GIÁO TRÌNH CCNA1

8/13/2019 GIO TRNH CCNA1

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L I NI U

Cun sch Gio trnh h tnh CCNA 2 c bin son da trn ch ng trnhoto chuyn vin mng ca Cisco. Ln xut bn th nht c bn c nhit tnh

n nhn. y l ch ng trnh hc c tnh thc t cao. Trong bi cnh cng ngh pht trin lin tc nn gio trnh cn c c p nht bm st thc tin. chnhl l do chng ti gi i thiun bn cun gio trnh m i trong ln xut bn ny.

Gio trnh ny t ng g v i k hc th hai trong ch ng trnho to CCNA caCisco. Sch gm c 11 ch ng, cc ch c trnh by c h thng v cng. Ni dung chnh ca t p hai l kho st thnh phn cu trc v hot ng ca router,ng th i h ng dn ng i c cu hnh c bn cho router. So v i phin bn c, phin bn m i c c p thm hai phn m i l: Giao thc thngi p iu khin

Internet (ICMP) v danh sch kim tra truy nh p (Access Control List). Bn cnh, cc phn v cu trc router, cu hnh router v x l s c cho router cng c b sung thm nhiu chi tit m i so v i phin bn c.

Cun sch khng ch l mt gio trnh hu ch cho cc hc vin mng CCNA mcn l ti liu b ch cho cc bn c mun tr thnh nhng nh networkingchuyn nghi p.

Mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon thin h n song

chc r ng khng trnh kh i nhng thiu st, hn ch. Nhm bin son mong nhn c c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c.
http://www.minhkhai.com.vn/mailto:[email protected]


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LI NG

Knh tha qu bn c gn xa, Ban xut bn MK.PUB tr c ht xin by t lng bit n v nim vinh hnh tr c nhit tnh ca ng o Bn c i v i t sch

MK.PUB trong th i gian qua.Khu hiu chng ti l:

* Laong khoa hc nghim tc.

* Cht l ng v ngy cng cht l ng h n.

* Tt c v Bn c.

R t nhiu Bn c gi mail cho chng ting gp nhiu kin qu bucho t sch.Ban xut bn MK.PUB xin c knh m i qu Bn c tham gia cng nng caocht l ng t sch ca chng ta.

Trong qu trnhc, xin cc Bn ghi ch li cc sai st (d nh, l n) ca cunsch hoc cc nhn xt ca ring Bn. Sau xin gi v a ch:

E-mail:[email protected] [email protected]

Hoc gi v: Nh sch Minh Khai249 Nguyn Th Minh Khai, Q.I, Tp. H Ch Minh

Nu Bn ghi ch tr c ti p ln cun sch, r i gi cun sch cho chng ti thchng ti s xin hon li c c ph bu in v gi li cho bn cun sch khc.

Chng ti xin gi tng mt cun sch ca sch MK.PUB ty chn la ca Bntheo mt danh mc thch h p s c gi t i Bn.

V i mc ch ngy cng nng cao cht l ng ca t sch MK.PUB, chngti r t mong nhn c s h p tc ca qu Bn c gn xa.

MK.PUB v Bn c cng lm !
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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MK.PUB

MC LC

LI NIU ................................................................................................. 3

MC LC......................................................................................................... 3

CH NG 1: WAN V ROUTER................................................................... 5

GII THIU ................................................................................................... 13

1.1. WAN.................................................................................................... 13

1.1.1. Gi i thiu v WAN ................................................................... 13

1.1.2. Gi i thiu v router trong mng WAN ..................................... 15

1.1.3. Router LAN v WAN ............................................................... 17

1.1.4. Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN ......................................... 19

1.1.5. Cc bi thc hnh m phng ..................................................... 21

1.2. Router ................................................................................................. 21

1.2.1. Cc thnh phn bn trong router ............................................... 21

1.2.2. c im vt l ca router ......................................................... 24

1.2.3. Cc loi k t ni bn ngoi ca router ........................................ 25

1.2.4. K t ni vo cng qun l trn router ......................................... 25

1.2.5. Thit l p k t ni vo cng console ............................................ 261.2.6. Thc hin k t ni v i cng LAN .............................................. 28

1.2.7. Thc hin k t ni v i cng WAN ............................................. 29

T NG K T .................................................................................................... 31

CHU Y DO TRON BO NAY NANG QUA NEN MINH CHIA LAM 2 FILEPDF, FILE 1 TU TRANG 1-349 FILE 2 TU 350 DEN HET, BAN PHAITAI CA 2 FILE MOI TRONG BO NAY, CCNA 1 V CCNA 2 NHA ^^


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CH NG 2: GII THIU V ROUTER .................................................... 33

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 33

2.1. Phn mm h iu hnh Cisco IOS .................................................... 33

2.1.1. Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS........................................... 33

2.1.2. Giao din ng i dng ca router ............................................... 33

2.1.3. Cc ch cu hnh router ........................................................ 34

2.1.4. Ccc im ca phn mm Cisco IOS ................................... 35

2.1.5. Hot ng ca phn mm Cisco IOS ........................................ 382.2. Bt u v i router ............................................................................... 40

2.2.1. Kh i ng router ....................................................................... 40

2.2.2. n LED bo hiu trn router ................................................... 42

2.2.3. Kho st qu trnh kh i ng router .......................................... 43

2.2.4. Thit l p phin k t ni bng HyperTerminal ............................ 452.2.5. Truy c p vo router ................................................................... 45

2.2.6. Phm tr gip trong router CLI ................................................. 46

2.2.7. M r ng thm v cch vit cu lnh ......................................... 48

2.2.8. Gi li cc lnh s dng ....................................................... 49

2.2.9. X l li cu lnh ....................................................................... 50

2.2.10. Lnh show version ................................................................... 51

T NG K T CH NG .................................................................................. 52


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CH NG 3: CU HNH ROUTER............................................................. 53

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 53

3.1. Cu hnh router ................................................................................... 54

3.1.1. Ch giao ti p dng lnh CLI ................................................ 54

3.1.2. t tn cho router ...................................................................... 55

3.1.3. t mt m cho router ............................................................... 55

3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show .................................................... 56

3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial .................................................................. 583.1.6. Thm b t, dch chuyn v thayi t p tin cu hnh ................. 59

3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet ............................................................. 60

3.2. Hon chnh cu hnh router ................................................................ 61

3.2.1. Tm quan tr ng ca vic chun ho t p tin cu hnh ................ 61

3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao ti p ........................................ 613.2.3. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao ti p ............................... 62

3.2.4. Thngi p ng nh p ................................................................ 63

3.2.5. Cu hnh thngi p ng nh p (MOTD) ................................. 63

3.2.6. Phn gii tn my ...................................................................... 64

3.2.7. Cu hnh bng host .................................................................... 65

3.2.8. L p h s v lu d phng t p tin cu hnh .............................. 65

3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh sa t p tin cu hnh ....................................... 66


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T NG K T CH NG ................................................................................. 67

CH NG 4: CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC ......... 69

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 69

4.1. K t ni v khm ph cc thit b ln cn ............................................ 70

4.1.1. Gi i thiu v CDP ..................................................................... 70

4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDP ............................................... 71

4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP ................ 72

4.1.4. Xy dng bn mng ............................................................. 76

4.1.5. Tt CDP ..................................................................................... 76

4.1.6. X l s c ca CDP ................................................................. 77

4.2. Thu th p thng tin v cc thit b xa ............................................... 77

4.2.1. Telnet ......................................................................................... 77

4.2.2. Thit l p v kim tra qu trnh kh i ng router ...................... 784.2.3. Ngt, tm ngng phin Telnet ................................................... 79

4.2.4. M r ng thm v hot ng Telnet ........................................... 80

4.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra k t ni khc .................................................. 81

4.2.6. X l s c v a ch IP ........................................................... 84

T NG K T .................................................................................................... 84

CH NG 5: QU N L PH N MM CISCO IOS .................................... 85

GII THIU .................................................................................................. 85

5.1. Kho st v kim tra hot ng router ............................................... 86


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5.1.1. Cc giaion kh i ng router khi bt u bt in ..................... 86

5.1.2. Thit b Cisvo tm v ti IOS nh th no ..................................... 86

5.1.3. S dng lnh boot system .............................................................. 87

5.1.4. Thanh ghi cu hnh............. 88

5.1.5. X l s c khi kh i ng IOS .............. 89

5.2. Qun l t p tin h thng Cisco ....................... 91

5.2.1. Khi qut v t p tin h thn IOS........................ 91

5.2.2. Quy c tn IOS......................................... 945.2.3. Qun l t p tin cu hnh bng TFTP .................................. 95

5.2.4. Qun l t p tin cu hnh bng cch ct-dn........................ 99

5.2.5. Qun l Cisco IOS bng TFTP .................. 100

5.2.6. Qun l IOS bng Xmodem ................................... 103

5.2.7. Bin mi tr ng.............................. 105

5.2.8. Kim tra t p tin h thng.... 106

T NG K T ............................................................................................. 106

CH NG 6: NH TUY N V CC GIAO TH C NH TUY N ............ 107

GII THIU .................................. 107

6.1. Gi i thiu v nh tuyn t nh ................................................................. 108

6.1.1. Gi i thiu v nh tuyn t nh.......................................................... 108

6.1.2. Hot ng ca nh tuyn t nh........................................................ 108


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6.1.3. Cu hnh ng c nh ................................................................. 110

6.1.4. Cu hnh ng mc nh cho router chuyn gii ...................... 112

6.1.5. Kim tra cu hnh ........................................................................... 114

6.1.6. X l s c...................................................................................... 114

6.2. Tng qut v nh tuyn ......................................................................... 116

6.2.1. Gi i thiu v giao thc nh tuyn ................................................. 116

6.2.2. Autonomous system (AS) (H thng t qun)............................... 117

6.2.3. Mc ch ca giao thc nh tuyn v h thng t qun ............... 1176.2.4. Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn................................................. 118

6.2.5.c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vector khong cch....... 118

6.2.6.c im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo tr ng thi ng lin k t 121

6.3. Tng qut v giao thc nh tuyn ......................................................... 121

6.3.1. Quyt nh chn ng i .............................................................. 123

6.3.2. Cu hnhnh tuyn........................................................................ 123

6.3.3. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ................................................................ 126

6.3.4. H t qun, IGP v EGP................................................................. 128

6.3.5. Tr ng thi ng lin k t ............................................................... 130

T NG K T......................................................................................................... 132

CH NG 7: GIAO TH C NH TUY N THEO VECTOR KHO NG CCH.... 133

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 133


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7.3. IGRP ....................................................................................................... 160

7.3.1.c im ca IGRP ........................................................................ 160

7.3.7. Kim tra cu hnh IGPR ................................................................. 171

7.3.8. X l s c ca IGPR..................................................................... 171

T NG K T ........................................................................................................ 173

CH NG 8: THNGIP IU KHI N V BO LI CA TCP/IP........ 175

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 175

8.1. Tng qut v thngi p bo li ca TCP/IP ...................................... 1768.1.1. Giao thc Thngi p iu Khin Internet (IMCP) .................... 176

8.1.3. Truyn thngi p IMCP................................................................ 177

8.1.4. Mng khngn c .................................................................... 177

8.1.5. S dng lnh ping kim tra xema ch ch c n c hay

khng ........................................................................................................ 178

8.1.6. Pht hin ng di qu gi i hn ................................................... 179

8.1.7. Thngi p echo ............................................................................. 180

8.1.8. Thngi p Destination Unreachable.......................................... 181

8.1.9. Thng bo cc loi li khc............................................................ 182

8.2. Thngi p iu khin ca TCP/IP...................................................... 183

8.2.1. Gi i thiu v thngi p iu khin ............................................... 183

8.2.2. Thngi ICMP redirect/change request....................................... 184


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9.2.2. Cc b c tin hnh x l s c...................................................... 206

9.2.3. X l s c theo l p ca m hnh OSI ........................................... 208

9.2.4. S dng ccn bo hiu tm s c ca L p 1 ......................... 209

9.2.5. S dng lnh ping x l s c L p 3 ..................................... 209

9.2.6. S dng Telnet x l s c L p 7 .......................................... 211

9.3. Tng qut v qu trnh x l mt s s c ca router............................... 212

9.3.1. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c L p 1 ...................... 212

9.3.2. S dng lnh show interfaces x l s c L p 2 ..................... 2169.3.3. S dng lnh show cdp x l s c .......................................... 217

9.3.4. S dng lnh traceroute x l s c.......................................... 218

9.3.5. X l cc s c v nh tuyn ........................................................ 219

9.3.6. S dng lnh show controllers serial x l s c...................... 222

T NG K T......................................................................................................... 225

CH NG 10: TCP/IP ........................................................................................ 227

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 227

10.1. Hot ng ca TCP............................................................................... 228

10.1.1 Hot ng ca TCP........................................................................ 228

10.1.2 Qu trnhng b hay qu trnh bt tay 3 b c............................ 228

10.1.3 Kiu tn cng t chi dch v DoS (Denial of Service)................ 230

10.1.4 Ca s v kch th c ca s.......................................................... 231


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10.1.6 ACK xc nhn ............................................................................... 234

10.2. Tng quan v port l p vn chuyn . .................................................. 236

10.2.1. Nhiu cuc k t ni gia 2 host. .................................................... 236

10.2.2. Port dnh cho cc dch v............................................................. 238

10.2.3. Port dnh cho client ...................................................................... 240

10.2.4. Ch port v cc ch s port ni ting............................................. 240

10.2.5. V d v tr ng h p m nhiu phin k t ni gia 2 host............. 240

10.2.6. So snh gia a ch IP, a ch MAC v s port ......................... 241T NG K T......................................................................................................... 241

CH NG 11: DANH SCH KIM TRA TRUY CP ACLs ......................... 243

GII THIU ....................................................................................................... 243

11.1 C bn v danh sch kim tra truy c p.................................................. 244

11.1.1 ACLs lm vic nh th no? ......................................................... 246

11.1.2 Kim tra ACLs............................................................................... 254

11.2.1 Danh sch kim tra truy c p ACLs..................................................... 256

11.2.1 ACLs c bn ................................................................................. 256

11.2.2 ACLs m r ng ............................................................................... 258

11.2.3 ACLst tn.................................................................................. 259

11.2.4 V tr t ACLs .............................................................................. 261

11.2.5 Bc t ng la ................................................................................ 262


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11.2.6 Gi i hn truy c p vo ng vty trn router ................................. 263

T NG K T......................................................................................................... 265


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CH NG 1

WAN V ROUTER

GI I THIU

Mng din r ng (WAN) l mng truyn d liu qua nhng vnga l r t l n.WAN c nhiu c im quan tr ng khc v i LAN. Trong ch ng ny, tr c tincc bn s c mt ci nhn tng th v cc k thut v cc giao thc ca mngWAN. ng th i trong ch ng ny cng s gii thch nhng c im ging nhauv khc nhau gia LAN v WAN.

Bn cnh , kin thc v cc thnh phn vt l ca router cng r t quan tr ng.Kin thc ny s l nn tng cho cc k nng v kin thc khc khi bn cu hnhrouter v qun tr mng nh tuyn. Trong ch ng ny, cc bn s c kho stthnh phn vt l bn trong v bn ngoi ca router v cc k thit k t ni v inhiu cng khc nhau trn router.

Sau khi hon tt ch ng ny, cc bn c th thc hin cc vic sau: Xcnh t chc quc t chu trch nhim v cc chun ca WAN.

Gii thch s khc nhau gia LAN v WAN, gia cc loi a ch m mimng s dng.

M t vai tr ca router trong WAN.

Xcnh cc thnh phn vt l bn trong ca router v cc chc nng t ngng.

M t ccc im vt l ca router.

Xcnh cc loi cng trn router.

Thc hin cc k t ni n cng Ethernet, cng ni ti p WAN v cngconsole trn router.

1.1. WAN

1.1.1 Gi i thiu v WAN


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WAN l mngtruyn d liu qua nhng vnga l r t r ng l n nh cc bang,tnh, quc gia Cc ph ng tin truyn d liu trn WAN c cung c p b i ccnh cung c p dch v, v d nh cc cng tyin thoi.

Mng WAN c mt s c im sau:WAN dng k t ni cc thit b cch xa nhau b i nhng a l l n.

WAN s dng dch v ca cc cng ty cung c p dch v, v d nh: Regional BellOperating Conpanies (RBOCs), Sprint, MCI, VPM internet servies, Inc.Altantes.net

WAN s dng nhiu loi lin k t ni ti p khc nhau.

WAN c mt s im khc v i LAN. V d nh: LAN c s dng k t ni ccmy tnh n l, cc thit b ngoi vi, cc thit b u cui v nhiu loi thit b khc trong cung mt to nh hay mt phm via l nh. Trong khi WAN cs dng k t ni cc chi nhnh ca mnh, nh m thng tin c traoi d dng gia cc trung tm.

Mng WAN hot ng ch yu l p Vt l v l p Lin k t d liu m hnh OSI.WAN k t ni cc mng LAN li v i nhau. Do, WAN thc hin chuyn i ccgi d liu gia cc router, switch v cc mng LAN m n k t ni.

Sauy l cc thit b c s dng trong WAN: Router: cung c p nhiu dch v khc nhau, bao gm Internet v cc giao ti p

WAN.

Loi switch c s dng trong WAN cung c p k t ni cho hot ng thngtin lin lc bng thoi video v d liu.

Modem: bao gm: giao ti p v i dch v truyn thoi; CSU/DSU (Chanel

service units/ Digital service units) giao ti p v i dch v T1/E1; TA/NT1(Terminal Adapters /Network Terminal 1) giao ti p v i dch v ISDN(Integrate Services Digital Network).

Server thng tin lin lc: t p trung x l cuc gi ca ng i dng.


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Hnh 1.1.1: Cc thi t b WAN

c vn chuyn gia cc h thng trn mt ng truyn d liu. cc giaothtruy

Cc tisau:

Lin hi p vin thng quc t - l nh vc tiu chun vin thng ITUT

ctor), tr c y l U ban c in thoi v in tn quc

T ch net Engineering TaskForce).

Lin hi p cng nghi p in t - EIA (Eletronic Industries Association).

1.1.2 Gi i thiu v router trong mng WAN

Cc giao thc l p Lin k t d liu ca mng WAN m t v cch thc m gi d liu

c ny c thit k cho cc dch v chuyn mch im-n-im, a im, anh p, v d nh: FrameRelay.

u chun ca mng WAN c nh ngh a v qun l b i cc t chc quc t

(International Telecommunication Union-TelecommunicationStandardization Set - CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telegraph andTelephone).

T chc quc t v tiu chun ISO (International Organization forStandardization).

c c trch v k thut Internet IETF (Inter


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Hnh 1.1.2

Router l mt loi my tnhc bit. N cng c cc thnh phn c bn ging nh

my tnh: CPU, b nh , system bus v cc cng giao ti p. Tuy nhin router c

a ng i tt nht cho d liu.

h chy cc t p tin cu hnh. T p tin cu hnh

o cc gi d liu. Do, t p tin cu hnh cng cha cc thngtin o thc nh tuyn trn router.

Gi t hch r cch xy dng t p tin cu hnh t cc cu lnh IOS router c th thc hin c cc chc nng c bn. Lc banu c th bn thyt p n s thy n d hiuh n h

C h gm: b nh RAM, NVRAM, b nh flash, ROM v cc c

RA ,chc n

k t l thc hin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router c thit k l thchin mt s chc nng c bit. V d: router k t ni hai h thng mng v i nhauv cho php hai h thng ny c th lin lc v i nhau, ngoi ra router cn thc hinvic chn l

Cng ging nh my tnh cn phi c h iu hnh chy cc trnhng dng throuter cng cn phi c h iu hncha cc cu lnh v cc thng s iu khin lung d liu ra vo trn router.c bit l router cn s dng giao thc nh tuyn truyn quyt nh chn ng i tt nht ch

ci t v chy cc gia

o rnh ny s gii t

tin cu hnh r t phc t p nhng n cui gio trnh ny b n iu.

c t nh phn chnh bn trong router baong giao ti p.

M hay cn gi l RAMng (DRAM- Dynamic RAM) c ccc im vng nh sau

Lu bng nh tuyn.


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Lu bng ARP. C vng b nh chuyn mch nhanh.

Cung c p vng nh m cho cc gi d liu Duy tr hng i cho cc gi d liu.

Cung c p b nh tm th i cho t p tin cu hnh ca router khi routerang

c im v chc nng ca NVRAM:

i t p tin cu hnh kh i ng ca router.tt

in.

c i

Lu h iu hnh IOS.

C th c p nht phn mm lu trong Flash m khng cn thayi chip trn

Ni du i khi router kh i ng li hoc b ttin.

Ta c th l trong Flash.

hot ng. Thng tin trn RAM s b xo mt khi router kh i ng li hoc b tt in.

Lu g Ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi router kh i ng li hoc b

m v chc nng ca b nh flash:

b x l.ng ca Flash vn c lu g

u nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca phn mm IOS

Flash l loi ROM xo v l p trnh c (EPROM).

c im v chc nng ca cc cng giao ti p:

K t ni router vo h thng mng nhn v chuyn gi d liu.

Cc cng c th gn tr c ti p trn mainboard hoc l d i dng card r i.

1.1.3 Router LAN v WAN


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Hnh 1.1.3a: Phn on mng LAN v i router

Router va c s dng phn on mng LAN va l thit b chnh trongmng WAN. Thc cht l

l: chn ng i ttnht v chuyn mch gi d liu. thc hin chc nng ny, mi router phi xydng mt bng nh tuyn v thc hi nh tuyn v i nhau.

Do , tn router c c cng giao ti p LAN v WAN.cc k thut WAN c s dng k t ni cc router, router ny giao ti p v irouter khc qua ng lin k t WAN. Router l thit b x ng sng ca mngIntranet l n v mng Internet. Router hot ng L p 3 v thc hin chuyn gid liu da trna ch mng. Router c hai chc nng chnh

n traoi thng tin

Hnh 1.1.3b: K t n i router bng cc cng ngh WAN


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Ng tr bng nh tuyn bng cch cu hnhnh tuynt nh, nhng thng th ng nh cc giao thcnh tuyn th r.

i qun tr mng c th duy ng thi bng nh tuyn c lu gi

c hin traoi thng tin mng gia cc route

Hnh 1.1.3c

V d: nu my tnh X mun thng tin lin lc v i my tnh Y mt chu lc khcv v i my tnh Z mt v tr khc na trn th gi i, khi cn phi c nh tuyn

Mng WAN hot ng ch yu l p vt l v l p lin k t d liu. iu ny khngc ngh a l nm l p cn li ca m hnh OSI khng c trong mng WAN.iu

c th truyn d liu v ng th i cng cn phi c cc ng d phng, thayth m bo tin cy. R t nhiu thit k mng v cng ngh c a ra cho cc my tnh nh X Y, Z c th lin lc v i nhau.Mt h thng mng c cu hnhng phi cy ccc im sau:

C h thng a ch nht qun t u cui n u cui

Cu trca ch phi th hin c cu trc mng. Chn c ng i tt nht.

nh tuyn ng v t nh. Thc hin chuyn mch.

1.1.4 Vai tr ca router trong mng WAN


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ny n gin c ngh a l mang WAN ch khc v i mng LAN l p Vt l v l pLin k t d liu. Hay ni cch khc l cc tiu chun v giao thc s dng trongmng WAN l p 1 v l p 2 l khc v i mng LAN.

L p Vt l trong mng WAN m t cc giao ti p thit b d liu u cui DTE(Data Terminal Equipment) v thit b u cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminal Equipment). Thng th ng, DCE l thit b pha nh cung c p dch v v DTE l thit b k t ni vo DCE. Theo m hnh ny th DCE c th l modemhoc CSU/DSU.

Chc nng ch yu ca router lnh tuyn. Hot ng nh tuyn din ra l p 3 -l p Mng trong khi WAN hot ng l p 1 v 2. Vy router l thit b LAN hayWAN? Cu tr l i l c hai. Router c th l thit b LAN, hoc WAN, hoc thit

b trung gian gia LAN v WAN hoc c th l LAN v WAN cng mMt trong nhng nhim v ca router trong mng WAN lnh tuyn gi d liu l p 3, y cng l nhim v ca router trong mng LAN. Tuy nhin,nh tuynkhng phi l nhim v ch uter s dng cc chun v giao thc ca l p Vt l v l p Lin k t d liu k t ni ccmng WAN th lc ny nhim v chn mng WAN khng

t giao ti p

SDN sang T1,ng th i chuynkiu ng gi eRelay.

t lc.

nh yu ca router trong mng WAN. Khi ro

h y ca router trong phi l nh tuyn na m l cung c p k t ni gia cc mng WAN v i cc chunvt l v lin k t d liu khc nhau. V d: mt router c th c mISDN s dng kiu ng gi PPP v mt giao ti p ni ti p T1 s dng kiu nggi FrameRelay. Router phi c kh nng chuyn i lung bit t loi dch v nysang dch v khc. V d: chuyn i t dch v I

l p Lin k t d liu t PPP sang Fram

Chi tit v cc giao thc l p 1 v 2 trong mng WAN s c c p t p sau cagio trnh ny. Sauy ch lit k mt s chun v giao thc WAN ch yu cc bn tham kho:


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Hnh 1.1.4a: Cc chu n WAN l p V t l

Hnh 1.1.4b: Cc ki u ng gi d li u WAN

L p lin k t d li u

Cc chun v giao thc WAN l p vt l: EIA/TIA-232,449, V24, V35, X21, EIA-530, ISDN, T1, T3, E1, E3, Xdsl, sonet (oc-3, oc-12, oc-48, oc-192).

Cc chun v giao thc WAN l p lin k t d liu: HDLC, FrameRelay, PPP,SDLC, SLIP, X25, ATM, LAMB, LAPD, LAPF.


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1.1.5 Cc bi th c hnh m phng

Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng trong phng lab, cc mng c k t ni bng

c thnh phn c bn ca router.

RAM. RAM th ng c chia thnh hai phn: phn b nh x l chnh v phn b nh chia s xut/nh p. Phn b nh chias xut/nh p c chia cho cc cng giao ti p lm n i lu tr tm cc gi d liu.Ton b ni dung trn RAM s b xo khi tt in. Thng th ng, RAM trnrouter l loi RAMng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) v c th nng thm RAM bng cch gn thm DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module).

Flash: B nh Flash c s dng lu ton b phn mm h iu hnh CiscoIOS. Mc nh l router tm IOS ca n trong flash. Bn c th nng c p h iuhnh bng cch chp phin bn m i h n vo flash. Phn mm IOS c th d idng nn hoc khng nn.i v i hu ht cc router, IOS c chp ln RAMtrong qu trnh kh i ng router. Cn c mt s router th IOS c th chy tr c ti p

cp serial trong thc t khng k t ni tr c ti p nh vy c. V d: trn thc t,

mt router New York v mt router Sydney, Australia. Ng i qun tr mng Australia phi k t ni vo router New York thng quam my WAN x ls c trn router New York.

Trong cc bi thc hnh m phng, cc thit b trong dm my WAN c gi l p bng cp DTE-DCE k t ni tr c ti p t cng S0/0 ca router nyn cng S0/1ca router kia (ni back-to-back).

1.2 Router

1.2.1 Cc thnh phn bn trong routerCu trc chnh xc ca router r t khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn router. Trong phn ny ch gi i thiu v c

CPU n v x l trung tm: thc thi cc cu lnh ca h iu hnh thc hincc nhim v sau: kh i ng h thng, nh tuyn, iu khin cc cng giao ti pmng. CPU l mt b giao ti p mng. CPU l mt b vi x l. Trong cc router l nc th c nhiu CPU.

RAM: c s dng lu bng nh tuyn, cung c p b nh cho chuyn mchnhanh, chy t p tin cu hnh v cung c p hng i cho cc gi d liu. Tronga s router, h iu hnh Cisco IOS chy trn


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trn flash m khng cn chp ln RAM. n c th gn thm hoc thay th ccthanh SIMM hay card PCMCIA ng flash.

VRAM (Non-volative Random-access Memory): L b nh RAM khng b mt

ng tin, c s dng lu t p tin cu hnh. Trong mt s thit b c NVRAMv flash . Trong mt s thit b, flash v

us h thng c s

ROM (Read Only Memory): L n i lu on m ca ch ng trnh kim tra khikh i ng. Nhim v chnh ca ROM l kim tra phn cng ca router khi kh ing, sau chp phn mm Cisco IOS t flash vo RAM. Mt s router c th c phin bn IOS c dng lm ngun kh i ng d phng. Ni dung trong ROMkhng th xo c. Ta ch c th nng c p ROM bng cch thay chip ROM m i.

Cc cng giao tip: L n i router k t ni v i bn ngoi. Router c 3 loi cng:LAN, WAN v console/AUX. Cng giao ti p LAN c th gn c nh trn router

hoc d i dng card r i.Cng giao ti p WAN c th l cng Serial, ISDN, cng tch h p n v dch v knh CSU (Chanel Service Unit). T ng t nh cng giao ti p LAN, cc cng giaoti p WAN cng c chipiu khin c bit. Cng giao ti p WAN c th nh trnrouter hoc d

Cng console/AUX l cng ni ti p, ch yu c d dng cu hnh router. Haicng ny khng phi l loi cng k t ni mng m l k t ni vo my tnhthng qua mod nh thchin cu uter

B nng dung l

N

th ring, NVRAM c thc thi nh flash NVRAM l cng mt b nh . Trong c hai tr ng h p, ni dung ca NVRAM vn c lu gi khi tt in.

Bus: Phn l n cc routeru c bus h thng v CPU bus. Bdng thng tin lin lc gia CPU v i cc cng giao ti p v cc khe m r ng.Loi bus ny vn chuyn d liu v cc cu lnh i v n cca ch ca nh t ngng.

ng card r i.

em hoc thng qua cng COM trn my tnh t my thnh ro .

Ngun in: Cung c p in cho cc thnh phn ca router, mt s router l n c th s dng nhiu b ngun hoc nhiu card ngun. Cn mt s router nh, ngunin c th l b phn nm ngoi router.


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Hnh 1.2.1a

Hnh 1.2.1b

tr ca chng trong router r t khc nhau tu theo tngloi phin bn thit b.

1.2.2 c im vt l ca router

Khng nht thit l bn phi bit v tr ca cc thnh phn vt l trong router m ic th s dng c router. Tuy nhin trong mt s tr ng h p, v d nh nngc p b nh chng hn, nhng kin thc ny li r t hu dng.

Cc loi thnh phn v v


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Hnh 1.2.2a: C u trc bn trong ca router 2600

Hnh 1.2.2b: Cc loi k t n i bn ngoi ca router 2600

1.2.3 Cc loi k t ni ngoi ca router

Router c ba loi k t ni c bn l: cng LAN, WAN v cng qun l router. Cnggiao ti p LAN cho php router k t ni vo mi tr ng mng cc b LAN. Thng

g c cng Token Ringv ATM (Asynchronous Tranfer Mode).

K t ni mng WAN cung c p k t ni thng qua cc nh cung c p dch v n ccchi nhnh xa hoc i k t ni ny c th l ni ti p hay btk loi gi ti p WA m mt thit b ngoi vi nh CSU chng

th ng, cng giao ti p LAN l cng Ethernet. Ngoi ra cn

k t ni vo Internet. Loao N, bn cn phi c th


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hn n outer cp dch v. i v i mt s loi giao ti p WANkhc th bn c th k t ni tr c ti p router ca mnhn nh cung c p dch v.

Chc nng ca port qun l hon ton khc v i ai loi trn. k t ni LAN, WAN

k t ni router v m nhn v pht cc gi d liu. Trong khi, portqun l cung c p ch n bn bn c th cu hnh hoc x l trn router. Cng qun l th ng l cng console hoc cng AUX (Auxilliary).y l loi cng ni ti p bt ng b EIA-232. Cc cng ny k t ni vo cngCOM trn my tnh. Trn my tnh, chng ta s dng ch ng trnh m phng thit b u cui thit l p phin k t ni dng vn bn vo router. Thng qua kiu k tni ny, ng i qun tr mng c th qun l thit b ca mnh.

i r n nh cung

ng router o bn mt k t ni dng v

Hnh 1.2.31.2.4 K t ni vo cng qun l trn router

Cng console v cng AUX l cng qun l trn router. Loi cng ni ti p bt ny c th . Tath ng s dng cng console thit l p cu hnh cho router v khng phi routerno cng c cng AUX.

Khi router hot ng ln u tin th cha c thng s mng no c cu hnh c.Do router ch a th giao ti p v i bt k mng no. chun b kh i ng v cuhnh router, ta dng thit b u cui ASCII k t ni vo cng console trn router.Sau ta c th nh cu hnh, cit cho router.

Khi bn nh p cu hnh cho router thng qua cng console hay cng AUX, routerc th k t ni m

ng b it k khng phi k t ni mng m l cu hnh router

dng l

ng x l s c hoc theo di hot ng mng.


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Chn ng cn

w control: None

g COM.

Tc band l 9600.

Data bits: 8

Parity: None

Stop bits: 1

Flo

Hnh1.2.5a: K t n i PC vo c ng console trn router

Cm mt u RJ45 ca cp rollover vo cng console trnrouter.

2.

4.

3. Cm u cp cn li vo b chuyn i RJ45-DB9.

Gn u DB9 ca b chuyn i vo cng COM trn PC.


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Hnh 1.2.5b: C u hnh hyper terminal k t n i vo console

1.2.6 Th c hin k t ni v i cng LAN

t cc mi tr ng mng LAN hin nay, router c k t ni vo LAN bng cng Ethernet hoc Fast Ethernet. Router giao ti p v i mng LAN thng qua

h. Chng ta s dng cp thng ni router v hub/switch.i v ing cp UTP

CAT5 hoc cao h n.

Trong mt s tr ng h p ta c th k t ni tr c ti p cng Ethernet trn router vomy tnh hoc vo r

Khi thc hin k t n c p ng cng v nu cm sai c th gyh h ng cho router v thi i cng khc nhaunh hnh dng c ernet, ISDN BRI,console, AUX, cn ng cng 8chn l RJ45, RJ48 hoc RJ49.

1.2.7 Th c hin k t ni v i cng WAN

Trong hu h

hub hoc switctt c cc loi router c cng 10/100BaseTx chng tau phi s d

outer khc bng cp cho.

i, chng ta phi lu t b khc. Trn router c r t nhiu lo

ng ng lai ging nhau. V d nh: cng Ethg tch h p CSU/DSU, cng Token Ringu s d


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K i WAN c nh k thut thc hin truyn d liu qua mt vnga l r ng l n. Cc dch v

AN th ng c thu t nh cung c p dch v. Chng ta c 3 loi k t ni WANnh sau: k t ni thu knh ring, k t ni chuyn mch - mch, k t ni chuynmch gi.

t n iu dng khc nhau. Mt k t ni WAN s dng nhiukhc nhauW

Hnh 1.2.7a

i v i tng loi dch v WAN, thit b thuc s hu ca khch hng (CPE Customer Premises Equipment), thng th ng l router, c gi l thit b d liuu cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Thit b DTE ny c k t ni vo nhcung c p dch v thng qua thit b k t cui mch d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment), thng th ng l modem hay CSU/DSU. Thit b DCE ny c s dng chuyn i d liu t DTE sang dng ph h p v i dch v canh cung c p dch v.

Hu ht cc cng WAN trn routeru l cng Serial. Cng vic chn la chong loi cp s r t d dng khi bn tr l i c 4 cu hi sau:

Loi k t ni trn thit b Cisco l loi no? Cisco router s dng nhiu loiu ni khc nhau cho cng Serial. Nh trong hnh 1.2.7b,cng bn tri l cng Smart Serial, cng bn phi l cng DB-60. La chon


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cp Serial k t ni h th t phn then cht trong qua trnhng mng l mthit l p WAN.

Hnh 1.2.7b

H thng mng c k t ni v thit b DTE hay DCE? DTEc nhau.im khc nhau quan tr ng gia

u xungng h cho qu trnh thngkho ti liu ca thit b xcnh DTE

no? mi loi thit b khc nhaus s dng loi chun Serial khc nhau. Mi chun s quy c tn hiu

n tham kho ti liu caun tn hiu ca thit b.

v DCE l hai loi cng serial khhai loi ny l: thit b DCE c p tn hitin lin lc trn bus. Bn nn thamv DCE.

Thit b i hi chun tn hiu

truyn trn cp v loi u ni 2 u cp. Bn nthit b xcnh ch


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Hnh 1.2.7c

Cp c loi u ni c hay ci? Nu u ni c chn cm rangoi th lu c. Nu u ni ch c l cm cho cc chn th luci

Hnh 1.2.7d

TNG K T


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Sau

trong WANs v LANs.

ch k t ni vo cng console, cng LAN v WAN.

y l ccim quan tr ng bn cn nm c trong ch ng ny:

Khi nim v WAN v LAN.

Vai tr ca router

Cc giao thc WAN.

Cu hnh kiu ng gi cho cng giao ti p.

Xcnh v m t cc thnh phn bn trong router.

c im vt l ca router.

Cc loi cng th ng g p trn router.

C


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CH NG

phi nm vng v IOS.

io trnh ny.

ng lnh v i router.

Chuy

h p cu lnh.

Mc ch ca phn mm Cisco IOS

switch khng th hot ng c nu khng ca mnh l h iu hnh mng Cisco hay gi

2

GI I THIU V ROUTER

GI I THIU

Cc k thut ca Cisco u c xy dng da trn h iu hnh mng Cisco(ISO). Phn mm IOSiu khin qu trnhnh tuyn v chuyn mch trn ccthit b k t ni lin mng. Do ng i qun tr mngTrong ch ng ny, chng ti s gi i thiu c bn v kho st ccc im caIOS. Tt c cc cng vic cu hnh mng t n gin nht n phc t p nht uda trn mt nn tng c bn l cu hnh router. Do trong ch ng ny cng gi ithiu v cc k thut v cng c c bn cu hnh router m chng ta s s dngtrong sut g

Sau khi hon tt ch ng ny, cc bn c th: Nm c mc ch ca IOS.

M t hot ng c bn ca IOS.

Nm c ccc im ca IOS.

Nm c ph ng thc thit l p phin giao ti p bng d

n i gia cc ch cu hnh router.

Thit l p k t ni bng HyperTerminal vo router.

Truy c p vo router. S dng tnh nng tr gip trong giao ti p bng dng lnh.

X l li khi n

2.1 Phn h iu hnh Cisco IOS

2.1.1

T ng t nh my tnh, router vh isco gi h iu hnh ch iu nh. C


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Ch EXEC ng i dng ch cho php thc thi mt s cu lnh hin th ccthng tin c bn ca router m thi. Ch ny ch xem ch khng cho php thc hin cc cu lnh lm thayi cu hnh router. Ch EXECng i dng c du nhc l >.

Ch EXECc quyn cho php thc hin tt c cc cu lnh ca router.Bn c th cu hnh ng i dng phi nh p mt m tr c khi truy nh pvo ch ny. Ngoi ra, tng thm tnh bo mt bn c th cu hnh

dng cc cu lnh cu hnh hoc qun l router. T ch

n hn dngnhc >. Nu mt m c cit th router s yu cu bndo bo mt nn cc thit b mng Cisco khng hin th mt m

ng. Sau khi mt m c nh p vo chnh xc th du nhcch EXECc quyn. Bn g du

ter hin th ra nhiu cu lnh h n so v i

ch EXEC ng i dng.

thm userID.iu ny cho php ch nhng ng i no c php m i c th truy c p vo router. Ng i qun tr mng phi ch EXECc quynm i c th sEXECc quyn bn c th chuyn vo cc ch c khc nhau nh ch cu hnh ton cc chng hn. Ch EXECc quyn c xcnh b idu nhc #.

chuyn t ch EXEC ng i dng sang ch EXECc quylnh enable ti dunh p mt m. V ltrong lc bn nh p ch> chuyn thnh # cho bit bn ang chm hi (?) du nhc ny th s thy rou


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Hnh 2.1.3

2.1.4 Cc c im ca phn m

n phm mng khc nhau.

it b, Cisco pht trin nhiu loi ph i loi phn mm IOS ph h p v i tng loi thit b, v im v v i nhu cu ca khch hng.

M hn mm IOS khc nhau cho nhiu loi thit b v i nhiu ctnh ng cu trc lnh cu hnh c bn th vn ging nhau. Do k nng cu hnh v x l s c ca bn c th ng dng cho nhiu loi sn phm

sau:

bit phn

thng mng

m Cisco IOS

Cisco cung c p r t nhiu loi IOS cho cc loi s

ti u ho phn mm IOS cho nhiu loi thn mm Cisco IOS. Mc dung l ng b nh

c d c nhiu p khc nhau nh

khc nhau.

Tn ca Cisco IOS c quy c chia ra thnh ba phn nh

Phn th nht th hin loi thit b m phn mm IOS ny c th s dng c.

Phn th hai th hin ccc tnh ca phn mm IOS.

Phn th ba th hin n i chy phn mm IOS trn router v chomm ny c cung c p d i dng nn hay khng nn.

Bn c th la chn cc c tnh c bit ca IOS nh phn mmCisco Software Advisor. Cisco Software Advisor l mt cng c cung c pcc thng tin hin ti v cho php bn chn la ccc tnh cho phu h p v iyu cu ca h

The name has three parts, separated by dashes: e.g. xxx-yyy-ww: xxxx = Platform

yyyy = Feature ww = Format where It execute from if compressed

Name CodesPlatform (Hardware) (Partial list)C1005 1005


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C1600 1600C1700 1700, 1720, 1750C2500 25xx, 3xxx, 5100, AO (11.2 and later only)C2600 2600

C2800 Catalyst 2800C2900 2910, 2950C3620 3620C3640 3640C4000 4000 (11.2 and later only)C4500 4500, 4700Feature (Partial list)B AppletalkBoot Boot imageC Commserver file (CiscoPro)Drag IOS based diagnostic imagesG ISDN subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP, IPX, Atalk)I IP subnet (SNMP, IP, Bridging, W e Node, TerminalAN, Remot

Services) N IPXQ AsyncT Telco return (12.0)Y Reduced IP (SNMP, IP RIP/IGRP/EIGRP, Bridging, ISDN, PPP)

(C1003/4)Z Managed moderns40 40 bit encryption56 56 bit encryptionFormat (Where the image runs in the route)F FlashM RamR RomL RebcatableCompression TypeZ Zip compressed (note lower case)X M zip compressedW STAC compress Hnh

Khi bn chn mua IOS m i th mt trong nhng iu quan tr ng bn cn phi chl s t ng thch gia IOS v i b nh flash v RAM trong router. Thng th ng

2.1.4a


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Thit b Cisco IOS c 3 ch hot ng sau:

ROM monitor

Boot ROM

Cisco IOS.

t trong cc ch hot ngun tr h thng c th ci t gi tr cho

anh ghi iu khin ch kh i ng mc nh router.

Hnh 2.1.4b

2.1.5 Hot ng ca phm mm Cisco IOS

Thng th ng trong qu trnh kh i ng router, mtrn c ti ln RAM chy. Ng i qth


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Ch ROM monitor thc hin qu trnh bootstrap v kim tra phn cng. Ch ny c s dng khi phc li h thng khi b li ngim tr ng hoc khi ng iqun tr mng b mt mt m. Chng ta ch c th truy c p vo ch ROMmonitor bng ng k t ni vt l tr c ti p vo cng console trn router. Ngoi rachng ta khng th truy c p vo ch ny bng bt k cng no khc.Khi router ch boot ROM, ch c mt phn chc nng ca Cisco IOS l hotng c. Ch boot ROM cho php bn chp c ln b nh flash, nn ch ny th ng c s dng thay th phn mm Cisco IOS trong flash. Bndng lnh copy tftp flash chp phn mm IOS trn TFTP server vo b nh flash trn router.

Hnh 2

p t flash. Tuynhin, hu ht cc Cisco routeru chp phn mm IOS ln RAM r i chy t

n xem h thng cn baonhiu dung l ng b nh ti phn mm Cisco IOS m i th bn dng lnh show

.1.5a

Router mun hot ng bnh th ng th phi cht c ton b phn mm IOStrong flash. mt s thit b, phn mm IOS c chy tr c ti

RAM. Mt s phn mm IOS lu trong flash d i dng nn v c gii nn khichp ln RAM.

Bn dng lnh show version xem cc thng tin v phn mm IOS, trong chin th gi tr cu hnh ca thanh ghi. Cn nu bn mu

flash.


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Hnh 2.1.5b

2.2 Bt u v i router2.2.1 Kh i ng router

Router kh i u

Kim tra phn cng ca router v bo m l chng hot ng tt.

Tm v ti phn mm Cisco IOS.

Tm v thc thi t p tin cu hnh kh i ng hoc vo ch ci t nu

ng bng cch ti bootstrap, h iu hnh v t p tin cu hnh. Nrouter khng tm thy t p tin cu hnh th s t ng vo ch ci t. Khi bnhon tt vic cu hnh trong ch ci t th t p tin cu hnh s c lu trong NVRAM.

cho router bt u hot ng, qu trnh kh i ng phn mm Cisco IOS thchin 3 cngon sau:

khng tm thy t p tin ny.


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u thc hin kh i ng phn mm.

Sau qu trnh POST, router s thc hin cc b c sau:

Hnh 2.2.1a: Cc b c kh i ng router

Khi router m i c bt in ln th n thc hin qu trnh t kim tra POST

(Power on self test). Trong qu trnh ny, router chy mt trnh t ROM kimtra tt c cc thnh phn phn cng trn router, v d nh kim tra hot ng caCPU, b nh v cc cng giao ti p mng. Sau khi hon tt qu trnh ny, router bt


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B c 1: Chy ch ng trnh n p bootstrap t ROM. Bootstrap ch n gin lmt t p lnh thc hin kim tra phn cng v kh i ng IOS.

B c 2: Tm IOS. Gi tr kh i ng trn thanh ghi cu hnh s quyt nh

u hnh s cho bit chnh xc v

c bnmn hnh console danh sch cc thnh phn phn cng v

ng giao ti p mng v thitter.

ver no

[0] out saving this config.

[1] this config.

[2] exit.

vic tim IOS u. Nu gi tr ny cho bit l ti IOS t flash hay t mngthi cc cu lnh boot system trong t p tin ctr v tn ca IOS.

B c 3: Ti h iu hnh c ti xung v bt u hot ng th cs thy hin trn phn mm c trn router.

B c 4: T p tin cu hnh lu trong VNRAM c chp ln b nh chnh v

c thc thi tng dng lnh mt. Cc cu lnh cu hnh thc hin kh ing qu trnhnh tuyn, t a ch cho cc cl p nhiu c tnh hot ng khc cho rou

B c 5: Nu khng tm thy t p tin cu hnh trong VNRAM th h iuhnh s i tm TFTP server. Nu cng khng tm thy mt TFTP ser th ch cit s c kh i ng.

Trong ch ci t, cc bn khng th cu hnh cho cc giao thc phc t p carouter. Mc ch ca ch ci t ch l cho php ng i qun tr mng citmt cu hnh ti thiu cho router khi khng th tm c t p tin cu hnh t nhngngun khc.

Trong ch ci t, cu tr l i mc nh c t trong du ngoc vung [] saumi cu hi. Bn c th nhn phm Ctrl-C bt k lc no k t thc qu trnh cit. Khi tt c cc cng giao ti p mng trn router s ng li.

Khi bn hon tt cu hnh trong ch ci t, bn s g p cc dng thng bo nh sau:

Go to the IOS command promt with

Return back to the setup without saving

Save this configuration to nvram and


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Enter your selection [2]:

Hnh 2.2.1b: Ch ci t ca router

2.2.1. n LED bo hiu trn router

Hnh 2.2.2

dng n LED bo hiu cc tr ng thi hot ng ca router. Cc

loi n LED ny s khc nhau tu theo cc loi router khc nhau.s cho bit tr ng thi hot ng ca cc

Cisco router s

Cc n LED ca cc cng trn routercng. Nu en LED ca mt cng no b tt trong khi cng ang hot ngv c k t ni ng th chng t l c s c i v i cng . Nu mt cnghot ng lin tuc thn LED ca cng sng lin tc. Cnn LED OK bn phi cng AUX s bt sng sau khi router hot ng tt.


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2.23. Kho st qu trnh kh i ng ca router

Hnh 2.2.3a: Thng tin hi n th trong qu trnh kh i ng router

V d hnh 2.2.3a cho thy ni dung cc thngi p c hin th trn mn hnh

console trong sut qu trnh kh i ng ca router. Cc thng tin ny s khc nhautu theo cc loi cng c trn router v tu theo tng phin bn Cisco IOS. Dohnh 2.2.3a ch l mt v d tham kho ch khng pn nh chnh xc ton b nhng g c hin th.


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Hnh 2.2.3c: Thng tin hi n th trong qu trnh kh i ng router

D in bn ca ph s dng trn router. Ngoi ra bn cng xcn ter, b x l l loi g, cung l ng ca b nh v mts cc thng tin khc ca router nh:

chy ch ng trnh m phng HyperTerminal. chuyn i RJ45-

DB9.

a vo thng tin nh hnh 2n2n3c, chng ta c th xc nh c phn mm boottrap v IOSang ch c phin bn ca rou

S l ng cc cng giao ti p. Cc loi cng giao ti p.

Dung l ng NVRAM. Dung l ng b nh flash.

2 Thit l p phin k t ni bng HyperTerminal

Tt c cc Cisco routeru c cng console ni ti p bt ng b TIA/EIA-232(RJ45). Chng ta cn phi c cp v b chuyn i k t ni t thit b u cuiconsole vo cng console trn router. Thit b u cui console c th l mt thit b u cui ASCII hoc l mt PC c k t ni PC c cng console chng ta dng cp rollover v b


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Thng s mc nh ca cng console l: 9000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flowcontrol. Cng console khng c h tr iu khin lung bng phn cng. Sauyl b c thc hin k t ni mt thit b u cui vo cng console trn router:

router bng cp rollover v5-DB9 hoc RJ

u cui hoc ccc thng s sau: 96000 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no flow control.

ter

truy c p ng ng truy

i bn m i c th nh p cc cu lnh cho router.router c 2 mc truy c p:

n s g p du nhc ca ch EXEC p lnh bn phi chuyn vo ch EXEC

enable. du nhc password: bn phi

router c cu hnh b ienable secret s c p dng. Sau khinhc # cho bit l bn ang ch

ch ny bn m i c th truy c p vo ch cu hnh ton

K t ni thit b u cui vo cng console trn b chuyn i RJ4 45-DB25. Cu hnh thit b u hnh phn mm m phng trn PC v i

Truy c p vo rou

cu hnh router bn phu cui hoc bng

i vo giao din ng i dng ca router bruy c p c vo routerthit b c p t xa. Sau khi t

thV l do bo mt nn

Mc EXEC ng i dng: ch c mt s cu lnh dng xem tr ng thi carouter. mc ny, bn khng th thayi c cu hnh ca router.

Mc EXECc quyn: bao gm tt c cc cu lnh cu hnh router.

Ngay sau khi truy c p c vo router btng i dng. s dng c ton b

c quyn. du nhc > bn g lnhnh p mt m ng v i mt m c cu hnh cho router tr c bng lnhenable secrethoc enable password. Nu mt m cac 2 lnh trn th mt m ca cu lnh

trn bn s g p duhon tt cc b cEXECc quyn. Tcc r i sau l cc ch cu hnh ring bit h n nh:

Ch cu hnh cng giao ti p. Ch cu hnh cng giao ti p con.

Ch cu hnh ng truy c p.

Ch cu hnh router.


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Ch cu hnh route-map.

nT ch EXEC c quyn, bn g disable hoc exit tr v ch EXECng i dng. tr v ch EXECc quyn t ch cu hnh ton cc, b

dng lnh exit hoc Ctrl-Z. Lnh Ctrl-Z c th s dng tr v ngay ch EXECc quyn t bt k ch cu hnh ring bit no.

Hnh 2.2.5a

gip trong router CLI

nh cui mn hnh

cho bi n cn ti p. xem trang ti p theo, bn nhn nhanh

2.2.6. Phm tr

Khi bn g du chm hi (?) du nhc th router s hin th danh sch cc lt ng ng v i ch cu hnh m bn ang . Ch --More--

t l phn hin th v


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Spa th ti p tng dng mt th bn nhn phm Enterhoc Return. Bn c th nhn tng dng mt th bn nhn phm bt k no khc qu t

cebar. Cn nu bn mun hin

ay r v du nhc.

Hnh 2.2.6a: Danh sch l ng ch EXEC ng i dungnh s d

chuyn vo ch EXECc quyn bn g enable hoc g tt l ena cng c. Nu mt m c ci t vo cho router th router s yu cu bn nh pmt m. Sau khi bn vo c ch ny r i th bn g du chm hi (?), bn


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s thy l danh sch cc cu lnhd EXECc quyn nhiu h n hndanh sch cc cu lnh m b i dng. Tuy nhin cct p lnh ny s khc nhau tu r v tu theo tng phin bn

o IOS.

bn nh p li y cu lnh.

nh b nh p sai. V tr ca du (^)m cu lnh t u cho t i v tr m du (^) ch sai r i bn

i (?) thm c phpng ti p theo ca cu lnh.u lnh theong c php r i nhn phmEnter hoc

vit cu lnh

h tr son thoh hnh 2.2.7a di chuyn con tr

i bn cn phi chnh sa cu lnh . Trong cc

u ch ny lnnh h ng khi bn bit cc script th bn cth tt bng lnh terminal no editingtrong ch EXECc quyn.

ung ch ch n thy trong ch EXEC ng theo cu hnh ca route

phn mm Cisc

By gi gi s bn mun cit ng h cho router nhng bn lai khng bit phidng lnh no thi khi chc nng tr gip ca router s gip bn tm c culnhng. Bn thc hin theo cc b c sau:

1. Dng du chm hi tm cu lnh cit ng h. Trong danh sch cccu lnh c hin th bn s tm c lnh clock.

2. Kim tra c php cu lnh khai bo gi .

3. Bn nh p gi , pht, giy theong c php cu lnh. Bn s g p cu thng bo l cu lnh cha hon tt nh hnh 2.2.6b.

4. Bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc phm mi tn () li lnh va m i nh p. cuicu lnh bn thm mt khong tr ng v du chm hi (?) xem phn k ti p ca cu lnh. Sau

5. Nu bn g p du (^) th c ngh a l cu ls cho bit v tr

s nh p thm du chm h6. Bn nh p li y c

Return thc thi cu lnh.

2.2.7. M r ng thm v cch

Trong giao din ng i dng ca router, router c th c chcu lnh. Bn c th s dng cc t h p phm ntrn dng lnh m bn ang vit kh phin bn phn mm hin nay, ch h tr son tho cu lnh l hon ton t

ng. Tuy nhin n

Command DescriptionCtrl-A Moves to the beginning of the command line


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Khi cu hnh router, router co lu li mt s cc lnh bn s dng.iu nyci cc cu lnh di v phc t p. V i c ch ny bn

hth c vng b m lu cc cu lnh s dng.

M nh trong b m. Bn c th thay i s l lnh terminal history sizehoc historysiz th lu li c.

N a m i s dng gn nht th bn nhn Ctrl-P hoc

ph n th mi ln nhn nh vy bn s gi li

n tt cu lnh cho bn. Khi bn dng phmTab m router hin th c cu lnh th c ngh a l router nhn bit

n nh p.

y cu lnh tr c r i dn hoc chn vo cu lnh

bit c ch khi bn mun l p lc th thc hin cc vic sau:

Cit kc Gi li cc cu lnh s dng. Tt chc nng nyi.

c nh l router s lu li 10 cu lng cu lnh m router lu li bnge. Ti a l 255 cu lnh c

u bn mun gi li cu lnh v

m mi tn (). Nu bn ti p tc nhtun t cc cu lnh tr c na. Nu bn mun gi lui l mt cu lnh sau th bn nhn Ctrl-N hoc nhn phm mi tn (). T ng t, nu bn ti p tc nhn nh vy thi mi ln nhn bn s gi li mt lnh .

Khi g lnh, bn ch cn g cc k t router phn bit v i mi cu k nh khcr i nhn phmTab th router s t ng ho

c cu lnh m bn mu

Ngoi ra, hu ht cc routeru c them chc nng cho bn nh du khi vcopy. Nh bn c th cophin ti.

Lnh Gii thch lnhCtrl-P or up arrow key Gi li lnh ngay tr c Ctrl-N or down arrow key Gi li lnh ngay sauRouter>show history Xem cc lnh s dng cn lu trong b

mRouter>Terminal history sizenumber-of-lines

Cit dung l ng b m lu cc lnh s dng

Router>terminal no editing Tt chc nng son tho lnh nng caoRouter>terminal editing M chc nng son tho lnh nng cao Hon tt cu lnh


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Gi tr ci t ca thanh ghi cu hnh.

Chng ta th ng s dng lnh show version xcnh phin bn ca phn mmIOS v xem gi tr thanh ghi cit cho qua trnh kh i ng ca router.

TNG K T

Sau khi k t thc ch ng ny, chng ta nm c cc nh sau: Mc ch ca IOS.

Hot ng c bn ca IOS. Xcnh ccc tnh khc nhau ca cc phin bn IOS khc nhau.


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Cc ph ng php thit l p phin k t ni CLI vo router. S khc nhau gia 2 ch EXEC ng i dng v EXECc quyn

Thit l p phin k t ni vo router bng HyperTerminal. Truy c p vo router.

S dng ch tr gip ca router trong giao din dng lnh.

S dng c ch h tr son tho cu lnh.

Gi li cc cu lnh s dng.

X l li cu lnh. S dng lnh show version.


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CH NG 3

CU HNH ROUTER

GI I THIU

r thc hin nhiu chc nng mng phc t p l mt

nh nhiu lm quen v nm vng cu hnh ca router th cng vic cuhn n h n r t nhiu. Trong ch ng ny s gi ithi router v mt s lnh cu hnh n gin.

K tr ng c cung c p mt s cng c cho ng iqu t s thng tin cn thit vo t p tin cu hnh. Cng ging

Thc hin mt s thayi trn router.

Cu hnh router cho routecng vic y th thch. Tuy nhin b c bt u cu hnh router th khng khlm. Nu ngay t b c ny bn c gng thc h

c cc b c di chuyn gia cc chh phc t p v sau s tr nn n giu v cc ch cu hnh c bn ca

nng c v hiu mt cch r rng cc t p tin cu hnh l mt k nng r t quanca ng i qun tr mng. Cisco IOS

n tr mng thm mnh nhng ng i l p trnh phi c ti liu ca tng b c l p trnh th ng i quntr mng cng cn c cung c p thng tin cng nhiu cng tt khi m h thngmng do ng i khc qun tr .

Khi hon tt ch ng ny cc bn c th: t tn cho router. Cit mt m cho router. Kho st cc lnh show. Cu hnh cng Ethernet trn router.

Lu cc thayi li. Cu hnh cu ch thch cho cc cng giao ti p trn router. Cu hnh thngi p hng ngy cho router. Cu hnh bng host cho router. Hiu c tm quan tr ng ca vic ghi nhn li v lu d phng cu hnh ca

router.


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3.1. Cu hnh router3.1.1. Ch giao tip dng lnh CLI

Hnh 3.1.1

Tt c cc cu lnh lm thayi cu hnh routeru xut pht t ch cu hnh tonc theo bn mun thayi thayi phn cu hnhc bit no ca routerth bn chuyn vo ch chuyn bit t ngng. Cc ch cu hnh chuyn bit

con ca ch cu hnh ton cc.

ch cu hnh ton cc l nhng cu lnh c tc

c. Tu

nyu l ch

Cc cu lnh c s dng trongng ln ton b h thng. Bn s dng cu lnh sau di chuyn vo ch cuhnh ton cc:


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Ch : S thay i ca d u nh c cho bi t bn ang ch c u hnh ton c c

Router #configure terminal

Router(config)#

Ch ch ny bn c th chu

ti p.

Khi bn chuyn vo ch cu hnh chuyn bit no th du nhc s thay it ng ng. Cc cu lnh trong ch c tc ng i v i cc cng hay cc tintrnh no lin quann ch cu hnh thi.

Bn dng lnh exit tr v ch cu hnh ton cc hoc bn dng phm Ctrl-Z quay v thng ch EXECc quyn.

3.1.2. t tn cho router

Cng vic u tin khi cu hnh router lt tn cho router. Trong ch cu hnhton cc, bn dng lnh sau:

Router(config)#hostname Tokyo

Tokyo (config)#

Ngay sau khi bn nhn phm Enter thc thi cu lnh bn s thy du nhc i t n mc nh (Router) sang tn m bn va m i t (Tokyo).

t m cho routerc truy c p vo router. Thng th ng ta lun

t m n c s dng kim sot s truy c p vo ch EXECc quyn trn router. Khi, ch

cu hnh ton cc l ch cu hnh chnh. Tyn vo cc ch chuyn bit nh:

Ch cu hnh cng giao Ch cu hnh ng truy c p. Ch cu hnh router. Ch cu hnh cng con. Ch cu hnh b iu khin.

t

3.1.3. t mMt m c s dng hn ch vi

t m cho ng vty v console trn router. Ngoi ra mt m c


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nhng ng i no c php m i c th thc hin vic thay i t p tin cu hnhtrn router.

Sau y l cc lnh m bn cn s dng thc hin vic t mt m cho ng

rd

ho mt ng d

Mt m enable v enable secret c s ng hn ch vic truy c p vo ch EXECc quyn. Mt menabl dng khi chng ta cit mt menable secretv mt m ny c m ho cn mt m enable th khng. Sauy

r rng khi s dng lnh show running-confighoc show startup-config. trnhiu ny bnu hnh ca

console:Router(config)#line console 0

Router(config-line)#passwo

Router(config-line)#login

Chng ta cng cn t mt m cho mt hoc nhiu ng vty kim sot cc usertruy nh p t xa vo router v Telnet. Thng th ng Cisco router c 5 ng vtyv i th t t 0 n 4. Chng ta th ng s dng mt mt m cho tt c cc ngvty, nhng i khi chng ta nnt thm mt m ring c phng khi c 4 ng kiau ang c s dng. Sauy l cc lnh cn s dng t mt m cho ng vty:

Router(config)#line vty0 4

Router(config-line)#password

Router(config-line)#login

de ch c s

l cc lnh dng t mt menable secret:

Router(config)#enable password

Router(config)#enable secret

i khi bn s thy l r t khng an ton khi mt m c hin thnn dng lnh sau m ho tt c cc mt m hin th trn t p tin crouter:

Router(config)#service password-encryption


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Lnh service password-encryptions p dng mt c ch m ho n gin ln ttcc mt m cha c mc ho. Ring mt m enable secret th s dng mt

thut ton m ho r t mnh l MD5.

Hnh 3.1.3

3.1.4. Kim tra bng cc lnh show

ow c dng kim tra ni dung cc t p tin trn

g

Chng ta c r t nhiu lnh shrouter v tm ra s c. Trong c hai ch EXECc quyn v EXEC ng idng, khi bn g show? Th bn s xem c danh sch cc lnh show. ngnhin l s lnh showdng c trong ch EXECc quyn s nhiu h n tronch EXEC ng i dng.


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Hnh 3.1.4

Show interface - hin th tr ng thi ca tt c cc cng giao ti p trn router. xem tr ng thi ca mt cng no th bn thm tn v s th t cacng sau lnh show interface. V d nh:Router#show interface serial 0/1


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Show controllers serial - hin th cc thng tin chuyn bit v phn cng ca

t trn router. h t ngng.

ang k t ni vo router. Show history - hin th danh sch cc cu lnh va m i c s dng.

n b nh flash v t p tin IOS cha trong. Show version - hin th thng tin v router v IOSang chy trn RAM.

ng console hoc vty. Sauy l cc

ask.c clock nu u cp cm vo cng serial l DCE. Nu u cp l

RoRouter(config)#ip address

C th i gian thc hin thng tinlin lc. Trong hu ht cc tr ng h p, thit b DCE, v d nh CSU, s l thit b

cc cng serial. Show clock - hin th ng h c ci

Show hosts - hin th danh sch tn va c Show users - hin th tt c cc user

Show flash hin th thng ti

Show ARP - hin th bng ARP trn router. Show protocol - hin th tr ng thi ton cc v tr ng thi ca cc cng giao

ti p c cu hnh giao thc l p 3. Show startup-configuration - hin th t p tin cu hnhng chy trn RAM.

3.1.5. Cu hnh cng serial

Chng ta c th cuhnh cng serial bng b c cn thc hin khi cu hnh cng serial:

1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc.2. Vo ch cu hnh cng serial.3. Khai boa ch v subnet m4. t t

DTE th chng ta c th b qua ny.5. Kh i ng serial.

Mi mt cng serialu phi c mt a ch IP v subnet mask chng c th nh tuyn cc gi IP. cu hnha ch IP chng ta dng lnh sau:

uter(config)#interface serial 0/0

ng serial cn phi c tn hiu clock iu khin

cung c p tn hiu clock. Mc nh th Cisco router lad thit b DTE nhng chng tac th cu hnh chng thnh thit b DCE.


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Trong mi tr ng lm lab th cc ng lin k t serial c k t ni tr c ti p v i

00, 38400,

000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000,c tu

o ti p trn routeru ng. Nu bn mun m hay kh in. Nu bn mun ng cng

li bo tr hoc x l s c th bn dng lnh shutdown.

Trong mi tr ng lm lab, tc clock th ng c s dng l 56000. Sauy l

cc lnh c s dng cit tc clock v kh i ng cng serial:Router(config)#interface serial0/0

Router(config-if)#clock rate56000

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

3.1.6. Th c hin vic thm b t, dch chuyn v thayi tp tin cu hnh

Nu bn cn chnh sa t p tin cu hnh th bn phi di chuyn vong ch cuhnh v thc hin cn thit. V d:nu bn cn m mt cng no trn router thtr c ht bn phi vo ch cu hnh ton cc, sau vo ch c ca cng r i dng lnh no shutdown.

c nhng c nhng chi tit khngng th bn c th chnh sa li bng

nhau. Do phi c mt u l DCE c p tn hiu clock. Bn dng lnhclockrate ci t tc clock. Sauy l cc tc clock m bn c th tcho router ( n v ca tc clock l bit/s): 1200, 2400, 9600, 19256000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 5002000000, 4000000. Tuy nhin s c mt s tc bn khng s dng theo kh nng vt l ca tng cng serial.

Mc nh th cc cng giang cc cng ny th bn phi dng lnh no shutdow

u

kim tra nhng g m bn va m i thay i, bn dng lnh show running-config. Lnh ny s hin th ni dung ca t p tin cu hnh hin ti. Nu k t qu hin thcch thc hin mt hoc nhiu cch sau:

Dng dng no ca cc lnh cu hnh. Kh i ng li router v i t p tin cu hnh nguyn thu trong NVRAM.

Chp t p tin cu hnh d phng t TFTP server.Xo t p tin cu hnh kh i ng bng lnh erase startup-config,sau kh ing li router v vo ch cit.


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l NVRA

Rou

u t p tin, cu hnh hin ti thnh t p tin cu hnh kh i ng lu trongM, bn dng lnh nh sau:

ter#copy running-config startup-config

Hnh 3.1.6.

3.1.7. Cu hnh cng Ethernet

T ng t nh cng serial, chng ta c th cu hnh cng Ethernet bng ng

M c mt a ch IP v subnet mask c th thchi ng .

Sau hnh Ethernet:

h cng Ethernet. Khai boa ch v subnet mask.

ernet.

M . Do , bn phi dng lnh noshu ng. Nu bn cn ng cng li bo tr hay x l s n.

console hoc vty.

i cng Ethernet cng cn phin nh tuyn cc gi IP qua c

y l cc b c thc hin cu

Vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Vo ch cu hn

Kh i ng cng Eth

c nh l cc cng trn routeru ngtdown m hay kh i ng c c th bn dng lnh shutdow


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Hnh 3.1.7

3.2. on chnh cu hnh router.2.1. Tm quan tr ng ca vic chun ho t p tin cu hnh

Trong mt t chc vic pht cc quynh dnh cho cc t p tin cu hnh l r t cnthit. T ta c th kim sot c cc t p tin no cn bo tr, lu cc t p tin u v nh th no.

Cc quynh ny c th l nhng quynh c ng dng r ng ri hoc cng cth ch c gi tr trong mt phm vi no. Nu khng c mt quynh chung chot chc ca mnh th h thng mng ca bn s tr nn ln xn v khngm bo c hot ng thng sut.

3.2.2. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao ti pTrn cc cng giao ti p bn nn ghi ch li mt s thng tin quan tr ng, v d nh ch s mch m cng ny k t ni vo, hay thng tin vo router khc, v phnonmng m cng ny k t ni n. Da vo cc cu ch thch ny, ng i qun tr mng c th bit c l cng giao ti p ny k t ni vou.

H3


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Cu ch thch ch n gin l ghi ch c cng giao ti p, ngoi ra nhon ton khn cu ch

nh dng chung v mi cng giao ti p c mt cu ch thch ring.c mng v quy c chung, bn c th quyt nh l ghi ch nhng

thm cho cg c tcng gi v i hot ng ca router. Bn nn vit

thch theo mtTu theo cu tr thng tin no lin quann cng giao ti p gip cho t p tin cu hnh c rrng h n, gip cho vic xcnh s c c nhanh h n.

Hnh 3.2.2

3.2.3. Cu hnh ch thch cho cc cng giao tip

Tr c c. R i t ch cu hnh ton cc bn i y bn g lnh descriptionvcu

Sau c cu hnh cu ch thch cho cng giao ti p:

1. c bng lnh configure terminal. 2. giao ti p (v d l cng Ethernet 0):interface

3. l cu ch thch.4. tr v ch EXECc quyn bng

L g lnh copy running-config startup-

d v cch vit cu ch thch:

c tin bn phi vo h cu hnh ton c chuyn vo ch cu hnh cng giao ti p. T ch thch m bn mun.

y l cc b

Vo ch cu hnh ton cVo ch cu hnh cngEthernet 0. Nh

p l

nh descriptionv theo sau

Thot khi ch cu hnh giao ti p cch nhn phmCtrl-Z.

5. u li cu hnh va r i vo NVRAM bnconfig.

Sauy l 2 v


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Interface Ethernet 0Description LA

Interface serial

Description AB

N Engineering, Bldg.2

0

C network 1, circuit 1

Hnh 3.2.3 3.2.4. Thngi p ng nh p

Thngi p ng nh p c hin th khi bn ng nh p vo h thng. Loi thngi p ny r t hu dng khi bn cn cnh bo tr c khin gi tt h thng mng.

Tt c mi ng i u c th nhn thy thngi p ng nh p. Cho nn bn nndng cc thngi p mng tnh cnh bo, thu ht s ch . Cn nhng thngi p chon mi ng i ng nh p vo router l khng thch h p lm.

V d mt thngi p nh sau: This is a secure system, authorized access only!(y l h thng c bo mt, ch dnh cho nhng ng i c thm quyn!) cs dng cnh bo nhng v khch ving thm bt h p php.

LAB_A# confEnter configuration commands, one per line. End withCNTL_ZLAB_A (config)# interface Ethernet 0LAB_A (config-if)# description LAN Engineerinng, Bldg. 2

ig terminal


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Hnh 3.2.4

3.2.5. Cu hnh thngip ng nhp (MOTD)

Hnh 3.2.5

Th t ni vorouter.

u thng bo, k t thc bng cch nh p k t phn cch mt lnna.

Sauy l cc b c thc hin cu hnh thngi p MOTD:

1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc bng lnh configure terminal 2. Nh p lnh nh sau: banner motd # The message of the day goes here #.3. Lu cu hnh va r i bng lnh copy running-config startup-config.

3.2.6. Phn gii tn my

ng i p MOTD c th hin th trn tt v cc thit b u cui k

cu hnh thngi p MOTD bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Ti y bndng lnh banner motd, cch mt khong tr ng, nh p k t phn cch v d nh k t #, r i vit c


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Phn gii tn my l qu trnh my tnh phn gii t tn my thnha ch IP t ngng.

c th lin h v i cc thit b IP khc bng tn th cc thit b mng nh router

cng cn phi c kh nng phn gii tn my thnha ch IP. Danh sch gia tnmy vi ch IP t ngng c gi l bng host.

Bng host c th bao gm tt c cc thit b mng trong t chc ca mnh. Mi mta ch IP c mt tn my t ng ng. Phn mm Cisco IOS c mt vngm lu tn my va ch t ng ng. Vng b m ny gip cho qu trnh phn giitn thnha ch c nhanh h n.

Tuy nhin tn my y khng ging nh tn DNS, n ch c ngh a i v irouter m n c cu hnh m thi. Ng i qun tr mng c th c u hnh bnghost trn router v i bt k tn no v i IP no v cc thng tin ny ch c ngh ai v i router m thi.

he following is an exemple of the configuration of a host table on a router:

T

Router(config)#ip host Auckland 172.16.32.1Router(config)#ip host Beirut 192.168.53.1Router(config)#ip host Capetown 192.168.89.1Router(config)#ip host Denver 10.202.8.1

Hnh 3.2.63.2.7. Cu hnh bng host

tn cho cca y dng lnh ip host, theo sau l tn ca thit b v tt vy

x v i t tc th dng lnh ping hay telnet t i thit b bng tn a ch IP

c hin cu bng host:1. Vo ch cu hnh ton cc ca router.2. Nh p lnh ip host theo sau l tn ca router v tt c a ch IP ca cc

n router.3. Ti p tc nh p tn va ch IP t ngng ca cc rou

khai bo ch IP, u tin bn vo ch cu hnh ton cc. Tic cc IP ca n. Nh

tn my ny s nh nga ch IP ca cc cng rn thit b . Khi bnca thit b hay

t ngng u c.

Sauay l cc b c th

c ccng tr

ter khc trong mng


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4. L u cu hnh vo NVRAM.

hot ng ca h thng.m cc cng vic sau:

Hnh 3.2.7

3.2.8. Lp h s v l u d phng tp tin cu hnhT p tin cu hnh ca cc thit b mng s quyt nh sCng vic qun l t p tin cu hnh ca cc thit b bao g

L p danh sch v so snh v i t p tin cu hnh trn cc thit b ang hotng.

Lu d phng cc t p tin cu hnh lnh server mng. Thc hin cit v nng c p cc phn mm.

Chng ta cn lu d phng cc t p tin cu hnh s dng trong tr ng h p c s c. T p tin cu hnh c th c lu trn server mng, v d nh TFTP server, hocl lu trn a v ct n i an ton. Ngoi ra chng ta cng nn l p h s i kmv i cc t p tin ny.

3.2.9. Ct, dn v chnh s a tp tin cu hnh

Chng ta c th dng lnh copy running-config tftp sao chp t p tin cu hnhang chy trn router vo TFTP server. Sauy l cc b c thc hin:

B c 1: nh p lnh copy running-config tftp.

B c 2: nh p a ch IP ca my m chng ta s lu t p tin cu hnh ln.

B c 3: nh p tn t p tin.


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ngay sang tn Tokyo.iu ny chng t l router c cu hnh li ngay saukhi t p tin cu hnh va c ti xung.

T p tin cu hnh trn router cng c th c lu vo a bng cch sao chp d i

dng vn bn r i lu vo a mm hoc a cng. Khi no cn chp tr li rouer th bn dng chc nng son tho c bn ca ch ng trnh m phng thit b u cui ct dn cc dng lnh vo router.

H

y l phn tng k hnh m bn cn nm khi cu hnh router.

sa

EC ng Ch EXEC

t

ng giao d thc hin mt s thay i chonh

ho route

nh 3.2.9b TNG K T CH NG

Sau t cc c

Router c cc ch u:

Ch EX i dng.c quyn.

Ch cu hnhu hon cc. Cc ch c nh khc.

Bn c th d in dng lnh ca routercu hnh ca router :

t tn c r.


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t mt m cho r hnh cc cn

Chnh sa t p tin Hin th t p tin cu hnh.

tr ng gip cho ng i qun tr mng nm c cu trc h thng mng v x

i dng khi h

outer. Cu g giao ti p trn router.

cu hnh.

Ngoi ra, bn cn nh mt s im quan tr ng sau: Xy dng mt cu hnh chun l yu t quan tr ng thnh cng trong vic

bo tr bt k h thng mng ca mt t chc no. Cu ch thch cho cc cng giao ti p c th mang mt s thng tin quan

l s c nhanh h n. Thngi p ng nh p s cung c p cc thng bo cho ng

ng nh p vo router. Phn gii tn my thnha ch IP cho php router c th chuyn i nhanh

t my raa ch. Cng vic l p h s v lu d phng t p tin cu hnh l ht sc quan tr ng

bo m cho h thng mng lun hot ng thng sut.


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CH NG 4CP NHT THNG TIN T CC THIT B KHC

GI I THIU

i khi ng i qun tr mng s phi x l nhng h thng mng m khng c h s y v chnh xc. Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy th giao thc CDP-CiscoDiscovery Protocol s l mt cng c r t hu ch gip bn xy dng c cu trcc bn v h thng mng. CDP l mt giao thc hot ng khng ph thuc vomi tr ng truyn ca mng, giao thc ny lc quyn ca Cisco c s dng pht hin cc thit b xung quanh. CDP s hin th thng tin v cc thit b k tni tr c ti p m bn ang x l. Tuy nhiny khng phi l mt cng c thc s mng.

Trong nhiu tr ng h p, sau khi router c cu hnh vi vo hot ng th nh qun tr mng s kh c th k vo router cu hnh hay lm g

u

mng ca cc thit b ln cn bng cch s dng CDP.

Thit l p k t ni Telnet. Kim tra k t ni Telnet.

4.1 cn

t ni tr c ti pkhc. Khi, Telnet, l mt ng dng ca TCP/IP, s gip ng i qun tr mngthit l p k t ni t xa vo ch giao ti p dng lnh (CLI) ca router xem, chnh v x l s c. y l mt cng c ch yu ca cc chuyn gia mng.

Sau khi hon tt ch ng ny, cc bn s nm c cc kin thc sau: Bt v tt CDP. Cch s dng lnh show cdp neighbors. Cch xcnh cc thit b ln cn k t ni vo cng giao ti p. Ghi nhn thng tin v a ch

K t thc phin Telnet. Tm ngng mt phin Telnet. Thc hin cc kim tra k t ni khc. X l s c v i cc k t ni t xa.

. K t ni v khm ph cc thit b ln4.1.1. Gi i thiu v CDP


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TCP/IP Novell IPX AppleTalk Others

CDP discovers and shows information about

directtl connected Cisco devices

LANS Frame Relay ATM Others

Hnh 4.1.1

CDP l giao thc l p 2 k t ni v i l p vt l d i v l p mng trn nh hnhv. CDP c s dng thu th p thng tin t cc thit b ln cn, v d nh thit

mng v c th p mng con SNAP

Phit i

bn 10 hin bn 1).v cho php thit b d tm

cc u vcho nhau cho d 2 thit b ny c th chygiao thc l p mng khc nhau.

Mi thit b c cu hnh CDP s gi mt thngi p qung co theonh k chocc router khc. Mi thngi p nh vy phi c t nht mt a ch m thit b

c th nhn c thngi p ca giao thc qun l mng c bn SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) thng quaa ch . Ngoi ra, mi thngi pqung co cn c th i hn sng hoc l th i hn lu gi thng tin.y lkhong th i gian cho cc thit b lu gi thng tin nhn c tr c khi xo b thng tin i. Bn cnh vic pht thngi p, mi thit b cng lng nghe theo

b l loi thit b no, trn thit b cng no l cng k t ni v k t ni vocng no trn thit b ca chng ta, phin bn phn cng ca thit b lgCDP l giao thc hot ng c l p v i mi tr ng truynchy trn tt c cc thit b ca Cisco trn nn giao thc truy c(Subnet Access Protocol).

) l phin bn m i nht ca giao thc ny. Cisco IOS ph n bn 12.0(3)T tr i c h tr CDPv2. Mc nh th Cisco IOS (t phin

.3 n 12.0(3) chy CDP p

n bn 2 ca CDP (CDPv2

Khi thit b Cisco c bt ln, CDP t ng hot ngthit b ln cn khc cng chy CDP. CDP hot ng l p lin k t d li php 2 thit b thu th p thng tin ln


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nh k nhn thngi p t cc thit b ln cn khac thu th p thng tin v chng.

4.1.2. Thng tin thu nhn c t CDP

CDP c s dng ch yu pht hin tt c cc thit b Cisco khc k t ni tr cti p vo thit b ca chng ta. Bn s dng lnhshow cdp neighbors hin th thng tin v cc mng k t ni tr c ti p vo router. CDP cung c p thng tin v tngthit b CDP lng ging bng cch truyn thng bo CDP mang theo cac gi tr type length (TLVs).

TLVs c hin th b i lnh show cdp neighborss bao gm cc thng tin v:

Device ID: Ch s danhnh (ID) ca thit b lng ging.al rface: Cng trn thit b ca chng ta k t ni n thit b l ng

ging, Hold time: th i hn lu gi th ht.

n qun l ca VTP (ch c

rn router (ch c CDPv2).

ng k t ni tr c ti p vp router m

ti p v i router.

Loc inte

ng tin c p n Capability: loi thit b. Platform: phin bn phn cng ca thit b. Port ID: ch s danhnh (ID) ca cng trn thit b lng ging k t ni vo

thit b ca chng ta. VTP management domain name: tn mi

CDPv2). Native VLAN: VLAN mc nh t Half/Full duplex: ch hot ng song cng hay bn song cng.

Trong hnh 4.1.2, router v tr th p nht khng i qun tr mng ang thc hin k t ni console. Do xem c cc thngtin CDP ca router ny, ng i qun tr mng phi Telnet vo router k t ni tr c


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Hnh 4.1.2

4.1.3. Chy CDP, kim tra v ghi nhn cc thng tin CDP

LnhCh cu hnh ca

router th c hin culnhCh c nng ca cu lnh

Cdp run Ch cu hnh ton cc Kh i ng cdp trnrouter.

Cdp enable Ch cnggiao ti p.

Kh i ng CDP trn cnggiao ti p t ngng

cu hnh

Clear cdp counters Ch EXEC ng i dng Xo ng h m lul ng tr v 0

Show cdp entry(&/device-name[*][protocol/version])

Ch EXECc quyn Hin th thng tin v mtthit b lng ging m tacn. Thng tin hin thth c gi i hn thoe

c

giao thc hay theo phin bn.

Show cdp Ch EXECc quyn Hin th khong th i giangia cc ln pht thng


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i p qung co CDP, s phin bn v th i gian cnhiu lc ca cc thngi p ny trn tng cngca router.

Show cdp interface [typenumber]

Ch EXECc quyn Hin th thng tin v nhng cng c chy CDP

Show cdp neighbors [typenumber] [detial]

Ch EXECc quyn Hin th cc thng tin v nhng thit b m CDP pht hin c: loi thit b, tn thit b, thit b k t ni vo cng no trnthit b ca chng ta. Nu bn c s dng t kho

cng, tn min VTP.

detail th ban s c thmthng tin v VLAN ID,ch hot ng song


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Hnh 4.1.3a

Hnh 4.1.3b

Hnh 4.1.3c


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CDP l mt giao thc c thit k v hot ng kh nh, n gin. Cc gi CDPc kch th c nh nhng li mang nhiu thng tin hu ch v cc thit b lnggi

B ng s mng ca cc thit b. Bncti p c

4.1.5. Tt CDP

t ton b CDP trn router, bn dng lnh no cdp run ch cu hnh toncc. Khi bn tt ton b CDP th khng c cng no trn router cn chy c.

i v i Cisco IOS phin bn 10.3 tr i, CDP chy mc nh trn tt c cc cngc th gi v nhn thng tin CDP. Tuy nhin cng c mt s cng nh cngAsynchronous chng hn th mc nh l CDP tt trn cc cng ny. Nu CDPang b tt trn mt cng no th bn c th kh i ng li CDP bng lnh cdpenable trong ch cu hnh cng giao ti p t ng ng. Cn nu bn mun ttCD trn mt cng no th bn dng lnh no cdp enabletrong ch cu hnhcng .

ng Cisco.

n c th s dng cc thng tin ny xy dth Telnet vo cc thit b lng ging r i dng lnh show cdp neighbors tmc thit b khc k t ni vo thit b ny.

t

P

Hnh 4.1.5

4.1. X6. l s c ca CDP


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Lnh M t Clear c g gingdp table Xo bng thng tin ca CDP v cc thit b lnClear cdp counters Xo b m lu l ng tr v 0.Show cdp traffic Hin th b m ca CDP, bao gm s l ng gi CDP gi

v nhn, s l ng li checksumShow d c loi debugang chy trn routerebugging Hin th thng tin v cDebug cdp adjacency Kim tra thng tin CDP v cc thit b lng gingDebug cdp events Kim tra cc hot ng ca CDPDeb g cdp ip Kim tra thng tin CDP IPuDebug dp packets Kim tra thng tin v cc gi CDPcCdp timer Cit th i giannh k gi gi CDP c p nhtCdp holdtime Cit th i gian lu gi thng tin cho cc gi CDP c p

nht c phtiShow dp Hin th thng tin ton cc ca CDP, bao gm th i gian

inh c p nht v th i gian lu gi thng tinc

4.2. Th thp thng tin v cc thit b xa4.2.1. elnet

Telnet l giao thc gi l p u cui o nm trong b giao thc TCP/IP. N cho php thit l p k t ni t xa vo thit b. Lnh Telnet c s dng kim tra hotng p n mm l p ng dng gia 2 my.

Telnet hot ng l p ng dng ca m hnh OSI. Telnet hot ng da trn c ch CP m bo vic truyn d liu gia client v cc server.

t router c th cho php thc hin ng th i nhiu phin k t ni Telnet. ngvty 0-4 trn router l ng dnh cho Telnet. 5 ng Telnet ny c th thc hinng lc. Chng ta cn lu r ng vic s dng Telnet kim tra k t ni l p ngng ch l vic ph. Telnet c s dng ch yu thit l p k t ni t xa vo

thit b. Telnet l mt ch ng trnhng dng n gin v thng dng nht.

uT

h

T

M

cd


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Hnh 4.21.

4.2.2. Thit lp v kim tra k t ni Telnet

Ln Tthit bk t nmun

thi ng cc lnh sau:DenveDenveDenveDenve

h elnet cho php ng i dng thc hin Telnet t mt thit b Cisco ny sang khc. Chng ta khng cn phi nh p lnh connect hay telnet thit l pi Telnet m chng ta c th nh p tn hoc a ch IP ca router m chng taTelnet vo. Khi k t thc phin Telnet, bn dng lnh exit hoc logout.

t l p k t ni Telnet, bn dng mt tror>connect paris r>paris r>131.108.100.152 r>telnet paris


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Hnh 4.2.2b Nu bn c th Telnet vo mt router ny m khng Telneth c th s c l do sai tn,a ch hoc do c p quyn truy c

vo c router khc p. Sai st c th nm

m router m bn Telnet t i. Trong tr ng h py, b c ti p theo bn nn c gng ping th. Lnh ping cho php chng ta kim

tra k t ni l p Mng t u n cui.

ngng mt phin Telnet. Tuy

mt router khc.iuny router. Do bn cn ch cn th ng phin Telnet trn router.

M gng trong mt khong th i gian gi i hn. qua t n phm Enter. Bn

t router m bn ang x l hoc nn

Khi bn Telnet xong, bn c th ngt k t ni. Mc nh th sau 10 pht mkhng c bt k hot ng no k t ni Telnet s t ng ngt. Hoc l bn c th ngt k t ni Telnet bng lnh exit.

4.2.3. Ngt, tm ng ng phin Telnet

Telnet c mt c tnh quan tr ng l bn c th tmnhin c mt r c r i l khi bn s dng phmenter sau khi tm ngng phin Telnetth phn mm Cisco IOS s t ng quay tr li k t ni Telnet va m i tm ngngtr c . M phmenter l phm r t hay c s dng. Do khi bn tm ngngmt phin Telnet th r t c th sau bn s k t ni li vo

r t nguy him khi bn thc hin thayi cu hnhn cu hnh ca router tr c khi tm ng

i mt phin Telnet ch c tm ny r li k t ni Telnet m bn tm ngng bn ch cn nh

dng lnh show session xem cc k t ni Telnetang c m .


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Sauy l trnh t cc b c bn ngt k t ni Telnet: Nh p lnh disconnect. Ti p theo sau lnh ny l tn hoc a ch IP ca router. V d:

Denver>disconnect paris g phin Telnet:

ng lc, bung ra r i nhn ti p ch x.

Sauy l cc b c thc hin tm ngn Nhn t h p phmCtrl-Shift-6c Nh p tn hoc a ch IP ca router.

Hnh 4.2.3

m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc. Chng ta c th chuyn i qua

4.2.4. M r ng thm v hot ng Telnet

Trn router c thli gia cc phin Telnet ny. Bn c th n nh s l ng phin Telnet c phpm ng th i trn router bng lnh session limit.

chuyn i qua li gia cc phin Telnet, bn tm ngng phin Telnet hin tiv quay tr li phin m i m tr c .

Nhn t h p phmCtrl-Shift-6 cng lc, bung ra r i nhn ti p ch x: tm thotkhi k t ni hin ti, quay li du nhc EXEC.


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Ti du nhc EXEC, bn c th thit l p phin k t ni m i. Router 2500 ch cho php m 5 phin Telnet cng lc.

Bn c th m nhiu phin Telnet cng lc v tm ngng bng t h p phmCtrl-

Shift-6, x. Nu bn dng phm Enter th Cisco IOS s t ng quay li k t ni vam i tm ngng tr c . Cn nu bn dng lnh resume th bn phi nh p thmch s ID bng lnh show session.

Hnh 4.2.44.2.5. Cc lnh kim tra k t ni khc

h tr vic kim tra ni mng c bn, nhiu giao thc mng c h tr giaodng kim tra vic nh tuyn

u. n gi i mt gi d liu t i my ch v ch i tr l i

tin cy cach cn

tra k t ni ng hy EXECuyn u

thc phn hi (echo). Giao thc phn hi c s cc gi d li Lnh ping thc hinhn g v t mych. K t qu ca giao thc phn hi gip bn xcnh

ng truyn t i my ch, th i gian tr trn ng truyn, myc hay khng, c hot ng hay khng. Lnh ping l lnh c bn

ch EXEC ng i dkim . Bn c th dng lnh nyc q c.


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Hnh 4.2.5a

Hnh 4.2.5a l v d cho bit phn hi h gi gi i ca lnh ping p hn c

m

et Control Message Protocol giao t).

u trning th ch

ra k t ni t u cui n u cui, cn lnh traceroute th kim tra tng ng truyn. Bn c th thc hin lnh traceroute ch

EXEC ng i dng hay EXECc q c.

ay v tn ca router. Trongtraceroute vn s ti p tc c gng gi n tr m k ti p p phm Ctrl-shift-6.

nh cng cho 5172.16.1.5. Du chm than (!) cho bit l

chhn hi thnh cng. Nu bn n

ngh a l routermt hay nhiu du chm thay v du than (!) thiu cht th i gian ch gi phn hi t my (Intern

ch. Lnh ping s dng giao thc ICMPthc thngi p iu khin interne

Lnh traceroute l mt cng c l t ng bn tm ng i ca gi d limng. Lnh traceroute cng t ng t nhkim t

lnh ping, ch khc l lnh p

chng mt dc theouyn u

Trong v d hnh 4.2.5b, bn thc hin lnh traceroute t router Yorkn routerRome. ng truyn ny phi i qua router London v Paris. Nu c router nokhngn c th k t qu phn hi l du sao (*) thtr ng h p nh vy, lnhchon khi bn nhn t h


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Hnh 4.2.5b

im tra c bn cng t p trung ch yu vo l p Mng. Bn dng lnh showte kim tra bng nh tuyn ca router cho h thng mng. Lnh ny s c p chi tit h

Vic k ip rou

Sau ping:

hn phm Enter.

a ch IP

c v a ch l s c xy ra ph bin nht trong mng IP. Sauy l 3 lnhth ng c s dng x l cc s c lin quann a ch:

Ping: s dng giao thc ICMP kim tra k t ni vt l va ch IP cal p Mng.y l lnh kim tra c bn.

c n trong chong sau.

y l cc b c thc hin

Nh p lnh ping, theo sau la ch IP hoc tn ca mych. Nhn phm Enter.

Sauy l cc b c thc hin lnh traceroute:

Nh p lnh traceroute, theo sau la ch IP hoc tn ca mych. N

4.2.6. X l s c v

S


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Telnet: kim tra k t ni phn mm l p ng dng gia ngun v mych.lnh kim tra k t ni hon chnh.

cho php xcnh v tr li trn ng truyn t my ngunr Time to Live to thngi p t

bng cch

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