Sustainable Development for Civil Engineering Freshmen

Hsin-yu Shan

Change is the only reality. There’s nothing is and nothing was,

but everything’s becoming.

(Change is constant)

Heracleitus

The Earth Is One System

The Sustainability Link

Security, Quality of Life, and Global Sustainabilityare all linked.

The Sustainability Link

Global Environmental Trends

World Resources Institutehttp://www.wri.org/wri/

Global population continues to riseGlobal population continues to rise

02468

10

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Popu

latio

n (b

illion

s)

Africa Asia and OceaniaEurope Latin America and CaribbeanNorth America

Stabilization remains a challenge

0

1

2

3

4

1950 2000 2050

Stab

ilizati

on R

atio

(birt

hs/d

eath

s) (1

= no

pop

ulati

on g

rowt

h)

Developing DevelopedAfrica AsiaSouth and Central America

Different assumptions, different projections

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

Wor

ld P

opul

ation

(billi

ons)

Low Medium High

Fertility declines, real and projected

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Child

ren

per W

oman

(2.1

= no

popu

latio

n gr

owth

)

Developing

Developed

Africa

Asia

South and CentralAmerica

Rapid growth in low income economies

-6-4-202468

10

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

GD

P G

row

th R

ate

(per

cent

)

World Low Income Middle Income High Income

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,400

(milli

ons i

n ab

solu

tepo

verty

)

East Asia LatinAmerica

MiddleEast

SouthAsia

Sub-Saharan

Africa

Total

1987 1990 1993

The number of poor continues to grow

Growing disparities in incomes among regions

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

(per

cap

ita in

com

e in

con

stan

t int

erna

tiona

l dol

lars

)

Africa Asia Latin AmericaW. Europe N. America

Urban Growth Spurt Continues

0123456789

10

1950 1975 2000 2025

Popu

latio

n (b

illio

ns)

Rural Developed Urban DevelopedRural Developing Urban Developing

Africa and Asia are Urbanizing Fastest

0102030405060708090

100

(per

cent

)

Africa Asia CentralAmerica

Europe NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

1970 2000 2025

People on the Move

-63 -9-1366

-41

739

102

-392

-85

971

340111

404

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

Net N

umbe

r of M

igra

nts (

thou

sand

s)

Africa Asia Europe LatinAmerica and

Carribean

NorthAmerica

Oceania

Number (thousands)Rate (per 100,000 population)

Progress Toward Democracy

-8-6-4-202468

10

1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992Dem

ocra

ticall

y Elec

ted G

over

nmen

ts by

Reg

ion,

1960

-94

OECD Latin AmericaSouth and East Asia and Pacific Sub-saharan AfricaEastern Europe and Central Asia Middle East and North Africa

More Children Are Attending School

0102030405060708090

100(p

erce

nt)

World Africa LatinAmericaand the

Carribean

Asia Europe Oceania

1980 1990 1994

More Adults Can Read

0102030405060708090

100

(per

cent

age o

f peo

ple o

lder

than

15wh

o ar

e lite

rate

)

World Africa LatinAmerica and

Caribbean

Asia Europe Oceania

1980 1985 1990 1995

Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing

0

1

2

3

4

5

Yield

(met

ric to

ns/h

ecta

re)

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Wheat Yield Rice Yield Maize Yield

Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

% In

crea

se in

Yiel

d

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Wheat Paddy Rice Maize

Progress in Feeding the World Has Varied Widely by Region

80

100

120

140

160

180

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

Inde

x Num

bers

1961

=100

U.S.S.R. (former) AfricaAsia EuropeWorld Latin America

Progress in Feeding the World Has Varied Widely by Region

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

Inde

x Num

bers

1961

=100

U.S.S.R. (former) AfricaAsia EuropeWorld Latin America

Despite Gains, Millions Go Hungry

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1969-71 1979-81 1990-92 2010

(milli

on p

erso

ns su

fferin

g fro

mun

dern

utrit

ion)

Sub-Saharan Africa Near East and North AfricaEast and Southeast Asia South AsiaLatin America and the Caribbean

World Totals(million hectares)

Vegetation Removal 579Overexploitation 133Overgrazing 679Agricultural Activities 522Industrial and Bioindustrial 23

Degraded Soil Means Less Food

050

100150200250300350

(milli

ons o

f hec

tare

s deg

rade

d)

World Africa North andCentral

America

SouthAmerica

Asia Europe Oceania

Vegetation Removal OverexploitationOvergrazing Agricultural ActivitiesIndustrial and Bioindustrial

Food Supply Increasingly Relies on Irrigation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991

(per

cent

)

Africa Asia Latin America EuropeNorth America Oceania World

Farmed Fish Are a Growing Share of the Global Fish Harvest

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

(milli

on m

etric

tons

)

Total Capture Total Aquaculture

What Do Industrial Economies Use?

0

10

20

30

40

(met

ric to

ns p

er ca

pita

)

Germany Japan Netherlands United States

Metals and industrial minerals Fossil fuels Construction mineralsRenewables Infrastructure excavation Erosion

Paper Use is Growing Worldwide

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

(met

ric to

ns p

er p

erso

n)

Africa North/CentralAmerica

South America Asia Europe Oceania World

1970 1980 1990 1994

Paper Recycling: Rising Volume, Growing Importance

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

(per

cent

reco

vere

d)

N. America C. America S. America EuropeAfrica Oceania Asia

Vehicle numbers are rising dramatically

0100200300400500600700

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995

Cars Buses and Trucks

Motor vehicle use is highest in developed countries

6.7

7.9

22.4

81

88.3

96.6269.6

519

749.7

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

India

China

Africa

Hong Kong

South America

Brazil

Europe

Japan

United States

(Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons)

Surface temperatures have warmed over the past century

Greenhouse gas warming

Methane19%

OtherHalocarbons

5% CFC-126%

Nitrous Oxide6%Carbon Dioxide

64%

0 5 10 15 20 25

Developed Countries

India

China

Mexico

France

Italy

South Africa

Korea, Rep

Ukraine

Poland, Rep

Japan

United Kingdom

Germany

Russian Federation

Canada

United States

(metric tons of carbon dioxide)

Per capita CO2emissions are small in developing countries

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Developed CountriesKorea, Rep

Korea, Dem People's RepIran, Islamic Rep

BrazilSpain

AustraliaMexico

South AfricaCanada

IndiaJapanChina

Former USSREuropean Union

United States

(billion metric tons of carbon dioxide)

Developed nations have altered the atmosphere most

Stabilizing CO2 means steep emission cuts eventually

Success story: CFC production has fallen sharply

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Industrialized CountriesDeveloping Countries

Backsliding: Halon production is rising again

0

50

100

150

200

1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

(000 O

DP to

ns)

China Other Developing Countries Industrialized Countries

More fertilizer: More food, but more pollution too

020406080

100120140160

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991

(milli

on m

etric

tons

)

AfricaAsiaSouth and Central AmericaEuropeNorth AmericaOceaniaWorld

SO2 emissions in Asia could triple

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

(milli

on m

etric

tons

per

year

)

1990 2000 2010 2020Europe United States and Canada Asia

NOx levels are still a problem in Europe and North America

30,00035,00040,00045,00050,00055,00060,000

1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

(000 m

etric

tons

)

NOx SO2

Forest Loss Is Severe in the Tropics

0

10

20

30

40

50

(per

cent

)

Asia Africa Latin America World

Amazon Deforestation Remains High

Many of Earth’s Forests Have Been Cleared or Degraded

02,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,000

10,000,00012,000,00014,000,00016,000,00018,000,000

Russia andEurope

Asia North &South

America

SouthAmerica

Africa Oceania

(milli

ons o

f squ

are k

ilom

eter

s)

Cleared Non Frontier Forest Frontier Forest

Water Demand is Growing, But Supplies Are Limited

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Oceania

North America

Central America

South America

Asia

Europe

Africa

World

Percentage of Water ResourcesTotal Withdrawals

Agriculture Dominates Water Use, But Its Share Will Decline

0 20 40 60 80 100

Oceania

North America

Central America

South America

Asia

Europe

Africa

World

Agricultural Industrial Domestic

Low-Income Nations Are Especially Vulnerable to Water Scarcity

River Habitats Have Been Heavily Altered

200 3125 8750

489000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

(kilo

met

ers)

1680 1800 1900 1980

Waterways Altered for Navigation

How Much Are Nature’s Services Worth?

Global GNP(US $18 trillion)

Ecosystem Services(US $33 trillion)Ecosystem Services(US $33 trillion)

Reef Threats Are Extensive

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Coastal Marine Over-Exploitation Land-based Pollution

(per

cent

)

High Medium

Some Fish Stocks Have Collapsed from Overfishing

0

100

200

300

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Nonc

od C

atch

(000

met

ric to

ns)

0200400600800100012001400160018002000

Cod

Catc

h (0

00 m

etric

tons

)

Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, etc.) Haddock Red hake Atlantic codCOD CATCHNON COD CATCH

Bird Populations Are Under Siege Worldwide

Evergreen Needleleaf Forest Evergreen Broadleaf ForestDeciduous Needleleaf ForestDeciduous Broadleaf ForestMixed ForestNon-vegetated

IGBP Forest Class

WRI Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems:

Extent of Forest Ecosystems

Source: International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Data and Information System, IGBP-DIS Global 1-km Land Cover Set DISCover, 1998.

Forests cover about 25 percent of the world’s land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica.

Percent Tree Cover

< 1010 - 2020 - 3030 - 4040 - 5050 - 6060 - 70> 70

Non-vegetated

WRI Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems:

Global Tree Cover

Source: DeFries, R., Hansen, M.C., Townshend, J.R.G., Janetos, A.C., and Loveland, T.R. 2000. A New Global 1-km Dataset of Percentage Tree Cover Derived from Remote Sensing. Global Change Biology, Vol. 6, pp. 247-254.

The area of transition between forest and other land cover is one of the most dramatic portions of forest ecosystems and makes up a significant fraction of

forest ecosystems in many parts of the world.

Frontier Forests 8,000 Years Ago

Frontier Forests Today

Coral reefs are often called the “Rainforests of the Sea”

About 4,000 species of fish and 800 species of reef-building coral have been identified

Coral Reefs as mapped by Darwin

Coral reefs are a vital protein source for many ...

Globally, one-fifth of all animal protein consumed by humans comes from marine environmentsCoral reefs providefood for one billionpeople in Asia alone

Beach-related tourism is a major revenue earner ...

Florida’s reefs contribute $1.6 billion to the economy from tourism aloneCaribbean countries derive half of their GDP from tourism($8.9 billion in 1990)

Coral reefs can save human lives.Extracts are used to ...

Treat infections, viruses, and other diseasesPrevent and treat skin cancerProvide bone grafts

Coral reefs are a valuable resource

Average Global Value of Ecosystem Services ($/HA/YR)

From Costanza et al.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Coral Reefs

TropicalForestsTemperateForests

Global distribution of coral reefs

The Reefs at Risk Indicator

LowLow MediumMedium HighHigh

Many areas of high diversity are also very threatened

LowLowMediumMediumHighHigh

Finding 3

Cropland/natural vegetation mosaic

Cropland and built up area

Least modified

y y

Human Modification in the Coastal Zone

Source: International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Data and Information System, IGBP-DIS Global 1-km Land Cover Set DISCover, 1998. Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K.E., Kihn, E.A., Kroehl, H.W. and Davis, E.R. 1997. Mapping City Lights with Nighttime Data from the DMSP Operational Linescan System. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 63, No. 6, June 1997, pp. 727-734.

Virtually all lands within 100 km of the coast have been modified to some extent by human use: 20 percent are highly altered through conversion to agricultural or urban uses, 10 percent are semi-altered in a mosaic of natural and altered vegetation, and 70 percent are the least modified in their vegetative cover.

Results are sobering ...

Nearly 60% of the world’s reefs were found to be at risk from human activitiesReefs with the highest levels of biodiversity are threatened

life supporting resources

decliningconsumption of life

supporting resources

rising

A Global Perspective

Life on EarthBiodiversity is the totality of genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

Protection, conservation and renewal of biodiversity recognizes the essential role in which the interactions of genes, species, and ecosystems play in generating and maintaining diversity.

Our future survival and the future quality of human life on earth is dependent upon biodiversity.

What is biodiversity?

ISSUE: Human demand for ecosystem services is quickly growing around the world…

Water

One-third of the world’s population is now subject to water scarcity.Population facing water scarcity will double over the next 30 years

Food

Food production must increase to meet the needs of an additional 3 billion people over the next 30 years

Timber

Wood fuel is the only source of fuel for one third of the world’s population.

Wood demand will double in next 50 years.

ISSUE: A recent study* shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to provide certain services has been declining…

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Bad

Not Assessed

Agro-ecosys

temCoast

al Syst

ems

Forest S

ystem

sFres

hwater

Grassla

ndsFood-Fiber Production

Water Quality

Water Quantity

Biodiversity

Carbon StorageIncreasing

Decreasing

Mixed

Condition of Ecosystem

ChangingCapacity

Key

*Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI

Ecosystem Type

Services

Environmental ScorecardEnvironmental Scorecard

Conceptual View of AgrobiodiversityMixed agroecosystemsCrop species and varietiesLivestock and fish speciesPlant and animal germplasmSoil organisms in cultivated areasInsects and fungi that benefit productionWild species from off-farm habitatsCultural and local knowledge of diversity

Mixed agroecosystemsCrop species and varietiesLivestock and fish speciesPlant and animal germplasmSoil organisms in cultivated areasInsects and fungi that benefit productionWild species from off-farm habitatsCultural and local knowledge of diversity

Agrobiodiversity

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity Synergy Dynamics Enhancement Conservation and regeneration Adaptation and Innovation

Today’s Material Flow

NaturalResources

Goods andServices

Pollution, Wasteand Environmental

Disturbances

Approximately 25% of what goes ‘in the pipe’ comes out as goods and services.

Waste from your production process, including goods that are no longer useable, is returned back to the planet creating additional pollution and environmental disturbance.

Goods andServices

NaturalResources

Tomorrow’s Material Cycle Tomorrow’s profit will come from design, not matter

Reduce Use of Natural

Resources

Recover Technical Nutrients

Sustainable Development is:

"development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainable development involves Inter-generational equity, the principle of equity between people alive today and future generations.

It involves Intra-generational equity, the principle of equity between different groups of people alive today.

Sustainable development also includes conservation of biodiversity and precautionary risk aversion strategies

The problem of sustainable development is multi-dimensional as it involves a range of issues concerning society and nature, multi-disciplinary as it encompasses a wide spectrum of disciplines from natural to social sciences, multi-temporal as it spans a time horizon covering short to long periods of planning, multi-geographic, as it spans across all regions of the world.

Relationship between different aspects of SD

社會構面Social

Dimension

經濟構面EconomicDimension

行政構面InstitutionalDimension

環境構面Environmental

Dimension

Interaction between Anthroposphere and Environment

NaturalSystem

HumanSystem

BuiltSystem

Environment

Individual

Government Society

Economy

Infrastructure

One must study sustainable development from a multiple-scale perspective, in that it is necessary to consider issues at a micro-level as well as at a macro-level.

Four Types of Capital of Sustainable Development

Natural Resources or Natural Capital : The Environmental DimensionEconomic Resources or Built Capital : The Economic DimensionSocial Resources or Social Capital : The Social DimensionInstitutional Resources or Institutional Capital : The Institutional Dimension

Sustainable development with reference to different forms of capital (Eolss, 2003)

Towards sustainable development – A maturity model (Eolss, 2003)

Taiwan is still here

Environment

is “out

there” –

separate

Environment

is “out

there” –

separate

Social Responsibility

Social Responsibility

EthicsEthics

Costs and Compliance

Costs and Compliance

AltruismAltruism

ExternalityExternality

Luxury for Good Times

Luxury for Good Times

Only Big Companies Can Afford

Only Big Companies Can Afford

Only Small Companies Can Do

Only Small Companies Can Do

RiskLiability

Regulation

RiskLiability

Regulation

Perceptions and/or Assumptions

Transitioning towards Sustainability“…the key tasks of the coming years include

encouraging and supporting the transition towards sustainability, involving both public and private stakeholders, and building alliances for the next crucial steps.”

From “Changing Course: A Contribution to a Global Energy Strategy”Heinrich Böll Foundation Paper No 22, 2002

Transition as Evolution

Time

RE

Diff

usio

n

From Jan Rotmans, et al.

UnconsciousIncompetence

Don’t know whatyou don’t know.

Comfortable state

ConsciousIncompetence

Know there is a great deal you don’t

know.

Uncomfortable state

Denial, resistance

ConsciousCompetence

You learn and knowmore. Mastery

increases.

Move from discomfort to increasing levels of

comfort.

UnconsciousCompetence

Mastery. Changebecomes second nature, part of organizational

DNA.

New practice becomes the wayyou do business.

Comfortable state

Stages of Learning

Changing Character of Natural Resource Challenges in the Last 25 Years

LocalSpecific

Short DelayLow Complexity

Society Impact Low

GlobalDiffuseLong DelayHigh Complexity

Societal Impact High

Major Environmental and Resource Problems

Air Pollution• Global climate change• Stratospheric ozone

depletion• Urban air pollution• Acid deposition• Outdoor pollutants• Indoor pollutants• Noise

Water Pollution• Sediment• Nutrient overload• Toxic chemicals• Infectious agents• Oxygen depletion• Pesticides• Oil spills• Excess heat

Biodiversity Depletion• Habitat destruction• Habitat degradation• Extinction

Food Supply Problems• Overgrazing• Farmland loss and degradation• Wetlands loss and degradation• Overfishing• Coastal pollution• Soil erosion• Soil salinization• Water shortages• Groundwater depletion• Loss of biodiversity

Waste Production• Solid waste• Hazardous waste

Major Major Environmental Environmental

ProblemsProblems

Source: Living in the Environment, Tenth Edition, G. Tyler Miller, Jr., 1998

Human Health• Childhood diseases• Cancer• Asthma• Immune system deficiencies• Reproductive system problems• Endocrine system disruptions

The Change in Perspective on Environmental/Social Issues

Innovative, anticipatory, entrepreneurial

• Reactive

Yes, but only with frameworks, tools, and programs

• Technology solutions

Core• Peripheral

Strong financial performance• Doing good

Cost competitiveness and strategic advantage

• Compliance

Efficiencies• Cost burden

Operational excellence• Rhetoric

Sustainability ViewTraditional Thinking

Government’s WorkEffective sustainable development policy relies on an open, consensual, and accountable process of policy formulation.

There are four stages to this:1. Agenda-Setting, which involves raising

awareness and pushing issues onto the global agenda;

2. Negotiating, which involves the application of decision-making processes;

3. Implementation, which entails translating the results of negotiations into action, and developing or improving willingness or capacity on the part of stakeholders to comply; and

4. Policy reformulation and institutional learning, which reflect the extent to which built-in mechanisms facilitate learning and change in the network.

Overview of Water SectorRenewable Fresh Water Availability Per Capita

Source: PAI

Water Scarcity 2000

Water Stress 2000

Water Scarcity 2025

Water Stress 2025

Water Stress is a Global Problem

Water UseOECD Water Use

(1995, %)

Source: OECD

Non-OECD Water Use(1995, %)

Source: OECD

Agriculture45.5%

Energy30.5%

Household9.4%

Industryand Services

14.6%

Agriculture80.6%

Energy11.4%

Household4.0%

Industryand Services

4.0%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Num

ber o

f Pro

ject

s

Private Participation in Developing Countries

Water and Sewage Projects

Source: OECD; World Bank

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1990 00s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s

Num

ber o

f Big

Dam

s

Big Dams Built, By Decade

Dams

Source: ICOLD

Water Vendors’ Price as a Multiple of Price of Piped Water

Water Vendors

Source: UN; Asian Development Bank

Selected Asian Cities

0x 25x 50x 75x 100x

Jakarta

Dhaka

Ho Chi Minh City

Bangkok

Phnom Penh

Mumbai

Manila

Delhi

500x

Overview of Water Sector

Significant dollars being spent globally across wide variety of businesses

Juices

Water Sector

Carbonated Soft Drinks

Bottled Water

Beer and Spirits

Meters and Instrumentation

Membranes, Filters and

POU’s

Pipes / Valves Desalination

Wholesale Clean and Treat

Industrial Re-use

Privatizations

BOT’s / BOO’s

Resort and Housing Development

Product and Equipment$34 billion

Process Systems$20–35 billion

Strategic Business Overlap

Beverage$52 billion

Infrastructure$80–180 billion

Water Sector Opportunities“One Industry, Two Markets”

Domain

Desalination

2nd GenerationPrivatizations

Bottled Water

Filters/Membranes

Meters/Valves

Pipes/PumpsConcessions

BOT’sPrivate Sector

Critical Success Factors

Public Sector

Operating PartnersPolitical Connections

PatienceDevelopment Mentality

Availability and AffordabilityNetworkFocused

Knowledge PartnersIndustry Connections

Sense of UrgencyTransaction Mindset

Efficiency and Technology

In-point/Out-point Focused

Focus Areas

The task is to design policies related to water for sustainable development that

go far beyond the water sector.

(Sustainable development)

To achieve sustainability –economically, financially,

environmentally, socially, and politically- reforms must be designed

so as to minimize the need for revisions.

(Complex systems approach)

Taiwan faces an institutional threat for the consolidation

of vital reforms already undertaken and

implementation of crucial secod-generation reforms.

Thus, reform efforts mus be viewed against the backdrop

of earlier failures.

The Current Context:Increasing globalisation.Shifting responsibilities for governments.Restructuring and liberalisation of water markets.The emerging information technology revolution.Greater public participation in decision-making.

Participatory Globalisation

Good governance. Political stability, an impartial and independent legal system,

transparency of government regulations and open access

to information.

Promote Dialogue Among Key Stakeholders

Politicians and their patrons.Business interests.Current and potential water consumers.Water companies.Financial sector.Environmental groups

Strategies to Overcome Threats to Sustainability

Prospective winners and losers.Compensation shemes.Empowerment of beneficiaries.Public information campaigns.Political support.Constitutional environment.Incentive structures.

Capacity Development

Must be an explicit part of any successful strategy to use water as an instrument of sustainable development.

Capacity development is a continuous process. This is one of many reasons that development assistance should move away from short-term projects to

longer-term programmatic support.

"It is impossible to solve a problem with the same methodsthat caused this problem"

Albert Einstein