Fx scaphoid Blum

7/21/2019 Fx scaphoid Blum

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fx-scaphoid-blum 1/19

K dmlge >22?9::;?=4-6<© >22?. Ìmltlghs Crdhïdlsfs mf dmlgegolf.

Ìmltì pdr Fesfvlfr @dssgh QDQ. ]gus mrglts rìsfrvìs cgr`dtlgh `ìmladef aghtlhuf ef pglht sur…

Ef mldohgstla mfs crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf ;

rfvuf mf ed elttìrdturf

D Neu` (4), N Qdufr (4), ^ Mftrfleef (4), KR [dnfe (4), C Rlfrruaal (4), \ _lttf (4) ft C Mdp (>)

fs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf sght efs crdaturfs mu adrpf efs peuscrìqufhtfs. Feefs rfprìsfhtfht fhvlrgh 6 % mf e“fhsf`nefmfs crdaturfs ft 4/42 222 mfs aghsuetdtlghs mf trdu`dtgegolf

(4). Feefs dccfatfht peus pdrtlauelêrf`fht e“jg``f kfuhf. Feefssght peus rdrfs ajfz efs fhcdhts (`glhs mf 4 % mfs crdaturfs musadpjgçmf) gu ajfz efs vlfleedrms adr, mdhs afs trdhajfs m“îof, efrdmlus prìsfhtf uhf crdoleltì peus l`pgrtdhtf. Mf peus, dvdht46 dhs, e“gs fst l``dturf ft ef adrtledof qul fhtgurf ef hgydu m“gs-slcladtlgh pgurrdlt kgufr uh rýef m“d`grtlssfur.Ef ìadhls`f ft e“ìvgeutlgh hdturfeef mfs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmfag`pgrtfht fhagrf qufequfs lhafrtltumfs (>). Hìdh`glhs, le fstnlfh ìtdnel qu“uh mldohgstla tdrmlc ag`prg`ft e“fccladaltì mu trdl-tf`fht grtjgpìmlquf. Le pfut aghmulrf â ed psfumdrtjrgsf, ed hì-argsf mu crdo`fht pgedlrf supìrlfur, â e“drtjrgsf ft du ageedpsusmu adrpf (1-6). Af rlsquf duo`fhtf aghslmìrdnef`fht dprês edtrglslê`f sf`dlhf m“ìvgeutlgh (1). Afs ag`peladtlghs mght ef rf-tfhtlssf`fht cghatlghhfe duo`fhtf dvfa ef tf`ps, dccfatfht fs-sfhtlfeef`fht efs trdvdleefurs dhufes. @deorì efs prgorês rìafhtsmf ed ajlrurolf (orfccgh vdsauedrlsì pìmlaueì), afs ag`peladtlghspfuvfht oìhìrfr mfs lhadpdaltìs pfr`dhfhtfs pdrtlfeefs (LRR) gu

l`pgsfr uh rfaedssf`fht prgcfsslghhfe. Vh mldohgstla ft uhf prl-sf fh ajdrof prìagafs dppdrdlssfht mgha hìafssdlrfs.Ef nledh rdmlg-aelhlquf lhltlde rfprìsfhtf ed prf`lêrf ìtdpf mldo-hgstlquf `dls sd vdefur fst `ìmlgarf. E“fxd`fh aelhlquf fst trgppfu spìalclquf ft ed rdmlgordpjlf stdhmdrm trgp pfu sfhslnef(3-46). Mfs ìtumfs dhalfhhfs suooêrfht quf efs crdaturfs sght lfuxvlslnefs 46 kgurs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f lhltlde, fh rdlsgh m“uhf rìsgrp-tlgh pìrlcrdaturdlrf (43-4?). Rgur afs rdlsghs, efs pdtlfhts prìsfhtdht

uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf mght ef nledh rdmlgordpjl-quf lhltlde fst hgr`de sght jdnltufeef`fht rfvus pgur uh aghtrýefaelhlquf ft rdmlgordpjlquf dprês uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh mf 42 â46 kgurs. Ed vdefur mf afttf strdtìolf fst aghtfstìf mfpuls mf hg`-nrfusfs dhhìfs adr feef h“f`pëajf pds ed survfhuf mf psfumdrtjrg-sfs. Rdr aghsìqufht, mdhs mf hg`nrfux afhtrfs, efs aghtrýefs sfpgursulvfht kusqu“â 3 sf`dlhfs m“ìvgeutlgh, tgut fh l``gnlelsdht efpdtlfht. Afttf prdtlquf pfr`ft mf mìtfatfr tgutfs efs crdaturfs musadpjgçmf ft mf ag``fhafr uh trdltf`fht fccladaf pgur afeefs qulhf sght pds mìpedaìfs. Afpfhmdht, sgh rftfhtlssf`fht prgcfsslghhfeft sgh l`pdat ìaghg`lquf sght aghslmìrdnefs ft feef fst m“dutdhtpeus lhdaafptdnef quf peus mf 62 % mfs pdtlfhts h“ght pds mf crdaturf(44, 4:->4). Mf peus, ef sulvl mfs pdtlfhts pfut ëtrf deìdtglrf. @deorìafs lhsucclsdhafs, afs strdtìolfs rfstfht sguvfht utlelsìfs, pdrcgls fhrdlsgh mf e“daaês mlcclalef â uh pedtfdu tfajhlquf pfrcgr`dht.Rdr dleefurs, efs cdux hìodtlcs mu nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde rforgu-pfht mfs eìslghs três mlccìrfhtfs. Afrtdlhfs sght m“dutjfhtlqufs crda-

Dnstrdat ^ìsu`ì

]jf mldohgsls gc rfafht sadpjglm crdaturfs; fvlfw gc tjf eltfrdturf

K ^dmlge >22?9::;?=4-6<

Crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm drf tjf `gst ag``gh adrpde crdaturfs. Drfvlfw gc tjf eltfrdturf lhmladtfs tjdt tjf prfvdefhaf gc tjf crdaturf lh tjfadsf gc aelhlade susplalgh ls efss tjdh 62%. D qudelty Z-rdy fxd`lhdtlghrf`dlhs fssfhtlde ds dh lhltlde mldohgstla tgge lh tjf fvdeudtlgh gc sadpjglmcrdaturfs. Lts sfhsltlvlty vdrlfs crg` 6< tg ?<%. Rdtlfhts wltj hfodtlvf Z-rdys prfsfht wltj dngut 4:.?% gc sadpjglm crdaturfs9 6% gc nrulsfmsadpjglm9 41% gc rdmlus crdaturfs dhm ?% gc lsafeedhfgus nghf efslghs. Lc

hgt trfdtfm prg`ptey, d sadpjglm crdaturf `dy nf ag`pguhmfm ny hgh-uhlgh wltj dssgaldtfm rlsi cdatgrs suaj ds dvdsauedr hfargsls dhmgstfgdrtjrltls. Aghslmfrlho tjfsf rlsis, pdtlfhts wltj suspfatfm sadpjglmcrdaturf wltj hgr`de Z-rdys, rgutlhfey uhmfrog wrlst l``gnlelzdtlghuhtle l`dolho aghclr`s gr mfhlfs tjf prfsfhaf gc crdaturf. Aghsfqufhtey,`grf tjdh jdec gc tjf pdtlfhts uhmfrog wrlst l``gnlelzdtlgh hffmefssey.]jls `dy jdvf d hfodtlvf l`pdat gh tjflr prgcfsslghde elcf dhm pfrsghdedatlvltlfs wjlef rfprfsfhtlho d jloj `fmlade agst.@^L ls tjf l`dolho tfajhlquf gc ajglaf cgr susplalgus gr hfodtlaf Z-rdys. @MA] ls efss agstey tjdh @^L gr nghf sadh, rfdmley dvdlednef dhmjlojey fccfatlvf cgr trdu`d pdtlfhts nut ls edais daaurday dhm sjguem nfusfm wltj adutlgh lh tjls lhmladtlgh.

Efs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf sght crìqufhtfs. E“ìtumf mf ed elttìrdturf`ghtrf quf, mfvdht uhf susplalgh aelhlquf mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf,ed prìvdefhaf mf afttf eìslgh fst lhcìrlfurf â 62 %. Vh nledh rdmlgord-pjlquf stdhmdrm mf qudeltì mglt rfstfr ed prf`lêrf ìtdpf mldohgstlquf.Le mìtfatf efs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf dvfa uhf sfhslnleltì vdrldht fhtrf6< ft ?< %. Efs pdtlfhts dvfa mfs rdmlgordpjlfs hgr`defs ght fh`gyfhhf uhf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf mdhs 4:,? % mfs ads, uhfaghtuslgh mu sadpjgçmf mdhs 6 % mfs ads, uhf crdaturf mu rdmlus mdhs41 % mfs ads ft uhf dutrf crdaturf mdhs ? % mfs ads. Vhf crdaturf musadpjgçmf de trdltìf aghmult â mfs ag`peladtlghs mght ef rftfhtls-

sf`fht prgcfsslghhfe ft sgalìtde fst ìefvì. Mdhs ed strdtìolf aedsslquf,pgur prìvfhlr af rlsquf, efs pdtlfhts prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh mfcrdaturf mu sadpjgçmf mght ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde fst hgr`denìhìclalfht m“uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh pfhmdht 42-46 kgurs, vglrf3 sf`dlhfs. Reus mf 62 % mf afs pdtlfhts sunlssfht mgha uhf l``gnl-elsdtlgh ft uh drrët mf trdvdle lhutlefs. E“L^@ rfprìsfhtf ed ìtjgmfmldohgstlquf lmìdef fh ads mf rdmlgordpjlfs hgr`defs gu mgutfusfs.Ef sadhhfr vgeu`lquf prìsfhtf uhf prìalslgh peus cdlnef quf e“L^@ ftsgh dhdeysf mglt rfstfr prumfhtf.

Ify wgrms; _rlst, crdaturfs. _rlst, VQ. _rlst, A]. _rlst, @^.Qadpjglm. Mfmladtfm @^L.

@gts-aeìs ; Rglohft, crdaturf. L^@. Qadhhfr. Qadpjgçmf. L^@ mìmlìf.

E

(4) Qfrvlaf m“L`dofrlf Ouleegz, AJV, ><, dvfhuf mf Edttrf-mf-]dsslohy, 6=222 Hdhay.(>) Qfrvlaf mf ajlrurolf pedstlquf ft rfaghstruatrlaf, Jýpltde Kfdhhf m“Dra, rgutf hdtlghdef =,6=>22 Mg``drtlh-efs-]gue.Agrrfspghmdhaf ; D Neu`F-`dle ; d.neu`Baju-hdhay.cr



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?=>

Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf

D Neu` ft de.

turfs kustlcldht uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh succlsdhtf pgur prìvfhlr ed psfu-mdrtjrgsf. M“dutrfs agrrfspghmfht â mfs aghtuslghs gssfusfs. Feefs sftrdmulsfht pdr mfs `largcrdaturfs trdnìauedlrfs lhmìtfatdnefs â ed rd-mlgordpjlf gu du sadhhfr. Feefs hf sght rìvìeìfs quf pdr e“L^@ gu edsalhtlordpjlf qul `ghtrfht uh őmê`f `ìmueedlrf mlccus gu uhf jy-pfrclxdtlgh `gmìrìf mf e“gs. Feefs crdolelsfht e“gs tf`pgrdlrf`fht, efrfhmdht peus vuehìrdnef â uh hguvfdu trdu`dtls`f `dls le fst prg-ndnef qu“uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh mf agurtf murìf fh dssurf ed ouìrlsgh.E“l`dofrlf `gmfrhf mglt kgufr uh rýef l`pgrtdht mês ed prlsf fhajdrof lhltldef mu pdtlfht. Feef mglt ìel`lhfr cgr`feef`fht uhfcrdaturf ft ìvltfr dlhsl uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh lhutlef. Feef mglt ìod-ef`fht mìtfatfr efs crdaturfs gaauetfs mght afrtdlhfs dccfatfht uhdutrf gs quf ef sadpjgçmf. Fhclh, e“L^@ mfvrdlt ìodef`fht dlmfr â`lfux adrdatìrlsfr efs mlccìrfhtfs eìslghs dclh m“fh mìclhlr ef prg-hgstla ft ef trdltf`fht efs peus dmìqudts. Vhf fhquëtf lhtfrhdtlg-hdef rìafhtf `ghtrf quf efs prdtlqufs ght ìtì `gmlclìfs pdr efstfajhlqufs m“l`dofrlf `gmfrhf (>>). Vh fccgrt m“jdr`ghlsdtlghrfstf hìafssdlrf pgur fh d`ìelgrfr ed agjìrfhaf ft ed pfrtlhfhaf.Mdhs tgus efs ads, ed elttìrdturf rìafhtf pedlmf fh cdvfur m“uh

`fleefur daaês â e“L^@.Ef nut mf aft drtlaef fst mf rdppfefr efs mghhìfs aedsslqufs aghafr-hdht ef mldohgstla mfs crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf, mf `gh-trfr â pdrtlr mfs mghhìfs mf ed elttìrdturf ft m“fxf`pefs prìals, efslhsucclsdhafs mfs strdtìolfs aedsslqufs ft mf prgpgsfr mfs drnrfsmldohgstlqufs peus pfrcgr`dhts.

Ef nledh rdmlg-aelhlquf lhltlde

Ef mldohgstla mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf rfpgsf mdhs ed ordhmf d-kgrltì mfs ads sur e“dhd`hêsf, e“fxd`fh aelhlquf ft ef nledh rdmlg-

ordpjlquf. Ed crdaturf survlfht ef peus sguvfht egrs m“uhf ajutfsur ef pglohft fh jypfrfxtfhslgh. Feef fst peus rdrf`fht elìf â uhajga mlrfat sur ef mgs mf ed `dlh, egrs m“uh agup mf pglho fhcefxlgh.Ef slohf aelhlquf ef peus aedsslquf fst ed mguefur â ed prfsslgh mfed tdndtlêrf dhdtg`lquf mght ed sfhslnleltì ft ed spìalclaltì sghtrfspfatlvf`fht mf <2 % ft =2 % (>1). Ed mguefur â ed prfsslgh mutunfrauef mu sadpjgçmf prìsfhtf uhf sfhslnleltì sl`ledlrf (:? %),`dls uhf spìalclaltì eìoêrf`fht supìrlfurf (6? %) (>1). Ed vdefurmfs dutrfs slohfs aelhlqufs (mguefurs â ed ag`prfsslgh mdhs e“dxfmf ed prf`lêrf ageghhf, mguefurs rdmldefs fh mìvldtlgh uehdlrfcgraìf gu aghtrf rìslstdhaf, őmê`f mf ed tdndtlêrf dhdtg`lquf,

fta.) fst aghtrgvfrsìf (>=->3). Â pdrtlr m“uhf rfvuf mf ed elttìrdtu-rf, Mgrsdy ft de.

aghstdtfht quf ed vdefur prìmlatlvf mf e“fxd`fhaelhlquf vdrlf fhtrf 41 ft 3< % dvfa uhf `gyfhhf mf >4 % (>?).Rdr aghtrf, sd vdefur prìmlatlvf hìodtlvf fst jdnltufeef`fhtaghslmìrìf ag``f sdtlscdlsdhtf. E“dnsfhaf mf sfhslnleltì mgu-egurfusf du hlvfdu mf ed tdndtlêrf dhdtg`lquf ft mu tunfrauefsadpjgçmlfh pfr`ft prdtlquf`fht m“fxaeurf e“fxlstfhaf m“uhfcrdaturf mu sadpjgçmf (>, >:).Ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf fst ed prf`lêrf ìtdpf mldohgstlquf mfscrdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf `dls efs lhalmfhafs rìdelsìfs sght três vdrld-nefs fh cghatlgh mfs afhtrfs. Le fst hìdh`glhs dm`ls quf qudtrf lh-almfhafs du `glhs mglvfht ëtrf rìdelsìfs ; uhf lhalmfhaf mf cdaf mf

pglohft fh pgsltlgh hfutrf dvfa uh rdygh pgstìrg-dhtìrlfur, uhflhalmfhaf mf prgcle ft mfux lhalmfhafs, mltfs mu sadpjgçmf. Efs lhal-mfhafs mf cdaf ft mf prgcle rfstfht lhmlspfhsdnefs pgur prìalsfr efsrdppgrts mfs gs mu adrpf (><). E“lhalmfhaf mf prgcle pfr`ft ìodef-`fht ed mìtfatlgh mfs crdaturfs mlstdefs mu sadpjgçmf (12). Efs lhal-

mfhafs mu sadpjgçmf ag`pgrtfht uhf mìvldtlgh uehdlrf ft/gu uhffxtfhslgh mu adrpf ft/gu uhf mf`l-prghdtlgh ft/gu uh rdygh mlrfa-tfur lhaelhì vfrs ed tëtf dclh m“ìtdefr e“gs ft mf el`ltfr efs supfrpgsl-tlghs gssfusfs (14-1>). Le s“dolt jdnltufeef`fht mfs lhalmfhafs mfQajrfai 4 (pglho mf`l-cfr`ì, prghdtlgh â <2

²

ft mìvldtlgh uehdlrf`dxl`def, rdygh mlrfatfur vfrtlade) ft mf Qajrfai > (pglho mf`l-cfr`ì, prghdtlgh â =6

²

, rdygh mlrfatfur vfrtlade). Qajfrhnfro prg-pgsf ìodef`fht ed rìdelsdtlgh m“uhf lhalmfhaf mf cdaf pglho cfr`ìfh prghdtlgh pgur aedssfr efs crdaturfs (11).Mfs lhalmfhafs suppeì`fhtdlrfs mglvfht ëtrf rìdelsìfs fh ads mfmgutf (1=). Efs aelajìs fh strfss sf`nefht d`ìelgrfr eìoêrf`fht efspfrcgr`dhafs mu nledh rdmlgordpjlquf stdhmdrm. Ef aelajì mf cdaf,fh prghdtlgh dvfa mìvldtlgh uehdlrf dxl`def, jgrlzghtdelsf ef sad-pjgçmf ft tfhm â sìpdrfr sfs crdo`fhts. Ef aelajì mf cdaf, pglho sfr-rì fh prghdtlgh, fhtrdèhf, â e“lhstdr mf e“lhalmfhaf mf cdaf pglho cfr-`ì, uhf fxtfhslgh mu adrpf pfr`fttdht m“jgrlzghtdelsfr efsadpjgçmf ft mf nlfh ef mìodofr. Rgur quf af aelajì dlt uhf vdefurdkgutìf, uh sfrrf`fht datlc mu pglho fst hìafssdlrf ; ed prfsslghfxfraìf pdr ed tëtf mu adpltdtu` sur ed prf`lêrf rdhoìf mfs gs mu

adrpf cdaleltf ed mìtfatlgh mfs crdaturfs fhorfhìfs mu sadpjgçmf ftmfs fhtgrsfs sadpjg-euhdlrfs (1>, 16) (clo. 4)

. Ed mguefur f`pëajfrdrf`fht afttf `dhőuvrf. Afttf lhalmfhaf rf`pedaf ef aelajì mfcdaf pglho cfr`ì. Feef pfut ëtrf rìdelsìf mf cdïgh ag`pdrdtlvf (13).Efs prlhalpdefs aedsslcladtlghs utlelsìfs sght afeefs mf ûssf, Jfr-nfrt ft mf Qajfrhnfro. ûssf aedssf efs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf fh1 adtìogrlfs fh cghatlgh mf e“grlfhtdtlgh mu trdlt mf crdaturf ; jg-rlzghtde gnelquf, trdhsvfrsde, vfrtlade gnelquf (1?). Jfrnfrt sìpd-rf efs crdaturfs stdnefs (typfs D), efs crdaturfs lhstdnefs (typfs N),efs rftdrms mf aghsgelmdtlgh (typf A) ft efs psfumdrtjrgsfs (ty-pfs M) (1:) (clo. >)

. Qajfrhnfro aedssf efs crdaturfs fh 3 typfs prlh-alpdux mght e“dhdeysf sf cdlt fh prdtlquf agurdhtf sur ef aelajì mf

cdaf pglho sfrrì, fh rfpìrdht ed pgsltlgh mu trdlt pdr rdppgrt â edtunìrgsltì rdmldef ft â ed elohf agrtladef ìmldhf ed peus mfhsf (11,1<) (clo. 1)

. Gh mlstlhouf ìodef`fht efs crdaturfs hgh mìpedaìfs

(clo. =)

, uhl gu nlagrtladefs, ft efs crdaturfs mìpedaìfs l.f. dvfa uhìadrt lhtfrcrdo`fhtdlrf mf peus m“uh `leel`êtrf, uh dhoef lhtrd-gssfux m“du glhs 46

²

gu uh mìadedof mfs trdvìfs gssfusfs (clo. 6)

.Fhclh, efs eìslghs dssgalìfs sght rdrfs ; crdaturf rdmldef, rupturfmu elod`fht sadpjg-euhdlrf (clo. 3)

. Fxafptlghhfeef`fht, le s“doltm“uhf crdaturf pdrafeedlrf pgedlrf supìrlfurf agrrfspghmdht â uhfdvueslgh mu elod`fht sadpjg-euhdlrf.Efs crdaturfs mu pýef prgxl`de (typf L mf Qajfrhnfro) rfprìsfh-tfht = â 46 % mfs crdaturfs. Efs crdaturfs agrpgrìdefs ndssfs gu

jdutfs (typfs LL, LLL, LS mf Qajfrhnfro) agrrfspghmfht â 36 â :3 %mfs crdaturfs. Efs crdaturfs mlstdefs (fh mfssgus mf ed tunìrgsltìrdmldef) fh lhaeudht afeefs mf ed surcdaf drtlauedlrf mlstdef agrrfs-pghmfht â fhvlrgh 42 % mfs crdaturfs (16, 1<).Le fst l`pgrtdht mf mlssgalfr uhf crdaturf rìafhtf m“uhf crdaturfdhalfhhf gu m“uhf psfumdrtjrgsf adrdatìrlsìfs pdr uhf trgp nfeefl`dof mf crdaturf, uhf rìsgrptlgh pdrcgls oìgmlquf mf sfs nfrofs,uh ade gssfux pgstìrlfur, uhf ndsauef pde`dlrf mu pýef mlstde ftmdhs efs cgr`fs ìvgeuìfs, uhf ndsauef mgrsdef mu euhdtu` ft uhfdrtjrgsf (clo. ?)

. Ed aghcuslgh m“uh tfe dspfat dvfa afeul m“uhfcrdaturf rìafhtf pfut ëtrf â e“grlolhf mf eltlofs três ordvfs, tgutpdrtlauelêrf`fht mdhs ef admrf m“uh daalmfht mu trdvdle (>).

Le fst dm`ls quf ed vdefur mldohgstlquf mu nledh rdmlgordpjlquflhltlde fst `ìmlgarf (3-41). Qd sfhslnleltì vdrlf fhtrf 6< ft ?< %

(tdnefdu L)

. Mdhs uhf dhdeysf pgrtdht sur 42 ìtumfs ft rforgu-pdht > ==2 pdtlfhts, Juhtfr ft de.

`ghtrfht quf 43 % mfs crdatu-rfs mu sadpjgçmf sght `ìaghhufs sur ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.


?=1

lhltlde (4=). E“dhdeysf m“drtlaefs rìafhts pgrtdht sur mfs pdtlfhtsprìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh aelhlquf mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf ftmght efs rdmlgordpjlfs lhltldefs sght hgr`defs `ghtrf quf efpgurafhtdof mf crdaturfs `ìaghhufs mu sadpjgçmf vdrlf fhtrf? ft 62 %, dvfa uhf `gyfhhf mf 4:,? % (tdnefdu LL)

. Efs cdux hì-odtlcs ” efs crdaturfs gaauetfs ” agrrfspghmfht â mfs crdaturfslhag`peêtfs, fhorfhìfs gu mght ed tgpgegolf hf pfr`ft pds mf efsmìtfatfr sur efs aelajìs stdhmdrm (clo. :-44)

.Ed spìalclaltì mu nledh rdmlgordpjlquf fst tgut kustf nghhf (4=).Qfegh Mlds ft de.

, efs cdux pgsltlcs dttflohfht >2 % (=2). Afux-alsght elìs â uhf frrfur m“dhdeysf mf ed tunìrgsltì rdmldef, mu ngrmsupìrlfur mu tunfrauef mlstde, â ed supfrpgsltlgh mf e“fxtrì`ltì lh-cìrlfurf mu rdmlus gu â ed prìsfhaf m“uh trgu hgurrlalfr (>). Fh-

clh, ed rfprgmuatlnleltì lhtfr-gnsfrvdtfur mf af nledh fst ìmlgarf.Feef vdrlf fhtrf =2 ft ?3 % (44, 41) (clo. 4>)

.Hgtghs fhclh quf ed mlspdrltlgh mf ed ndhmf ordlssfusf pìrlsad-pjgçmlfhhf sur e“lhalmfhaf mf cdaf fst ìvgadtrlaf, dls hl sfhslnef,hl spìalclquf (=4-=6).

Ed strdtìolf aedsslquf

Cdaf du rlsquf mf ìaghhdètrf uhf crdaturf gaauetf, efs strdtìolfsmldohgstlqufs ght ìvgeuì `dls fh e“dnsfhaf mf rfag``dhmdtlghsprìalsfs, feefs rfstfht três vdrldnefs sfegh efs ìqulpfs (>>, =3-=?).

Clo. 4 ; Crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf mìtfatìf sur ef aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì.d Ef aelajì mf cdaf fh mìvldtlgh uehdlrf hf `ghtrf duauhf crdaturf.n Ef aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì rìvêef uhf crdaturf mf typf S mf Qajfrhnfro (ceêajf).

d n

Clo. > ; Aedsslcladtlgh m“Jfrnfrt. ]ypf D 0 crdaturfs stdnefs 9 D4 ;crdaturf mu tunfrauef 9 D> ; crdaturf hgh mìpedaìf mf edtunìrgsltì. ]ypf N 0 crdaturfs lhstdnefs 9 N4 ; crdaturf mu4/1 mlstde 9 N> ; crdaturf mìpedaìf mf ed tunìrgsltì 9 N1 ;crdaturf mu pýef prgxl`de 9 N= ; crdaturf-mlsegadtlgh 9 N6 ;crdaturf ag``lhutlvf.

Clo. 1 ; Aedsslcladtlgh mf Qajfrhnfro sur ef aelajì mf cdaf pglhocfr`ì (gu sfrrì). Qur afttf lhalmfhaf, ef ngrm ìmlde mu sad-pjgçmf dppdrdèt sgus ed cgr`f m“uhf elohf mfhsf aghadvf.Ed tunìrgsltì rdmldef, nlfh vlslnef, mìel`ltf ef ngrm lhcìrlfurmf ed cdaf supìrlfurf drtlauedlrf. Qlx vdrlìtìs sght lhmlvl-mudelsìfs. L ; Rgedlrf 9 LL ; Agrpgrìdef jdutf 9 LLL ; Agrpgrìdefndssf 9 LS ; ]rdhs-tunìrgsltdlrf 9 S ; Rlfm 9 SL ; ]unfrauef mls-tde, d) pftlt crdo`fht, n) crdo`fht lhtfr`ìmldlrf, a) orgscrdo`fht.



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?==


D Neu` ft de.

Ed aedsslquf « l``gnlelsdtlgh peîtrìf ft aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlqufâ 42-46 kgurs ¹ prìsfhtf uhf cdlnef fccladaltì (>>). Feef rfstf af-pfhmdht edrof`fht utlelsìf, sglt pdr ìaghhdlssdhaf mfs mghhìfsrìafhtfs mf ed elttìrdturf, sglt surtgut fh rdlsgh mf ed cdlnef mlspg-hlnleltì mfs ìtjgmfs m“fxpegrdtlgh peus pfrcgr`dhtfs.Nlfh qu“duauhf ìtumf h“dlt adeaueì ed vdefur mldohgstlquf mfe“fxd`fh aelhlquf 42-46 kgurs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f lhltlde, le fst

egolquf mf pfhsfr quf sd sfhslnleltì ml`lhuf ft quf sd spìalclaltìduo`fhtf pdr rdppgrt du nledh lhltlde. Afttf sltudtlgh fst susafp-tlnef m“doordvfr efs aghsìqufhafs mf e“lhsucclsdhaf mu nledh rdmlg-ordpjlquf.Mdhs uhf ìtumf uetlafhtrlquf prgspfatlvf rdppgrtìf pdr @uhi

ft de.

, pgrtdht sur 4 26> pdtlfhts dvfa 462 crdaturfs mìtfatìfs sur efnledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde ag`pgrtdht 6 lhalmfhafs, efs rdmlg-ordpjlfs rìdelsìfs 46 kgurs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f rìvìedlfht 3,3 %mf crdaturfs suppeì`fhtdlrfs (=:). Mdhs m“dutrfs ìtumfs, ef hg`-nrf mf crdaturfs suppeì`fhtdlrfs mldohgstlquìfs ìtdlt lhcìrlfur â> % ft peuslfurs dutfurs fstl`fht datufeef`fht qu“feefs h“ghtduauhf vdefur dkgutìf (4?, 4<->2, =2). Mf peus, ed rfprgmuatlnleltì

mf af nledh fst `ìmlgarf, vglrf `duvdlsf. Feef fst m“fhvlrgh 62 %sfegh ]lfe-vdh Nuue ft de.

(42-44) ft mf 11 % fh `gyfhhf sfeghEgw ft dny (4?).

Aghtrdlrf`fht dux lmìfs rfïufs, af nledh ghtrf glhs mf eìslghsquf efs aelajìs lhltldux (clo. 41).

Mdhs uhf ìtumf mf ]lfe-vdh Nuuepgrtdht sur mfs pdtlfhts suspfats mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf, ed sfh-slnleltì mfs rdmlgordpjlfs stdhmdrm pdssf mf 32 % egrs mu nledhlhltlde â 12 % egrs mu nledh mf aghtrýef. ]gukgurs sfegh ]lfe-vdhNuue ft de.

, fh ads mf hìodtlvltì mu nledh lhltlde, uhf strdtìolf mldo-hgstlquf, cghmìf sur ed rìdelsdtlgh mf aelajìs rdmlgordpjlqufs mf

aghtrýef â 46 kgurs, aghmulrdlt â uh tdux mf psfumdrtjrgsf mf=,? % (=<).Dlhsl, mf hg`nrfux dutfurs aghslmêrfht quf efs aghtrýefs rdmlg-ordpjlqufs ft e“l``gnlelsdtlgh mfs pdtlfhts mglvfht ëtrf pgursul-vls kusqu“â 3 sf`dlhfs m“ìvgeutlgh, af qul fh prlhalpf pfr`ft mfmìtfatfr tgutfs efs crdaturfs ft mf ag``fhafr efur trdltf`fht.

Efs tfajhlqufs rdmlgordpjlqufs

ag`peì`fhtdlrfs

M“dutrfs tfajhlqufs rdmlgordpjlqufs ght ìtì prgpgsìfs. Efs ael-ajìs dvfa dordhmlssf`fht mlccìrfhtlfe (adrpde ngx rdmlgordpjy)hìafssltfht uh dppdrfleedof pdrtlauelfr pgur lhaelhfr ed adssfttfpdr rdppgrt du pglohft qul rfstf jgrlzghtde. Les prgaurfht uhdordhmlssf`fht prgorfsslc mu sadpjgçmf ft uhf rìmuatlgh mfssupfrpgsltlghs gssfusfs. Qfegh ^ggeifr ft de.

, afs lhalmfhafsd`ìelgrfrdlfht ed vlslnleltì mfs crdaturfs, fh ads mf mgutf sur efnledh aghvfhtlghhfe (62-61). Efs aelajìs fh jdutf rìsgeutlghdvfa dordhmlssf`fht, prìsfhtfht uhf sfhslnleltì mf 62 % ft uhfspìalclaltì mf 422 % mdhs ef mldohgstla mfs crdaturfs gaauetfs mupglohft (6=-6?). Qfegh Nfrhd, uhf grtjgpdhtg`gordpjlf mupglohft prgaurf uhf `fleefurf sfhslnleltì, uhf `fleefurf spìal-claltì ft uhf fleefurf rfprgmuatlnleltì quf ef nledh rdmlgordpjl-quf aghvfhtlghhfe mdhs ef mldohgstla mfs eìslghs trdu`dtlqufsmu pglohft (6:). Fh prdtlquf, afs ìtjgmfs rfstfht dhfamgtlqufsadr efur vdefur fst lhsucclsd``fht ìtdnelf ft/gu efur rìdelsdtlghpfu dlsìf.

Clo. = ; Crdaturf hgh mìpedaìf nlagrtladef mf typf LLL mf Qajfrhnfro. Clo. 6 ; Crdaturf mìpedaìf mu sadpjgçmf.

]dnefdu LQfhslnleltì mu nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde mdhs efs susplalghs mfcrdaturf mu sadpjgçmf.

Ìtumfs Hg`nrfmf ads

^ìcìrfhtlfemldohgstlquf

Qfhslnleltì

]lfe-vdh Nuue 4<<1 (44) ?: QG 3= %

]lfe-vdh Nuue 4<<6 (=<) 432 QG, aelajìspfhmdht3 sf`dlhfs ftsulvl â 4 dh

6< %

^ggeifr 4<<< (42=) 422 ^dmlgordpjlf ftQG

6< %

Nffrfs >226 (3<) 444 QG ?< %

QG ; salhtlordpjlf gssfusf.



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.


?=6

Clo. 3 ; Crdaturfs uetlpefs ajfz uh pdtlfht prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf.d Aelajì mf cdaf ghtrdht uhf crdaturf mu tunfrauef mlstde mu sadpjgçmf.n Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì ghtrdht fh gutrf uhf crdaturf mf typf LS.a Aelajì mf prgcle ghtrdht uhf crdaturf mf rfngrm drtlauedlrf dhtìrlfur mu rdmlus.m-f Agupfs sdolttdefs du sadhhfr aghclr`dht efs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf ft mu rdmlus.c Agupf dxldef ghtrdht uhf dvueslgh gssfusf mf ed pgrtlgh pde`dlrf mu elod`fht sadpjg-euhdlrf (ceêajf).

d na mf c



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?=3


D Neu` ft de.

Clo. ? ; Rsfumdrtjrgsf mu sadpjgçmf ajfz uh pdtlfht prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf dprês uhf ajutf.d-n Aelajìs mf cdaf (d) ft mf prgcle (n). Ef trgp nfe dspfat mf crdaturf, efs oìgmfs ft ed saeìrgsf mfs crdo`fhts, ed ndsauef pde`dlrf mu crdo-`fht mlstde mu sadpjgçmf, lfux vlslnef sur ef aelajì mf prgcle, ed ndsauef mgrsdef mu euhdtu` (MLQL) ft e“drtjrgsf styeg-rdmldef ft ìmlg-adrplfhhf tì`glohfht sdhs duauhf d`nlouçtì mf e“dhalfhhftì mu prgafssus.

d n

]dnefdu LLCrìqufhaf mfs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf ajfz efs pdtlfhts prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf dvfa mfs rdmlgordpjlfs lhltldefshgr`defs.

Ìtumfs Hg`nrfmf ads

^ìcìrfhtlfe mldohgstlquf ft dutrfs ìtjgmfs mldohgstlqufs Hg nrf (%) mf crdaturfsmu sadpjgçmf

Nrls`dr 4<:: (444) 4:? Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf ft QG >4 (44 %)

@urpjy 4<<= (44>) 6= Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â 42-4= kgurs ft QG : (46 %)_dlzfhfoofr 4<<= (33) := QG ft aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf gu sadhhfr ? (: %)

]lfe-vdh Nuue 4<<6 (=<) 4>6 QG 16 (>: %)

]lfe-vdh Nuue 4<<3 (<) 43 QG* 3 (1? %)

L^@ 6 (14 %)

]jgrpf 4<<3 (441) 6< QG = (? %)

L^@ = (? %)

Juhtfr 4<<? (4=) 13 L^@ 41 (13 %)

Aggi 4<<? (44=) :** L^@ = (62 %)

Nrfltfhsfjfr 4<<? (<:) => Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â 3 sf`dlhfs* 4= (11 %)

L^@ 4= (11 %)

Cgwefr 4<<: (<2) =1 QG + L^@ + rdmlgordpjlfs mf aghtrýef* 3 (4= %)

L^@ 3 (4= %)Nrftedu 4<<< (<1) 6> Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â :-4= sf`dlhfs* < (4? %)

L^@ nds ajd`p < (4? %)

^ggeifr 4<<< (42=) ?4 Aelajìs fh dordhmlssf`fht mlccìrfhtlfe ft QG >2 (>: %)

Ndyfr >222 (3?) =2 QG : (>2 %)

^dny >224 (<6) 63 L^@ nds ajd`p ? (4>,6 %)

Jduofr >22> (?>) 6= Dssgaldtlgh mf aelajìs mf aghtrýef â 42-4= kgurs, sadhhfr, L^@ ft QG 6 (< %)

Nrymlf >221 (46) 4<6 L^@ nds ajd`p 1? (4< %)

@geefr >22= (421) >>= L^@ 13 (43 %)

Nrggis >226 (446) 44 L^@ 1 (>? %)

4? Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â 42-4> kgurs = (>1 %)

Nffrfs >226 (3<) 63 QG 46 (>? %)

@f`drsdmfojl >223 (:1) >< Nledh rdmlgordpjlquf â 3 sf`dlhfs* 44 (1: %)

Qadhhfr vgeu`lquf : (>: %)

L^@ 44 (1: %)

QG ; salhtlordpjlf gssfusf. * ìcìrfhtlfe mldohgstlquf. **Efs pdtlfhts ght du peus 46 dhs.



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.


?=?

Ed salhtlordpjlf

Ed salhtlordpjlf gssfusf, rìdelsìf du `glhs =: jfurfs dprês eftrdu`dtls`f lhltlde, fst uhf tfajhlquf m“uhf três ordhmf sfhslnl-eltì mdhs ef mldohgstla mfs crdaturfs mu pglohft. E“lhtìrët mf afttffxpegrdtlgh fst afpfhmdht el`ltì pdr sd `ìmlgarf spìalclaltì, sdcdlnef rìsgeutlgh spdtldef ft e“l`pgsslnleltì m“dhdeysfr ed agrtladefft ed trdnìauedtlgh gssfusf (44-4>, >>, =3, 6<-3<).Rgur afrtdlhs dutfurs, uhf jypfrclxdtlgh salhtlordpjlquf mu sad-pjgçmf l`pgsf uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh mu pglohft pfhmdht 3 sf`dl-hfs (?2). Afpfhmdht, nlfh qu“uhf aghtuslgh gssfusf clxf `glhsqu“uhf crdaturf, afttf tfajhlquf hf pfr`ft pds mf mlssgalfr aedl-rf`fht afs mfux eìslghs. Feef pfut mgha aghmulrf â uh trdltf`fht

fxafsslc mfs pdtlfhts dydht uhf sl`pef aghtuslgh. Orgvfs ft de.

suooêrfht hìdh`glhs quf e“dhdeysf qudhtltdtlvf mf ed clxdtlgh mf

<<

]a

`

-@MR pfr`fttrdlt ed mlccìrfhaldtlgh mfs aghtuslghs ft mfscrdaturfs (?4). Fhclh, afttf tfajhlquf pfut rìvìefr efs crdaturfs ga-auetfs mu rdmlus gu mfs dutrfs gs mu adrpf (tdnefdu LLL)

.

E“ìajgordpjlf

E“ìajgordpjlf fst uhf tfajhlquf cdalef`fht rìdelsìf fh urofhafmfvdht uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf. Feef l`pgsf e“usd-of mf sghmfs mf três jdutf-crìqufhaf pgur mìtfatfr efs pftltfsdhg`delfs (?>) (clo. 4=)

. Feef prìsfhtf, mdhs afttf lhmladtlgh, uhfsfhslnleltì mf 62 â 422 % ft uhf spìalclaltì mf ?= â 422 % (?>-?3).Qfegh Jduofr ft de.

, feef pfut ëtrf lhmlquìf sl ef nledh rdmlgegol-quf lhltlde fst hgr`de (?>). Qgh ìtumf pgrtdlt sur 6= pdtlfhts dvfa< % mf crdaturfs gaauetfs, dutjfhtlclìfs sur ef nledh rdmlgordpjl-quf rìdelsì 42-4= kgurs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f. Fh rfajfrajdht uhfrupturf agrtladef, e“ìajgordpjlf prìsfhtdlt uhf sfhslnleltì mf422 % ft uhf spìalclaltì mf <: %. E“dttflhtf lsgeìf mfs pdrtlfs

`geefs (jì`drtjrgsf gu jì`dtg`f), dvfa uhf sfhslnleltì mf422 % dls uhf spìalclaltì mf 36 %, h“ìtdlt pds aghslmìrìf ag``fuh ngh arltêrf mldohgstlquf (?>). Jduofr hgtdlt afpfhmdht qu“leìtdlt mlcclalef m“dcclr`fr ed vdefur mf afttf tfajhlquf mdhs ef mldo-hgstla mfs crdaturfs pgedlrfs supìrlfurfs.

Clo. : ; Crdaturf gaauetf mu sadpjgçmf.d Ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde fst hgr`de.n Mfvdht ed cgrtf susplalgh aelhlquf, uh sadhhfr fst rìdelsì ; le fst hgr`de.a-m Vhf L^@ fst degrs rìdelsìf ; feef ghtrf uhf crdaturf nlagrtladef.

d na m



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?=:


D Neu` ft de.

Clo. < ; Crdaturf mf typf SL mf Qajfrhnfro ìaghhuf sur efs aelajìs stdhmdrm fhrdlsgh mf ed tgpgegolf mu trdlt.

d-n Ed crdaturf h“d pds ìtì lmfhtlclìf sur ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde.a-f Agupf dxldef sadhgordpjlquf, agupf mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf ft

@R^ mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf mì`ghtrdht dlsì`fht ed crdaturf mls-tdef. Le s“dolt m“uhf crdaturf nlagrtladef mght e“fxtfhslgh fst lal lfux vlslnefsur ed @R^.

c-o Agupfs dxldef ft crghtdef fh CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt ghtrdht ed crdaturf ft uhőmê`f mfs pdrtlfs geefs fhtrf ef sadpjgçmf ft efs tfhmghs mu eghodnmuatfur ft mu agurt fxtfhsfur mu pguaf ft fh rfodrm mu ceìajlssfur rdmldemu adrpf.

d na mf c o



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.


?=<

Clo. 42 ; Crdaturf gaauetf mu sadpjgçmf.d Ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhltlde fst hgr`de.n-a @R^ crghtdef ft agupf mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf hf `ghtrdht pds m“dhg`delf.m-f Agupfs crghtdefs fh CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt ft QF ]4 rìvìedht ed crdaturf.

d nam f



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?62


D Neu` ft de.

Clo. 44 ; Crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf ft mu trlquìtru` ft fhtgrsf sadpjgeuhdlrf.d Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì ghtrdht uhf pgsslnef crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf ft uh mldstdsls sadpjgeuhdlrf.n Aelajì mf prgcle ghtrdht uhf duo`fhtdtlgh mf e“dhoef sadpjgeuhdlrf ft uhf crdaturf mu trlquìtru`.a @R^ agrghdef ìaghhdlssdht ed crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf (ed crdaturf trlquìtrdef ìtdlt ìvlmfhtf).m Agupf crghtdef fh CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt aghclr`dht ed crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf ft rftrguvdht ed crdaturf mu trlquìtru`. E“L^@ fst mf du-

vdlsf qudeltì fh rdlsgh mu pgrt mf ed rìslhf.

d na m

]dnefdu LLLCrìqufhaf mfs crdaturfs dutrfs quf afeefs mu sadpjgçmf ajfz efs pdtlfhts prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf dvfa mfs rdmlgordpjlfslhltldefs hgr`defs.

Ìtumfs Hg`nrf

mf ads

^ìcìrfhtlfe mldohgstlquf Hg`nrf (%)

mf crdaturfsmu rdmlus

Hg`nrf (%) mf crdaturfs

mfs dutrfs gs mu adrpf,mfs `ìtdtdrslfhsgu mf ed styegçmf uehdlrf

Hg`nrf tgtde (%)

mf crdaturfs dutrfsquf ef sadpjgçmf

]lfe-vdh Nuue 4<<3 (<) 43 QG 2 4 (3 %) 4 (3 %)

L^@ 2 2 2

Juhtfr 4<<? (4=) 13 L^@ < (>6 %) 2 < (>6 %)

Nrfltfhsfjfr 4<<? (<:) => L^@ 6 (4> %) > (6 %) ? (4? %)

Nrftedu 4<<< (<1) 6> Aghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â :-4= sf`dlhfs 3 (4> %) 2 3 (4> %)

L^@ nds ajd`p 3 (4> %) 1 (3 %) < (4? %)

Ndyfr >222 (3?) =2 QG 3 (46 %) ? (4?,6 %) 41 (1>,6 %)

^dny >224 (<6) 63 L^@ nds ajd`p 3 (44 %) = (? %) 42 (4: %)

Nrymlf >221 (46) 4<6 L^@ nds ajd`p >:(4= %) < (6 %) 1? (4< %)

@geefr >22= (421) >>= L^@ 4: (: %) : (= %) >3 (4> %)

Nffrfs >226 (3<) 63 QG 44 (>2 %) 4> (>4 %) >1 (=4 %)

@f`drsdmfojl >223 (:1) >< Qadhhfr vgeu`lquf 4 (1 %) = (4= %) 6 (4? %)

L^@ 3 (>4 %) ? (>= %) 41 (=6 %)

QG ; salhtlordpjlf gssfusf.



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.


?64

Clo. 4> ; Cdux pgsltlc mf ed rdmlgordpjlf stdhmdrm ajfz uh pdtlfht vlatl`fm“uh daalmfht mf trdvdle. Ef mgutf, sur ef aelajì stdhmdrm ft ef sadh-hfr, d aghmult â uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh m“uhf sf`dlhf puls â mf hgu-vfdux aghtrýefs rdmlgordpjlqufs ft â uh sadhhfr ft clhdef`fht âuhf L^@. Du tgtde, ef pdtlfht durd ìtì l``gnlelsì lhutlef`fht4 gls. Â af kgur, le hf prìsfhtf hl crdaturf, hl psfumdrtjrgsf mu

sadpjgçmf.d Aelajì mf cdaf ghtrdht uhf pgsslnef eìslgh (ceêajf).n @R^ fhtrftfhdht ef mgutf (ceêajf), dls e“dhg`delf aghstdtìf h“fst

vlslnef quf sur uhf sfuef agupf ft hf sf prgkfttf pds du ë`fhlvfdu quf sur ed rdmlgordpjlf stdhmdrm.

a Agupf mdhs e“dxf mu sadpjgçmf hf `ghtrdht pds mf eìslgh.m-f Agupfs crghtdefs fh CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt ft QF ]4 ìel`lhdht tgutf

crdaturf.

d na mf



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?6>


D Neu` ft de.

Ef sadhhfr

Ef sadhhfr fst uhf tfajhlquf mf peus fh peus sguvfht utlelsìf fhtrdu`dtgegolf, fh rdlsgh mf sd ordhmf mlspghlnleltì ft mf sfs pfr-cgr`dhafs mldohgstlqufs ìefvìfs, `ë`f fh prìsfhaf m“uh peîtrf(??-?<). Reuslfurs dutfurs rfag``dhmfht sgh utlelsdtlgh mdhs efssusplalghs mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf, dclh m“ìtdnelr uh mldohgstlaprìagaf ft rfajfrajfr uh mìpedaf`fht crdaturdlrf (:2-:4). QfeghNrffmfrvfem, ef sadhhfr fst peus sfhslnef ft peus prìals quf ed salh-tlordpjlf gssfusf, `dls afttf dssfrtlgh h“fst pds aghclr`ìf pdr efsdutrfs ìtumfs (?2-?4, :4-:=).Mdhs efs drtlaefs dhalfhs, l.f. dvdht e“dvêhf`fht mfs sadhhfrs vg-

eu`lqufs prgmulsdht uhf fxpegrdtlgh qudsl-lsgtrgpf, efs dutfurslhslstdlfht sur ed hìafssltì m“fxpegrfr ef sadpjgçmf mdhs mfuxpedhs ; uh pedh crghtde gu dxlde ft uh pedh mdhs sgh ordhm dxf. Afmfrhlfr fst rìdelsì fh pedïdht ef pglohft fh prghdtlgh. Ef agumffst ceìajl â <2

²

ft e“dvdht-nrds fst pgsltlghhì â =6

²

pdr rdppgrt â

e“dxf mf mìpedaf`fht mf ed tdnef mf cdïgh â pedafr ed ageghhf mupguaf mdhs ef pedh mf agupf du peus prês mu afhtrf mu stdtlc (16,:6-::) (clo. 46)

. Dvfa efs hguvfeefs tfajhgegolfs, ed tfhtdtlgh fstcgrtf mf hf rìdelsfr qu“uhf sfuef daqulsltlgh dxldef dvfa mfs rf-aghstruatlghs ùetlpedhdlrfs (@R^) mdhs efs mlccìrfhts pedhs fthgtd``fht, mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf (:1). @dejfurfusf-`fht, ed qudeltì mfs @R^ h“ìodef pds fhagrf afeef mfs agupfs hd-tlvfs ft e“dnsfhaf mf crdaturf vlslnef, â pdrtlr m“uhf daqulsltlghdxldef, l`pgsf ed rìdelsdtlgh mf agupfs mlrfatfs mdhs e“dxf mu sad-pjgçmf. Fh fccft, ed rìsgeutlgh spdtldef mglt ëtrf `dxl`def pgurmìtfatfr efs clhfs dhg`delfs agrtladefs gu trdnìauedlrfs.Mdhs tgus efs ads, uh sadhhfr hgr`de h“ìel`lhf pds uhf crdaturf(?2-?4, :>-:1)

(clo. 43).

Mdhs e“ìtumf mf @f`drsdmfojl ft de.

, pgr-tdht sur >< pdtlfhts prìsfhtdht uhf susplalgh aelhlquf mf crdaturfmu sadpjgçmf ft mfs rdmlgordpjlfs lhltldefs hgr`defs, 1: % mfspdtlfhts prìsfhtdlfht uhf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf sur efs aelajìsrìdelsìs 3 sf`dlhfs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f lhltlde, af nledh ìtdht ed

Clo. 41 ; Crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf lfux vlslnef sur efs aelajìs lhltldux quf sur efs aelajìs â K46.d Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì lhltlde ghtrdht ed crdaturf.n Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì â K46 ; ed crdaturf fst â pflhf pfrafptlnef.a-m Agupfs crghtdefs fh QF ]4 ft CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt aghclr`dht ed crdaturf ft rìvìedht uhf aghtuslgh mu trlquìtru`.

d na m



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de.

Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf ?61

Clo. 4= ; Ìajgordpjlf ghtrdht uhf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf dvfa uhfrupturf agrtladef (ceêajf nedhajf) ft uh jì`dtg`f fhrfodrm (ceêajf hglrf).

Clo. 46 ; Rgsltlghhf`fht mu pglohft pgur ed rìdelsdtlgh mf agupfssadhgordpjlqufs mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf.

Clo. 43 ; Crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf vlslnef sur ed rdmlgordpjlf stdhmdrm dls hgh lmfhtlclìf du sadhhfr sur efs agupfs dxldefs hl sur efs @R^.d Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì ghtrdht ed crdaturf.n Agupf mdhs e“dxf mu sadpjgçmf ghtrdht de ed crdaturf (ceêajf).a @R^ mdhs e“dxf mu sadpjgçmf hf ghtrdht pds ed crdaturf.m L^@ aghclr`dht ed crdaturf.

d na m



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?6= Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf D Neu` ft de.

rìcìrfhaf. Ed mìalslgh tjìrdpfutlquf (murìf m“l``gnlelsdtlgh)ìtdlt cghmìf sur efs mghhìfs aelhlqufs ft efs aghtrýefs rdmlgord-pjlqufs fccfatuìs >, = ft 3 sf`dlhfs dprês ef trdu`dtls`f lhltlde,sfegh ed strdtìolf jdnltufeef mf e“lhstltutlgh. Ef sadhhfr ft e“L^@

ìtdlfht rìdelsìs ef `ë`f kgur, mdhs efs 3 kgurs sulvdht ef trdu`d-tls`f. Ed sfhslnleltì mu sadhhfr ìtdlt mf ?1 %. Le mìtfatdlt ed tgtd-eltì mfs crdaturfs dvfa uhf dttflhtf agrtladef ft `ìaghhdlssdlt efscrdaturfs trdnìauedlrfs purfs. Qd spìalclaltì ìtdlt mf 422 %. E“L^@prìsfhtdlt uhf sfhslnleltì ft uhf spìalclaltì mf 422 %, `dls pdraghtrf, e“lmfhtlcladtlgh mf e“dttflhtf agrtladef h“d pu ëtrf cdltf qufmdhs 1: % mfs ads. ]rflzf dutrfs crdaturfs dvfa dttflhtf agrtladefgu trdnìauedlrfs purfs dccfatdht ef rdmlus gu efs dutrfs gs mu adrpfìtdlfht mìtfatìfs pdr e“L^@ ft alhq pdr ef sadhhfr (:1).Mdhs uhf ìtumf rìafhtf pgrtdht sur 12 pdtlfhts, Dmfy ft de. lhsls-tfht mdvdhtdof sur efs cdux pgsltlcs mu sadhhfr (:=). Afttf ìtumfaghafrhf 41 crdaturfs hgh mìpedaìfs mu sadpjgçmf, vlslnefs sur ed

rdmlgordpjlf stdhmdrm, ft 4? ads sdhs crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf surefs aelajìs suaafsslcs kusqu“â 3 sf`dlhfs. Efs sadhhfrs ght ìtì eusuhf prf`lêrf cgls pdr : efatfurs ft uhf mfuxlê`f cgls pdr 6 efa-tfurs. Ed sfhslnleltì ft ed spìalclaltì gyfhhfs â ed prf`lêrf efatu-rf pgur ef mldohgstla mf crdaturf ìtdlfht rfspfatlvf`fht mf :< ft

<4 %. Ed sfhslnleltì ft ed spìalclaltì `gyfhhfs â ed mfuxlê`f efa-turf ìtdlfht rfspfatlvf`fht mf <? ft :6 %. Ed rfprgmuatlnleltìlhtrd-gnsfrvdtfur vdrldlt fhtrf 2,=3 ft 4 ft ed rfprgmuatlnleltìlhtfr-gnsfrvdtfur vdrldlt fhtrf 2,3> ft 2,?2. Fh fstl`dht ed prì-

vdefhaf mfs crdaturfs mdhs efur pgpuedtlgh â 6 %, efs dutfursgntfhdlfht uhf vdefur prìmlatlvf pgsltlvf mf 2,>: ft uhf vdefurprìmlatlvf hìodtlvf mf 2,<<. Les fh aghaeudlfht quf ef sadhhfr mf-vdlt ëtrf lhtfrprìtì dvfa prìadutlgh ft qu“le mfvdlt mdvdhtdof ëtrfutlelsì pgur ìel`lhfr uhf crdaturf quf pgur ed mldohgstlqufr.

E“L^@

E“L^@ fst lhaghtfstdnef`fht ed `ìtjgmf mldohgstlquf ed peusprìalsf. Qd sfhslnleltì ft sd spìalclaltì sght prgajfs mf 422 % ft sdrfprgmuatlnleltì fst fxafeefhtf (46, >?, 66, :1, :<-<:). Ef mldohgstlarfpgsf fh oìhìrde sur ed rìdelsdtlgh mf sìqufhafs agrghdefs ftdxldefs mf typf QF ]4 ft CQF ]> dvfa Cdt Qdt gu Q]L^. Efs sì-qufhafs fh ìajg mf ordmlfht utlelsìfs mdhs efs sìrlfs dhalfhhfstfhmfht â ëtrf dndhmghhìfs (<:). Efs agupfs sdolttdefs gnelqufs,

Clo. 4? ; Aghtuslgh mu sadpjgçmf.d Ed rdmlgordpjlf fst hgr`def.n-a Agupfs crghtdefs fh QF ]4 ft CQF]> dvfa Cdt Qdt `ghtrdht

uh őmê`f ìmueedlrf fh hdppf sdhs trdlt mf crdaturf vlslnef.

d na



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de. Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf ?66

mdhs ef ordhm dxf mu sadpjgçmf, cdaleltfht ed mìtfatlgh m“uh mìped-af`fht fhtrf efs crdo`fhts. E“L^@ fst rìdelsdnef dvfa ef pgrt

m“uhf rìslhf dls ed qudeltì mf e“fxpegrdtlgh fst detìrìf.E“L^@ prìsfhtf mf hg`nrfux dutrfs dvdhtdofs. Feef fst fh fsu-rf mf mlccìrfhalfr uhf crdaturf m“uhf aghtuslgh gssfusf. Vhf crda-turf fst adrdatìrlsìf pdr uhf lhtfrruptlgh mfs trdvìfs ft/gu mf edagrtladef. Vhf sl`pef aghtuslgh gssfusf sf trdmult pdr uh őmê`f`ìmueedlrf lrrìouelfr, peus gu glhs ìtfhmu, sdhs crdaturf lmfhtl-cldnef (:1, <<) (clo. 4?). Qfegh ^dny, efs aghtuslghs mu sadpjgçmfsght 1,6 cgls `glhs crìqufhtfs quf efs crdaturfs (<6).E“L^@ fst fh rfvdhajf `glhs pfrcgr`dhtf quf ef sadhhfr pgurmlccìrfhalfr uhf crdaturf dvfa dttflhtf agrtladef m“uhf crdaturftrdnìauedlrf purf (:1). Feef fst peus pfrcgr`dhtf quf ed rdmlgord-pjlf stdhmdrm pgur mìtfatfr uh mìpedaf`fht mfs crdo`fhts qul

l`pgsfrdlt uh trdltf`fht ajlrurolade (422). Feef pfr`ft ed mìtfa-tlgh mfs crdaturfs mfs dutrfs gs mu adrpf gu mu rdmlus (4=-46, <6)(tdnefdu LLL). Ef mldohgstla m“fhtgrsf sadpjg-euhdlrf, uh mf sfsprlhalpdux mldohgstla mlccìrfhtlfe, fst pdrcgls pgsslnef (424). Aftfxd`fh fst rìdelsdnef sur tgus efs typfs mf dajlhfs, y ag`prls efs

nds ajd`ps ft efs L^@ mìmlìfs dux fxtrì`ltìs (<1, 42>). Qd rìdel-sdtlgh ft sgh lhtfrprìtdtlgh sght cdalefs. Qfegh @geefr ft de., le pfut

ëtrf rìdelsì ft eu fh urofhaf pdr mfs dhlpuedtfurs fhtrdèhìs, dvfauhf sfhslnleltì mf 422 % ft uhf spìalclaltì mf <3,1 % (421).

Efs hguvfeefs strdtìolfs mldohgstlqufs

E“ìtumf mf ed elttìrdturf `ghtrf quf mfvdht uhf susplalgh aelhl-quf mf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf, ed prìvdefhaf mf afttf eìslgh fst lh-cìrlfurf â 62 % (3, 3<, 42=). Ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf stdhmdrm efsmìtfatf dvfa uhf sfhslnleltì vdrldht fhtrf 6< ft ?< % (tdnefdu L).Efs pdtlfhts dvfa mfs rdmlgordpjlfs hgr`defs ght fh `gyfhhfuhf crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf mdhs 4:,? % mfs ads, uhf aghtuslgh musadpjgçmf mdhs 6 % mfs ads, uhf crdaturf mu rdmlus mdhs 41 % mfsads ft uhf dutrf crdaturf mdhs ? % mfs ads (tdnefdux LL ft LLL).

Ef trdltf`fht mìpfhm mu typf eìslghhfe. Ef trdltf`fht grtjg-pìmlquf rfstf ed rìcìrfhaf pgur efs crdaturfs hgh mìpedaìfs mu

Clo. 4: ; Crdaturf mìpedaìf mu sadpjgçmf l`pgsdht uh trdltf`fht ajlrurolade pfrautdhì.d-n Aelajì mf cdaf pglho sfrrì (d) ft sadhhfr (n) ghtrdht uhf crdaturf mìpedaìf mu sadpjgçmf.a-m Aelajìs mf aghtrýefs pgst-gpìrdtglrf dprês vlssdof mu sadpjgçmf pdr vls Drfx® adhhfeìf dvfa ìargu mf ag`prfsslgh.

d n

a m



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?63 Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf D Neu` ft de.

sadpjgçmf. Le ag`pgrtf uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh dhtlnrdajlg-pde`dlrfpfhmdht < â 4> sf`dlhfs dvfa uh drrët mfs datlvltìs dhufeefs. Ef

trdltf`fht ajlrurolade fst prìcìrdnef fh ads mf cdaturf prgxl`def(typf L gu LL mf Qajfrhnfro), fh ads mf rftdrm mldohgstlquf guajfz efs pdtlfhts qul pgur mfs rdlsghs prgcfsslghhfeefs gu spgrtl-vfs rìaed`fht uhf rfprlsf peus prìagaf mfs datlvltìs. Af trdltf-`fht fst hìafssdlrf egrsquf ed crdaturf fst mìpedaìf (>) (clo. 4:).Ef trdltf`fht mfs aghtuslghs gssfusfs mu sadpjgçmf h“d cdlt e“gn-kft m“duauhf ìtumf spìalclquf. Q“le fst dm`ls quf afs eìslghs sghtmf ngh prghgstla ft ouìrlssfht peus vltfs quf efs crdaturfs, feefsag`pgrtfht hìdh`glhs mfs `largcrdaturfs trdnìauedlrfs susafp-tlnefs mf crdolelsfr e“gs ft mf ef rfhmrf peus vuehìrdnef dux trdu`d-tls`fs uetìrlfurs (<<). Nrfltfhsfjfr ft de. hgtfht qu“uh dspfat mfaghtuslgh gssfusf â e“L^@ pfut dngutlr â uhf vìrltdnef crdaturf

vlslnef â ed rdmlgordpjlf mf aghtrýef â 3 sf`dlhfs (<:). Vhf l`-`gnlelsdtlgh â vlsìf dhtdeolquf ft aurdtlvf fst mgha hìafssdlrf`dls le fst pfut-ëtrf fxafsslc mf ed prgeghofr < vglrf 4> sf`dlhfs(:1, <6, 426). Vhf crdaturf mf e“fxtrì`ltì lhcìrlfurf mu rdmlus hì-afssltf uhf l``gnlelsdtlgh nrdajlg-pde`dlrf. Ef trdltf`fht mfscrdaturfs gaauetfs mfs dutrfs gs fst fh oìhìrde grtjgpìmlquf ft mfagurtf murìf.Fh rdlsgh mf efurs agùts ìmlade, lhmlvlmufe ft sgalìtde, efs strdtì-olfs aedsslqufs tfhmfht â ëtrf dndhmghhìfs (>4->>, >?, =?, =<, <3,423). Ed strdtìolf mldohgstlquf lmìdef mglt prgmulrf uh mldohgstlardplmf ft prìals mfs eìslghs dvfa uh agùt daafptdnef (clo. 4<). Le fstafpfhmdht mlcclalef mf prgpgsfr uhf aghmultf â tfhlr stdhmdrmlsìfft uhlcgr`f, hgtd``fht fh rdlsgh mf ed mlvfrsltì mfs pedtfduxtfajhlqufs. @deorì mfs tfhtdtlvfs mf rdtlghdelsdtlgh, efs prdtlqufsrfstfht três vdrldnefs ft pdrcgls ë`f lhagjìrfhtfs (>>, =?, 423).Ef agùt `ìmlade mf mlccìrfhtfs strdtìolfs d ìtì ìvdeuì mdhs mlc-cìrfhts pdys furgpìfhs ft dux Ìtdts-Vhls. ]lfe-vdh Nuue fh

Jgeedhmf d ag`pdrì ef agùt m“uhf strdtìolf (D) cghmìf sur uhaghtrýef rdmlgordpjlquf â > sf`dlhfs, m“uhf strdtìolf (N) cghmìf

sur uh sulvl rdmlgordpjlquf pfhmdht 3 sf`dlhfs ft m“uhf strdtì-olf (A) rfpgsdht sur ed rìdelsdtlgh m“uhf salhtlordpjlf gssfusfajfz efs pdtlfhts mght efs rdmlgordpjlfs lhltldefs sght hgr`defs.Efs agùts mldohgstlqufs, efs agùts tjìrdpfutlqufs, ed murìf m“l`-`gnlelsdtlgh ft ef hg`nrf mf psfumdrtjrgsf ght ìtì adeaueìs pgurajdquf strdtìolf. Qfegh efs dutfurs, efs strdtìolfs (N) ft (A) ght uhagùt oegnde ìqulvdefht ft ed strdtìolf (D) agùtf fhvlrgh 46 %`glhs ajfr quf efs prìaìmfhtfs. Fh rfvdhajf, feef oìhêrf =,? % mfpsfumdrtjrgsfs. Ed strdtìolf (N) fst afeef qul fhtrdèhf ed peus egh-ouf murìf `gyfhhf m“l``gnlelsdtlgh (:,3 sf`dlhfs) (=<). Mfsìtumfs dhoeg-sdxghhfs lhtìordht e“L^@ mdhs ed mì`drajf mldo-hgstlquf suooêrfht quf afttf prdtlquf h“fst pds peus agùtfusf quf

ed strdtìolf aedsslquf ft qu“feef fst m“dutdht peus ìaghg`lquf qufe“L^@ fst prdtlquìf prìagaf`fht (>?, <6, 42?).Fhclh, uhf ìtumf dhoedlsf ag`pdrdht ef agùt `ìmlade mlrfat oeg-nde mf alhq strdtìolfs mldohgstlqufs, utlelsdht e“L^@ gu ed salhtl-ordpjlf gssfusf, `ghtrf quf e“utlelsdtlgh mf e“L^@ ef kgur `ë`fmu trdu`dtls`f rfvlfht 4? % `glhs ajfr quf ed strdtìolf aedssl-quf, el`ltf efs aghsuetdtlghs m“grtjgpìmlf ft efs peîtrdofs lhutlefsft supprl`f efs cdux hìodtlcs susafptlnefs m“fhtrdèhfr mfs ag`pel-adtlghs `ìmlag-eìodefs. Efs strdtìolfs l`pelqudht e“L^@ gu edsalhtlordpjlf mdhs efs kgurs qul sulvfht ef nledh lhltlde sght du`ë`f agùt gu eìoêrf`fht peus ghìrfusfs quf ed strdtìolf aedssl-quf (>4).

Duauhf ìtumf ìqulvdefhtf h“d ìtì rìdelsìf fh Crdhaf ft le fst mlc-clalef mf trdhspgsfr afs rìsuetdts. Fh Crdhaf, efs mìpfhsfs `ìml-adefs mlrfatfs m“uhf strdtìolf lhaeudht e“L^@ (gu ed salhtlordpjlfgssfusf) sght dpprgxl`dtlvf`fht mfux cgls peus ìefvìfs quf afeefsmf ed strdtìolf aedsslquf lhaeudht fh `gyfhhf mfux aghtrýefs

Qusplalgh aelhlquf mfcrdaturf mu sadpjgçmf

Nledh rdmlgaelhlquf lhltldedvfa du glhs = lhalmfhafs

L^@

+ Mgutfux gu ‑

Crdaturf musadpjgçmf

Crdaturf musadpjgçmf

Aghtuslgh musadpjgçmf

Crdaturfmu rdmlus

Crdaturfm“uh

dutrf gs

Rds mfeìslgh

gssfusf

^ìslhfdhtl-

nrdajlg-pde`dlrf

guajlrurolf

pfrautdhìf

^ìslhfdhtl-

nrdajlg-pde`dlrf< â 4>

sf`dlhfs

^ìslhfdhtl-

nrdajlg-pde`dlrf

3 â < sf`dlhfspdr grtjêsf

tjfr`g-`deeìdnef

L``gnlelsdtlghnrdajlg-pde`dlrf

3 sf`dlhfs

L``gnlelsdtlghdhtl-

nrdajlg-pde`dlrf

gu grtjêsf55 3 sf`dlhfs

Dnstfhtlgh

Clo. 4< ; Qtrdtìolf mldohgstlquf lmìdef mdhs efscrdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf ft l`peladtlghstjìrdpfutlqufs.



K dmlge >22?9::

D Neu` ft de. Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf ?6?

rdmlgordpjlqufs ft mfux aghcfatlghs m“uh dppdrfle rlolmf m“l`-`gnlelsdtlgh. Afttf fstl`dtlgh h“d quf pfu mf vdefur adr ed mìtfr-`lhdtlgh mf e“l`pdat clhdhalfr mfs mlccìrfhtfs strdtìolfs mgltlhtìorfr efs drrëts mf trdvdle lhutlefs ft ef agùt mf ed prlsf fh ajdr-of mfs psfumdrtjrgsfs qul survlfhhfht ajfz efs pdtlfhts lhsuccl-sd``fht sulvls.Du tgtde, `deorì sfs lhsucclsdhafs, ef nledh rdmlgordpjlquf lhl-tlde mglt rfstfr ed prf`lêrf ìtdpf mldohgstlquf mfs crdaturfs musadpjgçmf ft sd qudeltì mglt ëtrf gptl`def. Fh ads mf mgutf gu mfhìodtlvltì mf af nledh, ed mfuxlê`f ìtdpf mìpfhm mf ed mlspghl-nleltì mu pedtfdu tfajhlquf ft mf sfs pfrcgr`dhafs. E“L^@ fstlhmlsautdnef`fht ed `ìtjgmf ed peus pfrcgr`dhtf. Qgh agùth“fst pds mlccìrfht mf afeul mf ed salhtlordpjlf gssfusf `dls sghdaaês rfstf três el`ltì. Ed pedaf mf e“ìajgordpjlf h“fst pds aedlrf-`fht mìclhlf ft `deorì sfs pfrcgr`dhafs, feef rfstf fhagrf pfuprdtlquìf mdhs afttf lhmladtlgh (>, >>). Ef sadhhfr vgeu`lquffst uh fxd`fh pfrcgr`dht `dls sd rìsgeutlgh spdtldef mglt ëtrfgptl`lsìf ft efs ads mgutfux gu mlsagrmdhts mglvfht aghmulrf âm“dutrfs fxpegrdtlghs ft hgtd``fht â e“L^@.

Ed pedaf mf ed salhtlordpjlf mdhs ed strdtìolf mldohgstlquf mfscrdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf ft mfs gs mu adrpf fst aghtrgvfrsìf.E“DA^ (D`frladh Ageefof gc ^dmlgegoy) aghslmêrf aft fxd`fhlhdpprgprlì, `dls le rfstf prdtlquì mdhs mf hg`nrfux afhtrfs mftgus efs aghtlhfhts (>>, 42:). Efs tfajhlqufs jynrlmfs, tfeefs quf efQRFA]/A] qul ag`nlhfht efs dvdhtdofs mf ed salhtlordpjlf ftmu sadhhfr, pgurrdlfht prìsfhtfr uh lhtìrët mldohgstlquf daaru(42<-442), `dls ed cdlnef mlspghlnleltì mf afs dppdrfles fh rìmul-sfht e“lhtìrët.

AghaeuslghEfs crdaturfs mu sadpjgçmf sght crìqufhtfs. Vhf crdaturf `detrdltìf aghmult â mfs ag`peladtlghs mght ef rftfhtlssf`fht prgcfs-slghhfe ft sgalìtde fst ìefvì. Vhf l``gnlelsdtlgh prgeghoìf pgurprìvfhlr af rlsquf fst m“dutdht peus dnsurmf quf peus mf 62 % mfspdtlfhts h“ght duauhf crdaturf. E“L^@ pfr`ft uh mldohgstla eì-slghhfe prìals ; crdaturf mu sadpjgçmf, aghtuslgh mu sadpjgçmf,crdaturf gaauetf mu rdmlus, crdaturf ft aghtuslghs mfs dutrfs gs muadrpf. Feef pfr`ft surtgut m“ìel`lhfr tgutf crdaturf, ìvltdht dlhsluh trdltf`fht lhutlef. Le dppdrdèt aedlrf`fht quf e“daaês â e“L^@mglt ëtrf d`ìelgrì. Ef rfagurs â mfs dajlhfs mìmlìfs, dvfa ìvfh-tufeef`fht ed `lsf fh pedaf m“uhf agtdtlgh spìalclquf, mglt ëtrf

fhvlsdoì. Fh dttfhmdht e“duo`fhtdtlgh hìafssdlrf mu hg`nrfm“dutgrlsdtlghs mf rf`hgordpjf, le pfut ëtrf daafptdnef mf rìdel-sfr mfs fxd`fhs sadhgordpjlqufs, `dls qul fh ads mf mgutf mgl-vfht aghmulrf â uhf L^@.

^ìcìrfhafs

4. Qtdhlcgrtj R. Qadpjglm crdaturfs dhm wrlst pdlh-tl f cgr hfw tjlh-ilho. Lhkury 4<<49>>;=16-3.

>. Qajfrhnfro C. ^fafht sadpjglm crdaturfs (wltjlh tjf clrst tjrffwffis). Ajlr @dlh >2269>=;44?-14.

1. Edhojgcc G, Dhmfrsfh KE. Aghsfqufhafs gc edtf l `gnlelzdtlgh gc sadpjglm crdaturfs. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<::941;??-<.

=. Efself LK, Mlaisgh ^D. ]jf crdaturfm adrpde sadpjglm. Hdturde jls-tgry dhm cdatgrs lhceufhalho gutag`f. K Nghf Kglht Quro Nr 4<:4931-N;>>6-12.

6. Igzlh QJ. Lhalmfhaf, fajdhls , dhm hdturde jlstgry gc sadpjglmcrdaturfs. Jdhm Aelh >22494?;646->=.

3. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, Nrgfijulzfh ]J, vdh Nffi FK, Ngssuyt [email protected] gc sadpjglm crdaturfs; tjf rgef gc huaefdr fmlalhf. K Hu-ae @fm 4<<6913;4?>6-3.

?. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, Nrgfijulzfh ]J, vdh Nffi K^. Aelhlade cfdtu-rfs gc sadpjglm crdaturf. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<<69>2;636.

:. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, ^ggeifr _, Nrgfijulzfh DJ, Sdh Nffi FK.]jf mldohgstla dhdof`fht gc suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf. Lhkury4<<?9>:;4-:.

<. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, ggeifr _, Sfrnfftfh N_, Nrgfijulzfh DJ.@dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho vfrsus nghf salhtlordpjy lh suspfatfmsadpjglm crdaturf. Fur K Huae @fm 4<<39>1;<?4-6.

42. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK. Sdeuf gc @^ l dolho lh tjf mf-tfatlgh gc gaauet sadpjglm crdaturfs. dmlgegoy 4<<:9>23;><4->.

44. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK, Ngr` KK, Ounefr C@, Nrgfijul-zfh DJ, vdh gyfh FD. ]jf vdeuf gc rdmlgordpjs dhm nghf salhtl-ordpjy lh suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf. D stdtlstlade dhdeysls. K JdhmQuro YNrP 4<<194:;=21-3.

4>. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK, Nrgfijulzfh DJ, Ndiifr DK,

Ngs IF, vdh ^gyfh FD. ^dmlgordpjy dhm salhtlordpjy gc suspfa-tfm sadpjglm crdaturf. D egho-tfr` stumy lh 432 pdtlfhts. K NghfKglht Quro Nr 4<<19?6;34-6.

41. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK, Nrgfijulzfh DJ, Hggltof-mdajt FD, Mdvlms RJ, Ndiifr DK. Mldohgslho sadpjglm crdatu-rfs; rdmlgordpjs adhhgt nf usfm ds d ogem stdhmdrm! Lhkury4<<>9>1;??-<.

4=. Juhtfr KA, Fsagnfmg F@, _lesgh DK, Jdhfe MR, [lhi-Nrgmy OA,@dhh CD. @^ l`dolho gc aelhladeey suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs.DK^ 4<<?943:;4>:?-<1.

46. Nrymlf D, ^dny H. Fdrey @ L lh tjf `dhdof`fht gc aelhlade sad-pjglm crdaturf. Nr K ^dmlge >2219?3;><3-122.

43. Qprdouf N, Kustls FK. Hghuhlgh gc tjf adrpde hdvlauedr. @gmfs gc

trfdt`fht. Draj Quro 4<?=942:;3<>-?.4?. Egw O, ^dny H. Adh cgeegw-up rdmlgordpjy cgr dautf sadpjglm

crdaturf stlee nf aghslmfrfm d vdelm lhvfstlodtlgh7 Aelh ^dmlge>226932;4423-42.

4:. MdAruz MK, Ngmlwded OO, Clhedy MN. ]jf suspfatfm crdaturf gc tjf sadpjglm; d rdtlghde dpprgdaj tg mldohgsls. Lhkury 4<::94<;4=<-6>.

4<. Kdagnsfh Q, Jdssdhl O, Jdhsfh M, Ajrlstfhsfh G. Quspfatfmsadpjglm crdaturfs. Adh wf dvglm gvfrilee7 Datd Grtjgp Nfeo4<<6934;?=-:.

>2. Muhadh MQ, ]jurstgh DK. Aelhlade crdaturf gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm” dh leeuslghdry mldohgsls. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<:6942;1?6-3.

>4. Qdxfhd R, @aMghdem , Ouee Q, Jymf r H. Mldohgstla sadhhlho cgr

suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs; dh faghg`la fvdeudtlgh ndsfm ghagst-`lhl`lsdtlgh gmfes. Lhkury >22191=;621-44.>>. Orgvfs D@, Idydhl L, Qyfm ^ ft de. Dh lhtfrhdtlghde survfy gc

jgspltde prdatlaf lh tjf l`dolho gc dautf sadpjglm trdu`d. DK^>22394:?;4=61-3.

>1. Crffedhm R. Qadpjglm tunfraef tfhmfrhfss; d nfttfr lhmladtgr gc sad-pjglm crdaturfs7 Draj F`fro @fm 4<:<93;=3-62.

>=. Ajfh QA. ]jf sadpjglm ag`prfsslgh tfst. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<:<94=;1>1-6.

>6. Rgwfee K@, Eegym OK, lhtgue C. Hfw aelhlade tfst cgr crdaturf gc tjf sadpjglm. Adh K Quro 4<::914;>1?-:.

>3. Sfrmdh A. Crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm. Quro Aelh Hgrtj D` 4<329=2;=34-=.

>?. Mgrsdy ]D, @dkgr H@, Jfe s AD. Agst-fccfatlvfhfss gc l``f-mldtf @^ l`dolho vfrsus trdmltlghde cgeegw-up cgr rfvfdelho rdmlg-ordpjladeey gaauet sadpjglm crdaturfs. DK^ >22494??;4>6?-31.

>:. Qajunfrt JF. Qadpjglm crdaturf. ^fvlfw gc mldohgstla tfsts dhmtrfdt`fht. Adh Cd` Rjyslaldh >2229=3;4:>6-1>.



K ^dmlge >22?9::

?6: Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf D Neu` ft de.

><. Qajfrhnfro C. gfhtofhgordpjla fxd`lhdtlgh gc tjf wrlst; d systf-`dtla stumy gc tjf hgr`de, edx dhm lhkurfm wrlst. Rdrt 4; ]jf stdh-mdrm dhm pgsltlghde vlfws. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<<2946;>42-<.

12. Ajfuho OA, Efvfr AK, @grrls DM. Z-rdy mldohgsls gc dautf sad-pjglm crdaturfs. K Jdhm Quro YNrP >223914;42=-<.

14. [fltguh C, Munfrt ], Crgt N, Edrfmg KM. L`dofrlf mu pglohft ft mfed `dlh ; qufe fxd`fh ajglslr 7 K ^dmlge >2249:>;116-6>.

1>. Neu` D, _detfr C, Rdydcdr D, _lttf \, Eumlo ], ^gedhm K. Ed rd-mlgegolf mu f`nrf supìrlfur rfvlsltìf ; e“ìpduef ft ef pglohft. K d-mlge >2249:>;166-3<.

11. Qajfrhnfro C. Aedsslcladtlgh gc crdaturfs gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm. Dhdhdtg`g-rdmlgegola stumy gc ajdrdatfrlstlas. ^fv Ajlr Grtjgp ^f-pdrdtrlaf Dppdr @gt 4<::9?=;3<1-6.

1=. @fjtd @, Nrdutlodh @_. Crdaturf gc tjf adrpde hdvlauedr ” fccl-aday gc aelhlade clhmlhos dhm l`prgvfm mldohgsls wltj slx-vlfw rd-mlgordpjy. Dhh F`fro @fm 4<<294<;>66-?.

16. Ogemcdrn AD, \lh \, Oleued ED, Clsjfr DK, Ngyfr @L. _rlst crda-turfs; wjdt tjf aelhlaldh wdhts tg ihgw. dmlgegoy >2249>4<;44->:.

13. Edwdhm D, Cgueifs OM. ]jf ―aefhajfm pfhale‐ vlfw; d `gmlclfmaefhajfm clst sadpjgeuhdtf strfss vlfw. K Jdhm Quro YD`P >2219>:;=4=-:.

1?. ûssf G. Crdaturf gc tjf adrpde hdvlauedr. Mldohgsls, hgh-gpfrdtlvftrfdt`fht, dhm gpfrdtlvf trfdt`fht. K Nghf Kglht Quro D` 4<329=>-D;?6<-3:.

1:. Jfrnfrt ]K, Clsjfr _F. @dhdof`fht gc tjf crdaturfm sadpjglmuslho d hfw nghf sarfw. K Nghf Kglht Quro Nr 4<:=933;44=->1.

1<. Qajfrhnfro C, Fezflh C. Crdaturf typfs dhm crdo`fht mlsegadtlghsgc tjf sadpjglm nghf gc tjf jdhm. Jdhmajlr @lirgajlr Redst Ajlr4<:?94<;6<-33.

=2. Mlds KK, ]jg`psgh K, Ndrtgh HK, Orfoo RK. Quspfatfm sadpjglm crdatu-rfs. ]jf vdeuf gc rdmlgordpjs. K Nghf Kglht Quro Nr 4<<29?>;<:-424.

=4. Ilri @, Grelhsiy @, Ogemnfro , Nrgt`dh R. ]jf vdelmlty dhm rf-eldnlelty gc tjf hdvlauedr cdt strlpf ds d sarffhlho tfst cgr mftfatlgh gc hdvlauedr crdaturfs. Dhh F`fro @fm 4<<294<;41?4-3.

=>. Mlds KK, Clhedy MN, Nrfhife LK, Orfoo RK. dmlgordpjla dssfss`fhtgc sgct tlssuf slohs lh aelhladeey suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs; tjf lh-almfhaf gc cdesf hfodtlvf dhm cdesf pgsltlvf rfsuets. K Grtjgp ]rdu-`d 4<:?94;>26-:.

=1. ]frry M_ Kr., ^d`lh KF. ]jf hdvlauedr cdt strlpf; d usfcue rgfh-tofh cfdturf cgr fvdeudtlho wrlst trdu`d. D` K ^gfhtofhge dmlu`]jfr Huae @fm 4<?694>=;>6->:.

==. Dhhd dedl O, dny H. Qadpjglm dhm prghdtgr cdt strlpfs drf uhrf-eldnef sgct tlssuf slohs lh tjf mftfatlgh gc rdmlgordpjladeey gaauetcrdaturfs. Aelh ^dmlge >22196:;?<:-:22.

=6. Ndhfrkff N, Hdsjl @. Dnhgr`de sadpjglm cdt pdm; ls lt d rfeldnef sl-oh gc crdaturf sadpjglm. Lhkury 4<<<912;4<4-=.

=3. Rleedl D, Kdlh @. @dhdof fht gc aelhlade crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm;rfsuets gc dh dumlt dhm eltfrdturf rfvlfw. Fur K F`fro @fm>22694>;=?-64.

=?. ]dl AA, d dajdhmrdh @, @aMfr`gtt LM, lmo fwdy Q, @lrzd [.@dhdof`fht gc suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs lh daalmfht dhm f`fr-ofhay mfpdrt`fhts-tl`f cgr hfw oulmfelhfs. Dhh Agee Quro Fhoe>2269:?;161-?.

=:. @uhi N, Crgikdfr K, Edrsfh AC ft de. Mldohgsls gc sadpjglm crdaturfs.D prgspfatlvf ùetlafhtfr stumy gc 4,26> pdtlfhts wltj 432 crdaturfs.Datd Grtjgp Qadhm 4<<6933;16<-32.

=<. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, Nrgfijulzfh ]J, vdh Nffi FK, Ngssuyt [email protected] d strdtfoy cgr tjf mldohgstla `dhdof`fht gc suspfatfm sad-pjglm crdaturf; d agst-fccfatlvfhfss dhdeysls. K Huae @fm 4<<6913;=6-:.

62. ^ggeifr E, ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, Ngssuyt RR, Mlkistrd RC, vdhOrlfifh JK, Nrgfijulzfh ]J. ]jf vdeuf gc dmmltlghde adrpde

ngx rdmlgordpjs lh suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf. Lhvfst ^dmlge4<<?91>;4=<-61.

64. ^ggeifr _, ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, Ngssuyt R@ ft de. Adrpde Ngx rd-mlgordpjy lh suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf. K Nghf Kglht Quro Nr4<<39?:;616-<.

6>. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK, Mlkistrd RC, Ndiifr DM, Orlc-clgfh C@, Nrgfijulzfh ]J. ^dmlgordpjy gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm.Fxpfrl`fhtde fvdeudtlgh gc ―tjf adrpde ngx‐ dhm clrst aelhlade rf-suets. Lhvfst ^dmlge 4<<>9>?;<6=-<.

61. ]gtj C, @fstfr Q, Asfj O, Nfhfr D, Hyd rdmy K, Egvdsz O. @gml-clfm adrpde ngx tfajhlquf lh tjf mldohgsls gc suspfatfm sadpjglmcrdaturfs. Datd ^dmlge >2219==;14< ->6.

6=. Orunfr E. Rrdatlade dpprgdajfs tg gntdlhlho jdhm rdmlgordpjs dhmspfalde tfajhlqufs lh jdhm rdmlgegoy. Jdhm Aelh 4<<49?;4->2.

66. Iuied A, Odfnefr A, Nrfltfhsfjfr @K, ]r dtthlo Q, Sfasfl S. Rrgs-pfatlvf ag`pdrlsgh gc @^L vs. mlrfat dohlcladtlgh rdmlgordpjy lhgaauet crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm nghf. Vhcdeeajlruro 4<<:9424;1>-3.

63. Hlajgee KF, Qpfhafr KM, Nuaiedhm-_rlojt KA. Rdttfrh gc sadpjglmcrdaturf uhlgh mftfatfm ny `dargrdmlgordpjy. K Jdhm Quro YNrP4<<69>2;4:<-<1.

6?. Qajlai Q, ]rdtthlo Q, Odnefr A ft de. Gaauet crdaturfs gc tjf wrlstkglht; jloj rfsgeutlgh l`dof `dohlcladtlgh rgfhtofh vfrsus @^L.^gcg 4<<<94?2;43->4.

6:. Nfrhd KM, Ajdvdrrld O, Dendedmfkg C ft de. Rdhgrd`la vfrsus aghvfh-tlghde rdmlgordpjy gc sadpjglm crdaturfs. DK^ >22=94:>;466-<.

6<. Kgrofhsfh ]@, Dhmrfsfh KJ, ]jg``fsfh R, Jdhsfh JJ. Qadh-hlho dhm rdmlgegoy gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm nghf. Datd Grtjgp Qadhm4<?<962;331-6.

32. Odhfe D, Fhofe K, Gstfr [, Cdrlhf L. Nghf sadhhlho lh tjf dssfss-`fht gc crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm. K Jdhm Quro YD`P 4<?<9=;6=2-1.

34. Hlfesfh R], Jfmfngf K, ]jg` fsfh R. Nghf salhtlordpjy lh tjffvdeudtlgh gc crdaturf gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm nghf. Datd GrtjgpQadhm 4<:196=;121-3.

3>. _lesgh D_, Iurfr @J, Rfoolhotgh KE, Ordht MQ, Ilri AA. Nghfsalhtlordpjy lh tjf `dhdof`fht gc Z-rdy-hfodtlvf pgtfhtlde sad-pjglm crdaturfs. Draj F`fro @fm 4<:391;>16-=>.

31. \guho @^, Egwry KJ, Edlrm KM, Cfrousgh _^. <<]a -@MR ng-hf sadhhlho gc lhkurlfs gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm. Lhkury 4<::94<;4=-?.

3=. vdh Nffi FK, vdh Nuue @@, Nrgfijulzfh DJ. Mldohgstla prg-nef`s gc sadpjglm crdaturfs; tjf vdeuf gc rdmlghuaelmf nghf salhtl-ordpjy. Hftj K Quro 4<<29=>;62->.

36. ]lfe-vdh Nuue @@, vdh Nffi FK, Mlkistrd RC, Ndiifr DK,Nrgfijulzfh ]J, vdh ^gyfh FD. Qlohlcladhaf gc d jgt spgt gh tjfnghf sadh dctfr adrpde lhkury ” fvdeudtlgh ny ag`putfm tg`gord-pjy. Fur K Huae @fm 4<<19>2;46<-3=.

33. _dlzfhfoofr @, _dstlf @E, Ndrtgh HK, Mdvls ] . Qalhtlordpjylh tjf fvdeudtlgh gc tjf ―aelhlade‐ sadpjglm crdaturf. K Jdhm QuroYNrP 4<<=94<;?62-1.

3?. Ndyfr E^, _lmmlho D, Mlf fr J. Clctffh lhutfs nghf salhtlord-pjy lh pdtlfhts wltj aelhladeey suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf dhm hgr-`de x-rdys. Lhkury >222914;>=1-:.

3:. Ajdirdvdrty M, Qegdh K, Nrfhajefy K. lsi rfmuatlgh tjrguoj sifef-

tde salhtlordpjy ds d sarffhlho tgge lh suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf; deltfrdturf rfvlfw. F`fro @fm K >22>94<;62?-<.

3<. Nffrfs CK, Jgofrvgrst @, Jgeedhmfr R, ^jf rfv Q. Gutag`f gc rgutlhf nghf salhtlordpjy lh suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs. Lhkury>226913;4>11-13.

?2. Orgvfs D@, Ajfgw J, Ndedh I, Agurthfy J, Nfdrargct R, Mlxgh D.43-@MA] lh tjf mftfatlgh gc gaauet wrlst crdaturfs; d ag`pdrlsgh wltjsifeftde salhtlordpjy. DK^ >22694:=;4=?2-=.

?4. Orgvfs D@, Ajfgw JI, Ndedh II, Nfdrargct R_, Mlxgh DI.43 mftfatgr ùetlselaf A] vfrsus sifeftde salhtlordpjy lh tjf mldo-hgsls gc wrlst crdaturfs; vdeuf gc qudhtlcladtlgh gc <<]a`-@MR up-tdif. Nr K ^dmlge >2269?:;?<4-6.

?>. Jduofr G, Nghhfcgy G, @glhdrm @, Nfrsdhl M, Mldrm C. Gaauet

crdaturfs gc tjf wrlst gc tjf sadpjglm; fdrey mldohgsls ny jloj-spdtlde-rfsgeutlgh sghgordpjy. DK^ >22>94?:;4>1<-=6.

?1. Jgmoilhsgh M_, Hlajgesgh MD, Qtfwdrt O, Qjfrlmdh @, Juojfs R.Qadpjglm crdaturf; d hfw `ftjgm gc dssfss`fht. Aelh ^dmlge 4<<19=:;1<:-=24.



D Neu` ft de. Crdaturfs rìafhtfs mu sadpjgçmf ?6<

?=. @uhi N, Ngevlo E, Irghfr I, Ajrlstldhsfh ], Ngrrls E, Ngf Q. Vetrd-sguhm cgr mldohgsls gc sadpjglm crdaturfs. K Jdhm Quro YNrP >2229>6;13<-?4.

?6. Jfrhftj D@, Qlfo ftj D, Ndmfr ]^ ft de. Qadpjglm crdaturfs;fvdeudtlgh wltj jloj-spdtlde-rfsgeutlgh VQ lhltlde rfsuets. dmlgeg-oy >2249>>2;>14-6.

?3. Qfhdee KD, Cdleed K@, Nguccdrm KD, vdh Jgesnffai @. Vetrdsguhm

cgr tjf fdrey mldohgsls gc aelhladeey suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturf. KJdhm Quro YD`P >22=9><;=22-6.

??. Cdydm E@, Neufìf MD, Clsj dh FI. @usauegsifeftde l dolhowltj ag`putfm tg`gordpjy dhm `dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho;wjfh ls ag`putfm tg`gordpjy tjf stumy gc ajglaf7 Aurr RrgneMldoh ^dmlge >22691=;>>2-1?.

?:. _detfr C, Eumlo ], Lgaju` Q, Neu` D. @uetl-mftfatgr A] lhùsaueg-sifeftde mlsgrmfrs. KN^-N]^ >2219:3;3-44.

?<. Neu` D, _detfr C, Eumlo ], [ju Z, ^gedhm K. Qadhhfrs ùetl-agupfs ; prlhalpfs ft hguvfeefs dppeladtlghs sadhgordpjlqufs. K ^d-mlge >2229:4;46<?-34=.

:2. ^lho M, Kupltfr KN, Jfrhmgh KJ. Dautf crdaturfs gc tjf sadpjglm. KD` Dadm Grtjgp Quro >2229:;>>6-14.

:4. Nrffmfrvfem ^Q, ]ulhfnrflkfr _F. Lhvfstlodtlgh gc ag putfm tg-`gordpjla sadh aghaurrfht arltfrlgh vdelmlty lh mguntcue sadpjglmcrdaturf gc tjf wrlst. K ]rdu`d >22=96?;:64-=.

:>. Orgvfs D@, Ajfgw JI, Ndedh II, Agurthfy J@, Nfdrargct R_,Mlxgh DI. Adsf rfpgrt; Cdesf hfodtlvf 43 mftfatgr ùetlselaf A]cgr sadpjglm crdaturf. Nr K ^dmlge >2269?:;6?-<.

:1. @f`drsdmfojl @, Nrfltfhsfjfr @K, Qajdfcfr-Rrgigp A ft de. Ga-auet sadpjglm crdaturfs; ag`pdrlsgh gc ùetlmftfatgr A] dhm @^l`dolho ” lhltlde fxpfrlfhaf. dmlgegoy >2239>=2;43<-?3.

:=. Dmfy E, Qgufr KQ, Egzdhg-Ademfrgh Q, Rde`fr _, Eff QO, lho M.Ag`putfm tg`gordpjy gc suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs. K JdhmQuro YD`P >22?91>;34-3.

:6. Qtfwdrt H^, Oleued ED. A] gc tjf wrlst; d tdlegrfm dpprgdaj. ^d-mlgegoy 4<<>94:1;41->2.

:3. Rfhhfs M^, Kghssgh I, Nuaiwdetfr ID. Mlrfat agrghde A] gc tjfsadpjglm nghf. dmlgegoy 4<:<94?4;:?2-4.

:?. Ndlh OL, Nfhhftt KM, ^lajdrms ^Q, Qeftjduo OR, ^gtj KJ. Eghol-tumlhde ag`putfm tg`gordpjy gc tjf sadpjglm; d hfw tfajhlquf.Qifeftde ^dmlge 4<<69>=;>?4-1.

::. ]f`pef AE, gss MA, Nfhhftt KM, Odrvlh OK, Ilho OK, Cdnfr IK.Ag`pdrlsgh gc sdolttde ag`putfm tg`gordpjy dhm pedlh cle` rd-mlgordpjy lh d sadpjglm crdaturf `gmfe. K Jdhm Quro YD`P>226912;61=-=>.

:<. Efplstg K, @dttled I, Hlf`lhfh Q, Qdttefr N, Igr`dhg @. Egw clfem@^L dhm sadpjglm crdaturf. K Jdhm Quro YNrP 4<<69>2;61<-=>.

<2. Cgwefr A, Queelvdh N, _leeld`s ED, @aAdrtjy O, Qdvdof ^, Rde-`fr D. D ag`pdrlsgh gc nghf salhtlordpjy dhm @^L lh tjf fdrey

mldohgsls gc tjf gaauet sadpjglm wrlst crdaturf. Qifeftde ^dmlge4<<:9>?;3:1-?.

<4. Odfnefr A, Iuied A, Nrfltfhsfjfr @K, @righkla E, Idlhnfrofr C,Sfasfl S. El`ltfm mldohgstla vdeuf gc dargrdmlgordpjy lh suspfa-tfm sadpjglm crdaturfs. Datd Grtjgp Qadhm 4<<:93<;=24-1.

<>. @uhi RE, Eff @K, Kdhzfh ME ft de. Odmgelhlu -fhjdhafm myhd-`la @^L gc tjf crdaturfm adrpde sadpjglm; prfel`lhdry rfsuets. Dus-trdeds ^dmlge 4<<:9=>;42-6.

<1. Nrftedu ], Ajrlstfhsfh G@, Fmstrg` R, ]jg`sfh JQ, Edustfh OQ.Mldohgsls gc sadpjglm crdaturf dhm mfmladtfm fxtrf`lty @^L. Datd Gr-tjgp Qadhm 4<<<9?2;62=-:.

<=. Kgjhsgh IK, Jdloj QC, Qy`ghms IF. @^L lh tjf `dhdof`fht gc sadpjglm crdaturfs lh sifeftdeey l``dturf pdtlfhts. Rfmldtr ^dmlge

>222912;3:6-:.

<6. ^dny H. @dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho gc suspfatfm sadpjglm crdatu-rfs uslho d egw clfem mfmladtfm fxtrf`lty @^ systf`. Aelh ^dmlge>224963;143->2.

<3. Oggmlho D, Agdtfs @, ^gtjwfee D. Agst dhdeysls gc trdmltlghde cgeegw-up prgtgage vfrsus @^L cgr rdmlgordpjladeey gaauet sadpjglm crdaturfs;d plegt stumy cgr tjf Daalmfht Ag`pfhsdtlgh Agrpgrdtlgh. H [ @fm K>22=944?;V42=<.

<?. Iu`dr Q, G“Aghhgr D, Mfspgls @, Odeegwdy J. Vsf gc fdrey `d-ohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho lh tjf mldohgsls gc gaauet sadpjglm crdatu-rfs; tjf ADQ] Qtumy (Adhnfrrd Drfd Qadpjglm ]rlde). H [ @fm K>226944:;V4><3.

<:. Nrfltfhsfjfr @K, @ftz S@, Oleued ED ft de. ^dmlgordpjladeey ga-auet sadpjglm crdaturfs; vdeuf gc @^ l`dolho lh mftfatlgh. dmlgeg-oy 4<<?9>21;>=6-62.

<<. Ngis QQ, Srgfolhmfwflk M, Igfs N_, Juhlhi @O, Nlfr`d-[flhstrd Q@. Cgeegw-up gc gaauet nghf efslghs mftfatfm dt @^l`dolho; systf`dtla rfvlfw. ^dmlgegoy >2239 >1:;:31-?4.

422. Njdt @, @aAdrtjy @, Mdvls ]^, Ghl KD, Mdwsgh Q. @^L dhmpedlh rdmlgordpjy lh tjf dssfss`fht gc mlspedafm crdaturfs gc tjfwdlst gc tjf adrpde sadpjglm. K Nghf Kglht Quro Nr >22=9:3;?26-41.

424. Jgnny KE, ]g` NM, Nfdrargct R_, Mlxgh DI. @dohftla rfsghdhafl`dolho gc tjf wrlst; mldohgstla pfrcgr`dhaf stdtlstlas. Aelh ^dmlge>224963;62-?.

42>. Hliifh KK, Gfl FJ, Olhdl D[ ft de. Dautf wrlst trdu d; vdeuf gc dsjgrt mfmladtfm fxtrf`lty @^ l`dolho fxd`lhdtlgh lh prfmlatlghgc hffm cgr trfdt`fht. ^dmlgegoy >2269>1=;443->=.

421. @geefr K@, Edrsfh E, Ngvlh K ft de. @^L mldohgsls gc crdaturf gc tjfsadpjglm nghf; l`pdat gc d hfw prdatlaf wjfrf tjf l`dofs drf rfdmny rdmlgordpjfrs. Dadm ^dmlge >22=944;?>=-:.

42=. ^ggeifr _, @dds @, Nrgfijulzfh DJ. Mldohgsls dhm trfdt`fht gc sadpjglm crdaturfs, adh hgh-uhlgh nf prfvfhtfm7 Draj Grtjgp]rdu`d Quro 4<<<944<;=>:-14.

426. Rdg SQ, Ajdho K. Qadpjglm hghuhlgh; mldohgsls dhm trfdt`fht.Redst ^faghstr Quro >221944>;4333-?3.

423. Qjfhgy ^, Rleedl D, Jdmlml @. Qadpjglm crdaturfs; vdrldtlgh lh rd-mlgordpjla vlfws ” d survfy gc aurrfht prdatlaf lh tjf _fst gc Qagtedhm rfolgh. Fur K F`fro @fm >22?94=;>-6.

42?. Odfnefr A, Iuied A, Nrfltfhsfjfr @, ]rdtthlo Q, @lttengfai @,Sfasfl S. @dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho gc gaauet sadpjglm crdaturfs.K ]rdu`d 4<<39=4;?1-3.

42:. _fn sltf gccfrs mdtdndsf gc hdtlghde oulmfelhfs. Jfdetja Nfhaj-`dris 4<<<93;12-4.

42<. Orgvfs D@, Nlrm H, ]dngr L, Ajfgw JI, Ndedh II. 43-Mftfatgrùetlselaf A]-sifeftde salhtlordpjy l`dof ag-rfolstrdtlgh. Huae@fm Ag`ùh >22=9>6;4464-6.

442. Jgrofr @, Ndrfs ^. ]jf rgef gc slhoef-pjgtgh f`lsslgh ag`putfmtg`gordpjy/ag`putfm tg`gordpjy lh nfhloh dhm delohdht nghfmlsfdsf. Qf`lh Huae @fm >223913;>:3-<=.

444. Nrls`dr K. Qifeftde salhtlordpjy gc tjf wrlst lh suoofstfm sadpjglmcrdaturf. Datd ^dmlge 4<::9><;424-?.

44>. @urpjy M, Flsfhjdufr @. ]jf utlelty gc d nghf sadh lh tjf mldohg-sls gc aelhlade sadpjglm crdaturf. K F`fro @fm 4<<=94>;?2<-4>.

441. ]jgrpf DR, @urrdy DM, Q`ltj C_, Cfrousgh K. Aelhladeey suspfa-tfm sadpjglm crdaturf; d ag`pdrlsgh gc `dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolhodhm nghf salhtlordpjy. Nr K ^dmlge 4<<393<;42<-41.

44=. Aggi RD, \u KQ, _ldhm _, Aggi DK >hm, Agef`dh A , Aggi DK.Quspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs lh sifeftdeey l``dturf pdtlfhts; dppel-adtlgh gc @^L. K Ag`put Dsslst ]g`gor 4<<?9>4;644-6.

446. Nrggis Q, Alauttlhl C@, El` Q, ]dyegr M, Qtuaify QE, _euid DF.Agst fccfatlvfhfss gc dmmlho `dohftla rfsghdhaf l`dolho tg tjfusude `dhdof`fht gc suspfatfm sadpjglm crdaturfs. Nr K Qpgrts

@fm >22691<;?6-<.

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