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95

n«H$aU {Vgaon«H$aU {Vgaon«H$aU {Vgaon«H$aU {Vgao

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWiogmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWiogmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWiogmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio

3.1 àñVmdZm−3.1 àñVmdZm−3.1 àñVmdZm−3.1 àñVmdZm−

gh`mX«r nd©Vm_wio gmVmam {Oëh`mg d¡{eï>`nyU© ñWmZ n«má Pmbobo Amhoµ gmVmam

{Oëh`mg n«mJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d Am{W©H$ nmíd© y_r

bm^br Amho. Ë`m_wio gmVmam {Oëh`mg _hmamï>´mÀ`m B{VhmgmV Jm¡adembr ñWmZ n«má Pmbo

Amho. XwJ©_Vm ho gmVmam {Oëh`mMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eï>` Amho. `m d¡{eï>`m_wio òWo {edmOr

amOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Amnbo ñdmV§Í` {XK©H$mi {Q>H${dÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m

{Oëh`mV Pmbm. gmVmam {Oëh`mbm `m d¡^dembr Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§naoMm gmW© A{^_mZ Amho.

gmVmam {Oëh`mV KS>boë`m amOH$s` n[adV©ZmMo XwaJm_r n[aUm_ g_mO OrdZmda Pmbo. `m

n[adV©Zm_wio gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV {dH$mg hmoV Jobm. `mVyZ

Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV.

`m àH$aUmV gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWio `m§Mm

g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Ym{_©H$ ñWim_Üò {eIa-{e§JUmnya, Am¢YMr `_mB©Xodr,

_m§T>aXodr, O~aoída _§{Xa, Mm\$iMo am__§{Xa, g§J_ _mhÿbr, dmB©Mm JUnVr, nmbr, _oê${b§J,

`dVoída d _{eX BË`mXr Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mm Va Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§_Üò AXmbVdmS>m,

Mma{ §Vr, gmnMm dmS>m, \$merMm dS>, _oUdbrMm amOdmS>m, A{O§Š`Vmam, OwZm amOdmS>m,

Zdm amOdmS>m, a§J_hmb, OwZo Ob_§{Xa, Zdo Ob_§{Xa, N>ÌnVr {edmOr dñVwg§J«hmb`,

àVmnJS>, g‚mZJS>, d¡amQ>JS> d gXm{edJS> BË`mXr Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m§Mr

g{dñVa _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo-

3.2 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr3.2 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr3.2 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr3.2 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr gmVmam {Oëh`mMo gZ 1848 _Üò AH$am emgH$s` {d^mJ hmoVo. {dOmnya, Omdir,

H$amS>, ImZmnya, IQ>md, H$moaoJmd, n§T>anya, gmVmam, VmgJmd, dmidm d dmB© BË`mXr hmoVo.

B.g.1947 Z§Va gmVmamMo {dbrZrH$aU Pmbo d Ë`mVyZ gmVmam {Oëh`mMo XmoZ {d^mJ

H$aÊ`mV Amb hmoVo. gZ 1862 _Üò {dOmnya {d^mJ ~oiJmd {Oëh`mg OmoS>Ê`mV Ambm.

96

gZ 1867 _Üò VmgJmd VmbwH$m aÔ Ho$bm. ImZmnya, VmgJmd, dmidm d {eamimnoR> `m

VmbwŠ`mMm g_mdoe Agbobm "X{jU gmVmam' {d^mJ, Va Omdbr, H$amS>, IQ>md, H$moaoJmd,

gmVmam d dmB© `m {d^mJmg CÎma gmVmam {Oëhm åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV Ambo. B.g. 1960 _Ü o

CÎma gmVmam {Oëh`mMo "gmVmam' d X{jU gmVmam {Oëh`mMo Zmd "gm§Jbr' R>odÊ`mV Ambo.

gmVmam {Oëh`mMo gmVmam, _hm~ioída, nmQ>U, \$bQ>U ho Mma Cn{d^mJ AgyZ Ë`mV

gmVmam, H$moaoJmd, Omdbr, dmB©, _hm~ioída nmQ>U, H$amS>, \$bQ>U, IQ>md, I§S>mim d _mU

Ago 11 VmbwHo$ AmhoV.1

3.2.2 3.2.2 3.2.2 3.2.2 gmVmam {Oëh`mMo joÌgmVmam {Oëh`mMo joÌgmVmam {Oëh`mMo joÌgmVmam {Oëh`mMo joÌ\\\\$i$i$i$i

gZ 2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma gmVmam {Oëh`mMo joÌ\$i 10,780 Mm¡. {H$._r.Amho.

Aa~r g_wX«mnmgyZ 60 _¡b Xya Amho. d bmoH$g§»`m 28,08,994 h>r Amho. 14,08,336

nw¥¥ê$f d 14,0668 {ñÌ`m§Mr g§»`m Amho.2 {Oëh`mV EHy$U 11 VmbwHo$, 8 ZJanm{bH$m d

1,547 IoS>r AmhoV. {Oëh`mMr g_wX« gnmQ>rnmgyZMr C§Mr 2,320 \w$Q> Amho.3

3.2.3 3.2.3 3.2.3 3.2.3 ñWmZ d gr_mñWmZ d gr_mñWmZ d gr_mñWmZ d gr_m

gmVmam {Oëhm hm _hmamï>´mÀ`m X{jUoÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Amho. Vmo X{jU nR>mamÀ`m npíM_

_Ü`dVu ^mJmV 170 50 Vo 180 11 CÎma Ajm§e Am{U 730 33 Vo 740 54 nwd©

aoIm§emda Amho. {Oëh`mÀ`m nyd©−npíM_ {dñVma gw_mao 145 {H$. _r. Amho d X{jUmoÎma

{dñVma gw_mao 120 {H$._r. Amho.4 nyd}g gmobmnya {Oëhm, npíM_og aËZm{Jar {Oëhm, X{jU

d Am¾o` {Xeog gm§Jbr {Oëhm d CÎma {Xeobm {Zam ZXr Amho. gmVmam {Oëh`mÀ`m dm`ì og

am`JS> {Oëhm Amho. Z¡F$Ëòg gh`mÐrÀ`m _w»` am§JmZr gr_m {ZYm©VrV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.5

3.2.4 3.2.4 3.2.4 3.2.4 hdmhdmhdmhdm____mZmZmZmZ

gmVmam {Oëh`mMo {H$_mZ Vmn_mZ 11.60 g| d H$_mb Vmn_mZ 37.50 g|. BVHo$

AgVo. ^m¡Jmo{bH$Ñï>`m gmVmè`mMo hdm_mZ CîU d H$moaSo> AgyZ CÝhmim, nmdgmim, {hdmim

Ago VrZ F$Vw AmhoV. gh`mÐr nd©Vam§JoV gdm©V OmñV nmD$g nS>Vmo. Owb¡ _{hÝ`mV

gdm©{YH$ nO©Ý` AgVo. _o _{hÝ`mV H$mhr doim dird nmD$g nS>Vmo. _hmamï´>mà_mUo gmVmam

{Oëh`mV OyZ Vo gßQ>|~a `m H$mbmdYrV nmdgmim AgVmo. {hdmi`mV W§S>r AgyZ

CÝhmi`mV _moR>`m à_mUmV Vmn_mZ dmT>Vo. gmVmam {Oëh`mV hdm_mZ {df`H$ doXemim

97

_hm~ioída òWo AgyZ `m hdm_mZ emioVrb AmH$So>dmar npíM_ KmQ> n«XoemgmR>r n«_mU

_mZbr OmVo.6

3.2.5 3.2.5 3.2.5 3.2.5 bmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`m

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb gZ 1901 Vo 2011 n`©VMr bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dUmam VŠVmgmVmam {Oëh`mVrb gZ 1901 Vo 2011 n`©VMr bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dUmam VŠVmgmVmam {Oëh`mVrb gZ 1901 Vo 2011 n`©VMr bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dUmam VŠVmgmVmam {Oëh`mVrb gZ 1901 Vo 2011 n`©VMr bmoH$g§»`m Xe©{dUmam VŠVm

A.Z.A.Z.A.Z.A.Z. df©df©df©df© bmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`m A.Z.A.Z.A.Z.A.Z. df©df©df©df© bmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`mbmoH$g§»`m

1. 1901 8,49,672 7. 1961 14,30,105

2. 1911 8,35,337 8. 1971 17,27,376

3. 1921 7,86,436 9. 1981 20,38,677

4. 1931 8,95,014 10. 1991 24,51,372

5. 1941 10,13,212 11. 2001 27,96,906

6. 1951 11,77,016 12 2011 28,08,9947

1991 À`m OZJUZonojm 2001 Mr bmoH$g§»`m hr 14.39 Q>ŠŠ`mZr dmT>bobr Amho.

{Oëh`mMr dm{f©H$ bmoH$g§»`m dmT> Xa 1.5 Q>¸o$ Amho. bmoH$g§» oMr KZVm 1991 _Ü o

233 n«Vr Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho. Va 2001 _Üò 267 n«Vr Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho.8

3.2.6 3.2.6 3.2.6 3.2.6 ZXrn«Umbr d ObmeòZXrn«Umbr d ObmeòZXrn«Umbr d ObmeòZXrn«Umbr d Obmeò

gmVmam {Oëh`mV n«m_w»`mZo Mma ZÚm§Mr Imoar AmhoV. H¥$îUm `m ZXrMo Imoao, Zram

ZXrMo Imoao, _mUJ§Jm ZXrMo Imoao d òaim ZXr Imoao BË`mXr AmhoV.

3.2.6.13.2.6.13.2.6.13.2.6.1 H¥$îUm−H¥$îUm−H¥$îUm−H¥$îUm−

H¥$îUm ZXrMr bm§~r 1,280 {H$. _r. AgyZ {VMo EHy$U nmUbmoQ> joÌ 2,43,610 Mm¡.

{H$. _r. âVo. H¥$îUm ZXrMr gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb bm§~r 176 {H$. _r. Amho. dmB© VmbwŠ`mÀ`m

A{VnpíM_ ^mJmV H¥$îUm ZXr _hm~ioída nR>mamÀ`m nwd}H$S>rb C§M ^mJmV (1,364 _r.)

CJ_ nmdVo. gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb Hw$S>mir, doÊUm, Ca_moS>r, Vmair, dgZm ZXr d H$mo`Zm `m

ZÚm npíM_oH$Sy>Z dmhV OmD$Z H¥$îUobm {_iVmV. `m ZXrda 1976−-77 _Üò dmB©

VmbwŠ`mVrb Ymo_ JmdmOdi YaU ~m§Ybo Amho. Ë`mMm COdm H$mbdm 59 {H$._r. d S>mdm

H$mbdm 113 {H$. _r. bm§~rMm Amho.

98

3.2.6.23.2.6.23.2.6.23.2.6.2 Zram−Zram−Zram−Zram−

Zram ZXr nwUo {Oëh`mÀ`m ^moa VmbwŠ`mVrb gh`mX«r am§JoV CJ_ nmdVo. Vr I§S>mim

Am{U \$bQ>U `m VmbwŠ`m§À`m CÎma gr_odê$Z nyd}g dmhV OmVo. Zram ZXr nwUo− gmVmam gr_m

{ZYm©[aV H$aVo. `m ZXrda nwUo {Oëh`mVrb nwa§Xa VmbwŠ`mVrb dra JmdmOdi 1965 _Ü o

YaU ~m§Ybo AgyZ Ë`mMm 76 {H$. _r. bm§~rMm COdm H$mbdm gmVmam {Oëh`mVyZ Jobm Amho.

3.2.6 3.2.6 3.2.6 3.2.6 .3.3.3.3 ____mUJ§Jm−mUJ§Jm−mUJ§Jm−mUJ§Jm−

_mUJ§Jm hr ZXr _mU VmbwŠ`mV X{hdS>rÀ`m dm`ìòg {Q>Q>m S>m|Jamda CJ_ nmdVo.

_mUJ§Jm ZXrÀ`m _mJm©Mr EHy$U bm§~r 160 {H$._r. AgyZ gmVmam {Oëh`mV \$ŠV 64 {H$.

_r. Amho. `m ^mJmV nO©Ý`_mZ \$ma H$_r Agë`mZo `m ZXrg nmdgmi`mV 60 go._r Vo 1.8

_r. Imob EdT>o nmUr AgVo. CÝhmi`mV nmÊ`mMr Imobr 60 go. _r. nojm Imbr OmVo H$mhr

{R>H$mUr nmÌ H$moaSo> nS>Vo.

3.3.3.3.2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 .4.4.4.4 òaim− òaim− òaim− òaim−

hr ZXr IQ>md VmbwŠ`mV CÎmaog gmobH$ZmW Q>oH$S>rV CJ_ nmdVo. hr ZXr npíM_og

dY©ZJS> loUr d nyd}g _{h_mZJS> loUr `m§À`m Xaå`mZ IQ>md VmbwŠ`mV gw_mao 120 {H$._r.

dmhV OmVo. gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb `m ZXrMr bm§~r EHy$U 120 {H$._r. BVH$s Amho. `m{edm`

gmVmam {Oëh`mV Á`m CnZÚm AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò Vmair, Ca_moS>r, doÊUm, Hw$S>mir, H$mo`Zm d

dgZm BË`mXr AmhoV. H$mo`Zm ZXr hr _hm~ioída nR>mamÀ`m npíM_ ^mJr Epë\$ÝñQ>Z

nm°B§Q>Odi CJ_ nmdVo. H$mo`Zm ZXrda Xoe_wIdmS>r Odi 1954 _Üò H$mo`Zm Ob{dÚwV

n«H$ënmMo ~m§YH$m_ gwê$ hmoD$Z Vo 1960 bm nyU© Pmbo. Am{W©H$Ñï>`m H$mo`Zm _hmamï>´mMr

^m½àofm ~Zbr Amho.9

3.3 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r3.3 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r3.3 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r3.3 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r

3.3.13.3.13.3.13.3.1 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr gmgmVmam {Oëh`mMr gmgmVmam {Oëh`mMr gmgmVmam {Oëh`mMr gm____m{OH$ n[apñWVr m{OH$ n[apñWVr m{OH$ n[apñWVr m{OH$ n[apñWVr

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$ IoS>`mV amhmV AgV. òWrb g_mOmV ñdmñW d

gwa{jVVm Agë`mZo _moR>`m à_mUmda Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Mo g§ajU Pmbo. g_mOmV

{h§Xw Y_m©Mo à_mU gdm©{YH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV ê$T>r na§namMo OVZ _moR>`m à_mUmda Ho$bo

OmV Amhoo.

99

3.3.1.13.3.1.13.3.1.13.3.1.1 nmofmInmofmInmofmInmofmI----

[h§Xw nwê$f ho YmoVa, nmÒ_m, gXam, eQ>©, S>moŠ`mda \o$Q$m [H§$dm Jm§Yr Q>monr d pó`m

A§JmV Mmoir d ãbmD$O KmbVmV d Jmob gmS>r ZogVmV. _wgb_mZ nwê$f ho eoadmZr,

nmÒ_m, MwS>rXma, gbdma, bw§Jr, eQ>©, S>moŠ`mda Jmob Q>monr hm nmofmI dmnaVmV. {ó`m

A§JmV Mmoir, ãbmD$O KmbVmV d Jmob gmS>r ZogVmV. Ë`m S>moŠ`mda gmS>rMm nXa KoD$Z

Ë`mda ~waIm KoVmV. ~moham ór`m _mÌ KmJam, Mmoir {H§$dm ãbmD$O d AmoT>Ur Agm nmoemI

Amho.10

3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.2 2 2 2 Amhma−Amhma−Amhma−Amhma−

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb bmoH$m§Mm emH$mhmar d _m§gmhmar `m XmoÝhr ñdê$nmMm Amhma

AgVmo. emH$mhmar OodUmV Ádmar, ~mOar, Jhÿ BË`mXr {nH$m§Mm d nmbo^mÁ`m `m§Mm g_mdoe

Amho. _m§gmhmar OodUmV _Q>U, _mgo BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.11

3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.3 3 3 3 Kao−Kao−Kao−Kao−

gmVmam {Oëh`mV ehar {d^mJmV {g_|Q>Mr EH$_Obr, ~hÿ_Obr Kao AmhoV. J«m_rU

^mJmVrb ~hþVm§er eoVH$è`m§Mr Kao XJS>mMr, H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mr, H$m¡bmMr {H§$dm Ymã`mMr {XgyZ

òVmV. S>moo§Jami ^mJmVrb Jar~ eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, _mJmg OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m PmonS>`m

{XgyZ òVmV.12

3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.4 4 4 4 XmJXm{JZo−XmJXm{JZo−XmJXm{JZo−XmJXm{JZo−

gmVmam {Oëh`mV nwê$f {eamo yfU, H$U© yfU, H§$R> yfU, hñV yfU, H$bJrVwam ho

{eanoM, {eamo yfU, {^H$~mir, Mm¡H$S>m hr H$U© yfUo, H§$R>r, Jmo\$, hr H§$R> yfUo nwê$f dmnaV.

H§$~aoMm H$aJmoQ>m gd©OU Amnmnë`m EonVrn«_mUo aoe_r, Mm§Xr, gmoÝ`mMm dmnaV AgV. J[a~

bmoH$ Mm§Xr d ê$ß`mMo Xm{JZo dmnaV. nwê$fm_Üò lr_§V bmoH$ {^H$~mir, A§JR>r, nmoMr, Jmo\$,

H§$R>m Va {ó`m _mim, hma, ~mOy yfUo, H§$H$Uo, nmQ>ë`m, {~bda, _mohZ_mi, Rw>erMr_mi d

JmoR> BË`mXr Xm{JZo dmnaV. `m{edm` M§X«hma, amUrhma, Mnbmhma, OmoY§irnmoV, ~Hw$irhma,

_mohZ_mi, ~moa_mi, nwVi`mMr _mi d H$moëhmnwar gmO BË`mXr Xm{JZo g_ma§^mV KmbVmV.

VgoM ZmH$mV ZW, M_H$s, \w$br, _waUr dmnaVmV. bhmZ _wbm§Zm {~§Xë`m, _ZJQ>`m,

H$S>rVmoSo>, dmio, VmoaS>`m, Mmim, H$aJmoQ>o, H$S>`m BË`mXr gmoÝ`m Mm§XrMo Xm{JZo KmbVmV.13

100

3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.3.3.1.4 4 4 4 gU d CËgd−gU d CËgd−gU d CËgd−gU d CËgd−

g_mO {Z{_©Vr_Üò gU g_ma§^mMo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ho bmoH$ ~mam _{hZo {d{dY

gU− d CËgd _moR>`m CËgmhmZo gmOao H$aVmV. `mMo n«{V{~§~ bmoH$gm{hË`m_Üò gwÕm

nmhmd`mg {_iVo. JwT>rnmS>dm, am_Zd_r, Jm¡ar JUnVr, ~gdoída O`§Vr, dQ>nm¡{U©_m,

Aj`V¥Vr`m, ~|Xya, Zmair nm¡{U©_m, {Xdmir, Xgam, hmoir, _H$ag§H«$mV, ~H$ar B©X, a_OmZ,

nmaer {XZ, _moha_, pI«g_g BË`mXr gU CËgd gmOao H$aVmV. `m{edm` ZmVmi, _omha_,

a_OmZ B©X,nmaer {XZ d ~m¡Õ nm¡{U©_m Ago BVa Y{_©`m§Mo gU hr CËgmhmV gmOao Ho$bo

OmVmV.14

3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr −Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr −Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr −Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr −

gmVmam {Oëh`mV {d{dY OmVr Y_m©Mo bmoH$ dmñVì` H$aVmV. `m_Üò {h§Xy, p¼íMZ,

O¡Z, Bñbm_, ~m¡Õ, erI, d nmaer BË`mXr Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Mmbr[aVr, AmMmag{h§Vm d

OrdZnÕVr_Üò {d{dYVm AmT>iVo.

3.4.1 3.4.1 3.4.1 3.4.1 {h§Xy Y{h§Xy Y{h§Xy Y{h§Xy Y____© −© −© −© −

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {h§Xy Y_r©` bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©V OmñV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo.

{h§Xy Y_m©V AZoH$ OmVr d CnOmVr AmhoV. `m OmVrVyZ _Ü``wJmV AZoH$ g§V {Z_m©U Pmbo

hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr g_mOmV EH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r _moR>`m à_mUmda à`ËZ Ho$bo hmoVo. {h§Xy

Y_m©bm hOmamo dfm©Mm B{Vhmg Agë`mZo AZoH$ Y_©J«§W {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV `mdê$Z {h§Xy

Y_m©Vrb Ym{_©H$ {dYr [aVr[admO AmMma, {dMma `mV {d{dYVm {XgyZ òVo.15

3.4.2 3.4.2 3.4.2 3.4.2 p¼íMZ Yp¼íMZ Yp¼íMZ Yp¼íMZ Y____© © © ©

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gmVmam {Oëh`mV pI«ñVr Y_m©Mo VËdkmZ AmË_gmV H$aUmao bmoH$ AmT>iVmV. pI«ñVr

Y_m©Mr ~¡R>H$ n«o_, H$ê$Um, godm `m _wë`m§da AmYmabobr Amho. Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ gmYo AgyZ

MM©_Üò àmW©Zm H$arVmV Ë`m§Mo doJionU åhUOo Vo _m§gmhma _moR>`m n«_mUmV H$arV hmoVo.16

3.4.3 3.4.3 3.4.3 3.4.3 BñbmBñbmBñbmBñbm____ ÜmÜmÜmÜm____©−©−© −© −

gmVmam {Oëh`mV Bñbm_ Y_m©Mo bmoH$ AmhoV. Hw$amU hm Bñbm_ Y_m©Mm n{dÌ

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101

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_wgb_mZ ì`dgm`mZwgma Vrg nmoQ> oX AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò _wJb, nR>mU, eoI, gæ`X, AÎmma

H$bmB©Jma, _hmdV, _{U`ma, Zmb~§X VgoM JwOamV d H$ÀN>_YyZ Ambobo ~moham Am{U

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Jd§S>r {dQ>m§Mo ~m§YH$m_ H$aUmao, Pmag (amI JmiUmao), ~H$a H$gm~ (_Q>U {dH$Umao)o,

_mo_rZ ({dUH$m_ H$aUmao), nQ>doJma (aoer_H$m_ H$aUmao), {n§Omar (H$mnwg {n§OUmao),

a§Jmar (a§JH$m_ H$aUma)o, {eH$bJma (hË`mam§Zm Yma bmdUmao) Ymo~r, hOm_ Am{U nImbr ho

ZmoH$ar H$aUmao Va ZJmaOr Am{U Jmê$S>r BË`mXr bmoH$ hmoVo. ho bmoH$ KamV CX©y ^mfm VgoM

~mhoa _amR>r ^mfm ~mobVmV.17

3.3.3.3.4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 O¡Z O¡Z O¡Z O¡Z

gmVmam {Oëh`mV O¡Z bmoH$ KamV H$mZS>r d _amR>r ^mfm ~mobVmV. O¡Z bmoH$ ho

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H$aUmao eoVH$ar AgyZ Vo eoVr_Üò AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo CËnmXZ _moR>`m

n«_mUmda H$mT>VmV. H$mhr ì`mnma d XwH$mZXmar H$aVmV. AmOMo e¡d {H§$dm {b§Jm`V ho _yiMo

O¡ZY_u` hmoVo.18

3.4.5 3.4.5 3.4.5 3.4.5 ~m¡Õ ~m¡Õ ~m¡Õ ~m¡Õ

~m¡Õ Y[_©` bmoH$ JmdgodH$ åhUyZ JmdH$sMr H$m_o H$arV. 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1956

amoOr S>m°.~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr Xrjm KoVë`mda hOmamo _hma bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Mo

AZwH$aU Ho$bo. `mg Yå_MH«$ n[adV©Z åhUVmV. Yå_MH«$ n[adV©ZmZ§Va ~m¡Õm§Mo Ym{_©H$ d

gm_m{OH$ {dYr ~m¡Õ {^jyÛmao hmoV Agbo Var H$mhr OwÝ`m ê$T>tMo AZwnmbZ H$mhr bmoH$

H$aVmV.19

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102

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g_mOmVrb gU d CËgd gmOao H$arV AgVmZm {XgVmV.

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_rgmVmam {Oëh`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_rgmVmam {Oëh`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_rgmVmam {Oëh`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r

gmVmam `m eãXmMo AZoH$ AW© d CËnÎmr gm§JÊ`mV òVmV gmVmè`mÀ`m X{jUog gnmQ>

_mÏ`mÀ`m Q>oH$S>rda nÝhmi`mMm {ebmhma amOm Xwgam ^moÁm `mZo B.g. 1190 À`m gw_mamg

gmVmam {H$„m ~m§Ybm. `m {H$ëë`mÀ`m { §VtZm gVam ~wê$O Am{U gVam XadmOo hmoVo Am{U

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gmVmam hr {deofV… ì`ŠV H$aUmar åhUyZ "gmV' åhUOo {dnwb `m AWm©À`m eãXmdê$Z

gmVmam `m g§H$ënZoMr CËnÎmr gm§{JVbr OmVoo.22 "gmVmam' `m g§koMo AZoH$ AW© gm§JÊ`mV

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A{YH$ gmW© R>aVo.23

3.5.13.5.13.5.13.5.1 gmVmam {Oëh`mMr amOH$s` n[apñWVrgmVmam {Oëh`mMr amOH$s` n[apñWVrgmVmam {Oëh`mMr amOH$s` n[apñWVrgmVmam {Oëh`mMr amOH$s` n[apñWVr

3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .1111 n«mMrZ H$mi−n«mMrZ H$mi−n«mMrZ H$mi−n«mMrZ H$mi−

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{R>H$mUr gmnS>bo AmhoV. Ë`mM à_mUo gmVmam {Oëh`mV CÎma nwamí_`wJrZ d Vm_«nmfmU`wJrZ

_mZdmMo ApñVËd H¥$îUm d H$mo`Zm Imoè`mV Agë`mMo OmUdVo.24

103

B. g. nyd© {Vgao eVH$ Vo B. g. {Vgao eVH$ `m H$mbI§S>mV g§nyU© _hmamï>´mda

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JmdÀ`m `mÌoH$ê$§Zr _Ü`àXoemVrb gwà{gÕ ^mahÿV òWrb ñVynmÀ`m do{XHo$À`m ~m§YUrgmR>r

H$mhr AZwXmZo {Xë`mMm VoWrb A{^boImV C„oI Amho.25 `mdê$Z gmVdmhZ H$mimV `m

n[agamVrb bmoH$ BVa àm§VmÀ`m g§nH$m©V Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhrOU ~m¡ÕY_u` hmoVo.

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H$mimV ImoXboë`m AmhoV.26

gmVmam {Oëh`mÀ`m n[agamV amï>´Hy$Q>m§Mo amÁ` ñWmnZ Pmbo `mMr _m{hVr H$moëhmnya

òWrb nm§Sw>a§Jn„r Vm_«nQ>mV AmT>iyZ òVo. _mZnya òWrb _mU ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mdarb amï>´Hy$Q>

amOm§Zr _hmamï>´mVrb nwUo, gmobmnya, gmVmam BË`mXr {Oëh`mÀ`m n«Xoemda gÎmm n«ñWm{nV

Ho$br hmoVr. OoOwar Vm_«nQ>mÛmao MmbwŠ`§mMm gmVmam {Oëh`mer g§~§Y Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.27

àmMrZ H$mimV gmVmam {Oëh`mda gmVdmhZ, amï´>Hy$Q>, dmH$mQ>H$, MmbwŠ`, H$bMwar,

{ebmhma KamUo d Xod{JarMo `mXd `m§Mo amÁ` hmoVo.

3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .2 _2 _2 _2 _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>−

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d§emVrb B. g.1140 _Üò gÎmoda Ambobm amOm {dO`m{XË` `mMr {~ÁÁmb H$bMwarer

bT>mB© B.g. 1142 _Ü o Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mV {~ÁÁmbmMm nam^d Pmbm. hr bT>mB© gmVmam

{Oëh`mV H$amSÀ`m Amgnmg Pmbobr hmoVr. {dO`m{XË`mMm _wbJm {ÛVr` ^moO B.g.1175

_Üò gÎmoda Ambm. _mÌ {g§KU `mXdmZo Ë`mMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë`mbm nÝhmim {H$ëë`mda

AQ>Ho$V R>odbo. AemàH$mao {ebmhma d§emVrb amOm§Mo amÁ` g§ndyZ Xod{JarÀ`m `mXdm§Mo amÁ`

gwê$ Pmbo.29

B.g.1215 _Üò _hmamï>´mV Xod{JarÀ`m `mXdm§Mr gÎmm {Z_m©U Pmbr. B.g.1398

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104

hodoXmì`m_wio _wKb AmH«$_Umg ~ir R>aë`m. gmVmè`mda Ë`mH$mir {dOmnyaÀ`m A{XbemhrMr

gÎmm `m n«Xoemda hmoVr.30

____amR>m H$mi −amR>m H$mi −amR>m H$mi −amR>m H$mi −

17 ì`m eVH$mV _hmamï>´mV _amR>r gÎmoMm CX` Pmbm. `m H$mimV _hmamï>´mMm _moR>m

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{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr OmdirMm n«Xoe 15 OmZodmar 1656 amoOr {O§H$bm. N>ÌnVr {edmOr

_hmamOm§Zr {dOmnyaMr Am{Xbemhr, CÎmaoH$S>rb _wKb gÎmm, Jmoì`mVrb nmoV©wJrO,

H$moH$UmVrb {gÔr d B§J«O `m§À`mer A{dl§mV g§Kîm© H$éZ _amR>`mMo ñdV§Ì d gmd©^m¡_

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{edmOr _hmamO§mMo am`JS>mda {ZYZ Pmbo.31

N>ÍmnVr {edmOr amO§mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va N>ÍmnVr g§^mOr _hmamO gÎmoda Ambo. N>ÍmnVr

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{H$„m _amR>r \$m¡Om {O§Hy$ bmJë`m.32

105

N>ÍmnVr amOmam_ _hmamO {O{O§V Agë`mZo {O§Or {O§H$Ê`mgmR>r Pwë\$sH$maImZmg

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gmbr {g§hJS> {H$ëë`mda _¥Ë`y Pmbm. 33

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20 \o$~«wdmar 1707 amoOr Ah_XZJa _w¸$m_r Vmo _aU nmdbm.

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106

“Vw_À`m_Üò bT>mB© H$ê$Z Omo {dO` àmá H$aob Ë`mbm `m gZXm XoÊ`mV òVrb. Ë`m_wio `m

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gmVmaÀ`m JmXrda {Z_m©U Pmbo.”

N>ÍmnVr emhÿÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va N>ÍmnVr am_amOm gÎmoda Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va 11 {S>g|~a

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dmJUyH$ {Xbr.34

3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3.5.1 .3 3 3 3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>

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{Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.35

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107

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bT>m d à{VgaH$ma, gmVmè`mZo gZ 1947 Mm ñdmV§Í` bT>m `m_Üò gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.

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3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.1111 {eIa {e§JUmnya{eIa {e§JUmnya{eIa {e§JUmnya{eIa {e§JUmnya----

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108

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{eIamÀ`m C§Mr EdT>`m AmhoV.

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_wI_§S>n, d Z§Xr_§S>n `m§Zr `wŠV Amho. Jm^mam _moR>m AgyZ _Ümmo_Y Mm¡H$moZr d Q>moH$mbm

{ÌH$moUr hmoV Jobobm Amho. òWrb d¡{eï>` åhUOo EH$mnwT>rb EH$ Aem XmoZ {n§S>r. `m {ed-

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Jm^mè`mdarb {eIa 18.39 _r. C§MrMo Amho. `m {eIamÀ`m Mmohmo~mOyZo _Ü`mVyZ

OmUmè`m Cä`m ZjrH$m_ Agboë`m nQ²Q>`m_wio ho Mma ämmJmV {d^mJbo Amho. `m nQ²Q>`mZm

ahnJ åhUVmV. `mÀ`m Vimer EH$ bhmZ H$_mZ Amho. Ë`mg eyagoZH$ Ago åhUVmV. Aem

109

àH$maMr aMZm ho ho_mS>n§Vr _§{XamMo Vo EH$ d¡{eï>` AgVo. `m _§{Xamg VrZ eyagoZHo$ AmhoV.

ho_mS>n§Vr _§{XamV hr eyagoZHo$ VrZ ~mOyg AgVmV d Mm¡Ï`m ~mOyg åhUOo Xe©Zr ^mJmV

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gwagw§Xar, Aßgam, Z{V©H$m, ^ŠVJU, gmYy BË`mXtÀ`m à{V_m H$moaboë`m AmhoV.41 `m

_§{XamMm {OUm}Õma B. g. 1976 _Üò {edH$m§MrÀ`m E_.Ho$.am_ñdm_r `m§À`m hñVoo Ho$bm

Amho.42

_§{XamÀ`m X{jUog gw_mao 91.44 _rQ>ada Q>oH$S>rÀ`m H$mR>mda EH$ AmS>dr ngabobr

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n[agamV A_¥VoídamMo _§{Xa Amho. VgoM IS>Ho$ída, _m§Jmo~m d gXm{edmMo _§{Xahr Amho.

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e§ w_hmXodmMm {ddmh gmohim MmbVmo. `mÌmH$mimV g§nyU© _hmamï´>mVyZ 300 Vo 400 H$mdS>r

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{Xder VoWo _moR>`m à_mUmda JXu AgVo.43

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110

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111

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g{Mdm§Zr ~m§Ybobr Y_©emim, ~mJ d nmÊ`mMr Q>mH$r Amho.52

112

3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.4444 O~aoídar O~aoídar O~aoídar O~aoídar ____§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa----

ñmmVmam {Oëh`mV \$bQ>U `m VmbwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr O~aoídar _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa

CÎmam{^_wI AgyZ _wI_§S>n, g^m_§S>n, A§Vami Am{U J ©J¥h Aem ^mJmV {d^mJbo Amho.

`m _§{XamÀ`m aW àH$mamdê$Z ho _§{Xa gá y_ _§{Xa Amho. _§{XamÀ`m {eIamdarb _§S>modamV

OmS§>~, Vd§J`wŠV Hw§$^ H$be, _§Mr H$nmoV, O§Ym, CX²J_, âUr {eadQ>r d N>mX` ho KQ>H$

AmhoV. N>mX`mÀ`m da H$nmoV Am{U _§Mr Ago XmoZ KQ>H$ òVmV. Ë`m§À`mda y{_O {eIam§Mo

Hy$Q>ñV§^ AmhoV. {eIa nmVirda gd©gmYmaUnUo BVa y{_O {eIamda AmT$iVo Ë`mà_mUo

{eIamÀ`m nm`mdaM eyagoZH$ AgÊ`mEodOr òWo àW_ {eIamMr EH$ à{VH¥$Vr AgyZ Ë`mda

eyagoZH$ Amho. _§S>moamÀ`m O§Ym ^mJmda ór w½_o d {_WwZ _yVu H$moaboë`m AmhoV.

O~aoídarMo _§{Xa CÎmam{^_wI AgyZ _§S>nmÀ`m àdoeÛmamÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg XodH$moð>o

AmhoV. Ë`mV _yVu AmhoV. àdoeÛma n§MemIm àH$maMo AgyZ Ë`mda C§~è`mÀ`m daÀ`m

nmVirda à{Vhma _yVu AmhoV. Ë`m XadmOmnmgyZ AZwH«$_o Hw§$^YmaH$, H$_bYmaH$, nme

Am{U A§Hw$e AmhoV. VoWo _§{XamÀ`m Jm^mè`mnmgyZ ~mhoan`©V AZwH«$_o H$ënH$Vm, J§Yd©ñV§^,

nÙbVm Am{U ì`mb `m§Zr gO{dbo Amho. bbmQ>{~§~mda Am{U Ë`mÀ`m darb ~mOyg

Agboë`m nmM N>moQ>`m a{WH$mV VrW©H$am§À`m _yVu AmhoV.

`m _§{XamMm _§S>n Aï>H$moZr` AgyZ Ë`mMo N>V H$amoQ>H$ nÕVrMo Amho. `m _§S>nmMo

N>V XJS>r db`m§Zr ~Zdbo Amho. A§VamimVyZ J ©J¥hmV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oo Ûma Amho Ë`mda

EH$ ZmJ\$Um Agbobm dmXH$ ho {eën H$moabobm Amho. ñV§êmIoda à{Vhma XmI{dÊ`mV

Ambo AmhoV. VgoM Ë`mMo dmhZ hÎmr XmI{dbm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV naey, nme, A§Hw$e d

nwîn H$mT>bobr AmhoV. Mm¡Wm hmV da_wÐoV Amho. A§Vami d J ©J¥hmMr N>Vohr H$amoQ>H$ nÕVrMr

AmhoV. CÎmam§Jmda _Ü`^mJr nmíd©ZmWmMr _yVu Amho.

_§{XamÀ`m {eIamda XodVm H$moaboë`m AmhoV. nyd}H$S>rb ~mOybm XodVoMo dmhZ h§g

AgyZ XodrMo {MÌ H$moabo Amho. X{jUoH$S>rb ~mOybm AmUIr EH$ XodVoMo {MÌ AgyZ Ë`mMo

dmhZ ~¡b Amho. npíM_ ~mOybm Agboë`m XodVoÀ`m _yVuMr _moS>VmoS> Pmbobr AgyZ {VÀ`m

nm`mOdi Jê$S>_yVuMo Adeof AmhoV. ho _§{Xa y{_O _§{Xa AgyZ Vo 13 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m

CÎmamYm©V ~m§Ybobo Amho.53

113

\$bQ>U ehamVrb O~«oídar _§{Xa ho {edmMo ñWmZ AgyZ \$bQ>U ehamVrb

bmoH$m§À`mgh Vo VmbwŠ`mVrb bmoH$m§Mo AT>i lÕmñWmZ Amho. `m _§{XamMr aMZm àmMrZ

H$mimVrb AgyZ \$bQ>U ehamV Aímr aMZm AgÊmmao Vo EH$_od _§{Xa Amho. `m _§{Xamdê$Z

àmMrZ H$mimVrb _§{Xa {eëne¡br d H$bmË_H$Vm g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `m _§{Xamda Ð{dS>

X{jUoH$S>rb hmo`gi e¡brMr N>mn nS>bobr Amho. Ë`m_wio Aem àH$maMr _§{Xao WmoS>`m

à_mUmda Agbobr {XgyZ òVmV. `m _§{XamVrb Jm^mè`mV {ed{b§J AgyZ Ë`mMr ñWmnZm

nyd©�npíM_ Amho. `m _§{XamVrb {eënH$m_ d ZjrH$m_ AË`§V H$ënH$VoZo Ho$ë`m_wio `m

_§{Xamg d¡{eï>`nyU© ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho.

3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.5 5 5 5 MmMmMmMm\\\\$iMo am$iMo am$iMo am$iMo am________§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa----

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb nmQ>U VmbwŠ`mV C§~«OOdi _m§S> ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r Mm\$i ho Jmd

Amho. VoWo lr.g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r `m§Zr B. g.1647 gmbr ~m§Ybobo am__§{Xa à{gÕ Amho.

ho _§{Xa ho_mS>n§Wr Amho. am_mMr _yVu am_Xmg ñdm_tZm A§JmnyaÀ`m S>mohmV gmnS>br. åhUyZ

A§JmnyaÀ`m J«m_ñWm§Zm am_Xmg ñdm_tZr CËgdmgmR>r _mZmÀ`m H$mR>rMm _mZ {Xbm. g_W©

am_Xmgm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobo 11 _mê$Vrn¡H$s 3 _mê$Vr `mM n[agamV AmhoV. Xmg _mê$Vr hm

_§{XamÀ`m g_moaM Amho. _§{Xam_mJo XmoZeo \w$Q>mda dra _mê$Vr Amho d {Vgam IS>m _mê$Vr

{e§JUdmS>rV Amho.54

g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tZr ~m§Ybobo am_ _§{Xa Ë`m§À`m níMmV Ë`mMr ì`dñWm Z

Pmë`mZo _moS>H$irg Ambo. noedoH$mimZ§Va _§{XamMr AdñWm AmUIrM {~H$Q> Pmbr. {S>g|~a

1967 À`m H$mo`Zm yH§$nmV _§{Xamg oJm nS>ë`m Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr X¡Ý`mdñWm Pmbr. _mM©

1972 _Üò yH§$nJ«ñV ^mJmÀ`m nmhUr nWH$m~amo~a _w§~B©Mo CÚmoJnVr Aa{d§X _\$Vbmb

Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _§{XamMr {~H$Q> AdñWm nm{hbr. ho _§{Xa nmSy>Z Ë`m OmJr 1972 _Ü o

ZdrZ _§{Xa ~m§Ybo.55

am__§{Xa ho XJS>r Mm¡Wè`mda AgyZ VmaH$mH¥$Vr Amho. _§{XamV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r

XJS>r nm`è`m AmhoV. _§{Xam^modVr XJS>r VQ>~§Xr AgyZ {Vbm Mma ~wê$O AmhoV. am__§{Xamg

nmM {eIao AgyZ Jm^mè`mdarb gdm©V C§M {eIa 28.25 _rQ>a C§MrMo Amho. Ë`mda gw_mao

90 go._r.C§MrMm gwdU©H$be d 6.09 _rQ>a C§MrMm Vm§ã`mMm ÜdO Amho. _w»` _§S>nmda d

114

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Mm¡Wè`mda C o Amho Vmo H$mi`m XJS>m§Mm AgyZ Ë`mMr ê$§Xr 1.82 _rQ>a Amho. _§{XamÀ`m

Xe©Zr XmoÝhr Im§~mda COì`m ~mOyg, _Ëñ`, Hw$_©, damh d Za{g§h Va S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m

Im§~mda dm_Z, naewam_, ~m¡Õ d H$b§H$s `m {dîUwÀ`m AmR> AdVmamÀ`m _yVu H$moaboë`m

AgyZ am{hbobo XmoZ AdVma CÎmaoÀ`m ~mOybm Agboë`m { §Vrda H$moabobo AmhoV. nwT>rb XmoZ

Im§~mÀ`m AmR> AdVmam§À`mImbr gá_mV¥H$m d JUoemMr _yVu Amho. Ë`mImbr damhr Xodr _yVu

H$moabobr Amho. Xmg_mê$Vr _§{XamÀ`m g_moa N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO d g_W© am_Xmg

ñdm_r `m§Mr _yVu Amho.

_w»` _§S>nmV nydm©{^_wI VrZ àeñV bmH$S>r XadmOo AmhoV. `m gd© XadmOmÀ`m

XmoÝhr ~mOyÀ`m XJS>r Im§~mda O`-{dO`, M§S>-àM§S>, ÛmanmbmÀ`m _yVu H$moaboë`m AmhoV.

~mhoarb _§S>nmÀ`m Kw_Q>mÀ`m A§V^m©JmV AîQ${XH²$nmbmÀ`m AmR> _moR>`m _yVu, Ë`mImbr

ZdJ«hm§À`m _yVu AmhoV. _§S>nmÀ`m AmR> Im§~mda Aï> {dÚmYam§À`m AmR> _yVu AmhoV. _w»`

_§S>nmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Mm§XrÀ`m {g§hmgZmda am_mMr _yVu Amho. _yVuÀ`m darb ~mOyg g§J_adar

{g§hmgZmda am_, grVm d bú_U `m§À`m _yVu AmhoV. _yi _yVuÀ`m Imbr g_W© d hZw_mZ

`m§À`m N>moQ>`m g§J_adar _yVu AmhoV. _§{XamÀ`m ~mhoarb {äm§Vrda H$moZmS>`mV AZoH$

XodXodVm§À`m _yVu AmhoV.56

_w»` _§{XameoOmar Xmg_mê$Vr d JUnVrMr _yVu g_Wm©Zr ñWmnbobo EH$ _§{Xa Amho.

ho _§{Xa g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tÀ`m H$mimV ~m§Ybobo Amho. _w»` _§{XamÀ`m nmR>r_mJo dra

_mê$VrMo _§{Xa Amho. `m _mê$VrMr ñWmnZm hr ñm_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tZr Ho$bobr Amho. `m

_§{Xa n[agamV g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tMr EH$m§VmV Ü`mZYmaUoMr Jw§\$m Amho. `m{edm`

Ü`mZYmaUoÀ`m Jw§\o$eoOmar g_Wm©Mo ApñWd¥§XmdZ Amho. am_Xmg ñdm_rZr gÁOZJS>mda _mK

dÚ Zd_r eHo$ 1603 amoOr XohË`mJ Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Mm ApñWH$be `m {R>H$mUr R>odÊ`mV

Ambm hmoVm. AñWr d¥Xm§dZmda EH$ {n§S> Amho. {n§S>rÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg Vwierd¥§XmdZ Amho.

Mm\$ibm M¡Ì ewÕ à{VnXonmgyZ M¡Ì ewÕ EH$mXern`©V CËgd AgVmo.57

115


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_mê$Vr òWo Pmbr. Ë`m oQ>rV am_Xmg ñdm_tZr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zm d Ë`m§À`m~amo~a

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ñdm_r Am{U {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _yVu R>odë`m AmhoV. Mm\$i Vo gÁOZJS> _mJm©V am_Ki

ho {R>H$mU `mM n[agamV Amho.58

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nwT>rbà_mUo-

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H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m nyd© Vramdarb {Jar KmQ>mda ho _§[Xa Amho. hm KmQ> B.g.1780 _Ü o

~mny^Q> Jmo{d§X^Q> `m§Zr ~m§Ybm. _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ g§nyU© XJS>r AgyZ Ë`mg {eIa Amho.

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XmoZ Xrn_mim AmhoV. `m H$_mZr ^moaÀ`m n§Vg{Mdm§À`m KamÊ`mVrb VmB©gmho~m§Zr gZ

1825 _Üò ~m§Yë`m AmhoV.60

116

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Amho. `m _§{XamÀ`m nmR>r_mJo nmM H$_mZr Agbobm EH$ _R> Amho.61

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ho _§{Xa H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m nyd© {H$Zmè`mda B.g.1742 _Üò lrnVamd n§Và{V{ZYrZr

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A§JmnyaMo AmZ§Xamd {^damd Xoe_wI `m§Zr B.g.1738 _Üò ~m§Ybobm KmQ> Amho.62

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ho _§{Xa H¥$îUm d doÊUm ZXrÀ`m g§J_mda Amho. `m _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ B.g.1742

_Üò lrnVamd n§Và{V{ZYrZr Ho$bo. H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mnmgyZ _§{XamÀ`m àm§JUmn`©§V

KmQ>mÀ`m nm`è`m AmhoV. `m _§{XamÀ`m ìham§S>`mV bú_rMr à{V_m {MVmambobr Amho.

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_§{XamÀ`m OdiM {ÌH$moUr OmJoV ~Zemnyar gmYyMr d Ë`mÀ`m {eî`m§Mr g_mYr Amho.63

3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.6666....5 {dídoea 5 {dídoea 5 {dídoea 5 {dídoea ____hmXod hmXod hmXod hmXod ____§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa----

ho _§{Xa H¥$îUm d doÊUm ZXrÀ`m g§J_mda Amho. `m _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ B.g.1742

_Üò lrnVamd n§Và{V{ZYrZr Ho$bo. ho _§{Xa `mXd e¡brMo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z C^maÊ`mV Ambo

Amho. ho _§{Xa AYm© _rQ>a C§MrÀ`m A{Yð>mZmda AgyZ VmaH$mH¥$Vr {dYmZmMo Amho. `mMr

117

J ©J¥h, A§Vami d g^m_§S>n Aer aMZm Amho. J ©J¥hmV {ed{n§S> Amho. A§Vami Mma ñV§^mda

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_moH$im AgyZ Ë`mg _wI_§S>n Amho. g^m _§S>nmMo Im§~ nm`mbm Mm¡H$moZr Va _Ü`^mJmda

X§S>JmobmH¥$Vr AmhoV. Im§~mÀ`m darb ^mJmda nwîndobr H$moaboë`m AmhoV. _w»` _§S>nmÀ`mda

{VÝhr ~mOyg {dQ>m MwÝ`mV _oKS§>ãmar C^mabobr Amho. g^m _§S>nmVrb K§Q>m B.g.1739 _Ü o

_amR>`m§Zr dgB© {O§H$ë`mZ§Va nmoV©wJrO MM©_YyZ AmUbobr Amho. _§{Xamg_moa Z§Xr_§S>n AgyZ

`mda Aï>H$moZr` {eIa Amho. _w»` _§{XamÀ`m {eIamda XodH$moð>o AgyZ Ë`m_Üò nm¡am{UH$

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AmhoV. _§{XamÀ`m CÎma d npíM_ ~mOybm Amodè`m AmhoV.64

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{Ì§~H$ {dídZmW noR>o `m§Zr B.g.1772 _Üò ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo. ho _§{Xa AmH$mamZo

bhmZ AgyZ Jm^mè`mV am_, bú_U d grVm `m§À`m {nVir nÄ`mÀ`m _yVu AmhoV. _yVuÀ`m

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3.6.3.6.3.6.3.6.6666....7 {dR>mo~m 7 {dR>mo~m 7 {dR>mo~m 7 {dR>mo~m ____§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa§{Xa----

B.g.1730 _Üò {M§MUoaÀ`m Omo{Vn§V ^mJdVmZo ho _§{Xa ~m§Ybo Amho. `m _§[§XamMm

_§S>n B.g.1860 _Üò ~m§Ybm Amho. ho _§{Xa N>moQ>o AgyZ ìham§S>m bhmZ Amho. Jm^mè`mÀ`m

àdoeÛmamda H$_mZ Amho. `m _§{XamV {dR>mo~mMr _yVu Amho.

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118


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119

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120

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3.6.93.6.93.6.93.6.9 nmbrnmbrnmbrnmbr----

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121

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AmhoV.

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124

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3.63.63.63.6.11.11.11.11 `dVoída`dVoída`dVoída`dVoída----

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AmhoV.

3.7.13.7.13.7.13.7.1 AXmbVdmS>mAXmbVdmS>mAXmbVdmS>mAXmbVdmS>m----

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125

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3.7.3.7.3.7.3.7. 2222 Mma{ §VrMma{ §VrMma{ §VrMma{ §Vr----

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Ago.86 B.g.1857 À`m CR>mdmV {~«{Q>em§Zr Vmo\$m S>mJyZ hr B_maV Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

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3.7.3.7.3.7.3.7. 3 3 3 3 gmnMm dmS>mgmnMm dmS>mgmnMm dmS>mgmnMm dmS>m ----

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126

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bú_r−dmgwXod _§{Xa d H¥$îUoMm KmQ> ~m§Ybm Amho.

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127

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AmhoV.94

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128


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129

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130

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131

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132

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133

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134

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135

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Ambr AmhoV.123

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R>odbobr AmhoV. VgoM noedoH$mbrZ ZmUrhr AmhoV.124

136

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Amho.125

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137

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òWo R>odboboo AmhoV.

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àVmnJS>mda Wm§~bo hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmZo nÝhmim {H$„m H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va gZ 1702

_Üò {demiJS>Mr _mo[h_ hmVr KoVë`m_wio Vmam~mB© {demiJS>mdê$Z àVmnJS>mda Amë`m.142

ZmZm \$S>Urg d _hmXOr {e§ÚmZr gImam_ ~mny ~mo{H$bmg {\$VwarÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z

H¡$X H$ê$Z {g§hJS>mda R>odbo. na§Vw XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Zr åhUOo _o À`m Ama§^r Ë`mg àVmnJS>mda

nmR>{dbo. noedmB©À`m AIoarg B§J«Om§Zr {H$„oXmamer Jwá ~mobUr H$ê$Z 1818 _Üò {H$„m

aŠV Z gm§S>Vm Vmã`mV KoVbm. gmVmam H$m~rO Ho$ë`mda B§J«Om§Zr àVmnJS> d Ë`mdarb

^dmZrXodr _§{Xa N>ÌnVr àVmn{g§hmÀ`m amÁ`mV ZìhVo. åhUyZ N>ÌnVr àVmn{g§h _hmamOm§Zr

_mJUr Ho$ë`mda gZ 1823 _Üò hm {H$„m Ë`mg {Xbm.143

141

3.7.3.7.3.7.3.7.15151515 gÁOZJS>gÁOZJS>gÁOZJS>gÁOZJS>

ñmmVmam ehamnmgyZ 10 {H$._r. A§Vamda nair JmdmOdi gÁOZJS> hm {H$„m Amho.

`m {H$ëë`mg g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_tÀ`m dmñVì`m_wio Ym{_©H$ _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. `m

{H$ëë`mMo OwZo Zmd Amídmb`Z JS> hmoVo. `m {H$ëë`mda Amídmb`Z F$ftMo dmñVì` hmoVo.

åhUyZ ho Zmd Ë`m F$frÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z nS>bo hmoVo.144 nwT>o Ë`mMo Zmd gÁOZJS> ho nS>bo.

{H$ëë`mMo dU©Z{H$ëë`mMo dU©Z{H$ëë`mMo dU©Z{H$ëë`mMo dU©Z

gÁOZJS> {H$ëë`mda añË`mda g_W© am_Xmg `m§Mo >{eî` H$ë`mU ñdm_tMo _§{Xa

Amho. nwT>o _mê$Vr d Jmo_VrMo _§{Xa Amho. {H$ëë`mg KS>rd XJS>mMr XmoZ àdoeÛmao AmhoV.

{H$ëë`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamOdi 30.48 _rQ>a C§MrMo Z¡g{J©H$ H$So> AmhoV. {H$ëë`mda AZoH$

nmÊ`mMr Vir AmhoV. XadmÁ`mV lrYa ñdm_r§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m hZw_mZ d damhmMr _yVu

Amho. COì`m { §VrV Añnï> \$maer ^mfoVrb {ebmboI Amho. {H$ëë`mV àdoeÛmamÀ`m S>mì`m

~wê$OmOdi Am§½bmB© XodrMo _§{Xa Amho. añË`mÀ`m COì`m ~mOybm XmoZ H$~ar AmhoV.145

nwT>o añË`mda _mê$VrMo _§{Xa AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m_mJo nmÊ`mMr ~mad d g_Wm©Mr Hw$Q>r

Amho. Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o g_Wm©Mm _R> Amho. Ë`mV g_Wm©Mr g_mYr d lram_ _§{Xa Amho. _mMr _yi

dmñVy N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ~m§Ybr hmoVr. g_W© òWo amhV AgV. Ë`m§Mo eoOKamV

{nVir, g_Wm©Mo {MÌ, Iwam§Mm nb§J, {ZË`mÀ`m dmnamVrb {d{dY dñVy OnyZ R>odë`m AmhoV.

Ë`m§Zr gZ 1682 À`m _mK dÚ à{VnXonmgyZ AÝZnmUr dÁ`© H$ê$Z lram_mg_moa g_mYrñV

Pmbo. _mK dÚ Zd_rg Ë`m§Zr OJmMm {Zamon KoVbm. Ë`mMm Xoh `m {R>H$mUr XhZ Ho$ë`mda

VoWo g_mYr ~m§YyZ VoWo nmXwH$m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. g_mYrda am__yVu ~gdyZ {eî`m§Zr Ë`mda

EH$ bhmZgo XoD$i ~m§Ybo hmoVo. N>. g§^mOr _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mda g^m_§S>n ~m§Ybm Amho.146

{H$ëë`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H$ëë`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H$ëë`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H$ëë`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ____hÎdhÎdhÎdhÎd

gZ 1662 _Üò hm {H$„m Am{XbehmÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm Ë`mdoir {H$„oXma åhUyZ

\$mPbImZ hmoVm. E{àb 1673 _Üò hm {H$„m N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr {O§Hy$Z

KoVbm.147 g_W© am_Xmg ñdm_r `m {H$ëë`mda H$m`_ dmñVì`mgmR>r gZ 1673 _Üò Ambo.

Voìhm N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm§Zr hm {H$„m g_Wm©Zm BZm_ {Xbm. `wdamO g§^mOr_Üò gwYmaUm

ìhmdr åhUyZ Ë`mg g_Wm©À`m gmpÝZÜ`mV R>odbo hmoVo.148 31 {S>g|~a 1679 Vo 4 \o$~«wdmar

142

1680 n`©V {edmOr _hmamO gÁOZJS>mda _w¸$m_r hmoVo.149 gZ 1699 _Üò gmVmè`mMm

{H$„oXma naewam_ Í`§~H$ à{V{ZYrZo gÁOÝmJS>mdê$Z YmÝ`, Xmê$Jmoim nmR>dyZ gmVmaÀ`m

{H$„oXmamg _XV Ho$br hmoVr. 9 OyZ 1700 amoOr hm {H$„m Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmÀ`m ñdmYrZ

Ho$bm. gZ 1704 _Üò _amR>`m§Zr hm {H$„m nwÝhm {O§Hy$Z KoVbm. gZ 1818 _Üò hm {H$„m

B§J«OmZr {O§H$bm. gZ 1857 _Üò a§Jmo ~mny `mZo B§J«Om{dê$Õ ~§S> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo `m

{H$ëë`mdê$Z gwÌo hb{dbr hmoVr. na§Vw Ë`mMr hr `moOZm èñdr Pmbr Zmhr.150

3.7.3.7.3.7.3.7. 16161616 d¡amQ>JS>d¡amQ>JS>d¡amQ>JS>d¡amQ>JS>

d¡amQ>JS> hm {H$„m gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb dmB© d Omdbr VmbwŠ`mÀ`m gahÔrda Amho.

hm {H$„m H$moëhmnyaÀ`m {ebmhma KamÊ`mVrb nÝhmi`mMm amOm ^moO Xwgam(1178 Vo1193)

`m Xaå`mZ ~m§Ybm Amho.151 `m {H$ëë`mÀ`m g^modVr ZD$ _rQ>a C§MrMm H$S>m Amho.

{H$ëë`mda gd© ~mOy§Zr VQ>~§Xr AgyZ {Vbm {R>H${R>H$mUr O§½`m AmhoV. {H$ëë`mda nS>Š`m

B_maVrMo Adeof AmhoV. 12 _rQ>a ì`mgmÀ`m XJS>r ~m§YH$m_ Ho$boë`m nmM nwîH$[aUr AmhoV.

{H$ëë`mÀ`m ~mhoa IS>H$mV ImoXbobo Q>mHo$ Amho. `m {H$ëë`mda àmMrZ H$mimV {damQ ZmdmMr

amZQ>r O_mV amhV hmoVr. nm§S>dm§Zr Ë`m§Zm nam yV Ho$bo. `m O_mVrdê$Z `mg d¡amQ>JS> Zmd

nS>bo Agmdo.152

3.7.3.7.3.7.3.7.17 17 17 17 gXm{edJS>gXm{edJS>gXm{edJS>gXm{edJS>

ñmmVmam {Oëh`mVrb H$amS> ehamÀ`m B©emÝòg 6 {H$._r A§Vamda gXm{edJS> hm

{H$„m Amho. hm {H$„m N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ~m§Ybm.153 `m {H$ëë`mMo joÌ\$i 9

hoŠQ$a EdT>o Amho. {H$ëë`mMo àdoeÛma CÎmaoÀ`m ~mOybm AgyZ Ë`mMr nS>PS> Pmbr Amho.

{H$ëë`mda nmUr Zgbobr AZoH$ Vir nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. `m {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mer

~m~a_mMr, hOma_mMr, amO_mMr d JS>_mMr AmhoV. ñdamÁ`mVrb BVa H$moUË`mhr

{H$ëë`mda Aem _mMr nmhmd`mg {_iV ZmhrV. `m _mÀ`m_Üò Ë`mdoiMo dVZXma,

BZm_Xmam§Mo d§eO amhV.154 {H$ëë`mda _hmXodmMo OwZo bhmZ _§{Xa Amho. eodQ>À`m lmdUr

gmo_dmar òWo `mÌm âVo.

143

3.8 g_mamon3.8 g_mamon3.8 g_mamon3.8 g_mamon

gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb Ym{_©H$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Zr _hmamï´>mÀ`m B{VhmgmV Amnbm

R>gm C_Q>{dbobm Amho. hr ñWio amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$maUmVyZ {Z_m©U

Pmbobr AmhoV. bmoH$m§Zr Amnbo AÜ`mË_ OnÊ`mgmR>r `m Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Zr _hÎdmMr y{_H$m

~Omdbr Amho. _hmamï´>mÀ`m B{VhmgmV `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Zr Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr

Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Omoamda N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gmVmam {Oëh`mV ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm

H$ê$Z ñdamÁ` {dñVmamMo YmoaU Adb§{~bo. Ë`m§Zm è {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r òWrb Ym{_©H$ d

Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Zr \$ma _moR>o H$m_ Ho$bo Amho.

N>ÌnVr emhÿÀ`m H$mimV gmVmam hr _amR>`m§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr. noedo Oar nwÊ`mVyZ

H$ma^ma nmhV Agbo Var Vo gmVmaÀ`m N>ÌnVrÀ`m gëë`mZo nmhV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm noedmB©Mr

dóo hr gmVmaÀ`m N>ÌnVrH$Sy>Z {Xbr OmV hmoVr. `mdê$Z gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb Ym{_©H$ d

Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñWim§Mo _hÎd {XgyZ òVo.

144

g§X^©g§X^©g§X^©g§X^© 1) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), gmVmam {Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, 1999, n¥.595

2) gmVmam {Oëhm OZJUZm Ahdmb, 2001, n¥.4

3) H$mio ìhr.gr., gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {H$ëë`m§Mo _amR>m ñdmV§Í` `wÕmVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$

_hÎd, 1689−-1707, {Q>. _. {d. nwUo, E_.{\$b. à~§Y, Owb¡ 2008 n¥.3

4) ^mogbo Eg.EM., gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb {ZdS>H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ d Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mm-EH$

{M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg (B. g.1600 Vo 1900), {Q>. _. {d. nwUo, E_. {\$b. à~§Y,

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2008 n¥.6

5) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, n¥.4

6) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), gmVmam {Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, 1885 n¥.17

7) gmVmam {Oëhm OZJUZm Ahdmb, gZ 1901 Vo 2001

8) gmVmam {Oëhm OZJUZm Ahdmb, 1191, 2001

9) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, n¥.14, 15

10) ~hþboH$a ~mimgmho~, Amnbm gmVmam, 1994, n¥.15


12) {H$Îmm, n¥.243

13) Hw$bH$Uu A.am., Iao J.h., _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg I§S>-2, 1985, n¥.334


15) Hw$bH$Uu nr.Ho$. ^maVmVrb Y_©, 1987, n¥.6

16) Gazetter Of Satara District, 1885, P.418-421.

17) Sensex Of India 1991, Series 14 Maharashtra, Port 4(B)(2) Religion

Table C 9, P.127-132.

18) Sensex Of India 1991, Op. Cit., P.129.

19) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.300-−301

20) {H$Îmm, n¥.301

145

21) Omoer dm.{d., gmVmam ehamg§~§Yr H$mhr OwZr _m{hVr, ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U

g§ñH¥${V(Ì¡_m{gH$), nwñVH$ 37 do, (E{àb 1973), _w§~B©, n¥.38

22) Gazetter Of Satara District, Opp.Cit, P.551

23) MìhmU {edmOr, gmVmam {Oëh`mMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§Y, gmVmam {Oëhm n[afX

Jm¡ad JmWm, am¡ß` _hmoËgdr A§H$, gmVmam, 1987. n¥.3

24) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.),CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.77

25) H°${Z§Jh°_, ñVw>n Am°\$ ~mahÿV, boI H«$.135,138 d 139

26) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.),CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.83

27) Mirashi V.V., The Rashtrakut\s of Manpur, in studies in indology,

Nagpur, 1968,Vol.I P.195-205

28) {_amer dm.{d., {ebmhma amOd§emMm B{Vhmg Am{U H$moard boI 1974, n¥.50

29) nmZgo _w.J., `mXdH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, 1985, n¥.136

30) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.120-123

31) gmVmam {Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, 1963, n¥.75

32) gaXogmB© Jmo.g., _amR>r [a`mgV I§S−>-1, _w§~B© 1988 n¥.166.

33) {H$Îmm, n¥. 211

34) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð (g§nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.150 Vo 160

35) _mQ>o Jmo.am., Agm KS>bm {Oëhm gmVmam, 1988, n¥.121,122

36) _§Ìr a_oe, gw§Xa gmVmam, 1986, n¥.26

37) Xoenm§So> _hoe, gmVmè`mÀ`m n[agamV, 2011, n¥.113

38) X¡.EoŠ`, 13 E{àb 2008, n¥.4

39) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.885, 886

40) {H$Îmm, n¥.887

41) To$ao am.[M., [eIa e§JUmnyaÀmm e§ y _hmXod, 2001, n¥.88

42) {eIa {e§JUmnyaÀ`m _§{XamV X{jUoH$S>rb _w»` _§S>nmÀ`m H$R>S>`mdarb Zm|XrZwgma

43) bm§OoH$a ê$.O., gmVmam {Oëh`mVrb àojUr` ñWio, n¥.46

146

44) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n¥.884

45) Xoenm§So> _hoe, CnamoŠV, n¥.103


47) {H$Îmm, n¥.737

48) {H$Îmm, n¥.737

49) bm§OoH$a O.am., dmB© n[agamVrb àojUr` ñWio, _mM© 2000, n¥.20,21

50) OJVmn ~mimgmho~, lr joÌ _m§T>aXodr dU©Z, 1976, n¥.7

51) [H$Îmm, n¥.9


53) {H$Îmm, n¥.817,818


55) ê$Ð^Q>o {Xbrn, X¡{ZH$ EoŠ`_Yrb boI, 12 E{àb 1992, n¥.5

56) {H$Îmm, n¥.18,19



59) Ho$iH$a `. Z., am_emór à wUo, ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr, E{àb 1996,

n¥.96


61) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.),gmVmam {Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, 1963, n¥.845

62) {H$Îmm, n¥.844


64) {H$Îmm, n¥.19

65) nmR>H$ Aê$UM§Ð(g§nm.),gmVmam {Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, Cnamo³V, 1963 n¥. 848,849

66) ~|Ðo dm.gr., amUr ògy~mB© gmho~, ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr, Ì¡_m{gH$, Owb¡

1964, n¥.56

67) JJ} g._m., N>ÌnVtMr YmH$Q>r nmVr, _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S>-2, 1985, n¥.190

147

68) _mQ>o Jmo. am., CnamoŠV, n¥.96

69) gaXogmB© Jmo.g., _amR>r [a`mgV I§S−>8, _w§~B© 1992, n¥.192.


71) gmVmam {Oëhm J°P{Q>à, 1999, n¥.871

72) Xoenm§So> gw. a., "dmB© H$bm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr', 2011, n¥.60


74) {H$Îmm, n¥.909



77) Gazetter Of Satara District, Opp. Cit., P.531

78) Ibid, p.531


80) {H$Îmm, n¥. 797


82) {H$Îmm, n¥.125

83) gnH$mi gw^mf, {ZgJ©aå`-joÌ `dVoída, X¡{ZH$ EoŠ`, 10 Am°JñQ>, 1992, n¥.6


85) {H$Îmm, n¥.903


87) bm§OoH$a ê$. O., CnamoŠV, n¥.15

88) Jm`H$dmS>, hU_mZo d gaXogmB©, B{Vhmg boIZemó, 2000, n¥.132

89) bm§OoH$a ê$. O., CnamoŠV, n¥.134

90) {H$Îmm, n¥.15


148

92) n«m. S$m°. H$moaSo> S>r. S>r., “dmB© ehamMm amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg

(1900 Vo 2000)” nrEM. S>r. emoYà~§Y, {Q>. _. {d. nwUo, Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2013, n¥.

263

93) Omoer b. ~m. (g§nm.), "_amR>r {dídH$moe I§S> 12’ , n¥.514

94) gmVmam {Oëhm J°P{Q>à, "CnamoŠV', 1999, n¥.854

95) Xoenm§So> gw.a., "CnamoŠV', n¥.88,89

96) {H$Îmm, n¥. 97, 98

97) nmQ>Uo g§^mOramd, A{O§Š`Vmè`mdê$Z, A{O§Š`, 66 do ApIb ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË`

g§_obZ, gmVmam, 1963, n¥.51

98) Omoer dm.{d., gmVmam ehamg§~§Yr H$mhr OwZr _m{hVr, ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr,

Ì¡_m{gH$, E{àb 1973, n¥.28

99) {H$Îmm, n¥.38

100) {H$Îmm, n¥.41

101) gmVmam eha ZJanm{bH$m eVgmd§Ëg[aH$ _hmoËgdr A§H$1954, n¥.1


103) Joshi P.M.,The Adilshahi and the baridi, History of medival Deccan

(1295-1724), Vol.I, P.338

104) Ibid, P.341

105) gaXogmB© Jmo.g., CnamoŠV, _amR>r [a`mgV I§S−>-1, _w§~B© 1992, n¥.304

106) Ho$nZ So>pìhS>, åmamR>`m§Mr ~Ia, n¥.78

107) Kulkarni A.R., The Maratha\s, History of medival Deccan, Vol.II,

P.591

108) gaXogmB© Jmo. g., CnamoŠV, _amR>r [a`mgV I§S−>-2, n¥.159

109) gaXogmB© Jmo. g., CnamoŠV, I§S> 3, n¥.49,50

110) {H$Îmm, n¥.116

111) gaXogmB© Jmo. g., CnamoŠV, I§S> 5, n¥.298,299

149

112) gaXogmB© Jmo.g., CnamoŠV, I§S> 8, n¥.566


114) {H$Îmm, n¥.904

115) AmnQ>o ~r. Ho$.µ CnamoŠV, n¥.10


117) ^mogbo Eg. EM., CnamoŠV, n¥.52

118) ñ_a[UH$m, Am_Mm gmVmam, gmVmam eha ZJanm{bH$m, 1967, n¥.24

119) [H$Îmm, n¥.25

120) X¡{ZH$ bmoH$gÎmm, bmoH$a§J nwadUr, 12 E{àb 2009, n¥.3

121) lr. N>ÍmnVr {edmOr _hmamO g§J«hmb`, gmVmam `m§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVH$m, n¥.1

122) {H$Îmm, n¥.3

123) àË`j nmhUr, gd}jU d _wbmIV- Jmogmdr ApídZHw$_ma Jmogmdr, [X.22.12.2013,

ñWi- lr. N>ÍmnVr {edmOr _hmamO g§J«hmb`, gmVmam, doi-3.30 dm.

124) _wbmIV- Ð{dS> _°S>_, [X.23.12.2013, ñWi-lr. N>ÍmnVr {edmOr _hmamO

g§J«hmb`, gmVmam, doi-3.30 dm.

125) _wbmIV- {e§Xo nr.S>r. lr. N>ÍmnVr {edmOr _hmamO g§J«hmb`, gmVmam,


127) Jm`H$dmS>, hU_mZo d gaXogmB©,CnamoŠV, n¥.175, 176

128) XogmB© a_oe, {edmOr {H$ëë`m§Mm eodQ>Mm aMZmH$ma, 1993, n¥.121

129) _w§~B© àm§V J°Po{Q>à, - I§S>-19, n¥.545

130) {edM[aÌ {Z~§Ymdbr, nwUo, 1930, n¥.150

132) _w§~B© àm§V J°Po{Q>à - I§S>-19, n¥.545


133) gaXogmB© Jmo. g., CnamoŠV, I§S> 2, n¥.168

134) Omoer e. Zm., [edH$mbrZ nÍmgmag§J«h, n¥.2599

135) nwa§Xao ~mo. _., n«VmnJS$ Am[U [edXe©Z, n¥.54

150


137) {H$Îmm, n¥.812

138) JmoIbo lr. {d., A\$PbImZ dY- H$m`©H$maU _r_m§gm, ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am{U

g§ñH¥${V, Ì¡_m{gH$, Owb¡ 1964, n¥.92,93

139) Xoenm§So> à. Z., am`JS> Xe©Z, 1993, n¥.9

140) JmoIbo H$_b, N>ÌnVr g§^mOr, _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1 n¥.381

141) am`JS> [Oëhm J°Po{Q>à, 1993, n¥.847

142) ndma O. ^m., _hmamUr Vmam~mB©, n¥.153

143) R>mH$ao à~moYZH$ma, àVmn{g§h _hmamO Am{U a§Jmo ~mnyOr, 1996, n¥. 91, 92

144) Xodio e§. am., _hmamï´>mVrb {H$„o, 1981, n¥.156.


146) _mQ>o, CnamoŠV, n¥.111

147) Omoer nw. _. _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1, 1984, n¥.166

148) Hw$bH$Uu Jmo. Í`§., _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S> 1, 1984, n¥.209

149) gaXogmB© Jmo. g., CnamoŠV, I§S> 1, n¥.340

150) ndma O`{g§J, _hmamUr Vmam~mB© ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_, _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, I§S>1, 1984,

n¥.444


152) {H$Îmm, n¥.923

153) Gazetter Of Satara District, Opp. Cit., P.551

154) T>dio Zm.dm., lmdUmVrb AmH$f©U gXm{edJS>, X¡{ZH$ gH$mi (H$moëhmnya), 19

Am°JñQ> 1992.

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