration.ImplementedbyICRAFincoordinationwithEthiopia’sEnvironment,ForestandClimateChangeCommissionandtheEthiopianEnvironmentandForestResearchInstitute,PATSPOfocusesonthenationaltreeseedcentreandthefourregionalseedcentresinAmhara,Oromia,Tigray,andSouthernNationsandNationalitiesPeoples’Region.Ithasalreadyidentified150speciesofpriorityamongtheapproximately1200woodyspeciesthatareindigenoustoEthiopiaandsetupmotherblocksofimportantspecies,includingCordiaAfricana.PATSPOpartnersincludetheEthiopianOrthodoxChurch,theforestsandtreecompoundsofwhichare repositories formanyEthiopian tree species, theprivate sector, farmers and the community groups,whichcollectmostoftheseedbeingdistributedandsoldthroughtheseedcentresandprivateseeddealers.PATSPOisfundedbytheNorwegiangovernmentandanticipatedtorunfrom2017to2020. PLANTFUNCTIONALTRAITSFORSPECIESSELECTIONINTROPICALSUBSISTENCEAGROFORESTRYSYSTEMSMichelleMogilski1,JenniferFirn2andJohnHerbohn1,31SchoolofAgricultureandFoodSciences,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland4072,Australia2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia3SchoolofEarth,EnvironmentalandBiologicalSciences,FacultyofScienceandEngineeringQueenslandUniversityofTechnology,Brisbane,QLD4001,AustraliaABSTRACT:Plantspeciesselection,includingthemanychoicesoncombinationsofspeciesandlife-forms,isone of the greatest challenges in tropical forest restoration, particularly where the livelihoods of forestdependentpeoplerepresentacentralconsideration in theselectionprocess.Withover60,000 identifiedtreespeciesalone,generalisabletoolsthatbreakdownchoices,suchastheuseofplantfunctionaltraitstoselectfordesiredecologicalfunctionsandservices,arebecomingincreasinglypopular.Mostofthefocusonfunctional traits has been on how plants can influence ecosystem processes, however there is a lack ofunderstandingonhowfunctionaltraitscouldbeappliedtosimilarlyimprovesocio-economicoutcomesoflocalpeople insubsistenceagroforestrysystems.Forexample,plantgrowthrate isa trait that influencesecologicalsuccession,howeveralsoreflectslocalpeople’sneedsasslowgrowthproducestimberwhilefastgrowthproducesfuelwood.Thisstudyaimsto investigatetheuseofplantfunctionaltraitsto informandimprovespeciesselectionforshort-andlong-termenvironmentalandsocio-economicoutcomes.UsingthePhilippineNationalGreeningProgram(NGP)asacasestudy,thisresearchwillexaminethecurrentspeciesselectiontechniquesacross17regionssincetheNGP’sinceptionin2011,comparespeciesdiversitywithtraitdiversity across different spatial scales, and investigate how the objectives of the NGP compare to theresultantplantingdata. A SMALLHOLDER-BASED SEEDLING PRODUCTION SYSTEM TO IMPROVING FOREST RESTORATIONOUTCOMESINTHEPHILIPPINES

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Nestor Gregorio1, John Herbohn1,2, Arturo Pasa3, Rogelio Tripoli3, Ofelia Moreno3, Nova Parcia3 andCrisantoSolano3

1Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC,Queensland4558,Australia

2SchoolofAgricultureandFoodSciences,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland4072,Australia3ACIARFLRProject,CollegeofForestryandEnvironmentalScience,VIsayasStateUniversity,Visca,6521-ALeyte,Philippines

ABSTRACT: The importance of high-quality seedlings in forest landscape restoration (FLR) is widelyunderstoodalthoughthisisoftengivenscantattentionintheplanningandimplementationofFLRprograms.AseriesofresearchprojectswereimplementedinthePhilippinestoinvestigatetheunderlyingreasonsforlow-qualityseedlingsincommunity-basedforestrestorationprogramsinthecountry.Interventionmeasurestoimprovethesupplyandpromotetheplantingofhigh-qualityseedlingswerepilottested.Itwasfoundthatprevalenceoflow-qualityseedlingsisnotmerelyafunctionoftechnicalissuesbutattributedtomanyfactorsincludinglessdevelopedsupplychainofhigh-qualitygermplasm,lackofappreciationoftheimportanceofhigh-qualityseedlings,limitedfundstoadoptnurserybestpractice,andlackofpolicyregulatingthequalityofseedlingsinforestrestorationprojects.Addressingtheissueonlackoftechnicalskillsdoesnotnecessarilyresult in increased production and planting of high-quality seedlings. Improved access to high-qualitygermplasm and governance promoting the uptake of high-quality plantingmaterials are imperative.Ourresearchalsosuggeststhatproducinghigh-qualityseedlingsdoesnotnecessarilyrequireexpensivefacilitiesand sophisticated techniques. Simple nursery practices that are often neglectedwill profoundly improveseedling quality when rectified. The key findings of our research have broad applicability to seedlingproductionforFLRprogramsthroughoutthetropics. Concurrentsession3:Designing,monitoringandmanagingadaptivelyforsuccess(PressRoom2)TOGUIDEORNOTTOGUIDEFLR?ANALYZINGPROPOSEDGUIDANCEANDSTANDARDSMarcelStarfingerAlbert-Ludwig-UniversityFreiburg,Freiburg,GermanyABSTRACT:TheForestLandscapeRestoration(FLR)conceptrecentlyexperiencedunparalleleduptakeandpolitical attention, which is also due to its inclusiveness and win-win rhetoric. This lead some to voiceconcerns about conceptual ambiguity and potential negligence of ecological or social aspects and thusproposedstandardsasaremedy.ThisstudyexploresdifferentproposalsandexpertstatementsregardingstandardsorguidanceforFLRbyapplyingargumentativediscourseanalysis.Alloftheexpertsagreedtothenecessityofcreatingsomeformof improvedguidance forFLR.Therationales for thischoicevariedand includedtheneedforconceptualclarity.Othersintendedtoexcludeecologicallyunsoundpracticesorensurelongevityofrestoration.Whileonlyhalfoftheexpertssupportedanactualformofstandards,anothergroupdisagreedandrathercalledfor

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alternative formsof softguidance.Reservationsarosedue toconcernsaboutnational sovereigntyor thesignificantexpenditureofastandardsettingprocess.The most dominant discourses focused on sustainable development and ecological modernization thatcontestedstatementsofasmallergroupadheringtocivicenvironmentalism.Theanalysisofthediscoursecoalitions revealed an overlap, as many agreed tomaintaining conceptual inclusiveness but also voicedconcerns about business as usual, whichmirrors the opposed discourses. The results allowed to deductstandard/guidancetypologies,whicheithercomplementexistentguidance,makenormativeclaimsoraretopic specific. Others are conciliatory or solely build on existent guidance. The results foreshadow thedevelopmentofheterogenousformsofsofterguidanceratherthanoneuniformstandard.DEVELOPINGSUCCESSINDICATORSFORSUSTAINABLEFORESTMANAGEMENTPriscilaC.Dolom

ForestDevelopmentCentre,UniversityofthePhilippinesLosBanosAbstract:AstudywasconductedinselectedregionsinthePhilippinestoidentifysetofcriteriaandindicatorsforassessingsustainableforestmanagement.Theresearchmethodinvolvedacombinationofkeyinformantinterviews,focusgroupdiscussionsandstakeholder’sconsultations.Resultsofthestudyindicatethatsix(6)criteriaand38indicatorsforassessingsustainableforestmanagementandcanbeusedasstandardsfortheimplementationofforestcertificationinthecountry.Thedevelopedcriteriaandindicatorsasidefrombeingin compliant to international standards, theapplicability,measurabilityandattainability to thePhilippinesetting was also taken into account for the following management units: 1. Community-based forestmanagement;2.Industrialforestmanagement;and3.Privatetreeplantations/farms.The38indicatorsaredistributed among the six (6) criteria as follows: Criterion 1- Compliance with forestry laws, rules andregulationswitheight(8)indicators;Criterion2-Maintenanceofecosystemhealthandvitalitywithfive(5)indicators;Criterion3-Maintenanceandenhancementofproductivefunctionsofforests(timberandnon-timber forest products and services)with six (6) indicators; Criterion4–Maintenance, conservationandappropriateenhancementofbiologicaldiversityinforestecosystemswitheight(8)indicators;Criterion5–Maintenanceandappropriateenhancementofprotectivefunctionsinforestmanagement(notablysoilandwater) with four (4) indicators and Criterion 6 – Maintenance of other socio-economic functions andconditions with seven (7) indicators. The developed criteria and indicators can provide comprehensiveframeworktowardstheattainmentofSFMinthecountry.ISSEEKINGPERFECTIONINFLROUTCOMESACHIEVABLEORDESIRABLE?

RobertFisher1,WilliamJackson1andWillUnsworth11TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,Maroochydore,QLD4558,AustraliaABSTRACT:TherehasbeenconsiderablediscussionintheFLRliteratureaboutdevelopingwaysofassessingthequalityofoutcomes.Therearealsodiscussionsaboutthedesirabilityofrestoring‘original’biodiversity.These discourses are effectively about aiming for perfection. This paper argues that defining perfect

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outcomesraisesnumerouspracticalandtheoreticaldifficultiesandquestionshowmeaningfulthesearchforperfectioncanbe.Onemajorchallengeisthepracticaldifficultyofrestoringforestlandscapestoanythingliketheiroriginalconditions.Eventhemostoptimisticeffortsareunlikelytoreplaceanythingnearalloriginalbiodiversity.Arelatedchallenge iswhethertheaiminanthropogenic landscapeswouldbetorestorethelandscape to conditionsprior tohuman influence.A thirdmajor challenge is thequestionas towhetheranythingoriginalispossibleinthecontextofinevitableclimatechange.Thereisadeeperissueabouttheaims of FLR. Is it about restoring natural landscapes or does it also include human use and livelihoodoutcomes?Thepaperarguesthat,ifFLRisaboutcollaborationwith‘stakeholders’ornegotiatedoutcomes,thenquestionsaboutwhodecideswhataperfectoutcomewouldbecomecentralandthatanyconsensusaboutperfectoutcomesisunachievableandundesirable.Thepaperwillconsideravarietyofcasestudies,includingPapuaNewGuineaandothersfromAsia.

Keynoteplenary(BallroomIII)RESTORATIONANDMONITORINGFRAMEWORKINTHESTATEOFSÃOPAULO,BRAZIL

RafaelChaves11SecretariatfortheEnvironmentoftheStateofSãoPaulo,BrazilABSTRACT:Tobeeffective,ForestandLandscapeRestorationmustbeassociatedwithclearandachievableresults, necessary condition tomakegoodactionplans andavoidwastingmoneyandefforts. In the lastdecade,manygovernmentscommitted themselves to restoremillionsofhectareswithin their respectiveterritories, encouraged by international agreements and inter-linked concerns about loss of biodiversity,ecosystemservicesandlivelihoods.However,publicpoliciesdidnotgroworevolveatthesamerhythmasthoseambitiousgoals.Thisunderscorestheurgentneedtobuildefficientframeworkscapableofbridgingthegapbetweenknowledgeandtheeffectivepracticetoscale-up long-lastingrestorationata landscapescale. In thiscontext, the innovativeapproach implementedbytheSãoPauloStategovernmenttoverifywhethertherestorationtargetsarebeingachievedrepresentsaground-breakingpolicyregardingmonitoringandlegalframeworks.Theregulationincludesasetofthreesimpleandintegrativeecologicalindicatorsthatshall bemeasured and informed through a geo-referenced online system until each restoration projectattainstheexpectedresults,followingamonitoringprotocolthatcanbeappliedbylandownersaseasilyasby specialists. The indicators used in Sao Paulo fulfill the Brazilian legislation need for biodiversity andecosystemservicesprovisioning.ForFLRbroaderarrangementsthatshallcontemplatemultipleapproaches,morecomponentscanbeencompassedinthemonitoringframework,especiallyaddressingsocialaspects.I

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reinforce that, regardless of the context, it is possible to establish simple and practical monitoringframeworks,desirablyassociatedwithpolicy,tofosterbetterrestorationresults.Panel:Lessonslearned:CasestudiesofFLRdesign,implementationandoutcomes(BallroomIII)PILOTFORESTRESTORATIONPROJECTINBILIRAN,PHILIPPINESNestorGregorio1,JohnHerbohn1,2,RogelioTripoli3andArturoPasa31TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,LockedBag4,MaroochydoreDC,QLD,Australia

2SchoolofAgricultureandFoodSciences,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,Queensland4072,Australia3ACIARSmallholderForestryProject,VisayasStateUniversity,Leyte6521-APhilippinesABSTRACT:Thenegativeecologicalandsocio-economicimpactsofforestandlanddegradationpromptedtheglobalaspirationtorestoresignificantareasofdenudedlandsfollowingtheforestlandscaperestoration(FLR) approach.In the tropics, FLR ismainly undertaken by groups of smallholderswhose livelihoods areprimarilyforest-based.Restorationinitiativesareimplementedmainlytoalleviatepovertyandrestoretheecologicalintegrityofforestlands.However,achievingtheproductionandconservationfunctionsofforestlandscapesthroughtheinvolvementoflocalcommunitiesisasignificantchallenge.InthePhilippines,theimplementationofforestrestorationprogramsinvolvingpeople'sorganizations(PO)showedmixedresults.AcasestudywasundertakeninBiliranProvincetounderstandtheimpediments,andpilottestinterventionstoimproverestorationoutcomes.Theprojectwasdesignedusingsystemsthinking,employingsmallholder-basedbest-practice,andapplyingtheprinciplesofaparticipatoryapproach.Theresultsrevealedthatweakgovernance as among the many issues that limit the success of community-based forest restorationprograms. Initialparticipationofsmallholders ismostlydrivenbyshort-termfinancial incentive,but long-termcommitmenttomanagethetreesisattributedmainlytosustainablelivelihood,landandtreerights,equitablesharingofbenefits,andimprovedhumanandsocialcapital.Theroleofwomeninforestrestorationcannot be overemphasized and the use of high-quality seedlings is essential.Our research suggests thataddressingthemultiple issues includingtechnical,social,andeconomic is imperativebutemployinggoodgovernanceiscentraltopromotingasuccessfulcommunity-basedforestrestoration.FORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATIONANDHYDROLOGICALRECOVERYINTHEHUMIDTROPICS:WHATCANBEEXPECTEDREALISTICALLY?

L.A.(Sampurno)Bruijnzeel1,21King’sCollegeLondon,London,UK2Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC,Queensland4558,Australia

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ABSTRACT:Tropical landscapesarechangingrapidlyduetocontinueddeforestation foragriculturaluses,extractive tree plantations, and slash-and-burn cultivation in some areas versus land abandonment andnaturalforestregenerationinothers.Advancedpost-forestlanddegradationhasdemonstrablyledtomajordisruptionsinthenaturalstreamflowregime,withincreasedwet-seasonflowsandreduceddry-seasonflowsinmany areas (as well as increased surface erosion, landsliding and stream sediment loads). Secondaryforestsnowcover>50%of thetotal tropical forestareaandconstitutethedominant forest type inmosthumidtropicalcountries.Yet,theassociatedhydrologicalimpactsarefarfromclear.Throughfalltendstobelowercomparedtoold-growthforest(OGF)duringthefirst10yearsofregrowthbutstabilizesafter~20yearswhilestemflowmaybegreatlyenhancedattheearlystage.TranspirationappearstobehigherrelativetoOGFafter5years,but it isunclearforhowlongthissituationappliesandunderwhatconditions(e.g.re-sproutingversusregenerationfromseed).Soilinfiltrationcapacityrecoveryduringfallowingrequiresatleast1–2decadesafteragriculturalabandonment,withcorrespondingdecreasesinoverlandflowproductionandsurfaceerosion,butpeakflowsinheadwaterareasdonotseemtovarysystematicallywithageofregrowthwhilereportedtrendsfor lowflowsvarybetweenlocations.Large-scaletreeplantingschemeshavebeeninitiated in an increasing number of tropical countries, amongst others in the expectation to improvestreamflowregimesandreduceerosionandsiltation.Muchhasbeenmadeofthehighwateruseoffast-growingtreeplantationscausingstreamstodryupafterforestinggrass-orcropland,butthiswidelyheldviewisbasedmostlyoncontrolledexperimentalstudiesinwhichsoildegradationwasnotprevalent.Rather,evidence is on the increase that dry-season flowsmay indeed be boosted after planting trees on highlydegradedlandthroughimprovedinfiltrationthatexceedsthenewvegetation’shigherwateruse(SKorea,SEChina, SW India, Laos, Philippines, Costa Rica) although at least a decade of uninterrupted forestdevelopmentappears tobe required for theeffect tobecomevisible.Aglobalmodellingexerciseof this‘trade-off’betweenchangesininfiltrationandtreewateruseindicatesthegreatestpositiveimpactondry-seasonflowsinareaswithhighrainfallandinitiallyadvanceddegradation.Certaintypesoftreeplantations(notably teak) perform much more poorly in terms of their soil protection capacity and surface runoffgenerationandadditionalsoilconservationtechniqueswillberequired.Therainfall-enhancingeffectof(largetractsof)foresthasreceivedrenewedattentionoflatewiththeadventofmoisture-trackingmodelspredictingwheremoistureevaporatedbyregional-scaleforestsmaybereturnedagainasprecipitation.Thetopicremainscontentious,however,withmodel-predictedeffectsseeminglyatoddswithstableisotope-basedevidenceastothesourceoftherainfall(oceanicvs.terrestrialevaporation).Other gaps in knowledge with respect to the general theme of forestation and water include thequantificationofagroforestrysystems(likelylesswater-demanding);thepossibilityofusingtreesindegradedbut foggy areas (especially under semi-arid conditions) to capture passing fog to increase soil- andgroundwaterrecharge;andtherelativecapacityofagroforestrysystemsversusplantedforestsandnaturalregrowthtorestoresoilhydrologicalfunctioning.SOILANDWATERIMPACTSOFREFORESTINGFIRE-CLIMAXGRASSLANDSONLEYTEISLAND(PHILIPPINES):KEYRESULTSOBTAINEDBYACIARPROJECTASEM/2010/050

JunZhang1,2,L.AdrianBruijnzeel3,4,RogelioTripoli5andIljavanMeerveld6

1VUUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands2HohaiUniversity,Nanjing,P.R.China

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3King’sCollegeLondon,UK4UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,Maroochydore,Australia5VisayasStateUniversity,Bay-Bay,thePhilippines6UniversityofZurich,Zurich,SwitzerlandABSTRACT:Decadesofloggingandslash-and-burnagriculturehaveturnedlargetractsoflandinSEAsiaintounproductivefire-climaxgrasslandsthataregenerallyperceivedasbeingpronetosurface-runoffgenerationanderosion.Assuch,theseImperata-dominatedgrasslandsarewidelytargetedforlarge-scaletreeplanting.However, tropical reforestation schemes have been criticized for their potentially adverse impacts onstreamflow,notablythereductionofdry-seasonflows.Ontheotherhand,thereareclaimsofimproveddry-season flows after reforestation of degraded land, allegedly because the extra infiltration of rain wateraffordedbythereforestationexceedsthenewvegetation’shigherwateruse(theso-called‘infiltrationtrade-off’hypothesis).Toexamineonesuch,claimofimprovedstreamflowafterreforestingadegradedfire-climaxgrassland by the Manobo tribe near Tacloban City (NE Leyte, Visayas) in depth, we instrumented twoheadwatercatchmentswithcontrastinglandcoverbutsimilarsoilsandgeology(Basper:3.2ha,fire-climaxgrasslandandshrub;Manobo:8.75ha,23-year-oldmixedbroad-leaf‘reforest’).Rainfallinputs,streamflowoutputs,soil-andgroundwaterdynamics,aswellaswaterquality(electricconductivityECandsuspendedsedimentSSC)weremonitoredforayear(June2013–May2014).Inaddition,keyphysicalcharacteristicsofthegrassland-andforestsoilsweredetermined.Theareawashitbysuper-typhoonHaiyanon8November2013,oneofthelargesteventsonrecordandcausingmajordisruptionintermsoflandslidingintheBaspergrasslandanddefoliatinganddamagingtreesintheManoboreforest.CanopydisturbanceduringpassageofHaiyancausedatemporarydropinleafareaindex(LAI)oftheManoboreforestfrom5.1±0.65priortodisturbanceto2.9±0.9fourweeksaftertheevent;theLAIrecoveredmoreor less to pre-disturbance values after ca. 4months (5.4 ± 1.3). Rainfall interception loss I was reducedaccordinglyfrom18%ofincidentrainfallbeforeHaiyanto12%duringtheperiodwiththemostextensivedefoliation,andbackto17.5%aftercanopyrecovery.TheeffectofthedisturbanceonoverallannualIwassmallat4%.Pre-typhoon average storm runoff coefficients (quickflowQq divided by rainfall P) for the grassland andreforestwere24%and16%,respectively,indicatinglowerresponsivenesstorainfallfortheforest.Forthemuchmorerainypost-typhoonperiodthecorrespondingvalueswere47%and44%, indicatingextremelyresponsivehydrologicalconditionsattheheightoftherainyseasonregardlessofvegetationtype.Stormflowinthegrasslandconsistedalmostentirelyofinfiltration-excessoverlandflow(IOF)duetophysicallypoorsoilswithverylowsoilinfiltrationcapacity,whileIOFwasabsentinthereforestduetohightop-soilpermeabilities.SubstantialamountsofQqintheforestoccurredonlyduringpeakrainyconditionswhenfoot-slopesbecamesaturatedandgeneratedsaturation-excessoverlandflow(SOF).Data-basedmechanisticmodelingsuggestedthatthehigherstormflowsduringthepost-HaiyanperiodwerecausedmostlybythehigherrainfallratherthanbyreducedplantwateruptakeduetolowerLAI.At27.4tha-1,theannualsedimentyieldofthegrasslandcatchmentwashighandheavilydominatedbypost-Haiyansedimenttransport(94%).Haiyangeneratedamplesedimentintheformoflandslidesandnoobviousdeclining trend in stream sediment transport with time after typhoon passagewas observed (indicatingtransport-limitedconditions).Nolandslidesoccurredinthereforest,whereannualsedimentyieldwaslow(3.7tha-1);nearlytwo-thirds(64%)ofthetotalwereproducedduringthefirsttwomonthsafterthetyphoon.

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Afterthisinitialflushing,SSCdroppedmarkedly,despiterenewedhighrainfallinApril2014,suggestingthesystemhadbecomeeffectivelysupply-limitedbythen.Comparingwater-budgetbasedestimatesof annual evapotranspiration (ET) andannual stormflow totals(ΣQq) fortheBaspergrasslandandtheManoboreforestunderundisturbedconditionssuggestedthattheextrainfiltrationfollowingreforestation(~240mmyr-1)exceededtheextraETofthereforest(100–185mmyr-1,dependingonthemethodofestimation),implyinganetpositivetrade-offof55–140mmyr-1after23yearsofforestdevelopmentandtentativelyconfirminglocalclaimsofimproveddry-seasonflow.However,long-termrainfalldataforTaclobanAirportrevealagradualincreaseby~11mmyr-1onaveragewhichmayhavecontributedtothedevelopmentofperennialflowconditionsovertime.In conclusion, 23 years of forest development at Manobo had a very positive effect on soil physicalcharacteristics,hillslopehydrologicalfunctioning,andsoilconservation.Toexaminetherepresentativenessofsoilconditions(andthereforehydrologicalfunctioning)intheBaspergrasslandandtheManoboreforest,additionalfire-climaxgrasslandsites(3onvolcanicsand3onlimestone),varioustreeplantations(9onvolcanics,7onlimestone)andregeneratingforests(3eachonvolcanicsandlimestone)were sampled using small cores across Leyte and Biliran island for analysis of their chief soilphysicalcharacteristics.Briefly,matrixpermeability(Ksat)valuesweregenerallylowfortheheavyclaysoilsdevelopedoverlimestonerock,withlittleeffectofvegetationtype,exceptformahogany.Muchhighervalueswereobtained for volcanic top-soilsbutKsat declined rapidlyat shallowdepth, suggestingapossibilityofponding during high rainfall intensity and the generation of hillside SOF. However, small cores tend tounderestimateKsat insoilswithmacro-poresandadditionalworkisneededtoquantifymacro-porosityforthe respective situations, e.g. using blue-dye infiltration tests and larger infiltrating surfaces.Within thelimitationsofthesmall-coredata,KsatinmahoganyandAcaciaplantationsonvolcanicsoilswerehigherthanthoseofthegrasslandandcomparabletoregeneratingforest,butGmelinaperformedmuchmorepoorlyinthisrespect(alsoonlimestones).Asforfuturework,itwouldbedesirabletoconfirmtheinferreddominanceofIOFasthemainstorm-flowgeneratingmechanism in the Basper grassland by actual measurements on hillside runoff plots, and tocomparethehydrologicalbehaviouroftheBaspercatchmentwithfire-climaxgrasslandselsewhereinthePhilippines, notably the equally responsive Angat watersheds in Luzon (operated by ERDB). Further, re-measurement of streamflow from the two study catchments during the possibly very dry year 2019willprovideafurthertestoftheinferredpositivetrade-offafterreforestationofdegradedfire-climaxgrassland. Concurrentsession1:ChallengesandopportunitiesforFLR(BallroomIII) ANTHROPOGENICFIRESINTHERAMU-MARKHAMVALLEY:UNDERLYINGCAUSESANDMOTIVATIONSNathanWampe1,RobertFisher1andJackBaynes11Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC,Queensland4558,Australia

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ABSTRACT: Anthropogenic fires present a continuous challenge to landscapemanagement in the RamuMarkham Valley (RMV) in Papua New Guinea. Aided by favorable climatic and weather conditions,topographyandfuelavailabilitythesefireshaveproventobedetrimentaltoareasaffected.Thefiresaffectcommercial plantation crops (oil palm and sugar), restored forests and locally established agriculturalgardens.Strategiestoreducefiredamageandincidencewilldependonbetterunderstandingoftherangeofcausesand, inthecaseofdeliberately lit fires,understandingofmotivations.Popularexplanationsoffirelighting behaviour tend tomake simplistic assumptions about cultural practices, including the idea that“peoplejustlikelightingfires”.CommonculturalpracticeintheRMVseefiresbeinglitforhunting,topreparelandforgardensandasaresultofconflicts.Itisessentialtounderstandanddifferentiatebetweenfiresthatarelitduetoculturalpracticesandthosethatarelittotargetthegardensofindividualsorcommercialcrops.ThispaperreportsondataonrecordedfireeventsinandaroundRamuTownshipandtheareaofoperationsof Ramu-Agricultural Industries Limited (RAIL). Evidence on the causes of these fires is presented andanalysedinordertoestablishatypologyofcausesandmotivationsofanthropogenicfireintheRMV.

FORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATIONINAGLOBALPRODUCTIONNETWORK:THECASEOFTHEBRAZILIANAMAZON

DaniloIgnaciodeUrzedo1,JeffreyNeilson1andRobertFisher2

1SchoolofGeosciences,TheUniversityofSydney,2006,Sydney,NSW,Australia

2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia

ABSTRACT:GovernanceofforestrestorationintheBrazilianAmazonisembeddedwithinaglobalproductionnetworkthatlinksdemandwithsupplyofforestandlandscaperestoration.TheFLRproductionnetworklinksspatiallyinterconnectedseedandseedlingproductionandplanningandrestorationactionswiththenationaland international demand for ecosystem services. Demand is driven by legal requirements to offsetenvironmentalimpactandrestoretreesonruralprivateproperties.TheBraziliangovernmenthasestablishedstrongmechanismsforaccessingresults-dependentpaymentsforvoluntaryschemestoreducegreenhousegasesemissionsfrominternationalclimatefunds.AspartoftheBraziliangoalsrelatedtotheinternationalclimatechangeagreement,thereisarestorationtargetof4.8millionhectaresby2030intheAmazonregion.Internationalfundingschemes,suchastheAmazonFund,haveinvestedresourcesforbuildingframeworksto forest restoration. In the past decade, initiatives have emerged based on local knowledge and localparticipation.Communitynetworks in theUpperXinguhavebeen successful in supplyingmore than170tonnesofseedsforrestoring5,000hectaressince2007.Ecosystemserviceshavebeendeliveredasaresultofrestorationactionscontributingtointernationalandnationaldemandforforestrestorationandprovidingwood and non-timber forest products (provisioning services) for local stakeholders. FLR is commonlyunderstood in terms of local processes and national policy and programs. This paper shows how theseprocesses are linked with international factors in ways that can be understood as a global productionnetwork. LOCALKNOWLEDGEANDPRACTICESOFCOMMUNITIESONPESTANDDISEASEMANAGEMENTINTREENURSERIESINBILIRANPROVINCE,PHILIPPINES

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YolandaD.C.Mangaoang11ACIARFLRProject,CollegeofForestryandEnvironmentalScience,VIsayasStateUniversity,Visca,6521-ALeyte,Philippines

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to assess the occurrence of pests and diseases including theirmanagement practices in tree nurseries of NGP planting stock suppliers in Biliran Province, Philippines.Resultshaveindicateda)highoccurrenceandvaryingseverityofpestsanddiseasesinthetreenurseries,b)existence of various factors contributory to pest and disease incidence, c) insufficient or limited localcommunities’knowledgeandskillsforpestanddiseasemanagementandd)theneedfortrainingsandaccesstoinformationaboutpestsanddiseasesandtheirmanagement.Therewas lowtohigh incidenceandseverityofpests&diseases inthedifferentsitesdependingontreespecies.Pestproblemsconsistedofcommonleaf-eatingarthropodpestsandfungaldiseases.Occurrencewasaggravatedbynursery factorssuchassanitationproblem,overcrowdingofplants, improperspacing,presenceofweedsandcoarsevegetation,etc.K-I-Iresultsrevealedthatnurserycaretakersweregenerallyfamiliarwithdamageandsymptomsbutlackedknowledge on the specific cause of the problem. Some tree farmers are able to implement physical,biological,cultural,andchemicalcontrolmeasures.Havingnoclearpestmanagementplan, it isapparentthat most of them exercise own sense of judgment in dealing with pest & disease problems. Farmersexpressed the need for training and access to information about pests and diseases, diagnostic andmonitoringskills,andeffectivepestmanagementplan. TREESPECIESSELECTION:ONEOFTHECOMPONENTSFORSUCCESSFULFLRINPNG

GedisaK.Jeffrey1,HaydrianMorte1GrahameApplegate2,WakeYelu1andMartinGolman1

1PapuaNewGuineaForestResearchInstitute,Lae,PapuaNewGuinea2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,AustraliaABSTRACT:PapuaNewGuineahas70%ofitspopulationlivinginruralareaswithanincreasingdependenceonforestsandtrees.Theseforestedlandsarebeingclearedandburntforotherlanduseswhichhasresultedinlargeareasofdegradedgrasslands.Restorationofthesedegradedlandscapesisbeingaddressedthroughanumberofpublicandprivatetreeplantingenterprises,whichinvolvetreespeciesthatarepromotedashaving socio-economic values and suitable silvicultural characteristics. These reforestation activities andprojects have hadmixed results. Part of the solution for improving reforestation performances involvesadoptingresearchresultsthatidentifytherightspeciesfortherightsitesandincludesthosewitheconomicendusesandmarketaccessibility.Theidentificationofsuitablespecieswasrecognisedintheearly1960swiththecommencementofspeciestrialsinEastSepikProvince.Someofthesetrialswereestablishedwiththe aim of identifying species that performed well on degraded sites and had economic values forlandowners.Thispaperprovidesasummaryofgrowthandyieldforselectedtreespeciesandprovenancesfromthelistofover100speciestrialledbetween1965and2009.Theresultsofthesetrialshaveprovidedvaluable inputs to government sponsor forest and landscape restoration initiatives such as the current“PainimGraun,PlannimDiwai‘’,agroforestryprojectsandlandownerplantingsacrossvarioussitesinPNG.Results have indicated the importance of provenance selection in identification of suitable species. Forexample,EucalyptusdegluptaplantingsinMilneBaywherethegrowthofprovenanceAwasdoublethatof

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ProvenanceBatage17years.Similarly,onfertile,highrainfallsitesnearLae,thegrowthofIntsiabijugaandPterocarpusindicuswas25%lessatage10yearsthanPometiapinnata,anotherhighvaluespecies. PREDICTIONOFFORESTCOVERCHANGEUSINGREMOTESENSINGANDGISNgoThiThuyPhuongandNguyenThiThanhHuongTayNguyenUniversity,VietnamABSTRACT:Landuseandlandcoverchanges(LULCC)includingdeforestationforagriculturallandandothersareelements thatcontributeonglobalenvironmentalchange.Therefore,understandinga trendof thesechangesinthepast,current,andfutureisimportantformakingproperdecisionstodevelopinasustainableway.Thisstudyanalyzedlanduseandlandcover(LULC)changesovertimeforDakNongprovinceofVietnambasedonLULCmapsclassifiedfromasetofmultidateLandsatsatelliteimagescapturedfrom1989to2017usingobject-basedimageanalysis(OBIA).TheLULCspatio-temporalchangesintheareawereclassifiedinto9 categories including forest category. Based on these changes over time, potential LULC in 2026 waspredictedusingCellularAutomata(CA)–Markovmodel.ThepredictedresultsofthechangeinLULCin2026revealthatthetotalareaofnaturalforestwilllose29,000haaccountingof16%intotalareaofthechanges.Thismaybemainlycausedbyconvertingforestcovertoagriculture(accountfor12%),andotherland(4%).Thefindingssuggestthattheforestconversionneedstobecontrolledandwellmanaged,andareasonablelanduseplanshouldbedevelopedinaharmonizationwaywithforestresourcesconservation. Concurrentsession2:Forestrestorationandlivelihoods(PressRoom1)THEEFFECTOFTHENATIONALGREENINGPROGRAMONTHESOCIOECONOMICSTATUSOFSMALLHOLDERSINTHEPHILIPPINES

HenryY.Goltiano1,NestorO.Gregorio2,ArturoE.Pasa1,JohnL.Herbohn2andJorgeS.Valenzona11VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte,Philippinees2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCenter,UniversityofSunshineCoast,AustraliaABSTRACT:ThePhilippineGovernmentlaunchedin2011theNationalGreeningProgram(NGP),amassiveforestrestorationprogramthataimedtoplant1.5billiontreesin1.5millionhaby2016andconsequentlyimprove the socioeconomic status of the participating farmers. Among the provinces where NGP wasimplementedwas the island province of Biliran in Eastern Visayas, Philippines.While the environmentaleffectsoftheNGPcanbefeltonlysomeyearsafteritsfullimplementationwhenthetreesplantedshallhavematured,itwasassumedthatitcouldbringsocioeconomicbenefitstomembersofthepeople’sorganization(PO)paidtoundertakeplantationsiteestablishmentandmanagementuptoplantationmaintenance.Thisstudyvalidatedtheassumption.Thesocioeconomicstatus(SES)ofPOmemberhouseholdswhoparticipatedintheNGPwascomparedtothatofnon-memberhouseholds’.TheMann-WhitneyUTestshowedthatthetwogroupshadbasicallythesameSESscoresin2014benchmarksurveyandinthe2016endlinesurvey.Thismeans that the former’sparticipation in theNGPdidnot significantly lift themabove their non-membercounterparts.TheWilcoxonSingedRankTestonetheotherhandshowedasignificant increase inCFPBA-memberhouseholds’2016SESoverthe2014.However,CFPBA-memberrespondents’testimoniesindicatedthat they did not fell the improvement. They suggested that for a program similar to the NGP to have

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significantsocioeconomicbenefit,itmusthaveasustainablelivelihoodcomponent.TheNGPasimplementedinBilirandidnothave.OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING FORESTRY LIVELIHOODS IN FOREST LANDSCAPERESTORATION

CasimiroV.Olvida

ProjectManager,WatershedProtectionProject,SaranganiEnergyCorporation,PhilippinesABSTRACT: Cutting of trees coupledwith slash and burn cultivation and implementation of unregulatedagriculture-basedlivelihoodprojectscontributedinthelossofnaturalforestcoverinMindanaofrom2.77millionhectaresin1988toonly1.95hectaresin2003(NAMRIAMaps).Infifteenyears,morethan819,000hectaresor30%ofMindanao’stotal landareaweredeforestedregisteringanannual forestcover lossof54,630hectaresperyear.Oftheseareas,morethan286,000hectaresareagriculturalcropswhicharemostlycornandcoconutlocatedinsteepslopesorprotectionforestoccupyingcloseto51,000hectaresor18%ofthetotalagriculturalcrops.Realizingtheincreasinglossofforestcover,thePhilippinegovernmentembarkedonvariousinitiativestoreversethistrend.Participatoryforestlanduseplanningandimplementationwhichinclude participatory allocation of forestlands, active involvement of civil society organizations in uplanddevelopment andmulti-sectoral forest protection activities, amongothers, yieldedpositive results. From2003to2015,Mindanaoincreaseditsnaturalforestcoverby9.6%from1.95millionhectaresto2.14millionhectares.Closeto0.2millionhectaresusedtobecoveredbyannualandperennialcrops. Concurrentsession3:Apeople-centeredapproach(PressRoom2) ASSESSMENT OF ROLES AND PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OFNATIONALGREENINGPROGRAMINBILIRANPROVINCE,PHILIPPINESEduardoO.Mangaoang1,ReynanRosquites1,JeremieT.Gloria1andArturoE.Pasa1

1CollegeofForestryandEnvironmentalScience,VIsayasStateUniversity,Visca,6521-ALeyte,PhilippinesABSTRACT: Executive Order 26 (EO 26) known as the National Greening Program (NGP) states thecoordinatedrolesandresponsibilitiesofLocalGovernments(LGUs)andPeople’sOrganizations(POs)intheimplementationofmassiveforestrehabilitationprograminthePhilippines.Thestudyaimedtoexaminetheroles,andactualcontributionoflocalgovernmentsatmunicipalandprovinciallevelsandconcernedPOsinthe implementationofNGP inBiliranProvince. Dataweregatheredthroughconductofdeskreviewandface-to-face (F2F) key informant interview (KII) and analyzed using SPSS program. Respondents werepurposivelyselectedbasedonengagementandsupposedlyparticipationaspromulgatedinEO26.FindingsrevealthatDENRBiliranhasestablishedlongyearsofpartnershipwithprovincial,municipalandbarangayLGUs. However, LGUs, particularly at provincial andmunicipal levels did not have clear and substantialparticipation inNGP. SelectedPOshavebeenmoreactive inNGP servingas contractorsofnurseryandplantation establishment and maintenance. Change in LGU leadership and lack of interest causeddiscontinuanceofenvironment-relatedpartnershipprojectswithDENR.LGUs’lackoftechnicalknow-howandacquaintanceswithDENRstaffhaveunfavorablyaffectedinteresttoparticipateinNGP.BuildingLGUchampionsandcompositeLGU-DENRNGPTeamisrecommendedtoboostlocalmoraleandparticipation.

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ContinuinginteractionwithandmonitoringofPOpartnerscansustainPOs’participationandsupporttoNGPandrelatedendeavorsofthegovernment. EMPOWERINGWOMENTHROUGHFORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATIONLilianNunez

VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte,Philippinees

ABSTRACT: Gender equality, often manifested in women’s andmen’s equal access to and control overresourcesandsharingofcostsandbenefits,hasbeenrecognizedasanenablerofdevelopment.Thus,forestlandscape restoration projects stress the need to involve both women and men in project planning,implementation,andmonitoringtoensurethatinitiativessucceedin“regainingecologicalfunctionalityandenhancinghumanwell-beingacrossdeforestedordegradedlands”(Siles&Prebble2018). Participationofvariousstakeholders inFLRallowsmoreaccesstoresourcesandsharingofbenefits (Basnettet.al.2017).Whilementendtodominateandberecognizedinthesphereofagriculture,womenplayasignificantroleinrestorationeffortsasexperiencedbypeople’sorganizationsintheVisayasregionsofthePhilippines.Tappedby the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to implement reforestation projects,communities situated in forest lands organize themselves and undergo relevant trainings and seminars.Becausemenfeeltheneedtoengageinregular,non-forest-basedlivelihoodactivitiesforthefamily,womenhavetheupperhandinrestorationactivities.Intheprocess,womenbecomeempoweredastheyundertakeawide rangeof FLRactivities includingdecisionmaking andorganizational development. FLR, therefore,performsthelatentfunctionofempoweringwomenandmakingthemasproductiveasmen.Asagoalofgenderanddevelopment,women’sempowermenttranslates intohigherhousehold income,greaterfoodsecurity, and increased wellbeing of the family and community (Khachaturyan& Peterson 2018), not tomentionincreasedsustainabilityofrestorationefforts.

LOCALSTAKEHOLDERS’DECISION-MAKINGINFORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATION:CASESTUDIESOFTHEPHILIPPINESANDPAPUANEWGUINEA

KanchanaWiset1,JackBaynes1,RobertFisher1,JohnHerbohn1,2andNestorGregorio11TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,Quensland4558,Australia2SchoolofAgricultureandFoodSciences,TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane,QLD4072,AustraliaABSTRACT:StakeholderengagementiscriticaltothesuccessofForestLandscapeRestoration(FLR).Akeychallengeistounderstandwhatguidespeople’sengagement.Particularly,localpeoplewithinlandscapemayhave complementary or competing interests on the uses of lands. In response, we undertook two casestudies, in thePhilippines andPapuaNewGuinea, tounderstandwhat influence local people’sdecision-makingregardinglandusesforFLR.Weinterviewedtheindividualandgroupsoflocalstakeholdersinbothcountries.InPNG,peoplewantedtogrowtreesforhouseholds’usese.ghouseconstructionandfuelwoods,whereasforest-dependentpeopleinPhilippinesexpectedcashincomefromparticipatinginreforestationactivities.Excepttheexpectationon

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theirlivelihoodbenefits,theinterestsoflocalpeoplewerealsoinfluencedbyotherfactorsincludingculturalnorms,genderroles,capacitiestoadoptandimplementtheplantation,andmarketopportunities.Landusedecisionsinbothcountrieswereguidedbytheirpowertocontributetooverallgroupdecision-making,whichweregovernedbytheirrightsovercommon-poolresources.InthePhilippines,localpeoplehaverightsoverforestlands for only their subsistence uses, which this condition result in a limited involvement fordeterminingland-usescenariosingovernmentreforestationinitiatives.InPNG,localpeoplehavecustomaryland rights, which enables them to contribute to land-use decisions andmanage their own lands. Theimplicationsofourresultsarethatacountrycase-by-casedesignisneededforasuitableapproachoflocalstakeholder engagement. Understanding local stakeholders and their decisions are a precursor for theirengagementinFLR. GENDER,AGROFORESTRYANDFORESTLANDSCAPERESTORATIONINTHERAMU-MARKHAMVALLEY

MelindaThom1,KanchanaWiset1,FionaBorthwick1andRobertFisher1

1TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia

ABSTRACT: Efforts to implement FLR in the Ramu-Markham Valley (RMV) in Papua New Guinea haveincreasinglyfocusedonfamilyorsmallgroup-basedactivities,incorporatingagroforestry.Genderissuesarecrucialintheseactivitiesbothforpracticalandequityreasons.Thepracticalreasonisthateventhoughbothmenandwomenhaveakeyroleinanyagriculturalactivity,womenprovidemuchofthelabouronadailybasis.Interventionswillonlybesuccessfulifwomensupportactivities,benefitfromthembothintheshortandlongtermandarewillingandabletoprovidelabour.Equityisimportantbecausechangestogardeningand relatedactivities impose costsonwomen,both in the formof increasing labourand changes to theavailabilityoffoodandforestproductsandthedistributionofbenefitsfromthese.SocietyintheRMVtendsto be heavily male-dominated and this is reflected in decision-making including decisions about use ofresources. Nevertheless, the domination is not absolute and understanding opportunities for greaterinvolvementofwomeninagricultureandagroforestryrequiresnuancedunderstandingofthewomen’srolesand activities. This paper presents preliminary results of a study into the relationship between gender,women’slabourandeconomicactivitiesintheRMV,payingattentiontoresourcerightsanddecision-makingaboutresourceuseandbenefitsharing.Thepaperalsodiscussesastrategytoincorporategenderintoprojectactivitiesasacross–cuttingtheme.

SUSTAINABLEFORESTREHABILITATIONANDMANAGEMENTTHROUGHCOMMUNITYBASEDAPPROACH:ACASESTUDYINNORTHERNSHANSTATE,MYANMARInkyinKhaine

MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalConservation,MyanmarABSTRACT:ThedeforestationandforestdegradationhasbeenfoundinMyanmarsinceafewdecadesago.Amongstmany reasons, poverty andunsystematic landuse, especially shifting cultivation, are themajorreasonsofdeforestationandforestdegradationinmontaneforestsinMyanmar.So,introducingthesuitablecommunity-based forest management approach which is well balanced to develop economically andenvironmentallyrehabilitationmodelstechnologyisverycrucialforthoseregions.Tomeetthatneeds,the

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project was conducted in montane forest in Northern Shan State of Myanmar. Identification of locallypreferredspeciesthroughconsultationswithlocalpeopleandfieldexperiences,theirtraditionalknowledge,assessment on socioeconomic conditions and livelihood patterns, review on the existing rehabilitationmodels,organizingtrainingsandworkshopsonsustainableforestmanagementandenhancementofincome,theextensiononforestconservationtolocalpeopleweredone.Efficientcookingstovesweredistributedtolocalpeopletoreducedfuelwoodconsumption.Themajorityoflocalfarmershaveimprovedtheirawarenessontreeplantingandcommunityforestry.Differentsuitablerehabilitationandmanagementmodelssuchascommunity forestry, farm forestry, assisted natural regeneration, conservation naturalwater spring, andhomegardenweresetoutasthedemonstrationplotsbasedonthefindingsduringthethree-yearperiod.Theprojectdevelopedcommunity-basedrehabilitationandmanagementmodelswhichareintegratedwithtraditionalknowledgeandscientificmethodswiththeaimtosupportthesustainableforestmanagementofmontaneforestsinNorthernShanState,Myanmar.TheprojectwassupportedbyAsia-PacificNetworkforSustainableForestManagementandRehabilitation(APFNet).

Panel:KeyinterventionsanddirectionsforFLR(BallroomIII)

RESTORINGFORESTLANDANDPREVENTINGDEGRADATIONINAREFUGEESETTINGINNWUGANDACathyWatson

InternationalCentreforResearchonAgroforestry(ICRAF),KenyaABSTRACT:In2016/7,closeto900,000SouthSudanesefledintoUganda,settlinginamosaicofgrassland,closedforest,openforestandwetlandsthatlocalclanshadhithertousedforhunting,grazingandcollectingwild products. In contrast, host farmlandwas already degraded by charcoalmaking, brick burning, sandmining, tobacco curing and unsustainable agricultural practices. Conflict over natural resources seemedinevitablebetweenhostsandtherefugees,whoreceivedplotsofupto50x50mtobuildhomesandgrowfood.Infact,conflictissofarrare,butwhathasoccurredismassivelossofbiomasstocookingandbuilding.AnICRAFsurveyfound51-56stumpsperhaandforesaw,likeFAOintheadjacentdistrict,thatifstepswerenot taken,allwoodybiomasswithin reachwouldbeconsumedwithin threeyears.But ICRAFalso foundimmensespeciesrichness,over80treespecies,ofwhichover30hadedibleparts.FruitofBalinitesaegyptiacawas themostcommonlyeaten. ICRAFstartedaproject,whichevolvedthree-prongs: regeneratestumps;mark/protect/addvaluetostandingtrees;andplantandmanageadiversityofspecies.Over20treespecieswere raised; directly sown pigeon pea emerged as a key agroforestry shrub. We found that even inemergencies,populations invest intrees.ButUNagenciesandNGOsshowedlesssensibility,promotinganarrowrangeofexotics,someinvasive,andbuyingfuelwoodwithscantregardtoconservationvalue.Anewhumanitarianparadigmisneededthatrecognizesthevalueofthenaturalenvironmentandaimsfromthestarttominimizedegradationandsafeguardandrestoreecosystemsandbiodiversity.

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INTEGRATINGFLRINTOTHEPOST-2020GLOBALBIODIVERSITYAGENDA

JamesG.Hallett

SocietyforEcologicalRestoration,Washington,D.C.,USA

ABSTRACT: The Aichi Biodiversity Targets (2011-2020) have guided the Parties to the Convention onBiologicalDiversity (CBD) inactions to improveoutcomes forhumanwellbeingandbiodiversity.Progresstowards these targets supports and is consistent with other international efforts (e.g., UN SustainableDevelopment Goals and the UNCCD’s Landscape Degradation Neutrality). Success in achieving the AichiTargetshasbeenmixed,however,andthishasbeenparticularlytrueforTargets5,14,and15,whichdirectlyinvokeecosystemrestoration.Tofurtherprogress,theCBD,IUCN,andotherpartnershavedevelopedtoolstodevelopcapacityforassessmentandimplementationofrestorativeactivities.ConsiderationofhowtheAichiTargetsmightberevisedfor2021-2030asanoverarchingframeworkhasalreadybegun.Theneedisclear for broader discussion of the benefits of a range of restorative activities, and a scaling-up of theambitionsoftheAichiTargets.Targets14and15,forexample,largelyconsiderconservationandrestorationasameanstoprovideecosystemservicesandcarbonsequestration,respectively.AnopportunityexiststoexpandthescopeofthesetargetsbyincorporatingtheForestandLandscapeRestoration(FLR)framework.Thispaperwillconsiderhowthismightbeaccomplishedandhowthiscouldimproveoutcomesforecosystemfunction,biodiversity,andhumanwellbeing.Panel:FundingandFinancingofFLR(BallroomIII)SCALEMATTERS:MODELSOFPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESFORFLRINTHEPHILIPPINES

DominiqueCagalanan

CoastalCarolinaUniversity,USAABSTRACT:InthePhilippines,enthusiasmforpaymentsforecosystemservices(PES)hasbeenincreasingasanapproachtomeetthechallengeofrestoringdegradedandhuman-dominatedlandscapes.ThiscasestudypresentsaPESprograminSanCarlosCity,Philippinesthathasgainedrecognitionasamodelofsuccessforreforestationandwatershedrestoration.Theprogramisfundedbyawaterleveewithpaymentsmadetouplandfarmerswhocommitpartoftheirlandtonativespeciesreforestation.ThiscasestudyalsocomparesthemodelusedinSanCarlostothatusedinthenationwideNationalGreeningProgram,essentiallyastate-fundedPESprogramfortypicallylarger-scaleandcommunity-basedreforestation,tocomparetradeoffsthatresultfromthedivergentscalesandimplementationstrategiesemployed.SomeoftheachievementsoftheSanCarlosprogramoverthenationalprogram includehavingacontinuous fundingstream,plantingonlynativespecies,havinghighplantingdensity,achievinglong-termsuccessofreforestationsites,maintaininghigh levels of monitoring and long-term maintenance, and planning for long-term livelihood benefit.However,theareaofreforestationinSanCarlosislimitedbythelackofwillingecosystemserviceproviders.Forbothprograms,sitesareultimatelyselectedbyavailabilityoropportunityandnottargetedbyrestorationpriority.Thecomparisonhighlightstradeoffswithimportantconsiderationsforrestorationgovernanceandmanagement,manyofwhichstemfromdifferences in thescaleof implementation: single largeormanysmallsites,numberoftreesorplantingdensity,communityorindividualimplementation,short-orlong-termmanagementplansandlivelihoodopportunities.

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Concurrentsession1:AgricultureandFLR(BallroomIII) THEOBROMA CACAO (COCOA) IN THE RAMU MARKHAM VALLEY: A STRENGTH, WEAKNESS,OPPORTUNITIESANDTHREATSANALYSIS

CliffordSingle1andJackBaynes21RamuAgriIndustriesLtd,GusapDowns,PapuaNewGuinea2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4458,AustraliaABSTRACT:InPapuaNewGuinea,growingcocoawithanoverstoryoftreesisacommonagroforestrysystemin coastal provinces. However, little is known about the growth, yield and profitability of cocoa in theMarkham/Ramu valley (RMV). Hence, we undertook interviews with farmers in five villages to find thestrengthsweaknessesopportunitiesandthreats(i.e.aSWOTanalysis)tosmallholdercocoafarmingintheRMV.Akeystrengthisthatcocoacanformapproximatelyhalfoffamilycashincome.However,pricesforcocoa beans fluctuate with supply and are sometimes lower than the cost of production. Governmentextension assistance is very limited and information concerning insect pests and diseases is not widelyavailable.Cocoafarmingisalsodominatedbymen,sopromotingitinconjunctionwithtreegrowingwillonlyindirectly assist women. Our findings suggest that if cocoa is to be promoted as a means in increasingagroforestry,experthorticulturalassistanceisrequired. AGROFORESTRY AND ECOLOGICAL FARMING PRACTICES TO IMPROVE LANDSCAPE RESTORATIONINITIATIVESINTHEHUMIDTROPICS

CamilaRibeiro1,JohnHerbohn1,LizOta1andJackBaynes11TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,AustraliaABSTRACT: In this study,wepresent themain agroforestry designs and agroecological farmingpracticesadoptedby landscapescaleprojectsaimedat restoring forests in thehumid tropics.Ourpurposewas tounderstand what has been experimented in agronomy for biodiversity promotion, optimization ofecosystems services, aswell as crops, treesorotherplant species involved in theseoperations.Wealsosoughtforevidenceofwhetherthesesystemsarefosteringsocialbenefitstoitscommunities.Accordingly,wecarriedoutadatabasesearchonWebofScienceandasubsequentscreeningmethodology.Morethan130peer-reviewedpapersfromover20journalswereretrievedandanalysed.Keyresultscallforfurtherlong-terminvestigationonimplementedsystemsatlandscapelevelratherthanthefarmscaleextent.Managementtypeandintensity,togetherwithlow-diversitytreeintercroppingwerethemostdocumentedtopicsofresearch.Abiasforenvironmentalsciencesstudieswasidentified,althoughmorerecentinvestigationshavebeenutilizingmultidisciplinaryapproaches,combiningenvironmentalwithsocioeconomicdata.

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Thisreviewwillassistinrecognizingsuccessfulapplications,gapstobeaddressedinfutureresearchfornovelstrategies,aswellashumidtropicalregionsintheplanetthatrequiremoreconsistentassessment. SYNERGIES BETWEEN FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION AND AGRICULTURE IN THE GRASSLANDS OFPAPUANEWGUINEA

JackBaynes1,LászlóMáthé1,WilliamUnsworth1andGrahameApplegate11Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC,Queensland4558,AustraliaABSTRACT:Ifforestrestorationistosucceedatalandscapescale,theexampleofRamuAgriIndustriesLtd(RAIL)illustrateshowindustryandrestorationobjectivesmaybecombined.InPapuaNewGuinea(PNG)theanthropogenicgrasslandsoftheRamu/Markhamvalley(RMV)havelongbeenunder-utilised.Uncontrolledfires have caused a continual retreat of native forest from the valley floor to steep hillsides. However,membershipoftheRoundtableonSustainablePalmOil(RSPO)hasprovidedRAILwiththeimpetustoreforesta substantial amount of environmentally sensitive land adjacent to watercourses. In possibly the mostspecies-diversenurseryinPNG,RAILgrowsmanyseedlings.Fireprotectionforoilpalmplantationshasalsoprotected newly planted forest, although losses have occasionally been severe. Land tenure is securedthroughlongtermleasesofgrasswhichcannotbeotherwiseusedbytraditionalowners.RSPOcertificationalsoprovidesformonitoring,reportingandverificationofreforestationactivities.Althoughtheareaoflandreforested is not large compared to the land which is allocated to agriculture RAIL’s commitment torestorationisthebiggestcommitmenttodurablerestorationintheRMV,sofar. TREES AND AGRICULTURAL CROPS PREFERENCES AMONG NATIONAL GREENING PROGRAM (NGP)BENEFICIARIESINTHEVISAYASREGION

ARamos1,ANPolinar1,AEPasa1,NOGregorio2,JHerbohn2,KBDoria1andJLeysa11ACIARSmallholderForestryProject,VisayasStateUniversity,Leyte6521-A,Philippines2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia

ABSTRACT: Knowledge and preferences of farmers of what to plant are recognized in governmentconservation efforts recently. Preference to specific tree and agricultural crop often varies between andamongfarmersastheyusuallyhavedifferentselectioncriteria.Forsuccessfulandsustainablefarming,thefarmermusthavetheabilitytoselecttheappropriatetreesandagriculturalcropstogrow/produceunderhis/herfarmingsituation.Hence,thisstudywasconductedtoidentifythepreferredtreesandagriculturalcropscurrentlygrown,cropspreviouslygrownbutarenolongerplantedatpresentandtreesandcropstheNGP beneficiaries intended to grow in addition to their existing trees and agricultural crops. Dataweregatheredbyconductingfacetofaceinterviewthroughfocusgroupdiscussionamong10membersofeachfarmerorganizationinthecoveredregionusinganinterviewquestionnaire.DatacollectedfromtheinterviewwerevalidatedthroughactualfieldvisitintheNationalGreeningProgramsitesandindividualfarmer’sfield.

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Resultshowsatotalof16speciesoftreesplantedintheNGPsitestoincludelargeleafmahogany,batino,mamalis,yemani,molave,Ipil-ipil,auri,kalumpit,kakawate,smoothnarra,mangium,lauan,batino,bayoko,raintreeandbadlan.Thespeciesofmahoganyandyemanicommonlycalledasgmelinawerefoundasthemostcommonlygrowntreespeciesinpreviousreforestationefforts.Geographiclocation,soiltype,climaticfactors,influencefromfundsproviderandfarmerspreferenceswerefoundasfewconsiderations.Inregion6,differentkindsofagriculturalcropsweregrownbytheNGPbeneficiariesincluding2cerealcrops(yellowcornandlowlandrice),1legume(peanut),4rootcrops(sweetpotato,cassava,yamandgabi),8fruitcrops(rambutan,banana,lanzones,mango,jackfruit,calamansi,pineappleandpapaya),2plantationcrops(coconutandcacao)and6vegetablecrops(eggplant,stringbeans,ampalaya,ginger,okraandpegionpea).Yellowcorn,bananaandlowlandricewerethemostcommonlyplantedagriculturalcrops.Forregion7,themajorcerealcropsplantedwascorninfarmer’sfarm.Thecropwasintercroppedwithpeanuts,sweetpotatoandvegetables.Theplantingoftrees,fruitandagriculturalcrops(banana,coconut)wereverycommonatthefarmbordersandresidentiallots.Ifgiventheopportunity,farmer’sinregion6intendtoplantmahogany,yemani,mangium,smoothnarra,kamagong, lauan and rubber tree in their respective farm lots.Upland rice, some root cropsparticularlycassava,sweetpotatoandyam,many fruitcrops includingrambutan, lanzonesandguyabano,cacaoandcoconutaresomecropsfarmerswanttoplantifgiventhechance.Inregion7,people’sorganizationwerenowplanting indigenous in favorof exotic trees. Theplantingof exotic to include yemani and large leafmahoganyandfruitcropsweredoneonlyintheirindividualfarmlots.Thespeciesofmolave,smoothnarra,batino,mamalisandmagtalisaiwerethemostpreferredspeciesforplantingintheirNGPsites. Concurrentsession2:ThebiophysicalaspectsofFLR(PressRoom1)DESIGNINGMIXED-SPECIESNATIVETREEREFORESTATIONPROGRAMSINTHEPHILIPPINESMariyaChechinaUniversityofAlberta,CanadaABSTRACT:Mixed-speciesforestryisgainingpopularityinthePhilippinesforitsabilitytogenerateavarietyof timberandnon-timberproducts for rural forest communitiesandprovidevariousecosystemservices.Mixed-speciesplantationsareecologically superior tomonocultureplantations in theirability to fightoffdisease,increasenutrientcyclingandimproveproductivityofforesttrees.However,lackofknowledgeaboutsitematchingandseedpropagationofnativetreespeciesiscausingmanyforesttrialstofail.Mixed-speciesplantationsarealsochallengingtoplantbecausecertainspeciescaninhibitgrowthbycompetingforsunlight,waterand/ornutrients.Inadditiontosilvicultutalknowledge,informationaboutspatialassociationofnativetreespeciesisneededforsuccessfulmixedplantations.This project aims to fill these knowledge gaps by collecting existing information and analyzing spatialassociationofnativetrees.Thisprojectwillbuildonanecologicalattributestudyof43nativetreespeciesinNorthNegrosNaturalParkandaddsilviculturaldataonotherspeciescollectedfromgovernmentreports,scientificstudies,foresttrialsandinterviewswithforestcommunities.Thisprojectwillalsocollectdataonlocaltimberandnon-timberproductsandtreeusesthroughinterviewswithcommunities.Next,thisproject

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willusedataon40nativetreespeciestoanalyzetheirspatialcompatibilityandfindgroupsthataremutuallybeneficialforgrowth.Theresultsoftheprogramwillbeusedtodesignafive-hectarereforestationtrialtoincludeupto30nativespeciesincombinationbasedonsilviculturalknowledgeandspatialcompatibility.ECOLOGICALRESTORATIONOFDEGRADEDLOWLANDRAINFORESTSINSRILANKA:ANOVERVIEW

NimalGunatilleke1,SavitriGunatilleke1andMarkAshton2

1UniversityofPeradeniya,SriLanka2YaleSchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalStudies,YaleUniversity,USAABSTRACT: Southwest Sri Lankan lowland and lower montane regions show a geomorphologicallyheterogeneous‘ridge-slope-valley’landscape.TheMixedDipterocarpForeststhatdominatethislandscapetypically exhibit strong species-habitat associations. Currently, these forests remainmuchdegradedandhighlyfragmentedduetoindiscriminateagriculturalexpansioninthepast.Fortheirrestoration,techniquesneedtobedevelopedtoconnectforestfragmentsthroughecologicallydesignedcorridorsforconservationofendemic-richbiologicaldiversityintheseregions.In addressing these critical issues,we transformeda10-yearoldPinuscaribaea plantationnear SinharajanaturalWorldHeritageSitethroughcanopymanipulationandplantingamixtureofframeworknativetreespeciesofbiologicalandeconomicvalue.This25-yearoldstudyalongwithseveralothersestablishedlaterhas successfully demonstrated the potential for their use in restoring biological connectivity of forestfragments.Ourtechniquesusingsite-speciesmatchingbasedonappliedecologicalprinciplesarenowbeingwidelyusedinrainforestrestorationforbothlocalandinternationaltrainingprogramsinSriLanka. GROWTHPERFORMANCEANDNUTRIENTUPTAKEOFFALCATA(Paraserianthesfalcataria)ASINFLUENCEDBYCHEMICALFERTILIZER,ARBUSCULARMYCORRHIZALFUNGALINOCULATION,ANDTYPESOFPOTTINGMIX

AngelaFerraren1,NestorGregorio2,LourdesAgne3,MayetAvela4andArturoPasa11VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Philippines2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityofSunshineCoast,MaroochydoreDC,Queensland4558,Australia3ForestandTimberResourcesResearchCenter,Malaybalay,Bukidnon,Philippines4DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources

ABSTRACT:Thesuccessinreforestationlargelydependsonseedlingquality.UndertheNationalGreeningProgram (NGP), thePhilippine government spent aboutPhP35M for arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF)inoculumtoenhancethegrowthperformanceoftreeseedlingsinnurseriesandthoseplantedinrestorationsites.Twofactorialexperimentswereconductedtodetermine:a)theeffectofpottingmedium,fertilizerorAMFonthegrowth,totaldrymatterproduction,photosyntheticrate,nutrientconcentrationandmycorrhizalinfection ofAlbiziafalcataria seedlings in the nursery, b) whether addition of small amount of chemicalfertilizer can improve the effectiveness of AMF inoculation in nursery seedlings with less fertile potting

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medium, and c) whether the use of charred rice hull in the pottingmedium and higher rate of AMFinoculationcanenhanceseedlinggrowth,biomassproductionandnutrientuptake.Inthefirstexperiment,seedlingsinasoilplusricehullpottingmixhadfasterphotosyntheticrate,betternodulation,heavierrootdryweightandhighernitrogen(N)andphosphorus(P)uptakebyshootsandrootsthanthosegrowninapuresoilmedium.Applicationof8mgN,6mgPand6mgKperseedlingalsoimprovednodulation,biomassproduction,shootandrootpotassiumuptakeandmycorrhizalinfection.Twiceasmanynoduleswereformedinthefertilizedsoilplusricehullpottingmixcomparedwithnodulationofseedlingsgrowninfertilizedpuresoilmedium.The5gofMycovamfailedtopositively influencetheplantparametersexaminedandevenresulted inreducedphotosyntheticrate inseedlingsgrowninpuresoil. Incontrast, fasterphotosyntheticratewasobtained from inoculated seedlings grown in ricehull-amendedpottingmedium. In the secondexperiment,carbonizedricehull inthepottingmixprovidesgreaterbenefitsonseedlinggrowth,biomassproduction,andPandKuptakethanrawricehull.AMFalone,regardlessofrateandsource,failedtopromotegrowthandbiomassproductionbutimprovedtotalNinshootswasobtainedfromseedlingsinoculatedwith5gAMF(DASS)andgrowninsoilpluscharredricehull.ItcanbeinferredthatAMFinoculationdoesnotalwaysimproveseedlinggrowthandnutrientuptakeparticularlywhenthepottingmediumhaslowfertilityandpoorphysicalproperty.Hence,arecommendationofblanketAMFinoculationofseedlingsinthenurseryfortheNGPinlieuoffertilizerapplicationneedstoberevisited. Concurrentsession3:FinancialandinstitutionalarrangementsinFLR(PressRoom2)VALUINGFORESTECOSYSTEMSERVICES:THECASEOFMOUNTNACOLODLOCALCONSERVATIONAREA(MNLCA)INSOUTHERNLEYTE,PHILIPPINES

LemuelS.Preciados

VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,PhilippinesABSTRACT:Thisstudyaimstomeasuretheeconomicbenefitsderivedfromtheforestecosystemservicesprovided byMount Nacolod Local Conservation Area (MNLCA) in southern Leyte. Through Focus GroupDiscussions(FGD)andactualsurveys,theresearchteamwasabletocollectrelevantdatafortheconductoftheresourcevaluationstudyforMt.Nacolod.Basedfromtheinitialanalysesconducted,itisfoundoutthatforthetwomunicipalitiesalone(HinunganandSt.Bernard), themarket-basedvalueof theproductsandservicesderivedfromMtNacolodisPhP324,442,801(325M)peryear.Theproductsandservicesidentifiedincludedvarietyofcropssuchasrice,coconut,banana,cassava,vegetablesandothercrops.Otherproductsweretimber,animalmeat,herbs,andfuelwood.AnotherimportantbenefitderivedfromMt.Nacolodisthewaterprovisioningservices.PreliminaryanalysisindicatedthathouseholdssavedaboutPhP1,195peryearonaveragebecauseofthefreeprovisionofwaterforhouseholdusecomingfromMt.Nacolod.Thissavingvalue translated to a total economic value of about PhP5,284,157 per year for the twomunicipalities inSouthern,Leyte.Aspartof themainobjectiveof thisstudy, theteamhasalsousedcontingentvaluationmethod todetermine thehousehold’swillingness topay (WTP) for theprovisioning services and for theimprovedprotectionofMt.Nacolod.Initialresultssuggestthat86%oftherespondentsarewillingtopayfortheimprovedprotectionofMt.Nacolod.Itwasfoundthatonaverage,householdsarewillingtopaybyaboutPhP 1,330 per year, while thirteen percent (13%) of the respondents stated they are notwilling to paybecause of low income but expressed theirwillingness to offer voluntary labor as help for the programinstead.Furthermore,anotherassessmentonwillingnesstopaywasalsodeterminedforthemaintenanceofwatershed.Preliminaryresultindicatedthatabout90%oftherespondentsarewillingtopaytoimprove

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themaintenanceandprotectionofwatershed,andthatonaverage,theyarewillingtopaybyaboutPhP973annually.Inadditiontotheseinitialresourcevaluationanalysesconducted,otherfindingshighlightedfromtheFGDsincludedtheimportanceofwaterfromMt.NacolodassourceofirrigationinthericefarmareasinSouthernLeyte.ItwasnotedthatwithoutMt.Nacolod’swaterprovisioningservices,therewillalsobenoricefarmareasintheirmunicipalities.Giventhisscenario,itwasmentionedthatfarmersmightbehavingjustrootcropswithnoalternativesourcesofincome.Moreover,theimportanceofbiodiversityconservationwerealsodiscussedduringthefocusgroupanditwasfoundoutthattheforestguardscouldplayacriticalroleinprotectingthebiodiversityinMt.Nacolod.Furthermore,itwassuggestedthatPhP10,000permonthbegiventotheseforestguardsratherthan just250perday. It is importanttonotehoweverthatresultspresentedherearejustpreliminaryandmayberevisedasnewinformationbecomesavailable,andthatmoreanalysescouldbedonethroughthison-goingresearch. OPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESINIMPLEMENTINGNGPINTHEVISAYAS

A E Pasa1, D Cacanindin1, N Gregorio2, A Polinar1, A Ramos1, R Gravoso1, H Goltiano1, D Peque1 and JHerbohn21ACIARSmallholderForestryProject,VisayasStateUniversity,Leyte6521-APhilippines2TropicalForestsandPeopleResearchCentre,UniversityoftheSunshineCoast,LockedBag4,MaroochydoreDC,QLD4558,Australia

ABSTRACT:TheNationalGreeningProgram(NGP)ofthePhilippineGovernment(throughExecutiveOrder26) is the national forest landscape restoration strategy to alleviate poverty, food security, biodiversityconservation,andclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.TheProgramaimedtoplantsome1.5Billiontreescoveringabout1.5Millionhectares foraperiodof six (6)years in the following landsof thepublicdomain:forestlands,mangroveandprotectedareas,ancestraldomains,civilandmilitaryreservations,urbanareasunderthegreeningplanoftheLocalGovernmentUnits(LGUs),inactiveandabandonedminesites;andothersuitablelands.Itisexpandeduntilyear2028throughExecutiveOrder193tocoveralltheremainingunproductive,denudedanddegradedforestlands.OpportunitiesliesonthefactthatitisapriorityprogramofthegovernmentwithatotalbudgetfromthenationaltreasuryamountingtoP30Billionsfor6years(2011-2016)andanothercloselysimilaramountuntil2028.DENRhasanestablishedorganizationalstructureandcan implement NGP effectively and efficiently. NGP employs social mobilization that harnesses thecollaborativeeffortofpublicandprivatesector,people’sorganizations,non-governmentorganizations,andcivilsociety.However,areasforplantingbecomefartherawayanditisverydifficultforvolunteerssuchasstudents,othergovernmentemployees,military,civilsocietiesandotherstoreachthesaidareas.SeedlingproductionisjeopardizedasmanyPOdonotknowhowtoproducehighqualityseedlings.NGPalsofacedscarcityofseedsourcesinmanyregionsaswedonothaveenoughSeedProductionAreas(SPAs)inthewholecountry.TheProgramalsolackstrongsupportfromthelocalpeopleoruplandcommunities,amongothers.

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Philippine Peñablanca Sustainable Reforestation Project

Where: Peñablanca, Cagayan, Luzon Island Area of influence: 2900 ha Area of intervention: 2500 ha Funded by: Corporate funding Implemented by: Conservation International, Philippines Aimed at: Biodiversity conservation, livelihoods and watershed management

Important lessons for making FLR happen “The project targeted to establish a sustainable financing for the landscape and watershed management. There were lessons in engaging local stakeholders especially local government and community organizations. Resilience of species use for the agro-forestry livelihood within the landscapes is also important.

IrineoTalosig Jr Conservation International

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Demonstration of capacity building of forest restoration and sustainable forest management in

Vietnam

Where: Districts of Tan Son and Thanh Son, Phu Tho Province. Area of intervention: 100 ha Implemented by: Phu Tho Department of Forestry Aimed at: maximizing the contribution of forests to hunger elimination, poverty alleviation, environmental services and livelihood improvement.

Important lessons for making FLR happen “The project shows a very promising approach of community based integrative forest restoration that takes into account of both local needs and ecological requirements. Besides technical aspects, the project also shows that strengthening capacity in institutions for all level in forest restoration planning, implementation and monitoring and benefit sharing plays important roles in FLR, especially, local forestry authorities and rangers.”

Outcomes: Although the project was finished in 2013, the demonstrations of 100 hectares have been protected and tended and local communities have harvested NWFPs such as bamboo shoots and rattan, thus generating income for communities; the local authorities also use the models to demonstrate to other communities in the districts.

Trung C. Luu Vietnam

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Forest landscape restoration through Assisted Natural Regeneration in Carood Watershed Model Forest in the

Philippines

Where: Carood watershed, Bohol Province Area of intervention: The Carood watershed has a total area of 101,887 ha. Aimed at: Strengthened and sustained partnership among stakeholders; Improved ecological conditions of the watershed; Sustained healthy supply of water; Created upland, lowland and coastal enterprise; Increased preparedness and resilience to climate change; Good governance and efficient use of resources.

Important lessons for making FLR happen “The project provides an inspiration for cross-sectoral mechanism and institutional partnership, particularly the cooperation of municipal officers within the watershed, to create a platform and harmonize different land use interests.”

Funded by: Government of a foreign country Implemented by: FAO and Carood Watershed Model Forest Management Council Outcomes: Unlike conventional restoration approaches, FLR aims to integrate forest restoration into broader environmental and socio-economic objectives within a landscape. Active participation of stakeholders at different levels is necessary to address competing land use interests in order to achieve both social and ecological objectives. And these integral factors for FLR to be successful has been demonstrated in the Carood Watershed Model Forest.

Patrick Dugan FAO Philippines

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Water Producer Forest Restoration in Brazil

Where: Joanopolis and Nazare Paulista, state of Sao Paulo. Both cities are within the Cantareira System, which provides water for São Paulo city metropolitan region. Area of intervention: 18,006 ha Funded by: National government, Subnational/regional government, Foundation, Watershed committees, NGOs Implemented by: The Nature Conservancy

Important lessons for making FLR happen “The main objective of this project was to test the PES as a way to promote FLR, with a main goal of conserving natural resources (biodiversity and especially water) within critical watersheds. We tested it. We aggregated several institutions around this goal. And we learned from it! Thus, this goal was achieved. Besides, PES was made for the first time, for rural landowners in São Paulo State, Brazil. This is the successful part of this project. However, the project showed us how difficult it is to implement a PES in the way we planned. There were many stakeholders involved, absence of local institutions leading the project, no guarantee of continuity of the project in the long term, a lot of paperwork for landowners participation, non-flexible institutions funding the project with difficulties to reallocate resources according to changes in the demand coming from landowners interests, low PES value, etc. All these factors contributed to a lower-than-expected participation of landowners in the project.”

Ricardo Viani University of Sao Paulo

A forest restoration site at the PCJ Water Producer project in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

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Multi-function forest restoration and management of degraded forest areas in Cambodia

Where: Siem Reap and Kampong Thom provinces Area of influence: 500 ha Area of intervention: 50 ha Funded by: Government of a foreign country Implemented by: Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (Forestry Administration) Aimed at: Biodiversity conservation Stakeholders involved: Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (Forestry Administration), Provincial Forestry Administration and Local communities

Outcomes: Secured land tenure; communities gained knowledge and skill on forest restoration, and they keep reforesting their forests.

Activities undertaken: Native species tree planting,development of community/regional plant nurseries,capacity building/training/educational activities.

Thea So Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and

Development

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Livelihood and Landscape Strategy in China

Area of influence: 1,578,000 ha Area of intervention: 30,000 ha Funded by: Subnational/regional government; Government of a foreign country; Corporate funding Implemented by: IUCN Aimed at: Watershed protection and livelihood improvement

Important lessons for making FLR happen The case provides a number of lessons learnt for making future FLR happen: 1. A leader or a leading institution is essential to initiate, implement and continue the restoration work required, and to over-come the initial phase of no or slow return. The leader needs to have a long-term vision, flexibility to adapt to temporary challenges and capacity to steer a consortium of stakeholders on the right course. 2. The key obstacle for long term sustainability remains to be the lack of self-sustaining restoration economic models. In this regard, more efforts are to engage private sector to learn from their expertise in terms of developing new economic models, as well as expanding the investment base. 3. The sustainability of funding and leadership remains an issue.

Outcome: The project has both success and failures. The project is successful in restoring some of the areas such as critical riparian zones, as well as setting up demonstration community-based restoration models. It also managed to set up new mechanisms to fund watershed protection but the attraction of new funding into the fund remains limited.

Li Jia IUCN

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Pilot community-based forest restoration project in Biliran Province, Philippines

Where: Barangay Kawayanon, Caibiran, Biliran Area of influence: 1000 ha Area of intervention: 30 ha Funded by: Government of a foreign country Implemented by: Kawayanon Farmers Association Aimed at: rehabilitating watershed and improving livelihoods

Outcomes: Successful tree and crop establishment and growth, enhanced food security and provision of additional income, improved human and social capitals, increased networks and access to financial and material support from government agencies. Challenges: Ineffective mother tree protection program, nursery seedling as a livelihood enterprise has not been materialised, less effective management of crops in the expanded agroforestry zone, low survival of seedlings in the new NGP project of the PO.

Nestor Gregorio University of the Sunshine Coast

Four-year old Acacia mangium in the production zone of the FLR project

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Use of the framework species method to restore forest ecosystems to the Upper Mae Sa Valley,

northern Thailand

Where: Mai Province Area of influence: 2000-3000 ha Area of Chiang intervention: 32 ha Funded by: National government, Foundation, Private donations, Corporate funding, Carbon offsets Implemented by: Chiang Mai University (FORRU), Department of National Parks, Ban Mae Sa Mai village community.

Important lessons for making FLR happen “FLR cannot happen unless effective restoration tools are developed and made available. Even if the political will and local support exist, practices that are proven to be effective must be used. Otherwise villagers local support vanishes if the trees eventually die. This project provided a sound body of scientifically tested practices that enable FLR to be successful. Even though we came into this project as scientists, we learned much about the socio-economic/political side of restoration from a unique perspective along the way and I believe these lessons as just as valuable as our technical outputs are. So we would welcome the opportunity to share them.

Stephen Elliott FORRU, Chiang Mai University

Aimed at: Different stakeholders had different goals; FORRU's goal was to determine the best forest restoration techniques for that particular landscape; the villagers wanted to strengthen their right to remain living in a national park (which is illegal) and; secure a reliable water supply for agriculture; the national park wanted to reclaim encroached land to boost forest cover in a national park to meet national policies.

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Supporting watershed restoration through institutionalization of communities in Ethiopia

Where: Amhara region Area of influence: 111,800 ha Area of intervention: 130 ha Funded by: Government of a foreign country Implemented by: Watershed organisational and livelihoods affairs Aimed at: Restoring degraded landscapes; livelihood development through restoration products; institutionally supporting sustainability of achievements

Important lessons for making FLR happen “Many FLR efforts focus on the biophysical success which is important but it has to be basically supported with social and economic sustainability efforts. My project comes up with one of these strategies going beyond the restoration.”

Outcomes: The restoration efforts have improved the livelihood of the local beneficiaries by increasing their income to more than 50%. Moreover, ensured the equitable and sustainable utilization of the restoration outputs by institutionalizing beneficiaries in to organisations with formal bylaws.

YitbarekTibebe UNDP Ethiopia

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ListofparticipantsAUSTRALIAApplegate,GrahameBaynes,JackCurnow,JayneFisher,RobertGregorio,NestorHallet,JimHerbohn,JohnKrishnan,VithyaMogilski,MichelleMukul,SharifOta,LizPage,TonyRebeiro,CamilaSharp,BrianVanclay,JerryWiset,KanchanaBRAZILChavez,RafaelViani,RicardoUrzedo,DaniloIgnaciodeCAMBODIATalosig,IrineoThea,SoWeina,SunCANADAChechina,MariyaETHIOPIATibebe,YitbarekGERMANYStarfinger,MarcelINDONESIA

MALAYSIAEnn,LeeMingJalonen,RiinaValette,MichelMYANMARChumthiomai,BanhanKhaine,InkyinMyat,AyeNETHERLANDSBruijnzeel,LeendertZhang,JunPAPUANEWGUINEAJeffery,GedisaSingle,CliffordThom,MelindaWampe,NathanPERUMelendez,CesarSabogalPHILIPPINESAbes,JoanLauraAmerica,LeilaAquino,TeresaBagui,DianeEstephanieBaradas,TinaBarcena,AllanBarsomo,MelissaBaustita,Ma.TerryBautista,EugeniaBenabon,MyraBertulfo,RoselleBuduan,EricBugarin,EdCacanindin,Danilo

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Graham,LauraSari,EliNurNirmalaKENYAWatson,Catharine

Canivel,JoseAndresCanlas,RuthCanto,WilfredoCarig,ElizabethCasas,Jupiter

Castillo,EmmaDoria,KennethBryanDuay,ChevBenedictRoldanDugan,PatrickDulom,PrecyEdulan,RadMarcEtulle,JeomarFallarcuna,BrentFaylon,MaraFerraren,AngelaGarcia,CarloGoltiano,HenryGonzales,GilbertGravoso,RotacioHijada,JonathanIgnacio,JoseAndresJabagat,LeahKarwolski,JeffreyLansigan,FelixbertoLeones,JonasLeysa,JhanReyLumacad,AnecitaMalaki,ArchiebaldMangaoang,EduardoMangaoang,YolandaMaputi,BenjaminMariano,BryanJoelMaya-Anda,GrizeldaMendoza,HeidiMendoza,MarloModequillo,RhelMollena,MerceditaMontebon,ZoiloMontemayor,JeromeMoreno,OpeliaNavarro,Jerry

Ramos,ArsenioRashed,AlRavanera,RoelReyes,TomasRife,KattyRosales,DennisSiapno,FloritaTalon,AnnabelleTamayo,NonitoTripoli,RogelioTutor,ArielVerdijo,ThiezaVicente,GraceDorothyVillegas,KarlVita,RyanYgaña,MarkFlorenceSINGAPORESwinfield,TomSRILANKAGunatilleke,NimalTHAILANDDurst,PatrickElliot,StephenHarrison,RhettJia,LiUNITEDKINGDOMGuitierrez,VictoriaUSAChazdon,RobinCagalanan,DominiqueLaestaduis,Lars

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Nuñez,LilianOlvida,CasimiroParcia,NovaPasa,ArturoPeque,DennisPolinar,AnatolioPrag,AnatPreciados,LemuelQuintana,Sofio

Neidel,DavidVIETNAMDoan,MinhTrungHang,PhanThiNguyen,DucDinhNguyen,ThiThanhHuongTrang,LuuCanh

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Documents

Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it happen · Forest and Landscape Restoration: Making it happen 25-27 February, 2019 New World Makati Hotel, Manila, Philippines 2 ... into