Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
101
,ay; - 2
ftpijapd; Nehf;F epiyfs;
jkpo; nkhopapy; GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhdtu;
ghujpahu;. ghujpf;Fg; gpwFGJf;ftpij vOJk; Kaw;rpapy; Kjd;Kjyhf
<Lgl;ltu; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp Mthu;.mNj fhyj;jpy; rp.R.nry;yg;gh>
uh[Nfhghyd; MfpNahUk; fyhNkhfpdp> vOj;J> fpuhkCopad; Nghd;w
,jo;fspy; vOjj; njhlq;fpdu;.1940f;Fg; gpwF GJf;ftpijapy; xU
Njf;fepiy Vw;gl;lJ.
,d;iwa #o;epiyapy; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wj;jpfOk;
,yf;fpakhfg; GJf;ftpij cs;sJ.kdpjdpd; vjpu;fhyk;> fhjy;
czu;Tfs;> kdpj Nea czu;Tfs;> murpay; Nghd;w cs;slf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;L ,yq;FtJ jhd; GJf;ftpij. kuGfis cilj;Jr; rKjhaf;
fUj;;Jf;fisr; Rje;jpukhf cyh tur; nra;j ngUik GJf;ftpijf;F
cz;L.
Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;
1910 Mk; Mz;bw;F Nky; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; cs;s
ftpQu;fSs; rpyu; xUq;fpize;J kuGf; ftpijapy; xU kWkyu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;jpl tpUk;gp „,Nk[p];l;fs;;… vd;w $l;likg;ig
cUthf;fpdu;.,tu;fs; gpnuQ;R ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp
ntu;];ypg;Nu[verselebre] vd;w RNar;irf; ftpij Kiwapid
Muha;e;jdu;.
102
,t;thuha;r;rpapd; tpisthfr;nrhw;rpf;fdk;;> rhjhuzepiy>
Ngr;Rmikjp> nrk;ik epiy E}jdg; gbkg;gpuNahfk; Mfpa
jd;ikfisf; ftdpj;Jf; ftpijfis mikf;fyhapdu;. B.,.`_k;>
v];uh gTz;l;> b.v];.vypal; MfpNahu; ,k;Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ltu;fspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs; v‡g;.v];.gpspd;l; vd;ghu;>
‘vJif Nkhid kw;Wk; nkhop eil ,it
midj;Jk; nraw;ifahfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk;
ftpijf;F Ritia nfhLf;fpd;wJ. mJkl;Lk;
my;yhky; nra;Kiwapy; xU rpy khw;wq;fisf;
nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,itfs; ftpijapd; capu;
Xl;lj;ijj; jilnra;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpd;wd.”1
vd;W $Wfpwhu;.,f;$w;W ,d;iwa jkpo; GJf;ftpijf;F kpfTk;
nghUj;jk; cilajhf cs;sJ.
,yf;fz tpjpfisAk;;;jisfisAk; kPwp> fl;Lg;ghby;yhky;
vOjg;gLk; ftpijia gpnuQ;R nkhopapy;’verselibre’ vd;W $Wfpwhu;fs;.
Rhyme and meter artificial and external Addison to poetry and that the
various changes that can be rang upon them were worked out, They grew more
and more insipid until they have become contemptible and encumbering.
,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; jhd; kuGf;ftpij>GJf;ftpij vd;W Gjpa
ngau;fNshL jkpo;f; ftpijfs; ,dk; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
103
trdftpijfisg; gpd;gw;wp GJf;ftpij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; eil gapd;wNj
MFk;. trd ftpij vd;gjw;F cUtk;>mzp>jis>Nkhid vy;yhk;
cz;L.nra;As; vOJtijf; fhl;bYk; trd ftpij vOjp ntw;wp
ngWtJ rpukk; vd;why; kpifay;y. trd ftpijf;Ff; fUj;jpd;
NtfKk;czu;r;rpAk; nrhy;ypy; nkU$l;bdhy; jhd; nfhQ;rkhtJ
ftu;r;rp Vw;gLk; nrhy;ypy; ftpijapd; mr;rk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJ trd
ftpijahfhJ ntWk; trdk; jhd;.
ghujpahu;>ghujpjhrd; Nghd;Nwhhpd; thapyhf ftpij khw;WUtk;
ngw;wJ vd;WJzpe;J $wyhk;.njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ghujpAk;>ghujpjhrDk;
goikiag; gpd;gw;wpg; ghbdu; vd;whYk; rpwpJ fhyj;jpNyNa jq;fspd;
ghLnghUis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;.,tu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,tu;fspd;
ngau;fisr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ftpij gilf;f te;jtu;fSk; ,tu;fspd;
Gjpa ghLnghUs;fisNa vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ghbdu;.,t;thwhf 19>20 -
Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njhlq;fpa ,e;j khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;
Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyKk; fhuzKk;;
19 -Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,WjpapYk; 20-Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpYk; ftpij ghba ftpQu;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehd;F
epiyfspy; epd;W mtu;fs; ghly;fs; ,aw;wpAs;sdu; vd;W
Gydhfpd;wJ.
1. gok; Gytu; tl;lk;
2. ghujp guk;giu
104
3. ghujpjhrd; guk;giu
4. nghJTlikf; ftpQu;fs;
vd;gitNa ,e;ehd;fhk;.,t;thW ftpQu;fs; ehd;F epiyfspy; epd;W
ghLtjw;F>fUj;JU khWtjw;f;Ff; fhuzk; #oy; vd;d vd;gijAk;
mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;Fg; gpd;du; ,e;jpa ehl;by;
kl;Lky;yhky; ,yf;fpak;> nghUshjhuk;>mwpTepiy Nghd;wtw;wpYk;
xU Gjpa khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. xU gf;fk; Mq;fpNyaupd; tUifapdhy;
gbj;jtu;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt>Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
gjtpAk; tUkhdKk; ngw;wtu;fs; mtu;fsJ
Ml;rpiaAk;>nfhs;iffisAk; Nghw;Wgtu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
‘jPjpy; Mq;fpNyNa kd;du; nrq;Nfhy; vQ;Qhd;Wk; tho;f”
vd;W ghLk; epiyapy;,Ue;jdu;. fhuzk; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; mtu;fs;
ngw;w MjhaNk vdf; $wyhk;.
,d;ndhU gf;fk; ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ „gf;jp… vd;w nfhs;ifiag;
Nghw;Wgtu;fshfr; rpy ftpQu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.,tu;fs; me;epau; Ml;rp>
mbikj;jdk;>tpLjiyNtl;if vd;gtw;iwnay;yhk; fz;L
nfhs;shky; rf;jpiag; Nghw;WtJ vd;W jq;fs; Nghf;fpy; nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,tu;fSs; ghujpAk;>ghujpjhrDk; cl;gl;ltu;fs;
vd;whYk;>rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fs;shfNt jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,tu;fNshL ts;syhu; Nghd;wtu;fs; „Md;kPfk;… vd;w epiyapy; epd;W
ghly;fisg; ghb te;jdu;.
105
%d;whk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jtu;fNs me;epau; Ml;rpia
vjpu;g;gtu;fshfTk;> Rje;jpu Njtpia tpLjiy ngwr; nra;gtu;fshfTk;
,Ue;jdu;. murpay; tpLjiy> r%f tpLjiy vd;w ghL nghUisf;
nfhz;L ftpij vOjp Mq;fpNyau;fshy; jz;lidf;F cl;gl;ltu;fSk;
Vuhsk;. ehkf;fy;yhu; Nghd;wtu;fs; fhe;jpa topiag;
gpd;gw;wpatu;fshfTk;> me;epa Mjpf;fj;ij vjpu;g;gtu;fshfTk; jk;ik
milahsk; fhl;bf; nfhz;ldu;. mtw;iwj; njhlh;e;J rka
kWkyu;r;rp> xUikg;ghL> fy;tp> gz;ghL vd;gtw;iwAk; jq;fspd;
ghLnghUshff; nfhzL ghbdu;. fhe;jpaf; nfhs;ifia Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ltu;fSk; xU tifapy; rkak; rhu;e;jtu;fshfNt ,Ue;jdu;.
mjhtJ Mhpa rkh[k;> gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;W ,uz;L gphpTfspy; epd;Nw
fhq;fpurhNuhL ,dze;J ,e;jpa tpLjiyapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
fhe;jpapd; murpay; Eioitj; njhlu;e;J jPz;lhik>rhjpxopg;G>
tWik> kJtpyf;F> ngz; tpLjiy> me;epa Nkhfk; Nghd;witfSk;
ghLnghUshf mike;jd. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L GJf;
ftpijfs; tsu;e;j tuyhW Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.
kuGf; ftpQu;fSf;Fg; gpd; etPd cj;jpfSld; $ba jkpo;g;
GJf;ftpijfSf;Fj; je;ij vdf; fUJk; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp> ahg;gw;w Gjpa
Kiwapy; ftpijfis vOj Kad;Ws;shu;. tpku;rdj;jpw;fhfNt
Njhd;wpa „vOj;J… ,jo; GJf;ftpij tsu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.
rp.R.nry;yg;gh>e.gpr;r%h;j;jpvOjpa „ngl;bf;fil ehuzd;…>„G+f;fhup…
Mfpa GJf;ftpijfis ntspapl;lhu;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J jUK.
106
rptuhK> gRta;ah Nghd;Nwhu;„vOj;J… ,jopy; GJf;ftpijfs; vOjj;
njhlq;fpdu;. ,e;j ,jopy; ntspte;j Nju;e;njLj;j GJf;ftpijfspd;
njhFg;G „GJf;Fuy;fs;… vd;Dk; ngahpy; 1962,y;; ntspahfpd. ,JNt
jkpopy; ntspahd Kjy; GJf;ftpijj; njhFjpahFk;.
GJf;ftpijfspd; Njhw;wj;jhy; ,isa jiyKiwf; ftpQu;fsplk;
rpiwgl;Lf; fple;j rpe;jidr; rf;jp tPW nfhz;L vOfpwJ.kdj;jpw;Fs;
Klq;fpf; fple;j fw;gidfs; rpwfbj;J ,yf;fpa thdpy; gwf;fpd;wd. ,J
,d;iwa GJf;ftpijapd; cz;ikahd epiyahFk;.
GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzk;
GJf;ftpijf;Fupa ,yf;fzk; ,Jtiu tFf;fg;gltpy;iy.
,Ug;gpDk; GJf;ftpijf;Fk; Xu; xOq;FKiw ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
vz;Zgtu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
’tpUe;Nj jhDk;GJtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; Nkw;Nw”2
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; $wpa tdg;G vl;lDs; tpUe;J vd;gJk; xd;W.
,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfs; midj;ijAk; njhy;fhg;gpahu; $wpAs;s
‘tpUe;J’ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tiff;Fr; rhd;W fhl;lyhk;. NkYk;>ghujp
tFj;j
‘Rit GjpJ> nghUs; GjpJ> tsk;GjpJ>nrhw;GjpJ>
Nrhjpkpf;fetftpij> nae;ehSk; mopahjkfh ftpij”3
vd;gijAk; Gjpa ,yf;fzkhff; fUjKbfpwJ.
jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gbj;Jg; ghu;f;f> xUjuk; gbg;gtu;fSf;F xU
Ntfk;> xU vjpnuhypf;Fk; jd;ik tplhgpbahf cs;sj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;
107
nfhs;Sk; xU Fzk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; GJf;ftpijapNy vd;W
f.eh.Rg;ukz;ak; GJfftpijf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;whu;.,yf;fzq;fs;
vJTk; ,y;yhj Gjpa kf;fshl;rp KiwNa GJf;ftpij vd;W K.Nkj;jh
$Wfpd;whu;;. ,t;thW cs;sj;J czh;Tfis ntspg;gilahfr;
nrhw;fspy; tbj;Jf;fhl;LtJk; ahg;G kuGfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;glhky;
,Ug;gijAk; GJf;ftpijapd; ,yf;fzkhff; $Wfpd;wdu; vd;gij
Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jfspd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
ftpijahf;fk;
ftpijahf;fk; vd;gJ gy;NtW gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU
nrhw;fiy Mf;fk;. ,jidf; fU>cU vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;Jj;
jpwdha;thsu;fs; MuhapDk; ,uz;lwf; fye;J epw;fpd;w
nrhw;fiyahf;fNk ,J. ,jd;fz; vj;jidNah cj;jpfs; eldkhb
,Wjp tbtk; nfhLf;fpd;wd. fUTk;>cUTk; VNjh jdpg;gl;l epiyapy;
cUthfpg; gpd;du; ,ide;J epw;fpd;wd vd;Nwh ftpQuhy;
,izf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;Nwh fUJjy; $lhJ. ftpQd; cs;sj;jpy;
ftpijahf;fk; gw;wpa rpe;jid vOk; NghJ xd;whfNt mit ,ize;J
cs;sj;jpy; vOfpd;wd vd;Wk; xd;whfNt mit Mf;fk; ngWfpd;wd
vd;Wk; vz;zyhk;.
ftpijapd;fz; fhzg;gLk; nkhopaikg;Gf;F ,it xU
mbj;jskhf mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iw yhtfkhf gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
ftpQdpd; ftpj;Jtk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.ftpijapd; rpwg;G kpspUfpd;wJ
108
goF jkpo;r; nrhw;fNs ftpijg; gilg;Gf;F kpfTk; cfe;jitahfTk;
gue;j gad; jUtdthfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
jkpoDf;F ,uhz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfhy ,yf;fpa kuG ,Uf;fpd;wJ
vd;whYk; xUgf;fk; Nkiyf; fhw;Wk;>kWgf;fk; fPiof;fhw;Wk; [d;dy;
jpwe;J tpl;l cyf ,yf;fpa kugwpTk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
njhd;ikahd jkpo; ,yf;fpa kuGk; cyf ,yf;fpak; gw;wp ,d;W
fpl;bAs;s mwpTk; gpd;dpg; gpize;J Gjpa tho;f;if Kiw cUthf;Fk;
GJ tuTk; ,e;j tifapy; jhd; mikfpd;wJ.
‘GJf;fhw;wpd; Kd;dhy; kuG „xUmg;gsj;jpd;; kuzk;…
Nghy nehWq;fpg; NghfpwJ’4
vd;fpwhu; ghyh.
rKjha Nehf;fpy; GJf;ftpij
,d;iwa GJf;ftpij vd;gJ ,d;iwa kdpjhpd; ftpij ftpQu;
mtuJ tho;f;if nrhy;Yk; mDgtq;fs;> mtuJ czu;r;rpfs; mth;
ifahSk; nkhopapd; nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;iw mtu; ifahSk; nkhopapd;
nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
ftpijfistbf;fpd;wdu; Gjpa tho;f;iff; fsq;fs;> r%fg; nghUshjhu
khWjy;fs;>khwptUk; kdpj cwTfs; gz;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;> Gjpa r%f
mq;fPfhuq;fs;>jpiug;glKk;>nra;jpj;jhs;fSk; Vw;gLj;j epidf;Fk; r%f
fyhr;rhu eilKiw> murpay; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,d;iwa tho;if
gpwg;ngLf;fpwJ ,tw;wpd; tpisthfTk; vjpu; tpisthfTNk ,d;iwa
GJf;ftpij vd;Dk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G jpfo;fpwJ.
109
ghujp
ghujp jk; vz;zq;fis vOj;jhf cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gy
Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shu; vd;gij mtuJ gilg;Gfspd; %yk;
mwpayhk;. trdj;jpy; juhR>Qhdujk;>etje;jpuf; fijfs; Nghd;w Gjpa
Kaw;rpfis mtu; nra;jpUf;fpwhu;. trdj;ij kPwpajhapDk; ftpijapd;
G+uzj;Jtj;ij va;jhj xU Kaw;rpahf mtupd; „fhl;rpfs;… vd;Dk;
ftpij mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; ghujp „tbtk;… gw;wp njspthf
rpe;jpj;Js;shu; vd;gJ fPo;fz;l ftpijapd; %yk; mwpayhk;.
’vd; Kd;Nd gQ;rj; jiyaiz ,lf;fpwJ. mjw;F
xU tbtk; XusT xU epakk; Vw;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j epakj;ij>mwpahjgb rf;jpgpd;Nd epd;W fhj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhs;.kdpj [hjp ,Uf;FkdTk; ,Nj
jiyaizmopnta;jhjgb fhf;fyhk; mjid
mbf;fb GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhy;me;j tbtj;jpNy
rf;jp ePbj;J epw;Fk;.GJg;gpf;fhtpl;lhy; mt;tbtk;
khWk;>tbtj;ijf; fhj;jhy;>rf;jpia fhf;fyhk;”5
,jid ntWk; trdk; vd;gjh? my;yJ ftpij vd;gjh? ,J
trdj;jpd; twz;l mwpT G+u;tkhd rhjhuz ,ay;ig kPwpajhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ftpijapd; jd;ikia KOikahfg; ngwhikapdhy;
,J „trd ftpij… vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. trdftpij vd;Dk; Gjpa
tbtj;ijj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gbj;Jr; Ritj;jhy; mjd; cah;itAk;
jdpj;jd;ikAk; czuKbAk;.
110
e.gpr;r%u;j;jp
,t;topapy; ghujpapd; GJf;ftpij Kaw;rp 1930-fspd;
gpw;gFjpapy;jhd; Jspu;tplj; njhlq;fpaJ.,tUf;Fg; gpd; GJf;ftpijapy;
Kjd; Kjypy; Mu;tk; fhl;batu; e.gpr;r%u;j;jp vd;Nw $wyhk;. ,tNu
GJf;ftpij ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; Mthu;.
‘gFj;jwpTr; re;ijapy;
xt;nthUtUk; ifapy;
Kw;Wg; Gs;spfis
%h;f;fkha; itj;Jf; nfhz;L
kdjpy; gl;l Jiwapy;
Kisabj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;
rpyh; RUjpAld;rpyu; tUzhrpukj;Jld;
rpyu; rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Jld;
rpyu; fk;gUld;
rpyu; tpQ;Qhdj;Jld;
rpyu; khu;f;]; vq;fy;Rld;
..................................................................
NtW rpyu; vjDlNdh
jpBnud;W vd;ifiag; ghu;j;Njd;
fkhj;jhd; ,Ue;jJ”6
111
vd;w ftpijapy; gFj;jwptpid e.gpr;r%h;j;jp typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,tu;
Mokhd rpe;jidfis itj;Jf; ftpijAyfpy; Gj;jpahf;fk; fz;ltu;.
,tNu GJf;ftpijf;Fj; je;ij Mthu;.
F.g.uh.
e.gpr;r%h;j;jpapd; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j F.g.uh. Tk; ftpij
vOJk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,thpd; ftpijfs; e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd;
ftpijfspypUe;J njhdpapYk;>nrhy;Yk; nghUspYk;
khWgl;bUe;jd.mJkl;Lky;yhky; ngz;ikia tpaf;Fk;> ngz;iz
vz;zp Vq;Fk; mfj;Jiwf; ftpijfis mjpfkhf
vOjpAs;shh;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>„fUtisAk; ifAk;…>„ngz;zpd; gpwtp
ufrpak;…>„tpufk;… Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
‘Fl;b mt vd;d Nrhf;F
vd;d „NrhU… njhpAkh?
jPz;lhj rhjpat
fypad; rhk;ghd; nghz;Zlh?
...................................................................
nfl;l gaktlh mt
vd;d kaf;F kaf;fuh?
ktuhrp NghNy mt
kth uhq;fpf;fhhp”.7
vd;w „uhf;fpnedg;G… vd;Dk; ftpijia F.g.uh 1939-Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;
15-Mk; Njjp kzpf;nfhb ,jOf;fhf vOjpAs;shu;. ghujpapd; trdf;
112
ftpijfs;> ftpijfs; vd;W kWf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;G e.gpr;r%u;j;jpapd;
GJf;ftpijfSk; kWf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy;
GJf;ftpijapd;,af;fk;>„vOj;J… ,jopd; %yk; njhlu;e;jJ. kad;> rpl;b>
ty;ypf;fz;zd; MfpNahhpd; %yk; mbj;jskplg;gl;L> xd;W Nru;j;J
gpd;du;; jp. Nrh. NtZNfhghyd;> b. Nf.Jiu];thkp> jUK rptuhK>
rp.kzp> jpUNyhf rPjhuhk;> tp¤> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> gRta;ah>
v];.itj;jP];tud; Nghd;Nwhhpd; %yk; tsg;gLj;jpf; fl;lg;gl;lJ
GJf;ftpij MFk;. ,th;fis mLj;J rpw;gp>kPuh>jkpod;gd;>
mg;Jy;uFkhd;> GtpauR> Nkj;jh> ituKj;J> kPdhl;rp> Kjyhfg; gy
GJf; ftpQh;fs; mjidg; Gjpa nkUFld; fl;bf; fhf;fpd;wdu;.
Gjpa tho;f;iff; fsq;fs;> r%fg; nghUshjhu khWjy;fs;>
khwptUk; kdpj cwTfs;> gz;ghl;Lr; rpf;fy;fs;> Gjpa r%f
mq;fPfhuq;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs; nra;jpj; jhs;fs; ,tw;wpypUe;J ,d;iwa
GJf;ftpij gpwf;fpwJ. GJf;ftpijapd;fz; fhl;rp> fUj;J> fw;gid>
FwpaPL> gbkk;> njhd;kk; Mfpait cs;slq;fpas;sd.
FwpaPLfs;;;
xsp> ,Us;> nrhu;f;fk;> eufk;> kWgpwg;G> gazk; Nghd;wit
FwpaPLfs; MFk;. cjhuzkhf> ftpQu; ituKj;J jk;Kila ftpijapy;
nrhu;f;fk;> eufk; vd;w FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhu;.
‘fhjypj;Jg; ghu;
nrhu;;f;fk;
eufk;
113
,uz;bnyhd;W
,q;NfNa epr;rak;”8
vd;ghu;. ,jpy; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gLk; nrhu;f;fKk;> eufKk; KiwNa
xg;gw;w kfpo;r;rp> nrhy;y Kbahj Jauk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd FwpaPLfs;
MFk;. „,e;jpaf; FwpaPl;ba tsj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;j kw;nwhU ngUQ;nry;tk;
,uhkhaz> kfhghuj ,jpfhrq;fs; MFk;…vd;W mg;Jy; uFkhd; FwpaPL
gw;wpf; $Wfpwhu;.fiy kfs; ,jopy;> Nkw;fz;l $w;wpw;Fr; rhd;whf
miya itj;j fUiz vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; u.ma;ahrhkp vOjpa
ftpijia rhd;whff; $wyhk;.
‘J}atNd> mNahj;jpefu; ,iwtd; nkr;Rk;
J}JtNd> kiw czu;e;j Qhdf; Fd;Nw>
jPatpid ,Us;ePf;fpj; njspT ey;Fk;
jpUtpsf;Nf” vd nefpo;e;J nebJ tPo;e;Njd;”9
vd;W $WtjpypUe;J uhkd; nkr;Rk; rpwe;j JhJtdhfTk;>
jPtpidiaf;fisa te;jtdhfTk; mDkidf; $WtJ GydhfpwJ.
NkYk; RNjrkpj;jpudpy;>
‘cs;sj;jpUe;jhs; xspahdhs;-gpd;
cte;J vOe;jhs; fspahdhs;
nks;s vOe;jhs; nkd;ikasha;- cld;
Nktpf; fz;zpd; kzpahdhs;”10
114
vd;W ftpQh; kzp>Mw;wypd; FwpaPlhd guhrf;jpia kdpj
kdtsj;jpw;Ff; Fwpj;jpUg;gJ GydhfpwJ. rf;jp fsQ;rpak; ,jo;j;;
njhFg;gpy;>
‘fhkidg; Nghd;w mofpdhs;- nghy;yhf;
fhkj;ij ntd;W gofpNdhd;”11
vd;W Mrphpau; ehkf;fy; nt.uhkypq;fk; $WtJk;> „fhspahl;lk;…
vd;Dk; ftpijapy; fhspia ,aw;iff;Fk;> gr;ir epwj;jpw;f;Fk;
FwpaPlhf>
‘caph;fis Cf;Fk; gr;ir
caph;fis ngUf;Fk; gr;ir”
..............................................
ghAk; gUtq;fspdpilapy;>
rhAk; xspf;fjpu;fspd; jilapy;>
nghq;Fk; flyiyapd; rpyk;gpy;”12
vd;W ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhspapd; cUtj;ijf; FwpaPlhfg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sik mwpatUfpwJ. cs;Sk; GwKk; vd;Dk; ftpijapy;
‘mQ;nrOj;Jk; MnwOj;Jk; Xjkhl;Nlhk;”
vd;W ftpQh; Rugp ,iw topghL nra;a khl;Nlhk; vd;gij
mQ;nrOj;J MnwOj;J vd;W FwpaPlhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
njhd;kk;
njhd;kk; vd;w nrhy; Guhzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Guhzf; fijia
‘Myth’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLthu;;.
115
‘njhd;ik jhNdciuNahL Gzu;e;j goik Nkw;Nw”13
vdj; njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; njhd;ikapd; tsh;r;rpaile;j
epiyiaj;„njhd;kk;… vdf; $wyhk;. njhd;kk; goikahdJ Mdhy;
GJf;ftpijapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ mJ GJj; jd;ik ngWfpwJ
njhd;kq;fs; goq;fijia epidt+l;LtNjhL epd;WtpLtjpy;iy.
mtw;wpd; mbf;fUj;J ,f;fhy tho;Tf;Fg; gad;gLtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
njhd;kq;fs; jdp kdpju;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLgit my;y. kf;fs;
njhFjpapduhy; fhyq;fhykha;g; Ngrg;gl;Lk; ek;gg;gl;Lk; tUgit.
,j; njhd;kf; fUj;Jf;fs; kdpjdpd; kdjpy; gjpe;Jfple;J jf;f
jUzq;fspy; fpsu;e;J vOfpd;wd.njhd;kj;jpw;Fk; rkaj;jpw;Fk; kpf
neUq;fpa njhlh;G cs;sJ. xU rkaj; njhd;kk; jk; rkaj;jpdUf;F
khj;jpuk; gad;gLk;gb jd; vy;iyiar; RUf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
mjpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; cz;ik midtUf;Fk; nghJthdJ. rhd;whf>
‘ehd; myq;fhuj;jpd; Mz;lhsha;Mdhy;Mil nfhz;Lk;
Vthsha;”14
Kjph; fd;dpiag; gw;wpg; Ngr te;j ituKj;J Mz;lhs;> Vths; vd;Dk;
,U njhd;kq;fis ,izf;fpwhu;.,j;jifa njhd;kq;fisg; GJf;
ftpQh;fspy; flTs; ek;gpf;if cilNahUk;> flTs;
ek;gpf;ifaw;NwhUk;vLj;jhSfpd;wdu;. rka ek;gpf;ifAilNahu; jk;
rkaj; njhd;kk; vd;Wk; gpw rkaj; njhd;kk; vd;Wk; ghFgLj;jpg;
ghu;f;fhky; midj;J rkaj; njhd;kq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jpd;wdu;.rhd;whf ngsj;j> fpwpj;Jt rkaj; njhd;kq;fSk;
116
,izj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Nghjpkuk; vd;w ngsj;j rkaj;
njhd;kj;ijAk; rpYitkuk; vd;w fpwpj;Jt rkaj; njhd;kj;ijAk;
,izj;J MStijAk; ghu;f;f KbfpwJ.
‘Gj;jDf;fha;
nghd;dpoy; tphpf;Fk;
Nghjpfs; xU gf;fk;
rpj;jd; VRtpd;
nrk;Gdy; Fbf;Fk;
rpYitfs; xU gf;fk;”15
vd;fpwhh; mg;Jy; uFkhd;.
ftpij> njhd;kj;NjhL neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ.
ftpQDf;Fk;>thrfDf;Fk; czh;r;rpA+l;Ltd njhd;kq;fs; MFk;.
goq;fhy kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; rpy thioab thioahf ek;gg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. kf;fs; kdj;jpy; gjpe;j goe; njhd;kq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
ftpQh;fs; jhk; nrhy;y te;j fUj;ij vspjpy; thrfu;;fs; Ghpe;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; gb nra;J tpLfpd;wdu;.
fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; tPiz> ghk;Gg; ghl;L> ghrKk;
gf;jpAk;> Mz;- ngz;> kq;fyty;yp> Kjyhd ftpijfs; njhd;kf;
FwpaPl;Lf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,tw;Ws; tPiz kw;Wk; ghrKk; gf;jpAk;
Mfpa ,U ftpijfSk; fy;tpf;Ff; FwpaPlhf tpsq;Fk; fiykfs;
gw;wpad.
117
tPiz
‘jq;ff; fiykfs; ghjj;jpy; -itj;Jj;
Njhj;jpuk; nra;J rku;;g;gpj;Njd;”16
ghrKk; gf;jpAk;
'thzp fiykfl;F
thuhj gz;nzhd;iw
tPiz fuj;Njw;wp"17
Nghd;wit rhd;WfshFk;. Mhpaj; njhd;kj;jpd; gb gpukd; gilg;gpd;
flTs; vd;gij tpsf;f te;j ftpijahf „Mz;- ngz;… vd;Dk; ftpij
mikfpwJ.
Mz;- ngz;;
‘gilf;fpd;w njhopyhsp gpuk Njtd;
ghu;;j;jpl;lhd;>gz;tbthk; ngz;iz cw;W”18
nry;tj;jpw;Ff; FwpaPlhf tpsq;Fk; jpUkfs;> jpUkhy;>rptd; MfpNahu;;
gw;wp kq;fyty;yp vd;Dk; ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
kq;fyty;yp
jpUkhy;
‘nrt;tpa jhkiuapy; nre;jpU te;jdNd”19
jpUkhy;
‘mutiz kPjpdpNy mwpJapy; vk;ngUkhd;
khatd; khu;gfNk kyuiz vd;WiwAk;”20
118
rptd;
‘rPh;j; njO rq;fudhu; nra;j kfj;jpdpNy”21
NkYk; ghk;Gg; ghl;L vd;Dk; ftpijapy; rptngUkhd; ngUik gw;wpa
njhd;kk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ghk;Gg; ghl;L
‘Mjprptd; NkypUe;j ehfg; ghk;Ng”22
rf;jp fsQ;rpak; ,jo;j; njhFg;gpy; %d;W ftpijfspy; njhd;kk;
mike;Js;sJ. tPuj;Jwtp ftpijapy; fhkDk;> ,USk; xspAk;
ftpijapy; ,e;jpuDk;>cs;Sk; GwKk; ftpijapy; rptngUkhDk;
njhd;kkhf ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;.
tPuj;Jwtp
fhkd;
‘fhkidg; Nghd;w mofpdhd;”23
rptd;
‘Nrhkidg; Nghyf; Fspu;e;jtd; - Qhd
#hpad; Nghyf; fpsu;e;jtd;”24
,USk; xspAk;
,e;jpud;
‘Nghd ntapy; GFe;j njq;Nf?ghU neQ;rk; gijf;F
ijNah?,e;jpuid ,iwQ;rpf; Nfl;Nghk;”25
‘tUfNt ,e;jpuh jUfNt ntw;wp"26
119
‘ithpfisf; fz;l ,e;jpud; ntw ;wpg;Nghiuj; njhlq;fp
tpl;lhd;tpUj;jpuidf; fz;l ,e;jpud;”27
cs;Sk; GwKk;
rptd;
‘mudhu; cUtpy; mku; ;e;jhSk;”28
RNjr kpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; ,uz;bnyhd;W> Nghpd;gk;
Jhukpy;iy> vOe;jUsPNuh Nghd;w ftpijfspy; njhd;kf; $Wfisf;
fhzyhk;.
Nghpd;gk; J}ukpy;iy
fz;zd;;
‘FoY}Jk; fz;zndd
FUFUf;Fk; fUtpopfs;”29
fz;zd; tpopfis Foe;ijapd; tpopfSf;F xg;gpl;Lf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,uz;bnyhd;W
rptd; -rf;jp
‘tpe;ij tpisj;J tpisahba ngk;khd; - rf;jptpe;ijg;
ngUkfisf; $ltpy;iyNah? 30
,j; njhd;kk; ,y;ywj;ij typAWj;jp mikfpd;wJ.
vOe;jUsPNuh?
rptd;>gpukd;
‘jpq;fis azpe;Njhdpd; -KbNjbAk; fhzhu;;
Nghy;”31
120
gpuk;kd; rptngUkhdpd; jpUKbiaf; fhzj; Njb miye;jJ
Nghy>kfd; je;ijapd; rpwg;igj; jhskhl;lJ>fhZk; nghUl;fs;
NjhWk; je;ijiaj; NjLtjhf ,f;ftpij mike;Js;sJ.
gbkk;
GJf;ftpij cj;jpfspy; gbkk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.,Nk[; (image)
vd;w nrhy; ,Nkfh(imago) ,kpj;jpiu(imitari) Mfpa ,yj;jpd;
nrhw;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ.ctik>cUtfk;> tUzid Nghd;wtw;wpd;
%ykhfr; nrhy;yhky; Xtpak; jPl;bdhy; mJ gbkk; MFk;. gbkk; xU
fhl;rpiaNah fUj;ijNah kdf;fz; Kd; gbar; nra;fpwJ.cUtfk; jhd;
ngUk;ghd;ikahfg; gbtkhfpwJ. xd;whf czug;gLtjhy; mjid
cs;shu;e;j gbkk; vd;Wk; ctikapy; xg;Gf; fhl;Ltjhy; mjid
tphpgbkk; vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;.
‘czh;T> czu;r;rp> mwpT Mfpa %d;W epiyfspYk;
gbkk; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. czu;T
Gyd;fisj;jhf;fp czu;r;rpr; rydq;fis
tpistpj;jhYk;mwpthu;e;j mu;j;jj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;
nry;ytpy;iynadpy; gbkk;gadw;wjhfp tpLk;”32
vd;W ghyh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
fiykfs; ,jo;j;;njhFg;gpy; gy ftpijfspy; rpw;rpy ,lq;fspy;
gbk cj;jp ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit tUkhW
1) glNfhl;b
m) ‘vd;Ds;Ns ePapUf;f -cd;idvtDk; njhLthNdh”33
121
M) ‘,USs; fiue;jJ ghu;”34
2) it\;ztd; vd;Nghd; ahu;;?
m) ‘mjpy; gutrk; milfpw mtDilanghd;Dly;"35
M) ’fhk f;Nuhjk; fise;jtdha;”36
3) Mz; -ngz;
m) ’#dpaj;jpy; capuZNt moyhr;R”37
M) ’fhjnyd;Dk; fdw;nfhOe;J eldkhdhu;”38
4) vz;zpj; Jzpe;Njd;
‘Mfhak; ePe;jr; nrd;Nwd;”39
5) mj;jidAk; fdT
‘fhyf; fapw;iwg; gpizf;f te;Njd ;”40
6) ,sNtdpy;
‘cs;sk; gphptpdhy; nehe;jjb”41
7) Xuf;flypdpNy
‘gho;glh njd;ftp fhyj;jpiuapd; Nky;ghbg; glu;;e;J
tUk;”42
8) Gjpa g+f;fs;
‘fhyk; tsu;;j;J tpl;l jspu;r; Nrhiy”43
9) mofpy; mts;
‘Njhspy; jpirfs; Jtstpl;lhy;”44
122
Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wyhk;.
gf;jp tzf;fk;
jkpou;;fSf;F gf;jp czu;Tk;> Md;kPf czh;Tk; mjpfk; vdyhk;.
rKjhaj;jpy; ngz; nja;t topghl;bw;Fj; jdpr; rpwg;gplk;
cz;L.rpq;fj;jpw;F ,izahd tPukhdJk; rpiy Nghd;w NjhSk;> tPu
guhf;fpukkhd tho;Tk;> ntw;wpg; GfOk;> mUNshLk; tpsq;Fk; rf;jpapd;
KfNk vq;nfq;F Nehf;fpDk; fhzg;gLfpwJ vd;gjid>
‘nra;t njy;yhk; guhrf;jp nra;if
rpj;jp nay;yhk; guhrf;jp rpj;jp
ita nky;yhk; guhrf;jp yPiy
tho;f;if nay;yhk; guhrf;jp Nahfk;
va;J kpd;gk; guhrf;jp apd;gk;
<if nay;yhk; guhrf;jp aPif
iffs; $g;gpf; fUj;jpdp nyhd;wpf;
fUiz ad;id ruz;Gfe; Ja;Nthk;”45
vd;fpwhu; Rthkp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;;.,J rf;jp fsQ;rpa ,jo;j;
njhFg;gpy; cs;s Kjy; ftpijahFk;. mjidg; NghyNt fiykfs;
,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; Kjy; ftpijahf „tPiz… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
ftpQu;„N[hjp… mtu;fs; gf;jpg; ghliy vOjpAs;shu;;.
‘jq;fj;jp dhnyhU tPiziar; - nra;J
jq;fj;jpdhy; je;jp g+l;bNdd;>
jq;ff; fiykfs; ghjj;jpy; -itj;Jj;
123
Njhj;jpuk; nra;J rku ;g;gpj;Njd;” 46
vd;fpwhu;;. fiykfs; kw;Wk; rf;jp fsQ;rpak; Mfpa ,U ,jo;j;
njhFg;GfspYk; Kjypy; ,lk; ngw;wpUg;gJ nja;t tzf;f ghly;fNs
MFk;.ghrKk; gf;jpAk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; F. mofphp rhkp
tPiziaAk;>fiykfisAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghLfpd;whu;.
‘thzp fiykfl;LF
....................................................
tPiz fuj;Nje;jp”47
vd;fpwhu;;.
NkYk; rf;jp fsQ;rpaj;jpy; ftpQh; Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is>
flTsplk; ,t;Tyfpy; gue;J fplg;gJ ckJ mUs; vd;why; CdKw;wth;
Vd; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;? Viofs; Vd; tWikapy; thLfpd;wdu;;? vdf;
Nfs;tp Nfl;fpwhu;;.
‘rpwe;j kyuhy; jz; nghopYk;
nja;t kdKk; fko;e;jpLkhy;
,we;j Gy;Yk; ,UePy kP
njOe;J nfhOe;J tpl;bLkhy;
Jwe;j Qhdp jdpikaplk;
Jutpr; nry;t Njidah?”48
vd;Wk;
‘vq;Fk; kdpjh; cidj; Njb
,uTk; gfYk; miyfpd;whu;
124
vq;Fk; cs;sJd; tbthk;
vdpDk; FUlu; fhz;ghNuh?
vq;Fk; vOt Jd;Fuyhk;
vdpDk; nrtplu;; Nfl;ghNuh
vq;Fk; vd;Wk; vt;TapUk;
ahTk; Md ,iwtNd”59
vd;W ,iwtdplk; tpdTfpd;whu;. NkYk; gr;ir kuj;jpYk;> gr;irr;
nrb> nfhbfspYk; fhspapd; rhaiyAk;> ,t;Tyfpy; glu;;e;jpUf;Fk;
gRikapy; fhsp cLj;jpapUf;Fk; gr;irg; Glitapd; rhaiyAk; ftpQh;
gp¤P Fwpg;gLj;jpAs;shhu;.
‘gr;ir fhspiag; Nghw;W
fhspapd; gRik Nghw;W”50
vdg; gRikiag; Ngzpf; fhf;f miw $ty; tpLf;fpd;whh;.
fhz;gJ vJthapDk; mJ fhspapd; fhl;rp vd;gjid>
‘gtof; fhspiag; ghU
jtOk; fhiyapd; fpof;fpy;>
RlUk; g+Q;nrt;nthsp jd;dpy;>
cjpUk; Nuh[htpd; rptg;gpy;>
cjpuj;jpd; [Ptr; rptg;gpy;>
khiyapd; jpLf;FWk; nghd;dpy;>
rPWk; nte;joypd; ehf;fpy;>
khJisapd; tpag;GW vopypy;>
125
gtof; fhspiag; Nghw;W>
fhspapd; nrk;ik Nghw;W”51
vd;W fhspapd; vr;nraiyAk; Nghw;wpl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;whu;
ftpQh; gP¤.flTis topgLgtd; GJik newpapy; tho;gtd; kdpj
Neaj;NjhL tho;gtd; vd;gij>
‘Gj;jidAk; VRitAk; Gz;a egpjidAk;
Ge;jpapNy jhq;fpatd; GJik newpfz;lhd;
epj;jpa jhpj;jpudha;r; rj;jpaj;ij Xjp
ePs;KbAk; ths;gilAe; jhs; gzpa itj;jhd;
fz;kaf;Fk; Nt\j;jhy; fhhpa nkhd;wpy;iy
fhrpdpapy; Vo;ikapdhy; gho;gl;L epd;Nwhu;
Gz;Jilf;Fk; NritapNy %o;fPLtPu;
vd;Nw Nghjpj;j Qhdj;ijr; rhjpj;Jtpl;lhd;”52
vdW ftpQu;„Rugp… $Wfpwhu;. ,thpd; ,f; ftpijapy; midj;J
kjq;fSk; Qhdj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;.rpyrkaq;fspy;
,iwtd; gf;jh;fSf;F cldbahff; fhl;rp juhky; mtidg; gy Kiw
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; miyf;fopj;J> Nrhjidfs; epfo;j;jp gpd;Nd fhl;rpAld;
$ba mUspid mspf;fpd;whd; vd;gij typAWj;Jk; tz;zkhf
V.ma;ahrhkp „miya itj;j fUiz… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij
Gide;Js;shu;.
‘jpUk;Gifapy; gpd;topaha; ,wq;f vz;zpj;
jpirkhwpf; fPo;NkYk; jphpe;J nehe;Njd;>
126
mUk;gptpOk; Nth;itapidj; Jilj;Jf;
nfhz;NlmUfpUe;j kiyKfl;by; Vwp epd;Nwd;”53
vd;w thpfs; kdpjd; ,iwtidf; fz;lilAk; Nehf;Fld; miye;J
jphptJ Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,q;qdk; miye;J jphpe;jtd;
‘vd;idAk; Xu; nghUl;lhf kjpj;jha;> Iah>
Vwhj kiyNaw;wp ,wq;f itj;J>
epd;Dila Myaj;ij ePNa fhl;b
neLq;fUizj; Njd; Cl;l epidj;jha; md;Nwh?”54
,jpy; ,iwtDld; kdpjd; Neubahf ciuahLtJ Nghd;w $w;W
miktjhy; ,iwtd; mtDf;Ff; fhl;rp mspj;jik GydhfpwJ.
,JNghd;W „njrzp…> „Ntyd;…> „fh.K.n\hpg;… Nghd;w ftpQh;fs; gf;jpg;
ghly;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;. RNjr kpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; vq;Fk;
epiwe;j „guhrf;jp… vd;Wk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQh; „kzp… vOjpa ftpij
kl;LNk Md;kPff; ftpijahf mikfpwJ. ,f;ftpijapy; ftpQh; „gp¤
vt;thW fhspia cUtfk; nra;Js;shNuh mJ NghyNt ftpQu; kzpAk;
guhrf;jpia cUtfk; nra;Js;shu;.
‘cs;sj;jpUe;jhs; xspahdhs; -gpd;
cte;J vOe;jhs; fspahdhs;
nks;s vOe;jhs; nkd;ikasha; -cld;
Nktpf; fz;zpd; kzpahdhs;”55
vd cs;sj;jpd; xspahfTk;> cte;J vOk; fhspahfTk;> nks;s vOk;
nkd;ikahdtshfTk;> fz;zpd; kzpahfTk;> ew;fhhpak;
127
nra;gtshfTk;> gf;ju;;fSf;F ey; Mf;fk; jUgtshfTk;> cyfpw;F
capuhdtshfTk;> xypapy; fye;J ,irahf khwpatshfTk;
cUtfpf;fpd;whu;;. ,it jtpu fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; glf;Nfhl;b>
,iwth>cd;id kwf;fpNyd;> kq;fy ty;yp Mfpatw;wpYk;
,iwj;jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,aw;if tUzidfs;
thdj;jpy; khiy Neuj;jpy; kpd;dp kdj;ij kaf;Fk; el;rj;jpuj;jpd;
mofpy; kaq;Ffpwhh; ftpQh; Jiwtd;.
‘thd taypdpNy -Mapuk;
tz;zk; gilj;jplNt
Nkhdg; gpukdtd; tpijj;j
Kj;Jtpij apiyNah?”57
vd;Wk;>
‘ePyj;jpiu tpLj;j- thd
ehlfg; Nguuq;fpy;
Nkanjhu; NfhyNkNah - ,e;j
nkd;Rlu; tz;znky;yhk;”57
vd;Wk; ghLfpd;whu;.
,aw;ifahf kiyapd; kPjpUe;J fPNo tpOk; ePhpd; tPo;r;rp kdj;jpw;F
kfpo;r;rpiaj; jUfpwJ vd;Wk; nghUspy; ftpQH „rpl;b…
‘Cop Kbe;jpLk;
Xir vOe;jpl
128
cyF eLq;fplNt
Mop ftpo;e;jJ
Nghy tpOe;jpLk;
mUtp apjw; G+jNk’
rpjwpa jptiyfs;
rptDila fz;nghwp
rpde;jJ Nghy; vONk
mjpUk; ,irf; foy;
md;idapd; $j;njd
MbtUk; GdNy”58
vd;w ftpijia ahj;Js;shu;. ,jpy; rpjWk; JspfisAk;> ePHtbAk;
XiriaAk; tUzid nra;fpwhu;.
„,USk; xspAk;… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpQH e. gpr;r %Hj;jp
Mjpfhyj;jpy; kdpjHfspd; epiy>Nghu; fhiyf; fjputd;> ,uT Nghd;w
epiyfspy; ftpij Gide;Js;shu;. ,jpy; xspiaAk; ,UisAk;
tzq;fNtz;Lk; vd;gij ikag;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
‘xspia tzq;FtNk - Njhou;fs;
,Uspy; kfpOtNk>
xsp te;J tsu;f;Fk;
,Us; te;J fhf;Fk;.
xspia tzq;FtNk - Njhou;fs;
,Uspy; kfpOtNk”59
129
vd kfpo;e;J ,aw;ifia tUzpf;fpwhu;.
ftpQu; jpUts;Su;jhA „kz;zpd; kdk;… vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij
gilj;Js;shu;. ,jpy; g+kpia midtUk; nghWikf;F mzpfyhdhf
epidf;fpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy; G+kp jd;idg; gw;wp vd;d epidf;fpd;whs;
vd;gijf; Fwpj;J>
‘nghWikf;F ,lNkJ ? g+kpg;ngz; ahd;
.............................................................
jfpf;fpd;w vhpkiyaha; khWk; jPiaj;
jhd;tPrp tPrpg;Nghu; Nfhgk; nrhy;Yk;
...............................................................
vd;wd; kdk; Gz;zhfp Alyk; MLk;
,q;fjidg; G+fk;gk; vd;gPH ePtpu;
fd;wptpLk; vd;wDly; nfhjpf;Fk; ntg;gf;
fL%r;rhy; fz;bLk; ePu; „nrk;kz;… vd;gPu;
vd; kPJ ,uf;fj;ijf; nfhz;l Nkfk;
,dpikePu; Cw;Wk; mf;fhw;Wk; NrUk;
vd;djhd; mitvd;Nky; jto;e;jpl;lhYk;
vd; ntg;gk; jzpe;jpLNkh ? jzpt nje;ehs;.”60
vd;W jd;Dila epiyiaf; Fwpj;Jg; Gyk;Gtjhfg; gilj;Js;shu;.
fhu;j;jpif khjj;jpd; rpwg;GfisAk;> fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; kf;fspd;
,aw;if xd;wpa tho;itAk; „fhu;j;jpif [hyk;… vd;w jiyg;gpy;
„njd;wy;… vd;Dk; ftpQu; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
130
‘nkhl;Lr; Rlnuhsp ntl;LNj- GJ
Nkhfdj; njd;wYk; Kl;LNj - vq;Fk;
Kj;Jr; ruvopy; nfhl;LNj - mfy;
eLNtjdp Rlu;ehafp Ghpehl;ba espdj;jpdpy;
,d;gj;jpd; vy;iyNa vl;LNj – Rfj;
jd;ikapy; nghd;kio nrhl;LNj”61
vd;W fhHj;jpif khjj;jpy; nga;Ak; kio> kpd;dy;> njd;wy;
Mfpatw;iw tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.
fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; mofpy; mts; (jkpoofd;)> Gjpa
G+f;fs; (rhiy ,se;jpiuad;)> ,sNtdpy; (ney;iy M fzgjp)> Xuf;
flypdpy; (kpd;D}H rPdpthrd;) Fw;why kiyaUtp (F. kh.
ghyRg;gpukzpak;) Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; ,aw;if tUzidfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; Fw;why kiyaUtp vd;Dk; ftpijapy; Fw;why
kiyiaAk;> mUtpiaAk; Fwpj;J Mrphpau; ghLfpwhu;. kiyiaf;
Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ>
‘rpd Kw;w nfhbaUk;> rptQhd mbaUk;
Nru;e;JyTk; nghJkd;wNkh ?
.... ..... ...... ...... ..... .....
nfhd;iw kyu; #bLk; Fw;why ehjdpd;
Fd;wj; jpUTs;sNkh ?”62
vd;W nfhbatu;fSk;> mbatu;fSk;> ,iwtDk; thOk; kiyahff;
Fw;why kiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
131
‘gyuJ %ypiffs; FyTG+Q; rhuyha;g;
gd;dPu; njspf;fpd;wjh ?
Fykhju; kyH Nkdp jOtpf; Fspu;e;jpLk;
Fw;why kiyaUtpNa”63
vd;Dk; kiyaUtp %ypif ePUld; $baJ vd;gijAk; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lfpd;;whu;Mrphpau;.
ftpQu; jkpoofd; ghu;f;Fk; ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; midj;ijAk;
mofpa ngz;zpd; nrayhfg; ghtpf;fpd;whu;.
‘ePyf; fliy nespa tpl;lhs; - me;j
ePhpil CQ;ry; tisa tpl;lhs;
..... ..... ..... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .......
gr;ir kapy;Nky; gjk; gpbj;jhs; - mq;Fg;
guj fiyNa epjk; tbj;jhs;”64
vd;W ftpijapy; moiff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs;
r%f ,Ug;Gfis kpfj; Jy;ypakhf ntspr;rkpl;Lf; fhl;Lk;
nghWg;G ftpQu;fSf;F cz;L. ngz; kPjhd je;ijahjpf;fr; r%fj;jpd;
mjpfhuk; vd;gJ ,d;W New;wy;y gy Mz;Lfsha;j; njhlu;r;rpahd
rq;fpypfshy;gpzpf;fg; gl;Lg; ngz; tpLjiyiaf;
Nfs;tpf;Fcs;shf;fpaJ.
132
ngz; Nghfg; nghUshfTk;> mbikr; NrtfpahfTk; Mzpd;
mjpfhuj;ijAk;> mrl;ilj; jdq;fisAk; clystpYk;> cs;sj;jstpYk;
jhq;fpj; jhq;fp iee;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;ltshf cs;shs;.
mbikapd; tuyhw;Wr; RtLfis kPl;nlLj;J. tpLjiy
Ntl;ifNahL> nray;gl;L rkj;Jtj;ij cUthf;f Kide;J nray;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid>
‘......................... ngz;fspd; rpwg;gjid
mr;rKk; NgjikAk; mUq;fyd; vdntz;zp
epr;rYk; Nghw;wpl;lhh; epfhpyhj; jkpo; kf;fs;
GJik ahnjd;Wk; NgUz;ik czuhJ
gpjw;wpNa ngz;Zhpik NgRfpwPu; ;”65
vd;fpwhu;; tp[a ghujp. NkYk; ngz; fiyfspy; rpwe;jts;> fw;gpdpy;
Nju;e;jts;> cau; gz;gpd; ciwtplk;> fy;ypd; cWjpAld; tho;tpidf;
fhg;gts;> Jd;gj;jpilNaAk; ,d;gkha; tpsq;fpLths;> md;gpd; mUs;
tbtha; mkpo;jk; Nghd;W ,Ug;gts mtSf;Ff; fy;tp mspg;Nghk;
vd;gij>
‘rPUld; rfnky;yhk; fhj;jpLk; ngz;zurp
fy;tp kpff; fw;Nghk; fhtpak; nra;jpLNthk;
,y;ypdpy; ,lh;glhJ ,d;Gw tho;e;jpLNthk;
njhy;goikf; fl;bidNa ntl;bj; jfu;;j;jpLNthk;
ey;GJik ehbLNthk; eheyk; fhj;jpLNthk;”66
133
vd;W ftpQh; ngz; fy;tpia ikag;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.Gjpa G+f;fs;>G+Tk;
G+itAk; vd;Dk; ,U ftpijfspy; ngz;zpar; rpe;jidfs; fiykfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa G+f;fs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; rhiy ,se;jpiuad;>
kidtpapd; Fzeyd;fis kpfr; rpwg;ghf vLj;jpak;Gfpwhu;.
‘%yf; fzf;fpyts; xU ghjp
..........................................................
‘tPl;by; GFe;jpUe;j ,Us; jPu;j;jhs;”
........................................................
‘md;id epidTtUk; rpyNghjpy; - vd;wd;
md;G kyu;FtpAk; mjd;kPjpy;
vd;idf; Foe;ij gz;zp kfpo;e;jhNs?’
..............................................................
‘New;W tiuapyts; mtl;fhf - vd;idr;
Nru;;e;j nghOJ Kjy; vdf;fhf”67
,t;thW Mrphpah; kidtp> GFe;j tPl;by; vt;thnwy;yhk; jd;idr;
#o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh; vd;w ew;fUj;ij
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.Gj;jNdhp Rg;gpukdpak; G+Tk; G+itAk; vd;Dk;
jiyg;gpy; ngz;zpd; cWg;GfisAk; gy tifahd kyu;fSf;F
xg;gpl;Lg; ghLfpwhu;.
‘fz;Zf; Ftik Ftisg; G+
iffhy; ce;jp fkyg; G+
ngz;zpd; ehrp vs;spd; G+
134
NgZk; fd;dk; Nuh[hg; G+“68
vd;Wk; gy;Yf;F Ky;iyg;G+> ghjk; mdpr;rg;G+> tpuy;fs; fhe;jl; G+>
Nkdp tz;zk; jhok; G+> cs;sk; Jk;igg; G+> nrtpkly; rq;Fg; G+>
thapd; epwk; nrk;gUj;jp> kzf;Fk; $e;jy; kNdhuQ;rpjg; G+ vd;W
ngz;fspd; mq;fk; xt;nthd;Wk; gz;ghy; kyu; vd;W $wg;gLtjhy;
mg; ngz;izg;G+it vd;W ehk; miof;fpNwhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
fhjy;
cyf caph;fspd; ,d;wpaikahj $Wfspy; xd;Wjhd; fhjy;>
,f;fhjy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F md;G> ghrk;> fUiz> Nerk;> ,uf;fk; vdg;
gy nghUs; nfhs;tu;. MZf;Fk;> ngz;Zf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
md;igf; fhjy; vd;fpNwhk;.GJf; ftpijapy; kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Ff; fhjy;
Njhd;Wk; Kiw gw;wpAk;. fhjyhy; Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fs; gw;wpAk; fhjypd;
gy;NtW tiffisAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghLfpd;wdu;.
‘kpspu;fpd;w Mbjd;dpy; cUitf; fz;L
kPz;LnkhU rPl;nld;Nw mjid vz;zp
jsph; Nghd;w clyirj;J nky;yr; nrd;W
jzpahj fhjypdhy; mizf;f vz;zp
xspu;fpd;w cly;Nrhu cs;sk; Nrhu
cau;fhjy; Kbahky; ntl;fk; nfhz;L
jsu;Tw;Nw jd;ngz;bd; mUfpy; nry;Yk;”69
vdr; rpl;Lf; FUtpapd; fhjy; tpisahl;ilg; ghu;j;J> jhk; ftpij vOj
te;j rpe;jid kwe;J Nghdjhff; $Wfpwhu; ftpQh; gh. tsu;kjp.
135
ftpQh; K. cyfehjd;> cs;sj;jpy; vOe;j fhjiy> ,jaj;jpy; vOe;j
jhfj;jpid ntspapy; nrhy;y Kbahky; jtpf;Fk; epiyapid>
‘Gd;idkuk; kPjpypUe;J ghLk; - Fapy;
G+itxyp NtWtpj khFk;
Jd;g,ir ghLtJk; VNdh? - Njhs;
njhj;Jk;ngil ,d;nwq;Nf fhNzhk;”
vjpuhf vq;fSf;Fr; rjpNah?- vk;
,Utu; kd xUik epiytpjpNah
,jaj;jpy; vOe;jnthU jhfk; -mJ
vz;zKld; kiwe;J tpl;l Nrhfk;” 70
ntspaplg; glhky; kiwe;J tpl;l fhjypd; Nrhfj;jpid ftpQh;
,t;thW vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.fiykfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; ,U ftpijfspy;
fhjy; epiyfisf; fhzyhk;
(i) etuhj;jphp nfhYtpw;F te;j ngz;zpd; kPJ Vw;gl;l fhjy;
‘ghbagpd; nrd;wdNu
nfhYKbj;j ngz;fnsyhk;
Nfhijats; Nghftpy;iy
vjphpUe;j vd;Kfj;ij
,uz;Nlhu; Kiwghu;j;Nj
,jo;fs; mirahky;
vg;gbNah $g;gpl;lhs;>
ngz;zurp Kd;nry;yg;
136
gpwu;fhzh Neuj;jpy;
...........................................
vd;tPl;Lg; gpd;Gwj;Nj
,Uf;Fk; Fsj;jUNf
gpd;njhlu;e;J nrd;Nwd;”71
ngz;zpd; kPJ Vw;gl;l fhjyhy; mtd; eilg;gpzkhfpdhd; vd;gij
Mrphpah; F. mofphprhkp kpf mofhff; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.mLj;jjhf
„glNfhl;b… vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ehafd; ehafp ghtk; vd;Dk; epiy
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Mrphpau; Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu; ehafp - fhjyp
vdTk; glNfhl;b - fhjyd; (gukhj;kh) vdTk; ghtpj;Jf;
ftpijahj;Js;shu;.,iwtDf;Fs; gf;ju;fs; milf;fykhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ gf;ju;fSf;F vt;tpj ,ilA+Wk; NeuhJ vd;gij
‘vd;Ds;Ns ePapUf;f - cd;id
vkDk; njhLthNdh?
nghd;dpy; kzpnadNt - cs;sk;
nghUe;jpdhy; mr;rKz;Nlh?”72
vd;W glNfhl;b Nfl;gjhf ,t;thpfs; mike;Js;sd. rf;jp fsQ;rpak;
,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; fhjy; ftpijfs; VJk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.
tWik epiy
tWikf;Ff; fhuzk; nghUspd;ikNa vdyhk;. nghUspy;yhu;f;F
,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy vd;gJ ts;Stk;. rhjp> kj> ,d NtWghLfSk;
tWikia tpistpf;Fk;. kf;fl; ngUf;fk;> kJ mUe;Jjy;> Nghjpa
137
tpisr;rypd;ik Nghd;witAk; tWikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshFk;.Vo;ik
vd;gJ kdpj Fyj;jpw;F kl;LNk tpjpf;fg;gl;l tpjp. mbg;gil
tho;f;if trjpfs; $l ,y;yhJ thOk; kdpjh;fs; Vuhskhf cs;sdu;.
efuj;jpy; eilghijapy; tho;Nthhpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
,k;kd cisr;riyj; jk;Kila ftpijfspy; ftpQh; Njrpf tpehafk;
gps;is>
‘cz;z czTk; cLf;fj; JzpAk;
,y;iyahy; ,ue;jpL NthUk;
Nehapy; tpOe;J nehe;J nehe;J
ghapy; fple;J ghpjtpg; NghUk;
jPanewpapy; jphpe;J nghy;yhg;
ghjf uhfpg; gopnra; NthUk;
cyfpy; cz;nlDk; cz;ik kwNtd;”73
vd;fpwhu;. kdpjdpd; vjph;kiwahd tho;ifapd; Vw;wj; jho;Tfs; ePq;fp>
kdpj rKjhak; tsNkhL tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd; vy;Nyhhpd;
tpUg;gKk; vdyhk;. mt;thW Vo;ikapy; tho;e;jhYk; thf;fpy; cz;ik
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid
‘rpd;d Viof; NfDk; -nrhy;Ny
[Pt ehbahFk;
......................................................
G+u;j;jp jtwpdhYk; - thf;fpy;
Gul;Lr; nra;jplhik
138
Neu;ik ahdjhFk; - vd;W
epidtpy; itf;f NtZk;”74
vd Vo;ikapy; tha;ik kpf Kf;fpak; vd;W ehkf;fy; nt.uhkypq;fk;
gps;is $Wfpwhu;.fiykfs; kw;Wk; RNjrkpj;jpud; ,jo;j;njhFg;Gfspy;
tWikiaf; Fwpj;J vf;ftpQh;fSk; ftpij Gidatpy;iy.
epiyahik
fhjy;> ,y;ywk; ,tw;iwj; Jwe;J cyfpy; tho;T newpapd;wpg;
Gwk;ghd epiyahikia kdj;jpw; nfhz;L thOk; tho;Nt xU tifj;
JwT vdyhk;. nra;aNtz;ba nray;fisr; rhpahfr; nra;J vjd; kPJk;
mjPj gw;wpy;yhtho;T epiyahikia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; topahFk;.,q;F
xU FOtpd; cgNjrkhff; ftpQh; rp.Njrpf tpdhafk; gps;is mth;fs;
rf;jp fsQ;rpaj;jpy;
‘kz;zpy; tho;tJz;L - gpd;dhy;kuz kht Jz;L
ez;Zk; ,d;g Jd;gk; - ve;j ehSk; cz;lg;gh”75
vd;W epiyaw;w tho;f;ifia vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. NkYk;
‘ngha; fise;jpLNthk; - nka;iag; Nghw;wp
epd;wpLNthk; nra;flid epjk; - cyfpy;nra;J tho;e;
jpLNthk;”76
vdg; ngha;ahd tho;tpy; cz;ikaha; tho;e;J flikiar; nra;a
Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wfpwhu;.fhw;W Eioahj ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> eLf;
flypy; ghrpfs; glu;e;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ntz;Nghu;it Nghu;j;J
139
ntspAyfk; fhzhky; ,Ue;jhYk;> cs;sj;J czu;r;rpfs; vy;yhk;
xLf;fp ,Ue;jhYk;
‘rhT epd;W $j;jhl”78
vd;W epiyahikj; jd;ikiaf; ftpQh; Jiwtu; „fdpe;j cs;sk;…
vd;Dk; ftpijapy; Rl;Lfpd;whu;.,Nj fUj;jpidf; ftpQu; „rhypthfdd;…
Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy vd;Dk; ftpijapy;>
‘kidtp kay; Jwe;J
koiy Kfk; kwe;J
jdJw;whu; jd; Rw;wk;
jdf;Fw;w ez;gnuy;yhk;
tpdt> tprdKw
.............................................
Nghpd;gk; J}ukpy;iy
tUe;jpaiof;fpd;Nwd;
thlh vd; ehafNd”78
vd;W tho;f;if epiyapy;yhjJ> Nghpd;g tho;Nt epiyahdJ vd;W
ftpQh; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;;.Gjpjhf kzkhd kzkfd; $Wtjhf ,f;
ftpij mike;Js;sJ.kzkhFk; Kd; kzg; ngz;zpd; Kfj;jpy;
rphpg;gpidf; fz;Nld;. kzkhd gpd;Dk; rphpg;gpidf; fz;Nld;.
fd;dq; Fop tpof; fay;tpop kpuSk; ,d;dKjr; rphpg;gpy; vd;
,janky;yhk; FspUfpd;wJ. ,J ,jaj;jpd; vjpnuhypahFNkh
vd;nwy;yhk; epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fpd;whd;. gpd;du;
140
‘epiyahNkh ,t;tpd;gk;
neQ;rk; epiyahj ehspy;iy
,iyNkNy ePu;Nghnyd;
wpiwtdpd; rphpg;G Kz;Nlh?”79
vd;Wrpw;wpd;gijf; fhl;bYk; Nghpd;g tho;Nt epiyahdJ vd;fpd;whu;
ftpQu;; fyh ghujp. fiy kfs; ,jo;j;njhFg;gpy; epiyahikf; fUj;Jfs;
mlq;fpa ftpijfs; xd;Wk; ,y;iy.fiykfs;>rf;jp fsQ;rpak;>RNjr
kpj;jpud; Mfpa ,jo;j;njhFg;Gfspy; cs;s ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk;
gbkk;> FwpaPL> njhd;kk;> Mfpad ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
141
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. ty;ypf;fz;zd;> GJf;ftpijapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;> g. 137
2. njhy;.nghUs;.nra;As;> Ehw;gh.
3. ghujpahu;>ghujpahu; ftpijfs;> g.233
4. ghyh>GJf;ftpij xU GJg;ghu;it>g. 21.22
5. ghujpahu;>ghujpahu; ftpijfs;>g. 394
6. gpr;r%u;j;jp. eh. gpr;r%u;j;jp ftpijfs;> g. 205
7. F.g.uh.kzpf;nfhb> ,jo; Vg;uy; 15 - 1939 (ntspahdJ)
8. ituKj;J>,e;j g+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g. 5
9. ma;ahrhkp.u. miyaitj;j fUiz>fiykfs; ,. njh> g.36
10. kzp> vq;Fk; epiwe;j guhrf;jp> R.kp. ,. njh>ghfk; 1. g. 22
11. ehkf;fy; .nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp> r.fs.,.njh.ghfk; 1. g.23
12. gP¤> fhspahl;lk;> r.fs. ,.njh.ghfk; 1.g. 32
13. njhy;. nra;Aspay; Ehw;. 538
14. ituKj;J> ,e;j G+f;fs; tpw;gidf;fy;y> g. 74
15. mg;Jy; uFkhd;> Rl;Ltpuy;> g. 125
16. N[hjp> tPiz>f.k. ,. njh>ghfk; 1 . g. 15
17. mofphprhkp.F>ghrKk; gf;jpAk;>f.k.,.njh. -ghfk;1g. 17
142
18. fk;gjhrd;>Mz; ngz;> f.k.,. njh>ghfk; 1- g. 26
19. Ntyd;> kq;fyty;yp> ,. njh>g. 41
20. NkyJ
21. NkyJ
22. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; rp.>ghk;Gg; ghl;L>f.k. ,. njh.ghfk; 1
g. 16
23. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp>r.fs.,.njh> ghfk; 1 g. 23
24. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk;> tPuj;Jwtp>;>r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1
g. 23
25. gpr;r%u;j;jp.e > ,USk; xspAk;> r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1> g. 39
26. NkyJ
27. NkyJ g. 41
28. Rugp> cs;Sk; GwKk;>r.fs.,.njh. ghfk; 1. g.45
29. rhypthfdd;>Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy. R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1. g .14
30. Rg;ukz;a Nahfp.r.J. > ,uz;bnyhd;W>R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1.5
31. ,d;gtz;zd;> vOe;jUsPNuh. R.kp. ,. njh> ghfk; 1. g.27
32. ghyh>GJf;ftpij xUghh;it>g .142
33. Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;>glNfhl;b>f.k. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g.20
143
34. NkyJ. g .21
35. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is>it\;ztd; vd;Nghd; ahu;?
fiy>,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .22
36. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is>it\;ztd; vd;Nghd;
ahu;?fiy ,.njh.ghfk; 1 . g.23
37. fk;gjhrd;> Mz; -ngz;>f.k. ,.njh. ghfk; 1 . g .26
38. fk;gjhrd;> Mz; -ngz;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g .27
39. jkpo; xsp>vz;zpj; Jzpe;Njd;> gf.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g.28
40. k`p> mj;jidAk; fdT>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g. 29
41. ney;iy. M.fzgjp> ,sNtdpy;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .34
42. kpd;Dhh; rPdpthrd;> Xuf;flypdpy;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .33
43. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> Gjpag+f;fs;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .32
44. jkpoofd;> mofpy; mts;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .31
45. Rthkp Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;> rf;jp tzf;fk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1
g .17
46. N[hjp> tPiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .15
47. mofphp rhkp.F > ghrKk; gf;jpAk;>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .17
48. Njrpftpehafk; gps;is.rp. > cku;fa;ahk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.
g .22
144
49. NkyJ
50. gp¤>fhspahl;lk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .32
51. gp¤> fhspahl;lk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .32
52. Rugp> vspik> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.g .49
53. ma;ahrhkp.u >miya itj;j fUiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g.35
54. ma;ahrhkp.uS > miya itj;;j fUiz>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1
g .36
55. kzp> vq;Fk; epiwe;j guhrf;jp>R.kp. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .22
56. Jiwtd;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .29
57. Jiwtd;> el;rj;jpuq;fs;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .29
58. rpl;b>ePu;tPo;r;rp>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .33
59. gpr;r%u;j;jp. e > ,USk; xspAk;>r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1.g .44
60. jpUts;Su;jhA> kz;zpd; kdk;> R.kp.,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .26
61. njd;wy;>fhu;j;jpif [hyk;>R.kp.,. njh. ghfk; 1. g.27
62. F.kh. ghyRg;ukzpak;> Fw;why kiyaUtp>f.k. ,. njh. ghfk; 1 g
.40
63. ghyRg;ukzpak; F.kh> Fw;why kiyaUtp> f. , .njh. ghfk; 1.
g .40
145
64. jkpoofd;>mofpy; mts;>f . , . njh. ghfk; 1. g .31
65. tp[aghujp>GJikg;ngz; $Wfpwhu;>R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1.
g .12
66. tp[a ghujp> GJikg;ngz; $Wfpwhu;> R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1
g .12
67. rhiy ,se;jpiuad;>GjpaG+f;fs;> R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .32
68. Gj;jNdhp Rg;ukzpak;>G+Tk; G+itAk;> R.kp. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .39
69. tsu;kjp.gh> kd;dpg;gha;> R . kp . , . njh.ghfk; 1 g .11
70. cyfehjd; .K>,jajhfk;>R . kp . , . njh.ghfk; 1.g .15
71. mofophprhkp.F >ghrKk; gf;jpAk;> f . , . njh.ghfk; 1. g . 17>18
72. Rj;jhde;j ghujpahu;> glNfhl;b> f . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .20
73. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is>thOk; top>f. , . njh.ghfk; 1. g .18
74. ehkf;fy; nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is> nrhy;. f. ,. njh. ghfk; 1. g .21
75. Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is.rp > FUtpd; cgNjrk;> f., .njh. ghfk; 1.
g 20
76. NkyJ
77. Jiwtd;> fdpe;j cs;sk;> r.fs. ,.njh. ghfk; 1. g .30
78. rhypthfdd;>Nghpd;gk; Jhukpy;iy>R. kp ., . njh .ghfk; 1. g .14
79. fyhghujp>rphpg;gpd;gk;>R . kp . , . njh . ghfk; 1. g .26