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Gender Equality at Work
A contribution based on the
European Working Conditions Survey
Jorge Cabrita – Research Manager, Working Life
Vse pravice so pridržane. Gradiva ni dovoljeno razmnoževati in razpošiljati v kakršnikoli obliki brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja avtorja in Ministrstva za delo, družino, socialne zadeve in enake možnosti. Citiranje je v skladu z Zakonom o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah dovoljeno z navedbo
podatkov o viru.
Mind the gap
‘Women and men are employed in different occupations and industries, and under different contracts, their pay is often different and they spend different amounts of time on paid work.’
2
Eurofound, 2013
Women’s employment rates and gender gap 2015 (full-time equivalents, %, 20-64)
Source: LFS, Eurostat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Women Gender Gap (men -women)
62
43
19
53
40
13
73
38
35
58
33
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Total usual weekly hours of paid work,commuting time and unpaid work
Paid work (main and second job)
Unpaid work (domestic tasks and careresponsibilities) and commuting
EU Women
SI Women
EU Men
SI Men
Source: EWCS 2015
Paid and unpaid work per week, by gender, EU28, 2015
4
+11 h
- 5 h
+ 16 h
Gender pay gap 2015 (unadjusted form)
Source: Eurostat
8.1%
16.5%
Occupational segregation
Source: EWCS 2015
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Men Women
Mixed
Female →
dominated
← Male
dominated
Occupational segregation
Source: EWCS 2015
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015
Men Women Total
Male Mixed Female
Distribution of workers according to the predominant sex in occupation, EU28
Gender of the boss
Source: EWCS 2015
85
51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2010 2015 2005 2010 2015
Men Women
Same Opposite
9
Gender differences go beyond
employment, pay and working
hours…
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
• Posture-related
• Ambient
• Biological and chemical
Physical environment
• Quantitative demands
• Pace determinants and interdependency
• Emotional demands
Work intensity
• Duration
• Atypical working time
• Working time arrangements
• Flexibility
Working time quality
• Adverse social behaviour
• Social support
• Management quality
Social environment
• Cognitive dimension inc. computer use
• Decision latitude
• Organisational participation
• Training
Skills and discretion
• Career prospects
• Employment status
• Job security
• Downsizing
Prospects
Earnings
10
Source: Eurofound (2017), Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Eurofound Job Quality framework
Job quality scores by gender
Mean scores (0 to 100)
Prospects
Skills and discretion
Working time quality
Social environment
Physical environment
Work intensity
Women Men
Work intensity (mean scores)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Work intensityindex
Quantitativedemands
Pace determinantsand
interdependency
Emotionaldemands
Men Women
Mean scores (0 to 100)
Emotional demands
Handling angry clients, pupils, patients, etc.
Hiding feelings
Being in emotionally disturbing situations
Exposure to emotional demands
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Men Gap
Shares of
employees
exposed to
emotional
demands
25% M
35% W
Social environment - Adverse social behaviour
Exposure to:
verbal abuse
unwanted sexual attention
threats
humiliating behaviours
physical violence
sexual harassment
bullying/harassment
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA
Adverse social behaviour
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Men Women
Share of
employees
exposed to
adverse
social
behaviour
14% M
21% W
Skills and discretion – access to training
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Men Women
Share of
employees
who received
training paid
by their
employer
43% M
46% W
Skills and discretion – access to training
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men Women
Mixed Female →
dominated← Male
dominated
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
High skilledwhite-collar
Low skilledwhite-collar
High skilledblue-collar
Low skilledblue collar
Men Women
Career prospects
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Under 35 35 - 49 50+
2010 2015
Employability over time by age group
and gender, EU28
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
Men Women Men Women Men Women
Under 35 35 - 49 50+
2005 2010 2015
Good prospects for career
advancement by age and gender, EU28
Earnings related aspects – fair pay
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Men Women
Share of
employees
stating not
being fairly
paid
44% W
38% M
Earnings related aspects – variable pay
0
5
10
15
20
2005 2010 2015
Piece rate / Productivity
Men Women
0
5
10
15
20
2005 2010 2015
Company performance
Men Women
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2005 2010 2015
Shares in the company
Men Women
0
5
10
15
20
25
2005 2010 2015
Other advantages
Men Women
0
5
10
15
20
25
2005 2010 2015
Individual performance
Men Women
Summing up…
High flying Smooth running Active manual Under pressure Poor quality
Skills and discretion
Social environment
Physical environment
Work intensity (reversed)*
Prospects
Working time quality
Earnings
Job quality profiles
High flying Smooth running Good environment Under pressure Poor quality
Skills and discretion
Social environment
Physical environment
Work intensity (reversed)*
Prospects
Working time quality
Earnings
Concluding remarks
Gender differences go beyond employment, pay and working time
Improvements in physical risks, skills use and discretion and employability – led to reduction of gender gaps – still small: more can be done
Psychosocial risks (work related ASB and emotional demands) are on the increase: we must keep talking about it
Mixed occupations have better job quality: break stereotypes and develop job quality strategies favouring gender mainstreaming
(Under)valuation of work must be addressed: unpaid work, female work, etc.
Men and women do not share the same job quality profiles: employment and labour market policies must have a gender mainstreaming approach
Visit Eurofound’s website:
www.eurofound.europa.eu
Contact me:
linkedin.com/in/jorgecabrita
45minutes
43,850face to face
interviews (CAPI)
at worker’s
homes
26
European Working Conditions Survey
35countries
2015
Sixth edition
1991, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015
49language
versions
106questions
7th Edition
2020
EWCS main themes
27
Work organisation
Work-life balance /
conciliation
Working time duration
and organisation
Workers’
representation &
participation
Health & wellbeing
and safety
