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niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis
ekologiurad usafrTxo
agroteqnologia
(rekomendaciebi)
Tbilisi – 2017
2
UDC (uak) rekomendacia damuSavebulia avtoris mier Catarebuli da am
sferoSi momuSave dargis wamyvan mecnier muSakTa mravalwliani
kvlevebis safuZvelze. aRniSnul naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi
did daxmarebas gauwevs soflis meurneobis specialistebs,
fermerebs, studentebsa da sxva dainteresebul pirebs niadagis
nayofierebis amaRlebis da SenarCunebis saqmeSi.
rekomendacia moxsenebulia saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
mecnierebaTa akademiis saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze
“ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis Tanamedrove
teqnologiebi soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis”
Tbilisi, 20016, 28-29-30 seqtemberi, rekomendaciaSi Sesuli masalebi
gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnal “moambe”-Si da rekomendebulia dasabeWdad.
avtori did madlobas uxdis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiur departaments naSromis
gamoqveynebisaTvis.
avtori:
revaz loliSvili – saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis samecniero ganyofilebebis swavluli mdivani, soflis
meurneobis doqtori.
recenzenti:
l. maWavariani _ soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori;
redaqtori:
elguja SafaqiZe _ saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis
akademiuri departamentis ufrosi.
3
S i n a a r s i
Sesavali------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1. bioorganuli sasuqebis roli niadagis nayofierebis
amaRlebaSi (namjis da parkosani sideratebis erToblivi
Setana --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2. bioorganuli sasuqebis roli niadagis mikrobiologiur
aqtivobaze---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
3. mcenareuli masis daSlis intensivoba da namjis da
ionjis sideratis daSlis Sedegad niadagSi dabrunebuli
sakvebi elementebis raodenoba------------------------------------------ 15
4. bioorganuli sasuqebis (namjisa da ionjis sideratis
erToblivi Setana) zegavlena sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mosavlianobaze da mdelos ruxi-yavisferi
niadagis humusis balansi---------------------------------------------------- 18
gamoyenebuli literatura -------------------------------------------------------- 22
4
S e s a v a l i
miwa planetaze adamianis arsebobis umTavresi pirobaa. niadagis
nayofierebis amaRleba da SemdgomSi misi mdgradad SenarCuneba,
damuSavebis ekologiurad misaRebi teqnologiebis SemuSaveba da
praqtikaSi danergva, Tanamedrove agraruli mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes
sakiTxis warmoadgens.
miwis zeda nayofier fenas warmoadgens niadagi, romelic
biosferos umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. igi Camoyalibda evoluciis
procesSi dedaqanebze klimaturi faqtorebis, fitocenozis, zoocenozisa
da mikroorganizmebis kompleqsuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad. niadagi
damoukidebeli, cocxali bunebriv-istoriuli sxeulia, romelic
niadagwarmomqmneli qanisagan gansxvavebiT dasaxlebulia biologiuri
organizmebiT da flobs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas –
nayofierebas. nayofiereba aris niadagis unari uzrunvelyos mcenareuli
da cxoveluri organizmebis zrda-ganviTareba da kvlavwarmoqmna. rac
ufro metia niadagSi humusis (neSompala) da sakvebi elementebis
Semcveloba, miT ufro maRalia misi nayofiereba. dedaqanisagan igi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Sedgeniloba-TvisebebiT da warmoSobis
pirobebis mixedviT. niadagi erTob plastiuri biogeosistemaa,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia geo da bio-fitosistemebis harmoniuli
SeTanawyoba. igi Zalze mgrZnobiarea garemo zemoqmedebis mimarT,
axasiaTebs ganuwyveteli cvalebadoba drosa da sivrceSi.
niadagwarmomqmneli procesebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
intensivobiT da mimarTulebiT.
kacobriobis arsebobis istoriis manZilze adamianis zemoqmedeba
niadagze ori diametrulad gansxvavebuli formiT mJRavndeboda,
mizandasaxuli gardaqmnisa da pirdapiri ngrevis saxiT. pirveli
gulisxmobs mis swor eqspluatacias da gakulturebas, xolo meore _
araswor, mxolod momxmareblur damokidebulebas. rogorc aRvniSneT
niadagis formirebas aTaswleulebi sWirdeba, magram adamianis ugunurma
qmedebam myisierad SeiZleba gaanadguros bunebis xangrZlivi Sromis
5
nayofi. agrowesebis gautareblobas, umZimesi Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves,
kerZod, niadagis agrogamofitva da degradacia.
ukanaskneli ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi barSi eqstensiuri
gaZRolis da susti materialur-teqnikuri bazis gamo soflis meurneobis
done mniSvnelovnad daqveiTda. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis produqciis sakmarisi raodenobis misaRebad saWiro xdeba
kulturebis naTesi farTobebis zrda. aseTi uaryofiTi procesebi
ganapiroba ZiriTadad sasuqebis naklebobam da Sromatevadi procesebis
dabalma donem, intensiuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebis arealis
ukiduresad Seviwroebam, warmoebis dekoncentraciam, kulturebis
dabalma saheqtaro mosavlianobam da erTeul produqciaze rogorc
cocxali, aseve ganivTierebuli Sromis maRalma danaxarjebma. amas xeli
Seuwyo im faqtmac, rom bolo wlebSi miwis damuSaveba daiwyes iseTma
pirebma, romelTac am mimarTebiT sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba ar
gaaCniaT.
niadagi rTuli biologiuri sistemaa. mis swor gamoyenebazea
damokidebuli sasoflo-sameurneo da mecxoveleobis produqtebiT
mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. niadagwarmomqmneli
procesebi kulturuli mcnareulobis qveS arasrulad aris Seswavlili,
rac Seexeba literaturul monacemebs niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis
mimarTulebis da intensivobis gamoxatulebis Sesaxeb, igi sakmaod
winaaRmdegobrivia. avtorTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom sasoflo-sameurneo
gamoyeneba ar aqveiTebs bunebrivi faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, aramed
mxolod arTulebs maT. nawili ki niadagwarmoqmnis kulturul process
miiCnevs, rogorc saxecvlil bunebriv process, romelic ar amcirebs
zonaluri niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis mimarTulebas. anTropogenuli
zemoqmedeba cvlis misi bioturi komponentebis sistemas. funqcionaluri
kavSirebis mixedviT, agrofitocenozebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia energiis
da nivTierebaTa cvlis sivrcobrivi modifikaciis procesi. am sistemis
funqcionireba efuZneba misi Semadgeneli organuli da araorganuli
komponentebis urTierTqmedebas.
yamiri miwebis agrolandSaftad gardaqmnis Sedegad mkveTrad
Seicvala nivTierebaTa biologiuri wrebrunvis xasiaTi, misi moculoba
da intensivoba, mikroorganizmebis raodenoba da saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba,
6
haerovani, siTburi da tenis reJimi. dResdReobiT niadaguri safari
warmoadgens rTul Ria sistemas, romelic Sedgeba bioturi
komponenetebisagan, niadaguri da mineraluri safuZvlisagan. axali
mniSvneloba SeiZina drois faqtorma, gaizarda niadagwarmoqmnis
procesis tempi da elementebis brunvis siCqare. sezonuri da wliuri
ciklebis garda gaCnda axali – savegetacio periodi. bunebrivi
cenozebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac nivTierebaTa Semosavali niadagSi
konkretuli periodis ganmavlobaSi utoldeba mis gasavals,
agrocenozebSi, romelic Ria sistemas warmoadgens, elementebis
wrebrunva dekompensirebulia. agrocenozebis specifikuri funqciebi
ganapirobeben sakvebi elementebis garkveuli nawilis eliminirebas, an
axali raodenobis CarTvas vegetaciis wliur ciklSi. TiToeuli
agrocenozi xasiaTdeba gansxvavebuli biologiuri wrebrunvis tipiT,
qimiuri elementebis maragiT blokebSi da “nakadis” intensivobiT.
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gamoyeneba organuli sasuqis Setanis gareSe,
agrowesebis ignorireba, dabrunebuli mcenareuli narCenebis
arasakmarisi raodenoba azotis mcire SemcvelobiT, aris kidev erTi
mizezi, romelic iwvevs niadagis nayofierebis ganmsazRvreli elementebis
dacemas da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis produqtiulobis depresias.
kulturuli mcenareebis ontogenezis periodSi sinTezirebuli
fitomasis didi nawili, daaxloebiT 40-80%, mosavlis aRebis Sedegad
gaitaneba mindvridan, rac iwvevs humusis da masTan erTad sakvebi
elementebis klebas niadagSi. yvelaze metad niadags aRaribebs Saqris
Warxali (96%), xaxvi (80-83%), kartofili (80%), simindi (75%), mzesumzira
(65%), qeri da xorbali (60-72%), SedarebiT naklebad – bostneuli
kulturebi: pomidori, wiwaka, badrijani, kombosto da kitri (31-37%).
saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis 38% xasiaTdeba maRali, 21%
saSualo, xolo 41% dabali bunebrivi nayofierebiT. maRalnayofier
niadagebze sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRali mosavlianobis,
mcenareuli masis didi raodenobiT (70-80%) gatanis gamo niadagis
nayofiereba mkveTrad ecema. ase magaliTad, 70-80 wlis ganmavlobaSi
maRalnayofieri Cveulebrivi Savmiwa niadagis (baris da mTis) humusis
procentuli Semcveloba Semcirda 21-27%-iT da nacvlad 6,5-6,22%-sa dRes
5,15-4,55%-ia. humusis maragis kleba ki Seadgens 19-22%-s, xolo ZiriTadi
7
sakvebi elementebis azotis, fosforis da kaliumis Sesabamisad 32-16 da
24%-s. mosavlis aRebiT gamowveuli humusis yovelwliuri danakargi am
niadagze 2 tonaa heqtarze. saSualo nayofier niadagebze humusis
yovelwliuri danakargebi SedarebiT dabalia. kordian-karbonatuli,
yavisferi karbonatuli, mdelos yavisferi dawiduli da ruxi-yavisferi
niadagebisaTvis igi Seadgens Sesabamisad 0,5-1,5, 0,4-1,6, 1,1 da 1,3 t/ha-ze.
ufro dabalnayofier niadagze, rogoricaa Savmiwa samxreTis
karbonatuli da aluviuri mdelos niadagi, humusis yovelwliuri
danakargebi 0,3-0,8 da 0,8-1,8 tonas Seadgens heqtarze. humusis saSualo
wliuri danakargebi naxevar metrian fenaSi mis maragTan mimarTebaSi
Seadgens 4%-s, xolo samxreTis SavmiwisaTvis, aluviuri mdelos,
yavisferi karbonatuli da kordian-karbonatuli niadagisaTvis 2-3%-s.
niadagis degradacias xeli Seuwyo arasrulyofili meTodebis
gamoyenebamac. agroqimiur praqtikaSi aRricxavdnen mxolod kulturebis
sasaqonlo produqcias da am produqciiT sakvebi elementebis gatanas.
Sesabamisad am monacemebze dayrdnobiT xdeboda mineraluri sasuqis
efeqturi dozebis dadgena. mineraluri sasuqi umTavresad xels uwyobs
mcenaris maRali mosavlis miRebas da ar zrdis niadagis nayofierebas.
bioproduqtiulobis arasruli aRricxvis gamo daSvebuli uzustobebi,
kerZod, niadagidan gatanili im sakvebi elementebis ugulebelyofa,
romelic Tavmoyrilia miwiszeda mcenareul narCenebSi da fesvebSi,
uaryofiTad moqmedebda organuli nivTierebis da sakvebi elementebis
balansis Sedgenaze, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevda sasuqis dozebis araswor
SerCevas. swored amis gamo iqmneba agrocenozebSi azotis, fosforis da
kaliumis uaryofiTi balansi mis biologiur gatanasTan mimarTebaSi.
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqtic, rom niadagSi dabrunebuli
mcenareuli narCenebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gamouyenebeli rCeba
momdevno kulturisaTvis, radgan narCenebis gaxrwnas didi dro sWirdeba
(daaxloebiT 2_4 weli) da rom narCenebidan warmoqmnili humusis
raodenobac sakmaod mcirea 3,8-6,1 c/ha [1, 2].
XXI saukune, romelic gamorCeulia mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebiT,
cnobilia aseve ekologiuri katastrofebiT. niadagis, haeris da wylis
dabinZurebam dasaSveb zRvrebs gadaaWarba. adamianebs uwevT arajansaRi
sakvebis miReba, rac did dartymas ayenebs maT janmrTelobas. gaxSirda
8
fataluri SemTxvevebi. yovelive amis gamo mecnierebis winaSe dadga
sasicocxlo amocana moeZebnaT gzebi arsebuli problemebis dasaZlevad.
am procesSi aqtiurad Caebnen cnobili saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, maT
Soris UN, The Christensen Fund, Biovercity, FAO, GEF (Global Environment Facility), WB
(msoflio banki) OXFAM, IFOAM, IOAS da sxva. kvlevebma aCvenes, rom
arsebuli situaciidan gamosvlis erT-erT realur saSualebas
warmoadgens organuli soflis meurneobis Seqmna, romlis ZiriTad
erTeuls warmoadgens biomeurneoba.
1. bioorganuli sasuqebis roli niadagis
nayofierebis amaRlebaSi (namjis da
parkosani sideratebis erToblivi Setana)
bolo wlebis gamokvlevebi metyvelebs imaze, rom planetis
niadagebis meoTxedi ganicdis degradacias, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs
kacobriobis gamokvebis SesaZleblobas. uaxloes momavalSi ar aris
gamoricxuli msoflio SimSilis problemis winaSe dadges. mkvlevarebis
erTi nawili Tvlis, rom amis mizezs warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis ugunuri gamoyeneba, meore nawili ki mizezad sxvadasxva bunebriv
procesebs miiCnevs. naTelia, rom niadagis degradaciis Sefaseba
miekuTvneba im umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa ricxvs, romelic gansazRvravs
Cveni planetis civilizaciis arsebobas. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli
mdgomareobis gamosworeba SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod soflis
meurneobis mkacri mecnieruli principebiT gaZRolis da ekologiuri
usafrTxoebis gaTvaliswinebis gziT [3, 4].
Tanamedrove etapze sakvebi elementebis gatana mniSvnelad Warbobs
mis dabrunebas, riTac irRveva miwaTmoqmedebis ZiriTadi, organuli
nivTierebis dabrunebis kanoni. es ki iwvevs niadaguri resursebis
arakompensirebul xarjvas. adamians Tavisi sameurneo saqmianobiT
SeuZlia aramarto Seanelos an daaCqaros bunebrivi procesebi, aramed
warmarTos sxva mimarTulebiT. arsebul situacaSi soflis meurneobis
muSakebis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos saxnavi farTobis TiToeuli
heqtris produqtiulobis amaRlebisaken.
9
fermeruli meurneobebis niadagebis warmadobis gazrda SesaZlebelia
miwaTmoqmedebis ekologiur-landSafturi RonisZiebaTa sistemebis
gamoyenebiT. sadReisod sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma Zalzed
mniSvnelovania, radganac bolo wlebSi agrocenozebi iRebs
antiekologiuri teqnocenozebis saxes. centraluri adgili RonisZiebaTa
kompleqsSi ukavia agroteqnologiebis gamoyenebas, romlis gareSe
SeuZlebelia nivTierebaTa biologiuri wrebrunvis regulireba
agroekosistemebSi, niadagis nayofierebis aRdgena da mdgradad
SenarCuneba. bioorganuli sasuqebi niadagis sakvebi elementebiT Sevsebis
arsebiTi rezervia. am mxriv yvelaze xelmisawvdom, maRalefeqtur, iaf
gamanoyierebel saSualebad iTvleba mudmivad mimdinare fotosinTezis
advilad aRdgenadi, amouwuravi produqtebi _ namja, sideratebi da
mcenareuli narCenebi, romlebSic didi raodenobiTaa akumulirebuli
biogenuri elementebi da warmoadgenen organuli sasuqebis gamoyenebis,
resursdazogvis teqnologiebis safuZvels.
mcenareuli narCenebi aramarto niadagis organuli nivTierebiT
Sevsebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, aramed ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
miRebis erTaderTi saSualebac. rac ufro didia narCenebis raodenoba da
masSi arsebuli azotis da kalciumis Semcveloba, miT ufro didi
raodenobis da ukeTesi xarisxis humusovani nivTierebebi warmoiqmneba
humifikaciis procesSi – naklebi fulvo da meti huminis mJavebiT,
romelTac niadagSi damagrebis da misi Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis unari
gaaCniaT. mcenareuli narCenebis meSveobiT xdeba humusis danakargebis
50%-is anazRaureba. erTi tona mravalwliani parkosani balaxebis Tivis
da marcvlovani kulturebis namjisagan warmoiqmneba 200-200kg humusi.
Sesabamisad, sadReisod, niadagis nayofierebis amaRleba bioorganuli
sasuqebis gamoyenebiT Zalze aqtualuria.
bioorganuli sasuqebis gamoyenebiT umjobesdeba niadagis fizikuri,
fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi, maT Soris struqtura, agebuleba,
wyalgamtaroba, wylis Sekavebis unari. izrdeba niadagis
biomravalferovneba. am procesis naTeli gamoxatulebaa humusis
Semcvelobis mateba da misi xarisxobrivi Sedgenilobis Secvla.
farTovdeba huminis mJavebis da fulvomJavebis Tanafardoba niadagis
10
organuli nivTierebis umniSvnelovanesi fraqciis kalciumis humatis
dagrovebis xarjze. amavdroulad maTi gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili humusis yovelwliuri danakargebi,
samomavlod SevqmnaT misi udeficito balansi da SevaCeroT niadagebis
progresirebadi gamofitvis procesi [1].
kvlevebi bioorganuli sasuqebis gamoyenebiT (namjis da parkosani
sideratebis erToblivi Setana) niadagis humusovani mdgomareobis
Sefasebis, misi nayofierebis amaRlebis da sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis bioproduqtiulobis dadgenis mizniT Catarebuli iqna qvemo
qarTlSi, marneulis raionis mdelos rux-yavisfer niadagze. sasuqad
marcvlovani kulturebis namjis da parkosani sideratebis erTobliv
Setanas (organuli nivTierebis SemcvelobiT 1 tona namja 3,5-4,0 t
nakelis eqvivalenturia) maTi cal-calke Setanisagan gansxvavebiT
Semdegi upiratesoba gaaCnia: 1) ar xdeba azotis imobilizacia niadagidan,
rogorc mxolod namjis Setanis dros; 2) adgili ara aqvs
mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofelobis intensivobis gazrdiT gamowveul
azotis uneblie danakargebs, rogorc mxolod ionjis sideratis mwvane
masis Setanisas, romelic 2_3-jer met azots Seicavs vidre namja, ris
gamoc Zalze swrafad xdeba misi mineralizacia; 3) ukeTesad viTardeba
koJrebi parkosnebis fesvebze, izrdeba azotfiqsaciis unari; 4) namjis da
Tivis destruqciis procesSi warmoqmnili fiziologiurad aqtiuri
nivTierebebi xels uwyobs niadagis fermentaciul aqtivobas da mcenaris
zrda-ganviTarebas, kerZod, 30%-iT izrdeba am kulturebis fesvebis
biomasa da niadagSi dabrunebuli organuli nivTierebis da sakvebi
elementebis raodenoba, rac niadagis efeqturi nayofierebis amaRlebis
ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens; 5) gaaCnia niadagdacviTi unari
agronomiulad srulfasovani da wyalgamZle agregatebis warmoqmnis
gamo; 6) izrdeba niadagis wyalgamtaroba da produqtiuli tenis maragi;
7) namjiTa da TiviT mulCireba kulturebs icavs moyinvisagan [4];
8) Setanili namjis da mravalwliani parkosani kulturebis raodenobis
wilobrivi cvlilebiT SesaZlebelia mcenareuli narCenebis daSlis
siswrafis რეგულირება; 9) 16-jer mcirdeba niadagis fitotoqsikuroba; 10)
garda zemoTCamoTvlilisa namjisa da mravalwliani parkosani
kulturebis erToblivi Setanis praqtikuli da ekonomiuri Rirebuleba
11
kidev imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maTi Setanis Semdeg momdevno ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi niadagi sasuqis Setanas aRar saWiroebs [1, 5].
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi niadagis (marneulis raioni s. yulari) yamir
variantSi humusis Semcveloba Seadgens 3,82%-s, aTvisebulSi ki ecema
2,25%-mde, saerTo azotis ki Sesabamisad 0,19%-dan 0,11%-mde (cxrili 1).
sasuqebis Setanis gamo sakvebi elementebis SesaTvisebeli formebi metia
aTvisebul variantSi. STanTqmul kompleqsSi Warbobs kalciumis kaTioni.
niadagi zedapirulad karbonatulia. niadagis aris reaqcia susti tutea.
rac Seexeba variants, sadac moxda namjisa da ionjis Tivis erToblivi
Setana, erTi wlis Semdeg humusis Semcveloba aTvisebuli variantis
sawyis monacemTan SedarebiT izrdeba 0,99%-iT da aRwevs 3,24%-s.
gazrdilia sakvebi elementebis SesaTvisebeli formebis raodenobac. maT
Soris TiTqmis orjer fosforis.
12
cxrili 1
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi gamdeloebuli niadagis zogierTi qimiuri da fizikur-qimiuri maCveneblebi
Wr.#,
savarguli,
mdebareoba
Hhori-
zonti
siRrme
sm
pH
(H2O)
humu-
si
saerTo
azoti CaCO3
SesaTvisebeli formebi STanTqmuli fuZeebi
N P2O5 K Ca MMg jami
% mg 100g niadagSi Mmg/eqv 100g niadagSi
Wr. #1,Yyamiri.
s. yulari,
marneulis r-ni
AAdCa
A'Ca
BCa
B1Ca(g)
CCa(g)
0-16
28-38
50-60
71-81
155-175
7,7
7,7
7,8
8,0
8,2
3,82
3,04
2,12
1,25
-
0,19
0,14
0,09
0,06
0,02
4,2
4,5
10,8
12,7
10,4
2,68
1,36
0,96
-
1,44
1,04
0,38
-
20,14
18,40
12,16
-
35,94
35,56
37,93
35,00
30,63
5,87
4,44
4,45
3,85
2,83
41,81
40,00
42,38
38,85
33,46
Wr. #2,
(NPK) simindi,
s. yulari
marneulis r-ni
AsaxCa
A' BCa
B1Ca(g)
B2Ca(g)
CCa(g)
0-20
20-40
50-65
65-105
105-120
7,7
7,7
8,0
8,2
8,4
2,25
1,78
1,55
1,05
-
0,11
0,08
0,07
0,05
-
6,0
6,0
12,1
14,7
12,8
4,18
3,24
2,42
0,98
-
1,88
1,62
1,06
0,84
-
23,80
22,82
21,14
17,06
-
28,15
25,25
26,45
20,18
17,15
4,94
5,54
305
4,85
3,06
33,09
30,79
29,50
25,03
20,21
Wr. #3,
(namja+siderati),
simindi,
s. yulari
marneulis r-ni
AsaxCa
A' BCa
B1Ca(g)
B2Ca(g)
CCa(g)
0-25
25-45
50-75
80-100
120-140
7,7
7,7
8,0
8,2
8,4
3,24
3,00
1,85
0,64
-
0,15
0,14
008
0,03
-
5,8
5,9
11,9
14,2
12,5
5,64
5,26
3,28
1,16
-
2,64
2,40
2,12
0,84
-
28,84
27,92
24,10
18,46
-
33,14
34,16
30,25
23,14
-
5,75
3,05
2.45
3,72
-
38,89
37,21
32,70
26,86
-
2. bioorganuli sasuqebis roli niadagis
mikrobiologiur aqtivobaze
niadagis nayofierebis Sefasebis umniSvnelovanes indikators
warmoadgens niadagis biologiuri aqtivoba da kulturebis mosavlianoba.
Catarebuli mikrobiologiuri kvlevebi mowmobs rom, rac ufro
mdidaria niadagi organuli nivTierebiT da azotiT, miT ufro didia
masSi mikroorganizmebis Semcveloba. Cvens kvlevebSi niadaguri
mikrofloris yvelaze didi raodenoba aRiniSneba mesame variantze,
sadac warmoebda namjis da ionjis erToblivi Setana. mikroorganizmebis
SemcvelobiT Semdgomi adgili ukavia yamirs (varianti 1), xolo yvelaze
dabali biologiuri aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba meore varianti, sadac
Segvqonda mineraluri sasuqebi (cxrili 2).
cxrili 2-is monacmebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamovyoT saprofitebis
didi jgufi. isini yvelaze adre saxldebian organul narCenebze da
axdenen cilebis amonifikacias, romlis gareSe warmoudgenelia azotis
mobilizacia. saprofitebis mier xdeba cilovani nivTierebebis Rrma
daxleCva-daSla, romelic rTuli mravalsafexuriani bioqimiuri
procesia. es mikroorganizmebi aqtiur rols asruleben humusis
komponentebis warmoqmnaSi. maTi raodenoba variantebis mixedviT (1,2,3)
Seadgens 29851_24833_38333 aTass 1g absoluturad mSral niadagSi. maT
mosdevs mineralur areze mozardi mikroorganizmebi, Semdegi
mniSvnelovani jgufia sokoebi, maTi raodenoba 0-20sm fenaSi Seadgens
2143_2266_3000 aTass. sakmaod maRalia aerobuli mikroorganizmebis
azotobaqteris raodenoba 98_92_100%. anaerobi fiqsatorebidan sakmaod
kargad izrdebian Clostridium-is warmomadgenlebi 250_60_250 aTasi 1g
absoluturad mSral niadagSi, romelTac unari aqvT moaxdinon
molekuluri azotis fiqsacia. sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobs
nitrifikaciis procesi. mesame variantze bioorganuli sasuqebis SetaniT
aRiniSneba nitrifikatorebis Zlieri, meore variantze mineraluri
sasuqebis SetaniT ki, mxolod intensiuri zrda. sakvlev niadagSi
didi raodenobiTaa Nitrosomonas-s da Nitrosospira-s warmomadgenlebi.
13
cxrili 2
mikroorganizmebis raodenoba aTasebSi 1 g absoluturad mSral niadagSi
niadagi
nimuSis aRebis siRrme
sm
variantebi
mikroorganizmebis fiziologiuri jgufebi
saprofitebi Mmineralur
areze mozardebi
sokoebi Clostridium
pasterianum
Aazotobaqteri %
Nnitrifika-torebi
mdelos
ruxi-
yavisferi
0-20 1
yamiri
29851 2143 1444 250 98 +++++
20-40 22459 1777 1155 250 92 +++++
0-20 2
simindi
(N60P120K60)
24833 2266 1366 60 92 ++++
20-40 20153 1953 661 60 92 ++++
0-20 3
simindi
(namja+ionjis
Tiva)
38333 3000 1700 250 100 +++++
20-40 31666 2261 1450 250 100 +++++
++++ intensiuri zrda +++++ Zlieri zrda 14
3. mcenareuli masis daSlis intensivoba da namjis da
ionjis sideratis daSlis Sedegad niadagSi dabrunebuli
sakvebi elementebis raodenoba
Cvens mier dayenebuli iqna sam variantiani cda, sadac warmoebda
dakvirveba mcenareuli masis daSlis intensivobaze. cxrili 3-is
monacemebi mowmobs, rom mcenareuli masa swrafad iSleba pirvel wels
76,5-55,3-61,4%. meore wels daSlis intensivoba ecema 12,1-11,7-11,8%. yvelaze
swrafad da srulad ori wlis ganmavlobaSi iSleba ionjis mcenareuli
fitomasa 88,6%, xolo daSlis yvelaze dabali siCqare aqvs namjas 67,0%.
variants namja + ionjis siderati Sualeduri adgili ukavia. ori wlis
Semdeg namja + ionjis sideratis mcenareuli fitomasis mxolod 29,3%
darCa gauxrwneli.
bioorganul sasuqSi sakvebi elementebis Semcvelobis gansazRvram
saSualeba mogvca dagvedgina niadagSi dabrunebuli sakvebi elementebis
raodenoba. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi niadags ubrundeba 76,4კგ/ჰა azoti,
8,9კგ/ჰა fosfori, 66,6კგ/ჰა kaliumi da 34,3კგ/ჰა kalciumi (cxrili 4). am
elementebis gamoyeneba momdevno kulturas ukve meore wlidan SeuZlia.
dabrunebuli azoti da kaliumi 54%_48%-iT akmayofilebs simindis
moTxovnilebas am elementebze, xolo fosfori da kalciumi Sesabamisad
33-47%-iT. cnobilia, rom mcenaris NPK-iT kvebis wyaros SeiZleba
warmoadgendes mkvdari mikroorganizmebis biomasa. maTi mSrali biomasa
Seicavs 649 kg/ha azots, 162 kg/ha fosfors da 118 kg/ha kaliums.
mikroorganizmebis xrwnis Sedegad gamonTavisuflebuli azotis 2/3 _
432,67 kg/ha gamoiyeneba mcenareebis mier [6]. aqve unda aRvniSnoT is rom,
Tu arsebul cifrebs davumatebT jer kidev dauSleli bioorganuli
sasuqidan (29,3%) da simindis miwiszeda da miwisqveda mcenareuli
narCenebidan (41,3 c/ha) gamonTavisuflebul sakveb elementebs, naTeli
gaxdeba, rom momdevno kultura maRali mosavlis misaRebad sasuqis
Setanas aRar saWiroebs.
15
16
cxrili 3 mcenareuli masis daSlis intensivoba
mcenare-uli masa
Pfito-masa c/ha
mricxvelSi c/ha mniSvnelSi %
daSlis I weli daSlis II weli sul 2 wlis ganmav-lobaSi
X - V VI-VIII IX-XII jami XII-V VI-VIII IX-XII jami
ionjis siderati
40,0 14,9
37,2
5,5
13,8
10,2
25,5
30,6 76,5
2,3
5,7
1,2
3,0
1,4
3,4
4,9
12,1
35,5
88,6
namja 40,0 10,4
26,1
4,1
10,2
7,6
19,0
22,1
55,3
2,3
5,8
1,1
2,7
1,3
3,2
4,7
11,7
26,8
67,0
namja+ ionjis
siderati 40,0
11,7
29,2
4,6
11,5
8,3
20,7
24,6
61,4
2,3
5,7
1,2
2,9
1,3
3,2
4,7
11,8
29,3
73,2
17
cxrili 4
namjis da ionjis sideratis daSlis Sedegad niadagSi dabrunebuli elementebis raodenoba
PPfitomasa c/ha
N P K Ca
2,611% 0,306% 2,276% 1,173%
40,0
pirvel wels dabrunebuli elementebis raodenoba
24,6 64,2kg/ha 7,5 kg/ha 56,0 kg/ha 28,9 kg/ha
meore wels dabrunebuli elementebis raodenoba
4,7 12,3 kg/ha 1,4 kg/ha 10,7 kg/ha 5,5 kg/ha
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi dabrunebuli elementebis raodenoba
29,3 76,5 kg/ha 8,9 kg/ha 66,7 kg/ha 34,4 kg/ha
18
4. bioorganuli sasuqebis (namjisa da ionjis sideratis
erToblivi Setana) zegavlena sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mosavlianobaze da mdelos ruxi-yavisferi
niadagis humusis balansi
biometruli kvlevis mixedviTac ukeTesi monacemebi dafiqsirebulia
variantze namjisa da ionjis sideratis erToblivi SetaniT. am variantze
simindis mosavlis 39,9c/ha SemTxvevaSi, misma srulma fitomasam Seadgina
190,0c/ha, rac 17,1 da 76,6c/ha aRemateba simindis analogiur monacemebs
mineraluri sasuqebis Setanis fonze (cxrili 5). variantze bioorganuli
sasuqebis SetaniT izrdeba simindis yvela struqturuli blokis
fitomasa. fesvebis raodenoba gazrdilia 22%-iT, xolo Reros fitomasa
49%-iT. Zalze maRalia misi produqtiulobis koeficientic 0,84.
organuli nivTierebis dabrunebis absoluturi maCvenebeli Seadgens
42,3c/ha-s da 12,5 centneriT aRemateba mineraluri sasuqebis Setanis
fonze moyvanili simindis monacems. organuli nivTierebis balansi
simindis kulturis qveS mdelos rux-yavisfer niadagSi uaryofiTia. igi
miekuTvneba im kulturaTa ricxvs, romlebic mniSvnelovnad aRaribeben
niadags sakvebi nivTierebebiT. samwuxarod, niadagSi dabrunebuli
simindis mcenareuli narCenebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
gamouyenebeli rCeba momdevno kulturisaTvis, radgan narCenebis srul
gaxrwnas didi dro sWirdeba. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqtic, rom
narCenebidan warmoqmnili humusis raodenoba didi ar aris. simindis
SemTxvevaSi is Seadgens 5,4-7,6c/ha-ze (izohumusovani koeficienti udris
0,18), [7, 8].
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi niadagisaTvis Sedgenili humusis balansi
kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCens organuli sasuqebis gamoyenebis
upiratesobas mineralur sasuqebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
variantze - namjis da sideratis erToblivi SetaniT siminds niadagidan
gamoaqvs azotis orjer ufro didi raodenoba _ 2,0ც/ჰა (cxrili 6),
dabrunebuli mcenareuli narCenebis didi raodenobis da Setanili
sasuqebidan humusis maRali kompensaciis gamo, sxvaoba balansebs Soris
Seadgens mxolod _1,0ც/ჰა.
19
cxrili 5.
simindis bioproduqtiuloba da organuli nivTierebis balansi
kultura da misi
struqturuli
nawilebi
Aabsolu turad mSrali fitomasa
gaitaneba niadagi-
dan
ubrundeba niadags
miwis- zeda da
miwis- qveda fito- masis far- doba
Mmarcv-lis
fardo-ba
RerosTan
produq-tiulob-is koefi- cienti c/ha % c/ha % c/ha %
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi niadagi (marneulis raioni s. yulari) N60P120K60
1.marcvali 22,8 20,0 22,8 20,0
3,6:1 1 : 1,7 0,78
2. foToli 10,5 9,3 10,5 9,3
3. Rero 39,7 35,0 39,7 35,0
4. naquCi 10,7 9,4 10,7 9,4
5. narCenebi 5,3 4,7
5,3 4,7
6. fesvebi (0-60 sm)
24,5 21,6 24,5 21,6
7.sruli fitomasa
113,5 100,0 83,7 73,7 29,8 26,3
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi niadagi (marneulis raioni s. yulari) bioorganuli sasuqi
1.marcvali 39,9 21,0 39,9 21,0
5,2 : 1 1 : 1,9 0,84
2. foToli 17,0 8,9 17,0 8,9
3. Rero 77,8 40,9 77,8 40,9
4. naquCi 13,1 6,9 13,1 6,9
5. narCenebi 11,5 6,1
11,5 6,1
6. fesvebi (0-60 sm)
30,8 16,2 30,.8 16,2
7.sruli fitomasa
190,1 100,0 147,8 77,7 42,3 22,3
20
cxrili 6.
mdelos ruxi-yavisferi niadagis humusis balansi simindis kulturis qveS
Bbalansis statiebi simindi
(N60P120K60) simindi
(namja+ionjis siderati)
1. humusis mineralizacia, azotis biologiuri gamotana niadagidan c/ha 1,2 2,0
2. humusis danakargebi niadagidan (К=12) c/ha 14,4 24,0
3. niadagSi dabrunebuli mcenareuli narCenebis raodenoba c/ha 29,8 42,3
4. mcenareuli narCenebidan warmoqmnili humusis raodenoba c/ha, К=0,18 da К=0,22
4,5 6,3
5. humusis kompensacia sasuqebiT c/ha 3,2 10,0
6. humusis saerTo kompensacia c/ha 7,7 16,3
7. humusis balansi ± c/ha -6,7 -7,7
8. balansis moculoba c/ha 21,1 40,3
9. balansis intensivoba % 53,5 67,9
21
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi farTodaa damkvidrebuli mosavlis
aRebis Semdeg darCenili namjis dawva, rac auaresebs niadagis
agronomiul da teqnologiur Tvisebebs. 1kv. metr farTobze namja iwvis
30-40 wamis ganmavlobaSi. niadagis zedapirze temperatura aRwevs 3600С,
xolo 15sm siRrmeSi ki daaxloebiT 500С. namjis gadawvis Sedegad
yvelaze metad nadgurdeba niadagis 0-5sm-iani fena. humusis danakargebi am
fenaSi aRwevs 12-30%-s, niadagis tenis ki 10-25%-s, 6-12%-iT ecema
wyalgamZle agregatebis Semcveloba. mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba niadagis
mikroflora.
biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mizniT, romelic Tavis mxriv
niadagis nayofierebis umniSvnelovanes faqtors warmoadgens
aucilebelia aseTi qmedebis akrZalva.
amJamad, rodesac mTeli msoflios yuradReba mipyrobilia soflis
meurneobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli, inovaciuri gzebis
Ziebaze, rac gulisxmobs ekologiurad sufTa sasoflo-sameurneo
produtebis warmoebas, mosaxleobis naturaluri produqtebiT
momaragebas da qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas,
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia agreTve sasuqad im produqtebis gamoyeneba,
romlebic miiReba spirits saxdeli, ludsaxarSi, Saqris da xorcis
sawarmoebis mier sxvadasxva organuli nivTierebis narCenebis
utilizaciis Sedegad. es produqtebi niadagSi swrafad ixrwneba da
miiReba kriptohumini da Termohumini, romlebic warmoadgenen niadagis
nayofierebis ZiriTad matarebels. bioorganuli sasuqebis gamoyeneba
saSualebas iZleva SevqmnaT biomeurneobebi da vawarmooT ekologiurad
sufTa naturaluri produqcia, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba
msoflio bazarze da qveynisaTvis ekonomikurad momgebiani.
22
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Терещенко Н.Н., Калиниченко М.С. Применение соломы зерновых культур на
удобрение в Томской области (рекомендации). Томск 2004, 10 с.
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М. 2002. 80 с.
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структурно-функциональных свойств почв, почвенных процессов в зависимости от
характера и интенсивности антропогенного воздействия и глобального изменения
климата с целью корректировки агротехнологий // Агрохимия. 2009. № 10. С.70-
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konferencia “ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi soflis meurneobis mdgradi
ganviTarebisaTvis”. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnali “moambe”, Tbilisi, 28-29-30 seqtemberi, 20016, gv.
209-212.
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биологическую активность почвы и мобилизацию элементов питания.
Биологические науки, №8, 1985, с. 101-104.
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8. Кузнецов М.С., Гендугов В.М., Шубин В.И. Допустимые потери почвы при эрозии
и скорость гумусообразования // Бюллетень Почвенного института им. Докучаева,
вып. 56, М., 2002, с. 50-58.
23
