giao an hoa 11

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THa

CHNG I: S IEN LIMUC TIEU CUA CHNG

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh hieu :

Cac khai niem ve s ien li, chat ien li C che cua qua t!nh ien li

"hai niem ve a#it $a% theo &henius va' theo (onste) * ien li cua nc, t+ch so ion cua nc anh -ia o a#it, o kiem cua )un- ).ch )a va'o non- oH/va' 0H cua )un- ).ch 1han n- ton- )un- ).ch chat ien li

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- thc ha'nh : quan sat, so sanh, nhan #et 6iet 0hn- t!nh ion va' ion ut -on cua cac 0han n- #a3 aton- )un- ).ch 7a va'o ha8n- so 0ha9n li a#it va' ha8n- so 0ha9n li $a% e

t+nh non- o H/

va' non- o H;

ton- )un- ).ch*- Gi'"+ ,.# t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3 Tin tn- va'o 0hn- 0ha0 n-hie9n cu khoa hoc $a8n- thcn-hiem 2e'n lu3en t+nh can than va' t< m< Co c hieu $iet khoa hoc va' un- a=n ve )un- ).ch a#it,$a% va' muoi

(a'i >: S IEN LIMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet : "hai niem ve s ien li va' chat ien liHoc sinh hieu: Hieu n-u3e9n nha9n ve t+nh )a?n ien cua )un- ).chchat ien li

Hieu c che cua qua t!nh ien li$- Ve k%& n'(n)

2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- thc ha'nh : quan sat va' so sanh2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- la0 luan lo-ic

*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+32e'n lu3en t+nh can than n-hie9m tuc ton- n-hie9n cu khoa hoc

CHUA7N 48@6

7un- cu th+ n-hiem va' hoa chat e o o )a?n ien Tanh ve4 h!nh ABA va' AB

H* Dem lai hien tn- )a?n ien a4 c t!nh $a'3 ton- chn- t!nh vatl3 l0 E

TIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&@6:Ng An Ninh >

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Gio n Ha 11Cho 0han n- thuan n-h.ch sau : AFaHCG FaACG / HAGk / CA Gk

7u'n- nh4n- $ien 0ha0 na'o e chu3en hoa nhanh va' hoa'n toa'nFaHCtha'nh FaACI

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'B

T@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6 hn- )a?n H* quansat th+ n-hiem va' ne9u hientn-

H* -hi le9n $an- chat na'ola'm san- e'nChat na'o kho9n- la'm san-e'n

H $@6 : Tai sao cac )un- ).ch a#it,$a%, muoi )a?n ienH* : )o ton- )un- ).ch co cacion

@6 viet 0hn- t!nh ien li

H* -oi te9n cac ion

H *Chon nhom H*J nhom > cho chatJ nhom A viet 0hn- t!nhien li Gneu coJnhom -oi te9n cation va'anion@6 ket luan

I HIEN TNG IEN LI1- TF n)ie3Thc hien th+ n-hiem chn- minht+nh )a?n ien cua )un- ).ch vi:nc cat, )un- ).ch FaCl, )un- ).chHCl, )un- ).ch FaH, FaH a=n khan,FaCl a=n khan, )un- ).ch u et3lic,'n-, -li#eol$- N)%en n'n tFn ,'n 2ie3nT+nh )a?n ien cua cac )un- ).ch

a#it, $a%, muoi la' )o ton- )un-).ch cua chun- co cac tieu0ha9n man- ien t+ch c -oi la'ion* ien li la' qua t!nh 0ha9n li cacchat ton- nc a ionChat ien li la nhng chattan trong nc phan li ra ion* ien li c $ieu )ie?n $a8n-0hn- t!nh ien liFaCl Fa// Cl;

HCl H/ / Cl;FaH Fa// H;

Kon )n- co'n -oi la' cation c-oi te9n theo n-u3e9n to Gco ke'mien t+ch neu canKon a9m co'n -oi la' anion c -oite9n theo -oc a#it tn- n-

H @6 -i nh lai kien thc velie9n ket con- hoa t. co cc* )un- h!nh chieu e ta5n-the9m t+nh tc quan cho -iaith+ch

H J@6 -i nh lai kien thc ve

II- C CHE9 CUA KUA T;NHIEN LI nng cao)

>J C' t'.+ #0' 'n t!0 H$61ha9n t HA co cau tao -a0khuc co lie9n ket con- hoa t.0ha9n cc o9i electon chun- lechve ne9n co ) ien t+ch )n-H co ) ien t+ch a9m

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THalie9n ket ion7u'n- sli)e mo9 0hon- eminh hoa

Hien tn- hi)at hoa cac ionFa/va' ClJ

H O@6 : cac 0ha9n t lie9n ketcon- hoa t. co cc co 0ha9nli tha'nh ion khi tan ton- nckho9n- I@6 -i nh lai aLc iem cautao cua HCl

7u'n- sli)e mo9 0hon- eminh hoa

1ha9n t u, 'n-, -li#eol0ha9n cc 3eu ne9n kho9n-0ha9n li tha'nh ion c

$- K'" t@/n 2ie3n Pi #0' N'CPt@+n) n!"#

FaCl co lie9n ket ionMua t!nh tn- tac -i4a cac0ha9n t nc 0ha9n cc vi cacion ket h0 vi s chu3en on-kho9n- n-'n- cua cac 0ha9n t

nc la'm cho Fa/va' ClJtach )ankhoi tinh the va' ho'a tan va'onc

*- K'" t@/n 2ie3n Pi #0' HCPt@+n) n!"#

1ha9n t HCl la' 0ha9n t 0ha9n cc"hi tan ton- nc HCl hut chun-ve nh4n- cc n-c )au cua0ha9n t nc ket h0 vi schu3en on- kho9n- n-'n- cuacac 0ha9n t nc la'm cho H/va'

ClJ0ha9n tan va'o nc

*-C0n) #+Tai sao )i tac )un- cua 0ha9n t HCl 0ha9n cc, 0ha9n t nc kho9n-

0ha9n li tha'nh ion H/

va' HJ

INa'm $a'i ta0 O tai l0 theo nhom

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 ,O ,P, Q tan-ER *@"

(a'i A QHAN L6AI CAC CHA9T IEN LIMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet the na'o la' o ien li, ca9n $a8n- ien li, chat ien limanh, chat ien li 3eu

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 6an )un- o ien li e $iet chat ien li manh, 3eu 7u'n- thc n-hiem e nhan $iet chat ien li manh, 3eu, kho9n-

ien li

*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3Tin tn- va'o thc n-hiem $a8n- thc n-hiem co the kham 0hathe gii vi mo

CHUA7N 48

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Gio n Ha 11@6

7un- cu th+ n-hiem ve t+nh )a?n ien 7un- ).ch HCl S,> va' )un- ).ch CHCH S,>

TIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&

Chat na'o ton- so cac chat sau la' chat ien li : HA*U CAU HVU CQHQU

HA*OU CHOU FaCl$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* la'm th+ n-hiemCa l0 quan sat va' ne9unhan #et@6: cac chat khac nhau cokha na5n- 0ha9n li khac nhau

H $@6 viet $ieu thc t+nh oien li va' -iai th+chH* cho $iet -ii han cua oien li@6 cho H* t+nh toan"hi cho )un- ).ch HV co non-o S,> va'o nc W S,S> X

*o 0ha9n t HV a4 0ha9n li la'$ao nhie9u I

I 6 IEN LI1- TF n)ie3Th+ n-hiem vi )un- ).ch HCl S,>va' vi )un- ).ch CHCH S,> $- +3 2ie3n Pi C ng trnh nng cao)

o ien li G)cua mot chat la' t

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THa$a8n- $ao nhie9uH* 0hat $ieu .nh n-hYaH* viet 0hn- t!nh ien licuaHA* U VeGH

H J

@6: aLc tn- cua qua t!nhthuan n-h.ch la' -! I6iet $ieu thc t+nh ha8n- soca9n $a8n- cua qua t!nh ienli CHCH

3

3

[ ][ ]

[ ]

H CH COOK

CH COOH

+

=

"hi tha3 oi non- o cacchat ca9n $a8n- hoa hocchu3en ).ch nh the na'o I

@6: Tai sao khi 0ha loa4n- )un-).ch o ien li cua chat ienli ta5n- I

0ha9n t ho'a tan 0ha9n li a ion,0han co'n lai ton tai )i )an-0ha9n t ton- )un- ).chChat ien li 3eu co S Z Z >Chat ien li 3eu la' cac a#it 3eunh CHCHU HClU HA*U HVU HA*UHACcac $a% 3eu nh VeGHA

-GHAU FiGHA1hn- t!nh ien li cua chat ienli 3eu :CHCH H// CHCJ

a) Can bang ien li (nng cao)* 0ha9n li cua chat ien li 3eula' qua t!nh thuan n-h.chCan bang ien li la can bangong co ha8n- so ca9n $a8n- "va' tua9n theo n-u3e9n l3 N *atlie

b)Anh hng cua s pha

loang en o ien li"hi 0ha loa4n- )un- ).ch o ien licua chat ien li ta5n-@iai th+ch: "hi 0ha loa4n- cac ion)n- va' a9m cach #a nhau, +t coieu kien -aL0 nhau e ket h0tha'nh 0ha9n t , ton- khi o s0ha loa4n- kho9n- can t s 0ha9nli cua cac 0ha9n t

*-C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 A va' tai l0J- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B

Na'm $a'i ta0 O, P, Q, E tan- >S G*@"FC (i t !G" #$ %&n' 1( )# *ung *+#h a,it nh H)-. %a/ nh Na0H 2ui nh Na)- *4n 5i6n57#. #8n ## *ung *+#h nh an#o- 9t:-i#. !a##aro/. g-i,9ro-((;hng *4n 5i6n - *o ngu: ? 2.@i 3BCDEiFt h$ng tr>nh 5i6n -i #a nhng #hIt Jau '

aD )# #hIt 5i6n -i 2Knh ' [email protected] O HN03M.MM O "0H M.M1M( Tnh nQng 5R 2o-#a tSng ion trong ## *ung *+#h tr

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Gio n Ha 11 6iet 0hn- t!nh ien li cua cac chat 7a va'o ha8n- so 0ha9n li e t+nh non- o H/va' HJ ton- )un-

).ch*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

Co hieu $iet khoa hoc un- ve )un- ).ch a#it, $a% va' muoi

CHUA7N 48 7un- cu : on- n-hiem

Hoa chat : 7un- ).ch FaHU muoi ke4m U )un- ).ch HCl U FHU qu3' t+mTIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&

T+nh non- o mol cua cation va' anion ton- cac )un- ).ch :Fa1OS,> UHFS,SP

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* nha=c lai khai niem a#it,$a% va' muoiCa l0 quan sat va' ne9unhan #et@6: cac chat khac nhau cokha na5n- 0ha9n li khac nhau

H $H* viet 0hn- t!nh ien licua HCl, HA*OU H1Ova' nhan#et ve so ion H/cua mo?it'n- h0

I ARIT VA5 4A THE6 THU=E9TAHENIUS1- n n)'a) Axit la chat khi tan trong ncphan li ra cation H+

HCl H/ / Cl;

CHCH H// CHC;

Cac a#it eu co mot so t+nh chatchun- o la' t+nh chat cua cationH/ton- ncb) Baz la chat khi tan trong ncphan li ra anion OH

"H "// H;

Cac $a% eu co mot so t+nhchat chun- o la' t+nh chat cuaanion HJton- nc

$- AWit nie n'# 'X nien'#a) Axit nhie!" nacHCl va' CHCH la' a#it mot nac

HA*OU H1Ola' a#it nhieu nacit hai nac:HA*O H// H*OJ

H*OJ H// *O AJ

it $a nacH1O H// HA1OJ

HA1OJ H// H1OAJ

H1OAJ H// 1OJ

b) Baz nhie!" nac"H la' $a% mot nac

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaH* viet 0hn- t!nh ien licua"H U (aGHAU CaGHAva'nhan #et ve so ion HJcuamo?i t'n- h0+i D"i 'Wit '.n nien'# D'B 'X '.n nien'# t/ #Y #+" n'# t!"

n't 2ie3n Pi +'Bn t+'Bn

H *@6 la'm th+ n-hiemH* quan sat va' nhan #et

(a% hai nacCaGHA CaGH// HJ

CaGH/ CaA// HJ

*- Hi,@+Wit P!&n) tFnHi)o#it l4n- t+nh la' chat khi tanton- nc v'a co the 0ha9n li nha#it v'a co the 0ha9n li nh $a%

[nGHA [nA// AHJ[nGHA A H/ / [nAAJ

GHA[nAot so hi)o#it l4n- t+nh nh:&lGHU [nGHAU CGHU *nGHAU1$GHA

H @6 la'm th+ n-hiemJ Fhun- -ia3 qu3' t+m va'o)un- ).ch amoniacJ Fhun- -ia3 qu3' t+m va'o)un- ).ch HClTai sao FHco t+nh $a% G0ha9nt kho9n- cha nhom HJ Io la' han che cua thu3et&heniusHA la' chat l4n- t+nh@6 ton- ket

II- >HAI NIEM VEZ ARIT VA54A THE6 46NSTE< Nng cao)

1- n n)'Axit la chat nhng H+Baz lachat nha#n proton

it (a% / H/

CHCH / HA CHCJ /H/

FH/ HA FHO// HJ

$- 2ie? #0' t%et4@+n[te,

@iai th+ch c t+nh $a% cuanh4n- chat kho9n- cha nhom HThu3et (onste) un- cho cac

t'n- h0 )un- mo9i kho9n- 0haila' HA

H JH* viet 0hn- t!nh ien li va'$ieu thc t+nh ha8n- so 0ha9nli cua a#it 3eu va' $a% 3eukhi tan ton- nc CHCH va'FH

7o )un- ).ch loa4n- \HA]la'ha8n- so

III- HA\NG S69 QHAN LI ARIT VA54A (nng cao)

1- H']n) [+ 'n Pi 'WitCHCH / HA CHCJ / H/

3

3

[ ][ ]

[ ]a

H CH COOK

CH COOH

+

= H/tha3%ng

H30U

"ala' ha8n- so 0ha9n li a#itoi vi a#it #ac .nh "ach< 0huthuoc va'o nhiet o$ia tr% &acang nho' l(c axit cange"

$- H']n) [+ 'n Pi 'XFH/ HA HJ / FHO/

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Gio n Ha 11

V

3

[ ][ ]

[ ]bNH OH

KNH

+

=

"$la' ha8n- so 0ha9n li $a%oi vi mot chat #ac .nh "$ch G "aW >,EPB>S ; P``

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* 6iet 0hn- t!nh ien licua HA

H $@6 viet $ieu thc t+nh ha8n-so ca9n $a8n- cua 0hn- t!nh

ien li nc

@6 ket luanH *7a va'o t+ch so ion $iet cnon- o H/hoaLc H;

HCl H// ClJ S,> T+nh non- o H/va' HJ ton-)un- ).ch

I NC LA5 CHA9T IEN LIA9T =E9U1- S!. 2ie3n Pi #0' n!"#HA H// HJ

$- TF# [+ i+n #0' n!"#

[ ][ ]

[ ]

H OHK

H O

+

=

T+ch so ion cua nc

H OK = \H/] \HJ]

b nhiet o #ac .nh la' APoCH O

K

W >S; >O

Fc la' mo9i t'n- tun- t+nhton- o\H/] W \HJ] W >S; E

*- = n)' tF# [+ i+n #0'n!"#

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Gio n Ha 11H* ut a ket luan

FaH Fa/ / HJ S,> T+nh non- o H/va' HJ ton-)un- ).chH* ut a ket luan

a) *oi trng axit\H/] \HJ] ha3 \H/] >S; E

b) *oi trng kie!m\H/] Z \HJ] ha3 \H/] Z >S; E

H H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho

$iet 0H la' -!Cho $iet mo9i t'n- a#it,kiem, tun- t+nh 0H ton- -iihan na'o

H JChia nhom H* va' cho mo?inhom )un- ).ch kho9n- -hi

nha4n7u'n- -ia3 0H va' $an- soma'u e #ac .nh 0HFhom khac o 0H $a8n- ma3Fhom khac )u'n- ch< th. a#it; $a% van na5n- e #ac .nht+nh chat cua )un- ).ch

III- >HAI NIEM VEZ H CHA9TCH^ TH8 ARIT- 4A

1- >'"i nie3 De H\H/] W >S; 0H

Than- 0H th'n- t' S en >Oo 0H co 3 n-hYa to ln ton-thc teo9i t'n- a#it 0H Z Eo9i t'n- tun- t+nh 0H W Eo9i t'n- kiem 0H E

$- C't #Y t 'Wit-'XChat ch< th. a#it $a% la' chat co

ma'u $ien oi 0hu thuoc va'o -iat. 0H cua )un- ).che #ac .nh ch+nh #ac o 0Hn-'i ta )u'n- ma3 o 0H

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 A, ,O, P va'Q tai l0 Gtan- AS *@"FC

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B

Na'm $a'i ta0 _, >S tan- AS G*@"FCi c' )dn %ao nhi

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(a'i Q :QHAN NG TA6 67I I6N T6NG >

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Gio n Ha 11H* ket luan

H *@6 la'm th+ n-hiem tao kettua &-Cl sau o ho'a tan $a8n-)un- ).ch FHH* viet 0hn- t!nh ion va' ut

a ket luan

H H* la'm th+ n-hiem, viet0hn- t!nh 0han n- hoa

hoc 0hn- t!nh ion va' ut aket luan

H// HJ HA-GHAG/ A H/-A// A HA

b) -ha'n ng ta(o ion phc&-ClG / A FH\&-GFHA]Cl1hn- t!nh ion a3 u va' ut-on:&-ClG / A FH\&-GFHA]// ClJ

c) -ha'n ng ta(o axit e"HCl / CHCFa CHCH / FaCl1hn- t!nh ion :H// ClJ/ CHCJ/ Fa/CHCH / Fa//ClJ

1hn- t!nh ion thu -on:H// CHCJCHCH

*- Q'0n !"n) t'.+ t'Bn #'tkF

CaCG / A HCl CaClA/ CA/ HA1hn- t!nh ion ut -on :CaCG / AH/CaA// CA/ HA"et luan :

1han n- #a3 a ton- )un-).ch cac chat ien li la'0han n- -i4a cac ion

1han n- ch< #a3 a khi co

+t nhat mot ton- cac ieukien sau:

J Tao tha'nh chat ket tuaJ Tao tha'nh chat kh+J Tao tha'nh chat ien li 3eu

H JCac nhom H* nhan $iet cac)un- ).ch a4 cho $a8n- qu3't+m cho $iet hien tn-

H _@6: mot so -oc a#it va' -oc$a% co kha na5n- tac )un-vi nc@6 hun- )a?n H* viet 0hann- thu3 0ha9n va' nhan #etion tao tha'nh

II- QHAN NG THU= QHANCUA MU69I

1- >'"i nie3 [!. t0% 'n#0' +i

1han n- thu3 0ha9n cua muoi

la' 0han n- tao oi ion -i4amuoi ho'a tan va' nc la'm cho 0H$ien oi

$- Q'0n !"n) t0% 'n#0' +i

o9i t'n- kiemFaCHC Fa// CHCJ

CHCJ / HA CHCH / HJ

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H* viet 0hn- t!nh ien li ,0hn- t!nh ion va' -iai th+ch

H* nhan #et va' ut a ketluan

o9i t'n- a#itVeGFVe// FJ

Ve// HA VeGHA// H/

VeGCHCtan ton- nc, ca haiion Ve/va' CHCJeu $. thu30ha9n, mo9i t'n- a#it ha3 kiemtu'3 thuoc va'o o thu3 0ha9n

cua hai ionFh4n- muoi FaHCU "HA1OBBBien li a ion HCJ, HA1OJla' ionl4n- t+nh

>et P'3n uoi tun- ho'a tao $i -oc

$a% manh va' -oc a#it 3eukhi tan ton- nc -oc a#it3eu $. thu3 0ha9n tao mo9it'n- kiem

uoi tun- ho'a tao $i -oc$a% 3eu va' -oc a#it manhkhi tan ton- nc -oc $a%3eu $. thu3 0ha9n tao mo9it'n- a#it

uoi tun- ho'a tao $i -oc$a% manh va' -oc a#it manhkhi tan ton- nc kho9n- $.thu3 0ha9n ne9n mo9i t'n-tun- t+nh

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 P va' O tai l0

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, Q, E, ^ va' _ tan- OE G*@"

(i C ' $%N 'HN *NG +,- !" "-N

". K"/N H*C C0N N 34NG5 H0jT kNG 1' ThiFt ;F hiFu hl# t1.iu ;i6n ,&: ra h&n fng troa 5i ion trong *ung *+#h ## #hIt 5i6n -i - g>? )ho th *m t$ng fng 'aD TKo thnh #hIt ;Ft ta( %D TKo thnh #hIt 5i6n -i :Fu( #D TKo thnh #hIt ;h(2.Ph&n fng th: h=n #a 2ui - g> ? Nhng trng h7 no ,&: ra h&n fng th: h=n ?6.Ph$ng tr>nhion r\t gln # ngha g> ? Nnh ion r\t gln HjT kNG ' L2 %i t!p *mng ## %i t trong !G" ' !#h #$ %&n ' 1. . 3. V TqANG . %i b. . C trang 3

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Gio n Ha 11) the -2 th

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CHNG II: NH6M NITMUC TIEU CUA CHNG

1-Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet :

T+nh chat hoa hoc c $an cua nit, 0hot0ho T+nh chat vat l3 va' hoa hoc cua mot so h0 chat: FHB F,

FA, HF, 1APH1O 1hn- 0ha0 ieu che va' n- )un- cua cac n chat va'mot so h0 chat cua nit va' 0hot0ho

$-Ve k%& n'(n) H!nh tha'nh va' cun- co cac k34 na5n-: quan sat, 0ha9n t+ch,ton- h0 va' ) oan t+nh chat cua cac chat Na0 0hn- t!nh 0han n- hoa hoc aLc $iet la' 0han n-o#i hoaJkh @iai cac $a'i ta0 .nh t+nh va' .nh ln- lie9n quan en kienthc cua chn-

*-Gi'"+ ,.# t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3 Tho9n- qua noi )un- kien thc, -iao )uc lo'n- 3e9u thie9nnhie9n va' co 3 thc $ao ve mo9i tu'n- Co 3 thc -a=n l3 thu3et vi thc tie?n e na9n- cao chatln- cuoc son-

(a'i _ : >HAI KUAT VEZ NH6M NITMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

- Ve kien t!"# (iet te9n cac n-u3e9n to thuoc nhom nit

Hieu c aLc iem ve cau tao n-u3e9n t va' v. t+ ua nit ton-(an- tuan hoa'n Hieu c s $ien oi t+nh chat cua cac n chat va' mot so h0

chat ton- nhomJ- Ve k%& n'(n)

6an )un- kien thc ve cau tao n-u3e9n t e hieu t+nh chat hoahoc chun- cua nhom

6an )un- qu3 luat chun- ve s $ien oi t+nh chat cua cac nchat va' h0 chat ton- nhom & e -iai th+ch s $ien oi t+nh chatcua cac n chat va' h0 chat cua cac n-u3e9n to nhom nit

O- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

Tin tn- vao qu3 luat van oncua t nhie9n Co thai o la'm chu cac qua t!nh hoa hoc khi na=m c cac qu3

luat $ien oi cua chun-

CHUA7N 48

@6 : (an- tuan hoa'nH*: Dem lai kien thc chn- K va' KK cua chn- t!nh HH l0 >S

TIE9N T;NH P

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Gio n Ha 11*- >ie? t@' 'Bi #&

6iet 0hn- t!nh ion ut -on cua cac 0han n- sau Gneu co

-*O/ FaFU 1$GFA/ HA*U 1$GHA/ FaHU FaA*/ HAU FaAC/ HCl

- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* t!m va' -oi te9n cac n-u3e9nto thuoc nhom 6&

I V8 Ta CUA NH6M NITT6NG 4ANG TUAZN H6A5NFhom nit -om co: nit GFU0hot0ho G1U asen G&sU antimon G*$U$itmut G(iChun- eu la' n-u3e9n to 0

H $@6 3e9u cau H* nhan #et veJ so electon n-oa'i cu'n-J so electon tan- thai c$an, tan- thai k+ch th+chJ kha na5n- tao lie9n ket hoahoc t' cac electon oc tha9n

H *@6 -i nh lai kien thc t+nho#i hoa, t+nh kh, t+nh kim loai ,t+nh 0hi kim

H* van )un- qu3 luat e0hat hien n-u3e9n to na'o cot+nh 0hi kim manh nhat, t+nh kimloai manh nhat

H H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho$iet :J Hoa t. cua cac n-u3e9n tonhom nit vi hi)o, viet co9n-thc chun- cua h0 chatJ * $ien oi o $en, t+nhkh cua cac h0 chat hi)ua

II- TaNH CHA9T CHUNG CUA CACNGU=EN T69 NH6M NIT

O- C' /n ePe#t@+n #0'n)%en t!0

N0 electon n-oa'i cu'n- co Pelecton oc tha9nnsAn0

tan- thai c $an co electonoc tha9nhoa t. KKKoi vi cac n-u3e9n t cuan-u3e9n to 1, &s, *$, (i tan-thai k+ch th+ch co P electon octha9n

hoa t. 6_- S!. ien 2+?i tFn #'t #0'

#'"# 2n #'ta) ./nh oxi hoa kh'Ton- cac h0 chat chun- coso o#i hoa cao nhat la' /P,n-oa'i a co'n co so o#i hoa /va' J2ie9n- F co the9m cac so o#ihoa />U /AU /O

Cac n-u3e9n to nhom nit thehien t+nh o#i hoa va' t+nh kh&ha' na0ng oxi hoa gia'm a!n tnit 1en bitm"t

$ ./nh kim loa(i phi kimT' nit en $itmut t+nh 0hi kim-iam )an, t+nh kim loai ta5n-)an

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H JH* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho$iet :J Hoa t. cao nhat cua cacn-u3e9n to nhom nit vi o#i ,

viet co9n- thc chun- cuah0 chatJ Cho $iet qui luat ve o $encua cac so o#i hoaJ* $ien oi t+nh chat a#it,$a% cua cac o#it va' hi)o#it

b- S!. ien 2+?i tFn #'t #0'#'"# . #'t

a) H(p chat vi hiroTat ca cac n-u3e9n to nhomnit eu tao c h0 chat kh+vi hi)o Ghi)ua

Co9n- thc chun- : 2Ho $en nhiet -iam )an t'FHen (iH7un- ).ch cua chun- kho9n- cot+nh a#it

b) Oxit va hiroxitT' nit en $itmut t+nh a#it cua o#it-iam )an t+nh $a% ta5n- )ano $en cua cac h0 chat viso o#i hoa / ta5n-

o $en cua cac h0 chat viso o#i hoa /P noi chun- -iamFAPva' 1APla' o#it a#it hi)o#ittn- n- la' HFva' H1O&sAl4n- t+nh Gt+nh a#it toi hnt+nh $a%*$Al4n- t+nh Gt+nh $a% toi hnt+nh a#it(iAla' o#it $a%

*-C0n) #+Tai sao ton- cac h0 chat nit ch< co con- hoa t. toi a la' O ton- khicac n-u3e9n to co'n lai con- hoa t. toi a la' P I

c- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 P tan- PO G*@"

(a'i >S NITMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"# (iet 0hn- 0ha0 ieu che nit ton- co9n- n-hie0 va' ton- 0ho'n-th+ n-hiem

Hieu c t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua nit Hieu c n- )un- cua nit

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 6an )un- aLc iem cau tao 0ha9n t cua nit e -iai th+ch t+nh

chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua nit 2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- su3 luan lo-ic

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Gio n Ha 11*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

(iet 3e9u qu3 $ao ve n-uon ta'i n-u3e9n thie9n nhie9n

CHUA7N 48

@6 : ieu che kh+ nitH*: o?i nhom man- theo )e hoaLc nhen con

Dem lai cau tao 0ha9n t cua nit


Na0 cac 0hn- t!nh 0han n- va' cho $iet *$A va' (i the hien t+nhchat -!

(i / HF (iGF/ F / HA

*$A/ HCl *$Cl/ HA

*$A/ FaH Fa*$A / HA

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6: hai n-u3e9n t F ton-0ha9n t lie9n ket vi nhaunh the na'o IH* viet co9n- thc electon va'co9n- thc cau tao cua FA

I CA9U TA6 QHAN TCo9n- thc 0ha9n t : FACau h!nh electon : >sAAsAA0

Co9n- thc electon :N N

Co9n- thc cau tao : F F :

H $@6 0hat cho H* on- n-hiemco cha kh+ nitH* $o co9n tu'n- va'o khitha3 no 3eu i th! la3 aJ Fhan #et ve t+nh chat vatl3 cua nitJ H* t+nh t< khoi hi cua nit

@6 $o sun-

II- TaNH CHA9T VAT L=Fit la' chat kh+ kho9n- ma'u,kho9n- mu'i, kho9n- v., hi nhe hnkho9n- kh+Hoa lon- J>_QoCHoa a=n JA>SoCTan a9t +t ton- nc G ASoC > litnc ho'a tan c S,S>P lit kh+ nitFit kho9n- )u3 t! s cha3 va' s

ho9 ha0H *@6: Tai sao nit co o a9mien kha cao G nhn- lai tve maLt hoa hoc nhiet oth'n- I7a va'o kha na5n- tha3 oiso o#i hoa cua F cho $iet t+nhchat hoa hoc cua F

III- TaNH CHA9T H6A H6CFa5n- ln- lie9n ket cua FF la'_OQ kdRmol1ha9n t nit $en, kha t ve maLthoa hocb nhiet o cao nit t ne9n hoaton-Fit co t+nh kh va' t+nh o#i hoa tu3

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H H* t+nh so o#i hoa cua FAU FHUFU FAU NiFU -FA@6: Det #em ton- cac t'n-h0 F the hien t+nh kh ha3t+nh o#i hoa I

H* t ket luan ve t+nh chathoa hoc cua nit

nhie9n tFn +Wi +"' P'B tFn #'t2'd# t@!n)

1- TFn +Wi +"'a) .ac "(ng vi hiroFA/ HA A FHH W J_A kdb) .ac "(ng vi kim loa(i ta(o kim

loa(i nitr"a

b nhiet o th'n- nit ch_

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Gio n Ha 11lon-*au khi loai CAva' hi nc,kho9n- kh+ c hoa lon- )ia0 suat cao va' nhiet o tha0Fa9n- nhiet o en J>_QoC th! FAso9i le9n va' tach ab) .rong phong th/ nghie#mun non- )un- ).ch $a4o ho'a

amoni nitit hoaLc )un- ).ch ho?nh0 FaFAva' FHOClFHOFAFA/ A HA

H O@6: Fit co n- )un- -! IH*: cho $iet the9m mot son- )un- cua nit kho9n- ce ca0 ton- *@"

V- NG

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(a'i >> : AM6NIAC VA5 MU69I AM6NIMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh hieu :

T+nh chat hoa hoc cua amoniac va' muoi amoni 6ai to' quan ton- cua amoniac va' muoi amoni ton- 'i son-

va' ton- k34 thuatHoc sinh $iet : 1hn- 0ha0 ieu che amoniac ton- co9n- n-hie0 va' ton-0ho'n- th+ n-hiem

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 7a va'o cau tao 0ha9n t e -iai th+ch t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh

chat hoa hoc cua amoniac va' muoi amoni 2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- la0 luan lo-ic va' kha na5n- viet 0hn- t!nh

tao oi ion*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

Fa9n- cao t!nh cam 3e9u khoa hoc Co 3 thc -a=n nh4n- hieu $iet ve khoa hoc vi 'i son-

CHUA7N 48

@6 : ieu che kh+ amoniac, h!nh ve th+ n-hiem )u'n- FHkh Cu, thiet $.ton- h0 FHton- co9n- n-hie0


6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- theo s o sau -hi o4 ieu kien 0han n-Gneu co :

NNHVN0 NH3

N0 N0

Li3N g3N

$ - Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'B

T@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

A- AM6NIAC NH*H 1H* n-hie9n cu *@" sau ot!nh $a'3:

J * h!nh tha'nh 0ha9n tFH

J Co9n- thc electon ,co9n- thc cau tao cua

I CA9U TA6 QHAN TCo9n- thc 0ha9n t : FH1ha9n t FHco cau tao h!nh tha0a3 tam -iac@oc lie9n ket >SEo, 0ha9n t 0ha9ncc

@6:Ng An Ninh A>

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Gio n Ha 11FH

Ton- co9n- thc 0ha9n t FHn-u3e9n t F co'n > caL0electon cha tham -ia lie9n ket

Co9n- thc electon : Co9n-thc cau tao

N

H

H H H H

H

N

H $

H* t+nh t< khoi hiH* quan sat FH@6 la'm th+ n-hiem ve khana5n- ho'a tan ton- nc cuaFHH* quan sat va' nhan #et

II- TaNH CHA9T VAT L=

&moniac la' chat kh+ kho9n- ma'u,mu'i khai va' #oc nhe hn kho9n-kh+Tan nhieu ton- nc G ASoC > litnc ho'a tan c ^SS lit FH7un- ).ch amoniac co t+nh $a%

H *H* )a va'o thu3et (onste)a4 hoc e -iai th+ch t+nh $a%cua FH

H @6 la'm th+ n-hiem cho )un-).ch FHtac )un- vi )un-).ch Cu*OH* quan sat va' nhan #et: $anau co ket tua #anh nhat sauo tan a

@6 la'm th+ n-hiem cho )un-).ch FHtac )un- vi kettua &-ClH* quan sat va' nhan #et:ket tua tan a

H JH* )a va'o so o#i hoa cua Fton- FH) oan kha na5n-tha3 oi so o#i hoa cua F

III- TaNH CHA9T H6A H6C1- TFn 'X %ea) .ac "(ng vi ncFH/ HA FHO// HJ "$W >,^B>SJP

b) .ac "(ng vi axitAFH/ HA*OGFHOA*OFH/ HCl FHOClhien tn- tha3 co fkhoig ta=n-la' tinh the muoico the nhan $iet FH$a8n-0han n- na'3FH/ H/FHO/

c) .ac "(ng vi "ng %ch mo#t 3om"oi

&l/

/ FH/ HA &lGH/FHO/

VeA// A FH/ A HA VeGHA/AFHO/

$- >'0 n'(n) t'.+ !"#7un- ).ch amoniac co kha na5n-ho'a tan hi)o#it ha3 muoi +t tan cuamot so kim loai tao tha'nh )un-).ch 0hc chatCuGHA/ O FH\CuGFHO]GHACuGHA/ O FH\CuGFHO]A// AHJ

a'u #anh tha?m&-Cl / A FH \&-GFHA]Cl\&-GFHA]Cl \&-GFHA]// Cl;

* tao tha'nh ion 0hc la' )o 0ha9nt FHket h0 vi cac ion $a8n-lie9n ket cho nhan -i4a caL0electon cha s )un- cua FHviion kim loai*- TFn k!0

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaton- FH

H* t+nh so o#i hoa cua FA, F,Cu e khan- .nh FHchPHAP- / >AHFP- GFA/ FA/ QHAO[n/ >SHFO[n GFA/FHOF/HA

Ve, &l )e? tan ton- )un- ).chHFloa4n- nhn- $. thu on-hoa ton- )un- ).ch HFam aLc n-uoi, v! tao mot

l0 o#it $en te9n $e maLtkim loai

Ho?n h0 -om > the t+ch HFaLc va' the t+ch HCl -oi la'nc c'n- thu3

&u / HF/ HCl &uCl/ F / AHA

b) .ac "(ng vi phi kim2 45 65 -71hi kim $. o#i hoa en mc cao

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nhat , 0hi kim $. kh en FAhoaLc F tu'3 theo non- o cuaa#it

C / O HFCA/ O FA/ AHA* / Q HFHA*O/ Q FA/ A HA

c) .ac "(ng vi h(p chat2 H865

H95 6O85 :eO5 m"oi 3a;t S HF VeGF/ F /P HA HA* / A HF * / A F / O HA

H OH* t!m nh4n- n- )un- cuaHF

IV- NG

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Gio n Ha 110hn- t!nh 0han n- Fhan $iet muoi nititQ FaFA/ HA*OQ HFA/FaA*OQ HFAA HF/ A HA / O FA F / AA FA Fhan $iet CuCu / HA*OCu*O/ HAH* ut a ket luan

H 1f@6 la'm th+ n-hiemH* nhan #et va' viet 0hn-t!nh 0ha9n t, 0hn- t!nh ionut -on

nititA "FA "FA/ A uoi nitat cua kim loai hoaton- manh kem hn 0ha9n hu3tha'nh o#it kim loaiA CuGFAACu / OFA/ A uoi nitat cua kim loai hoaton- kem 0ha9n hu3 tha'nh kim

loaiA &-FA&- / AFA/ A

*- N'3n iet i+n nit@'tCho )un- ).ch tac )un- vi on-va' HA*OCu / ^FaF/ O HA*OCuGFA/ F/ O HA / O FaA*OAF / AAFAGna9u o Cu / ^H// A FJ CuA//A F

/ O HAH 11H* t!m nh4n- n- )un- cuamuoi nitat

II- NG PXC

C- CHU T;NH CUA NIT T6NG T NHIENH 1$H* t!m hieu tc va' t!nh $a'3)i )an- thu3et t!nh

>J Ca93 #anh on- hoa nit $ientha'nh 0otein thc vat, on-vat on- hoa 0otein thcvat tao 0otein on- vat sau

o chu3en hoa tha'nh h0chat h4u c cha nitB Fh'nh4n- loai vi khuan khacnhau mot 0han cac h0 chatchu3en hoa tha'nh FHmuoi nitat , FA

AJ a -io9n- $ien FAtha'nh FFAHFmuoi nitat

ot so loai vi khuan co khana5n- ha0 thu nit t' kh+ qu3en

va' chu3en hoa tha'nh h0chat cha nitJ Con n-'i $on va'o at h0chat cha nit

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 O va' Q tai l0 theo nhom- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B Na'm $a'i ta0 A, va' E tan- EA G*@"

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(a'i >O : H-H-MUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"# (iet cau tao 0ha9n t va' cac )an- thu' h!nh cua 0ho0ho (iet t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua 0hot0ho (iet 0hn- 0ha0 ieu che va' n- )un- cua 0hot0ho

$- Ve kien t!"# (iet van )un- nh4n- hieu $iet ve t+nh chat vat l3 va' hoa hoc

cua 0hot0ho e -iai qu3et $a'i ta0

CHUA7N 487un- cu : n- n-hiem, e'n con, -ia on- n-hiemHoa chat: 1 o, 1 ta=n-


6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- theo s o sau -hi o4 ieu kien 0han n-Gneu co :

NL NH3 N0 N0L HN03 NHVN03 NL0

"N03 "N0L

g@N03DL g0

$ - Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* n-hie9n cu *@" e ta l'ica9u hoi :J 1 co ma3 )an- thu' h!nh IJ * khac nhau ve t+nh chatvat l3 cua cac )an- thu'h!nh la' -! I@6 la'm th+ n-hiem chn- minhs chu3en hoa 1 o tha'nh 1

ta=n-Tai sao sau khi la'm th+ n-hiem#on- 0hai a on- n-hiem$a8n- HFam aLc I

I- TaNH CHA9T VAT L=1- Q+t+ t@'gn)Chat a=n kho9n- ma'u hoaLc va'n-nhat ton- -ion- sa0, co cau tuucman- tinh the 0ha9n t mem )e?non- cha3tncW OO,>oC"ho9n- tan ton- nc tan tot ton-cac )un- mo9i h4u c nh $en%en,

C*A, ete2at oc, -a93 $on- naLn- neu iva'o )aT $oc cha3 ton- kho9n- kh+ nhiet o th'n-$- Q+t+ 2+0Chat a=n )an- $ot ma'u o cocau tuc 0olime"ho9n- tan ton- cac )un- mo9i

@6:Ng An Ninh A_

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Gio n Ha 11th'n-, kho9n- oc, )e? hut amva' cha3 4a(en ton- kho9n- kh+ nhiet oth'n-, ch< $oc cha3 te9nAPSoC"hi un non- kho9n- co kho9n- kh+1 o chu3en hoa tha'nh 1 ta=n-

H $@6 : 7a va'o so o#i hoa cua1 co the ) oan t+nh chathoa hoc cua 1 nh the na'oITai sao 1 hoat on- manh nhiet o th'n- co'n F th!kho9n- ITon- hai )an- thu' h!nh cua 1)an- na'o hoat on- hn I

II- TaNH CHA9T H6A H6C1- TFn +Wi +"'1 ch< tac )un- vi kim loaimanh nh : ", Fa, Ca, - tao0ho0hua kim loai

A 1 / Ca ot Ca1A$- TFn k!0a) .ac "(ng vi oxi

"hi ot non- 1 cha3 ton- ho?n h0tao a cac o#it cua 0hot0ho

Thieu o#i:O 1 / AA 1AG)i0hot0ho tio#it

7 o#i:O 1 / P AA 1APG)i0hot0ho0entao#it

b) .ac "(ng vi cloClo i qua 0hot0ho non- cha3

Thieu clo:O 1 / ClAA 1ClG)i0hot0hoticloua

7 clo:O 1 / P ClAA 1ClPG)i0hot0ho0entacloua1 tac )un- vi * un non- tao a1A*G)i0hot0ho tisunuava' 1A*PG)i0hot0ho 0entasunua

c) .ac "(ng vi cac h(p chat1 )e? )a'n- tac )un- vi cach0 chat co t+nh o#i hoa manhnh HF"Cl"F"ACAE

Q1 / "Cl 1AP/ P "ClH *H* t!m hieu n- )un- cua 1

III- NG

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaH* n-hie9n cu *@" e ta l'i:

J Ton- thie9n nhie9n 1 tontai )an- na'o I

J Tai sao ton- t nhie9n Fton tai )an- n chatco'n 1 ton tai )an- h0

chat I

Ton- co9n- n-hie0 1 c san#uat $a8n- cach na'o I

IEZU CHE91- T@'.n) t'"i tien nien

1 kho9n- ton tai tan- thai t )o1han ln ton tai )an- muoi cuaa#it 0hot0hoic"hoan- vat ch+nh la' a0atitCaG1OABCaVAva' 0hot0hoit

CaG1OA1 co ton- 0otein thc vat, ton-#n-, a5n-, $a=0 th.t, te $a'o na4o

$- ie #eFun- ho?n h0 quaLn- 0hot0hoiccat va' than coc >ASSoC ton- lo'ienCaG1OA/ *i/ P C Ca*i/A1/ PC

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 O tai l0

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, , P va' Q tan- E_ G*@"

(a'i > P : ARIT QH6TQH6IC VA5 MU69I QH6TQHATMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"# (iet cau tao 0ha9n t cua a#it 0hot0hoic (iet t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua a#it 0hot0hoic

(iet t+nh chat va' nhan $iet muoi 0hot0hat (iet n- )un- va' ieu che a#it 0hot0hoic

$- Ve k%& n'(n)6an )un- kien thc ve a#it 0hot0hoic va' muoi 0hot0hat e -iai$a'i ta0

CHUA7N 487un- cu : n- n-hiemHoa chat: HA*Oam aLc, )un- ).ch &-F, )un- ).ch Fa1O, )un-).ch "Floa4n-


6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- theo s o :

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Gio n Ha 11

P0b

P)-3P03

P)-b

)a3P

P

)a3@P0VD")-{n3P

$ - Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6: 6iet co9n- thc cau taocua H1O(an chat cac lie9n ket ton-0ha9n t la' -! IT+nh so o#i hoa cua 0hot0hola' $ao nhie9uI

H $H* quan sat )un- ).ch H1O1hat $ieu ve t+nh chat vatl3 cua H1O

H *Chia nhom H* e viet cac

0hn- t!nh 0han n- ve t+nhchat hoa hoc cua H1O6a' -oi te9n san 0ham

I- ARIT QH6TQH6IC1- C' t'.+ 'n t!0Co9n- thc cau tao :

0H

H 0

0H

P 0

Ton- 0ha9n t H1O1 co hoa t.K6 va' so o#i hoa la' /P$- TFn #'t D'3t P%"Chat a=n ton- suot kho9n- ma'uFhiet o non- cha3 : OA,oCHao nc, )e? cha3 4a, tan ton-nc theo $at k3' t< le na'o,kho9n- $a3 hi, kho9n- oc

*- TFn #'t +"' +.#a) ./nh oxi hoa kh'

it 0hot0hoic kho $. kh v! 1

mc /P $en hn Fb) .ac "(ng b'i nhie#t"hi $. un non- en khoan-ASSJAPSoC a#it 0hot0hoic mat $tnc

AH1OHO1AE/ HAun tie0 OSSJPSSoCHO1AEA H1/ HA

c) ./nh axitH1Ola' a#it lan a#it

H1O H// HA1OJ ">W E,QB>S;

HA1OJ H// H1OAJ "AW Q,AB >S ; ^H1OAJ H// 1OJ "W O,O B >S;>

7un- ).ch H1Oco t+nh chat chun-cua a#it:J Tac )un- vi qu3' t+mJ Tac )un- vi o#it $a% va' $a%J Tac )un- vi muoiJ Tac )un- vi kim loai

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H H* ne9u n- )un- va' cac

cach ieu che H1O

@6 : n-oa'i a co'n co the)u'n- 0han n-1DP/ O HA H1O/ P HD

@6: H1Oco'n )u'n- ton- viecnhuom vai, san #uat mens, )u'n- ton- co9n- n-hie0

thc 0ham

H1O/ FaH HA / FaHA1OH1O/ AFaH AHA / FaAH1OH1O/ FaH HA / Fa1O

- ie #e D'B !"n) ,.n)a) .rong phong th/ nghie#m

7u'n- HFQX o#i hoa 0hot0ho1 / P HF/ A HA H1O/ P F

b) .rong cong nghie#p 1hn- 0ha0 chiet :

CaG1OA/ HA*O H1O/Ca*O

1hn- 0ha0 nhiet:O 1 / P AA 1AP1AP/ HA A H1Oit 0hot0hoic c )u'n- e ieuche muoi 0hot0hat va' san #uat

0ha9n la9n

H JChia nhom H* e la'm $a'ita0 n-a=nChon nhom muoi tan ton- socac nhom sau:&B Fa1OU (aH1OU CaG1OA(B "1OU CaGHA1OAU GFHOAH1OCB FaHA1OU -G1OAU "AH1OCB GFHO1OU (aGHA1OAU -H1O6iet 0hn- t!nh ion ut -oncua cac 0han n- sau a93:FaH / GFHOAH1O(aClA/ FaHA1O-ClA/ Fa1OCaGHA/ "AH1OChon ca9u sai nhun- qu3' t+mva'o )un- ).ch cac muoi saua93 qu3' t+m chu3en san-ma'u #anh&B Fa1O (B "AH1OCB FHOHA1O 7B GFHOAH1O

H O@6 la'm th+ n-hiemH* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-va' 0hn- t!nh ion ut -on

II- MU69I QH6TQHATuoi 0hot0hat co )a43 : muoi0hot0hat tun- ho'a va' A )a43 muoi0hot0hat a#it1- TFn #'t #0' +i +t'ta) ./nh tan Tat ca cac muoi )ihi)o0hot0hateu tan ton- nc Ton- so cac muoi hi)o0hot0hatva' 0hot0hat tun- ho'a ch< comuoi kali, nati va' amoni la' )e? tanb) -ha'n ng th"' phanCac muoi 0hot0hat tan $. thu30ha9n ton- )un- ).chFa1O/ HA FaAH1O/ FaH1OJ/ HA H1OAJ/ H;

$- N'3n iet i+n +t't7un- ).ch &-FTao ket tua ma'u va'n-&-// 1OJ&-1O

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Gio n Ha 11*-C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 O tai l0

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, , P, Q, E va' ^ tan- ^ *@"

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(a'i >_ : QHAN 46N H6A H6CMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"# (iet c n-u3e9n to )inh )4n- na'o can thiet cho ca93 ton- (iet tha'nh 0han mot so loai 0ha9n $on hoa hoc th'n- )u'n- (iet cach $ao quan va' s )un- mot so loai 0ha9n $on hoa hoc

AJ Ve k%& n'(n) Co kha na5n- nhan $iet mot so loai 0ha9n $on hoa hoc Co kha na5n- anh -ia chat ln- cua t'n- loai 0ha9n $on hoa

hoc

CHUA7N 48@6: H!nh anh ve san #uat 0ha9n $onH*: Dem lai cac $a'i muoi amoni, muoi nitat, muoi 0hot0hat


6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- theo s o :MuaLn- 0hot0hoic 0hot0ho )i0hot0ho 0entao#it a#it 0hot0hoic amoni 0hot0hat a#it 0hot0hoic can#i 0hot0hat

$ - Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1Chia nhom H* thu3et t!nh )atheo ca9u hoi -i m cua @6

@6: 1ha9n am la' h0 chatcun- ca0 n-u3e9n to )inh)u4n- na'o cho ca93 ton- I 1ha9n am co tac )un- nhthe na'o oi vi ca93 ton- I

o )inh )4n- cua 0ha9nam c anh -ia nh thena'o I

@om cac muoi na'o I

Noai 0ha9n na'3 th+ch h0 choloai at na'o I tai sao I

@om cac muoi na'o I 1ha9n am amoni va' 0ha9nam nitat co u va' khu3etiem -! khi s )un- I

1ha9n $on hoa hoc la' nh4n- hoachat co cha n-u3e9n to )inh)4n- c $on cho ca93 nha8m

na9n- cao na5n- suat ca93 ton-Co $a loai 0ha9n $on hoa hocch+nhI- QHAN AM1ha9n am cun- ca0 nit cho ca93ton-"+ch th+ch qua t!nh sinh tn- cuaca93, la'm ta5n- t< le cua 0oteinthc vat , ca93 ton- se4 0hattien nhanh, cho nhieu hat, cu,hoaLc quaB

(a8n- ha'm ln- XF ton- 0ha9n B1 - Q'n 2'. '+ni : FHOCl,GFHOA*O, FHOF Noai at +t chua, v! muoi $. thu30ha9n tao a mo9i t'n- a#it

$ - Q'n 2'. nit@'t :FaF,

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Gio n Ha 11

Cho $iet co9n- thc cuamuoi ue9 I e9 co aLc iem -! I Ha'mln- nit la' $ao nhie9u I e9 c ieu che $a8n-cach na'o I Ton- at ue9 chu3en hoa

nh the na'o I

CaGFA Tan nhieu ton- nc, ne9n ca93ha0 thu nhanh, nhn- cu4n- )e? $.nc cuon to9iB

* U@e : GFHAAC

a'u ta=n-, tan nhieu ton- nc ,OQXF CA/ AFH GFHAAC / HA)i tac )un- cua vi sinh vatue9 $. 0ha9nhu3 cho a FHhoaLcchu3en )an tha'nh muoi amonicac$onat khi tac )un- vi nc:GFHAAC / AHA GFHOAC

H $ 1ha9n la9n cun- ca0 n-u3e9nto )inh )4n- -! cho ca93ton- I 1ha9n la9n co tac )un- -! choca93 ton- I o )inh )4n- cua 0ha9nla9n c anh -ia nh thena'o I F-u3e9n lieu ch+nh e ieuche 0ha9n la9n la' -! I Tha'nh 0ha9n ch+nh cua 0ha9nla9n nun- cha3 la' -! I 0ha9nla9n nun- cha3 th+ch h0 choloai at na'o Itha'nh 0han ch+nh cua 0ha9nsu0e0hot0hat la' -! IaJ*u0e0hot0hat n : ha'm ln- 0hot0ho I cach ieu che I$J*u0e0hot0hat ke0 : ha'm ln- 0hot0ho I qua t!nh ieu che I

II QHAN LAN :1ha9n la9n cun- ca0 0hot0ho choca93 )i )anion 1OJ

1ha9n la9n can cho ca93 th'i k3'sinh tn-1- Q'n P'n nn) #'0%Tha'nh 0han ch+nh la' ho?n h00hot0hat va' silicat cua can#i va'ma-ie"ho9n- tan ton- nc ne9n chHAC1- Q'n +n . D'B 'n!"# .1ha9n ho?n h0 va' 0ha9n 0hc h0cha on- th'i hai hoaLc $an-u3e9n to )inh )4n--han ho=n h(p >-&-han ho=n h(p amophot$- Q'n Di P!.n)Cun- ca0 ln- nho cac n-u3e9nto nh (, [n, n, Cu, o

7u'n- qua lieu co hai cho ca93ton-

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 va' O tai l0

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, P va' Q tan- ^E *@"

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Gio n Ha 11

CHNG III: NH6M CAC46NMUC TIEU CUA CHNG


Cau tao n-u3e9n t va' v. t+ cua n-u3e9n to nhom cac$onton- $an- tuan hoa'n T+nh chat vat l3 , t+nh chat hoa hoc n- )un- n chat va'

mot so h0 cha tcua cac$on va' silic 1hn- 0ha0 ieu che n chat va' mot so h0 chat cuacac$on va' silic

$-Ve k%& n'(n) H!nh tha'nh va' cun- co cac k34 na5n-: quan sat, 0ha9n t+ch,ton- h0 va' ) oan 6an )un- kien thc e -iai th+ch mot so hien tn- tnhie9n 2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- -iai $a'i ta0 .nh t+nh va' .nh ln-

*-Gi'"+ ,.# t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

Tho9n- qua noi )un- kien thc, -iao )uc t!nh cam 3e9u qu3 va'$ao ve thie9n nhie9n va' co 3 thc $ao ve mo9i tu'n-

(a'i >_ : >HAI KUAT VEZ NH6M CAC46NMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

_- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet :

"3 hieu hoa hoc te9n -oi cac n-u3e9n to nhom cac$onHoc sinh hieu :

T+nh chat hoa hoc chun- cua cac n-u3e9n to nhom cac$on

Mui luat $ien oi t+nh chat cac n chat va' h0 chat^J Ve k%& n'(n) 2e'n lu3en kha na5n- so sanh, van )un- qu3 luat chun- va'o mot

nhom n-u3e9n to 2e'n lu3en kha na5n- la0 luan, t!m c moi lie9n he -i4a cau tao

n-u3e9n t vi t+nh chat hoa hoc cua n-u3e9n to

CHUA7N 48

@6 : (an- tuan hoa'n, $an- OB>H*: Dem lai kien thc cau tao n-u3e9n t U qu3 luat $ien oi t+nh chatcac n chat va' h0 chat ton- $an- tuan hoa'n


Na0 0hn- t!nh 0han n- )an- 0ha9n t va' )anion ut -on #a3 aton- )un- ).ch cua cac 0han n- sau :

"ali 0ho0hat va' $ai nitatU nati 0hot0hat va' nho9m sunatU kali0ho0hat va'can#i cloua

_- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i@v:Ng An Ninh ^

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H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* t!m v. t+ cac n-u3e9n tonhom cac$on ton- $an- tuan

hoa'n, -oi te9n va' viet k3hieu hoa hoc cua chun-

I-V8 Ta CUA NH6M CAC46NT6NG 4ANG TUAZN H6A5NFhom cac$on -om co cac n-u3e9n

to cac$on GC, silic G*i, -ecmani G@e,thiec G*n, ch! G1$Thuoc n-u3e9n to 0

H $H* viet cau h!nh electon , cho$iet tan- thai o#i hoa va'hoa t.H* ) oan s h!nh tha'nh khana5n- lie9n ket so o#i hoa cothe co cua cac n-u3e9n tonhom cac$on

H *@6 chieu $an- OB>H* 0hat $ieu qu3 luat $ienoi t+nh chat cua n chatB@iai th+ch@6: van )un- qu3 luat $ienoi ton- chu k3' e so sanht+nh 0hi kim cua C vi F, *i va'1H

H* viet co9n- thc cac h0chat cua C, *i vi H, *o sanh t+nh chat cac h0chat cua C, *i theo qu3 luat$ien oi t+nh chat cua cachat ton- nhom

II- TaNH CHA9T CHUNG CUA CACNGU=EN T69 NH6M CAC46N

1- C' /n ePe#t@+nN0 electon n-oa'i cu'n- co Oelecton GnsAn0AChun- co hoa t. K6*o o#i hoa /O, /A, JO Gt' @e, *n,1$

$- S!. ien 2+?i tFn #'t #0'#'"# 2n #'t

T' C en 1$, kha na5n- o#i hoa-iam )an, t+nh 0hi kim -iam, t+nhkim loai ta5n- : C va' *i la' 0hi kimU@e l4n- t+nh, *n U 1$ la' kim loaiC va' *i kem hoat on- hn so viF va' 1

*- S!. ien 2+?i tFn #'t #0'#'"# . #'t

Cac n-u3e9n to nhom cac$oneu tao c h0 chat vi hi)oco co9n- thc chun- la' 2HOo $en nhiet -iam nhanh t' CHOen 1$HO Cac n-u3e9n to nhom cac$on taoc vi o#i hai loai o#it la' D va'DACAva' *iAla' o#it a#it : @eAU *nAU1$Ava' cac hi)o#it cua chun- la'h0 chat l4n- t+nh C, *i, @e co kha na5n- lie9n ketvi nhau tao tha'nh machB ach Cco the -om ha'n- chuc, ha'n-ta5m n-u3e9n t C

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 A va' tai l0

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Gio n Ha 11- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B

Na'm $a'i ta0 O tan- _O *@"

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(a'i AS : CAC46NMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"# (iet cau tuc cac )an- thu' h!nh cua cac$on Hieu c t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua cac$on 6ai to' quan ton cua cac$on oi vi 'i son- va' k34 thuat

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 6an )un- c t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua cac$on

e -iai cac $a'i ta0 lie9n quan (iet s )un- cac )an- thu' h!nh cua cac$on ton- cac muc +ch

khac nhau

CHUA7N 48

@6 : o9 h!nh than ch!, kim cn-, than -o?, mo hon-H*: Dem lai kien thc cau tuc tinh the kim cn-, t+nh chat hoa hoc cuaC


T!m nh4n- h0 chat ton- o cac n-u3e9n to nhom K6& co so o#i hoa; OU /A va' /O

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1

H* quan sat mo9 h!nh va' ma?uvatH* t!nh $a'3 cau tao cua cac)an- thu' h!nh cua C@6 thiet ke $an- e H* ienva'o

I TaNH CHA9T VAT L=

ot so )an- thu' h!nh cua C :kimcn-, than ch!, cac$on vo9 .nh h!nh1- >i #!n)

Na' tinh the kho9n- ma'u ton-suot, kho9n- )a?n ien, )a?n nhietkem khoi ln- ie9n-:,P>-Rcm

thuoc tinh the n-u3e9n t co cautuc t )ien eu ne9n kim cn-la' chat cn- nhat ton- tat cacac chat

$- T'n #/

Tinh the ma'u #am en, co anhkim, )a?n ien va' nhiet tot nhn-kem kim loaiTinh the than ch! co cau tuc l0 ,cac l0 lie9n ket vi nhau $a8n-lc 6an )e van 3eu ne9n )e? tachkhoi nhau

*- C'#+n D+ 2n /nThan vo9 .nh h!nh -om nh4n- tinh

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Gio n Ha 11the at nho co cau tao #o0 ne9nco kha na5n- ha0 0hu chat

H $H* ) oan t+nh chat cua C)a va'o cau tuc n-u3e9n tva' cac tan- thai o#i hoaH* viet cac 0hn- t!nh 0hann- chn- minh

II- TaNH CHA9T H6A H6C

1- TFn k!0a) .ac "(ng vi oxi

Cac$on cha3 ton- kho9n- kh+ toanhieu nhiet

C / ACAb) .ac "(ng vi h(p chatb nhiet o cao C kh cnhieu h0 chatVeA/ C A Ve / CCA/ C A C*iA/ AC *i / A C

$- TFn +Wi +"'a) .ac "(ng vi hiro

Cac$on 0han n- vi hi)o nhiet o cao tao tha'nh metanC / A HACHOb) .ac "(ng vi kim loa(ib nhiet o cao C 0han n-vi cac kim loai tao tha'nhcac$ua kim loaiCa / A C CaCAGcan#i cac$uaO &l / C &lOCG nho9m cac$ua

H *

H* ne9u n- )un-@6 lie9n he vi cau tuc e-i 3 cho H* hieu v! sao chun-c s )un- vi muc +chnh va3

III- NG J "im cn- c )u'n- la'm otan- sc, ton- k34 thuatc )u'n- che tao mu4ikhoan, )ao ca=t thu3 tinh, $otma'iB

AJ Than ch! )u'n- la'm ien cc,la'm noi chen e nau cha3h0 kim ch.u nhiet, che chat$o9i tn, la'm viet ch! en

J Than coc )u'n- la'm chat

kh ton- lu3en kimOJ Than -o? che thuoc sun- en,

thuoc, 0hao, chat ha0 0huGthan hoat t+nh )u'n- ton- maLtna 0ho'n- oc va' ton-co9n- n-hie0 hoa chat

PJ Than muoi )u'n- la'm chaton ton- lu hoa cao su, san#uat mc in, #i anh -ia'3

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H H* t!nh $a'3 )i )an- thu3ett!nh theo t'n- nhom

IV- TANG THAI THIEN NHIENVA5 IEZU CHE9

1- T@'.n) t'"i tien nien"im cn- va' than ch! la' C t )o-an nh tinh khiet

Co ton- khoan- vat nh can#itGtha'nh 0han co CaC ma-ie%itG-C olomit GCaCB-Cton- than mo7au mo, kh+ thie9n nhie9n la'ho?n h0 cac chat khac nhauco cha C chu 3eu la'hi)ocac$onC the on- vat va' thc vatcha h0 chat h4u c chu 3eu)o C tao tha'nh

$- ie #e"im cn- nha9n tao c la'mt' than ch! : nun- SSSoC a0suat ESBSSSJ>SSBSSS atm ton-th'i -ian )a'iThan ch! nha9n tao c ieuche t' than coc: nun- APSSJSSSoC ton- lo' ien kho9n- cokho9n- kh+Than coc c ieu che t' thanm4 : nun- >SSSJ>APSoC ton-

lo' ien, kho9n- co kho9n- kh+Than -o? c ieu che t' -o?:ot ton- ieu kien kho9n- cokho9n- kh+Than muoi c ieu che t'CHO

CHOo

t C / A HAThan mo c khai thac ton-thie9n nhie9n

*-C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 va' O tan- _^- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B

Na'm $a'i ta0 P tan- _^ G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

(a'i A> : HQ CHA9T CUA CAC46NMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet :

Cau tao 0ha9n t cua C va' CA T+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua C va' CA Cac 0hn- 0ha0 ieu che va' n- )un- cua C va' CA

T+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua a#it cac$onic va' muoicac$onat

$- Ve k%& n'(n) Cun- co kien thc ve lie9n ket hoa hoc 6an )un- kien thc e -iai th+ch cac t+nh chat va' n- )un- cua

o#it cac$on ton- 'i son- va' ton- k34 thuat 2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- -iai $a'i ta0

$- Ve t/n #'0 D'B t'"i 2+3Co 3 thc 3e9u qu3 va' $ao ve mo9i t'n- kh+ qu3en

CHUA7N 48H*: Dem lai lie9n ket con- hoa t. va' cau tao 0ha9n t


Tai sao hau het cac h0 chat cua C eu la' h0 chat con- hoa t. I

Cac$on co nh4n- t+nh chat hoa hoc aLc tn- na'o I

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* viet cau h!nh electon cuaC va' @6 -ian- lie9n ket ton- C

H $H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho

$iet :J T+nh chat vat l3 cua CJ *o sanh vi FA

H *H* )a va'o aLc iem cautao 0ha9n t e ) )oan t+nh

I CAC46N M6N66RIT1- C' t'.+ 'n t!0@i4a C va' co A lie9n ket con-hoa t. va' mot lie9n ket con-hoa t. choJnhanCo9n- thc cau tao :

)0

$- TFn #'t D'3t P%"C la' chat kh+ kho9n- ma'u, kho9n-

mu'i, kho9n- v., hi nhe hn kho9n-kh+, at +t tan ton- ncHoa lon- J>_>,PoCHoa a=n JASP,AoC2at $en vi nhiet va' oc

*- TFn #'t +"' +.#a) 4O la oxit khong ta(o m"oi

C co lie9n ket $a -ion- FA ne9nkem hoat on- nhiet o

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THachat hoa hoc cua C

H H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho

$iet co the ieu che C$a8n- cach na'oH* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-Na'm the na'o loai san 0ham0hu a khoi ho?n h0 sau 0hann- I@6 : (an chat cua 0han n-la' )a va'o t+nh kh cua C nhiet o cao

th'n- ch< hoat on- khi unnon-

b) ./nh kh' ma(nh Tac )un- vi A:C cha3 vi n-on la #anh lamnhat, toa nhieu nhiet

ACGk / AGk CAGk

Tac )un- vi ClA:"hi co #uc tac la' than hoat t+nhC tac )un- vi clo tao 0hot-en

C / ClACClA Tac )un- vi o#it kim loaib nhiet o cao C kh cnhieu o#it kim loai tha'nh kim loai

C / Cu CA/ Cu

- ie #e

a) .rong cong nghie#p Cho hi nc i qua than non-o Gnhiet o khoan- >SPSoCC / HA C / HAHo?n h0 kh+ tao tha'nh -oi la'kh+ than t GOOXCU OPX HAU PXHAU QX FA Cho hi nc i qua than nun-o ton- lo' -asC / ACACA/ AA C

Ho?n h0 kh+ thu oc -oi la' kh+lo' -as GAPXCU ESXFAU OXCAva'>X kh+ khac"h+ than t va' kh+ lo' -a eu)u'n- la'm nhie9n lieub) .rong phong th/ nghie#mCho HA*Oam aLc tac )un-vi HCH un non-HCH VH SO dam dac C / HA

H JH* nha=c la. loai lie9n ket ton-0ha9n t CAva' cau tuc0ha9n t CA2ut a nhan #et ve t+nh 0ha9ncc ha3 kho9n- 0ha9n cc cuaCA

H* cho $iet t+nh chat vat l3

II- CAC46N I6RIT C6$ VA5 ARITCAC46NIC H$C6*1- C' t'.+ 'n t!0 #0' C6$Co9n- thc cau tao :

00 )

1ha9n t kho9n- 0ha9n cc$- TFn #'t D'3t P%"CAla' chat kh+ kho9n- ma'u, naLn--a0 >,P lan kho9n- kh+ tan kho9n-

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Gio n Ha 11cua CA

H O

H* cho $iet t+nh chat hoa hoccua CA@6: )o C co so o#i hoa /One9n kho tha3 oi ch< tha3oi khi -aL0 chat kh manhH*: CAkho9n- oc

H* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-hoa hoc

nhieu ton- nc G ieu kienth'n- > lit HA ho'a tan c > litCAFen )i a0 suat QS atm, CAhoa lon-Na'm lanh ot n-ot JEQoC CAhoa a=n -oi la' nc a kho9*- TFn #'t +"' +.#

a) .ac "(ng vi kim loa(i co t/nhkh' ma(nh SJ>>

- ie #ea) .rong cong nghie#p

Fun- a vo9i _SSJ>SSSoC ton-lo' nun-CaCG Ca G / CAGk

b) .rong phong th/ nghie#m Cho )un- ).ch HCl tac )un- via vo9iCaC/ A HCl CA/ CaClA/ HA

H _@6: Cho $iet co the co ma3loai muoi t' HACI

Fe9u t+nh chat cua muoicac$onat@6: chu 3 t+nh chat cuamuoi hi)ocac$onat : v'a tac)un- c vi a#it, v'a tac)un- c vi $a%

H* viet 0hn- t!nh hoa hoc)an- 0ha9n t va' )anion thu-on

III- MU69I CAC46NAT

it cac$onic la' a#it hai nac ne9nco hai loai muoi: muoi tun- ho'ava' muoi a#it

1- TFn #'t #0' +i#'#+n't

a) ./nh tanCac muoi cac$onat tun- ho'acua kim loai kiem va' amoni Gt'NiAC va' cac muoihi)ocac$onat eu tan ton- ncGFaHChi +t tanb) .ac "(ng vi axit

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FaHC/ HCl FaCl / HA / CAHCJ/ H/HA / CAFaAC/ AHCl AFaCl / HA /CACAJ/ AH/HA / CA

c) .ac "(ng vi "ng %ch kie!mCac muoi hi)ocac$onat )e? tac)un- vi )un- ).ch kiemFaHC/ FaH FaAC/ HAHCJ/ HJCAJ / HA) -ha'n ng nhie#t phanCac muoi cac$onat tun- ho'acua kim loai kiem eu $en vinhietCac muoi cac$onat cua kim loaikhac va' muoi hi)ocac$onat

eu )e? $. 0ha9n hu3 khi unnon--C- / CAA FaHCFaAC/ CA/ HACaGHCACaC/ CA/ HA$- M+3t [+ +i #'#+n't

h'n t@+n) CaC: )u'n- la'm chat on

ton- lu hoa cao su va' motso n-a'nh co9n- n-hie0

FaACGso)a khan )u'n- ton-co9n- n-hie0 thu3 tinh, o-om, $ot -iaLt

FaHC)u'n- la'm thuocch4a $enh au )a )a'3

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 P *@"

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, , O va' Q tan- >SO G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

(a'i AA : SILIC VA5 HQ CHA9T CUA SILICMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet :

T+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua silic T+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat hoa hoc cua h0 chat silic 1hn- 0ha0 ieu che va' n- )un- cac n chat va' h0 chat

cua silic$-Ve k%& n'(n)

6a9n )un- kien thc e -iai $a'i ta0 lie9n quan 6a9n )un- kien thc e -iai qu3et mot so van e ton- thc te

'i son-*- Ve t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

Co t!nh cam -an -u4i vi thie9n nhie9n, co 3 thc $ao ve mo9it'n-

CHUA7N 48H*: Dem lai lie9n ket con- hoa t. va' cau tao 0ha9n t


6iet cac 0hn- t!nh hoa hoc $ieu )ie?n cac 0han n- theo so sau:

)a)03

)0L )a@H)03DL)0

g0

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "iH+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'B

T@+BN+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* cho $iet t+nh chat vat l3cua *i, cac )an- thu' h!nhcua *i

H $Chia nhom H* thao luan vet+nh chat cua *i te9n c st+nh chat cua C a4 hocH* viet cac 0hn- t!nh hoahoc

I SILIC1- TFn #'t D'3t P%"*ilic co hai )an- thu' h!nh: silic tinhthe va' silic vo9 .nh h!nh*ilic tinh the co cau tuc -ion-kim cn-, ma'u #am, co anh kim,)a?n ien

Fhiet o non- cha3 >OASo

CFhiet o so9iAQASoC*ilic tinh the co t+nh $an )a?n*ilic vo9 .nh h!nh la' chat $ot ma'una9u$- TFn #'t +"' +.#*i co so o#i hoa JOU SU /A va' /O*i vo9 .nh h!nh co kha na5n-0han n- cao hn *i tinh the

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H *H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho$iet :J ton- t nhie9n *i ton tai )an-na'o I a9u I

H H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' cho$iet n- )un- va' cach ieuche *iH* viet 0hn- t!nh hoa hoc

a) ./nh kh' Tac )un- vi 0hi kim*ilic tac )un- vi VA nhiet oth'n-, khi un non- *i tac)un- c vi cac 0hi kim khac*i / A VA*iVOGsilic tetaoua*i / A

ot *iAGsilic )io#it

*i / C ot *iC Gsilic cac$ua Tac )un- vi h0 chat*ilic tac )un- manh vi )un-).ch kiem*i / A FaH / HA FaA*i/ A HAb) ./nh oxi hoaTac )un- vi kimloaib nhiet o cao *i tac )un- vikim loai nh Ca, -, Ve tao h0

chat sili#uaA - / *i -A*i Gma-ie sili#ua

*-T@'.n) t'"i tien nien*i la' n-u3e9n to 0ho $ien th haiGsau o#i chiem A_,PX khoi ln-vo tai atTon- thie9n nhie9n *i chu 3eu tontao ton- *iAGcat cac khoan-vat silicat va' aluminosilicat : cao lanhG&lABA*iABAHA

#ec0entin G-BA*iABAHAens0at GFaAB&lABQ*iA*ilic co ton- c the on- vat,thc vat vi ln- nho

-"n) ,.n) D'B 2ie #ea) ?ng "(ng

*i sie9u tinh khiet la' chat $an)a?n )u'n- ton- k34 thuat vo9tu3en va' ien t , 0in maLt t'iche tao t' *iBH0 kim eosilic c )u'n- e chetao the0 ch.u a#it

b) @ie!" che Ton- 0ho'n- th+ n-hiem:*i c ieu che $a8n- cachot cha3 ho?n h0 -om $ot -va' cat m.n*iA/ - *i / A - Ton- co9n- n-hie0:7u'n- than coc kh *iAton- lo'

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Gio n Ha 11ien nhiet o cao*iA/ A C *i / A C

H JH* quan sat ma?u vat cho $iett+nh chat vat l3 cua *iAH* cho $iet *iAco t+nh chathoa hoc va' n- )un- -! ton-

thc teH* viet cac 0hn- t!nh hoahoc

H O

@6 la'm th+ n-hiem:HCl / FaA*iCA/ )un- ).ch FaA*i1henol0htalein / )un- ).chFaA*iH* quan sat va' viet 0hn-t!nh hoa hoc

II- HQ CHA9T CUA SILIC>J SiPi# 2i+Wit Si6$a) ./nh chat va#t lNa' chat a=n )an- tinh thekho9n- tan ton- nc

Fhiet o non- cha3 >E>oCFhiet o so9i AP_SoCb) ./nh chat hoa ho(c Na' o#it a#it*iA/ A FaH FaA*i/ HA*iA/ FaACFaA*i/ CA Tac )un- vi a#it ohi)ic*iA/ HV *iVO/ A HA$- AWit [iPi#i# D'B +i [iPi#'ta) Axit 3ilicic

it silicic la' chat ket tua )an-keo, kho9n- tan ton- nc, unnon- )e? $. mat ncHA*i*iA/ HA"hi sa3 kho9 a#it silicic $. matmot 0han nc tao tha'nhsilica-en, )u'n- e hut am va'ha0 0hu nhieu chatT+nh a#it 3eu:FaA*i/ CA/ HA HA*i/FaAC

b) *"oi 3ilicatCh< co silicat kim loai kiem tanc ton- nc G)un- ).ch aLccua FaA*iva' "A*i-oi la'thu3 tinh lon-Thu3 tinh lon- )u'n- che keo)an thu3 tinh va' s, tam va'ovai va' -o? se4 kho cha3

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 > va' A *@"

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 O, P va' Q tan- >S^ G*@"

(a'i A : C6NG NGHIEQ SILICATMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#

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(iet tha'nh 0han hoa hoc va' t+nh chat cua thu3 tinh, #ima5n-,-om

(iet 0hn- 0ha0 san #uat cac vat lieu thu3 tinh -om, #ima5n-t' n-uon n-u3e9n lieu t nhie9n

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 1ha9n $iet c cac vat lieu thu3 tinh, #ima5n-, -om (iet cach s )un- va' $ao quan cac san 0ham la'm $a8n- vat

lieu thu3 tinh, -om, #ima5n-*- Ve t'"i 2+3 t/n #'0

(iet 3e9u qu3 $ao ve n-uon ta'i n-u3e9n thie9n nhie9n

CHUA7N 48@6: * o lo' qua3, ma?u #i ma5n-H*: *u tam t!m kiem cac ma?u vat $a8n- thu3 tinh, -om sChuan $. hoc theo 0hn- 0ha0 on- vai

TIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&6iet cac 0hn- t!nh hoa hoc $ieu )ie?n cac 0han n- theo so sau:

*ilic )io#it nati silicat a#it silicic silic )io#it silic

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H1

Chia nhom H*Fhom > on- vai mot nhomtu3e9n tu3en san 0ham chonha' ma3 san #uat thu3 tinhFhom A tu3e9n tu3en cho nha'ma3 san #uat o -omFhom cua nha' ma3 san#uat #ima5n-H $Fhom > t!nh $a'3 :J Tha'nh 0han hoa hoc cua

thu3 tinhJ T+nh chat cua thu3 tinhJot so loai thu3 tinh

I- THU= TINH

1- T'Bn 'n +"' +.# D'BtFn #'t t0% tinThu3 tinh la' ho?n h0 cua natisilicat va' can#i silicatTha'nh 0han c viet ta=t la':FaABCaBQ*iACach san #uat : nau cha3 ho?nh0 cat ta=n-, a vo9i va' so)a >OSSoC1han n- hoa hoc :FaAC/ *iAFaA*i/ CA

CaC/ *iACa*i/ CAThu3 tinh kho9n- co cau tuc tinhthe ma' la' chat vo9 .nh h!nh,ne9n kho9n- co nhiet o non-cha3 #ac .nh

$- M+3t [+ P+'.i t0% tinJ Thu3 tinh kali, )u'n- la'm )un- cu0ho'n- th+ n-hiem

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hoaLc lo' n- >SSJ>OSSoCthu c clanhkeClanhke e n-uoi n-hien vi0hu -ia tha'nh #ima5n-$- K'" t@/n 2+n) #!"n)

Wi'(n)Mua t!nh o9n- cn- #ima5n- la'

s ket h0 cua cac h0 chatco ton- #ima5n- va' nc taone9n tinh the hi)at an #en vinhau tha'nh khoi cn- va' $en

CaB*iA/ P HA CaA*iOBOHA /CaGHAA CaB*iA/ O HA CaA*iOBOHA CaB&lA/ Q HA CaG&lABQHA

*-C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 A, va' O tan- >>A *@"- 4'Bi t'3 De n'B

Na'm $a'i ta0 > tan- >>A G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

CHNG IV: AI CNG VEZ H6A H6C HjU CMUC TIEU CUA CHNG

1-Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet : The na'o la' h0 chat h4u c va' hoa hoc h4u c Co9n- thc 0ha9n t h0 chat h4u c Cau tuc 0ha9n t h0 chat h4u c

7anh 0ha0 cua h0 chat h4u c Cac 0han n- h4u c c $an : 0han n- the, 0han n- con-,

0han n- tach, 0han n- hu3Hoc sinh hieu : oi quan he -i4a cau tao h0 chat h4u c vi t+nh chat vat l3 ,

t+nh chat hoa hoc cua h0 chat h4u c F-u3e9n nha9n cua hien tn- on- an- , on- 0ha9n

$-Ve k%& n'(n) 6an )un- kien thc e -iai th+ch t+nh chat vat l3 va' t+nh chat

hoa hoc cua h0 chat h4u c

2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- -iai $a'i ta0 t!m co9n- thc 0ha9n t co9n-thc cau tao cua h0 chat h4u c 2e'n tac 0hon- la'm viec khoa hoc, ch+nh #ac, k34 na5n- thao tac t

)u3, 0ha9n t+ch ton- h0*-Gi'"+ ,.# t/n #'0 t'"i 2+3

@iao )uc lo'n- sa3 me9 khoa hoc Co 3 thc van )un- kien thc c hoc ve cau tao h0 chat

h4u c, khai niem ve loai 0han n-, on- an-, on- 0ha9n ela'm c s cho cac n-hie9n cu cac chn- tie0 theo

(a'i AP: H6A H6C HjU C VA5 HQ CHA9T HjU

CMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C


"hai niem h0 chat h4u c va' hoa hoc h4u c, aLc iemchun- cua h0 chat h4u c 6a'i 0hn- 0ha0 tach va' tinh che h0 chat h4u c

$-Ve k%& n'(n) Fa=m uc thao tac tach va' tinh che h0 chat h4u c

CHUA7N 48

@6 : (o )un- cu chn- cat, 0he?u chiet, $!nh tam -iac, -ia3 loc, 0he?u

Hoa chat : nc va' )au


6iet cac 0hn- t!nh 0han n- $ieu )ie?n s o chu3en hoa sau:

CACaCCaGHCACAC CA

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- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' 0hat$ieu khai niem

H $@6 ne9u mot so h0 chath4u c ma' H* a4 $iet l0_H* viet co9n- thc cau tao ,ne9u t+nh chat vat l3 , t+nh

chat hoa hoc

I-HQ CHA9T HjU C VA5 H6AH6C HjU C1- >'"i nie3 . #'t !& #

D'B +"' +.# !& #H0 chat h4u c la' h0 chat cuaC Gt' C, CA, muoi cac$onat,#ianua, cac$uaHoa hoc h4u c la' n-a'nh hoahoc chu3e9n n-hie9n cu cac h0chat h4u c$- 'd# 2ie? #n) #0' #'"#. #'t !& #a) e! thanh pha!n va ca" ta(oH0 chat h4u c cha C, cac

n-u3e9n t C lie9n ket vi cacn-u3e9n t cua n-u3e9n to khacnh H, , F, *, 1, halo-enNie9n ket hoa hoc thu'n- la' lie9nket con- hoa t.b) ./nh chat va#t lH0 chat h4u c th'n- co nhieto non- cha3 va' nhiet o so9itha0 , th'n- kho9n- tan hoaLc +ttan ton- nc, tan c ton- cac)un- mo9i h4u c

c) ./nh chat hoa ho(ca so ot th! cha3, kem $ennhiet1han n- cua cac h0 chat h4uc th'n- #a3 a cham, kho9n-hoa'n toa'n, kho9n- theo mothn- nhat .nh, th'n- can unnon- va' co #uc tac

H *@6 :aLt van e v! sao 0haitinh che h0 chat h4u cH* t!nh $a'3 cach nau u

H @6 thc ha'nh viec chiet la3)au a5n a khoi nc

II- QHNG QHAQ TACH 4IETVA5 TINH CHE9 HQ CHA9T HjUC

1- Q!n) '" #!n) #'t7u'n- e tach )un- ).ch ho?nh0 cac chat lon- co nhieto so9i khac nhau7un- cu: thiet $. chn- cat-om co )un- cu un va' on-sinh ha'n

$- Q!n) '" #iet

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Gio n Ha 11

H JH* t!nh $a'3 cac )ie9m )a9nla'm muoi

7u'n- e tach hai chat lon-kho9n- ho'a tan va'o nhau7un- cu: 0he?u chiet*- Q!n) '" ket tin7u'n- e tach ho?n h0 cacchat a=n a khoi nhau )a va'oo tan khac nhau cua chun-theo nhiet o

J -C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 A , va' O tan- >>_ *@"

O - 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 P tan- >>_ G*@"

(a'i AQ: QHAN L6AI VA5 G6I TEN HQ CHA9T HjUC

MUC TIEU 4A5I H6C1- Ve kien t!"#

Hoc sinh $iet 1ha9n loai h0 chat h4u c @oi te9n mach C ch+nh t' > en >S n-u3e9n t C

$- Ve k%& n'(n)Hoc sinh co k34 na5n- -oi te9n h0 chat h4u c theo co9n- thc cautao va' n-c lai t' te9n -oi viet c co9n- thc cau tao

CHUA7N 48

@6 : Tanh PBO *@", mo9 h!nh mot so 0ha9n t , $an- te9n -oi h0 chat

h4u c, $an- 0ha9n loai h0 chat h4u c


Cho $iet 0hn- 0ha0 tach : ho?n h0 nc va' catU )un- ).ch ncmuoiU ho?n h0 )au hoa va' uU ho?n h0 muoi va' 'n-

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6 hn- )a?n H* n-hie9n cutha'nh 0han 0ha9n t cuamot so h0 chat h4u c t'o ut a khai niem vehi)ocac$on va' )a?n #uat cuahi)ocac$on

I- QHAN L6AI HQ CHA9T HjUC1- Q'n P+'.iH0 chat h4u c c chia tha'nhhi)ocac$on va' )a?n #uat cuahi)ocac$onHirocacbon la nhng h(p chat1(c ta(o thanh t hai ng"en to4 va H

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H $H* viet mot so 0hn- t!nh0han n- h4u c cua cacchat a4 $iet

Ca=n x"at hirocacbon la nhngh(p chat ma trong phan t' ngoai4 va H con co mo#t ha nhie!"cac ng"en t' c"'a ng"en tokhac nh O5 >5 65 halogen$- N+" #!"#Fhom chc la' nhom n-u3e9n t

-a93 a nh4n- 0han n- aLc tn-cua 0ha9n t h0 chat h4u c

H *H* n-hie9n cu *@" ut anhan #et ve te9n tho9n-th'n- cua cac h0 chath4u c

H @6 hn- )a?n H* cach -oi

te9n

H J@6 )u'n- $an- -oi te9n va'hn- )a?n H* cach -oi te9n

I- AO G*@"

(a'i AE:QHAN TaCH NGU=EN T69MUC TIEU 4A5I H6C1- Ve kien t!"#

Hoc sinh $iet : F-u3e9n ta=c 0ha9n t+ch .nh t+nh va' .nh ln- n-u3e9n to Cach t+nh ha'm ln- 0han ta5m n-u3e9n to

AJ Ve k%& n'(n)2e'n lu3en k34 na5n- t+nh ha'm ln- X cua n-u3e9n to t' ket qua0ha9n t+ch

@6:Ng An Ninh PE

Te9n 0han the Ten '.# C #FnTe9n

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Gio n Ha 11CHUA7N 48

7un- cu : n- n-hiem, -ia 4, 0he?u thu3 tinh, -ia3 loc, on- )a?n kh+

Hoa chat : @luco%, Cu*OGkhan )un- ).ch CaGHA)un- ).ch &-F, CHCl


@oi te9n cac h0 chat sau theo )anh 0ha0 K1&C, te9n -oc chc, te9ntha3 the : CHCl, CHCHAHU CHAWCHCHACHU CHCHACHACHGHCHACHWCHA

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6 la'm th+ n-hiem 0ha9n t+ch-luco%

H* quan sat hien tn-

H $H* n-hie9n cu *@" ut a ket

luan 0hn- 0ha0 #ac .nhs co maLt cua nit ton- h0chat h4u c

H *@6 la'm th+ n-hiem #ac .nhhalo-enH* nhan #et hien tn-, -iai

th+ch, ut a ket luan ve0hn- 0ha0 #ac .nh s comaLt cua halo-en ton- h0chat h4u c

I- QHAN TaCH 8NH TaNH1- R'"# 2n i,@+ D'B #'#+nChu3en h0 chat h4u c tha'nh

CAva' HAFhan $iet $a8n- Cu*Okhan va')un- ).ch nc vo9i ton-CQH>AQ

oCuO t CA/ HA

Cu*O/ PHA Cu*OB P HA"ho9n- ma'u #anh

CA/ CaGHACaC/ HA ta=n-$- R'"# 2n nitun vi HA*Oam aLc F chu3en

tha'nh muoi amoni va' nhan $iet)i )an- amoniacC#H3%Ft V .

oH SO t GFHOA*O/ BBB

GFHOA*O/ A FaHo

t FaA*O/AHA / A FH

*- R'"# 2n 'P+)en"hi ot h0 chat co cha clo $.0ha9n hu3 clo tach a )i )an-HCl va' c nhan $iet $a8n-

&-FC#H3%FtClHCl / CA/ HAHCl / &-F&-Cl/ HF

H H* quan sat s o .nh ln-C, H t!m hieu th t #e0 cacthiet $.

II- QHAN TaCH 8NH LNG1ha9n t+ch .nh ln- nha8m #ac.nh t< le khoi ln- cac n-u3e9nto ton- h0 chat h4u c

1- n P!.n) #'#+n i,@+

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H J

H* n-hie9n cu s o .nhln- nit ut a nhan #et ve0hn- 0ha0 0ha9n t+ch

H OH* n-hie9n cu *@" ut a

nhan #et ve 0hn- 0ha00ha9n t+ch cac n-u3e9n to

#i hoa hoa'n toa'n mot ln-#ac .nh chat & Gm& oi ha0thu .nh ln- HA va' CA

XH W ((1MMz

1|(H O

A

m

m

XC W (1(1MMz

VV(

CO

A

m

m$- n P!.n) nitFun- m&-am vi Cu ton- )o'n-kh+ CA, ha0 thu CAva' HA$a8n- )un- ).ch "H OSX, o thet+ch co'n lai la' the t+ch FA

mFW |(

.VN

V XF W

(1MMzN

A

m

m

*- n P!.n) #'"# n)%en t+

k'"# Halo-en : chu3en tha'nh HD va'nhan $iet )i )an- &-D

Nu hu3'nh : 0ha9n hu3 h0chat h4u c va' .nh ln- *)i )an- sunat

#i: sau khi #ac .nh tat cacac n-u3e9n to 0han co'n laila' #i

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 A tan- >AE *@"

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 O va' P tan- >AE G*@"

(a'i A^: C6NG THC QHAN TMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet cac khai niemva' 3 n-hYa: Co9n- thc n -ian nhat,

co9n- thc 0ha9n t h0 chat h4u c$- Ve k%& n'(n)Hoc sinh $iet :

Cach thiet la0 co9n- thc n -ian nhat t' ket qua 0ha9n t+chn-u3e9n to

Cach t+nh 0ha9n t khoi va' cach thiet la0 co9n- thc 0ha9n t


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Gio n Ha 11Cho $iet 0hn- 0ha0 .nh t+nh va' .nh ln- C, H, F, halo-en ton- h0chat h4u c

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* viet co9n- thc 0ha9n tcua mot so chat a4 $iet t!mt< le so n-u3e9n t mo?in-u3e9n to t' o su3 a co9n-thc n -ian nhat

H $

H* -iai theo hn- )a?n cua@6

H *H* ut a s o ton- quat#ac .nh co9n- thc n -iannhat

I- C6NG THC N GIANNHA9T1- C+n) t!"# 'n t!0 D'B#+n) t!"# 2n )i'0n n'tCo9n- thc 0ha9n t cho $iet son-u3e9n t cua cac n-u3e9n toton- 0ha9n tCo9n- thc n -ian cho $iet t< leso n-u3e9n t cua cac n-u3e9nto co ton- 0ha9n tCo9n- thc 0ha9n t co the tu'n-hoaLc la' $oi so cua co9n- thc

n -ian nhat$- Tiet P'3 #+n) t!"# 2n)i'0n n'ta Th+ )u: & co tha'nh 0han 0hanta5m n-u3e9n to la' XC W E,>OXXH W E,AOXaLt co9n- thc 0ha9n t cua & la'C#H3%

# : 3 : % WC3.1V C.V 1c.

' '1 1 1

W P : Q : >

Co9n- thc n -ian nhat cua &la' : CPHQ>Co9n- thc 0ha9n t cua & la' :GCPHQ>n

$ Ton- quat :

# : 3 : % Wz z z

' '1 1 1

C H O

II- THIE9T LAQ C6NG THCQHAN T

1- R'"# 2n 'n t!0 k+i oi vi chat lon- va' chat kh+)e? hoa hi t+nh theo t< khoi hi&W )&R(B (&W A_ ) oi vi chat a=n va' chat lon-kho hoa hi , o o -iam nhieto o9n- aLc hoaLc o ta5n-nhiet o so9i cua )un- ).ch so vi

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)un- mo9i( (1MMM

(ct

dm dm

K mM

m=

$- Tiet P'3 #+n) t!"# 'nt!0Theo v+ )u te9n

T!m co9n- thc 0ha9n ttho9n- qua co9n- thc n-ian

W >QO W GPB>A/Q/>Qn W n W ACo9n- thc 0ha9n t la' C>SH>AA T!m co9n- thc 0ha9n t tc

tie0

# W(z

1(1MM

M C 3 W

(z

1(1MM

M H % W

(z

1(1MM

M O

*-C0n) #+Na'm $a'i ta0 > va' A tan- >S *@"

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 va' Q tan- >S G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

(a'i S: CA9U TUC QHAN T HQ CHA9T HjUC

MUC TIEU 4A5I H6C1- Ve kien t!"#

(iet khai niem ve on- 0ha9n cau tao, on- 0ha9n la0 the Hieu nh4n- luan iem c $an cua thu3et cau tao hoa hoc

AJ Ve k%& n'(n)Hoc sinh $iet viet co9n- thc cau tao cua cac h0 chat h4u c

CHUA7N 48o9 h!nh 0ha9n t o?n- va' aLc cua et3leno9 h!nh 0ha9n t cua ci3D$utJAJen va' tran3J$utJAJen


Na0 co9n- thc n -ian va' co9n- thc 0ha9n t cua h0 chat h4uc

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "iH+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'%

D'B T@+BN+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1@6 viet co9n- thc cautao cua hai on- 0ha9nn- vi co9n- thc 0ha9nt CAHQ va' ne9u t+nh chatvat l3 cua chun-H* so sanh

H $H* viet co9n- thc cautao cua COH>SCOH^

H *H* cho $iet t+nh chat cuaCHOva' CClO

H H* viet co9n- thc 0ha9nt cua cac chat thuoc)a43 on- an- co co9n-thc chun- la' CnHAn/A

H JH* viet co9n- thc cautao cua cac chat co

I- THU=E9T CA9U TA6 H6A H6C1- N+3i ,n) #0' t%et #' t'.+ +"'+.#1- Ton- 0ha9n t chat h4u c , cacn-u3e9n t lie9n ket vi nhau theo un-hoa t. va' theo mot th t nhat .nhBTh t lie9n ket o -oi la' cau tao hoa

hocB * tha3 oi th t lie9n ket se4 taoa h0 chat mi B CHCHAH, chat lon- , tac )un- cvi Fa B CHCH, kh+, kho9n- tac )un- cvi Fa B$-Ton- 0ha9n t chat h4u c , C co hoat. K6 B F-u3e9n t C kho9n- nh4n- co thelie9n ket vi n-u3e9n t cua cacn-u3e9n to khac , ma' co'n lie9n ket vinhau tha'nh mach C

*- T+nh chat cua cac chat 0hu thuocva'o tha'nh 0han 0ha9n t G $an chat ,so ln- n-u3e9n t va' cau tao hoahoc Gth t lie9n ket cac n-u3e9n t CHO kh+, )e? cha3UCClO: lon- , kho9n-cha3 B$- Hie3n t!.n) 2+n) 2'n) 2+n)'na) @o!ng 1aEng

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaco9n- thc 0ha9n t la'CHQ

Fh4n- chat on- an- la' nh4n- chatco tha'nh 0han 0ha9n t hn kem nhaumot ha3 nhieu nhom CHA Gmet3lennhn- co t+nh chat hoa hoc tn- tnhau B

CHO , CAHQ , CH^ , COH>S B B B CnHAn / A

b) @o!ng phanFh4n- h0 chat khac nhau nhn- cocu'n- co9n- thc 0ha9n t la' nh4n-chat on- 0ha9nCHCHACH va' CHCCH

H OH* nha=c lai lie9n ket va'lie9n ket

H _

H* ut a khai niem co9n-thc cau tao khai tien,co9n- thc cau tao thu-on, co9n- thc cau taothu -on nhat

II- LIEN >E9T T6NG QHAN T HQCHA9T HjU C

1- C'"# P+'.i Pien ket t@+n) 'n t!0. #'t !& #

Nie9n ket c tao tha'nh )o s #en 0hutuc B

Nie9n ket c tao tha'nh )o s #en 0hu$e9n BNie9n ket n c tao $i > caL0 e -o0chun- , la' lie9n ket BNie9n ket o9i c tao $i A caL0 e -o0chun- , -om > lie9n ket va' > lie9n ket Nie9n ket $a c tao $i caL0 e -o0chun- , -om > lie9n ket va' A lie9n ket Nie9n ket o9i , lie9n ket $a -oi chun- la'lie9n ket $oi B

$- C'"# P+'.i #+n) t!"# #' t'.+Co9n- thc cau tao khai tien :

H

H

H

H

H

H

) ) H 0 H

H

H

)

Co9n- thc cau tao thu -on : CH J CH UHJCHCo9n- thc cau tao thu -on nhat :

0

H bH* t ket luan

H cH* viet co9n- thc cautao cac on- 0ha9n cuaCOH>S

III- 6ZNG QHAN CA9U TA61- >'"i nie3 2+n) 'n #' t'.+Fh4n- h0 chat co cu'n- co9n- thc0ha9n t nhn- khac cau tao hoa hoc-oi la' on- 0ha9n cau tao

$- Q'n P+'.i 2+n) 'n #' t'.+ Fh4n- on- 0ha9n khac nhau ve

$an chat nhom chc -oi la' on-

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Gio n Ha 11H* ket luan 0ha9n nhom chc

Fh4n- on- 0ha9n khac nhau ve s0ha9n nhanh mach C -oi la' on-0ha9n mach cac$on

Fh4n- on- 0ha9n khac nhau ve v.t+ cua nhom chc -oi la' on-0ha9n v. t+ nhom chc

H 1fH* quan sat@6 )ie?n -iai cach viet

@6 -ii thieu mo9 h!nh

7u'n- sli)e chieu mo9 h!nhaLc

IV- CACH 4IE7U H6NG GIAN QHAN T HjU C

1- C+n) t!"# +i #'0nCo9n- thc 0hoi canh la' mot loaico9n- thc la0 the

)

H

H )-H

)-

))-

)

HH

H H

$- M+ /n 'n t!0a) *o hFnh ro=ng

b) *o hFnh 1aGcH 11

H* quan sat va' so sanh

@6 hn- )a?n H* n-hie9ncu s o moi quan he-i4a on- 0ha9n cau taova' on- 0ha9n la0 the

H 1$@6 cho v+ )uH* t ket luan

V- 6ZNG QHAN LAQ THE7

1- >'"i nie3 De 2+n) 'n P'3te?6+ )u:

H H Cl HC W C C W C

Cl Cl H Cl Cis Tans"et luan :on- 0ha9n la0 the la' nh4n- on-0ha9n co cau tao hoa hoc nh nhau nhn-

khac nhau ve s 0ha9n $o kho9n- -iancua cac n-u3e9n t ton- 0ha9n t$- K'n e3 )i!&' 2+n) 'n #' t'.+D'B 2+n) 'n P'3 te?Co9n- thc 0ha9n t -ion- nhau"hac nhau ve cau tao hoa hoc la' on-0ha9n cau tao"hac nhau ve cau tuc kho9n- -ian la'on- 0ha9n la0 the

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*- C' t'.+ +"' +.# D'B #' t@"#+"' +.#Cau tao hoa hoc c $ieu )ie?n $a8n-co9n- thc cau taoCau tuc hoa hoc la' cau tao hoa hocket h0 vi cau tuc kho9n- -ian

*- C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 ^ va' >S tan- >_ *@"OJ 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 O, P, Q va' E tan- >_ G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

(a'i >: QHAN NG HjU CMUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet : Cach 0ha9n loai h0 chat h4u c )a va'o s $ien oi 0ha9n t

chat au Cac kieu 0ha9n ca=t lie9n ket con- hoa t. va' mot va'o tieu 0ha9n

tun- -ian$- Ve k%& n'(n)Hoc van )un- kien thc, #ac .nh cac loai 0han n- h4u c, cacloai tieu 0ha9n tun- -ian

CHUA7N 48H* o9n ta0 mot so 0han n- h4u c a4 $iet


6iet co9n- thc cau tao thu -on va' thu -on nhat cua cac on-0ha9n n- vi co9n- thc 0ha9n t la' COH^$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0'T'% D'B T@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* viet cac 0hn-t!nh 0han n- va'nhan #et ve n-u3e9nt hoaLc nhom

n-u3e9n t cua chattc va' sau 0hann-H* t ket luan

I- QHAN L6AI QHAN NG HjU C1- Q'0n !"n) teot hoaLc nhom n-u3e9n t cua 0ha9n th4u c $. the $i mot hoaLc nhom n-u3e9nt khac

CHO/ ClAas

CHCl / HCl$- Q'0n !"n) #+3n)1ha9n t h4u c ket h0 the9m vi n-u3e9nt hoaLc 0ha9n t khac BCHAWCHA/ (A(CHAJCHA(*- Q'0n !"n) t'"#ot va'i n-u3e9n t hoaLc nhom n-u3e9n t$. tach a khoi 0ha9n tHCJCHAH .

ot H

+

HACWCHA/ HA

H $@6 cho v+ )uH* nhan #et va' uta ket luanve kieu 0ha9n ca=t va'loai -oc cac$o

II- CAC >IE7U QHAN CAmT LIEN >E9TC6NG H6A T81- Q'n #'gt 2+n) Pi

Ton- o o9i e )u'n- chun- c chia eu cho An-u3e9n t lie9n ket , tao a cac -oc t )o B@oc t )o th'n- c h!nh tha'nh nh' anhsan- hoaLc nhiet , co kha na5n- 0han n-cao@oc Cac$o t )o la' -oc t )o ma' e oc tha9n n-u3e9n t C B

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as

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H *

H* nhan #et ve 0ha9nca=t ). li"hai niem cac$ocation

H H* nhan #et ve moiquan he -i4a chatau, tieu 0ha9n tun--ian va' chat san0ham

H3) H

)- )- )- )-U

U )- )H3 U H)-

CH`la' -oc cac$o t )o$- Q'n #'gt , Pi

Ton- o o9i e -o0 chun- coi nh chu3en hanve 0h+a n-u3e9n t co o a9m ien ln hn ,tao a cac anion, n-u3e9n t co o a9m iennho hn $. mat electon t tha'nh cationBCation ma' ien t+ch )n- n-u3e9n t Cc -oi la' Cac$ocation , th'n- c h!nhtha'nh )o tac )un- cua )un- mo9i 0ha9n cc

H0 U H )- )-UH30U

*- 'd# tFn #n) #0' )+# #'#+ t!. ,+

D'B #'#+#'ti+nHo?n h0 0han n- sinh a -oc Cac$o t )oG k3 hieu la' 2 , Cac$ocation G k3 hieu la'2/ co kha na5n- 0han n- cao , chu3enhoa n-a3 tha'nh cac 0ha9n t $en hn , ne9nc -oi la' cac tieu 0ha9n tun- -ian

CH&pT ,&q

CHO

CHAWCHA

C

CH

CH

CH (

Cl

J HClCH

Cl

J ClCHCl

H/

CHCHA/ ClJ CHCHACl

J (JC

CH

CH

CH / :H

J

C

CH

CH

CH :H

tieu 0ha9n tun- -ian *&bF 1H&r

*- C0n) #+

Na'm $a'i ta0 A tan- >O> *@"- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 , O, P, va' Q tan- >OA G*@"

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Gio n Ha 11

CHNG V HIS n-u3e9n t C

Hoc sinh hieu t+nh chat vat l3 t+nh chat hoa hoc, 0hn- 0ha0 ieu

che va' n- )un- cua ankan$-Ve k%& n'(n) 6iet co9n- thc 0ha9n t co9n- thc cau tao va' 0hn- t!nh 0han

n- cua cac ankanCHUA7N 48

@6 : (an- -oi te9n ankan, $an- QBAo9 h!nh 0ha9n t 0o0an, nJ$utan, iso $utanDa5n- )au m4 $o9i tn on- c, nc cat, coc thu3 tinhHoa chat : CHCFaU FaH, Ca

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaTIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&

6iet co9n- thc cau tao thu -on cho cac chat co co9n- thc cau taothu -on nhat :

)-)-0

O- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* nha=c lai khai niem on-an-H* viet co9n- thc 0ha9n tmot so chat la' on- an-

cua metanH* su3 a co9n- thc chun-

H $H* viet co9n- thc cau taocac on- 0ha9n cua COH>Sva'CPH>A, ne9u nhiet o so9i, nhieto non- cha3H *@6 ne9u khai niemH* t!m $ac cua C

H @6 chieu $an- QB>@oi te9n chat theo co9n- thccau taoCho te9n -oi viet co9n- thccau tao thu -on va' co9n-thc cau tao thu -on nhat

H J

I- 6ZNG ANG 6ZNG QHANVA5

7a43 on- an- cua metan$- +n) 'n&nkan t' COt le9n co on-0ha9n cau tao Gon- 0ha9n machcac$on(ac cua cac$on(ac cua n-u3e9n t C ton- ankan$a8n- so n-u3e9n t C lie9n kettc tie0 vi no

)H3

)H3)H)H)H))H3

)H3

)H3

x xx xxx

xE

*-

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Gio n Ha 11@6 ne9u mot co9n- thc cautao co mach nhan H* -oi te9n@6 nha=c nh cach anh soth t mach C

nhieu nhanh nhat, anh so $a=tau t' 0hia 0ha9n nhanh smhn@oi te9n mach nhanh Gank3l theoth t van ch4 caiCHCHGCHCHGCHCHACHA,J)imet3l0entan

H O@6 a mo9 h!nh cho H* quansat va' nhan #et

H* quan sat mo9 h!nh@6 viet cau )an- cua 0ha9nt CAHQ

II- CA9U TUC QHAN T AN>AN1- S!. /n t'Bn Pien ket

t@+n) 'n t!0 'nk'nCac n-u3e9n t C ankan tan-thai lai hoa s0, -oc lie9n ketCCCU CCH va' HCH eu khoan->S_,Po

$- C' t@"# k+n) )i'n #0''nk'n

a) *o hFnh phan t'

b) 4a" a(ng

Cac nhom n-u3e9n t lie9nket vi nhau $i lie9n ket CJC qua3 t )o quanh tuc lie9nket

Cau )an- #en ke4 Ga $en hncau )an- che khuat G$

Cac cau )an- luo9n chu3enoi cho nhau

@aD @%D

)H3)H3

)H3

)H3

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H _H* #em $an- QBA nhan #et vequ3 luat $ien oi

III-TaNH CHA9T VAT L=1- Nie3t 2+3 n+"n) #'0%

nie3t 2+ [+i D'B k+i

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H b@6 la'm th+ n-hiemCho #a5n- va'o nc

Cho m4 va'o #a5n-

P!.n) @ien)T' C>en CO: kh+ UCP; C>^: lon-U C

>^ : a=n Fhiet o non- cha3, nhieto so9i va' khoi ln- ie9n-ta5n- theo 0ha9n t khoi&nakan nhe hn nc

$- TFn t'n D'B 'B ['g#&nkan kho9n- tan ton- nc&nkan la' )un- mo9i kho9n- 0ha9ncc&nkan eu la' nh4n- chat lon-kho9n- ma'u

H cH* nha=c lai aLc iem cautao cua ankan su3 a khana5n- hoat oncua ankan

H 1fH* viet cac 0hn- t!nh 0hann-@6 cho $iet hn- chon loccua halo-en le9n ankan va'ankan vi halo-en

H 11@6 t!nh $a'3 c cheH* ut a nhan #et ve $c0han n- cua c che 0hann- the

J (c khi ma'oJ (c 0hat tien

)a93 chu3enJ (c t )a93

chu3en

H 1$

IV- TaNH CHA9T H6A H6CTon- 0ha9n t ankan co lie9n ket $en v4n- ne9n ankan kha t vemaLt hoa hoc

1P Q'0n !"n) te

Q'0n !"n) 'P+)en +"' CHO / ClACHCl / HCl et3l clouaGclometanCHCl / ClACHAClA/ HCl et3len clouaG)iclometanCHAClA/ ClACHCl/ HCl ClooomGticlometan

CHCl / ClACClO/ HClCac$on tetaclouaGtetaclometan CAHQ / ClACAHPCl / HCl CH^CHAGClCHACH Gch+nh CHCHGClCH G0huVlo 0ha9n hu3 ankan tha'nh C /HVClo the cac C $ac khac nhau(om hau nh ch< the C $accao

Kot kho9n- 0han n- vi ankan4 che pha'n ng halogen hoaankan

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Gio n Ha 11H* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-

H 1*H* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-

cha3 cua CHOva' ankan

@6 viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-cha3 kho9n- hoa'n toa'n

H3) H

)- )- )- )-U

U )- CH U H)-

anh san-

CH U )- )- )H3)- U )-

CH )-U )H3)-

)H3 U )H3 )H3)H3

)- U )- )-)-

2P Q'0n !"n) t'"#CHJCH bMM .

o oC t CHAWCHA/ HA

Getilen

6P Q'0n !"n) +Wi +"'

)HV U 0 )0 U H0)nHnUU

3 1

n +0n )0 U @nU1D H0

Feu kho9n- u o#i co the9m C,muoi thanCHO/ A .

ot xt HCHW / HA

Ganhit omic

H 1@6 -ii thieu 0hn- 0ha0

ieu che ankan ton- co9n-n-hie0

@6 la'm th+ n-hiemH* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-

H 1JH* #em *@" va' cho $iet n-

)un- cua ankan

V- IEZU CHE9 VA5 NG ; CO: kh+ otCP; CAS: #a5n- )au, )un- mo9iC AS : )au m4 $o9i tn, chon--

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Trng THPT Phan ng Lu THaNa'm $a'i ta0 >, A va' P tan- >P *@"

- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 , O, Q, E, ^ va' _ tan- >PO G*@"

(a'i Q Q"C$-,NK,N ( CnH2n >7i n 6)MUC TIEU 4A5I H6C

1- Ve kien t!"#Hoc sinh $iet: Cau tuc, on- 0ha9n, )anh 0ha0 cua mot so mono#icloankan T+nh chat vat l3, t+nh chat hoa hoc va' n- )un-

$- Ve k%& n'(n) 6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- chn- minh t+nh chat hoa hoc cua#icloankan

CHUA7N 48 Tanh ve4 mo9 h!nh mot so #icloankan

(an- t+nh chat vat l3 cua mot so #icloankanTIE9N T;NH ie? t@' 'Bi #&6iet 0hn- t!nh 0han n- theo s o sau:

)H3)00Na

)H3)- )HL)-L )H)-3 ))-V

)0L

A-V)3 )HV

H)H0

)VH1M )3Hg )3H|

$- Gi'0n) 'Bi "i

H+'.t 2+3n) #0' T'% D'BT@+B

N+3i ,n) 'Bi +.#

H 1H* n-hie9n cu *@" va' a acac khai niemH* viet co9n- thc mot so#icloankan

H $H* -oi te9n

I- CA9U TUC 6ZNG QHAN vo'n- la'mono#icloankanDicloankan co nhieu vo'n- -oi la'0oli#icloankanCo9n- thc chun- : CnHAnGn 6+ )u :

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Gio n Ha 11

$- +n) 'n D'B #'"# )+.i ten*o ch< v. t+Jte9n nhanh #iclo/te9nmach ch+nh /&Fanh so sao cho v. t+ cac machnhanh la' nho nhat6+ )u:

Diclo0o0anDiclo0entan>,AJ)imet3l#iclo$utan#iclohe#an>,AJ)imet3l#iclo0o0an

H *H* )a va'o $an- QB nhan #etve qu3 luat $ien oi nhiet oso9i, nhiet o non- cha3, khoiln- ie9n-, ma'u sa=c, t+nh tan

cac #icloankan theo chieu ta5n-

H H* viet 0hn- t!nh0han n-

II- TaNH CHA9T1- TFn #'t D'3t P%"T' #iclo0o0an en #iclohe#an eukho9n- ma'u, kho9n- tan ton- nc,tan c ton- )un- mo9i h4u c

Fhiet o non- cha3 nhiet oso9i va' khoi ln- ie9n- ta5n-)an theo 0ha9n t ln-$- TFn #'t +"' +.#

a) -ha'n ng co#ng m' vong c"'axiclopropan xiclob"tan

Diclo$utan ch< con- vi hi)o

b) -ha'n ng theTn- t nh ankan

U Ar U HAr

Arto

G#iclohe#anG$om#iclohe#an

c) -ha'n ng oxi hoa

CnHAn/3

nAn CA/ n HA

CQH>A/ _ AQ CA/ Q HA

@v:Ng An Ninh EO

U HNi. |Mo )H3)H)H3 @roanD

U r r)H)H)Hr @1.3*i%ro2roanD

U Hr )H3)H)Hr @1%ro2roanD

U HLNi. 1LMo)

)H3)HL)HL)H3 @%utanD

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H JH* viet 0hn- t!nh 0han n-

H* ne9u n- )un- cua#icloankan

III- IEZU CHE9 VA5 NG tan- >PE *@"- 4'Bi t'3 De n'BNa'm $a'i ta0 A, , O, P, va' Q tan- >P^ G*@"

BR" 6 $%N '5 ,NK,NP Q"C$-,NK,NBR" 6T HUC HRNH5 hn tFch ;Vnh tFnh= !iL chM > tFnh chtanAan

Chng 3"5 H"!+-C,CB-N KHWNG N-&it *+ 4oi6X ,NKYN5 Zanh ph?p= c trDc > ;:ng phn

Bi @[ ,NKYN5 Fnh cht= ;iL chM > ng 8Ong". Oc ti\ ]i hc '

1( E ;iFn thf# '

Hl# Jinh %iFt' )Iu tr\# 9 #Iu tr\# ;hng gian #a an;9n EiFt 5Qng h=n #Iu tKo. 5Qng h=n h>nh hl# gli tnh h=n tp 9ti-9n. 2 h>nh 5Qng h=n h>nh hl# #iJtranJ #a %ut9n @ho# tranh }D ng nghi62. n\t #ao Ju ;w2 ng *4n ;h. ;~ ng nghi62. 5wn #Qn. %R gi th nghi62(

@6:Ng An Ninh EP

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Gio n Ha 11 Ho #hIt. H!0V5#. )Hb0H. #t JK#h. *ung *+#h "n0V *ung *+#h r

""". hng ph?p ' 2 thoKi n tre Ni 8ng ghi ]fngHo`t ;ng 15 ". !:ng ;nh #Iu tKo h=n tp #iJ%ut9n tranJ%ut9n r\t ra ;hi ni62 5Qng h=n h>nh hl#( Gio inh hl#

%D Qng h=n h>nh hl#'

iu ;i6n' q1q q3qVQng h=n #iJ ;hi 2K#h #hnh n2 #yng 2Rt

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ha #a -i

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Gio n Ha 11)h\ ' )#h #Rng H o an;9n 5e thu 57# J&n h2 tS 5 *mng Yu: t# a##onhi#o

Hl# Jinh iFt h$ng tr>nh h&n fng tryng h7iti-9n Wi nW#. J$ 5Q h&n fng ro9n WiH)-. iJo%ut9n Wi nf$# gio i

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( E ; nng '

En *mng 5e iFt h&n fng #Rng. h&n fng tryng h7 #a %uta5i9n iJoro9

"". Ch^n ]V'

1( Q *yng *K: hl#' h>nh h=n tp %ut1.35i9n

""". hng ph?p ' 2 thoKi n tre Ni 8ng ghi ]fngHo`t ;ng 1' ". hn o`i'

Hl# Jinh iFt #ng thf# #Iu tKo 2Rt Jan;a5i9n th9o #ng thf# h=n tp *Wi JZ hWng*4n #a hl# Jinh tS 5 r\t ra'

"hi ni62 h7 #hIt 5i9n )ng thf# tng Yut #a 5i9n Ph=n -oKi 5i9n anh h 5i9n

1( +nh ngha' !G"( Ph=n -oKi' hai -i

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Gio n Ha 11

Ho`t ;ng 25

Hl# Jinh nghinh #Iu tr\# h=n tp%uta5i9n 5e r\t ra ;Ft -un

Ho`t ;ng 65 "". Fnh cht ho? hc'

Trnh

h&n fng #a #h\ng Wi' HO rO H

1( Ph&n fng #Rng'aD )Rng hi5ro

E' )H )H )H )H U H

AA

CHCHCHCH

CHCHCHCH

=

=

Gio i

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h&n fng

Ho`t ;ng 5

Hl# Jinh nghinh h&n fng 2inh hoK tnh #hIt an;9n an;a5i9n

"". Ch^n ]V'

1( Q *yng *K: hl#' Gio i

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Gio n Ha 11

An;9n An;a5i9n

1( )Iu tr\#

( Tnh #hIt t -

3( Tnh #hIt ho hl#

V( ng *mng

@. Zmn 8e' E nh n2 -Ki tnh #hIt ho hl# #a an;9n( L2 %i t .3.V.b trang 1CM !G"(

&it -: 4oi *: AN>IN". Oc ti\ ]i hc '

1( E ;iFn thf# '

Hl# Jinh %iFt'

"hi ni62 5Qng 5ng. 5Qng h=n. *anh h #Iu tr\# h=n tp #a an;in Ph$ng h 5iu #hF fng *mng #a a,9ti-9n Hl# Jinh hieu' !Z ging nhau ;h# nhau tnh #hIt ho hl# gia an;in an;9n

( E ; nng '

EiFt h$ng tr>nh h&n fng 2inh hoK tnh #hIt ho hl# #a an;in Gi&i th#h hi6n t7ng th nghi62

"". Ch^n ]V'

1( Q *yng *K: hl#' Tranh } ho# 2 h>nh rng. 2 h>nh 5# #a h=n tp a,9ti-9n mng #m' ng nghi62. n\t #ao Ju ;w2 ng *4n ;h. # ng nghi62. 5wn #Qn. %R gi th nghi62 Ho #hIt' )a). *ung *+#h "n0V. *ung *+#h r

""". hng ph?p ' 2 thoKi n tre Ni 8ng ghi ]fngHo`t ;ng 15 ". !:ng ;

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Ho`t ;ng 25( Qng h=n. *anh h

Hl# Jinh iFt ## 5Qng h=n #a an;in # #ngthf# h=n tp )bH|

H) )H H) ) )H3tin Proin @29t:-a,9ti-9nD

Gio i

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Gio n Ha 11Hl# Jinh iFt ## h$ng tr>nh h&n fng

Gio inh h&n fng'A,9ti-9n U H0O roin U H0

)H3H) )H U H)- )H3 ) )H )-

Gio inh h&n fng #h: #aan;in %ng #ng thf# tng Yut. nhn ,t t -6J 2o- )0 H0

aD Ph&n fng #h: hon ton')HU b0 V)0U H0T' )nHnU @3n 1D0 n)0U @n DH0

Tr

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Hl# Jinh %iFt'

!Z ging ;h# nhau tnh #hIt gia an;9n. an;in an;a5i9n

i -inh h&n fng(

HoKt 5Rng V'

Hl# Jinh n

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Gio n Ha 11

3( Tnh #hIt ho hl#

V( ng *mng

Hl# Jinh hon thnh #h$ng tr>nh the hi6n #hu

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%D uan Jt hi6n t7ng gi&i th#hTiFn tr>nh th nghi62 @!G"D

"3. 3iMt tsng trnh'

hFnghi

ZOng cO >ho? cht cdn

8ng

C?ch tiMnhnh

N\ hintung

3iMt phng trnhphfn ng gifi

thFch nM cJx

xx

+Dt Ainh nghi'

@6:Ng An Ninh ^E

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Gio

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