Franklin D. Roosevelt’s AppealFranklin D. Roosevelt’s Appeal• In the election of 1932; In the election of 1932;

President Herbert Hoover President Herbert Hoover faced Franklin Roosevelt. faced Franklin Roosevelt.

• Roosevelt was the Roosevelt was the Democratic governor of New Democratic governor of New York. York.

• His campaign promised a His campaign promised a New Deal for Americans. New Deal for Americans.

• Results: a landslide for Results: a landslide for Democrats. Once in office; Democrats. Once in office; Roosevelt set to work to Roosevelt set to work to solve the problems of the solve the problems of the Great Depression.Great Depression.

FDR Restored ConfidenceFDR Restored Confidence• In his inaugural In his inaugural

address, he said address, he said ““The only thing we The only thing we have to fear is fear have to fear is fear itself….” itself….”

•He promised vigorous leadership; bold action;called for discipline;cooperation; expressed his faith in democracy; asked for divine protection and guidance.

Purposes of the New DealPurposes of the New Deal• ReliefRelief:: to provide jobs to provide jobs

for the unemployedfor the unemployed and and to to protect farmers from protect farmers from foreclosureforeclosure

• RecoveryRecovery:: to get the to get the economy back into high economy back into high geargear, “priming the pump”, “priming the pump”

•Reform: To regulate banks, to abolish child labor, and to conserve farm lands•Overall objective: to save Capitalism and Democracy.

The First Hundred DaysThe First Hundred DaysFirst New Deal (1933-1934First New Deal (1933-1934))Emergency Banking Act Emergency Banking Act (1933)(1933)• The day he took office; Roosevelt declared The day he took office; Roosevelt declared a bank holiday. a bank holiday. • It closed all banks for 4 days.It closed all banks for 4 days.• Permitted reopening only upon Treasury Permitted reopening only upon Treasury

department inspection that demonstrated sufficient department inspection that demonstrated sufficient cash reservescash reserves

• Deposits exceeded withdrawalsDeposits exceeded withdrawals• Bank closures dropped from 4000 to 61 (1933-Bank closures dropped from 4000 to 61 (1933-

1934) 1934) Capitalism was saved in eight days.Capitalism was saved in eight days.

Glass-Steagall Act:Glass-Steagall Act:• Created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

(FDIC(FDIC))• Insures the money people deposit in banksInsures the money people deposit in banks. FDIC . FDIC

still operates today.still operates today.

National Recovery Act (NRA)National Recovery Act (NRA)

• Purpose: Economic Purpose: Economic RecoveryRecovery

• Goals: Goals: • Helped business develop Helped business develop

codes of fair competition codes of fair competition within industrieswithin industries..

• Regulated how much Regulated how much business could produce and business could produce and how much they can charge.how much they can charge.

• Included codes of minimum Included codes of minimum wage, maximum work wage, maximum work hours, right to join unionshours, right to join unions. .

First Agricultural Adjustment Act First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)(AAA)

• Purpose: Farm Relief & Purpose: Farm Relief & Rural DevelopmentRural Development

• Goals:Goals:• Paid farmers to destroy Paid farmers to destroy

crops in order to reduce crops in order to reduce crop surpluses.crop surpluses.

• Made payments called Made payments called subsidies to farmers to subsidies to farmers to stop planting land.stop planting land.

• Did not help tenant Did not help tenant farmers, many of whom farmers, many of whom were African-Americanswere African-Americans

Federal Emergency Relief Admin Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)(FERA)

• Purpose: Relief Programs Purpose: Relief Programs

• Goals:Goals:

• Gave federal money to state & Gave federal money to state & local governments for work local governments for work reliefrelief

projects.projects.

• Included projects to build Included projects to build sewers, schools, playgrounds, sewers, schools, playgrounds, parks and airports.parks and airports.

Civilian Conservation Corp (CCCCivilian Conservation Corp (CCC))• PurposePurpose: : ReformReform• Goals:Goals:• Provided paid jobs, Provided paid jobs,

housing, and food to housing, and food to men between the ages men between the ages of 18 and 25.of 18 and 25.

• They received $30 per They received $30 per month, but $25 went month, but $25 went back to the familyback to the family

• Conversation Projects Conversation Projects Replanted forests, built Replanted forests, built up sand on beaches, up sand on beaches, and did maintenance and did maintenance work in parks.work in parks.

Tennessee Valley Authority Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)(TVA)

• Purpose: Farm Relief & Purpose: Farm Relief & Rural Rural Development(Appalachia)Development(Appalachia)

• Goals: Goals:

--Built 20 dams on the Tenn. Built 20 dams on the Tenn. RiverRiver and its tributaries in 7 and its tributaries in 7 southern statessouthern states

--Provided cheap electricityProvided cheap electricity

-Helped keep rivers from -Helped keep rivers from flooding. flooding.

Public Works Public Works Administration (PWA)Administration (PWA)

• Purpose: Purpose: Relief Relief ProgramsPrograms

• Goals:Goals:

--Provided jobs building Provided jobs building dams, highways, dams, highways, bridges, schools, bridges, schools, sewer systems, and sewer systems, and public buildings. public buildings.

Fort Peck Dam in Montana; spillway construction. One of the largest dams in the world, it continues to generate electricity; in July 1936 its construction employed 10,500 workers.

• The New Deal had critics on both the The New Deal had critics on both the Political Right and the Political Left. Political Right and the Political Left. The right wanted a balanced budget The right wanted a balanced budget for the federal government.for the federal government.

• The Great Depression had eased by The Great Depression had eased by 1935 but unemployment was still high 1935 but unemployment was still high and the government had a large and the government had a large deficitdeficit..

• The President was forced to rethink The President was forced to rethink the government’s efforts to lead the the government’s efforts to lead the country toward recovery.country toward recovery.

The President decided to form an alliance with the working class; organized labor; and the poor. To raise more money; he proposed an increase in tax rates on the incomes of wealthy people and on large corporations. These changes formed the

basis of the Second New Deal.

Second New Deal (1934-1941)Second New Deal (1934-1941)• Emphasis: Emphasis: reformreform• Political Position: liberalPolitical Position: liberal• Primary aim: Primary aim: permanent permanent

reform reform • PhilosophyPhilosophy: : international international

economic cooperation and economic cooperation and economic abundanceeconomic abundance

Objectives: increased purchasing power and social security for publicBeneficiaries: small farmers and labor,elderly,disabled.

Social Security Act (SS)Social Security Act (SS)• Purpose: Aid Elderly & Purpose: Aid Elderly &

DisabledDisabled• GoalGoal::• Provided monthly payments to retired Provided monthly payments to retired

older workersolder workers

• Provided monthly payments to those Provided monthly payments to those with disabilities and to families with with disabilities and to families with children whose parent(s) passed away.children whose parent(s) passed away.

• Included unemployment insurance; Included unemployment insurance; which provided monthly payments to the which provided monthly payments to the

unemployed for a short period of timeunemployed for a short period of time..

National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)

Wagner Wagner ActAct• Purpose: ReformPurpose: Reform• Goals:Goals:• Allowed collective Allowed collective

bargaining (negotiating bargaining (negotiating between an employer and a between an employer and a union for wages; hours; and union for wages; hours; and benefits)benefits)

• Set up the National Labor Set up the National Labor Relations Board to Relations Board to supervise elections for supervise elections for workers to decide whether workers to decide whether to organize a to organize a unionunion

Works Progress Administration Works Progress Administration (WPA)(WPA)

• Purpose: ReformPurpose: Reform

• Goals:Goals:• Provided jobs building Provided jobs building

highways; roads; streets; highways; roads; streets; public building; parks; public building; parks; bridges; and airportsbridges; and airports

• Created work for artists; Created work for artists; writers; photographers; writers; photographers; actors; and musiciansactors; and musicians

• Included an emphasis on Included an emphasis on jobs for womenjobs for women

National Youth Administration National Youth Administration (NYA) (NYA)

• Purpose: ReformPurpose: Reform• Goals:Goals:• Provided part-time Provided part-time

work for young people work for young people 16 to 2516 to 25

• Enabled high school Enabled high school and college students and college students to remain in school to remain in school and to learn skillsand to learn skills

Fair Labor Fair Labor Standards Act Standards Act (FLSA)(FLSA)

• Purpose: ReformPurpose: Reform• Goals:Goals:• Set maximum 40 hour Set maximum 40 hour

work weekwork week• Set the minimum Set the minimum

wage at $.25 an hourwage at $.25 an hour• Ended employment of Ended employment of

children under 16children under 16

Anti-New Deal OrganizationAnti-New Deal Organization

– Conservative Conservative opponents to the opponents to the New Deal had an New Deal had an organization called organization called the the American Liberty American Liberty LeagueLeague. They had . They had money but were money but were small in numbers, so small in numbers, so FDR was not FDR was not worried.worried.

Senator Huey Long (LASenator Huey Long (LA))

• Senator Huey Long said Senator Huey Long said New Deal relief measures New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and were mere crumbs and advocated a advocated a share the share the wealth plan (i.e., a wealth plan (i.e., a guaranteed annual income guaranteed annual income of at least $5,000 for every of at least $5,000 for every AmericanAmerican, financed by , financed by confiscating wealth of confiscating wealth of people who made over $5 people who made over $5 million per year).million per year).

Father Charles E. CoughlinFather Charles E. Coughlin

• Father Charles Coughlin wasFather Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroitfrom Detroit. His broadcasts . His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He of the Little Flower.” He claimed there claimed there was an was an international bankers international bankers conspiracy and Jews were conspiracy and Jews were responsible. responsible. He advocated He advocated nationalization of banking nationalization of banking and currency and national and currency and national resources and demanded a resources and demanded a ““living wage.”living wage.”

Dr. Francis E. TownsendDr. Francis E. Townsend

• Dr. Francis E. Townsend was Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal He had a plan for the federal government to government to pay $200 per pay $200 per month to unemployed people month to unemployed people over 60over 60. The program would . The program would be financed by a 2% national be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each pensioner sales tax and each pensioner would be required to spend would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy.would stimulate the economy.

Moderate Legislation Moderate Legislation

• FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence FDR sponsored moderate legislation to silence radical opposition:radical opposition:– Revenue Act of 1935 Revenue Act of 1935 – Response to Huey Long. – Response to Huey Long.

Increased taxes on large incomes and Increased taxes on large incomes and corporations.corporations.

– Banking Act of 1935 Banking Act of 1935 – Response to Coughlin– Response to Coughlin. . Extended federal control Extended federal control over private banking practices.over private banking practices.

– Social SecurityAct of 1935 Social SecurityAct of 1935 Response to Townsend. Response to Townsend. Included provisions for Included provisions for unemployables (dependent children, the unemployables (dependent children, the disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and disabled, blind), unemployment insurance, and old-age pensiold-age pensionsons..

The Election of 1936The Election of 1936• The Election of 1936:The Election of 1936:

– Made the Democratic Made the Democratic party the majority partyparty the majority party

– Created a new Created a new Democratic coalition Democratic coalition composed of both composed of both traditional elements and traditional elements and new elementsnew elements

– Showed that the Showed that the American people rejected American people rejected radical solutions to radical solutions to depressiondepression

Protection of New Deal Protection of New Deal AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

• Steps FDR took to protect New Steps FDR took to protect New Deal accomplishments (both failed):Deal accomplishments (both failed):– Court-Packing Plan (proposed Court-Packing Plan (proposed

increasing Supreme Court from increasing Supreme Court from 9 to 15 members9 to 15 members, caused in , caused in revolt in Dem. Party)revolt in Dem. Party)

– Purge of the Democratic Party in Purge of the Democratic Party in the Election of 1938 the Election of 1938 (came out (came out strongly in favor of liberal Dem. strongly in favor of liberal Dem. Candidates, evidence that he Candidates, evidence that he interfered in a state campaign, interfered in a state campaign, Republicans gained strength in Republicans gained strength in both houses of Congress)both houses of Congress)

Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937Decline of New Deal Reform after 1937

• Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after Reasons for decline of New Deal reform after 1937:1937:

• Court-packing plan made Congress irritableCourt-packing plan made Congress irritable..

• Recession of 1937-38 Recession of 1937-38 weakened confidence in weakened confidence in New Deal measures. Republicans gained New Deal measures. Republicans gained strength in both houses.strength in both houses.

• Attempted purge of Democratic party Attempted purge of Democratic party failed.failed.

• Conservative Democrats were elected Conservative Democrats were elected to office. to office. Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined Resentful of attempted party purge, they joined ranks with Republicans to block New Deal ranks with Republicans to block New Deal legislation.legislation.

• Increasing focus on foreign affairsIncreasing focus on foreign affairs..

Failures of the New Failures of the New DealDeal

• Social Security did Social Security did not cover tenant not cover tenant farmers; farm farmers; farm workers or workers or household workers. household workers. Many were African-Many were African-AmericanAmerican

• NLRA and Wagner NLRA and Wagner Act did not cover Act did not cover farm workers either-farm workers either-most were Latinosmost were Latinos

• Eleanor Roosevelt worked hard to get Eleanor Roosevelt worked hard to get women & African American included in women & African American included in the New Deal.the New Deal.

• African Americans started to protest African Americans started to protest their treatment.their treatment.

• As a result, the President began to As a result, the President began to appoint African Americans to appoint African Americans to important government posts. His important government posts. His informal advisors were known as the informal advisors were known as the Black Cabinet.Black Cabinet.

• By the late 1930s; By the late 1930s; the economic the economic recovery was still recovery was still uncertain. uncertain. Unemployment Unemployment remained high.remained high.

• However; people However; people fell more confident fell more confident about the future. about the future.