French atomic energy commission

Cargèse - September 2007 CEA at a glance 1

French atomic energy commission

Defence & Security

Energy

The atom, from research to industry

Technologies for information and health


The energy mix in France

0

100

200

300

400

500 TWh

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

541TWh

Hydro

NuclearFossil

12%

78%

10%

Oil crisis 1973

Unit 1 (Fessenheim 1) 1977

Unit 58 (Civaux 2) 1999

2005 : Nuclear : 78 % of total energy production Thermal : 12 %Hydraulic, wind and photovoltaic : 10 %


• 34 900 MWe units



GRAVELINES

CHOOZ

CATTENOMNOGENT / SEINE

ST-LAURENT

CHINONCIVAUX

LE BLAYAIS

GOLFECH

CRUAS

TRICASTIN

ST-ALBAN

BUGEY

DAMPIERRE

PENLYPALUEL

FLAMANVILLE

BELLEVILLE

FESSENHEIM

58 PWR units

63184 MWe installed

Connection to the grid :

– Unit 1 (Fessenheim 1) : April 1977

– Unit 58 (Civaux 2) : December 1999

EPR EPR

april 2007 april 2007 : issue of the issue of the decree on the construction of a EPR in France (Flamanville)

The current nuclear power fleet in France

451.5 TWh produced in 2005


• Energy bill : 38.3 billion € in 2005, or 2.26% of GDP (5 % in 1981)

• Rate of energy independance : 49,8 % in 2005 (26 % in 1973)

French energy policy and nuclear power

• Electricity production covering all national requirements and enabling France to be the leading electricity exporter in the world

• A network of nuclear power stations that makes France the second producer of nuclear-generated electricity in the OECD after the United States

• 4th biggest energy consumer in the OECD (276.5 MTOE in 2005), France is only in the 27th place for CO2 emissions in relation to the GDP (2003, IEA)

• Competitive electricity for industry and for domestic consumers, characterised by stable prices


CO2 emissions in 2003 per inhabitant and in relation to the GDP

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1

2

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6

Luxe

mbu

rg

Unted

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tes

Canad

a

Austra

lia

Finlan

d

Belgium

Czech

Rep

ub.

Hollan

d

Denm

ark

Germ

any

Irelan

d

Japa

n

Korea

Austri

a

United

King

dom

Greec

e

New Z

ealan

d

Norway Ita

ly

Spain

Poland

Icelan

d

Slovak

Rep

.Fra

nce

Switzer

land

Sweden

Hunga

ry

Portu

gal

Mex

ico

Turke

y

OECD Tot

al

GDPtC/1 000US$ (2000)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Czech

Rep

.

Poland

Austra

lia

Canad

a

Slovak

Rep

.

United

Sta

tes

Finlan

dKor

ea

Greec

e

Belgium

Luxe

mbu

rg

Hunga

ry

Turke

y

Hollan

d

Mex

ico

Germ

any

New Z

ealan

d

Denm

ark

Japa

n

Spain

United

King

dom

Portu

gal

Irelan

d

Austri

aIta

ly

Icelan

d

Franc

e

Sweden

Norway

Switzer

land

OECD Tot

al

tC/inhab. France : 24ème/30

France : 27ème/30


Actors involved in the nuclear program in France

• Definition of the French energy policy : Prime Minister,Ministry in charge of Industry,

DGEMP• Independent Safety Authority : ASN

• Research and development : CEA

• Companies : AREVA (Framatome-ANP, COGEMA), Alstom, but also SME, …

• Utilities : EDF

• Waste management : ANDRA

• Expertise and R&D for safety : IRSN

• … Public opinion …


French atomic energy commission

1945 : CEA foundation Atom and its applications for France : defence, energy, research, industry

Reference institution at worldwide level for nuclear energy

Based on its nuclear activity, developments inducing new activities and employments

Guarantee a perennial nuclear deterrence without nuclear tests …

Today : from research to industry

Tomorrow Reference institution at worldwide level for nuclear energy

Leading European body for technological research


CEA main figures (year 2006)

Civil Defence Total

Staff 10,844 4,487 15,331

Financing (G€) 2.0 1.3 3.3

Subsidies 43% 93% 63%

Third party receipts

Dedicated decommissioning/

remediation fund

36%

20%

3%

4%

22%

14%

Third party receipts

Nuclear partners32%

Other25%

Ministerial funds8%

Local authorities5%

Research bodies and Universities

4%

European Union7%

Industrial partners

(non nuclear)18%


CEA : Organization

4 Functional Divisions

National Institutefor NuclearSciences

and Techniques

4 Operational Divisions

Informationand systems management

Strategyand

ExternalRelations

RiskControl

HumanResources

andTrainingPhysical

Sciences

Nuclear

FundamentalResearch

TechnologicalResearch

Defence

LifeSciences

Alain Bugat

Chairman and

Chief Executive Officer

Jean-Pierre Le Roux

Deputy CEO

High Commissionerfor Atomic Energy

Bernard Bigot

High Commissionerfor Atomic Energy

Bernard Bigot

General Management


MaterialsLe-Ripault, Valduc

Lasers and plasmas

Nuclear sciences, software technologies, high performance computing, biomedicine

Micro/NanotechnologyNanobiotechnology

CEA : local actor with the French Regions

Nuclear :

Nuclear fuel cycle, waste management Valrho

Fusion, fission Cadarache

Cadarache

Valrho

Cesta

Le-Ripault Valduc

Fontenay aux Roses

Bruyères le ChâtelSaclay

Grenoble


CEA main figures – Civil Activity

10,844 employees

1250 priority patents issued

2097 priority patents

1041 ongoing PhD thesis

Budget : 2 G€, including governmental funding 0.86 G€

317 new priority patents in 2006

351 active licensing agreements

CEA is main Shareholder of AREVA group (~ 80 %)

59,000 employees and 10 G€ sales

97 high-tech spin-offs from CEA since 1984

297 post-doctoral researchers

973 invited researchers (stay > 3 months)


11 segments of which 5 Fundamental Research segments

2003 - 2012

Fundamental research for energy

Radiobiology – nuclear toxicology

Fundamental research for industrial innovation

Nuclear technologies for health

and biotechnologies

Large Scale Facilities

The Medium-Long-term Plan (2003 - 2012)

Research on nuclear waste

Optimization of industrial nuclear use

Future nuclear systems

New Technologies for Energy

Micro nanotechnologies

Software technologies

2 Main areas of civil activityEnergy

Technologies for information and health

Fundamental research: sustained effort for the duration of the plan


FRANCE new EPR

Signs of a relaunch of nuclear power throughout the world :

FINLAND 5th reactor

R en

KOREA nuclear capacity

increase + 9 GWe by ~ 2015

INDIA nuclear capacity

increase from 2.5 to 20 GWe by

2020

CHINA nuclear capacity

increase > 40 GWe by 2020

RUSSIA nuclear capacity

increase + 20 GWe by ~2020

EUROPE

USA + 1500 Power

Plants by 2020 including nuclear

(> 50 GWe)JAPAN

nuclear capacity increase + 21 GWe by 2012

Projects in Vietnam, Turkey, Morocco, Indonesia, etc…Under consideration in Australia, Thaïland, Malaysia, etc…

Ambitious programmes in Asia, the USA, in Russia, India… and several countries looking to start up civil nuclear programmes


Signs of a revival for nuclear investments in Europe

France :-EPR-Reorganisation of legal framework- 4th generation prototype (2020)

Baltic states :Joint decision by the three Prime ministers : new unit for Ignalina site.

Finland :- EPR- Nationwide debate on energy under way

Holland :- Lifetime of the only power station extended until 2033;

United Kingdom :-Energy Review-Statement by Tony Blair in favour of nuclear power on 16 May 2006.

Poland :First unit to be built in 2020 ?

Bulgaria :Launch of a new call to tender on 1st February 2006 for a new unit at Belene.

Rumania :New unit at Cernavoda scheduled for 2007.


FINAL WASTE RADIOTOXICITY

0,1

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10

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10000

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Temps (années)

Rad

ioto

xici

té r

elat

ive

GLASSESwithout MAs

GLASSESAfter reprocessing)

SPENT FUEL

Time (years)

Rel

ativ

e ra

dio

toxi

city


LONG TERM BEHAVIOR OF NUCLEAR GLASSES

0,1 % 100 %10 %

10 000 years 10 millions years

1 million years

Estimated removed amount


FUEL CYCLE OPTIONS :A PROGRESSIVE APPROACH

All-actinide homogeneous recycle

R T

U

FP

U Pu MA

R T

U

MA

U Pu

FPR T

U

FP&MA

U Pu

MAs Heterogeneous

recycleU & Pu recycle

SEVERAL DIFFERENT OPTIONS,

WHICH COULD BE SUCCESSIVELY DEPLOYED


RESISTANCE VS. PROLIFERATION

Recycling (and burning) plutonium :

- decreases its « strategic value »

- decreases its « accessibility » (especially if MAs are present)

MOX

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.40.5

0.6

30 45 60 75 90Burn-up (GWd/t)

Pu238

Pu239

Pu240

Pu242Pu241

Pu isotopic composition

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30 45 60 75Burn-up (GWd/t)

An neutron emission rate


LA HAGUE RELEASE : CONTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC EXPOSURE

• Population : people up to 24 years old ,living in « canton de La Hague », 1996

74%

24%

2% 0,09%

Exposition naturelle

Exposition médicale

Retombées des essaisnucléaires et de Tchernobyl

Installations nucléaires duNord-Cotentin

•Source : Travaux du Groupe Radioécologie Nord-Cotentin (1999)

Documents

French atomic energy commission