CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V PHN MM MAPINFO1.1. KHI NIM V CHC NNG CA PHN MM MAPINFOMapInfo l h phn mm GIS chuyn v qun l d liu v in n bn . u im ni bt ca phn mm ny l kh nng hi p c s d liu a l m s dng c cc ti nguyn ca mi trng Windows. Cho n nay c nhiu chuyn gia s dng MapInfo u nh gi rng t c h phn mm no li d s dng v in n bn p nh MapInfo. Chnh v vy rt nhiu c quan v rt nhiu d n s dng MapInfo nh mt giai on cui trong quan hcng nghGIS ca mnh.Cc chc nng thng dng ca MapInfo+ Trao i d liu vi cc phn mm khc (Import v Export).+ M t cc i tng bng cc d liu khng gian v thuc tnh.+ Kh nng hi p v to lp Selection sa li d liu c, to c s d liu mi mt cch d dng.+ C kh nng hin th s liu theo 3 cch: Map Windows, Browser v Graph Windows.+ MapInfo cung cp mt tp hp cc phm lnh (button) rt thun tin cho vic sa cha (Editing) v v (Drawing).+ To lp cc bn chuyn + Trnh by v in n cc bn dng Vector vi y h thng k hiu.+ Ngoi ra MapInfo Corporation a ra ngn ng lp trnh MapBasic to kh nng xy dng cc ng dng (Application) ring trong MapInfo.C s d liu ca MapInfo:+ M hnh d liu thuc tnh (Attribute Data Model): L m hnh quan h, lu di dng bng theo hng v ct. Trong cc hi p d liu c th biu din bng cc php ton quan h, dng ngn ng tm kim vi cu trc SQL)+ M hnh d liu khng gian (Spatial Data Model): L m hnh vector trnh by cc d liu khng gian ca i tng v c lu di dng bn .1.2. THIT LP CC THAM S C S CHO BN TRONG MAPINFO1.2.1. Php chiu v hto bn trong MapInfo- Php chiu bn l phng php m t b mt tri t hnh cu v mt phng tin cho vic thnh lp bn , nhm nghin cu b mt tri t mt cch chi tit.- Vi cc quy lut ton hc khc nhau ta c nhng php chiu khc nhau. y l vn rt quan trng khi thnh lp bn bi v ta c th chn c php chiu tt nht, thch hp nht i vi nhng vng lnh th khc nhau v kch thc cng nh v v tr a l.- Li chiu bn c gn lin vi hnh dng v kch thc c th ca trit. Nhng li chiu thng c s dng hin nay nh:+ UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) c thnh lp da trn Elipxoid Everest.+ GAUSS c thnh lp da trnElipxoid Krassovsky.- Cc tham s xc nh li chiu trong MapInfo thng c xc nh theo cc tham s sau: Tn ca hto; Tn li chiu bn ; Tn ca Elipxoid; n vto; Kinh tuyn trung ng; V tuyn gc; H s t l; Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc X; Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc Y.V d trong Hto GAUSS, mi 48 c th hin nh sau:Hto GAUSSTn hto

8S hiu php chiu GAUSS

1001S hip qu cu Krassovsky (Datum)

7n vto l M

105Gi tr kinh tuyn trung ng

0Gi tr v tuyn gc

1H s t l ng kinh tuyn trung ng (m)

500.000Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc Y

0Khong cch dch chuyn ca trc X

Ta c th to mi 1 hto vo MapInfo bng 1 trnh son tho vn bn bt k vi khun dng nh trn vo File MapInfo.prj1.2.2. Quan h gia d liu hov d liu thuc tnh trong MapInfoC mt im khc bit khi ta xem xt, nh gi mt h thng GIS v mt h thng hothng thng l :- Trong h hothng thng nhng phn t hotn ti mt cch c lp, ta ch c th nhn thy chng ch khng bit g v nhng thng tin i km hay cn gi l nhng thng tin thuc tnh ca chng.VD: Khi sho1 mnh bn ta ch c th nhn thy nhng thnh phn trong bn c th hin, m t theo nhng tnh cht hnh hc nh trn thc t.- Trong mt h thng GIS tt c nhng phn t hou c thit k c th lu tr, cp nht, tnh ton trn mt s nhng thuc tnh phi hono .VD: Cng nh v d trn ngoi nhng thnh phn bn m ta nhn thy, ta cn c th cp nht nhng thng tin lin quan khc v mt i tng c th no (Ta xt nhng thng tin lin quan n mt tha t) nh :+ Tn ch s hu tha t.+ Din tch tha.+ Ngy ng k...- Tm li khi xem xt n mt h thng GIS ta khng nhng phi quan tm n nhng i tng hothng thng m cn phi rt ch trong vic thit k, x l i vi nhng thng tin thuc tnh i km.1.3. CC D LIU TRONG MAPINFOKhi ngi dng to ra cc table trong Mapinfo, lu ct cc WORKSPACE, nhp hoc xut d liu. MAPINFO s to ra rt nhiu cc file vi cc phn m rng khc nhau. Cc file d liu trong MAPINFO bao gm:- Tn file *.DAT: File d liu dng bng tnh cho mt table format ca MAPINFO.- Tn file *.MAP: Cha thng tin a l m t cc i tng trn bn .- Tn file *.TAB: y l cc file chnh cho cc table ca MAPINFO n c kt hp vi cc file khc nh .DAT, DBF- Tn file *.ID: File index cho cc i tng ho ca MAPINFO (file *.DAT).- Tn file *.DBF: File d liu bng tnh formatdbase.- Tn file *.MID: Format nhp/xut d liu dng bng ca MAPINFO, file *.MID kt hp vi file .MIF.- Tn file .MIF: Format nhp/xut cho cc i tng ho ca MAPINFO, file *.MIF kt hp vi file .MID.Tn file *.TXT: File bng thuc tnh format ASCII.Tn file *.WKS: File thuc tnh format Lotus 1, 2, 3.Tn file *.WOR: File lu Workspace trong Mapinfo.1.4. CC KHI NIM CA H THNG TIN A L GIS TRONG MAPINFOCc i tng trn bn c chia ra thnh cc lp (LAYER). Mt lp cha cc i tng c chung cc thuc tnh cn qun l v cch lu cc thuc tnh ny trong my tnh l di cng mt dng (FORMAT).Cc i tng khng gian c chia thnh 4 loi sau:+ im (POINT).+ ng (LINE).+ Vng (POLYGON).+ Ch (TEXT).Cch th hin 4 loi i tng khng gian trn trong MAPINFO:+ im: Xc nh bng mt v tr trong khng gian (X, Y). im c th hin bng cc k hiu (SYMBOL), mu sc (COLOR), kchc(SIZE).+ Vng: Xc nh bng chui cc cp to ca cc ng bao khp kn trong khng gian (Xi, Yi). Vng c th hin bng cc loi t mu (PATTERN), mu sc (COLOR).+ Ch : Xc nh bng mt cp to trong khng gian (X, Y) v mt dng ch. Ch c th hin bng cc kiu ch (FONT), mu sc (COLOR), kch c (SIZE), gc nghing ch (ENGLE).D liu mi lp chia thnh 2 loi:- D liu phi khng gian (Attribute Data) lu di dng mt bng hng ct (Brown).- D liu khng gian (Spatial Data) lu di dng bn c s ho (Map).1.5. CCH T CHC THNG TIN TRONG MAPINFONh cp trn d liu trong MAPINFO c chia thnh 2 loi d liu khng gian v phi khng gian. Trong MAPINFO mi loi d liu trn c phng thc t chc thng tin khc nhau.1.5.1. TABLE (Bng)Trong MAPINFO d liu khng gian cng c phn ra thnh cc lp thng tin khc nhau (layer), mi lp thng tin khng gian c t trong mt TABLE. Ngi dng c th thc hin cc thao tc ng, m, sa i, lu ct cc TABLE ny. to thnh mt TABLE cn c t nht l 2 file, file th nht .TAB cha ton b cc cu trc ca d liu, file th hai .DAT cha d liu th (gc). Nu trong mt TABLE c cha cc i tng ho s c 2 file na i km, file .MAP m t cc i tng ho v file .ID cha cc tham s chiu lin kt gia d liu vi cc i tng ho. Mt s cc TABLE cn c th thm file .IND file ny cho php ngi s dng tm kim i tng trn bn bng lnh Find.1.5.2. WORKSPACE (Vng lm vic)Khi nim th 2 cn quan tm trong MAPINFO l cc WORKSPACE. Mi TABLE trong MAPINFO ch cha 1 lp thng tin, trong khi trn 1 khng gian lm vic c rt nhiu lp thng tin khc nhau. WORKSPACE chnh l phng tin gp ton b lp thng tin khc nhau li to thnh 1 t bn hon chnh vi y cc yu t ni dung.Hay ni mt cch c th hn Map Info c kh nng lu gi mi trng hin c bao gm, trong mt Chng ta thng s dng workspace lu li mi trng ang lm vic m chng ta mun tip tc v sau nh s ho bn , cc lp d liu v th t nhng ca s c m, kch thc v v tr ca chng trn mn hnh, cng nh kiu ch, kiu ng, kiu biu tng, dng th hin cc i tng hay, cc bng tnh, cc biu ; lu cc bn chuyn c trang tr v sp xp trn trang in (layout). Tp tin c phn m rng l *.Wor, gi l Workspace (mi trng lm vic vo mt thi im).1.5.3. BROWSER (bng hin th d liu thuc tnh)D liu thuc tnh m t cho cc i tng khng gian trong MAPINFO c cha trong mt bng tnh c cc hng v ct (vi hng l cc bng ghi v ct l cc trng d liu).1.5.4. MAP (ca s hin th d liu bn )D liu bn (a l) ca cc i tng khng gian nhm m t v tr, hnh dng trong mt h thng to nht nh. Mt ca s MAP cho php hin th cng mt lc nhiu lp thng tin (Layer) khc nhau hoc bt tt hin th mt lp thng tin no .1.5.5. LAYOUT (trnh by in n)Cho php ngi s dng kt hp cc browser, cc ca s bn , biu v cc i tng ho khc vo mt trang in t c th gi kt qu ra my in hoc my v.1.6. KHI NG V THOT KHI PHN MM MAPINFO1.6.1. Khi ng phn mm MapInfo Sau khi ci t xong MapInfo, h iu hnh s to ra mt biu tng trn thanh chng trnh.Nhn p chut vo Icon ca MapInfo trn mn hnh hoc thc hinnh sau:StartProgramsMapInfoMapInfo Professional 8.5 SCPMn hnh xut hin LOGO ca MapInfo v hp thoiQuick StartHp thoi ny gm cc ni dung:-Restore Previous Session:Phc hi li tnh trng lm vic trc .-Open Last Used Workspace: M trang lm vic s dng ln cui cng. Pha di tu chn ny hin ra tn ca tp tin workspace m ra ln trc.-Open a Workspace: M mt trang lm vic (workspace) c.-Open a Table: M mt bng thng tin c.Ta c th nhnCancel vo menu chnh ca MapInfo.1.6.2. Thot khi phn mm MapInfoKhi mun thot khi MapInfo ta thc hin nh sau:FileExit.Xut hin hp thoiSave Modified Table Data.+ Save: Ghi cc Table mt cch c la chn.+ Save All:Ghi tt c cc Table ang bin tp.Discard:Khng ghi d liu trong cc Table b thay i mt cch c la chn.Discard All:Khng ghi d liu trong tt c cc Table b thay i.Sau h thng s thot ra ngoi.

CHNG 2. THC N V CC CHC NNG C BN CA N2.1. H THNG THC N TRONG MAPINFO2.1.1. Thc n FileThc n (Menu) File trong MapInfo c mt s chc nng nh sau:- New Table:To mt lp thng tin mi. Sau khi ra lnh to mi h thng xut hin ca sNew Table.+Open New Browser:To mt lp d liu di dng bng biu.+ Open New Mapper:To mt lp d liu di dng bn hoc bn v.+ Add to Current Mapper:Thm mt lp d liu vo WorkSpace c sn.- Open:M mt hoc nhiu tp tin c nh dng c MapInfo h tr.- Open DBMS Connection:M mt c s d liu nm ngoi MapInfo. Nhp mt bng d liu c to ra biphn mmkhc (D liu thuc tnh) thng qua c ch ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity) ca Windows.V d: Ta c th cp nht thng tin thuc tnh nh cc bng biu, danh sch thng k c sn trn giy bng cc phn mm nh FoxPro, Oracle... sau s dng trong MapInfo.- Close Table:ng mt lp thng tin ang m.- Close All:ng mi lp thng tin ang m.- Close DBMS Connection:ng mt lin kt DBMS.- Save Table:Ghi thng tin trn mt Table no .- Save Query:Lu mt query (kt qu ca mt php truy vn, tm kim hay mt php chn no ) thnh mt bng ring.- Save workspace:Lu workspace.- Save Window as:Lu ca s ang c kch hot thnh mt tp tin hnh nh.- Revert Table:Hub nhng thay i c thc hin nhng cha ra lnh lu.- Save Copy As:Ghi mt bn thng tin ang m.- Page Set Up:nh dng trang in.- Print:In mt ca s ca MapInfo.- Recent Files:Lit k danh sch cc tp tin c m trc .- Exit:Thot khi MapInfo, tng ng vi t hp phm+.2.1.2. Thc n EditThc n ny cho php thc hin cc lnh lin quan n vic chnh sa cc i tng hay d liu cng nh xem thng tin.- Undo:Hu b lnh va c thc hin.- Cut:Xo bn ghi/i tng ang c chn (d liu v phn hotrn bn ).- Copy/Copy Map Window:Copy bn ghi/i tng ang c chn.- Paste:Dn/chuyn nhng g c ct/chp (lnh Cut/Copy) ln bng d liu hay ln bn .- Clear:Xo i tng ho hay bn ghi ang c chn.- Clear Map Object Only:i vi mt bng va c i tng ho (bn ) va c d liu, lnh ny xo cc i tng honhng gi li phn d liu. Lc ny bng ca MapInfo l mt bng thc s (ch cn d liu ch khng cn bn na).- Reshape:Chnh sa hnh dng i tng. y l lnh dng chnh sa hnh dng cc i tng ho bng cch chnh sa cc nt ca chng.- New Row:Thm mt hng mi vo bng MapInfo.- Get Info:Xem thng tin trong bng d liu ca i tng c chn.2.1.3. Thc n ToolsThc n Tools cho php thit lp ch khi ng v chy cc ng dng ca MapBasic, cc lnh chuyn i nh dng bn s cng nh mt s lnh lin quan n cc thng tin trn internet hay cc a ch web.

- Crystal Reports:M/to bo co Crystal v thng tin trong mt bng MapInfo.- Run MapBasic Program:Chy chng trnh MapBasic. MapBasic l mt phn mm cho php ta lp trnh to thm chc nng cho MapInfo ngoi nhng chc nng c sn ca chng trnh chnh.- Tool Manager:Qun l cc chng trnh MapBasic. Lnh ny cho php iu chnh ch khi ng ca nhng chng trnh MapBasic v c th ng k thm ng dng MapBasic.- Mapping Wizard Tool:L lnh gip thc hin cc lnh ca MapInfo qua tng bc hng dn.- MetaData Browser Launcher:Khi ng mt lin kt vo internet v gip tm kim cc bn s c trn mng. MetaData Browser ch khi ng nu c ci t.- Universal Translator:Trnh ng dng cho php dch cc bn s c nh dng khc sang MapInfo hay ngc li. Trnh ng dng ny h tr dch mt s nh dng bn s ph bin khc nh AutoCAD, ESRI Shape (Arcview), Intergraph/Microstation Design.2.1.4. Thc n ObjectsThc n Objects gm cc lnh chnh sa trn ca s bn .

- Set Target:t i tng chn thnh i tng mc tiu.- Clear Target:Huthit lp mc tiu.- Combine:Kt hp cc i tng chn thnh mt i tng mi.- Disaggregate:Tch i tng.- Buffer:To vng m cho mt hay nhiu i tng ang c chn. Lnh ny to ra mt hay nhiu i tng kiu vng bao xung quanh (cc) i tng c chn vi bn knh vng m do ta xc nh.- Convex Hull:To ra mt a gic li chy quanh ccnt ngoi cng ca nhng i tng c chn.- Enclose:To ra (cc) vng t cc ng ct nhau khp kn.- Voronoi:Chia mt khu vc ra thnh cc vng.- Split:Phn tch i tng chn thnh cc i tng mi.- Erase:Xo mt phn (hay ton b) mt hay nhiu i tng mc tiu chn bn trong i tng khc.- Erase Outside:Xo phn khng chung (nm ngoi) ca mt hay nhiu i tng. Phn b xo l phn khng chung vi (cc) i tng ct. (Cc) i tng chu tc ng ca lnh ny phi c thit lp l mc tiu. Trong cc lnhSplit, ErasevErase Outsidei tng ct phi l vng.- Polyline Split:Lnh ny dng ng ct ng hay vng.- Overlay nodes:To im chung (nt) gia mt hay nhiu i tng c thit lp l mc tiu vi mt hay nhiu i tng c chn.- Check Regions:Lnh ny gip kim tra li cc lp kiu vng sau khi s ho.- Clean:Lm sch vng. Lnh Clean cho php ta nhanh chng sa li cc bng kiu vng.- Snap/Thin:Lnh ny t ng tinh chnh cc i tng sau khi s ho. N cho php nhp hai nt st nhau trn hai hay nhiu i tng khc nhau li chung mt v tr, loi b nt gia trong 3 nt gn nh thng hng, xo b cc vng c din tch nh hn din tch ch nh.- Smooth:Lm trn cc i tng chn.- Unsmooth:Kh tc dng lm trn i tng ca lnh Smooth trc .

- Convert to Region:L lnh i ng thnh vng.- Convert to Polyline:i vng thnh ng.2.1.5. Thc n QueryThc n ny bao gm cc lnh lin quan n vic chn v tm thng tin.- Select:Chn i tng/bn ghi trong mt bng thng qua cc ch tiu cho trc v thc hin ng thi vic tnghp cc d liu thuc tnh cho cc d liu c chn.- SQL Select:Chn bng SQL - Structured Query Language (Ngn ng Truy vn c Cu trc), y cng l lnh chn nhngSQL Selectc cu trc lnh phc tp hn ng thi n cho php ta chn d liu mnh hn so vi lnhSelect.- Select All:Chn tt c cc i tng trong cng mt lp i tng ang c chn.- Invert Selection:o ngc php chn, tc kh chn nhng i tng ang cchn v chn nhng i tng trc khng c chn trong mt bng.- Unselect All:Kh chn tt c nhng i tng/bn ghi ang c chn.- Find:Lnh ny tm kim cc i tng theo mt ch tiu cho trc v nh du n.- Find Selection:Hin th cc i tng ang chn vo ca s hin thi trn mn hnh.- Calculate Statistics:Hin th ca s thng tin tnh ton thng k2.1.6. Thc n TableThc n ny bao gm cc lnh lin quan n d liu ca cc lp bn , cc d liu ngoi MapInfo v mt s lnh v nh qut ng k vo MapInfo.- Update Column:Thay i gi tr ca cc trng d liu trong Table.Thchin lin kt cc i tng trong cc Table theo trng d liu thuc tnh chung v theo phn b a l.- Append Rows to Table:Ghp ni cc bn ghi ca hai Table c cng cu trc d liu thnh 1 Table mi.- Geocode:M a ho cc i tng trong bn Create Points:To i tng im trn c s c d liu c sn.- Combine Objects using Column:Kt hp cc i tng ho theo gi tr ca trng d liu.- Import:Lnh ny cho php nhp cc tp tin c nh dng khc vo MapInfo. Cc nh dng tp tin c th nhp c vo MapInfo l MapInfo Interchange (*.mif),AutoCAD DXF (*.dxf), MapInfo DOS MBI (*.mbi), MapInfo DOS MMI (*.mmi), MapInfo DOS Image (*.img).- Export:Lnh ny xut d liu trong bng MapInfo sang mt nh dng khc. Cc nh dng c h tr l MapInfo Interchange (*.mif), Delimited ASCII (*.txt),AutoCAD DXF (*.dxf) v dBASE DBF (*.dbf).- Maintenance:Chnh sa cu trc bng d liu ca MapInfo nh thm trng, thay i thuc tnh, kch thc trng,... (Table structure), xo Table, i tn Table, ng gi d liu (pack Table)- Raster:iu chnh nh qut (nh raster) trong MapInfo. Ta c th iu chnh tng phn, sng cng nh trong sut (Translucency) ca nh qut c m trong MapInfo. N cng cho php thay i ng k to nh qut trong MapInfo.2.1.7. Thc n OptionsThc n ny gm cc lnh nh dng i tng ho trong MapInfo, cc lnh hin th cc ca s v cc thanh cng c v nhng thit lp cc tu chn ca MapInfo.- Line Style:nh dng kiu ng.- Region Style:nh dng kiu vng.- Symbol Style:nh dng biu tng.- Text Style:nh dng kiu ch.- Toolbar:Bt/tt v iu chnh ch hin th cc thanh cng c ca MapInfo.-Show/Hide Theme Legend Window:Bt/tt ca s ch gii.- Show/Hide Statistics Window:Bt/tt ca s thng k.- Show/Hide MapBasic Window:Bt/tt ca s MapBasic.- Show/Hide Status Bar:Bt/tt thanh trng thi ca h thng.- Custom Colors:To thm mu theo mun ngi dng.- Preferences:Thit lp cc cu hnh h thng ca MapInfo.2.1.8. Thc n Map

- Layer Control:Kim sot lp, lnh ny dng iu chnh vic hin th v tnh cht cc lp ang m.Trong mc Layer hin th tn ca cc Table ang c m.+ Visiblecho php ta chn ch hin th hoc khng hin th Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn.+ Editablecho php ta chn ch sa cha hoc khng sa cha Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn.+ Selectablecho php ta chn ch c la chn cc phn t hotrong Table hay khng c nh du thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn.+ Show Centroidcho php ta chn ch hin th hoc khng hin th c s d liu c cp vo Table thng qua vic chn hoc khng chn (gn nhn).- Create 3D Map:To bn 3 chiu t mt tp tin grid (li). Tp tin grid ny c to ra bng lnh Create Thematic Map.- Create Prism Map:To bn ba chiu dng lng tr (prism) theo d liu do ta ch nh. Ch c nhng bng kiu vng mi chy c lnh ny.- Create Thematic Map:To bn chuyn .- Modify Thematic Map:iu chnh bn ch c to thnh trong lnh trn.- Create Legend:Lm ch gii cho bn .- Change view:Thay i t l v v tr ca bn bng cch np thng s.- Clone View:M ra mt ca s bn mi y ht nh ca s bn ang c kch hot.- Previous View:Quay tr li ch hin th trc ca ca s bn ang c kch hot.- View Entire Layer:Hin th ht ni dung ca mt hay tt c cc lp bn ang m trong ca s bn c kch hot.- Clear Custom Labels:Xo cc nhn c to ra mt cch th cng.- Save Cosmetic Objects:Lu li ni dung trn lp Cosmetic thnh mt lp mi hay lu vo mt lp bn ang m.- Clear Cosmetic Layer:Xo b ni dung trn lp Cosmetic.- Set Clip Region:Thit lp vng ct. Lnh ny cho php ta ch hin th bn trong gii hn ca vng c chn.- Clip Region On/Off:Bt/tt vng ct, l On khi c vng ct v cha bt ln, Off khi vng ct c bt ln.- Digitizer Setup:Ci t bn s ho.

- Options:iu chnh cc tu chn trong ca s bn (n v to , khong cch, din tch, ch ca s bn phng to, thu nh, cch thc hin th thng tin trn ca s bn ,...)2.1.9. Thc n WindowThc n nygm cc lnh m/iu chnh s hin th ca cc ca s- New Browser Window:M mt ca s thng tin thuc tnh.- New Map Windows:M mt ca s bn mi.- New Graph Window:Thc hin lnh v biu / th.- New Redistrict Window:Thc hin lnh phn chia nhm (Redistrict).- Redraw Window:V li ca s ang c kch hot cp nht nhng thay i nu c.- Tile Windows:Sp xp tt c cc ca s ang m sao cho chng u c hin th trn mn hnh.- Cascade Windows:Sp xp cc ca s thng tin ang m theo lp.- Arrange Icons:Sp xp li cc nt lnh.Phn di cng ca menu Window lit k danh sch cc ca s ang c m.2.2. CC HP THANH CNG C QUAN TRNG TRONG MAPINFO2.2.1. Thanh cng c chun (Standard Toolbar)Thanh cng c ny gm c cc nt lnh sau: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 111213 141 - New Table Button:To mt bng mi.2 - Open Table Button:M mt bng c sn.3 - Save Table Button:Lu mt bng.4 - Print Window Button:In ra my in.5 - Cut Button:Ct mt hay nhiu i tng.6 - Copy Button:Sao chp cc i tng.7 - Paste Button:Dn mt hay nhiu i tng.8 - Undo Button:Hu b mt lnh va thc hin.9 - New Browser Button:To mt bng d liu mi.10 - New Mapper Button:M mt ca s bn mi.11 - New Grapher Button:V biu / th.12 - New Layout Button:M mt ca s trnh by mi.13 - New Redistricter Button:Thc hin lnh phn chia nhm.14 - Help Button:Gi tr gip.2.2.2. Thanh cng c chnh (Main Toolbar)1 - Select Button:Chn i tng trn ca s bn , gi phm chn nhiu i tng hay nhiu bn ghi mt lc.2 - Marquee Select Button:Chn cc i tng trn bn theo hnh ch nht (hoc hnh vung).3 - Radius Select Button:Chn cc i tng trn bn theo hnh trn.4 - Polygon Select Button:Chn bng cch v mt vng.5 - Boundary Select Button:Chn bng cch nhp chut ln mt vng trn mt lp bn , nhng i tng c trng tm nm trong vng nhng thuc mt lp khc s c chn.6 - Unselect All Button:Kh chn tt c nhng i tng/bn ghi ang c chn.7 - Invert Selection Button:o ngc php chn, c ngha l kh chn nhng i tng ang c chn v chn nhng i tng khng c chn trong mt bng.1357911131517192123

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8 - Graph Select Button:Chn mt gi tr trn biu .9 - Zoom-in Button:Phng toca smn hnh.10 - Zoom-out Button:Thu nh ca s mn hnh.11- Change View Button:Thay i t l v v tr bn bng cch np gi tr. Tng ng vi lnh Change View trong menu Map.12- Grabber Button:S dng cng c (ko) thay i li v tr ca bn hoc layout trong ca s ang hin th13- Info Tool Button:Hin th ca s thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng.14- Hot Link Button:M mt tp tin nh dng khc trn my tnh hay mt a ch trn mng, c lin kt vi mt i tng/bn ghi trong bng MapInfo thng qua vic thit lp ng dn trong mt trng ca bng.15- Label Button:Dn nhn th cng cc i tng trn ca s bn bng cc thng tin ly t c s d liu quan h.16- Drag Map Window Button:Ko mt ca s bn sang mt phn mm khc. Mun thc hin iu ny ta phi m hai ca s ng thi, ca s MapInfo v ca s ng dng kia, Word chng hn, ri chn nt ny, con tr chut trn ca s bn , r chut sang ca s kia. Bn s c chn vo v tr du nhc trong phn mm kia.17- Layer Control Button:iu khin cc lp thng tin.Truy nhp vo hp thoi Layercontrol ch nh v kim sot ton b cc table trong ca s bn ang c hin th. Trong hp thoi ny ngi s dng c th t cc tu chn nh hin th hoc khng hin th cc i tng hc trong mt layer (Visible), chn layer sa cha (Editable) cho php chn hay khng cc i tng ho trn bn , t cc xc lp hin th cho tng kiu i tng c trong layer (ng, im, vng, text), sp xp li th t cc layer ang hin th trong ca s bn , thm vo hoc bt i (Add, remove) trong ca s ang hin th mt hay nhiu layer...18- Ruler Button:o khong cch trn bn .19- Show/Hide Legend Button:Bt/tt ca s ch gii.20- Show/Hide Statistics Button:Bt/tt ca s thng k.21- Set Target District Button:Thit lp nhm cha i tng c chn trn ca s bn thnh mt nhm mc tiu trong ca s Districts Browser.22- Assign Selected Objects Button:Gn i tng c chn vo nhm mc tiu.24- Clip Region On/Off Button:Bt/tt ch ct vng.24- Set Clip Region Button:Thit lp vng ct.2.2.3. Thanh cng c v (Drawing Toolbar)

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1- Symbol Button:To i tng im trn bn .2- Line Button:To i tng ng thng.3- Polyline Button:To i tng ng gp khc.4- Arc Button:To ng vng cung.5- Polygon Button:To i tng vng hnh a gic.6- Ellipse Button:To i tng vng hnh ellipse. Gi phmkhi r chut s to ra mt hnh trn.7- Rectangle Button:To i tng vng hnh ch nht. Gi phmkhi r chut s to ra hnh vung.8- Rounded Rectangle Button:To i tng vng hnh ch nht bo trn gc, gi phmkhi r chut s to ra hnh vung gc bo trn.9- Text Button:To i tng ch.10- Frame Button:To cc khung ca s trn trang trnh by.11- Reshape Button:To iu khin bt/ tt cc im nt ca i tng.12- Add Node Button:To thm im nt cho i tng.13- Symbol Style Button:Chn/chnh kiu biu tng.14- Line Style Button:Chn/chnh kiu ng15- Region Style Button:Chn/chnh kiu vng16- Text Style Button:Chn/chnh kiu ch.

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1.Run MapBasic Program:Kch hot chng trnh load Run MapBasic Program.2.Show/Hide MapBasic Window:a ra hoc ct i chng trnh MapBasic Window.3.Creat line by length:To ng bng cch a cc thng s v di v gc.4.Creat Grid:To li vung cho bn .5.Text Label:Vit tn cho i tng (nhn).6. Launch Metadata Browser:Khi ng trnh tm kim bn s trn mng.7.Draw Scale Bar:To thc t l cho bn .Tt c nhng hp cng c ny c load tFile(Run Basic Program, tuy nhin mun xo chng khi hp cng c TOOLS, bn ch cn vo TOOLS v chn ng tn (ri chn Exit cc biu tng s ct i).

CHNG 3. XY DNG D LIU KHNG GIAN3.1. CHUN B BN (BN NGUN) ng k bn giy vo MapInfo, trc ht bn phi c chuyn thnh nh trn my tnh bng my qut (scanner). nh qut vo my tnh s c x l li cho r nt vchnh xc bng phn mm x l nh. Nu t bn qu ln m ta ch c my qut nh thphi qut nhiu ln v rp nh li trong phn mm x l nh. nh x l xong nn c lu li di mt trong nhng nh dng nh m MapInfo h tr. Nhng nh dng nh sau c h tr:- MrSID:nh nh dng MrSID, ui m rng.sid, file ca trnh iu khin nh (MrSID raster Handler).- Windows Bitmap:nh nh dng chun ca h iu hnh Window, ui m rng.bmp.- GIF:nhnh dng ca Graphics Interchange Format, ui m rng.gif.- JPEG:Chun nn nh ca Joint Photographic Expert Group, ui m rng.jpg.- PCX:Chun nh s ca ZSoft Paintbrush, ui m rng.pcx.- SPOT:Chun nh v tinh ca Php (Satellite Pour Observation de la Terre), ui m rng.bil.- TGA:Chun nh s ca Targa True Vision TGA, ui m rng.tga.- TIFF:Chun nh s ca Tagged Image File Format, ui m rng.tif.3.2. NG K BN QUT VO MAPINFOBn c qut qua my qut (scanner) to nn cc tp tin nh vi phn m rng l *.tif, ,*.jpg, *.bmp,tutheo kch thc bn m qut thnh nhng tp tin nh kh A4 (vi my qut thng dng), hay A3,... s dng cc tp tin nh ny nh l bn giy, ta phi khai bo ng nhpto ca n v c th s dng nh bn nn trong qu trnh s ho. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thu thp bn giy c 3 trng hp xy ra: bn giy c thng tin v li chiu v to , bn giy khng c thng tin v li chiu v to nhng chng ta c bn s v khu vc v bn giy nhng hon ton khng c thng tin g v li chiu v to . Lc ny, tu vo tng trng hp ta s c phng php ng k bn dod qut vo phn mm MapInfo khc nhau:3.2.1. ng k nh qut khi bit thng tin v li chiu v to a l:Cch ng k nh qut nh sau:- ChnFile>Open Table. Xut hin hp thoiOpen Table.- ChnFiles of typelRaster Imageri chn nh qut cn ng k.- Xut hin hp thoi MapInfo.- ChnRegister vo hp thoiImage Registration ng k nh qut.+Edit: Chnh sato ca im khng ch.+ Remove:Xomt im.+ Find: Tm n imkhng chtrn mn hnh bn .+ Add: Thm mt im khng ch.+Projection:Chn h quy chiu cho bn . Xut hin hp thoiChoose Projection. Chn loi li chiu Categoryv tn hto ph hp khu vc nghin cu Category Members.Nu mun khai bo theo to a l (kinh v v ) th chn Longtitude/Latitude trong mcCategory. Trong phn Category Memebers, tu theo h quy chiu ca bn m chng ta c th khai bo:Longtitude/Latitude chung cho cc h quy chiu.Longtitude/Latitude (WGS 84) nu h quy chiu l UTM.Longtitude/Latitude (Pulkovo 1942) nu h quy chiu l Gauss.Nu mun khai bo theo h quy chiu, trng hp h quy chiu l UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) ta chn Universal Transverse Mercator (WGS 84) trong mc Category. Tip theo tu theo v tr ca tng vng kho st m chn UTM Zone 48, Northern Hemisphere (WGS 84) hay UTM Zone 49, Northern Hemisphere (WGS 84).Trng hp h quy chiu l Gauss, trong mc Category chng ta c th chn Gauss- Kriuger (Pulkovo 1942), v trong phn Category Members chn GK Zone 18 (Pulkovo 1942).T ngy 12/07/2000, Th Tng Chnh ph a ra quyt nh s 83/2000/Q-TTg v vic p dng H quy chiu v H to quc gia VN-2000. Trong trng hp bn H quy chiu VN-2000, ta chn VN-2000 su dung noi bo mc Category, tip theo tu theo v tr ca tng khu vc kho st v loi bn m ta c nhng tu chn khc nhau.S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu 60c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu dik0= 0,9996 th hin cc bn a hnh c bn, bn nn, bn hnh chnh quc gia t l t 1:500.000 n 1:25.000. V d: VN-2000 KT 105 mi 6.S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu 30c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu di k0= 0,9999 th hin cc bn a hnh c bn, bn nn, bn hnh chnh t l t 1:10.000 n 1:2.000. V d: VN-2000 KT 108 mui 3.S dng li chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc vi mi chiu ph hp c h s iu chnh t l bin dng chiu di k0=0,9999 th hin h thng bn a chnh c s v bn a chnh cc loi t l, kinh tuyn trc c quy nh cho tng tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng. V d: VN-2000 Thua Thien - Hue mui 3.+ Units: Chn n v.+ Np to ca cc im khng ch vo bn trong hp thoiImage Registrationbng cch nhp chut vo im bit to , hp thoiAdd Control Pointm ra, np to cho im khng ch vo hai MapX v MapY (X l kinh , Y l v ). To np vo phi c tnh bng thp phn.+ Di chuyn bn tm im khng ch bng hai thanh trt ngang v ng, bm nt "+" v "-" phng to hay thu nh bn .- Sau khi np to cc im khng ch, kim tra sai s (tnh bng pixel). Nu c th chnOKtrong hp thoiImage Registration m nh qut.Bi tp p dngBi tp 1:ng k nh qut bn khi bit h quy chiu.- ng k nh qut bn a hnh phn Ty Bc Hu (Tay Bac Hue.jpg) nm trong mnh bn a hnh Thnh ph Hu, E-48-96-A (6541 IV) theo h quy chiu VN-2000.- ng k nh qut bn Thuathienhue.tif theo h quy chiu UTM.3.2.2. ng k nh qut theo bn s khc c sn ca cng khu vcMun ng k mt bn dng nh qut vo MapInfo, phi bit to ca t nht 3 im th mi ng k ng c. Tuy nhin nu ta c mt bn s trn MapInfo ca cng khu vc vi bn nh qut mun ng k th c th ly ngay cc to trn bng MapInfo v s dng lm im khng ch ng k nh qut theo bn c. Vic ny c thc hin bng lnh SelectControl Point from Map (chn im khng ch t bn ). Cch thc hin nh sau:1 - M bn s c cng khu vc vi nh qut cn ng k ra (ta c th m mt nh qut khc ng k ri cng c).2 - M bn nh qut mun ng k ra bng lnh File > Open Table, trong Filesof Type chn Raster Image (*.bil, *.tif, *.grd,...).3 - Mt hp thoi m ra hi ta mun ng k (Register) hay ch hin th nh (Display) nh qut. Nhp chut chn Register. Hp thoi Image Registration m ra.4 - Chn h quy chiu cho nh qut mun ng k bng nt Projection, chn n v bng nt Units. Trong phng php ng k nh qut kiu ny th h quy chiu v n v ca nh qut cn ng k phi trng vi h quy chiu ca bn s m ta s dng ly to cc im khng ch.5 - Di chuyn nh qut trn hp thoi Image Registration n vng c im khng ch mun ly. C th phng to hay thu nh nh qut nu cn.6 - Chn nt cng c Grabber trn thanh cng c Main.7 - Dng nt cng c ny di chuyn bn s trong ca s bn n cng mt vng vi nh qut. C th dng hai nt cng c phng to-thu nh thay i phng i ca bn s nu cn. Trong tnh hung ny, thy hp thoi ImageRegistration khng bin mt m thanh tiu ca hp thoi ny ch chuyn sang mu xm m thi. V th nh di chuyn bn sao cho vng d kin chn ly im khng ch khng b hp thoi ny che khut.8 - T menu chnh chn Table > Raster >Select Control Point fromMap.9 - Di chuyn chut li ca s bn , con tr chut bin thnh hnh du cng. Nhp chut ln v tr chn lm im khng ch.10 - Hp thoi Add Control Point m ra. hai MapX v MapY hin th to ca im mi nhp chut. Hai ImageX v ImageY hin gi tr 0. C th t tn cho im khng ch trong Label. Ta chn OK chp nhn ly im khng ch . To ca im c a vo hp thoi ImageRegistration.11 - Quay li hp thoi Image Registration nhp chut ln chn im khng ch mi c a vo. Pha di hin ln dng thng bo: Click on Image tomodify points coordinates (nhp chutln nh thay i to im).12 - Di chuyn chut li phn nh qut. Con tr chut bin thnh hnh du cng. Nhp chut ln nh qut ngay ti im trng vi im nhp chut trn bn s trc .13 - Hp thoi Edit Control Point m ra. Lc ny hp thoi hin ra li to ca im nhp chut trong bn s lc u trong hai MapX v MapY. Trong hai ImageX v ImageY lc ny khng phi l gi tr 0na m hin ra to ca im ta mi nhp chut trn nh qut (to ny tnh bng im nh - pixel). Nh vy to t bn s c gn ln im nhp chut trn nh qut cn ng k.14 - Nhp chut chn OK kt thc ng k im th nht.15 - Thc hin li t bc 5 n bc 7 di chuyn nh qut v bn s n v tr cn ng k th hai.16 - Trn hp thoi Image Registration nhp chut chn nt New chun b np im khng ch th hai, th 3 v 4.Xem sai s khi ng k nh qut bit c c th chp nhn c sai s hay khng.19 - Sau khi np s lng im khng ch cn thit, nhp chut vo nt OKtrn hp thoi Image Registration kt thc qu trnh ng k nh qut.Bi tp p dngBi tp 2. ng k nh qut bn theo mt bn s c sn.ng k nh qut bn gii tha x Ph Thanh (PTHANH GT.tif) theo bn s c sn ca lnh th x Ph Thanh, huyn Ph Vang, tnh Tha Thin Hu.3.2.3. ng k nh qut khi khng c thng tin v li chiu v to i khi ta cng c nhu cu x l mt bn trong MapInfo m khng bit to . Hoc cng c th ta mun x l mt bn khng lin quan n to a l trn b mt qu t, v d nh bn v mt l t chng hn. Trong trng hp ta vn c th ng k mt bn qut khng c to vo MapInfo s ho v s dng cc lnh ca MapInfo. Mt bn khng bit to hoc khng cn to khi ng k vo MapInfo cng phi bit t l th cc tnh ton a l mi chnh xc c. Mt bn trong MapInfo khng s dng h to qu t th h to n s dng c gi l h to phi qu t (Non-Earth). Khi ng k bn theo h kinh /v , MapInfo s cn c trn cc im khng ch hin th nh qut cho ng vi h to c chn.nh qut trong my tnh khc vi nh giy bnh thng. Mt nh qut trong my tnh thc cht bao gm nhiu im nh hnh vung gi l pixel - im nh (vit tt ca ch picture element). Mi mt im nh c mt mu xc nh. S mu ca mt nh qut tu thuc vo nh dng ca nh qut . V d nh thang xm 8 bit s c 256 cp xm (28 = 256) t mu trng n mu en, nh mu 24 bit s c 224 = 16777216 mu (hn 16,7 triu mu). My tnh qun l nh qut theo tng im nh v gi tr mu ca im nh . Khi quan st mt nh qut trn my tnh, v kch thc im nh qu nh nn ta khng nhn thy cc im nh. Nhng nu phng to nh qut ra th ta s nhn thy nhng im nh ny.Mi im nh trn nh qut s c 3 thng s, to ca im nh theo trc x v y v gi tr mu ca im nh . To ca im nh l v tr ca im nh trn nh, tc im nh nm hng th my v ct th my. Gc to ca nh nm gc trn bn tri ca tm nh. Trong h to ca nh qut chiu dng ca trc tung (trc y) l chiu t trn xung, cn chiu dng ca trc honh (trc x) l chiu t tri sang phi. Trong khi h to phi qu t trong MapInfo li ly gc to l gc di bn tri. V vy trc Y trong nh qut v trc Y trong MapInfo c chiu ngc nhau.A. H to ca nh qut vB: h to phi qu t trong MapInfo (h to Descartes).Khi ng k nh qut c to theo h to ca Tri t (kinh /v ), ta phi s dng mt trong nhng h quy chiu c MapInfo h tr. Trong h to theo kinh /v ca qu t, gc to 0 l giao im ca ng kinh tuyn gc v ng xch o. ng kinh tuyn gc l trc Y v ng xch o l trc X. Chiu dng ca v l chiu hng ln trn (hng bc) v chiu dng ca kinh l chiu hng sang phi (hng ng).Khi ng k nh qut khng c to , MapInfo s dng h trc to Descartes vi chiu ca trc tung v trc honh cng ging vi chiu ca h to kinh/v . Do h to ca nh qut v h to phi qu t (Non-Earth) m MapInfo s dng c trc tung ngc chiu nhau v vy khi ng k nh qut ta phi i du gi tr y ca cc im khng ch.Cch ng knh qut ng k theo h to phi qu t cng phi bit t l th mi ng k ng c. Ta c th s dng ngay h to ca Photoshop ly to ca cc im khng ch, sau quy i chng ra khong cch trn thc a bng cch nhn vi t l ca bn . Khi np to cc im khng ch trong hp thoi ImageRegistation ca MapInfo, ta i du gi tr Y (tc trc tung). Nu khng i du, doch hin th ca nh qut trong MapInfo b ph thuc vo nh qut v th ta khng thy nh qut b ngc chiu. Nhng khi s ho trn nh qut ny v ch m bn s ho th bn s s b lt ngc. Nhng bn s nh vy khng th chnh sa c.Ta s xem xt mt v d di y.Ta c mt nh qut l bn hin trng s dng t nm 2005 ca th x ng H, tnh Qung Tr, t l 1/400.000, tp tin c tn l HTDH_2005.jpg. Cc bc thc hin ng k nh sau:1- Khi ng phn mm Photoshop v m nh qut ra.2- Bt thc o ngang v ng ca Photoshop ln nu cha bt. Cch lm: t menu chnh ca Photoshop chn View > Show Ruler.3- Chuyn thc o trn Photoshop thnh centimet. Cch lm: t menu chnh chnEdit > Preferences > Units and Rulers. Hp thoi Preferences m ra.4- Trong Units, phn Rulers, i n v o thnh cm.5- Chn trc trn t bn qut nhng im no c s dng lm im khng ch. Nguyn tc chn im khng ch trong trng hp ny cng ging nh khi ng k theo kinh /v . Ta nn chn ti thiu l 4 im thy c sai s.6- Bt ca s bo to v tr con tr chut ln, cch lm: t menu chnh chnWindow > Show Info.7- Nhp chut chn cng c Rectangular Marquee Tool Photoshop.8- Di chuyn chut tr li nh qut. Con tr chut bin thnh hnh du cng. Khi di chuyn cht trong nh qut,trn hai thc o ngang v ng hin ra hai ng chm chm mnh cho ta bit to v tr con tr chut. ng thi trn ca s Info, gc di bene tri cng hin ra hai gi tr X v Y cho ta bit chnh xc to ca con tr.9- Di chuyn con tr chut n im khng ch th nht, ghi li to X v Y ca v tr trn ca s Info.10- Tng t di chuyn con tr chut n tt c cc v tr chn lm im khng ch v ln lt ghi li cc cp to (X, Y) ca cc im . Lm xong ng tp tin nh li v thotkhiPhotoshop.Gi s ta chn bn im khng ch c cc to nh sau: im 1: (x= 3.68, y =2.53); im 2: (x = 6.25, y = 12.74); im 3: (x = 11.42, y = 2.53); im 4: (x = 11.42, y = 10.20). V thc t l ta chn y l cm nn cc gi tr to y c tnh bng centimt.`Ta tin hnh quy i cc to ny v kch thc trn thc a. Cch lm:11- Bn ny c t l l 1:40,000 vy 1cm = 40,000 cm = 0.4 km trn thc a. Nh vy to trn nh ca im 1 l (3.68,2.53) (cm) nn to ca im tnh theo t l thc a s l x = 3.68 x 0.4 v y = 2.53 x 0.4, tc l (x = 1.472, y = 1.012) (km). Tng t nh vy ta tnh li to cc im khng ch theo t l thc. Kt qu l cc im khng ch s c to thc nh sau: im 1: (x= 1.472, y =1.012); im 2: (x = 2.5, y = 5.112); im 3: (x = 4.568, y = 1.012); im 4: (x = 4.568, y = 4.08).Sau khi c to ca 4 im khng ch trn thc a, ta tin hnh ng k to vo MapInfo nh sau:12- Khi ng MapInfo.13- T hp thoi Quick Start chn Open a Table hay t menu chnh chn File > OpenTable. Hp thoi Open Table m ra.14- Trong hp thoi m bng, File of Type chn Raster Image, trong Look in, m th mc lu tp tin nh qut HTDH_2005.jpg v chn tp tin ny ri nhp chut chn Open. Hp thoi hi ng k nh m ra.15- Chn Register. Hp thoi Image Registration m ra.16- Nhp chut chn nt Projection, hp thoi Choose Projection m ra.17- Trong Category nhp chut vo nt th xung chn Non-Earth; di Category Members chn Non-Earth (kilometers) (v to ta tnh phn trn theokilmt). Xong chn OK quay li hp thoi Image Registration. Nu nhp chut vo nt Units ta s thy n v tnh s c i thnh kilometers.18- Dng hai thanh cun ngang v ng di chuyn bn n im ng k th nht. C th phng to hay thu nh bn thy r. Thng thng ta nn phng to bn chm im khng ch cho chnh xc.19- Nhp chut vo v tr im khng ch th nht. Hp thoi Add Control Point m ra.20- Np to x v y ca im khng ch th nht vo MapX v MapY. Nh trnh by, trc to Y trong nh qut v MapInfo ngc chiu nhau nn pha trc gi tr y ta phi g du tr (-) i chiu li theo MapInfo. Du tr phi nm st vo con s ch khng c cch ra. Lm xong chn OK.21- Di chuyn bn n cc im khng ch khc v np to mt cch tng t.22- Kim tra sai s xem c chp nhn c hay khng. Nu c chn OK kt thc. nh qut s c m ra. Nu sai s th kim tra xem sai s v l do g, nhp chut chn im sai v nhn nt Edit chnh sa li nu cn.Khi ng k nh qut theo h quy chiu phi qu t v s ho trn MapInfo theo bn qut , cn lu mt s vn sau:- Bn s da theo nh qut ng k nh trn ch hin th c cc vt th c s ho trong ranh gii ca nh qut m thi, nu ta s ho thm nhng vt th nm ngoi nh qut th khi va v xong chng s b bp vo st mp ca nh qut v khng cn hnh dng v na.- Khi thc hin tnh ton a l (chiu di, din tch) trong bn s ho theo h to phi qu t, MapInfo p dng cch tnh theo h to Descartes phng hai chiu. Gi tr tnh ton c trong MapInfo c sai s nhng thc ra cng khng nhiu v cc bn s theo kiu Non-Earth thng ch c s dng trong mt phm vi rt nh so vi b mt a cu, v trong trng hp mt cong a cu gn nh mt phng.- Trong v d trn ta ly gc to l gc trn bn tri c th tn dng cch lyto im khng ch trong Photoshop cho tin. V mt nguyn tc, khi ng k nh qut theo h to phi qu t, ta c th chn gc to ti bt k v tr no, thm ch ngoi gii hn nh qut cng c. Tuy nhin nu chn mt gc to bt k th vic tnh ton to cc im khng ch khng d v mt thi gian.- Khi qut nh v m nh ra trong Photoshop, khong cch hin th trong Photoshop bng ng vi kch thc nh giy lc qut vo, khng ph thuc vo vic ta chn phn gii khi qut l bao nhiu.- i vi mt nh qut cn a vo MapInfo m khng bit t l, nu c mt bn s khc hay mt nh qut ng k khc ca cng khu vc, ta c th thc hin phng php ng k to theo mt bng MapInfo c.Khi ng k nh qut m c mt im no sai s nhiu nhng khng th chnh sa bng cch thay i v tr im khng ch hay thay i to im khng ch, hoc cng khng th tm c nh qut cht lng tt hn th nn tng thm s lng im khng ch. Cc im khng ch mi nn c thm vo vng xung quanh im sai s nhiu ng thi thm mt s im khng ch vo vng gia nh qut.Nu ch np 3 im khng ch th sai s ng k nh lun bng 0 pixel d ta chm cc im sai hoc np sai to . Nu np t 4 im khng ch tr ln th mi c th bit c sai s. Sai s trong ng k nh c th do cc nguyn nhn sau:- nh qut khng chnh xc (b mo hoc ghp nh khng chnh xc). Cht lng ca t bn qut rt quan trng.- Npto sai.- Chm im khng ch sai.- Chn h quy chiu khng ng vi h quy chiu ca nh qut.Khi ng k xong, MapInfo to ra mt tp tin cha cc thng tin v ng k to . Tp tin ny c cng tn vi tp tin nh m ta ng k vi ui m rng l.tab.Ln sau, khi mun m li tp tin nh ng k th ch cn m tp tin.tab v khng cn phi ng k nh qut li na.Trong qu trnh ng k ta c th iu chnh sng v tng phn ca nh trongTable > Raster> Adjust Image Style thun tin cho vic chn cc im khng ch.Sau khi ng k nh qut bn ta c th chnh sa to ca nh qut sau khi khai bo: Sau khi ng nhp, mun khai bo to v tr cc im, voTable > Raster> Modify Image Registration, s xut hin ca sImage Registration chng ta thm/bt/sa i v tr cc im. Sau khi nhp hay sa i cc im, click OK trong ca sImage Registration hon tt vic ng nhp.Bi tp ng dngBi tp 3:ng k nh qut khi khng c thng tin v li chiu v to .ng k nh qut bn c tn l HTDH_2005.jpg.3.3. S HO BN 3.3.1. Phng php trc tipTng qut phng php s ho trc tip nh sau:- M nh qut ng k ra bng lnhFile>Open.- ChnMap>Layer Control.- nh du chnh sa vo lpCosmetic.- Tin hnh s ho bn bng cch dng cc cng c v trn thanh cng cDrawing.Cc thng tin trn bn nn c s ho theo nhm v c cng kiu trong cng mt lp d qun l sau ny.- Khi s ho xong dng lnhMap>Save Cosmetic Objects lu cc i tng v thnh mt bng MapInfo hon chnh.- C th ch cn v vi i tng u tin l c th dng lnh trn lu nhng g v thnh mt lp v t tn cho n. Xong vo liMap>Layer Controlv nh du chnh sa vo lp mi lu ri quay li v tip.3.3.2. Phng php to bng mi trcSau khi ng k nh qut, ta s tin hnh to cc bng MapInfo mi (cha c thng tin g). Gi s ta ng k bn hnh chnh tnh Tha Thin Hu v d kin s ho cc thng tin sau: ranh giitnhTha Thin Hu, ranh gii huyn, ranh gii x, h thng ng giao thng chnh (ng nha, ng st). cc sng ngi chnh, hnh chnh huyn, hnh chnh x, a danh. Ta s to cc tp tin MapInfo mi (nhng khng c phn ho - cha v g c) nh sau:- ChnFile>New Table; hp thoiNewTablem ra.- Trong phnCreate New Tablec 3 tu chn:+Open New Browser: To bng mi xong m ca s Browser ca bng mi ra.+Open New Mapper: To bng mi xong m ca s bn ra.+Add to Current Mapper: To bng mi xong a bng mi vo ca s bn ca mt lp bn ang m hin ti. Nu khng c lp bn no ang m th tu chn ny b m i. Nu ta khng nh du chn vo no th MapInfo s to mt bng mi nhng ng n li.- Chn mc ta mun ri nhn ntCreate.Hp thoiNew Table Structures m ra. Hp thoi ny cho php ta to cc trng cha d liu cho bn sau ny.Khi to mt bng MapInfo mi, ta phi d kin bng cha nhng thng tin g v d kin c bao nhiu loi thng tin to nhng trng cn thit cho lp bn . V d nh nu ta d nh to lp sng sui, ta s to trng cha tn cc sng sui, trng cha chiu di, trng cha thuc tnh (c nc thng xuyn hay c nc theo ma),...- Trong phnTable Structurec hai tu chn.Create New(tu chn mc nh) dng to mt bng mi hon ton. Tu chnUse Tablecho php ta to mt bng mi da trn cu trc d liu (cc trng) ca mt bng c sn (phi m bng ny ra trc khi thc hin lnh ny).- Nhn ntCreate. Hp thoiNew Table Structurem ra. Nu trc ta dng tu chnUse Tablev chn mt bng no th ton b cc trng cng nh dng ca bng s c sao chp sang bng mi m khng phi to li.- To trng mi bng cch nhp chut vo ntAdd field. MapInfo t ng t tn cho trng mi trong Field NamelField1. Sa li tn trng cho ph hp vi mun. Lu l tn trng khng c c khong trng v khng th hin th ting Vit c v th khng nn g du. Sau khi t tn trng ta phi chn nh dng cho trng trong Type. Chn nh dng trng thch hp vi thng tin d kin np vo, v d nu to trng tn th nh dng trng phi lCharacter(k t). Mun b trng mi th nhp chut chn trng ri chn ntRemove Field.- Tip theo, ta phi chn h quy chiu cho lp bn mi bng ntProjection. Khi chn nt ny hp thoiChoose Projections m ra. Chn h quy chiu cho ph hp.- Chnh xong cc thit lp trn chn ntCreate, hp thoiCreate New Tablem ra.- t tn cho bng MapInfo mi trong File Name, trong Save As Typechn MapInfo(*.tab), chn th mc lu bng mi trong Save Inri chnSave.Nh vy ta to xong mt bng MapInfo mi v rng (cha c d liu).Bng phng php ny ta to ra cc bng MapInfo cha cc thng tin s s ho, v d ta s to cc bng MapInfo l ranh_gioi, cac_tinh, thanh_pho, song, vietnam_vung. thc hin s ho vo cc bng mi ny ta lm nh sau:- M nh qut ng k to ra.- M lp cn s ho ra, trong Preferred ViewchnCurrent Mapper, v d m lpranh_gioi.Lp ny c m chung vi ca s bn qut nhng cha c g.C hai cch s ho:V d c th s ho cho lpranh_gioi:* S ho thng qua lp Cosmetic+ ChnMap >Layer Control, nh du chn chnh sa vo lpCosmetic Layer.+ Bt u s ho ng ranh gii bng cch s dng cng c v ng v cc chi tit theo nh qut m.+ S ho c mt lc chnMap>Save Cosmetic Objects. Hp thoiSave CosmeticObjects m ra.+ Trong hp thoiSave Cosmetic Objects, thay v chn, ta chnranh_gioiri chnSave. Nh vy nhng g v trong lp Cosmetic s c chuyn ln lpranh_gioi.+ Nhn ntSave,hp thoiSave tablem ra chnranh_gioiri chnSave lu nhng g chuyn t lpCosmeticvo lpranh_gioi.* S ho trc tip trn lp ang s ho (ranh_gioi)+ ChnMap>Layer Control.+ nh du vo ct chnh sa ca lpranh_gioi.+ Tin hnh s ho lpranh_gioibng cch s dng cng c v ng. Trong qu trnh v thnh thong nhn t hp phm+hay chnFile>Save Table lu li nhng g v vo lpranh_gioi. shocc i tng tip gip nhau cng chung mt ranh gii, nn s dng kh nng bt im (snap to node) bm phm S tt m kh nng ny-Ghi ch:Khi lu nhng thng tin v thnh mt lp mi, MapInfo s lu nhng thng tin ny thnh 4 tp tin ring bit, nhng tp tin ny c cng tn nhng c phn m rng khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny c 4 tp tin c lu li lranh_gioi.tab,ranh_gioi.map,ranh_gioi.dat v ranh_gioi.id. Khi dng lnh m bng (Open Table), ta ch nhn thy mt tp tin duy nht lranh_gioi.tab.* u v nhc im ca phng php s ho thng qua lp Cosmetic Layer v s ho trc tip trn lp ang s ho:- S ho thng qua lp Cosmetic Layer:Phng php ny c 2 u im l: Th nht, trong qu trnh s ho khi c chnh sa (ct, gp hay xo) cc i tng, do chng nm trn lp Cosmetic v khng c thng tin nn cc lnh chnh sa c thc hin nhanh hn. Th hai, trong qu trnh s ho nhng bn s ho mt phn ri th lp Cosmetic c tc dng nh mt lp v nhp, nu ng ta mi dng lnh Save Cosmetic Objects chuyn n sang lp cn s ho, nu cha c ta c th dng lnh Clear Cosmetic Layer xoton b m khng nh hng n lp bn c thng tin. Tuy nhin c cng c nhc im l sau khi chuyn t lp Cosmetic ln lp bn cn s ho, ta phi tin hnh nhp s liu theo 3 phng php trn.- Shotrc tip trn lp ang sho:Phng php ny c u im l ta c th nhp d liu ngay trong qu trnh s ho m khng phi mt nhiu thi gian tm li tng i tng nhp d liu sau khi s ho xong. Nhc im ca phng php ny l qu trnh chnh sa bn (Combine, Split, Erase, Erase Outside) trong qu trnh s ho s chm hn nhiu do xut hin hp thoi hi ta x l d liu nh th no.3.4. THAO TC VI CC I TNG HO3.4.1.nh dng cc kiu i tng ho chn ch chnh sa cho mt lp bn , t menu chnh chnMap>Layer Control, hp thoiLayer Controlm ra, nh du vo ct chnh sa cho lp mun chnh sa.a. nh dng imim trong MapInfo theo mc nh l biu tng ngi sao mu en, c 12 point. Mun i kiu ca im, cch lm nh sau:

- Dng cng c chn chn im , gi phm chn nhiu i tng mt lc, t menu chnh chnOptions>Symbol Stylehay chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut chn nt nh dng biu tng trn thanh cng cDrawing. Hp thoiSymbol Stylem ra:Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau:+ Font:ChnFontcha biu tng thch hp, bn phi Fontl chnh kch thc biu tng.+Symbol: Chn biu tng thch hp.+ Color:Chn mu cho biu tng.+ Rotation Angle:Quay biu tng theo gi tr np vo ny (tnh theo - deg).+ Background:C 3 tu chn lNone -khng c nn cho biu tng;Halo -quanh biu tng c vin trng vBorder -to ng vin en quanh biu tng.+ Effects:C 2 tu chn lDrop Shadow- to bng cho biu tng vBold- biu tng c mu m hn.+ Sample:Hin th trc biu tng khi iu chnh.- Sau khi chn cc nh dng trong hp thoi trn, chnOK.

b. nh dng ng- Chn mt/nhiu ng.- ChnOptions>Line Style, chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut ln ntLine Styletrn thanh cng cDrawing. Hp thoiLine Stylem ra.Hp thoi ny bao gmcc ni dung sau:+ Style:Chn kiu ng.+ Color:Chn mu cho ng.+ Width:Ch nh dy ca ng.Pixels:tnh dy ng theo im nh c gi tr t 1 n 7;Points:tnh dy ng theo point c gi tr t 0.2 n 6.+ Sample:Xem mu ng khi iu chnh.- Thit lp tu chn xong chnOK.c. nh dng vng- Chn mt/nhiu vng cn nh dng

- ChnOptions> RegionStyleHp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau:+ Fill:t mu cho vng, gm cc ni dung chn sau:Pattern:Kiu t mu, N l khng mu (chn N th phn Foreground m i).Foreground:Chn mu t.Background:Mc nh tu chn ny tt i (tc khng hin mu nn di). nh du ny cho php nh dng mu nn cho i tng vng. Nu c bt ln th tu chn mc nh trong ny l N (khng mu).- Border:nh dng ng vin cho vng, phn ny tng t nh dng ng.- Sample:cho php xem trc nh dng khi iu chnh.- Thit lp cc tu chn xong chnOK.d. nh dng k t- Chn i tng cn nh dng- ChnOptions >Text Style. Hp thoiText Style m ra:Hp thoi ny gm cc ni dung sau:+ Font:Chn kiu ch, bn cnh l cho php chn c ch.+ Text Color:Chn mu ca ch.+ Background:Chn mu nn cho ch,Nonel khng mu;Halol v mt vin trng xung quanh i tng k t;Boxl v mt khung ch nht quanh ch. Tu chnHalovBoxcho php chn mu nn trong Colorpha di.+Effects:nh dng cc hiu ng khc nhau cho ch:Bold(ch m),Underline(gch di),Shadow( bng),Italic(ch nghing),All Caps(vit hoa ton b) vExpanded(ko dn ch ra).Hp thoi trn ch dng nh dng kiu ch cho i tng k t.Nu ta chn i tng k t ri t menu chnh chnEdit>Get Info (hay chn nhanh bng cch nhp chut p) th hp thoiText Objectm ra.Hp thoi ny c cc tu chn sau:

+Texthin th ni dung ca i tng k t ang c chn. Ta c th xo hay chnh li ni dung trong ny.+ NtStylem hp thoiText Style chnh kiu ch.+ Hai Start XvY: Cho bit to ca k t u tin ca i tng k t. Nu thay i gi tr trong hai ny th i tng k t s di chuyn v tr trn bn .+Line Spacing: Cho php chnh kiu dng ca i tng k t,Singlel dng n (tu chn mc nh),1.5l ch mt dng ri vDoublel ch cch dng i.+Justification: C 3 tu chn lLeft- cn l bn tri,Center - cn l chnh gia vRight- cn l bn phi.+ Label Line: C 3 tu chn:No Line- khng c ng ch;Simple Line- ng ch n.ArrowLine- ng ch c mi tn.+ Rotation Angle:Quay i tng k t bng cch np gi tr vo ny. Chiu dng l ngc chiu kim ng h.3.4.2. Chnh hnh dng ca ng, vng v k ta. iu chnh hnh dng ca ng v vngng c chiu di v hnh dng nn ta c th thay i hnh dng ca ng. Cch lm: s dng cng c chn chn ng , ng c chn bng cch b nh du, ng thi c bn hnh vung mu en nm xung quanh gii hn ranh gii ca ng , gc di bn phi c mt chm vung na, l tay cm. Gi nt chut tri trn mt trong 4 nt hnh vung mu en ny v r chut th ta c th lm thay i ng (co gin ng). Gi chut tri trn tay cm v r chut th ta c th quay ng . Hnh dng ng c iu chnh bng nt lnhReshape(chnh hnh dng). Cch lm nh sau:- Dng cng c chn nhp chut chn mt ng trn ca s bn .- Nhp chut vo ntReshape. Cc nt ca ng ang c chn hin ln.- Nhp chut vo mt nt ri r chut th ta c th di chuyn v tr nt v do vy thay i hnh dng ca ng. chn nhiu nt ta cng gi phmv cng c th di chuyn nhiu nt mt lc. Ta c th s dng nt cng c thm ntAdd Node thm mt nt bng cch nhp chut chn nt ny ri nhp chut ln v tr mun thm nt trn ng ang c chnh sa. Ta c th xo mt nt bng cch nhp chut chn nt ri nhn phm .Vng c gii hn bng mt ng gp khc nn ta cng c th iu chnh hnh dng ca vng hon ton ging nh cch iu chnh ng.b. iu chnh k tKhi nhp chut chn mt i tng kiu k t, n s c nh du bng bn im khng ch mu en cng vi mt tay cm. Khi gi phm chut tri trn i tng k t v r chut th ta c th di chuyn n. Khi gi phm chut tri trn tay cm th ta c th quay i tng k t bng cch r chut. Nu mun chnh sa ni dung i tng k t, ta nhp chut p vo n m hp thoiText Objectra v chnh sa ni dung trong Text. Lu l ting Vit khng hin th ng trong Textny.3.4.3. Lnh Combine v Disaggregatea. Lnh Combine:Chc nng:Gp hai hay nhiu i tng thnh mt. Cc i tng ny c th ch l i tng ng hoc i tng vng hoc i tng im hoc va bao gm c i tng ng, i tngvng v i tng im. Cc i tng ny c gp li tin cho qu trnh tnh ton din tch (i vi i tng vng), tnh ton chiu di (i tng ng) hay cc php ton truy vn.Cch thc hin:- ChnMap>Layer Control v nh du chnh sa cho lp mun thay i.- Chn cng c chn ri gi phm chn hai hay nhiu i tng.- ChnObjects >Combine.

- Hp thoiData Aggregation(nhp d liu) m ra. Hp thoi ny hi ta khi nhp i tng ho th d liu c gp li nh th no. Tu theo tng trng hp m ta chn phng php gp d liu cho thch hp i vi tng trng. Ta cng c th nh du chn voNo data nhp i tng v cc trng ca i tng mi c to thnh khng c d liu g c.LnhCombinec tc dng trn hai hay nhiu i tng cng kiu hoc khc kiu. V d ta c th nhp cc im, ng, vng li thnh mt v x l chng nh mt i tng duy nht.b. Lnh DisaggregateChc nng:y l lnh ngc li viCombine. Lnh ny tch cc i tng gp (itng bao gm nhiu thnh phn ring l to thnh do lnhCombine) ra thnh cc i tng c lp.Cch thc hin:- Chn i tng gp cn tch ri thc hin lnhObjects >Disaggregate. Hp thoiDisaggregate Objectsm ra. Hp thoi ny c hai tu chn.+ Nu nh du tu chnAll Objectsth (cc) i tng s b tch ra thnh tng i tng ring l tch ri nhau.V d ta c mt i tng gp bao gm cc vng th khi thc hin lnhDisaggregatechng s b tch ra thnh tng i tng vng ring l. Trong phn ny ta c th nh du vo mcRetain Holes in Regions. Nu nh du mc ny th cc vng c l gia s c gi nguyn l. Nu khng nh du tu chn ny th khi thc hin lnh tch, cc l gia s b i thnh cc vng.+TuchnCollections Onlytch (cc) i tng gp ra thnh cc i tng ring l theo nhm (collection).V d mt i tng gp bao gm nhiu vng, nhiu ng v nhiu im th khi thc hin lnh tch v chnCollection Onlyth i tng gp s b tch ra thnh 3 i tng gp theo kiu ca chng, mt i tng gp bao gm cc vng, mt bao gm cc ng v mt bao gm cc im.- Ch nh xong cc tiu chun tch ta chnNext, hp thoiData Disaggregation(tch d liu) m ra.- Ch nh cch tch d liu cho cc trng ri chnOK.3.4.4.Lnh ct (Split), lnhXophn chung (Erase) v lnhXophn khng chung (Erase Outside) mt i tnga. Lnh Split(Ct):Chc nng:L lnh ct mt hay nhiu i tng bng i tng ct (cutter). Mc tiu s b ct ra lm hai phn: phn chung vi i tng ct v phn khng chung vi i tng ct.Cch thc hin lnhSplitnh sau:- Chn (cc) i tng cn ct bng cng c chn.- ChnObjects >Set Target i (cc) i tng chn thnh mc tiu.- Chn (cc) i tng ct.- Thc hin lnhObjects>Split.- Hp thoiData Disaggregation (tch d liu) hin th, hi ta chn ct d liu nh th no; chn phng php chia d liu ph hp ri chnOK. (Cc) mc tiu s b ct ra. Ta c th dng nhiu vng ct mt vng/ng, dng mt vng ct nhiu vng/ng hay nhiu vng ct nhiu vng/ng.b. Lnh Erase(Xo):Chc nng:Lnh xo i tng tng t lnhSplit, nhng phn chung vi (cc) i tng ct s b xo i.Cch thc hin lnh Erase nh sau:- Chn (cc) i tng cn ct bng cng c chn.- ChnObjects >Set Target i (cc) i tng chn thnh mc tiu.- Chn (cc) i tng ct.- Thc hin lnhObjects>Erase.- Hp thoiData Disaggregation (tch d liu) hin th, hi ta chnxod liu nh th no; chn phng php chia d liu ph hp ri chnOK.c. Lnh Erase Outside(Xo phn khng chung):Tng t nh lnhSplitnhng phn khng chung vi (cc) i tng ct b xo i.Trong cc lnh trn, i tng ct ch c th l vng, mc tiu (i tng b ct) cth l im gp, ng hay vng. i tng im khng th b ct. Lu rng i vi mt bn mi s ho, cha c phn d liu th vic chn phng php nhp hay tch d liu khng quan trng. Tuy nhin i vi mt bn np d liu th y l vn rt quan trng.3.4.5. Lnh Overlay NodesChc nng:y l lnh chng im to thm (cc) nt ti v tr i tng ct chy qua i tng mc tiu. Nt c to thnh nm trn mc tiu. Lnh ny thng c s dng trong trng hp mun to cc im giao nhau gia cc vng ct nhau hay cc im giao nhau ca cc ng.Cch thc hin:- Thit lp mc tiu cho (cc) i tng cn to nt- Chn cc i tng giao vi (cc) mc tiu- ChnObjects >Overlay Nodes.3.4.6.Lnh Buffer (to vng m)Buffer thc cht khng phi l lnh chnh sa i tng m n l lnh to ra mt i tng mi da vo i tng c.Chc nng:Lnh ny to mt vng m xung quanh i tng c chn vi bn knh vng m do ta xc nh. Lnh Buffer ny thng ng dng trong cc bi ton tnh ton khong cch, bi ton kinh t (xc nh bn knh tiu th), bi ton quy hoch...Cch thc hin:- Chn i tng cn to vng m, gi phm chn nhiu i tng, nu mun.

- ChnObjects >Buffer,hp thoiBuffer Objectsm ra.Hp thoiBuffer Objects c cctuchn sau:+ Radius:Value: Xc nh bn knh vng m, gi tr ny c th ly t mt ct d liu trn lp bn .From Colum: Ct d liu cn ly.Units: Chn n v tnh bn knh.+Smoothness: Xc nh mn ca vng m; mn ny cn c trn hnh trn, gi tr mc nh l v vng trn bng 12 on.+One bufferfor all objects:To mt vng m cho tt c cc i tng c chn+ One buffer for each object: To mi vngm cho mt i tng c chn.+ Buffer Width Distanceusing:Xc nh cch tnh khong cch. Cch tnh ny ph thuc vo h quy chiu ca lp bn cha cc i tng ang c x l.Spherical:i vi h to kinh/v. Cartesian(theo hto Descartes): ivi h to phi qu t.3.4.7. Lnh EncloseLnh ny to ra cc i tng vng t cc ng giao nhau khp kn. Cch lm:- Chn cc ng ct nhau khp kn ri chnObjects>Enclose. Hp thoiCreate RegionsObjects From Enclosed Areasm ra. Tu chn Ignore Regions Objects mc nh c bt ln (khng tnh cc vng c chn).- ChnOK.Cc vng s c to thnh trong lp no ang ch chnh sa3.4.8. Lnh Smooth v Unsmootha. Lnh SmoothLnh ny dng bo trn i tng ng bng cch v hai on k nhau thnh mt ng cong tip tuyn vi gc nh gia chng. V d nh khi ta v mt con sng, mun cho con sng un o t nhin hn th ta dng lnh ny. Cch lm:+ Chn ng cn bo trn.+ ChnObjects >Smooth.b. Lnh UnsmoothLnh Unsmooth l lnh ngc li vi lnh Smooth,lnhny tr ng c bo trn v tnh trng ban u. Cch lm:+ Chn i tng cSmoothri.+ ChnObjects>Unsmooth. Lnh ny ch thay i hnh dng ca i tng ng, cc tnh ton a l vn cn c trn i tng gc (khngSmooth).3.4.9. Lnh Convert to Regions v Convert to Polylinesa. Convert to Regions(i thnh vng)y l lnh i mt ng thnh mt vng. Cchlm:- Chn ng cn i.- ChnObjects >Convert to Regions.b. Convert to Polylines(i thnh ng)Lnh ny l lnh ngc li, i mt vng thnh mt ng. ng to thnh l ng ranh gii bao xung quanh vng c chn. Cch lm:- Chn vng cn i.- ChnObjects >Convert to Polylines. Convert to Region Convert to polylineCc v d ca lnh Convert to Region v Convert to Polyline3.4.10. Lnh Check Regionsy l mt lnh rt hiu qu trong vic kim tra li ca cc vng. Lnh ny s nh du nhng vng chm ln nhau bng cch v mt vng ln vng chung . ng thi n cng nh du nhng vng b xon, tc l vng t ct n, bng cch chm mt im ln im ct.Cch thc hin lnh kim tra vng nh sau:- Chn cc vng mun kim tra li.- Chn Objects > Check Regions; menu Check Region Objects m ra.Hp thoi ny c 3 tu chn:+ Self- Intersection Detection: pht hin cc vng t ct v nh du ch t ct bng mt biu tng.+ Overlap Detection: pht hin cc vng chm ln nhau v nh du vng chm bng cch v mt vng t mu ln vng .+ Gap Detection: pht hin l h gia cc vng nm cnh nhau v nh du bng mt vng t mu. Ch nh din tch ti a ca vng h cn nh du trong Maximum Gap Area v chn n v tnh din tch trong Area Units.Tu trng hp ta c th chn mt, hai hay c ba tu chn trn. Trong ba tu chn ny ta c th thay i kiu nh du bng 3 nt chn kiu im v vng bn phi cc tu chn ny.- Ch nh cc tu chn xong chn OK. Cc im/vng nh du to thnh trn lp no ang ch chnh sa.Bi tp ng dngBi tp 4. S ho cc lp thng tin bn T kt qu ng k nh qut bi tp 1 (thuathienhue.tif), tin hnh s ho cc thng tin trn bn .- Phn cc lp thng tin, i tng s ho: Thu h, giao thng, ranh gii, a danh, UBND, vng hnh chnh.- S ho cc i tng trn bn : S dng cc cng c v ng, im, vng, text s ho cc i tng, i vi cc vng hnh chnh s dng cc lnh Split, Erase, Erase outside.- nh dng cc i tng.- iu chnh cc i tng.- To buffer cho ranh gii.- Kim tra vng.

CHNG 4. XY DNGD LIU THUC TNH4.1. THIT K CU TRC BNG D LIU THUC TNHM Table cn thit k c s d liu thuc tnh, hay ni cch khc ta xy dng cu trc bng d liu thuc tnh. T menuTable >Maintenance > Table Structure.Xut hin hp thoiModify Table Structure, trong c cc ni dung:+Fields: Tn ca cc trng d liu ca bn hin thi.+Type: Kiu ca cc trng d liu ca bn hin thi.MapInfo cho php nh dng cc trng d liu vi cc kiu nh sau:Character:Kiu k t. Trng c nh dng ny c dng cha d liu kiu ch. V d nh tn tnh, tn sng, tn thnh ph. Trng ny c th cha ti a 254 k t.Integer:Kiu s nguyn. Trng kiu dg cha cc s nguyn. Gii hn ca trng ny l t m hai t (-2,000,000,000) n dng hai t (2,000,000,000).Small Integer:Kiu s nguyn nh. Trng kiu ny c gii hn trong khong m 32,768 (-32,768) n dng 32,767 (32,767).Float:Kiu s thp phn c du chm ng. Nn thit lp nh dng l trng ny nu khng bit chnh xc gi tr np vo l bao nhiu, v d nh khi nhp d liu vo trng bng cch lp cng thc tnh ton t d liu ca cc trng khc hay t hm s.Decimal:Kiu s thp phn xc nh, c ngha l phi bit chnh xc gii hn con s thp phn np vo l bao nhiu. V d: 12,57. Trng kiu ny c th cha ti a 19 ch s.Date:Kiu ngy thng. Gi tr ngy thng np vo mc nh theo th t h Anh - M, thng/ngy/nm. V d 12/09/2006 th MapInfo s hiu l ngy 9 thng 12 nm 2006.Logical:Kiu lun l. Trng ny ch c hai gi tr l ng/c (c g l T, l vit tt ca ch True) hoc sai/khng (c g l F, vit tt ca ch False).Khi nh dng trng theo kiu Logical, tt c cc bn ghi u c gi tr mc nh ban u l sai (F). i vi cc trng kiu s, gi tr mc nh ban u ca cc bn ghi l 0.+ Indexed :Mc ny nu c nh du th nhng d liu ca trng hin hnh s c sp xp nhm tng kh nng truy nhp, tm kim. Ch trng d liu no cIndexedmi s dng c cng cFindca MapInfo.- Ta c th thay i tn, kiu d liu ti cc mcName,Type.+Add Field:Dng thm vo mt trng d liu.+Remove Field:Dng lc b mt trng d liu no .+ Projection:Dng thay i cc tham s v c s ton hc ca c bn .- Sau khi hon thnh vic thay i bmOK.Lu , tn trng (Field) ti a l 8 k t, khng c du v khng c k t c bit.. Trc khi thit k c s d liu thuc tnh cho mt lp no , ta cn phi phn tch cc ni dungg (trng g - Field) cn a vo trong lp v kiu loi trng l g.Sau khi thc hin mt lnh thay i cu trc bng d liu ca mt lp bn trong hp thoiModify Table Structureth lp t ng tt i (nhng khng phi ng li). hin th li lp bn , ta voMap>Layer Control, chn ntAdd, hp thoiAdd Layerm ra, ta chn tn lp v chnAdd.4.2. NHP D LIU THUC TNHBng d liu ca bn c m ra bng lnhWindow >New Browser Window >[chn lp bn cn m d liu].Trc khi np d liu cho mt lp bn , cn thit k cc trng cha cc d liu. nh dng trng phi ph hp vi d liu d kin np vo.D liu trong MapInfo c th c np vo bng nhiu cch, bao gm 3 cch, l nhp d liu l ca s Browser, nhp d liu bng lnh Update Column, nhp d liu bng lnh Info Tool.4.2.1. Nhp d liu t ca s Browser- M bn cn nhp liu ra, chnWindow>New Browser Window > [chn tn bn cn nhp d liu].- ChnWindow>Tile Windows hin th ca s bn ln ca s d liu. iu chnh kch thc cc ca s sao cho thun tin.- Chn mt i tng trn ca s bn bng nt chn , bn ghi lin kt vi i tng c t en mp tri. Nu khng thy (v nm ngoi vng nhn thy trong ca sBrowser) th chn lnhQuery>Find Selection, i tng c chn s hin th trong ca sBrowser.- Nhp chut vo hng v nhp d liu cho cc trng. Di chuyn gia cc bng cch s dng phmhoc t hp phm + .- Chn mt i tng khc v lm tng t cho n ht.Cch nhp d liu theo cch ny c u im l kh nhm ln tuy nhin qu trnh thao tc s chm khi nhp cho nhiu i tng c cng mt gi tr (thuc tnh).4.2.2. Nhp d liu bng lnh Update ColumnNu c nhiu i tng (bn ghi) trong mt lp bn c cng gi tr trong mt trng, ta khng nht thit phi g li nhiu ln m c th nhp d liu cho tt c cc i tng c cng gi tr mt ln bng lnhUpdate Column.Cch lm tng qut nh sau:- Chn cc i tng c cng gi tr ca trng d kin np d liu trn ca s bn bng nt chn , s dng phm chn nhiu i tng mt ln. Nu chn nhm i tng th c th giv nhp chut li ln i tng chn nhm th i tng s c kh chn.- ChnTable>Update Column.- TrongTable to UpdatechnSelection.- TrongColumn to Update, chn trng cn nhp d liu.- Trong Get Value from Table, gi nguyn thit lp lSelection.- Trong Value, g gi tr cn nhp liu vo. Lu rng nh dng kiu k t(Character), ngy thng (Date) v kiu lun l (Logical) phi c t trong du ngoc kp. V d: Nhp d liu cho i tng ng st qua lnh Update Column.Assist xy dng biu thc cho mcValue. Bm vo nt Assist xut hin hp thoi Expression:+Columnchn trng d liu cn tnh ton.+Operatorschn biu thc Logic thch hp.+Functionschn hm x l.Lu rng MapInfo khng th hin th ting Vit ng trong cc hp thoi nhng n hin th ng trong ca s Browser v khi trnh by bn , v th phi g cho ng chnh t.4.2.3. Nhp d liu bng lnh Info Tooly l lnh xem thng tin ca mt i tng trn bn bng cch nhp chut vo i tng . Ta c th dng ca sInfo Tool nhp liu cho bn . Cch lm nh sau:- Chn nt lnhInfo Tooltrn thanh cng cMain.- Nhp chut ln mt i tng trn ca s bn .- Ca sInfo Toolm ra, hin th cc trng cha gi tr ca i tng .- Nhp chut vo cc trng trong ca sInfo Tool np d liu cho i tng c nhp chut chn lc u.- Di chuyn li ca s bn , nhp chut ln mt i tng khc, ca sInfo Toolkhng tt nhng hin th cc gi tr trong cc trng ca i tng va mi c nhp chut ln, li nhp d liu vo cc trng cho i tng .- Lm tng t cho tt c cc i tng trong lp bn .Lu :- Khi du nhy chut nm trong ca s Info Tool, c th di chuyn gia cc trng bng phmhay t hp phm+.- Ting Vit hin th khng ng nn phi cn thn trnh sai chnh t.- D liu c nhp hay chnh sa trong ca s Info Tool cng s c lu li trong bng d liu chnh ca lp bn .- Khng g du ngoc kp khi g gi tr trong ca sInfo Tool.Cch cp nht thng tin ny rt d dng v chnh xc nhng c mt nhc im rt ln tc x l s chm v khng hiu qu.* Nhn xt:Trong 3 cch np d liu nh trn th ta thy rng nu ta np d liu cho nhiu i tng c cng mt tnh cht (hay mt gi tr) th s dng lnh Update Column l nhanh chng nht. Tuy nhin nu cc gi tr ca mi i tng trn lp bn u khc nhau th ta phi dng cch 1 (np voBrowser) hay cch 3 (dng Info Tool).Bi tp ng dngBi tp 5. Xy dng c s d liu thuc tnhXy dng cu trc d liu thuc tnh v nhp d liu thuc tnh cho lp thng tin hnh chnh vng c s ho bi tp 4 theo s liu nh sau:Ten hanh chinhDien tichDan so TBNamNuThanh thiNong thon

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Huyn Phong in955.7110708851376557126517100571

Huyn Qung in163.299203944613474261021681823

Huyn Hng Tr520.0511735959199581608038109321

Huyn Ph Vang280.83179239887959044419658159581

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Huyn A Li1232.73417172085220865639835319

Huyn Nam ng651.95234281193511493351419914

4.3. THAO TC VI CC BNG D LIU THUC TNH4.3.1.XoTable bng cng c ca MapInfo-ChnTable >Maintenance > Delete Table.-Xut hin hp thoiDelete Table.-Bm phmDeletexoTablec chn.4.3.2. Thay tn Table bng cng c ca MapInfoMapInfo cung cp cng c thay tn mt Table nh sau:-ChnTable >Maintenance > Rename Table.-Xut hin hp thoiRename Table.-Bm phmRename i tnTablec chn.4.3.3. Nn Table bng cng c ca MapInfoMapInfo cung cp cng c nn mt Table nhm ti uhod liu.- ChnTable >Maintenance > Pack Table- Xut hin hp thoiPack TableChn mc Pack Both types of Datari chnOK.4.4. CP NHT V B SUNG D LIU4.4.1. B sung s liu thng kMi tnh cht ca cc i tng c b sung vo mt vng mi vtutheo kiu s liu khai bo thch hp trong kiu trng d liu (field). C th nhp s liu trc tip trong MapInfo. VoWindows>New Browser Window, chn lp d liu mun b sung thm s xut hin mt ca s d liu Browser lit k d liu theo hng v ct, nhp s liu vo cc thch hp. c th s dng cc phn mm khc nh Excel hay Foxpro nhp cc s liu ny, ta phi lu lp d liu di dngdBase DBFvi mt tn khc. VoFile>Save Copy As, chn lp d liu cn lu, trong ca sSave Copy of Table AschnSave File As TypeldBase DBF, ta s c mt tp tin ca lp d liu tng ng c phn m rng l.dbf. voExcelhayFoxprov m tp tin ny cp nht, lu l khng c thay i v tr ca cc hng, v MapInfo lu thng tin v cc i tng a l hotheo th t cc hng.4.4.2. B sung s liu do MapInfo tnh ton ca. Cc ton t, cc hmv t kho trong biu thc trong MapInfoTrong MapInfo vi cc hm v cc php ton chng ta c th xc lp cc biu thc tnh ton t ng trn tng i tng (cc hng trong bng), c ngha ta c th b sung t ng cc s liu trn MapInfo.Biu thc trong MapInfo bao gm tn vng ca lp d liu c m, trong objl mt tn vng c bit ch n i tng a l ca cc hng trong bng d liu - cc ton t v cc hm.* Cc ton t:- Cc Ton t So snh:=bng,khc,>ln hn,=ln hn hay bng,= tt c cc i tng m ct field_x c gi tr l TPHCM hay N hay KgTrc khi thc hin cc bc tnh ton t ng ta cn phi iu chnh cc thit lp ca MapInfo (n v).- n v tnh din tch: mi (miles), in (inches), ft (feet), yd (yard), km, m, cm, mm...- n v tnh din tch: sq mi (square miles), sq in (square inches), sq km (km2), sq m (m2), sq cm (cm2), sq mm (mm2), hectare...b. Cp nht cc s liu (Update Column)Chng ta c th cp nht hay b sung tng ct d liu mt- VoTable>Update Coulmn, ca sUpdate Columnxut hin vi cc mc sau:-Table to Update: Chn lp d liu mun cp nht trong s cc lp d liu m-Get Value from Table: Ly gi tr t lp d liu no. C 2 trng hp:* T lp d liu mun cp nht:-Column to Update:Chn trng DL mun cp nht-Value:Nhp mt biu thc hp l. Thng s dng khungAssist xy dng biu thc. V d nh tnh din tch, chiu di, tnh gi tr to ...* T mt lp d liu khc:- Click khungJoint xc nh trng (field) tham chiulin kt gia 2 lp d liu.-Column to Update: Mt trng c sn hay mt trng DL mi (Add New Temporary Column)-Calculate:Cch tnh ton c th l:Valuehay cc biu thc tng hp nh:Average, Count, Minimum, Sum, Weighted Average(trung bnh gia trng),Proportion Sum(tng s theo t l),Proportion Average(trung bnh theo t l) vProportion WeightedAverage(trung bnh gia trng theo t l).Lu : Cc biuthc Average, Count, Minimum, Sum, Weighted Averagec tham s l cc gi tr ca d liu, cc biu thc t lProportionth x l cc i tng a l.-of:thng l mt ct hay mt biu thc hp l- Sau cng clickOK tin hnh cp nhtc. Cc v d* Tnh ton to ca cc imTo ca mt im c xc nh bng hai gi tr: kinh v v , ta to thm hai trng mi cho lp mun npto.- ChnTable>Maintenance > Table Structure. Hp thoiModify Table Structurem ra.- ChnAdd Field to thm 2 trng mi l kinh_do v vi_do, kiu l Float.- Chn OK.Ln lt npto cho ct kinh_do v vi_do nh sau:- ChnTable>Update Column, hp thoiUpdate Columnm ra.- Chn tn lp cn np im trong Table to Update; trong Column to Update ta chnkinh_do.- Nhn chut chn nt Assist, hp thoi Expression m ra.- Nhn chut vo nt th xung Functions (hm s) v chn hm CentroidX; xong chn OK.- Quay tr li hp thoi Update Column, ta thy biu thc trong Value l CentroidX(obj)- Tt chn trong Browse Results i ri chn OK. Trong trng kinh_do tt c cc hng u c np kinh vo. To y c tnh bng thp phni vi ct vi_do cch lm tng t v hm s s dng l CentroidY.* Tnh ton chiu di ca cc ng tnh chiu di ca cc i tng ng (con sng hay ng giao thng) trc ht ta cng phi to mt trng cha chiu di vi cc thng s Name:chieu_dai,Type:Float. Tin hnh np chiu di vo trng mi ny nh sau:- ChnTable>Update Column. Hp thoiUpdate Columnm ra.- TrongTable to Updatechn lp cn tnh; trongColumn to Updatechn trngchieu_dai.- Nhn chut chn ntAssist m hp thoiExpressionra.Hnh 5.12.Hp thoi Update Column v Hp thoi Expression tronglnh cp nht ct chieu_daicho lp song.

- Functions, trong danh sch th xung chn hmObjectLen, dng biu thc hin th trong ExpressionlObjectLen(obj, mi). Sa n v o lng mc nh trong ngoc kpmi(dm) thnhkm(kilmt) v chnOK. Biu thc hin th trong Values lObjectLen(obj,km).- Tt chn trong Browse Resultsi ri chnOK.* Tnh ton chu vi v din tch, mt cho cc vng tnh chu vi v din tch cho cc vng lnh th ta s thc hin np cc d liu ny nh sau:- To hai trng mi lchu_vivdien_tichcho lp vng cn np d liu, kiu u lFloat.Cp nht ctchu_vi nh sau:- ChnTable>Update Column.- TrongTable to Updatechn lp cn np (v d:cac_tinh), trongColumn to Updatechnchu_vi.- Nhn ntAssist. Hp thoiExpressionm ra.- Trong mcFunctions, t danh sch th xung ca ny chnPerimeter(chu vi).- Trong hpType an Expression, sa ch mi trong ngoc kp thnh km i n v tnh chiu di. Xong chnOK.- Trong hp thoiUpdate Column, tt chn trong Browse Resultsri chnOK.Chu vi ca cc tnh c np xong, tnh bng kilmt.Ta cp nht ctdien_tichbng cch lm hon ton tng t nhng s dng hm sArea(obj, sq mi)v sa ch sq mi (dm vung) thnh hectare (hcta); hoc nu mun tnh lkm2th ta sa thnh sq kmLu :Khi np thng tin a l ca cc i tng theo phng php nh trn, MapInfo tnh ton cc gi tr da vo i tng ho c v trn bn . Nu sau ny ta chnh sa bn th nhng thng tin s b thay i. Ta phi chy li lnh UpdateColumn v chp d liu cp nht mi ln nhng d liu c. tnh mt dn s cho bng cac_tinh, th trc tin cn phi c 2 trng din tch (dien_tich) v trng dn s (dan_so). Hoc nu ta cha c trng din tch th ta c th thn ton ngay trong biu thc tnh mt . cha gi tr mt dn s, ta cn to ra mt trng mi c tn lmat_do(mt ), nh dng kiu trng trong TypelFloat. Cp nht trngmat_dobng cch:- ChnTable >Update Column.Hp thoiUpdate Columnm ra.- Trong Table to Updatechn bng cn tnh (v d:cac_tinh), trong Column to Updatechn ctmat_do.- Trong Get Value fromTablegi nguyn l bngcac_tinh.- Nhp chut vo ntAssist m hp thoiExpressionra.- Trong Expressionta g vo biu thc sau: Format$(Dan_so_TB / Area(obj, "sq km"),"#"). S dng hm Format$(con s, nh dng con s) lm trn gi tr mt . Con s y l cng thc tnh mt , cn ch s trong MapInfo quy nh l #, ta khng mun ly s l no, do phn nh dng con s y l #- Lm xong nhnOK quay li hp thoiUpdate Column. Biu thc c np vo Value.- NhnOK kt thc lnh cp nht.Bi tp ng dngBi tp 6. Cp nht cc thng tin thuc tnh cho cc i tngS dng kt qu bi tp s 5, thc hin cc lnh sau:- Tin hnh tnh ton din tch, chu vi, mt dn s, t l nam/n, t l dn s thnh th/nng thn cho lp thng tin hnh chnh vng.- Cp nht thng tin loi ng, chiu di ng cho lp thng tin giao thng.- Tnh ton to cc im UBND (gi tr pht giy v gi tr km- s dng tool CoordinateExtractor chuyn i gia cc n v to ).Cho bn hin trng s dng t nm 2005 ca huyn Ph Vang, bao gm 3 trng d liu thuc tnh: ID, MDSDD07. Cp nht thng tin thuc tnh hin trng s dng t v tnh ton din tch cho cc khoanh vi hin trng s dng t.

CHNG 5. BIN TP V TRNH BY BN Khi chng ta c cc lp d liu ring bit v mt khu vc lnh th, chng ta c th xy dng cc bn chuyn khc nhau. Xy dng bn trn my tnh l kt hp cc lp d liu c s ho, sp xp th t, t mu, ghi ch gii, to li ta cng nh sp xp v tr ca chng c th in ra giy.Cng tc bin tp v trnh by bn l mt cng vic khng nhng c tnh cht khoa hc, chnh xc m cn c tnh cht ngh thut cao. c mt bn trnh by r rng, y chi tit v p ngi bin tp phi c nhng kin thc c bn v bn hc v cn phi c c tnh cn thn trong cng tc bin tp.Ni chung, mt bn khi c trnh by s c cc thnh phn di y. Tu theo loi bn v mc ch s dng m cc thnh phn ny c th c hoc khng, hoc thay i nhng c bn l chng cn thit.1- Tn ca bn :Mi bn c in ra hay c trnh by u nhm phc v cho mt mc ch no , v vy tn ca bn phi gii thch mt cch tm tt nhng y ni dung ca bn .2- Ni dung bn :y l phn quan trng nht ca bn , bao gm cc thng tin di dng ho nh sng sui, ng x, tnh, thnh ph, ng cao ,... Ni dung ca bn phi ph hp vi tn ca bn , tc lm ni bt c ni dung mun trnh by.3- Nhn:Trn bn ta thy c tn tnh, c tn thnh ph, tn sng sui,... l cc nhn nhm mc ch lm r ngha ca cc i tng trn bn .4- Ch gii:y l phn gii ngha r thm cho cc biu tng, kiu ng, kiu vng c trnh by trn bn , v d trong ch gii c ni dung sau: ng lin mnh mu xanh dng tng trng cho sng sui, ng lin mu tng trng cho ng b, ng gch chm m tng trng cho ranh gii tnh, ngi sao mu tng trng cho th ,.... Phn ch gii (hay cn gi l ch dn, ch thch) ca bn thng c t ring trong mt khung.5- Li ta :Phn ny c th c hay khng, tuy nhin li ta thng l cn thit v n gip ngi xem bn xc nh c v tr trn bn . Li ta l nhng ng song song vi kinh tuyn v xch o, cch u nhau mt khong nht nh v trn mi ng u c to .6 - Thc t l:Thng nm mt gc ca bn biu th cho t l khong cch trn bn tng ng vi khong cch ngoi thc a l bao nhiu. Thc t l cng c th c trnh by hay khng, v d nh trong tn ca bn ta ghi t l ca bn ri th thc t l trn bn c th khng cn thit, tuy nhin nu c th bn cng tr nn r rng, thun tin cho ngi s dng hn.7 - Phng hng bn (mi tn ch hng):Mi tn ch hng nhm gip cho ngi c bn xc nh c hng Bc trn bn . Yu t ny c th c hoc khng v thng thng th hng bc c quy c l hng thng ln trn. Trong mt s trng hp do mc ch m thut khi trnh by bn m ngi ta c th xoay bn i sao cho thun tin, lc kim ch nam l cn thit gip xc nh hng Bc nh ni.i vi nhng bn c xy dng s dng ngoi thc a th li ta , thc t l v kim ch nam rt cn thit.8 - Cc yu t khc:Trong bn ta cng c th cung cp thm nhng thng tin khc cho ngi xem, v d nh tc gi ca bn , h quy chiu m bn ang s dng, ngun ca nhng thng tin trn bn ,... y ta ni n bn c trnh by trong MapInfo, i vi bn in chuyn nghip, cn c cc thng tin v nh xut bn, s lng in, thi gian in,...Trong khi trnh by mt bn chng ta nn dng lnh luWorkspace tin cho cng tc bin tp, c thc hin nh sau:- T menu chnh chnFile>Save Workspace. Hp thoiSave Workspacem ra.- t tn choworkspace(khng gian lm vic) trong File Name, chn th mc lu tp tinworkspacetrong Save Inri nhn ntSave. Lu trong khi kt thc mt ln bin tp v chnh sa th ta phi lu trang lm vicWorkspace.5.1. BIN TP BN 5.1.1. To lp bn chuyn Lnh to bn chuyn (Create Thematic Map)ch c kch hot khi c mt ca s bn ang c kch hot. tin hnh to bn chuyn ta vo Map>Create Thematic Map, khi mn hnh hin ra hp thoi chuyn vi thc n chnh cho php to ra bn theo cc phng php khc nhau, mun lp bn theo phng php no , ta cn bm chn biu tng ca phng php . Trong hp thoi c cc phng php:1- Ranges(Phng php gii - Cartogram): Lp bn ch theo cc khong gii hn gi tr ca d liu. Cc khong gii hn c biu th bng mu/kiu i tng khc nhau v c s thay i c tnh quy lut tng ng vi gi tr d liu. Bn ch theo khong gii hn cho php ta minh ho cc d liu ca im, ng v vng. Chng c s dng minh ho mi quan h gia gi tr d liu v vng a l (v d nh doanh s bn ra ca tng khu vc, thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca tng khu vc) hoc biu th thng tin kiu t l, v d nh mt dn s.2- Bar Charts(Phng php biu bn - Cartodiagram): V biu ct theo gi tr d liu ca tng bn ghi. Biu ct c s dng minh ho nhiu bin ca mt bn ghi trong bn . Ta c th so snh kch thc cc ct trong mi biu c c thng tin v tng bn ghi trong d liu ca bng, hoc c th so snh mt ct vi tt c cc ct khc c nhn nh v mt bin theo tt c cc bn ghi, hoc so snh chiu cao ca biu ct c thng tin v ton b bng. i vi mi i tng biu ct c t ti v tr trng tm ca n. V d: Trn bn pht trin dn s, cc ct ca biu th hin cho dn s pht trin qua tng nm ti tng n v hnh chnh. Hoc ta cng c th thnh lp ni dung chuyn cho lng ma trong nm thu c ti cc trm o trn c nc, lc ny vi biu ct c th c biu din trn i tng im ti v tr trm i, mi ct th hin lng ma trung bnh trong tng thng.3- Pie Charts(Phng php biu bn - Cartodiagram): V biu dng hnh qut, y l dng biu nhiu bin. Loi ny c s dng trong bn phn tch mt hay nhiu bin cng mt lc. Ta c th so snh kch thc ca cc hnh r qut trong mi biu c thng tin v tng bn ghi, hoc so snh mt hnh r qut vi tt c cc biu hnh qut c nhn nh v mt bin no theo cc bn ghi, hoc so snh ng knh ca cc biu qut c thng tin v ton b d liu c v biu .4- Graduated(Phng php k hiu): Biu din mi bn ghi trong bng bng mt biu tng, kch thc ca biu tng t l trc tip vi gi tr d liu. Mt bn c cc biu tng c phn cp hin th d liu theo cc gi tr ca chng. Kiu phn cp ny hu ch trong vic trnh by cc thng tin c tnh cht nh lng, v d nh phn hng t cao n thp. Kch thc ca cc biu tng t l vi cc gi tr d liu ca bn ghi. Cc im c gi tr trong bng d liu ln hn s c v to hn v ngc li.5- Dot Density(Phng php chm im): p dng i vi bng kiu vng. Kiu ny biu dingi tr d liu thnh cc chm trn bn , mi mt chm tng ng vi mt con s v tng s chm trong mt vng tng ng vi gi tr d liu ca vng . Mt bn theo kiu mt im cho php ta c lng nhanh gi tr d liu (v d nh dn s chng hn).6- Individual(Phng php nn cht lng): T mu cc bn ghi theo cc gi tr d liu ring l. Cc mu gi tr tm kiu ring l thuc loi nhiu bin. Ta c th chn t mu cho im, ng hay vng. Mt bn ch v cc i tng bn theo tng gi tr ring l c s dng khi ta mun nhn mnh s khc bit gia tng i tng (nh tnh), v d nh cc kiu nh hng trong mt khu vc, cc cp phn chia vng trong mt khu vc,...ch khng quan tm n tnh cht nh lng. y l kiu bn ch duy nht c th c xy dng t trng d liu khng phi kiu s(notnumeric field).7- Grid:Bn ch kiu li (grid) biu din gi tr d liu thnh s thay i mu t t trn ton bn . Kiu bn ch ny c xy dng bng cch ni suy cc d liu dng im t bng d liu gc. Mt tp tin li (grid file) c to ra khi ni suy d liu v c biu din thnh mt nh qut trn ca s bn . y chng ti a ra phng php Cartogram lm v d:Mt cch tng qut, lnhCreate Thematic Mapbao gm 3 bc:- Bc 1:Chn kiu bn ch ChnMap>Create Thematic Map, hp thoiCreate Thematic Map - Step1 of 3m ra. Trong hp thoi ny ta chn Kiu ch v mu c s dng to bn ch .Hp thoi ny c cc ni dung sau:+ PhnTypedng chn kiu bn ch . Chn kiu Range:+ PhnTemplate:ng vi mi kiu trong ctTypeth trong phnTemplatec mt s mu bn theo ch c sn tng ng vi kiu c chn. Ty theo mun m ngi dng chn mu sao cho thch hp.+ PhnPreview: Hin th minh ha ch gii cho tng kiu c chn.+ Hai tu chn lSort by NamevSort by Time, dng sp th t cc mu theo tn hay theo trnh t thi gian chng c to thnh.ChnNext, hp thoiCreate Thematic Map - Step 2 of 3m ra.- Bc 2:Thit lp cc thng s to bn ch Trong hp thoiCreate Thematic Map - Step 2 of 3ta chn bng v trng d liu dng to bn ch .Nu chn phng php to bn ch theo mt bin, bc 2 ta c th nh du Ignore Zeroes or Blanks b i nhng bn ghi c gi tr l 0 (d liu kiu s) hay rng (d liu kiu k t) nu mun.Khi iu chnh xong chnNext. Hp thoiCreate Thematic Map - Step 3of 3m ra.- Bc 3:iu chnh bn ch Trong hp thoiCreate Thematic Map - Step 3 of 3, ta chn kiu t mu, kiu ch cho ch gii, khong gii hn, s bc phn cp, cch sp th t ch gii,... (tu kiu bn ch chn lc u). Hai tu chnAscending(Sp th t xui) vDescending(Sp th t ngc). Trong phnLegend LabelOrdercho php ta chn cch xp th t cho ch gii. phnTemplateta c th lu cc thit lp thnh mt mu s dng sau ny.Ta c th thay i cc tham s ca bn chuyn nh nh ngha li cc khang gi tr, cc thuc tnh th hin bng cch chn cc nt lnh khc nhau nhRanges, Styles, Settings.+ Rangescho php iu chnh cc khong gii hn trong mt bn ch c chia cc khong gii hn.Method:Phng php to bn chuyn , bao gm cc phng php sau:Equal count: to ra cc nhm i tng c s bn ghi nh nhau, Equal range: to ra nhm i tng c khong d liu nh nhau; Natural Break: S phn tch cc khong d liu chuyn da trn c s ti thiu ho cc hiu s ca cc d liu vi gi tr trung bnh ca chng; Standard Deviation: khong cch c phn tch ti gi tr trung bnh ca d liu, khong trn v khong di c xc nh bng khong gia cng tr i mt sai lch chun; Quantile: Xc nh s phn b ca mt bin d liu dc theo khong d liu, Custom: t xc nh cc khong d liu chuyn ; #range: nhp s lng cc khong d liu chuyn , theo gi tr ny h thng s t ng tnh ton gi tr ca cc khong gi tr da trn gi tr Min, Max; Round by: chn s ch lm trn cho h thng.+Stylesdng iu chnh cc thuc tnh v kiu nh mu sc v kch thc. Chn color chn to lp bn chuyn da trn c s t mu cc nhm i tng hoc chn None loi b t mu. to ch gii cho lp chuyn , bm nt Legend, xut hin hp thoi Customize Legend. Trong hp thoi cn xc nh:Title Font: Font cho tiu ghi chTile: Bin tp tiu ghi chSubtilte: Bin tp tiu ph ghi chSubtitle font: Bin tp kiu ch tiu phFont: Chn kiu ch cho cc nhnEdit selected range here: Bin tp cc khong gi tr d liu chuyn Show this range: Hin th khong d liu chuyn Show record count: Chn hin th s lng bn ghiSau khi hon tt bc 3, bn nguyn thu lc u s c t mu theo thit lp chn trong 3 bc trn, ng thi mt ch gii cng c to thnh gii thch cho cch t mu .Lnh ny khng lm thay i bng MapInfo nguyn thu, n ch ph ln lp bn nguyn thu mt lp vtheo cc d liu do ta thit lp. Nu m hp thoiLayer Control, ta s thy trn lp c to bn ch c thm mt lp na. Lp ny hi tht vo mt cht so vi cc lp bnh thng. Tn ca lp ny l tn phng php to bn ch v d liu c s dng to bn ch .Bi tp ng dngBi tp 7. To lp bn chuyn T c s d liu bn Tha Thin Hu thit lp, thnh lp lp bn chuyn mt dn c.5.1.2. To biu v tha. Phng php to biu To biu trong MapInfo c thc hin bng lnhWindow> New Graph Windowhoc bng nt lnh New Grapher trn thanh cng c Standard. Trong bng phi c trng d liu kiu s (numeric field) th mi c th lp biu c. Cc bc lp biu nh sau:- M lp bn c cha d liu ta mun lp biu ra.- T menu chnh chnWindow>New Graph Window.Ca sCreate Graph - Step 1 of 2m ra. Graph: Lit k danh sch cc kiu biu ca MapInfo. Trong MapInfo c cc kiu biu sau:+ 3D (dng khng gian 3 chiu).+ Area (dng din tch).+ Bar (dng hnh que).+ Bubble (dng bong bng).+ Column (dng ct).+ Histogram (biu tn s).+ Line (dng ng).+ Pie (dng hnh qut).+ Scattered (dng im phn tn).+ Surface (dng b mt).Chn kiu biu ta mun.- Khi chn xong kiu biu th phn Template bn phi s lit k danh sch cc mu ca kiu c chn. Chn mu ta mun ri chn OK. Hp thoi Create Graph - Step2 of 2m ra.+ Table dng chn bng to biu .+ Phn Fields c hai mc. Fields from Table: Lit k danh sch cc trng kiu s c trong bng chn. Fields for Graph: Lit k tn cc trng c chn to biu bng nt Add hoc mun loi chng ra th c th chn nt Remove. Ta c th di chuyn v tr trng bng cch chn trng trong Fields for Graph ri nhn nt Up hay Down. Th t trn/di ca cc trng trong Fields for Graph s quyt nh th t hin th ca biu sau ny.+ Label with Column: Chn trng dn nhn biu . Ta cng c th chn None nu khng mun dn nhn. Series in Rows: Sp xp d liu theo hng Series in Columns: Sp xp d liu theo ct- Sau khi chn xong nhp chut vo nt OK. Biu s c trnh by trong mt ca s c tiu dng [tnbng] Graph.Biu sau khi v xong c cc phn sau:- Trn cng l phn c dng Graph of: [tn bng/tn php chn], ngay pha di l hng .- Bn tri ca s l phn biu gm c: tn trc trung c dng [Y1 axis title], tn trc honh c dng [tn trng c dn nhn].- Bn phi biu l ch gii.- Di cng l cc ni dung (tn nhm) v (ghi ch).Khi ca s biu c kch hot th trn menu chnh c thm mt menu con na l Graph. Menu ny cho php ta iu chnh cc thnh phn ca biu .b. iu chnh biu * Lnh Formattingy l lnh nh dng cc thnh phn ca biu . Mun nh dng phn no ca biu th ta phi nhp chut chn phn trc ri t menu chnh chn Graph > Formatting hoc click doup vo i tng c chn th menu nh dng tng ng ca phn c chn s m ra.* Lnh General OptionsLnh ny dng iu chnh cc tu chn ca biu trong hp thoiGeneralOptions.Ta iu chnh tng mc bng cch nhp chut vo thanh tiu ca tng mc pha trn hp thoi.- General: Bn tri hp thoi ny hin th dng ca ca s biu . Mc ny c cc ni dung sau:+ Overlap: Thanh trt ny iu chnh khong cch gia cc yu t thnh phn ca mt chui d liu. Khi ta iu chnh thanh trt ny th cc ct ca biu s cch xa hay xch li gn nhau. Khi ta iu chnh thanh trt ny th biu mu bn tri s thay i tng ng.+ Gap Width: Thanh trt ny iu chnh khong cch gia cc nhm d liu khc nhau khi v biu t nhiu trng.+ Riser Shape cho php ta thay i hnh dng ca cc ct biu . Trong biu ct c 3 tu chn l Rectangle (hnh ch nht), BeveledBox ( bng xui) v Reverse Beveled Box ( bng ngc).+ Use Depth: (to biu dng khi 3 chiu): Nu ta nh du chn vo phn ny th phn Riser Shape s b m i v tc dng chnh dng biu s thuc phn ny. Depth: iu chnh chiu su ca ct biu . Direction: iu chnh gc nhn ca biu 3 chiu.- Layout: Dng iu chnh cch sp xp cc d liu thnh phn trong mt nhm/chui d liu. Phn Type cho php chn cc kiu Clustered, Stacked, Percent v True 3D Column. Chn kiu trnh by biu v xem s thay i ca biu mu bn tri quyt nh chn kiu no ng . Tu chn Dual Axes cho php biu din d liu theo hai trc tung trn biu , mt s bn ghi theo mt trc tung v mt s bn ghi khc theo trc tung th hai. Nu nh du tu chn ny th ta c thm mt tu chn na pha di l Split Dual Axes. Tu chn ny cho php tch d liu ra lm hai nhm v biu din trn hai th nm cnh nhau. Xem s thay i tng ng ca biu mu bn tri chn.- Data Labels: Dn nhn d liu ln biu , mc nh tu chn ny tt i. Nu nh du vo Show Data labels th cc tu chn Labels Location v Label Format hin ln.Labels Location:Chnh v tr ca gi tr d liu, c 4 tu chn lOutside Maximum (gi tr d liu nm trn u v ngoi tng ct biu ), Inside Maximum(nm trong biu v trn cng), Center (nm ngay gia biu ) v Base of Chart (nm ngay di y biu ). Xem s thay i tng ng biu mu bn tri khi chn cc kiu khc nhau.Label Formatcho php chn cch dn thng tin ln biu . C 3 tu chn l Value (dn nhn l gi tr d liu), Label (dn nhn l tn trng c chn dn nhn) v Value & Lables (dn nhn c hai thng tin trn). Nu dn nhn l gi tr d liu ln biu th phn Number s hin r ln cho php nh dng kiu d liu.- Numbers: Chn cc kiu nh dng d liu khc nhau. Khi chn mc ny ta c Category cho php chn hin th d liu thao cc nh dng khc nhau. Ta c cc kiu sau: General (kiu tng qut, khng nh dng), Number (kiu s), Currency (kiu tin t), Date (kiu ngy thng), Time (kiu thi gian), Percent (kiu t l phn trm),Fraction(kiu phn s), Scientific (kiu s khoa hc, s m calogarit Neper), Special(kiu c bit). Mi tu chn ny khi c chn li c mt s ni dung khc chi tit hn cho tng loi.- Dual Y Options: Ch hin ln khi chn Dual Axes trong mc Layout.Phn ny cho php ta chn nhng bn ghi no hin th trn trc tung s cp (Primary Y1 Axis) v nhng bn ghi no hin th trn trc tung th cp (Secondary Y2 Axis). Gia hai ct ny c mt nt lnh hnh mi tn nt cho php ta chn bn ghi v chuyn chng qua li gia hai ct.- Look: Bao gm hai phn chnh l Color Mode v Show Legend. Color Mode: Dng chn kiu t mu biu . C hai tu chn l Color by Series (t mu biu khc nhau cho tng gi tr c th trong nhm/chui d liu) v Color by Category (t mu biu theo nhm/chui d liu, nu chn mc ny cc gi tr d liu c th trong tng nhm s c cng mu). Show Legend cho php bt/tt phn ch gii ca biu . Phn Markers and Text cho php chnh ni dung v v tr ca ch gii. Chn tng kiu v xem s thay i tng ng ca biu mu bn tri. Phn Layout cho php chnh v tr ca ch gii so vi v tr biu . Phn Box Style cho php chnh ng vin ca ch gii, bao gm cc tu chnNo Frame,Single Line Frame,DoubleLine Frame, Beveled Frame (khung bng xui)v Reverse Beveled Frame (khung bng ngc).- Display Status: bt/tt cc yu t chnh ca biu . Phn Axes c hai tu chn lCategory Axis (bt tt tn trc honh)vValue Axis (bt/tt tn trc tung).PhnMajor Grid v Minor Gridcho php bt/tt cc ng li chnh v ph theo chiu trc honh v trc tung tng ng bn tri. Hai tu chn di cng l Legend v DataLabels cho php bt/tt ch gii v nhn.* Lnh Series OptionsSeries Optionscho php iu chnh mt thnh phn ring l ca biu (tc mt bn ghi trong bng d liu). iu chnh, dng cng c chn nhp chut vo thnh phn trn biu hay trn ch gii ri chnGraph>Series Options.Hp thoiSeries Optionsm ra cho php ta iu chnh hnh dng cng nh cc thit lp v nhn ca phn c chn.* Lnh Grid and ScalesLnh ny cho php iu chnh cc ng li nh v cng nh hnh dng ca biu Y1 AxisvCategory Axis.Khi chn mt trong hai menu ny th cc ni dung cc mc trn hng ngang thay i tng ng.- Y1 Axis: Gm cc ni dung sau+ General: Cho php chnh v tr trc tung. N bao gm cc tu chnAxis on Left: V trc tung bn tri biu .Axis on Right:V trc tung bn phi.Axis on BothSides:V trc tung c hai bn.Make this a Descending Axis:nh du tu chn ny s cho php v biu theo chiu ngc t trn xung - tc trc tung nm trn u ct biu .+ Scale: Cho php iu chnh cc t l biu din d liu trn trc tung. N bao gm cc tu chn:Use Logarithmic Scale on this Axis:Chm khong cch gi tr trn trc tung theo t l logarit. Always Include Zero in This Scale: Trc tung lun c gi tr zero gc th). Use Manual Settings for Maximum Value: iu chnh thit lp theo gi tr ti a. Use Manual Settings for Minimum Value: iu chnh thit lp theo gi tr ti thiu - tc gc th l gi tr nh nht.+ Labels: C mt tu chn l Show Labels for this Axis, dng hin th nhn ca trc ny trn biu . Nu nh du tu chn ny th s c hai tu chn na:Dont Show Maximum Value Label:Khng hin th nhn c gi tr ln nht.Dont Show Minimum Value Label:Khng hin th nhn c gi tr nh nht.+Number: nh dng s liu, tng t mc Number ca phn General Options.+ Grid: Chnh cc ng li nh v ca biu . Mc ny c hai phn lMajorGridlines (ng li chnh)vMinor Gridlines(ng li ph).Ni dung ca hai hp thoi ny ging nhau, bao gm cc ty chn:Show Gridlines: Nu nh du phn ny th bn di ni ln Grid Style. ny dng chn nh dng kiu ng chia li, gm cc tu chnRegularGrids, Grids and Ticks, Inner Ticks, Outer TicksvSpanning Ticks. Use Manual Grids: Nu nh du th Interval Value pha di ni ln cho php chn khong gi tr gia cc ng li. Draw Custom Line At: Nu nh du th ta c th v mt ng chy song song vi trc honh v cch trc honh mt khong gi tr do ta np vo gi tr bn phi tu chn ny.- Category Axis: Bao gm 3 phn.+ General: Cho php chnh v tr trc honh, gm 3 tu chn l Axis on Bottom (v trc honh di y), Axis on Top (v trc honh pha trn) v Axis on Both Sides (v trchonh c trn ln di). Di cng l tu chn Draw Categories in ReverseOrder.nh du vo tu chn ny s khin cho biu c v vi th t cc nhm/chui d liu ngc li. Ty chn ny khng c tc dng nu ta ch chn v mt nhm d liu trn biu . + Labels: iu chnh vic bt/tt tn ca trc honh (l tn trng c c s dng v biu ). Nu nh du chn vo Show Labels for this Axis th c hai tu chn na pha di l Stagger Labels (Nhn c ng ch) v Use manual Numbersof Categories.+ Grids: C cc tu chn tng t nh trong mc Grids ca phn trc tung.* Lnh TitlesPhn ny cho php ta chnh ni dung cc tiu trong ca s biu . N bao gm cc tu chn sau:- Title: nh du ny s m tn chnh ca biu ln. bn tri dng g li tn biu .- Subtitle: Bt/tt v chnh ni dung ca tiu ph.- Footnote: Bt/tt chn v g ni dung ca n.- Category Title: Bt/tt v g tn (tiu ) ca nhm d liu.- Value Title (Y1): Bt/tt v sa tn ca trc tung (trc gi tr).* Lnh 3D View AngleLnh ny ch hin ln nu trong phn Graph > General Options > Layout ta chnTrue 3D Column.Phn3D View Angleny gip iu chnh chiu su v gc nhn ca biu kiu 3 chiu. Chn lnh ny s m hp thoiChoose a viewing Angle,cho php ta chn 10 gc nhn khc nhau ca biu 3D theo mu. Pha trn cn c ntAdvanced Optionsdng chnh gc nhn ca biu chi tit hn na.c. Lu biu Biu c lu li bng lnhFile>Save Workspace. Trong trng hp c nhiu ca s biu c to ra v ta dng lnhSave Workspaceth MapInfo s lu mi ca s biu di mt tn ring c ui m rng l.3tftrong cng th mc vi tn tp tin workspace c lu. Tn ca tp tin workspace s c dng [tn workspace], [tn biu ].3tf; trong [tn workspace] l tn tp tin phin lm vic m ta ang mun lu v [tn biu ] l tn ca ca s biu c to ra.Bi tp ng dngBi tp 8.To biu T c s d liu thuc tnh v dn s cc n v hnh chnh ca tnh Tha Thin Hu, hy to biu dn s, biu t l dn s nam/n.5.1.3. Gn nhn cho i tngVic gn nhn (a danh) cho i tng trn bn c th thc hin bng phng php t ng hay bng cng c to i tng ch trn thanh cng c Main.Cch gn nhn t ng:- ChnMap>Layer Control.- Chn lp mun gn nhn, chnLabel, trong Label with, chn trng mun gn nhn (v d:ten).- Chn