Giới từ chỉ thời gian

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Gii t ch thi gian: In, at, on..

May 25th, 2010 | Alice | 4,176 lt c |3 Comments

Chng ta dng

* AT: ch thi gian chnh xc (At 10 oclock)* IN: dng cho thng, nm, th k v nhng thi k di* ON: cho th, ngy

at in on

thi gian chnh xc thng, nm, th k v nhng thi k di th, ngy

at 3 oclock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Years Eve

VD:

I have a meeting at 9am. The shop closes at midnight. Jane went home at lunchtime. In England, it often snows in December. Do you think we will go to Jupiterin the future? There should be a lot of progress in the next century. Do you workon Mondays? Her birthday is on 20 November. Where will you be on New Years Day?

Ch s dng gii t AT trong mt s cm t tiu chun sau:

Expression Example
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at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend I dont usually workat the weekend.

at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present Hes not home at present. Try later.

Ch s dng gii t In v ON trong mt s cm t tiu chun sau:

in on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons

in the evening(s) on Monday evening

Khi ta dng last, next, every, this th khng dng gii t at, in, on na:

I went to London last June. (notin last June) Hes coming backnext Tuesday. (noton next Tuesday) I go home every Easter. (notat every Easter) Well call you this evening. (notin this evening)

1. at fortime

Forclock times we use at, but not usually in the question:

What time are you leaving for Germany? ~ I shall try to leave at three o' clock.

2. on fortime

Fordays, dates and times like Sunday evening orSaturdaymorning, we use on:

I usually do my homeworkon Sunday evening; on Saturday morningI'm normally atthe gym.


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Can we do iton Thursday? ~ No, noton Thursday. I'm in Leeds all day on Thursday.

My birthday is on 26th Decemberand then Mark arrives on 27thDecember.

(Note that we write on 27th December, but we say on the 27th of December.)3. in fortime

For centuries, years, seasons, months, weeks, and for time phrases such as in theafternoon, orin the evening we use in:

In the 17th Century, 200,000 people were executed in America for practising witchcraft.

Brazil first won the World Cup in 1958 and then again in 1962 , but in 1966 it was England's

I prefer to take my holidays in the spring and autumn and work insummer wheneverybody else is on holiday.

I've got my final exams in May. When in May? In the final week of May.

I work bestin the morning. I'll work again in the evening if I have to, but I prefer torelax in the afternoon.

(But note we say at the weekend, at Christmas, at Easter and at night.)

Note also subtle the difference in meaning between the expressions in time (which meansbefore a given time) and on time (which means exactly at that time):

The 7.53 is always on time , but yesterday it was late.

I couldn't get there in time for the beginning of Jo's concert and missed the openingnumber.

4. zero prepositon with time phrases

Note that usually no prepositions are used with time phrases beginning with next, last,

this, every, all, any:What are you doingthis afternoon? ~ I'm busy this afternoon, but we could do itnextweek , if you like.

I work from home every Thursday. I'm at home all afternoon tomorrow, so any timewould be convenient.


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1. at forplace

We use at to specify position at a point:

He failed to stop at the traffic lights and went through the light on red.I was waiting for at least half an hourat the station, but no train came.I never seem to have any money at the endof the month. ~ You shouldn't worry aboutthat - I never have any at the beginningof the month.2. on and in forplace:We use in to specify position inside larger areas such as containers, rooms, towns,countries, etc and we use on to specify position on a line or continuum. Compare thefollowing:

I live in Ostrava. ~ Is thatin Slovakia? ~ No, it's in the Czech Republic.Have you seen my yellow T-shirt? ~ Yes, it's in the wardrobe ~ Whereabouts in the

wardrobe? ~ It's on the fourth shelf at thefront. ~ Did you find it? ~ Yes, it was on thebottom shelf at the back.

They have lots of family photographs on the walls on the landing, but no curtains at anyof the windows.I'll meet you at the theatre. ~ Where exactly? ~In the foyerat 7.15.

Ngy thng

Asking the date - Hi ngy

what's the date today? hm nay l ngy bao nhiu?what's today's date? hm nay l ngy bao nhiu?

Dates - Ngy

15 October(c l the fifteenth of Octoberhoc October thefifteenth)

15 thng Mi

Monday, 1 January (c l Monday, the first of January hocMonday, January the first)

th Hai, ngy 1thng 1

on 2 February (c l on the second of February hoc on Februarythe second)

vo ngy 2 thng 2

at the beginning of ... vo u July thng 7in mid-December vo gia thng 12at the end of ... vo cui ...


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March thng 3by the end of June trc cui thng 6

Years - Nm

1984 (c l "nineteen eighty-four") nm 19842000 (c l "the year twothousand")

nm 2000

2005 (c l "two thousand andfive")

nm 2005

2018 (c l "twenty eighteen") nm 2018in 2007 (c l "in two thousand andseven")

vo nm 2007

44 BC death of Julius Caesar

nm 44 trc Cng nguyn nh lnh o JuliusCaesar qua i

79 AD orAD 79 eruption ofVesuvius

nm 79 sau Cng nguyn ni la Vesuvius phuntro

Centuries - Th k

the 17th century (c l "the seventeenth century") th k 17the 18th century (c l "the eighteenth century") th k 18

the 19th century (c l "the nineteenth century") th k 19the 20th century (c l "the twentieth century") th k 20the 21st century (c l "the twenty-first century") th k 21

Thi gian v ngy thng

Specifying the day - Ngy

the day before yesterday hm kiayesterday hm qua

today hm naytomorrow ngy maithe day after tomorrow ngy kia

Specifying the time of day - Bui trong ngy


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last night ti quatonight ti naytomorrow night ti maiin the morning vo bui sng

in the afternoon vo bui chiuin the evening vo bui tiyesterday morning sng quayesterday afternoon chiu quayesterday evening ti quathis morning sng naythis afternoon chiu naythis evening ti nay

tomorrow morning sng maitomorrow afternoon chiu maitomorrow evening ti mai


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Specifying the week, month, or year - Tun, thng, nm

last week tun trclast month thng trc

last year nm ngoithis week tun nythis month thng nythis year nm naynext week tun saunext month thng saunext year nm sau

Trong trang ny, tt c cc cu u km theo cch c ch cn nhn chut

vo bt k cm t no nghe.

Other time expressions - Cc cm t ch thi gian khc

now by gi then khi immediately orstraight away ngay lp tcsoon smearlier sm hnlater mun hnfive minutes ago nm pht trcan hour ago mt gi trca week ago mt tun trctwo weeks ago hai tun trca month ago mt thng trca year ago mt nm trca long time ago lu riin ten minutes' time orin ten minutes mi pht nain an hour's time orin an hour mt ting nain a week's time orin a week mt tun nain ten days' time orin ten days mi ngy nain three weeks' time orin three weeks ba tun nain two months' time orin two months hai thng nain ten years' time orin ten years mi nm na


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the previous day ngy trc the previous week tun trc the previous month thng trc the previous year nm trc nm trc

the following day ngy sau the following week tun sau the following month thng sau the following year nm sau

Duration - Khong thi gian

Khi ni v khong thi gian trong ting Anh thng dng tfor ng trc, v d nh:

I lived in Canada for six months mnh sng Canada su thngI've worked here for nine years mnh lm vic y c chn nmI'm going to France tomorrow for two weeks ngy mai mnh s i Php hai tunwe were swimming for a long time bn mnh bi rt lu

Frequency - Tn sut

never khng bao gi rarely him khioccasionally thnh thongsometimes thnh thongoften orfrequently thng xuynusually ornormally thng xuynalways lun lun

every day ordaily hng ngyevery weekorweekly hng tunevery month ormonthly hng thngevery yearoryearly hng nm


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Xem gi

Hc cchxem gitrong ting Anh.

Trong ting Anh, ngi ta thng dng loi ng h 12 gi. ng h 24 gi ch dng thng bo gi tu xe.

Asking the time - Hi gi

what's the time? by gi l my gi?what time is it? by gi l my gi?could you tell me the time, please? bn c th xem gip ti my gi ri c khng?do you happen to have the time? bn c bit my gi ri khng?

do you know what time it is? bn c bit my gi ri khng?

Telling the time - Xem gi

it's ... by gi exactly ... chnh xc l gi about ... khong gi almost ... gn gi just gone ... hn gi

one o'clock mt gi two o'clock hai gi quarter past one mt gi mi lmquarter past two hai gi mi lmhalf past one mt rihalf past two hai ri

quarter to two hai gi km mi lmquarter to three ba gi km mi lmfive past one mt gi nmten past one mt gi mitwenty past one mt gi hai mitwenty-five past mt gi hai lm


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oneTrong trang ny, tt c cc cu u km theo cch c ch cn nhnchut vo bt k cm t no nghe.

five to two hai gi km nmten to two hai gi km mi

twenty to two hai gi km hai mitwenty-five to two hai gi km hai lmten fifteen mi gi mi lmten thirty mi riten forty-five mi gi bn miten am mi gi sngsix pm su gi chiu

noon ormidday bui tramidnight na m

Cng c th xem gi trong ting Anh bng cch ni gi ri n pht, v thm am(sng) hoc pm (chiu) nu cn thit. V d:

11.47am 11:47 sng2.13pm 2:13 chiu

Clocks - ng h

my watch is ... ng h ca ti b fast nhanhslow chmthat clock's a little ... ng h hi fast nhanhslow chm

2006-2011 Speak Languages! Nghim cm sao chp khi cha c php.

Hi ng v ch ng

Asking directions - Hi ng

excuse me, could you tell me how to get to...?

xin li, bn c th ch cho ti ng n khng?


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the bus station bn xe but

excuse me, do you know where the ... is? xin li, bn c bit u khng?post office bu in

I'm sorry, I don't know xin li, ti khng bitsorry, I'm not from around here xin li, ti khng khu nyI'm looking for ... ti ang tm this address a ch ny

are we on the right road for ...?chng ti c ang i ng ng ti khng?

Brighton thnh ph Brightonis this the right way for ...? y c phi ng i khng?

Ipswich thnh ph Ipswichdo you have a map? bn c bn khng?can you show me on the map? bn c th ch cho ti trn bn khng?

Giving directions - Ch ng

it's this way ch pha nyit's that way ch pha kia

you're going the wrongway bn ang i sai ng ri

you're going in the wrongdirection

bn ang i sai hng ri

take this road i ng nygo down there i xung pha take the first on the left r tri ng r u tintake the second on the

right

r phi ng r th hai

turn right at the crossroads n ng t th r phicontinue straight ahead forabout a mile

tip tc i thng khong 1 dm na (1 dm xp x bng 1,6km)

continue past the firestation

tip tc i qua trm cu ha


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you'll pass a supermarketon your left

bn s i qua mt siu th bn tay tri

keep going for another ... tip tc i tip thm na

hundred yards 100 thc (bng 91m)two hundred metres 200mhalf mile na dm (khong 800m)kilometre 1kmit'll be ... ch on your left bn tay trion your right bn tay phistraight ahead of you ngay trc mt

Trong trang ny, tt c cc cu u km theo cch

c ch cn nhn chut vo bt k cm t no nghe.

How far is it? - Ch cch y bao xa?

how far is it? ch cch y bao xa?how far is it to ...? cch y bao xa?the airport sn bay

how far is it to ... from here? cch y bao xa?the beach bi binis it far? ch c xa khng?is it a long way? ch c xa khng?it's ... ch not far khng xaquite close kh gnquite a long way kh xa

a long way on foot kh xa nu i ba long way to walk kh xa nu i babout a mile from here cch y khng 1 dm (1 dm bng khong 1,6km)

Giving directions to drivers - Ch ng cho li xe

follow the signs for ... i theo bin ch dn n the town centre trung tm thnh ph


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Birmingham thnh ph Birminghamcontinue straight on past some traffic lights tip tc i thng qua n giao thngat the second set of traffic lights, turn left n ch th 2 c n giao thng th r tri

go over the roundabout i qua bng binhtake the second exit at the roundabout n ch bng binh th i theo li ra th 2turn right at the T-junction r phi ng ba hnh ch Tgo under the bridge i di gm cugo over the bridge i trn cuyou'll cross some railway lines bn s i ct qua mt s ng ray

Tranh Li ch dn ngha

Go straight on Elm Street. i thng ng Elm.Go along Elm Street. i thng ng Elm.Go down Elm Street. i xung ng Elm.

Follow Elm Street for 200metres.

i thng ng Elm 200mt.

Follow Elm Street until youget to the church.

i theo ng Elm chon khi bn nhn thy nh

th.

Turn left into Oxford Street. R tri vo ng Oxford.

Turn right into Oxford Street. R phi vo ngOxford.

Take the first turning on theright.

R phi ng r u tin.

Go past the pet shop.i qua ca hng bn th

nui.

Go along the river. i dc b sng.

Go over the bridge. i qua cu.

Go through the park. Bng qua cng vin.

Go towards the church.i theo hng n nh

th.

Go up the hill. i ln dc.

Go down the hill. i xung dc.


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Cross Oxford Street. Bng qua ng Oxford.

The bookshop is opposite thechurch.

Hiu sch i din nhth.

The bookshop is between thechurch and the pet shop.

Hiu sch nm gia nh

th v ca hng bn thnui.The bookshop is on/at the

corner.Hiu sch nm gc ph.

The bookshop is in front ofthe church.

Hiu sch nm trc nhth.

The bookshop is behind thechurch.

Hiu sch nm sau nhth.

The bookshop is next to thechurch.

Hiu sch nm st cnhnh th.

The bookshop is beside thechurch. Hiu sch nm cnh nhth.The bookshop is near the

church.Hiu sch nm gn nh

th.

car parkparking lot

Bi xe

crossroads ng giao nhau

roundabout ng vng

traffic lights n giao thng

III. 'Due to', 'owing to', on account of' and 'because of'

Due to and owing to are similar in meaning to on account ofand because of. They areall prepositions used with noun phrases and are often used interchangeably. They indicatethat something happened as a result of something or introduce the reason for somethinghappening:

'He was kept in after school due to/owing to his bad behaviour.' = He was kept inafter school on account of/because ofhis bad behaviour.

'Due to/owing to a broken propeller, the new cruise liner returned immediately to port.' ='The new cruise liner returned immediately to port because of/on account ofa brokenpropeller.'


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It used to be thought that it was incorrect to use due to in this way, but modern usageshows no hesitation in using these expressions interchangeably.

Note that these prepositions are sometimes used in cleft structures with it and the verb tobe:

'It is due to/on account ofall his hard work over the winter months that he haspassed the exam with such a good grade.'

'It was owing to/because oftraffic congestion on the road leading to the airport that Imissed my flight

The noun phrases which these prepositions introduce are often rather formal and it maybe more natural to use because in informal, conversational English. But remember thatbecause is a conjunction and must therefore be used to introduce a subordinate clause ofreason:

'We had to give up the idea of a boat trip because it started to pour with rain.' 'Owing to the heavy rain, we had to give up the idea of a boat trip.'

In this final owing to example, there is a mismatch of formal and colloquial styles and itdoes not sound quite right. In the following examples, however, the prepositional phrasemight be preferred as it is more succinct:

'Why are you so late?' 'On account of the traffic. Incredibly heavy!'

'Why are you so late?' 'Because the traffic was so incredibly heavy on the road into

London. '

IV. Conjunctions are joining words and their main function is to link together two

different parts of a sentence.

And / but / or (coordinating conjunctions)

And, but and or are the three main coordinating conjunctions. They join two clauseswhich are grammatically independent of each other and would make sense if they stood

alone. Compare the following:1. She's already had two holidays this yearandnow she wants another one.

She's already had two holidays this year. Now she wants another one.


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2. I had a terrible cold last week, butI still went to work.

I had a terrible cold last week. I still went to work.

3. You can sit at the front, oryou can stand at the back. I don't mind.

You can sit at the front. You can stand at the back. I don't mind.

But note they way in which conjunctions help to add meaning to the sentence.And indicates that we are listing items or ideas, or means that we are discussingalternatives and but means that we are contrasting facts or ideas.

Note also that in the second of the two coordinating clauses, the subject wordsand modal auxiliaries can often be left out:

She's already had two holidays this yearandnow wants another one.

I had a terrible cold last week, butstill went to work.

You can sit at the frontorstand at the back. I don't mind.

This is not normally possible in subordinate clauses. Compare the following:

She was anxious and unhappy and didn't knowwhere her husband was.

She was anxious and unhappy becauseshe didn't knowwhere her husband was.(NOT: She was anxious and unhappy because didn't know where her husband

was.)

If / when / because / since / even though / etc (subordinating conjunctions)

Words like if, when, because, since, although, etc, are subordinating conjunctions whichintroduce subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are dependent on the main clause insome way and do not normally stand alone.

Note the way in which subordinating conjunctions also give meaning to the sentence:

* ifsuggests a condition* when / whenever indicate time* while suggests time or contrast of surprising facts* because points to reason* since suggests reason or time* as suggests reason or time* although / though / even though all indicate a contrast of surprising facts


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Compare the following examples of use and note the way the same conjunction (e.g.while, since, as) can be used for different purposes. Subordinating clauses of this kindcan normally go first or last in the sentence, depending on what you want to emphasize:

If you feel thirsty or hungry, help yourself to anything at all in the fridge or

freezer.Help yourself to anything at all in the fridge or freezer, if youfeel hungry orthirsty.

While they were away, I helped myself to an ice-cold beer and a pizza from thefreezer.I helped myself to an ice-cold beer and a pizza from the freezerwhile they wereaway.

Whenever I babysit at their house, I am always very well looked after.I am always very well looked afterwhenever I babysit at their house.

When I babysat for the Robinsons last month, I was given nothing to eat ordrink.I was given nothing to eat or drinkwhen I babysat for the Robinsons last month.

While I am fond of their children, I think the parents are very mean.(BUT NOT: I think the parents are very mean while I am fond of their children)

Since I started working full-time, I don't have so much time now for babysitting.I don't have so much time now for babysittingsince I started working full-time.

Because / since / as I work six days a week, I can't even find time to see my

friends.I can't even find time to see my friends as I work six days a week.

As I was leaving work the other day, I bumped into an old friend.I bumped into an old friendas I was leaving work the other day.

Although I am happy with my life, I think I should try and get out more.I think I should try and get out more, eventhough I am happy with my life.

V. as orwhile

We can use as orwhile to talk about two longer actions that are in progress at the sametime:

There was a lot to do. While I cleaned the car, my wife was preparing lunch. She then did the ironing after lunch as I cleared away the dishes.


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As a general rule, we tend to use while here rather than asbecause as has many differentmeanings and uses. It could be confusing ifas meaning while could be mistaken forasmeaning because:

As I was doing my homework, my mum prepared my supper. (As = because)

As I was doing my homework, my mum prepared my supper. (As = while)

as orwhen

We use as orwhen to talk about two short events that happen at the same moment. Asand when are often used withjust in this context. We cannot use while here:

The telephone rangjust when / just as I was about to leave. I decided not toanswer it.

However, if we want to say that when one thing changes another changes at the sametime, when one is the consequence of the other, we tend to use as:

As the day wore on, it became hotter and hotter.

As you get older, it becomes more and more difficult to make friends.

as long as: expressing time

The as ... as construction is used when we are making comparisons and comparing ideasof similar magnitude or duration

There was extra time, so the football match lasted as long as the concert. He worked for as long as he wanted to on the project.

"Take as long as you like," they said. "There's no hurry!" As long as I live, I shall smoke no more cigarettes.

as long as: expressing condition

Note that as long as is also used in conditional sentences as an alternative to provided,meaning if and only if. So long as is also possible in this context:

I don't mind. You can leave early, as long as you finish the work. I don't mind. You can go home early, so long as you finish the work.

I don't mind. You can leave after lunch, provided you finish all the work.

on a ... basis


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The noun basis suggests a particular method or system for organising or doingsomething. We have the expressions on a/anhourly/daily/monthly/annual/temporary/permanent basis:

These toilets are checked for cleanliness on an hourly basis

She thought she would have the job on a permanent basis, but it turned out to betemporary. This place is known as 'the windy city' and typhoons are expected on a regular

basis.

on the basis of / as a basis for

Here we have two further expressions with basis with a slightly different meaning. Usedwith the preposition on, method or system is suggested. Used with the preposition as,ideas, facts or actions from which something can develop is suggested:

The contract was awarded on the basis of cost more than anything else.These preliminary talks will be very useful as a basis for further negotiations.

'as' and 'like' - prepositions

As refers to something or someone's appearance or function. Consider the followingexamples:

'Before I became a teacher I worked as a waiter.' 'I'm going to the fancy dress party as Superman.'

'The sea can be used as a source of energy.'The expression 'I've been working as a dog' sounds unusual because it suggests that youwere doing the work of a dog!

Like has the meaning 'similar to' and is used when comparing things. Look at theseexamples:

'Ive been working like a dog.' 'She looks a bit like her brother.' 'Just like you, Im always a bit wary of large dogs.'

The expression 'I've been working like a dog' is idiomatic and means that you have beenworking very hard. Note that we can use adverbs of degree, such asjust, very, quite, notmuch, not at all, a bit, etc, to modify like:

'Hes very serious not at all like his father, perhaps more like his mother at times

'as' and 'like' - conjunctions


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As and like can also be used as conjunctions:

As means 'in the same way that'. Consider the following:

'I always drink tea without milk, just as they do on the continent.'

'Try to keep your balance on the tightrope, as I do, by spreading out your fingerslike this.' 'The first ten days of July were very wet this year, as they were last year and the

year before.'

In informal English, like is used in the same way. This is particularly common inAmerican English. Consider the following:

'Nobody else would look after you like I do, baby!' 'She needs the money, like I do, so she works in a bar in the evenings.'

'I hope youre not going to be sick again, like you were when we went to Brighton.Gyonggu Shin from South Korea writes:

I would like you to talk about the difference between to + infinitive and in order to +infinitive.

In these two sentences:

a) I went to school to study.b) I went to school in order to study.

(b) seems to be all right, though perhaps you do not say it.

to / in order to. / so as to.

You are right, Gyonggu. If we use in order to it sounds a bit more formal and explicitthan toby itself, but both are equally possible in both spoken and written English.

They both convey exactly the same meaning when expressing purpose:

To cut the tree down, I had to hack through the undergrowth first.

In order to cut the tree down, I had to hack through the undergrowth first.In order to is normal before a negative infinitive. We do not usually use toby itself here:

In order not to oversleep, I set the alarm for seven oclock.

I walked very slowly across the room with the drinks in order not to spill them.


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We can also use so as to instead ofin order to and it carries the same degree ofexplicitness or formality:

We moved house last yearso as tobe closer to our children and grandchildren. I gave him a cheque in advance to ease his financial problems and so as not to

delay the building work.Before stative verbslike know, seem, appear, understand, have, etc, it is more usual touse in order to orso as to:

I talked to them both for half an hourso as to have a thorough understanding ofthe problem.

I followed her around all day in order to know whether she had any intention of meetinghim.

So that.../ in order that ...These structures are also frequently used to talk about purpose, although so that is morecommon and less formal than in order that.

Note that these structures are normally used with (modal) auxiliary verbs.

Compare the following:

Hes staying on in Australia for nine more months so that he can perfect hisEnglish.

Hes staying on in Australia for nine more months in order toperfect his English. Were going to leave by three so that we dont get stuck in the rush-hour traffic. Were going to leave by three so as not to get stuck in the rush-hour traffic.

Jamie had an afternoon nap so that he wouldnt fall asleep at the concert later. Jamie had an afternoon nap in order not to fall asleep at the concert later.

In order that you may pass the exam, we recommend you read through all yournotes. (Very formal.)

In order topass the exam, we recommend you read through all your notes. (Lessformal.)

Note that in informal colloquial English, that may be omitted from the so thatconstruction.

Listen out for this variation, though I wouldnt recommend that you use it:


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Ill come early so we can have a good chat before Denise arrives. Ive bought a video camera so I can film the children as they grow up.

We shall wear warm clothes when we go camping in Octoberso we dont get cold.

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