52

pirvelad, roca XIX saukuneSi, kerZod, 1878 wels, parizis gamofenaze operis gamzirsa da mo-edanze eleqtruli naTurebi daamontaJes da maT eleqtroenergia 11 kilometrze ganlagebuli e. w. grames manqaniT miawodes, aravis mouvidoda TavSi, rom sul raRac 10 weliwadSi quCis gana-Tebis sistemebi ukve mravali evropuli qalaqisTvis iqneboda Cveulebrivi movlena da yvela es sistema momaragdeboda eleqtroenergiiT – eleqtruli gadamcemi xazebis saSualebiT centra-luri eleqtrosadgurebidan. dRes, TiTqmis 150 wlis Semdeg, Cven veRarc ki warmogvidgenia ar-seboba eleqtroenergiis gareSe. eleqtroenergiasTanaa mierTebuli Cveni saxlebi, quCebi, qa-laqebi, fabrikebi, qarxnebi, stadionebi da Cvenc, Cveni yoveldRiuri yofiT, eleqtroenergia-ze varT damokidebuli. magram isic faqtia, rom dRevandel msoflioSi TiTqmis 1,5 miliardamde adamiani jerac moklebulia eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebis saSualebas. eleqtroenergiis misa-Rebad msoflioSi arsebobs hidrosadgurebi, Tbosadgurebi, atomuri sadgurebi, qarisa da mzis eleqtrosadgurebi, wiaRiseuli navTobi, gazi, qvanaxSiri da a.S. eleqtrosadgurebis muSa-obis principi martivia, sawvavis (navTobi (navTobproduqti), gazi, naxSiri) wvis Sedegad cxel-deba wyali, romelic gardaiqmneba orTqlad, orTqli, Tavis mxriv, abrunebs turbinas da Tbur energias gardaqmnis meqanikurSi, Semdeg saqmeSi erTveba generatori, romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba – rotorisa da statorisagan, turbina abrunebs rotors magnitebiT da rotoris brun-va uZrav statorSi warmoqmnis eleqtrul dens, romelic gadamcemi xazebiT aRwevs Cvens saxle-bamde. denis am wyaroebis (Tbosadgurebis) uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxebac sakmaod kargadaa cnobili, igulisxmeba garemos dabinZurebisa (gansakuTrebiT, naxSiris Tbosadgurebi) da saT-buris gazebis gamoyofis problemebi.

ganaxlebadi energetika msoflio energetikis ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebadaviT mircxulava

resursebi

ganaxlebadi energetika

hidroeleqtrosadguri (hesi)

eleqtrosadguri, romelic energiis wyarod iye-

nebs wylis nakadis energias. hidroeleqtrosad-

gurebs ZiriTadad aSeneben mdinareebze.

hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis principi sak-

maod martivia: hidroteqnikuri obieqtebis jaW-

vi iZleva wylis saWiro wnevas, romelic abrunebs

turbinas da amuSavebs generators, rac warmoqm-

nis eleqtroenergias. hesis simZlavre damokide-

bulia wylis wnevaze da gamaval wyalze, aseve ga-

moyenebuli turbinebis da generatorebis rao-

denobaze.

Tboeleqtrosadguri

muSaobs martivi principiT: Tboeleqtrosad-

gurSi iwvis sxvadasxva tipis sawvavi, rac axurebs

wylis rezervuars, wyali orTqldeba, warmoqm-

nis maRal wnevas, es maRali wneva abrunebs genera-

toris cilindrebs da am generatoris muSaobis

Sedegad warmoiqmneba eleqtroenergia.

atomur eleqtrosadgurSi atomuri energia eleqtrul energiad gardaiqm-neba. atomuri eleqtrosadguris mTavari danad-garia energetikis birTvuli reaqtori. arsebobs Tburreaqtoriani da swrafreaqtoriani energe-tikis atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi. pirvelSi birTvul saTbobad iyeneben bunebriv an gamdid-rebul urans, meoreSi – plutoniums.

savaraudo maragebia naxSirwyalbadebis ise-Ti maragebi, romlebic SeiZleba dadasturebuli maragebis kategoriaSi gadavides da rac mtkic-deba geologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad Sesabamisi maragebis arsebobis maRali dasabuTebiT (50%-iani uzrunvelyofiT), SesaZlo maragebis mo-poveba ki geologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebis mi-xedviT naklebadaa sarwmuno (10 %-iani uzrun-velyofa), vidre savaraudo maragebisa.

zemoT CamoTvlili wiaRiseulidan, ro-melic eleqtroenergiis miRebas sWirdeba, saqarTveloSi aris navTobis dadasturebu-li rezervebi, 1,4 mln. tona, savaraudo mara-gi – 5,2 mln. tona, xolo SesaZlo – 23,3 mln. tona. 2015 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi bunebrivi airis dadasturebuli rezervi

3 3iyo 327 mln. m , savaraudo maragi – 591 mln. m , 3xolo SesaZlo – 834 mln. m . navTobisa da ga-

zis es moculobebi sakmaod mcirea, amitom saqarTvelos yovelTvis sWirdeboda da am-Jamadac sWirdeba navTobis, navTobproduq-tebis, bunebrivi da Txevadi gazis mezobeli qveynebidan Semotana. ZiriTadad es azerbai-janidan xdeba.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli qvanaxSiris ma-ragebis saerTo raodenobaa 372 mln. tona, aqedan tyibul-Saoris sabados maragia 280 mln. tona, axalcixis mura naxSiris sabado-si – 71 mln. tona, xolo tyvarCelis sabado-si – 21 mln. tona.

zenob grame (1826-1901) belgieli fizikosi da eleqtroinJineri

grames manqana

53

arqimedes xraxni

wylis wisqvili

enguris TaRovani kaSxali, saqarTvelo

civilizaciis gariJraJze, daaxloebiT im periodidan, roca adamianebma gaTbobisa da ganaTebisaTvis pirvelad gamoiyenes Se-Sis wva, adamianma daiwyo wylis energiis, ro-gorc meqanikuri gamwevi Zalis, gamoyeneba. wylis nakads maRali niSnulidan dabali niS-nulisken moZraobisas aqvs potenciuri en-ergia, romelic gardaiqmneba kinetikur en-ergiad. nakadis am ori energiis erToblio-bas ewodeba hidroenergia. hidroenergia ga-naxlebadi energiaa. dedamiwaze yvela saxis energia, atomuri energiis garda da hidro-energiis CaTvliT, miRebulia mzis energiis-gan. dedamiwa yovelwliurad mzisagan iRebs 174 petavat energias, am energiis 22% gamoi-yeneba wvimis formirebisaTvis, romelic hidroenergiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi resur-sia. hidroenergiis gamoyeneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianebma Zalian didi xnis win daiwyes, wylis wisqvilebi da e.w. arqimedes xraxni (wylis amosaqaCad) xom uxsovari droidan gamoiyeneba.

Tanamedrove hidroeleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis principic damokidebulia wylis energi-is (hidroenergiis) gardaqmnaze meqanikur energiad turbinebis saSualebiT da Semdeg, hidroge-neratorebis meSveobiT – eleqtrul energiad. saqarTvelos energetikul resursebs Soris pirvel adgilzea hidroenergoresursebi, romelTa ekonomikurad gamosayenebeli wliuri po-tenciali 40 mlrd. kvt. sT-ia, saidanac aTvisebuli mxolod 20%-ia. Cvens qveyanaSi amJamad mxo-lod 67 hidroeleqtrosadguri funqcionirebs. am monacemebiT mniSvnelovnad CamovrCebiT teritoriulad Cvenze patara Sveicarias, sadac 643 hidroelqtrosadguria, ro-melTagan 305 wyalsacaviania. aseTive mdgomareobaa Cvenze teritoriiT daaxloebiT 30%-iT did avstriaSi, sadac hidrosadgurebis ricxvi 3000-s aWarbebs. analogiuri mdgomareobaa norvegiaSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, aSS-Si, CineTSi, indoeTsa da maRalseismur da mciremiwian iaponiaSi. intensiurad, didi tempebiT mimdinareobs hidroresursis gamoyeneba laTinur amerikasa da af-

rikis kontinentze. miuxedavad imisa, rom hidroresursi ganaxlebadi energiis wya-

ros miekuTvneba, misi aTviseba, zogi-

resursebi

54

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verzaskas kaSxali, Sveicaria okukubis kaSxlis mSenebloba okinavas kunZulze iaponiaSi, 2012

erTi tipis hesebis mSenebloba, wyalsacavebis mowyoba da teritoriebis datborva dakavSirebulia garemosdacviT Tu socialur problemebTan, ris gamoc saWiroebs mudmiv monitorings da kvlevas, raTa minimumamde Semcirdes garemoze misi uaryofiTi zemoqme-deba da masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri riskebi. swored am principebis dacviTa da uax-lesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT xdeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi hidroenergetikuli resursebis aTviseba da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba.

msoflioSi energiis tradiciul wyaroebs miekuTvneba agreTve atomuri energia. ato-muri eleqtrosadgurebi erTi SexvediT hgvanan Tbosadgurebs, energiis gamoyenebiT wya-li atomur sadgurebSi gadahyavT orTqlis mdgomareobaSi, orTqli abrunebs turbinas da a.S. ZiriTadi principuli sxvaoba aris siTbos miReba. atomur reaqtorSi marTvadi jaWvu-ri reaqciiT xdeba mZime metalebis birTvebis gaxleCa da siTbos Zlieri, intensiuri ga-moyofa. XX saukunis Sua wlebSi, am teqnologiis aTvisebis xanaSi, energiis es wyaro Zalian perspeqtiulad miiCneoda, Tumca imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Cernobilis atomur sad-gurze da ukve XXI saukuneSi iaponiaSi fukusimas atomur sadgurze momxdarma avariebma radikalurad Secvala adamianebis damokidebuleba mis mimarT. mTelma rigma ganviTare-

atomuri energetikis wili 2002 w. Seadgenda 17%-s, 2015 w. – 13%-s.

ganaxlebadi energetika

55

qvanaxSirinavTobiganaxlebadibirTvulibunebrivi airi

tradiciuli biomasa 9%biosiTbo 2.6%eTanoli 0.34%biodizeli 0.15%bioenergiis generacia 0.25%hidroenergia 3.8%qaris energia 0.39%mzis gaTboba/gagrileba 0.16

geoTermuli siTbo 0.061geoTermuli eleqtroenergia 0.049%

okeanis energia 0.00078%

msoflioSi energiis moxmareba energiis wyaroebis mixedviT, 2013 wlis monacemebi

bulma qveynebma (italia, germania, espaneTi, Sveicaria, belgia) uari Tqves atomuri energiis ga-moyenebaze da meti yuradReba gadaitanes ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebze. ganaxlebadi energi-is wyaroebi, zemoT moyvanili hidroenergiis garda, aris mzis, qaris, geoTermuli da biomasis energiis wyaroebi.

mzis energia specialuri mowyobilobebis saSualebiT an Tbur-, an eleqtroenergiad garda-iqmneba. Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis mowyobilobebia: mzis koleqtori, sadac wyali cxeldeba da ga-moiyeneba gaTbobisa da cxeli wyliT momaragebisaTvis da mzis eleqtrosadguri, romelic ori tipisaa: pirveli – mzis energiisagan iRebs Tbur energias da Semdeg gardaqmnis eleqtroenergi-ad, meore – fotovoltaikuri eleqtrosadguri, sadac mzis energia gardaiqmneba eleqtroe-nergiad. mzis energiis gamoyeneba damokidebulia geografiul mdebareobaze. dedamiwaze yve-laze Zlieri naTeba aris ekvatorze, misgan daSorebiT ki mcirdeba. mzis energiis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCevian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa: germania, italia, iaponia, aSS, espaneTi, CineTi, safrangeTi, CexeTi, belgia, avstralia. saqarTveloSi, geografiuli mdebareobidan ga-momdinare, sakmaod maRalia mzis efeqturi da xangrZlivi gamosxiveba, misi wliuri potenciali 34 aTasi tona pirobiTi saTbobis ekvivalenturia, rac metad mniSvnelovani resursia. mzis en-ergiis aTviseba didwilad aris damokidebuli teqnologiur srulyofaze, romelic saSuale-

fotovoltaikuri panelebi dubaiSi(arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi)

resursebi

fotovoltaikuri 0.077%heliokoncentratori 0.0039%

56

energiis moxmarebis prognozi evrokavSiris 25 qveyanaSi

70

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10

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30

40

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60birTvuli energiaqvanaxSiri, narCenebi

navTobproduqtebi

bunebrivi airi

ganaxlebadi

biomasa

PJ (a

Tas

i)

4

bas iZleva sagrZnoblad gaiafdes es teqnologia. dRes msoflio didi teqnologiuri garRve-vis molodinSia, rasac ukavSirdeba grandiozuli gegmebic. magaliTad, evrokavSiris qveynebi eswrafvian, rom 2020 wlisTvis mzis wilma eleqtromoxmarebaSi 20%-s miaRwios, xolo 2040 wli-saTvis – 40%-s.

qaris energiis intensiur ganviTarebaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom qaris eleqtrosadgure-bis jamurma simZlavrem 2016 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis 486,7 gigavats miaRwia, xolo misi wliuri mateba iyo 54,6 gigavati. Cvens mezobel TurqeTSi 2016 wlis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTis erTian en-ergetikul sistemas miuerTes 1387 mgvt.-is simZlavris qaris eleqtrosadguri. 2016 wels sa-qarTveloSi gauSves eqspluataciaSi 20,7 mgvt.-is simZlavris qaris pirveli eleqtrosadguri. Cvens qveyanaSi qaris energiis potenciali Sefasebulia 4 trvt.sT.-iT, xolo simZlavre –1500 mgvt.-iT.

calke unda aRiniSnos mzisa da qaris eleqtrosadgurebis erTi Tavisebureba: maTi muSaoba xasiaTdeba didi fluqtuaciiT (cvalebadobiT, romelzec moqmedebs dRe-Rame, Rrubliani am-indi, qari da uqaro saaTebi, dReebi), rac energetikul sistemaSi maTi normaluri funqcionire-bisaTvis aucilebeli sarezervo simZlavreebis arsebobas moiTxovs. sarezervo simZlavreebad

goris qaris 20,7 mgvt.-issimZlavris eleqtrosadguri

ganaxlebadi energetika

57

gamoiyeneba iseTi generaciuli simZlavree-bi, romelTac, gansxvavebiT mzis da qaris sadgurebisgan, manevrirebis maRali xarisxi aqvT (simZlavris swrafi cvlilebis unari). aseTia, pirvel rigSi, wyalsacaviani hesebi, hidroakumulaciuri hesebi (romlebic sa-qarTveloSi ara gvaqvs), aseve maRali manev-rirebis kombinirebuli ciklis Tboeleqt-rosadgurebi.

saqarTvelos energetikul balansSi ge-oTermul wylebs mcire wili aqvT da Ziri-Tadad gamoiyeneba an sayofacxovrebo miz-nebisaTvis (cxeli wyliT momarageba), an soflis meurneobaSi saTburebis mosawyo-bad. Termuli wylebis maragebis didi nawi-li, 80%-ze meti, dasavleT saqarTveloSia. mTlianad saqarTvelos geoTermuli wyle-

3bis maragi 80 aTas m Seadgens dRe-RameSi.

energiis mniSvnelovani wyaroa agreTve biomasa. saqarTveloSi merqnis saerTo mara-

3gia 452 mln. m , rac msoflio maragis 0,13%-s Seadgens. saqarTvelos tyeebis energetiku-li potenciali miCneulia 0,8 mlrd. kvtsT.-is ekvivalentad.

kvlevebis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi energia-ze moTxovna 2040 wlisaTvis (saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos monacemebiT) 37%-iT gaizrdeba, 2025 wlamde energiaze moT-xovnis yovelwliuri zrda 2%-mde Senel-

deba, xolo 2025 wlis Semdeg zrda mxolod 1% iqneba. stagnacia iqneba energiis moT-xovnaze evropaSi, iaponiaSi, samxreT kore-aSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi. Zlieri zrda iqne-ba aziaSi, afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, la-Tinur amerikaSi. 2030-iani wlebisTvis Cine-Ti gaxdeba navTobis msoflioSi yvelaze msxvili momxmarebeli, am maxasiaTebliT ga-uswrebs aSS-s, sadac mniSvnelovnad Semcir-deba moTxovna navTobze. zogadad, msofli-oSi tradiciul eneregtikul wyaroebze da-mokidebuleba radikalurad ar Seicvleba da ar Semcirdeba. CineTi ar Seamcirebs da-mokidebulebas naxSirze da, samwuxarod, msoflioSic metad umniSvnelo iqneba nax-Sirze damokidebulebis Semcireba, samwuxa-rod imitom, rom naxSiris da aseve sxva wia-Riseuli sawvavis wvisas gamoiyofa mavne niv-Tierebebi (naxSirorJangi, meTani da sxva), saTburis gazebi, romlebic „saTburis ef-eqts~ qmnian. cnobilia, rom msoflio ener-getika mTlianad naxSirze rom iyos dafuZ-nebuli, atmosferoSi CO-is gafrqveva iqne-boda 20 mlrd. tona weliwadSi (dRes daax-loebiT 6 miliardi tonaa aseTi gafrqveva), rac is zRvaria, romlis Semdegac daiwyebo-da klimatis iseTi cvlilebebi, romelic ka-tastroful Sedegebs gamoiwvevda biosfe-roSi. swored ekologiuri problemebi ubiZgebs msoflios ganaviTaros energiis ganaxlebadi, „sufTa“ wyaroebi.

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mili

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adSi

EU 15axali EU 10

resursebi

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ganaxlebad energiaze, mis generaciaze danaxarjebis Semcireba, teqnologiuri srulyofa da Sedegad, ganaxlebadi energetikis danadgarebze fasebis Semcireba, maTi gaiafeba Zalian gaz-rdis am energiis wils msoflio energetikul balansSi. erTmniSvnelovnad aucilebelia yvela-feri gakeTdes imisTvis, rom „msoflio energosistemam“ rac SeiZleba minimaluri ziani miaye-nos garemos.

naTelia, rom msofliom radikalurad unda Secvalos Tavisi energetikuli ganviTarebis kursi da ganaxlebadi energiis aTvisebaze gadavides. aSkaraa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Teoriulad), rom efeqturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ganaxlebadi energiiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba 9 mlrd. ad-amianis energiaze moTxovnis dakmayofileba. am mxriv Zalian kargi magaliTia evropuli qveyne-bis gamocdileba. daniaSi 1996 wels ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebidan miRebuli energiis wili iyo 4%, 2000 wels es maCvenebeli 12% gaxda, xolo 2016 wels – 56%. germaniaSi, romelic gacile-biT didi qveyanaa, vidre dania, 1999 wels ganaxlebadi energiis wili saerTo balansSi iyo 1%, 2005 wels – 4,5%, xolo 2016 wels mzis, qaris da hidroenergiis wilma 32%-s miaRwia. amgvari maga-liTebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosac aqvs yvela Sansi am mimarTulebiT Za-lian warmatebuli qveyana gaxdes.

fotovoltaikuri panelebi marokoSi

qaris eleqtrosadgurikanadaSi

fotovoltaikuri panelebi indoeTSi

ganaxlebadi energetika

59