Good Governance Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan (Oleh Riri h.a.)

7/23/2019 Good Governance Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan (Oleh Riri h.a.)

1/18

KDD@ KDWFXEBECF SFHBKBM ZBXB@MKIB ZFIHBEKVEBE

@M ME@DEFSMB

Xmxm Ovxm}bo Blhbepbem

/EZI> 022?82:=:22:::0-

Bhspxbcp

Pof zofedifede dg kldhblm~bpme mizbcp de `fidcxbc} be` zdlmpmcbl xfgdxi me Me`defsmb, fszfcmbll} me

pof kdwfxeifep s}spfi pobp ve`fxkdfs b pxbesgdxibpmde gxdi cfepxblm~f` pd `fcfepxblm~f` s}spfis% Hvp

zxdhlfis svco bs cdxxvzpmde, cdllvsmde be` efzdpmsi /AAE-, {fba lb{ fegdxcfifep zxdhlfi, b

idedzdl} me fcdedimc bcpmwmp}, be` rvblmp} sfxwmcfs pd pof cdiivemp} pobp mecxfbsmekl} {dxsfef %

Pofxfgdxf, kdd` kdwfxebecf eff`s pd hf bzzlmf` pd bll pof zxdhlfis pobp bxmsf cbe hf sdlwf` be` blsd

pof zxdcfss dg fcdedimc xfcdwfx} cbe hf mizlfifepf` zxdzfxl} be` siddpol}% Pd xfblm~f kdd`

kdwfxebecf xfrvmxfs cdepmevdvs fggdxps% Me b``mpmde, pof bkxffifep sodvl` blsd hf hvmlp bs {fll bs b

omko sfesf dg dzpmimsi gxdi bll cdizdefeps mewdlwmek pof poxff zmllbxs dg ebpmde be` spbpf, ebifl} pof

spbpf bzzbxbpvs, zxmwbpf sfcpdx be` cmwml sdcmfp} gdx bcomfwmek kdd` kdwfxebecf%

Af}{dx`s> Poxff zmllbxs dg ebpmde, `fsfepxblm~f`, kdd` kdwfxebecf, cdxxvzpmde cdlvsmde be` efzdpmsi%

Zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe }bek

hbma b`blbo lbe`bsbe hbkm zfe}vsvebe `be

zfefxbzbe afhmnbabe efkbxb }bek `fidaxbpms

`blbi fxb kldhblmsbsm% Gfedifeb `fidaxbsm

`mpbe`bm `fekbe ifekvbpe}b adepxdl

ibs}bxbabp pfxob`bz zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe, sfifepbxb gfedifeb kldhblmsbsm

`mpbe`bm `fekbe sblmek afpfxkbepvekbe bepbxb

hbeksb, pfxvpbib `blbi zfekfldlbbe svihfx)

svihfx `b}b fadedim `be bapmwmpbs `vemb

vsbob%

Sfhblmae}b, ibs}bxbabp }bek

sfhflvie}b `mpfizbpabe sfhbkbm zfefxmib

ibegbbp /hfefgmcmbxmfs-, ivlbm ife}b`bxmaf`v`vabee}b sfhbkbm zfimlma afzfepmekbe

}bek nvkb hfxgveksm sfhbkbm zflbav%

Pfxnb`me}b axmsms fadedim `m Me`defsmb

bepbxb lbme `msfhbhabe dlfo zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe }bek pm`ba mafldlb `be `mbpvx

`fekbe hbma% Bamhbpe}b pmihvl hfxhbkbm

ibsblbo sfzfxpm adxvzsm, adlvsm `be efzdpmsif

/AAE- }bek svlmp `mhfxbepbs, ibsblbo

zfefkbabe ovavi }bek svlmp hfxnblbe,

idedzdlm `blbi afkmbpbe fadedim, sfxpb

avblmpbs zflb}bebe afzb`b ibs}bxbabp }bek

ifihvxva%

Sfovhvekbe `fekbe mpv, sfhvbo adesfz

hbxv }bek sfivlb `mzfxafeblabe lfihbkb)

lfihbkb `dedx mepfxebsmdebl, }bmpv adesfz pbpb

afzfifxmepbobe }bek hbma /kdd` kdwfxebecf-,sfabxbek ifenb`m sblbo sbpv abpb avecm `blbi

{bcbeb vepva ifihfebom smspfi

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe `m Me`defsmb%

Adesfz Kdd` Kdwfxebecf

Mspmlbo Kdd` kdwfxebecf

`mpfxnfiboabe sfcbxb vivi `fekbe pbpb

zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma, ebive `m Me`defsmb

sfe`mxm lfhmo sfxmek ifekkvebabe mspmlbo

bslme}b, abxfeb lvbse}b `mifesm bxpm abpb

pfxsfhvp, sfomekkb kdd` kdwfxebecf pm`bahmsb `mpvnvabe afzb`b zfifxmepbo sfibpb%

ZFE@BOVLVBE

ZFIHBOBSBE


2/18

@blbi abivs, mspmlbo kdwfxeifep `be

kdwfxebecf sfxmekablm `mbekkbz ifimlmam bxpm

}bek sbib }bmpv cbxb ifefxbzabe dpdxmpbs

`blbi svbpv dxkbemsbsm, lfihbkb bpbv efkbxb%

Kdwfxeifep bpbv zfifxmepbo nvkb b`blbo

ebib }bek `mhfxmabe afzb`b fepmpbs }bekife}flfekkbxbabe afavbsbbe zfifxmepbobe

`blbi svbpv efkbxb%

Zfxhf`bbe zblmek zdada bepbxb adesfz

kdwfxeifep `be kdwfxebecf pfxlfpba zb`b

hbkbmibeb cbxb zfe}flfekkbxbbe dpdxmpbs

zdlmpma, fadedim `be b`imemspxbsm `blbi

zfekfldlbbe vxvsbe svbpv hbeksb% Adesfz

zfifxmepbobe hfxadedpbsm zfxbebe

zfifxmepbo }bek lfhmo `dimebe `blbi zfe}flfekkbxbe hfxhbkbm dpdxmpbs pb`m%

Sf`bekabe `blbi kdwfxebecf ifekbe`vek

ibaeb hbkbmibeb cbxb svbpv hbeksb

ife`mspxmhvsmabe afavbsbbe `be ifekfldlb

svihfx`b}b `be hfxhbkbm ibsblbo }bek

`mob`bzm ibs}bxbabp%@fekbe abpb lbme, `blbi

adesfz kdwfxebecf pfxabe`vek vesvx

`fidaxbpms, b`ml, pxbeszbxbe, xvlf dg lb{,

zbxpmsmzbpmdg `be afimpxbbe%

Mspmlbo kdwfxebecf sfhfebxe}b sv`bo

`mafebl `blbi lmpfxbpvx b`imemspxbsm `be mliv

zdlmpma obizmx 28: pbove, sfnba [dd`xd{

[mlsde ifizfxafeblabe hm`bek spv`m pfxsfhvp

amxb)amxb 2286 pbove }bek lblv% Pfpbzm sflbib

mpv kdwfxebecf obe}b `mkvebabe `blbi

adepfas zfekfldlbbe dxkbemsbsm adxzdxbp `be

lfihbkb zfe`m mabe pmekkm% [bcbeb pfepbek

kdwfxebecf `blbi zfekfxpmbe }bek ofe`ba

ampb zfxhmecbekabe zb`b zfxpfivbe obxm mem ))`be }bek `mpfxnfiboabe af`blbi hbobsb

Me`defsmb sfhbkbm pbpb)zfifxmepbobe,

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe bpbv

zfekfldlbbe zfifxmepbobe )) hbxv ivecvl

sfampbx 26 pbove hflbabekbe mem, pfxvpbib

sfpflbo hfxhbkbm lfihbkb zfihmb}bbe

mepfxebsmdebl ifizfxs}bxbpabe kdd`

kdwfxebecf `blbi hfxhbkbm zxdkxbi

hbepvbee}b% /Fgfe`m, 8::6-%

Adesfz kdwfxebecf ifevxvp Spdafx

/2==?- ifxvnva afzb`b zfekfihbekbe `bxm

kb}b ififxmepbo `mibeb hbpbs)hbpbs bepbxb

sfapdx zvhlma `be sfapdx zxmwbp ifenb`m abhvx

/F{blp, 8::2-% Zfekbhvxbe hbpbs)hbpbs mem

sfnblbe `fekbe afhvpvobe `bxm efkbxb id`fxevepva lfhmo iflmhbpabe ifabemsif zdlmpma `be

zfekbavbe babe zfepmeke}b msv)msv

ife}bekavp fizbpm `be zfxbsbbe `bxm zvhlma

vepva pfxlmhbp sfomekkb ifihfxmabe

afsfizbpbe hbkm b`be}b idhmlmsbsm hbma

sfcbxb sdsmbl ibvzve zdmlmpma /Spdafx, 8::0-%

Obl mem }bek afiv`mbe ifihvbp zbxpmsmzbsm

iflblvm zfihbekvebe nfnbxmek bepbxb

zfifxmepbo `be ibs}bxbabp ifenb`m bszfa}bek sbekbp zfepmek hbkm afhfxlbnvpbe sfhvbo

lfkmpmibsm afhmnbabe /Spdafx, 8::0-%

Kdd` Kdwfxebecf b`blbo abpb }bek

`mvcbzabe dlfo hbe}ba dxbek `m Me`defsmb

sfnba 2==3% Abpb Kdwfxebecf if{bamlm svbpv

fpmab hbxv }bek pfx`fekbx xbsmdebl,

zxdgfsmdebl, `be `fidaxbpms, pm`ba sdbl bzbabo

`mvcbzabe `m abepdx Hbea @vemb `m

[bsomekpde, BS bpbv `m abepdx LSI }bek

avivo `m zmekkmxbe Nbabxpb% @fekbe abpb mpv

zvlb {baml `bxm hfxhbkbm kdldekbe zxdgfsm

sfdlbo `msbpvabe dlfo addx sfxvbe afzb`b

zfifxmepbo }bek adxvz `m efkbxb

hfxafihbek% Kdd` kdwfxebecf, hb` ife"

pfxafzvek dlfo sfxvbe `bxm hfxhbkbm zmoba,

ablbekbe zfnbhbp zfifxmepbo zve lbepbs nvkb

gbsmo ife}fhvp adesfz mem, ifsam `fekbe bxpm

`be ibasv` }bek hfxhf`b% Zb`b absvs kdd`

kdwfxebecf, zbxb zfekvcbz obe}b ifekfpbovmsf`mamp obl }bmpv hbo{b sfsvbpv }bek pm`ba

pfxhvab `be pm ba pfxadepxdl babe

ifekve`bek zfe}blbokvebbe, hbo{b

zxdkxbi fadedim pm`ba babe hfxobsml pbezb

lfkmpmibsm, afpfxpmhbe sdsmbl, `be fgmsmfesm

mespmpvsmdebl% Sbpv gbapdx }bek sfxmek

`mlvzbabe b`blbo, hbo{b afavbpbe adesfz mem

nvspxv pfxlfpba zb`b afbapmgbe sfapdx efkbxb,

ibs}bxbabp `be zbsbx vepva hfxmepfxbasm%

Abxfeb mpv, kdd` kdwfxebecf, sfhbkbm svbpv


3/18

zxd}fa sdsmbl, obxvs iflmobp ade`msm sfapdx)

sfapdx `m lvbx efkbxb%

Ifekbzb kdd` kdwfxebecf pmhb)pmhbivecvl, lb~mi `be hfxpbobe lbib sfhbkbm

id`fl afpbpbzfifxmepbobe `m Me`defsmb }bek

hbe}ba `mpvpvxabe, `mmavpm `be `mbnbxabe4Ifekbzb sfcbxb cfzbp zfifxmepbobe }bek

hbma ifenb`m baxbh `fekbe `vemb hmxdaxbsm,

`vemb vsbob, `vemb abizvs `be zvsbp)zvsbp

spv`m /}bek nvkb pvihvo svhvx hba nbivx `m

ivsmi ovnbe-, `vemb bapmwmsif dxkbemsbsm

ede)zfifxmepbo /vpbibe}b }bek hfxkfxba `m

msv afhmnbabe zvhlma `be bepmadxvzsm-, `be

}bek zblmek befo pbzm e}bpb, obizmx sfivb

lfihbkb)lfihbkb `beb mepfxebsmdebl `be

efkbxb)efkbxb `dedx sfxfizba ifekkfxdnda

/hbma vpbek ibvzve omhbo- iml}bxbe VS`dllbxs vepva zxd}fa kdd` kdwfxebecf4

Zb`bobl Hbea @vemb sfe`mxm sfsvekkvoe}b

kbkbl iflbavabe kdd` kdwfxebecf sfcbxb

mepfxebl, abxfeb `mzfevom `fekbe adxvzsm

smspfima `be idpmg fazldmpbsm pfxob`bz efkbxb)

efkbxb }bek hfxvpbek afzb`be}b%

Hbea @vemb sfe`mxm `blbi

ifizxdidsmabe kdd` kdwfxebecf `mMe`defsmb iflblvm pmkb zmepv> /2- CKM

/Cdesvlpbpmwf Kxdvz de Me`defsmb-1 /8-

Afimpxbbe vepva Zfihbxvbe PbpbZfifxmepbobe / Zbxpefxsomz gdx Kdwfxebecf

Xfgdxi-1 `be /3- Nvspmcf gdx pof Zddx% @blbigdxvi pbovebe CKM, Hbea @vemb ifimizme

`be ifimlmam afavbsbbe vepva ifekbxboabe

/ife`mapf- afhmnbabe fadedim /pfxibsva

`fsbabe zfihfepvabe zfxbpvxbe zfxve`bek)

ve`bekbe-% Mem hmsb pfxnb`m abxfeb zfifxmepbo

ibsmo ifefxmib avcvxbe vpbek sfomekkb

zxbs}bxbp vpbek pfxsfhvp obxvs `mzfevom

sfhbkbm adizfesbsme}b% Sf`bekabe Hbea

@vemb zvlb hfafxnb sfcbxb `fabp `fekbeVE@Z `be B@H sfhbkbm szdesdx `beb vpbib

vepva Zbxpefxsomz gdx Kdwfxebecf Xfgdxi/[dxl` Hbea 8::3b-%

Iflblvm gdxvi afldizda ivlpm)

spbafodl`fx `m Afimpxbbe mem, Hbea @vemb

pflbo pfxlmhbp bapmg `blbi ifihvbp afxbekab

afxnb ovavi vepva zfihbekvebe /lfkbl gxbif{dxa gdx `fwfldzifep-, sfzfxpmzfihbxvbe zfxb mlbe, zfihbxvbe ovavi, `be

zfihfepvabe lfihbkb zfifxmepbobe hbxv

/[dxl` Hbea 8::3h-% Zfekbxvo hfsbx

afimpxbbe mem b`blbo nvspxv zfxbe

ofkfideme}b sfhbkbm lfihbkb `beb vepva

zxd}fa)zxd}fa kdwfxebecf }bek `mnblbeabe

dlfo pm`ba sbnb lfihbkb efkbxb, ebive nvkb

dxkbemsbsm ede)zfifxmepbo, }bmpv sfapdx

s{bspb, `be ibs}bxbabp%

Xfgdxibsm }bek `mivlbm zb`b pbove

2==? ifizfxnvbekabe b`be}b kdd`

kdwfxebecf be` clfbe kdwfxeifep% Pvepvpbe

}bek `mbnvabe mem ifxvzbabe xfbasm pfxob`bz

afb`bbe zfifxmepbo zb`b fxb Dx`f Hbxv

`fekbe hfxhbkbm zfxibsblbobe }bek pfxvpbib

iflmzvpm zfivsbpbe afavbsbbe zb`b Zxfsm`fe,

hbma bamhbp adespmpvsm /VV@ 06- ibvzve pm`ba

hfxgveksm `fekbe hbma lfihbkb pfxmekkm `be

pmekkm efkbxb lbmee}b, sfxpb pfxsvihbpe}b

sblvxbe zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbiifihfxmabe adepxdl sdsmbl

Adesfz kdd` be` clfbe kdwfxebecf

`mbzlmabsmabe `blbi edxib ovavi

zfe}flfekkbxbbe efkbxb `mivlbm `fekbe

b`be}b Afpfpbzbe IZX Ed _M$IZX$2==?

pfepbek Zfe}flfekkbxbbe Efkbxb }bek Hfxsmo

`be Hfhbs Adxvzsm, Adlvsm `be Efzdpmsif

/AAE-% Afiv`mbe Afpfpbzbe IZX pfxsfhvp

`mpvbekabe `blbi Ve`bek)Ve`bek Edidx 8?Pbove 2=== pfepbek Zfe}flfekkbxbbe Efkbxb

}bek Hfxsmo Adxvzsm, Adlvsm `be Efzdpmsif

/AAE-% Afiv`mbe zfxbpvxbe pfxsfhvp

`mbapvblmsbsmabe `blbi Zfxbpvxbe Zfifxmepbo

vepva zflbasbebbe}b }bmpv Zfxbpvxbe

Zfifxmepbo Edidx 76 Pbove 2=== pfepbek

Pbpb Cbxb Zfifxmasbbe Zfe}flfekkbxb

Efkbxb, Zfxbpvxbe Zfifxmepbo Edidx 77

Pbove 2=== pfepbek Pbpb Cbxb `be

Zfekbekabpbe sfxpb Zfihfxofepmbe Bekkdpb

Adimsm Zfifxmasb, Zfifxmepbo Edidx 7;

Pbove 2=== pfepbek Pbpb Cbxb Zfibepbvbe

`be Fwblvbsm Zflbsabebbe Pvkbs @be

[f{febek Adimsm Zfifxmasbbe, Zfxbpvxbe

Zfifxmepbo Edidx 7? Pbove 2=== Pfepbek

Pbpb Cbxb Zflbasbebbe Zfxbe Sfxpb

Ibs}bxbabp @blbi Zfe}flfekkbxbbe Efkbxb

@blbi sfhvbo `davife afhmnbabe

Vempf` Ebpmdes @fwfldzifep Zxdkxbi/VE@Z-, Zfifxmepbobe `bzbp `mlmobp sfhbkbm


4/18

zflbasbebbe af{febekbe fadedim, zdlmpma

`be b`imemspxbpmg vepva ifekfldlb vxvsbe

efkbxb `m sfivb pmekabp% Mem pfx`mxm `bxm

ifabemsif, zxdsfs `be lfihbkb)lfihbkb @m

ibeb {bxkb `be afldizda ifekvpbxbabe

afzfepmekbe ifxfab, ifekkvebabe obaovavi ifxfab, ififevom af{bnmhbe ifxfab

`be ifenfihbpbem zfxhf`bbe `m bepbxb

ifxfab% Pbpb afldlb }bek hbma, bepbxb lbme,

zbxpmsmzbpmg, pxbeszbxbe `be bavepbhfl% Obl mem

nvkb fgfapmg `be b`ml% @be mpv ifihvpvoabe

bpvxbe ovavi% Kdd` kdwfxebecf ifenbime

hbo{b zxmdxmpbs zdlmpma, sdsmbl `be fadedim

`m`bsbxabe zb`b adesfesvs }bek lvbs `blbi

ibs}bxbabp `be hbo{b svbxb }bek pfximsameb`blbo }bek zblmek zbpvp `m`fekbx `blbi

zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe bpbs bldabsm svihfx

`b}b zfihbekvebe%

Nflbs, hbo{b kdd` kdwfxebecf b`blbo

ibsblbo zfxmihbekbe bepbxb efkbxb, sfapdx

s{bspb `be ibs}bxbabp% Ifibek sbizbm sbbp

mem, sfnvilbo abxbapfxmspma afhbmabe `bxm svbpv

kdwfxebecf lfhmo hbe}ba hfxabmpbe `fekbe

amefxnb zfifxmepbo% Zfifxmepbo hfxaf{bnmhbe

iflbavabe mewfspbsm vepva ifizxdidsmabe

pvnvbe fadedim nbekab zbenbek sfzfxpm

zfe`m`mabe afsfobpbe `be megxbspvapvx% Pfpbzm

vepva ifekmihbekm efkbxb, svbpv ibs}bxbabp

{bxkb }bek adizfpfe `mhvpvoabe iflblvm

`mpfxbzabee}b smspfi `fidaxbsm, xvlf dg lb{,

oba bsbsm ibevsmb, `be `mobxkbme}b

zlvxblmsif% Kdd` kdwfxebecf sbekbp pfxabmp

`fekbe `vb obl }bmpv /2- kdd` kdwfxebecf

pm`ba `bzbp `mhbpbsm obe}b zb`b pvnvbefadedim `be /8- pvnvbe fadedim zve pm`ba

`bzbp mcbzbm pbezb zxbs}bxbp zdlmpma pfxpfepv%

Smsm lbme ifibaebm Kdd` Kdwfxebecf

sfhbkbm zfefxnfibobe adekaxmp `bxm

`fidaxbsm% Pfkbse}b ifevxvp Pb}ldx, Kdd`

Kdwfxebecf b`blbo zfifxmepbobe `fidaxbpms

sfzfxpm }bek `mzxbapmabe `blbi efkbxb)efkbxb

`fidaxbsm ibnv `m Fxdzb Hbxbp `be Bifxmab

imsble}b /Sbmgvl Ivnbem, 8::2-% @fidaxbsm

sfhbkbm svbpv smspfi zfifxmepbobe `mbekkbz

sfhbkbm svbpv smspfi zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma

abxfeb zblmek ifxfglfasmabe smgbp)smgbp Kdd`

Kdwfxebecf sfcbxb edxibpmg `mpvepvp

afob`mxbee}b hbkm svasfse}b svbpv hbepvbe

hb`be)hb`be `vemb% Mb ifxvzbabe blpfxebpmg

`bxm smspfi zfifxmepbobe lbme sfzfxpmpdpblmpbxmemsif adivems bpbv dpdxmpbxmbemsif

imlmpfx }bek sfizbp zdzvlfx `m efkbxb)efkbxb

`vemb afpmkb `m ibsb zfxbek `mekme%

Zb`b `bsbxe}b adesfz kdd`

kdwfxebecf ifihfxmabe xfadife`bsm zb`b

smspfi zfifxmepbobe }bek ifefabeabe

afsfpbxbbe bepbxb lfihbkb)lfhbkb efkbxb hbma

`m pmekabp zvsbp ibvzve `bfxbo, sfapdx

s{bspb, `be ibs}bxbabp /cmwml sdcmfp}-% Kdd`Kdwfxebecf hfx`bsbxabe zbe`bekbe mem

hfxbxpm svbpv afsfzbabpbe ife}bekavp

zfekbpvxbe efkbxb }bek `mcmzpbabe hfxsbib

dlfo zfifxmepbo, ibs}bxbabp `be sfapdx

s{bspb% Afsfzbabpbe pfxsfhvp ifecbavz

afsflvxvobe hfepva ifabemsif, zxdsfs `be

lfihbkb)lfihbkb `m ibeb {bxkb `be

afldizda ibs}bxbabp ifekvpbxbabe

afzfepmekbee}b, ifekkvebabe oba ovavi,

ififevom af{bnmhbe `be ifnfihbpbem

zfxhf`bbe `m bepbxb ifxfab%

Sfsvbm `fekbe zfekfxpmbe `m bpbs,

ibab pbpb zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma mpv b`blbo

zfifxmepbobe }bek sfivb vesvx `m `blbi

zfifxmepbobe hmsb hfxkfxba sfcbxb smefxkms,

pm`ba sblmek hfxhfepvxbe, ifizfxdlfo

`vavekbe `bxm xba}bp `be lfzbs `bxm kfxabe)

kfxbabe bebxams }bek hmsb ifekobihbp zxdsfs

`be lbnve}b zfihbekvebe% Zfifxmepbobe nvkb hmsb `mabpbabe hbma nmab zfihbekvebe mpv

`bzbp `mlbavabe `fekbe hmb}b }bek sbekbp

imemibl ifevnv afsfnbopfxbbe sfhbh

ifihbekve ibsb `fzbe Me`defsmb

ifxvzbabe {vnv` `bxmzb`b zfekbiblbe

pvnvbe hfxhbeksb `be hfxefkbxb sfhbkbmibeb

pfxcbepvi `blbi zfihvabbe VV@ 2=06 }bmpv

iflme`vekm sfkfebz hbeksb Me`defsmb `be

sflvxvo pvizbo `bxbo Me`defsmb `be vepva

ifibnvabe afsfnbopfxbbe vivi,


5/18

ifecfx`bsabe afom`vzbe hbeksb, `be mavp

iflbasbebabe afpfxpmhbe `vemb }bek

hfx`bsbxabe afifx`fabbe, zfx`bibmbe bhb`m

`be afb`mlbe sdsmbl, pm`ba babe zfxebo

pfx{vnv`, nmab hbeksb Me`defsmb kbkbl

ifihbekve zfifxmepbo `be pbpb zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma /Kdd` Kdwfxifep

be` Kdd` Kdwfxebecf-% Zfifxmepbobe mpv

`bzbp `mabpbabe hbma, nmab zxd`vapmg `be

ifizfxlmobpabe obsml `fekbe me`mabpdx

afibizvbe fadedim xba}bp ifemekabp hbma

`blbi bszfa zxd`vapmgmpbs ibvzve `blbi `b}b

hflme}b, afsfnbopfxbbe szmxmpvblmpbse}b pfxvs

ifemekabp `fekbe me`mabpdx xbsb bibe,

pfebek `be hbobkmb sfxpb sfesf dg ebpmdeblmp}}bek hbma% Sfivb me`mabpdx mpv `mvavx `fekbe

zbxb`mkib zfifxbpbbe, sfomekkb afsfenbekbe

mpv sfcbxb `mem pfxvs%

Pmkb Zmlbx Zfe`vavek Kdd` Kdwfxebecf

Kdd` Kdwfxebecf sfhbkbm sfhvbo

zbxb`mkib `bzbp pfx{vnv` hmlb afpmkb zmlbx

zfe`vaveke}b `bzbp hfxgveksm sfcbxb hbma

}bmpv efkbxb /spbpf-, sfapdx s{bspb /zxmwbpf

sfcpdx-, `be ibs}bxbabp /cmwml sdcmfp}-% Efkbxb

`fekbe hmxdaxbsm zfifxmepbobee}b `mpvepvp

vepva ifxvhbo zdlb zflb}bebe `bxm hmxdaxbsm

flmpms ifenb`m hmxdaxbsm zdzvlms% Sfapdx s{bspb

sfhbkbm zfekfldlb svihfx `b}b `m lvbx efkbxb

`be hmxdaxbsm zfifxmepbobe zve obxvs

ifihfxmabe adepxmhvsm `blbi vsbob

zfekfldlbbe svihfx `b}b pfxsfhvp% Zfefxbzbe

cmpb Kdd` Kdwfxebecf zb`b baomxe}b

ifes}bxbpabe afpfxlmhbpbe dxkbemsbsmafibs}bxbabpbe sfhbkbm afavbpbe

zfe}fmihbek efkbxb%

@m smem, efkbxb `m`fgmemsmabe vepva

ifecbavz lfihbkb)lfihbkb sfapdx zdlmpma

`be zvhlma% Imebp vpbib VE@Z pfxlfpba zb`b

hbkbmibeb efkbxb fgfapmg iflb}bem afhvpvobe

xba}bpe}b% Sfapdx s{bspb ifecbavz

zfxvsbobbe)zfxvsbobbe s{bspb /ibevgbapvx,

zfx`bkbekbe, zfxhbeabe, adzfxbsm `be

sfhbkbme}b- `be sfapdx megdxibl `m zbsbx%

Hfhfxbzb dxbek ifekbpbabe hbo{b sfapdx

s{bspb ifxvzbabe hbkmbe `bxm ibs}bxbabp

smzml% Ebive sfapdx s{bspb pfxzmsbo sfnbvo

hbo{b zfibme sfapdx s{bspb zfekbxvo sdsmbl,

afhmnbabe fadedim `be zdlmpma `fekbe cbxb

}bek ifecmzpbabe lmekavekbe }bek lfhmoade`vsmg hbkm zbsbx `be zfxvsbobbe%

Ibs}bxbabp smzml, }bek pfxlfpba `m

bepbxb me`mwm`v `be efkbxb, pfx`mxm `bxm

me`mwm`v `be afldizda /pfxdxkbemsmx bpbv pm`ba

pfxdxkbemsmx- hfxmepfxbasm sfcbxb sdsmbl, zdlmpma

`be fadedim ) `mbpvx dlfo bpvxbe)bpvxbe

gdxibl `be megdxibl `be ovavi% Dxkbemsbsm

ibs}bxbabp smzml b`blbo odsp bsdsmbsm

ibs}bxbabp sfampbx }bek sfcbxb svabxflbifekdxkbemsmx% Ifxfab pfxibsva sfxmabp

hvxvo1 dxkbemsbsm ede)zfifxmepbo, kfe`fx,

hbobsb, afldizda hv`b}b `be bkbib, bsdsmbsm

hmsems, sdsmbl `be alvh dlboxbkb1 adzfxbsm `be

dxkbemsbsm zfekfihbekbe ibs}bxbabp,

afldizda lmekavekbe1 bsdsmbsm zxdgfsmdebl,

mespmpvsm bab`fims `be afhmnbabe, `be if`mb%

Zbxpbm)zbxpbm zdlmpma nvkb pfxibsva, ifsamzve

ifxfab ifekbekabek ibs}bxbabp smzml `be

efkbxb nmab ifxfab pfx{bamlm `m zbxlfife%

Mespmpvsm)mespmpvsm zfifxmepbobe `blbi

pmkb `dibme /efkbxb, ibs}bxbabp smzml `be

sfapdx s{bspb- obxvs `mxbecbek vepva

ifihfxmabe adepxmhvsm pfxob`bz

zfihbekvebe ibevsmb }bek hfxaflbenvpbe

`fekbe ifihfepva, smpvbsm zdlmpma, ovavi,

fadedim `be sdsmbl vepva zfekfepbsbe

afimsamebe, zfecmzpbbe lbzbekbe afxnb,

zfxlme`vekbe lmekavekbe `be afibnvbezfxfizvbe%

Hfxhbkbm bssfssifep }bek `mb`babe

dlfo lfihbkb)lfihbkb mepfxebsmdebl sflbib

mem ife}mizvlabe hbo{b Me`defsmb sbizbm

sbbp mem hflvi zfxebo ibizv

ifekbihbekabe kdd` kdwfxebecf% Ivekame

abxfeb blbsbe mpvlbo Kfxbabe Xfgdxibsm }bek

`mkvlmxabe dlfo zbxb ibobsms{b `bxm hfxhbkbm

abizvs pflbo ifenb`mabe Kdd` Kdwfxebecf,

{blbvzve ibsmo pfxhbpbs zb`b Zfihfxbepbsbe


6/18

Zxbapfa AAE /Clfbe Kdwfxebecf-% Ebive,

omekkb sbbp mem sblbo sbpv pvepvpbe zdada `bxm

Bibebp Xfgdxibsm mpvzve hflvi pfxlbasbeb%

Afhmnbabe }bek pm`ba nflbs, zfefizbpbe

zfxsdeml }bek pm`ba axf`mhfl, fegdxcfifep

ifekkvebabe, sfxpb afom`vzbe zdlmpma }bekavxbek hfxdxmfepbsm zb`b afzfepmekbe hbeksb

pflbo ife}fhbhabe `vemb hfxpbe}b bzbabo

Me`defsmb ifibek sfxmvs iflbasbebabekdd`

kdwfxebecf4

Pm`ba zfxlv `msbekkbo lbkm hbo{b

Me`defsmb Ibsb `fzbe }bek ampb cmpb)cmpbabe

bibp ififxlvabe Kdd` Kdwfxebecf bkbx ampb

`bzbp ife}flfekkbxbabe zfifxmepbobe efkbxb

sfsvbm `fekbe zxbapfa)zxbapfa }bek `mpfxmibsfcbxb mepfxebsmdebl% Ebive, zfxvivsbe

zxbapfa)zxbapfa pfxsfhvp obxvs `mlbavabe

sfcbxb obpm)obpm `be `fekbe sbekbp

ifizfxobpmabe hv`b}b `be ade`msm hbeksb

Me`defsmb% Nbekbe pfxnb`m, Me`defsmb afiv`mbe

sfibame pfxnfxvivs af`blbi nfhbabe efkbxb

bsmek bpbv lfihbkb mepfxebsmdebl `blbi

zfimlmobe hfepva zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe efkbxb, ovhvekbe bepbxb zvsbp

`be bfxbo, sfxpb blbi zfekfldlbbe afvbekbe

efkbxb%

Sfdxbek zfimizme, hbma `m lmekavekbe

zfifxmepbo ibvzve sfapdx s{bspb, zfxlv

sfebepmbsb ifihmbsbabe `mxm vepva ifxbsb

hfxaf{bnmhbe ife`fekbx /lvmspfxzlmcop- bzb

}bek `mabpbabe dlfo ibs}bxbabp }bek

ifizve}bm oba hfxhmcbxb /szxffaxfcop-%

Af{bnmhbe ife`fekbxabe hbkm zfnbhbp `be

oba hfxhmcbxb hbkm ibs}bxbabp ifxvzbabevesvx `bxm lfihbkb meszxbba `m Efkfxm

Hflbe`b, }bek ifxvzbabe zfx{vnv`be `bxm

zfxbe sfxpb ibs}bxbabp% Zfxbe sfxpb bpbv

zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp ifxvzbabe sblbo sbpv

zmlbx vpbib kdd` kdwfxebecf `be

zfihbekvebe hfxaflbenvpbe

Zfekblbibe Me`defsmb zb`b dx f hbxv

ifevenvaabe hbo{b smspfi zfifxmepbobe `bxm

38 pbove pfxbaomx xf~mi dx`f hbxv iflbomxabe

afpm`basfmihbekbe afavbsbbe zdlmpma }bek

nbvo `bxm ifekobxkbm emlbm `fidaxbsm% Smspfi

zfifxmepbobe b`blbo afavbsbbe sfepxblmspma,

idedlmpma `be sfivb hfxb`b `m pbekbe

Zxfsm`fe Sdfobxpd% Sfivbe}b mpv

ife}fhbhabe ede)zbxpmsmzbpmg zfifxmepbo

pfxpvpvz /hmxdaxbsm zfifxmepbobe-%Zfekblbibe pflbo ifevenvaabe sfnbvo mem

hbo{b +svasfs+ zfihbekvebe }bek `mcbzbm

pbezb zbxpmsmzbsm {bxkb, spbhmlmpbs fadedim

`be zdlmpma zfxlv `mabnm vlbek% adxvzsm }bek

iflvbs `m efkbxb mem hvabe obe}b bamhbp `bxm

avxbeke}b pxbeszbxbesm `blbi ibebnfife

zfifxmepbo pfpbzm nvkb pm`ba b`be}b adepxdl

ibs}bxbabp bpbs afhmnbabe zxdsfs zvhlma%

Zfekfihbekbe zbxb`mkib }bek sfnba`m`dimebsm dlfo zfefabebe zb`b Zfifxmepbo

`blbi hbe}ba `msmzlme mliv obxvs `memlbm vlbek

`fekbe pvnvbe vepva ifihvab nfe`flb

pxbeszbxbesm `be zbxpmsmzbsm afzb`b zvhlma%

Sfpmbz `dibme zfifxmepbobe ) efkbxb,

sfapdx s{bspb `be ibs}bxbabp smzml ) ifimlmam

zfxbe vema `blbi ifizxdidsmabe

zfihbekvebe ibevsmb }bek hfxaflbenvpbe

/VE@Z, 2==0-

2% Efkbxb

@m efkbxb)efkbxb }bek `m ibeb b`be}b

zxdsfs zfimlmobe, pfx`mxm `bxm zfifxmepbo

pfxzmlmo `be cbhbek fasfavpmg% Gveksm efkbxb

hbe}ba xbkbie}b ) `m bepbxbe}b, ifenb`m

gdavs `bxm adepxba sdsmbl }bek ife`fgmemsmabe

af{bxkbefkbxbbe, ifenb`m dpdxmpbs }bek

`mhfxm ibe`bp vepva ifekdepxdl `be

ifekfxboabe afavbpbe, ifimlmam pbekkvek

nb{bh vepva zflb}bebe zvhlma `beifecmzpbabe lmekavekbe }bek ifivekameabe

vepva zfihbekvebe ibevsmb }bek

hfxaflbenvpbe% ]bek pfxbaomx mem hfxbxpm

ifihbekve `be ifizfxpbobeabe spbhml,

fgfapmg `be b`ml ovavi)zfxbpvxbe afxbekab

afxnb vepva afkmbpbe zvhlma `be s{bspb% Mem

hfxbxpm ifibspmabe spbhmlmpbs `be favmpbs `m

zbsbx% Mem hfxbxpm ifefekbom afzfepmekbe

vepva afhbmabe zvhlma% @be mpv hfxbxpm

ife}f`mbabe lb}bebe zvhlma }bek fgfapmg `be


7/18

bavepbhfl% @blbi sfivb fizbp zfxbe, efkbxb

ifekob`bzm pbepbekbe ) ifibspmabe hbo{b

zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma ifihbobs ibsblbo

`be afhvpvobe pfximsame `fekbe

ifemekabpabe afsfizbpbe hbkm dxbek vepva

ifecbxm, ifecbzbm `be ifizfxpbobeabe nfemsafom`vzbe }bek ifxfab mekmeabe%

Efkbxb, pfepv sbnb, hmsb hfxhvbp

hbe}ba `m `bfxbo sfzfxpm ifefkbaabe oba)oba

}bek xfepbe, iflme`vekm lmekavekbe,

ifizfxpbobeabe ade`msm ibaxdfadedim }bek

spbhml, ifenbkb spbe`bx afsfobpbe ibs}bxbabp

`be afbibebe vepva sfivb `fekbe hmb}b

pfxnbekabv, ifidhmlmsbsm svihfx `b}b vepva

ife}f`mbabe lb}bebe zvhlma zfepmek `bemegxbspxvapvx `be ifenbkb afobxidemsbe

afpfxpmhbe, afbibebe `be sdsmbl%

Lfihbkb efkbxb nvkb `bzbp

ifihfx`b}babe dxbek)dxbek }bek ifxfab

`mibasv`abe vepva iflb}bem ) ifihfxmabe

afsfizbpbe }bek sbib `be ifibspmabe

sdsmbl, fadedim `be zdlmpma mealvsm `be basfs

af svihfx `b}b% Pbzm dxbek hmsb `mhfx`b}babe

obe}b nmab lfkmslbpmg ifxfab, zxdsfs zfimlmobe

`be smspfi ovavi `be zfxb`mlbe hfafxnb

`fekbe hbma% Bekkdpb zbxlfife sfcbxb hfhbs

`be b`ml pfxzmlmo if{bamlm hfxhbkbm zmoba

sbekbp zfepmek vepva zbxpmsmzbsm xba}bp `be

bavepbhmlmpbs zfifxmepbo% Smspfi ovavi `be

zfxb`mlbe }bek fgfapmg iflme`vekm svzxfibsm

ovavi `be oba)oba `bxm sfivb% Zfimlmobe

pfxhvab hfxbxpm afzfxcb}bbe zvhlma `be

afzfxcb}bbe ) `be lfkmpmibsm sfomekkb zdlmpma%

Efkbxb nvkb obxvs ife`fsfepxblmsbsm smspfi zdlmpma `be fadedim vepva lfhmo xfszdesmg

pfxob`bz pvepvpbe {bxkb `be pfxob`bz

zfxvhbobe ade`msm fadedim%

@m efkbxb ibnv `be hfxafihbek,

efkbxb sf`bek `mzbasb vepva ife`fgmemsmabe

afihblm zfxbee}b `blbi afkmbpbe sdsmbl `be

fadedim ) vepva ifekvxbekm mpv, xfdxmfepbsm

mpv, ifekadegmkvxbsm vlbek% Pfabebe vepva

zfxvhbobe hfxbsbl `bxm pmkb svihfx> /2- Sfapdx

s{bspb ifekmekmeabe lmekavekbe zbsbx }bek

lfhmo ade`vsmg `be afsfmihbekbe }bek lfhmo

hbma bepbxb efkbxb `be zbsbx% /8- [bxkb mekme

ifemekabpabe bavepbhmlmpbs `be xfszdesmg `bxm

zfifxmepbo, sfxpb `fsfepxblmsbsm% /3- Pfabebe

kldhbl`bxm svzxbebpmdebls `be pxfe sdsmbl `be

fadedim `m sflvxvo `vemb }bek ifebepbekm`fepmpbs `be smgbp efkbxb%

8% Sfapdx s{bspb

Efkbxb b`blbo afavbpbe hfsbx hbkm

zfihbekvebe ) pfpbzm hvabe sbpv)sbpve}b%

Zfihbekvebe ibevsmb }bek hfxaflbenvpbe

sfhbkmbe hfxkbepvek zb`b ifecmzpbabe

lbzbekbe zfafxnbbe }bek ifihfxmabe

zfe`bzbpbe }bek cvavz vepva ifemekabpabe

spbe`bx om vz% Afhbe}babe efkbxb sfabxbekifekbavm hbo{b sfapdx s{bspb b`blbo svihfx

vpbib afsfizbpbe afxnb zxd`vapmg% Kldhblmsbsm

fadedim sfcbxb gve`bifepbl ifekvhbo cbxb

`m ibeb me`vspxm `be zfxvsbobbe hfxdzfxbsm%

@m hbe}ba efkbxb hfxafihbek, zfxvsbobbe

s{bspb obxvs `m`dxdek `be `m`vavek vepva

ifenb`m lfhmo pxbeszbxbe `be adizfpmpmg `m

zbsbx mepfxebsmdebl%

Zfxpvihvobe }bek {bnbx,

afsfmihbekbe kfe`fx, zflfspbxmbe lmekavekbe,

zfxlvbsbe sfapdx s{bspb `be zbxpmsmzbsm }bek

hfxpbekkvek nb{bh `be fgfapmg `blbi

zfx`bkbekbe mepfxebsmdebl pm`ba `bzbp `mcbzbm

dlfo zbsbx sbnb, ebive% Efkbxb `bzbp

ife`dxdek zfxafihbekbe sfapdx s{bspb }bek

hfxaflbenvpbe `fekbe> ifecmzpbabe

lmekavekbe fadedim ibaxd }bek spbhml1

ifizfxpbobeabe zbsbx }bek adizfpmpmg1

ifibspmabe hbo{b dxbek imsame /pfxvpbib zfxfizvbe- ifimlmam basfs }bek iv`bo

pfxob`bz axf`mp1 ififlmobxb zfxvsbobbe }bek

ifekobsmlabe sfhbkmbe hfsbx zfafxnbbe `be

afsfizbpbe1 ifebxma mewfspbsm `be ifihbepv

vepva ifepxbesgfx zfekfpbovbe `be pfaedldkm,

aovsvse}b afzb`b dxbek imsame1 ifefkbaabe

svzxfibsm ovavi1 ife}f`mbabe mesfepmg

vepva zfekfihbekbe svihfx `b}b ibevsmb1

iflme`vekm lmekavekbe `be svihfx `b}b

blbi1


8/18

3% Ibs}bxbabp smzml

Ibs}bxbabp smzml nvkb obxvs

iflme`vekm oba)oba sfivb {bxkb efkbxb%

Sfhbkbm efkbxb `be sfapdx s{bspb sf`bek

ifekvhbo hfepva `be ovhvekbe ifxfab

`m`fgmemsmabe vlbek, ibs}bxbabp smzml hfxvhbo`blbi cbxb }bek zfepmek% Zfifxmepbo pm`ba

xfszdesmg `be pfabebe fadedim `be sdsmbl pba

ofepm)ofepme}b pflbo ifxvsba hfhfxbzb

dxkbemsbsm smzml ibs}bxbabp pxb`msmdebl `be

lbme)lbme `mzfxavbp ) `be `blbi hbe}ba absvs

ifibasb dxbek vepva ifekbpvx `fekbe cbxb

hbxv% Ibs}bxbabp smzml `fekbe `fimambe lfhmo

`bxm sfaf`bx ibs}bxbabp% Mem b`blbo hbkmbe

`bxm ibs}bxbabp }bek ifekovhvekabeme`mwm`v `fekbe {mlb}bo zvhlma `be efkbxb )

mpv b`blbo {bnbo zdlmpma ibs}bxbabp%

Dxkbemsbsm ibs}bxbabp smzml

ife}blvxabe zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbi

afkmbpbe fadedim `be sdsmbl `be ifekbpvx

ifxfab `blbi afldizda)afldizda }bek

lfhmo avbp vepva ifizfekbxvom afhmnbabe

zvhlma `be ife`bzbpabe basfs af svihfx

`b}b zvhlma, aovsvse}b hbkm ibs}bxbabp

imsame% Ifxfab `bzbp ife}f`mbabe cofcas

be` hblbecfs pfxob`bz afavbsbbe zfifxmepbo

`be ifibepbv zflbekkbxbe sdsmbl% Ifxfab

nvkb ifeb{bxabe afsfizbpbe hbkm

ibs}bxbabp vepva ifekfihbekabe abzbsmpbs

ifxfab `be ifemekabpabe spbe`bx om`vz

ifxfab ) `fekbe ifibepbv lmekavekbe,

ifihbepv }bek avxbek hfxvepvek,

zfekfihbekbe svihfx `b}b ibevsmb,

ifihbepv adivemabsm bepbxb dxbek)dxbekhmsems%

Lfhmo ife`bsbx, nbxmekbe smzml

afiv`bobe `mlfib basm adlfapmg dlfo

iflfihbkbabe mepfxbasm sdsmbl, ifekvxbekm

dzdxpvemsif, ifihmeb afzfxcb}bbe `be

iflbavabe pxbesbasm zdlmpma `be fadedim

lfhmo iv`bo% Hfxafihbek `fekbe hbma

nbxmekbe smzml nvkb ifizfxavbp bxvs megdxibsm

) `bsbx vepva adlbhdxbsm zdlmpma, fadedim `be

sdsmbl `bzbp `mbe`blabe `be zbxpmsmzbsm zvhlma

bekkdpb ibs}bxbabp smzml% Ovhvekbe mem `be

edxib)edxib sdsmbl ifihvbp id`bl sdsmbl

svbpv hbeksb%

Dxkbemsbsm ibs}bxbabp smzml pm`ba

sflblv ifekfnbx avblmpbs zfifxmepbobe }bek

hbma% Nvkb pm`ba sflblv bkfe zfihbekvebe}bek zblmek fgfapmg% Mpvlbo sfhbhe}b efkbxb,

sfifepbxb ifekbavm `be iflme`vekm oba)oba

`fidaxbpms `bxm dxkbemsbsm ibs}bxbabp smzml,

nvkb obxvs ifibspmabe hbo{b bpvxbe)bpvxbe

ovavi `be emlbm)emlbm }bek ifecfximeabe

edxib)edxib sdsmbl }bek `mbevp% Lfihbkb)

lfihbkb `fidaxbsm, pfxvpbib }bek ldabl,

`bzbp ifenb`m zfepmek `blbi ifibspmabe

hbo{b sfivb ibs}bxbabp ifimlmam svbxb,sfxpb ifibspmabe hbo{b b`b cbxb pxbeszbxbe

`be b`ml vepva ifecbzbm adesfesvs%

Sfzfxpm zfxvsbobbe s{bspb, dxkbemsbsm

ibs}bxbabp smzml zfxlv abzbsmpbs }bek

ifib`bm vepva ififevom zdpfesm ifxfab%

Ifxfab nvkb ifihvpvoabe lmekavekbe }bek

ade`vsmg, pfxibsva afxbekab lfkmslbpmg `be

zfxbpvxbe }bek ifenbime oba hfxsfxmabp,

mesfepmg vepva ifigbsmlmpbsm `vavekbe `be

cbxb)cbxb vepva dxkbemsbsm ibs}bxbabp smzml

vepva pfxlmhbp `blbi zfekbihmlbe afhmnbabe

zvhlma `be mizlfifepbsm%

Ifizfxavbp lmekavekbe }bek

ade`vsmg hbkm zfihbekvebe ibevsmb }bek

hfxaflbenvpbe pm`ba obe}b pfxkbepvek zb`b

afb`bbe }bek ifekbpvx `fekbe hbma `be

sfapdx s{bspb }bek ife}f`mbabe zfafxnbbe

}bek ifekobsmlabe zfe`bzbpbe% Pfpbzm nvkb

pfxkbepvek zb`b dxkbemsbsm ibs}bxbabp smzml}bek ifihvbp mepfxbasm zdlmpma `be sdsmbl

lfhmo iv`bo `be ifidhmlmsbsm ibs}bxbabp

vepva hfxzbxpmsmzbsm `blbi afkmbpbe fadedim,

sdsmbl `be zdlmpma%

Zxmesmz)Zxmesmz Kdd` Kdwfxebecf

VE@Z ifxfadife`bsmabe hfhfxbzb

abxbapfxmspma kdwfxebecf, }bmpv lfkmpmibsm

zdlmpma, afxnbsbib `fekbe mespmpvsm ibs}bxbabp

smzml, afhfhbsbe hfxbsdsmbsm `be hfxzbxpmsmzbsm,


9/18

bavepbhmlmpbs hmxdaxbpms `be afvbekbe

/gmebecmbl-, ibebnfife sfapdx zvhlma }bek

fgmsmfe, afhfhbsbe megdxibsm `be faszxfsm,

smspfi }v`msmbl }bek b`ml `be `bzbp `mzfxcb}b%

Sf`bekabe [dxl` Hbea

ifekvekabzabe sfnvilbo abxbapfxmspmakdd`kdwfxebecf b`blbo ibs}bxbabp smzml }bek avbp

`be zbxpmsmzbpdxms, pfxhvab, zfihvbpbe

afhmnbabe }bek `bzbp `mzxf`masm, fasfavpmg

}bek hfxpbekkvek nb{bh, hmxdaxbsm }bek

zxdgfsmdebl `be bpvxbe ovavi%

Ibs}bxbabp Pxbeszbxbesm Me`defsmb

ife}fhvpabe sfnvilbo me`mabpdx sfzfxpm>

pxbeszbxbesm, bavepbhmlmpbs, af{bnbxbe `be

afsfpbxbbe, sfxpb afsmebihvekbe% Nflbs hbo{b nvilbo adizdefe bpbv zve zxmesmz }bek

iflbe`bsm pbpb zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma sbekbp

hfxwbxmbsm `bxm sbpv mespmpvsm af mespmpvsm lbme,

`bxm sbpv zbabx af zbabx lbmee}b%

Lfihbkb B`imemspxbsm Efkbxb /LBE-

ife}mizvlabe = bszfa gve`bifepbl }bek

`mafivababe dlfo VE@Z `blbi zfx{vnv`be

kdd` kdwfxebecf, }bmpv>

2% Zbxpmsmzbsm /Zbxpmcmzbpmde-

@blbi zxdsfs zfihbekvebe hfxhbkbm

afhmnbabe `mpvbekabe `blbi zfxbekabp ovavi

}bek ifekmabp ibs}bxbabp vivi `fekbe

pvnvbe `fim pfxcbzbme}b pmekabp afsfnbopfxbbe

}bek lfhmo pmekkm% Afhmnbabe sfibcbi mpv

pm`ba nbxbek `bzbp ifihvab afivekamebe

`mlbekkbxe}b oba)oba bsbsm {bxkb efkbxb

bamhbp b`be}b zfe`mxmbe sfifepbxb zfnbhbp

}bek pm`ba xbsmdebl bpbv b`be}b zxdkxbi)

zxdkxbi }bek pm`ba ifizfxpmihbekabezfe`bzbp xba}bp afcml%

Zbxpmsmzbsm b`blbo zxmesmz hbo{b sfpmbz

dxbek ifimlmam oba vepva pfxlmhbp `blbi

zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe `m sfpmbz afkmbpbe

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe% Afpfxlmhbpbe

`blbi zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe `bzbp

`mlbavabe sfcbxb lbeksvek bpbv sfcbxb pm`ba

lbeksvek%

Zbxpmsmzbsm `mhvpvoabe `blbi

ifizfxavbp `fidaxbsm, ifemekabpabe

avblmpbs `be fgfapmwmpbs lb}bebe zvhlma, `blbi

if{vnv`abe afxbekab }bek cdcda hbkm

zbxpmsmzbsm, zfxlv `mzfxpmihbekabe hfhfxbzb

bszfa, }bmpv > /b- zbxpmsmzbsm iflblvm mespmpvsm

adespmpvsmdebl /xfgfxfe`vi, wdpmek- `be

nbxmekbe cmwml sdcmfp} /memsmbpmg bsdsmbsm-1 /h-zbxpmsmzbsm me`mwm`v `blbi zxdsfs zfekbihmlbe

afzvpvsbe, ibs}bxbabp sfhbkbm sfxwmcf

zxdwm`fx1 /c- ldabl avlpvx zfifxmepbo1 /`-

gbapdx)gbapdx lbmee}b, sfzfxpm pxbeszbxbesm,

svhspbesm zxdsfs pfxhvab `be adesfepxbsm zb`b

adizfpmsm%

Hfhfxbzb blbsbe ifekbzb smspfi

zbxpmsmzbpdxms `mhvpvoabe `blbi efkbxb

`fidaxbpms% Zfxpbib, mblbo hbo{bsfsvekkvoe}b xba}bp sfe`mxmlbo }bek zblmek

zbobi ifekfebm afhvpvobee}b% @be af`vb,

hfxivlb `bxm afe}bpbbe hbo{b zfifxmepbobe

}bek id`fxe cfe`fxvek sfibame lvbs `be

adizlfas, hmxdaxbsm pvihvo ifihfekaba `m

lvbx afe`blm% Dlfo sfhbh mpv, vepva

ifekome`bxm blmfebsm {bxkb efkbxb, zbxb

{bxkb efkbxb mpv obxvs `mxbeksbek `be

`mhbepv `blbi ifihmeb ovhvekbe `fekbe

bzbxbp zfifxmepbo% Zfekvbpbe zbxpmsmzbsm

zvhlma `bzbp `mlbavabe dlfo zfifxmepbo

`fekbe> /b- ifekflvbxabe megdxibsm }bek

`bzbp `mbasfs dlfo zvhlmc1 /h-

ife}flfekkbxbabe zxdsfs adesvlpbsm vepva

ifekkblm `be ifekvizvlabe ibsvabe `bxm

spbafodl`fxs pfxibsva bapmwmpbs {bxkb efkbxb

`blbi afkmbpbe zvhlma, ife`flfkbsmabe

dpdxmpbs afzb`b zfekkveb nbsb lb}bebe zvhlmc

sfzfxpm zxdsfs zfxfecbebbe `be zfe}f`mbbe zbe`vbe afkmbpbe ibs}bxbabp `be lb}bebe

zvhlma%

Zxmesmz zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp

ifevepvp ibs}bxbabp obxvs `mhfx`b}babe,

`mhfxmabe afsfizbpbe `be `mmavpsfxpbabe

vepva hfxzfxbe `blbi zxdsfs)zxdsfs hmxdaxbsm

ivlbm `bxm pbobz zfxfecbebbe zflbasbebbe `be

zfekb{bsbe bpbv afhmnbabe zvhlma%

Dzfxbsmdeblmsbsm adesfz> /b- Zb`b lfwfl babx

xvizvp, zbxpmsmzbsm ifekmizlmabsmabe spxvapvx


10/18

zfifxme)pbobe }bek glfasmhfl be ifihfxmabe

zflvbek hbkm ibs}bxbabp }bek hfxafzfepmekbe

vepva ife}fizvxebabe `fsbme `be

mizlfifepbsm zxdkxbi sfxpb zxd}fa zvhlma1

/h- Ifihfxmabe zflvbek hbkm LSI sfhbkbm

sbxbeb blpfxebpmg zfe}blvxbe fefxkm `bxm zvhlma, iflblvm m`fepmgmabsm afzfepmekbe

zvhlma, idhmlmsbsm dzmem zvhlma, vepva

ife`vavek afzfepmekbe pfxsfhvp, `be

dxkbemsbsm basm }bek sfsvbm%

Nb`m zb`b zxmesmz zbxpmsmzbpmde sfivb

{bxkb ibs}bxbabp hfxoba pfxlmhbp `blbi

zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe, hbma lbeksvek

ibvzve iflblvm lfihbkb zfx{bamlbe }bek sbo

vepva if{bamlm afzfepmekbe ifxfab%Zbxpmsmzbsm ife}flvxvo pfxsfhvp `mhbekve

hfx`bsbxabe afhfhbsbe hfxavizvl `be

ifekvekabzabe zfe`bzbp sfxpb abzbsmpbs

vepva hfxzbxpmsmzbsm sfcbxb adespxvapmg% Vepva

ife`dxdek zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbi

sflvxvo bszfa zfihbekvebe, pfxibsva `blbi

sfapdx)sfapdx afom`vzbe sdsmbl lbmee}b sflbme

afkmbpbe zdlmpma, ibab xfkvlbsm hmxdaxbsm obxvs

`mimemiblmsmx%

Zbxb`mkib hmxdaxbsm sfhbkbm cfepfx gdx

zvhlmc sfxwmcf obxvs `mmavpm `fekbe `fxfkvlbsm

hfxhbkbm bpvxbe, sfomekkb zxdsfs sfhvbo vsbob

`bzbp `mlbavabe `fekbe fgfapmg `be fgmsmfe%

Pm`ba cvavz obe}b `fekbe mpv, bzbxbpvx

zfifxmepbo nvkb obxvs ifekvhbo zbxb`mkib

`bxm zfekvbsb hmxdaxbp ifenb`m zflb}be

ibs}bxbabp / zvhlmc sfxfx-, `fekbe

ifihfxmabe zflb}bebe }bek hbma, ifimlmam

zfxobpmbe }bek ovibems pfxob`bz clmfep)e}b,ifihfxmabe zflb}bebe }bek fgmsmfe, pfzbp

{bapv, sfxpb `fekbe hmb}b ivxbo, sfomekkb

ifxfab ifimlmam lfkmpmibsm `bxm ibs}bxbabp%

Memlbo hfxhbkbm zfxs}bxbpbe vpbib vepva

if{vnv`abe cmpb kdd` kdwfxebecf `blbi

adepfas ifizfxhfsbx zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp%

Abfeb pm`ba ivekame sfhvbo hbeksb babe

ibnv `fekbe cfzbp, pbezb zbxpmsmzbsm zfevo

`bxm {bxkbe}b%

8% Bpvxbe Ovavi /Xvlf dg Lb{-

Afxbekab ovavi obxvs b`ml `be

`mhfxlbavabe pbezb ifimoba, pfxvpbib

ve`bek)ve`bek pfepbek Oba Bsbsm Ibevsmb%

Zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbi zxdsfs zdlmpma

`be zfxvivsbezfxvivsbe afhmnbabe zdlmpma

ififxlvabe smspfi `be bpvxbe)bpvxbe ovavi%Pbezb `mmihbekm dlfo sfhvbo ovavi `be

zfefkbabee}b }bek avbp, zbxpmsmzbsm babe

hfxvhbo ifenb`m zxdsfs zdlmpma }bek bebxams%

@mpbihboabe zvlb hbo{b zflbasbe

afefkbxbbe `be zfifxmepbobe nvkb obxvs

`mpbpb dlfo sfhvbo smspfi `be bpvxbe ovavi

}bek avbp sfxpb ifimlmam afzbspmbe%

Sfovhvekbe `fekbe mpv, hbo{b zxdsfs

if{vnv`abe cmpb Kdd` Kdwfxebec, obxvs`mmihbekm `fekbe adimpife vepva

ifefkbaabe xvlf dg lb{ /Sbepdsb, 8::2>?;-,

`fekbe abxbapfx)abxbapfx bepbxb lbme sfhbkbm

hfxmavp>/b- svzxfibsm ovavi /pof svzxfibc}

dg lb{-1 /h- afzbspmbe ovavi /lfkbl

cfepbmep}-1 /c- ovavi }bek xfszdesmg1 /`-

zfefkbaabe ovavi }bek adesmspfe `be ede)

`msaxmimebpmg1 /f- me`fzfe`fesm zfxb mlbe%

3% Bavepbhmlmpbs /Bccdvepbhmlmp}-

Bavepbhmlmpbs ifenb`m avecm `bxm

sfivb zxmesmz mem% Zxmesmz mem ifevepvp `vb

obl }bmpv /2- afibizvbe ifenb{bh

/bes{fxbhmlmp}-, `be /8- adesfavfesm

/cdesfrvfecfs-% Afibizvbe ifenb{bh

/mspmlbo }bek hfxivlb `bxm xfszdesmhmlmpbs-

b`blbo hfxovhvekbe `fekbe pvepvpbe hbkm

zbxb bzbxbp vepva ifenb{bh sfcbxb zfxmd`ma

sfpmbz zfxpbe}bbe)zfxpbe}bbe }bek

hfxovhvekbe `fekbe hbkbmibeb ifxfabifekkvebabe {f{febek ifxfab, afibeb

svihfx `b}b pflbo `mzfxkvebabe, `be bzb

}bek pflbo `mcbzbm `fekbe ifekkvebabe

svihfx `b}b pfxsfhvp% Zxdg% Imxmbi Hv`mbx`nd

ife`fgmemsmabe bavepbhmlmpbs sfhbkbm

zfxpbekkveknb{bhbe zmoba }bek `mhfxm

ibe`bp vepva ififxmepbo afzb`b ifxfab

}bek ifihfxm ibe`bp mpv%

Bavepbhmlmpbs hfxibaeb zfxpbekkvek)

nb{bhbe `fekbe ifecmzpbabe zfekb{bsbe


11/18

iflblvm `mspxmhvsm afavbsbbe zb`b hfxhbkbm

lfihbkb zfifxmepbo sfomekkb ifekvxbekm

zfevizvaabe afavbsbbe sfablmkvs

ifecmzpbabe ade`msm sblmek ifekb{bsm

/cofcas be` hblbecfs smspfi-% Lfihbkb

zfifxmepbobe }bek `mibasv` b`blbo fasfavpmg/zxfsm`fe, {baml zxfsm`fe, `be abhmefpe}b-,

}v`mabpmg /IB `be smspfi zfxb`mlbe- sfxpb

lfkmslbpmg /IZX `be @ZX-% Zfxbebe zfxs }bek

sfibame zfepmek `blbi gveksm zfekb{bsbe mem

ifefizbpabee}b sfhbkbm zmlbx affizbp%

Sfcbxb kbxms hfsbx `bzbp `msmizvlabe

hbo{b bavepbhmlmpbs hfxovhvekbe `fekbe

af{bnmhbe `bxm mespmpvsm zfifxmepbobe ibvzve

zbxb bzbxbp }bek hfafxnb `m `blbie}b vepvaifihvbp afhmnbabe ibvzve iflbavabe basm

}bek sfsvbm `fekbe emlbm }bek hfxlbav

ibvzve afhvpvobe ibs}bxbabp% Bavepbhmlmpbs

zvhlma ifevepvp b`be}b zfihbpbsbe pvkbs

}bek nflbs `be fgmsmfe `bxm zbxb bzbxbp

hmxdaxbsm% Abxfeb zfifxmepbo hfxpbekkvek

kvkbp hbma `bxm sfkm zfekkvebbe afvbekbe

ibvzve svihfx `b}b zvhlma `be nvkb babe

obsml, bavepbhmlmpbs mepfxebl obxvs `mlfekabzm

`fekbe bavepbhmlmpbs faspfxebl, iflblvm vizbe

hblma `bxm zfibabm nbsb zflb}bebe ibvzve

`bxm ibs}bxbabp%

Zxmesmz bavepbhmlmpbs zvhlma b`blbo

svbpv vavxbe }bek ifevenvaabe sfhfxbzb

hfsbx pmekabp afsfsvbmbe zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zflb}bebe `fekbe vavxbe emlbm)emlbm bpbv

edxib)edxib faspfxebl }bek `mimlmam dlfo

zbxb spbafodl`fxs }bek hfxafzfepmekbe

`fekbe zflb}bebe pfxsfhvp% Sfomekkb,hfx`bsbxabe pbobzbe sfhvbo zxdkxbi,

bavepbhmlmpbs `bxm sfpmbz pbobzbe b`blbo> /b-

zb`b pbobz zxdsfs zfihvbpbe sfhvbo

afzvpvsbe, hfhfxbzb me`mabpdx vepva

ifenbime bavepbhmlmpbs zvhlmc, b`blbo > 2-

zfihvbpbe sfhvbo afzvpvsbe obxvs `mhvbp

sfcbxb pfxpvlms `be pfxsf`mb hbkm sfpmbz {bxkb

}bek ifihvpvoabe1 8- zfihvbpbe afzvpvsbe

sv`bo ififevom spbe`bx fpmab `be emlbm)emlbm

}bek hfxlbav1 3- b`be}b afnflbsbe `bxm

sbsbxbe afhmnbabe }bek `mbihml, `be sv`bo

sfsvbm `fekbe wmsm `be imsm dxkbemsbsm, sfxpb

spbe`bx }bek hfxlbav1 0- b`be}b ifabemsif

vepva ifenbime hbo{b spbe`bx pflbo

pfxzfevom, `fekbe adesfavfesm ifabemsif

zfxpbekkveknb{bhbe nmab spbe`bx pfxsfhvppm ba pfxzfevom 6- adesmspfesm ibvzve

aflb}babe `bxm pbxkfp dzfxbsmdebl }bek pflbo

`mpfpbzabe ibvzve zxmdxmpbs `blbi ifecbzbm

pbxkfp pfxsfhvp% /h- zb`b pbobz sdsmblmsbsm

afhmnbabe, hfhfxbzb me`mabpdx vepva ifenbime

bavepbhmlmpbs zvhlma b`blbo> 2- zfe}fhbxlvbsbe

megdxibsm ifekfebm svbpv afzvpvsbe, iflblvm

if`mb ibssb, if`mb emxibssb, ibvzve if`mb

adivemabsm zfxsdebl1 8- bavxbsm `beaflfekabzbe megdxibsm }bek hfxovhvekbe

`fekbe cbxb)cbxb ifecbzbm sbsbxbe svbpv

zxdkxbi1 3- basfs zvhlma zb`b megdxibsm bpbs

svbpv afzvpvsbe sfpflbo afzvpvsbe `mhvbp `be

ifabemsif zfekb`vbe ibs}bxbabp1 0-

afpfxsf`mbbe smspfi megdxibsm ibebnfife `be

idempdxmek obsml }bek pflbo `mcbzbm dlfo

zfifxmepbo%

Zxmesmz bavepbhmlmpbs b`blbo svbpv

vavxbe }bek ifevenvaabe sfhfxbzb hfsbx

pmekabp afsfsvbmbe zfe}flfekkbxbbe afkmbpbe

zvhlma `fekbe vavxbe emlbm)emlbm bpbv edxib

faspfxebl }bek `mimlmam dlfo zbxb spbafodl`fxs

}bek hfxafzfepmekbe `fekbe afkmbpbe

pfxsfhvp, }bmpv Zfifxmepbo /Efkbxb-,

Ibs}bxbabp /[bxkb Efkbxb-, @vemb Vsbob

/S{bspb- pfxsfhvp%

Bsbs bavepbhmlmpbs ifenb`m zfxobpmbe

`be sdxdpbe zb`b fxb xfgdxibsm mem, abxfebaflfibobe zfifxmepbo Me`defsmb nvspxv `blbi

avblmpbs bavepbhmlmpbse}b mpv% Bsb bavepbhmlmpbs

hfxbxpm zfxpbekkveknb{bhbe zfnbhbp zvhlma

pfxob`bz ibs}bxbabp }bek ifihfxme}b

`flfkbsm `be af{febekbe vepva ifekvxvsm

hfxhbkbm vxvsbe afzfepmekbe ifxfab% Sfpmbz

zfnbhbp zvhlma `mpvepvp vepva

ifizfxpbekkveknb{bhabe sfivb afhmnbabe,

zfxhvbpbe, idxbl, ibvzve efpxblmpbs smabze}b

pfxob`bz ibs}bxbabp% Memlbo }bek `mpvepvp


12/18

`blbi zxmesmz bavepbhmlmpbs `blbi vzb}b

ifevnv cmpbkdd` kdwfxebecf%

Zfekfihbekbe zxmesmz bavepbhmlmpbs

`blbi afxbekab kdd` kdwfxebecfpmb`b lbme

bkbx zbxb zfnbhbp bpbv vesvx)vesvx }bek `mhfxm

af{febekbe ifekfldlb vxvsbe zvhlma mpvsfebepmbsb pfxadepxdl `be pm`ba ifimlmam

zflvbek iflbavabe AAE% @fekbe zxmesmz mem

ifxfab pfxvs ifibcv zxd`vapmgmpbs

zxdgfsmdeble}b sfomekkb hfxzfxbe hfsbx `blbi

ififevom hfxhbkbm bszfa afzfepmekbe

zvhlmae}b%

0% Pxbeszbxbesm /Pxbeszbxfec}-

Sblbo sbpv }bek ifnb`m zfxsdblbe

hbeksb `m baomx ibsb dx`f hbxv b`blboifxfhbae}b absvs)absvs adxvzsm }bek

hfxafihbek sfnba b{bl ibsb xf~mi

afavbsbbee}b% Adxvzsm sfhbkbm pme`babe, hbma

`mlbavabe me`mm`v ibvzve lfihbkb }bek

sfcbxb lbeksvek ifxvkmabe efkbxb,

ifxvzbabe sblbo sbpv }bek obxvs `mome`bxm

`blbi vzb}b ifevnv cmpb kdd` kdwfxebecf,

abxfeb sflbme ifxvkmabe efkbxb, adxvzsm hmsb

ifekobihbp fgfapmgmpbs `be fgmsmfesm zxdsfs

hmxdaxbsm `be zfihbekvebe sfhbkbm cmxm vpbib

kdd` kdwfxebecf%

Sblbo sbpv }bek `bzbp ifemihvlabe

`be ifihfxm xvbek kfxba afkmbpbe adxvzsm

b`blbo ibebnfife zfifxmepbobe }bek pm`ba

pxbeszbxbe% Dlfo abxfeb mpv Imcobfl

Cbi`fssvs /2==;-, `blbi sblbo sbpv

xfadife`bsme}b zb`b ZHH vepva ifihbepv

zfivlmobe /xfcdwfx}- zfxfadedimbe

Me`defsmb ife}bxbeabe zfxlve}b pme`babe zfihfxbepbsbe adxvzsm `be zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe }bek pxbeszbxbe, aovsvse}b

pxbeszbxbesm `blbi pxbesbasm afvbekbe efkbxb,

zfekfldlbbe vbek efkbxb `m hbea sfepxbl /HM-,

sfxpb pxbeszbxbesm sfapdx)sfapdx zvhlma%

Pxbeszbxbesm b`blbo zxmesmz }bek

ifenbime basfs bpbv afhfhbsbe hbkm sfpmbz

dxbek vepva ifizfxdlfo megdxibsm pfepbek

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe, }baem

megdxibsm pfepbek afhmnbabe, zxdsfs

zfihvbpbe `be zflbasbebbee}b, sfxpb obsml)

obsml }bek `mcbzbm% Pxbeszbxbesm }baem b`be}b

afhmnbabe pfxhvab hbkm zfekb{bsbe%

Sf`bekabe }bek `mibasv` `fekbe megdxibsm

b`blbo megdxibsm ifekfebm sfpmbz bszfa

afhmnbabe zfifxmepbo }bek `bzbp `mnbekabvdlfo zvhlma% Afpfxhvabbe megdxibsm

`mobxbzabe babe ifekobsmlabe zfxsbmekbe

zdlmpma }bek sfobp, pdlfxbe, `be afhmnbabe

`mhvbp hfx`bsbxabe zb`b zxfgfxfesm zvhlma%

Zxmesmz mem ifimlmam `vb bszfa, }bmpv

adivemabsm zvhlma dlfo zfifxmepbo, `be oba

ibs}bxbabp pfxob`bz basfs megdxibsm%

Af`vbe}b babe sbekbp svlmp `mlbavabe nmab

zfifxmepbo pm`ba ifebekbem `fekbe hbmaamefxnbe}b% Ibebnfife amefxnb }bek hbma

b`blbo pmpma b{bl `bxm pxbeszbxbesm%

Adivemabsm zvhlma ifevepvp vsbob bgmxibpmg

`bxm zfifxmepbo vepva ifihvab `be

ife`msfimebsm megdxibsm ibvzve bapmwmpbse}b

}bek xflfwbe% Sfcbxb xmekabs `bzbp `msfhvpabe

hbo{b, zxmesmz pxbeszbxbsm zblmek pm`ba `bzbp

`mvavx iflblvm sfnvilbo me`mabpdx sfzfxpm /b-

ifabemsif }bek ifenbime smspfi

afpfxhvabbe `be spbe`bxmsbsm `bxm sfivb

zxdsfs)zxdsfs zflb}bebe zvhlma1 /h-

ifabemsif }bek ifigbsmlmpbsm zfxpbe}bbe)

zfxpbe}bbe zvhlma pfepbek hfxhbkbm afhmnbabe

`be zflb}bebe zvhlma, ibvzve zxdsfs)zxdsfs

`m`blbi sfapdx zvhlma1 /c- ifabemsif }bek

ifigbsmlmpbsm zflbzdxbe ibvzve zfe}fhbxbe

megdxibsm ibvzve zfe}mizbekbe pme`babe

bzbxbp zvhlma `m`blbi afkmbpbe iflb}bem%

Pxbeszbxbesm hfxibaeb pfxsf`mbe}bmegdxibsm }bek cvavz, bavxbp `be pfzbp {bapv

pfepbek afhmnbabe zvhlma, `be zxdsfs

zfihfepvabee}b% @fekbe afpfxsf`mbbe

megdxibsm sfzfxpm mem ibs}bxbabp `bzbp mavp

sfablmkvs ifekb{bsm sfomekkb afhmnbabe

zvhlma }bek ivecvl hmsb ifihfxmabe obsml

}bek dzpmibl hbkm ibs}bxbabp sfxpb ifecfkbo

pfxnb`me}b afcvxbekbe `be ibemzvlbsm }bek

obe}b babe ifekvepvekabe sblbo sbpv


13/18

afldizda ibs}bxbabp sbnb sfcbxb pm`ba

zxdzdxsmdebl%

Afpfxhvabbe megdxibsm }bek

hfxafebbe `fekbe zfxfecbebbe,

zfekbekkbxbe, `be idempdxmek sfxpb fwblvbsm

zxdkxbi, }bek iv`bo `mbasfs dlfoibs}bxbabp zb`b vivie}b `be ablbekbe

idedxmpbs aosvse}b% Afpfxhvabbe zfifxmepbo

bpbs hfxhbkbm bszfa zflb}bebe zvhlma, zb`b

baomxe}b babe ifihvbp zfifxmepbo ifenb`m

hfxpbekkvek kvkbp afzb`b sfivb spbafodl`fxs

}bek hfxafzfepmekbe `fekbe zxdsfs ibvzve

afkmbpbe `blbi sfapdx zvhlma%

6% Xfszdesmg /Xfszdesmwfefss-

Sblbo sbpv bsb gve`bifepbl ifevnvcmpb kdd` kdwfxebecf b`blbo xfszdesmg, }baem

zfifxmepbo obxvs zfab `be cfzbp pbekkbz

pfxob`bz zfxsdblbe)zfxsdblbe ibs}bxbabp%

Kbggbx ifefkbsabe hbo{b zfifxmepbo obxvs

ifibobim afhvpvobe ibs}bxbabpe}b, nbekbe

ifevekkv ifxfab ife}bizbmabe afmekmebe)

afmekmebee}b mpv, pbzm zfifxmepbo sfcbxb

zxdbapmg ifizflbnbxm `be ifekbeblmsms

afhvpvobe)afhvpvobe ifxfab, vepva

afiv`mbe iflbomxabe hfxhbkbm afhmnbabe

spxbpfkms kveb ififevom afzfepmekbe vivi

pfxsfhvp% Sfsvbm `fekbe bsb xfszdesmg, ibab

sfpmbz vesvx zfifxmepbo obxvs ifizve}bm `vb

fpma, }bmpv fpma me`mwm`vbl `be fpma sdsmbl%

Avblmgmabsm fpma me`mwm`vbl ifevepvp ifxfab

bkbx ifimlmam axmpfxmb abzbsmpbs `be ld}blmpbs

zxdgfsmdebl% Sf`bekabe fpma sdsmbl ifevepvp

ifxfab bkbx ifimlmam sfesmpmgmpbs pfxob`bz

hfxhbkbm afhvpvobe zdlmpma%Pfxabmp `fekbe bsb xfszdesmg mem,

zfifxmepbo obxvs pfxvs ifxvivsabe

afhmnbabe)afhmnbabe zfihbekvebe sdsmbl

pfxob`bz sfivb afldizda sdsmbl `blbi

abxbapfxmspma avlpvxble}b% @blbi vzb}b

if{vnv`abe bsbs xfszdesmg zfifxmepbo obxvs

iflbavabe vzb}b)vzb}b spxbpfkms `blbi

ifihfxmabe zfxlbavbe }bek ovibems zb`b

afldizda)afldizda ibs}bxbabp pbezb

zbe`bek hvlv%

7% Adesfesvs /Cdesfsvs Dxmfepbpmde-

Bsbs gve`bifepbl lbme }bek nvkb obxvs

ifenb`m zfxobpmbe zfifxmepbo `blbi

iflbasbebabe pvkbs)pvkbs zfifxmepbobee}b

ifevnv cmpb kdd` kdwfxebecf b`blbo

zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe sfcbxb adesfesvs,}baem zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe iflblvm zxdsfs

ivs}b{bxbo `be sfibasmibl ivekame

hfx`bsbx afsfzbabpbe hfxsbib% Cbxb

zfekbihmlbe afzvpvsbe pfxsfhvp sflbme `bzbp

ifivbsabe sfivb zmoba bpbv sfhbkmbe hfsbx

zmoba nvkb `bzbp ifebxma adimpife

adizdefe ibs}bxbabp sfomekkb ifimlmam

lfkmpmibsm vepva iflbomxabe cdfxcmwf zd{fx

/afavbpbe ifibasb- `blbi vzb}bif{vnv`abe fgfapmgmpbs zflbasbebbe

afzvpvsbe% Zflbasbebbe zxmesmz zb`b

zxbapmae}b sbekbp pfxabmp `fekbe pmekabp

zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbi afkmbpbe

zfifxmepbobe, avlpvx `fidaxbsm, sfxpb pbpb

bpvxbe `blbi zfekbihmlbe afhmnbabe }bek

hfxlbav `blbi sfhvbo smspfi%

;% Afsfpbxbbe `be Afb`mlbe /Frvmp}-

Pfxabmp `fekbe bsbs adesfesvs,

pxbeszbxbesm `be xfszdesmg, kdd` kdwfxebecf

nvkb obxvs `m`vavek `fekbe bsbs frvmp},}baem

afsbibbe `blbi zfxlbavbe /pxfbpifep- `be

zflb}bebe% Bsbs mem `mafihbekabe

hfx`bsbxabe zb`b sfhvbo afe}bpbbe hbo{b

hbeksb Me`defsmb mem pfxkdldek hbeksb }bek

zlvxbl, hbma `mlmobp `bxm sfkm fpema, bkbib `be

hv`b}b% Zlvxblmsif mem pfepv sbnb zb`b smsm

`bzbp ifimcv ibsblbo bzbhmlb `mibegbbpabe

blbi adepfas afzfepmekbe sfizmp sfzfxpm zxmidx`mblmsif, fkdmsif, `be sfhbkbme}b%

Abxfebe}b zxmesmz frvmp} obxvs `mzfxobpmabe

bkbx pm`ba ifivecvlabe fasfs }bek pm`ba

`mmekmeabe `blbi zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe%

Sfhbkbm sfhvbo hbeksb hfxb`bh, `be

pfxvs hfxvzb}b ifevnv cmpb kdd` kdwfxebecf,

zxdsfs zfekfldlbbe zfifxmepbobe obxvs

ifihfxmabe zflvbek, afsfizbpbe, zflb}bebe

`be pxfbpifep }bek sbib `blbi adxm`dx


14/18

afnvnvxbe `be afb`mlbe% Pm`ba b`b sfdxbek

bpbv sfafldizda dxbek zve }bek pfxbemb}b

`be pm`ba ifizfxdlfo bzb }bek ifenb`m

obae}b% Zdlb zfekfldlbbe zfifxmepbobe

sfzfxpm mem babe ifizfxdlfo lfkmpmibsm }bek

avbp `bxm zvhlma `be babe ifizfxdlfo`vavekbe sfxpb zbxpmsmzbsm }bek hbma `bxm

xba}bp%

?% Fgfapmwmpbs /Fgfcpmwfefss- `be Fgmsmfesm

/Fgmcmfec}-

Zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma nvkb obxvs

ififevom axmpfxmb fgfapmwmpbs `be fgmsmfesm,

}baem hfx`b}b kveb `be hfxobsmlkveb% Axmpfxmb

fgfapmwmpbs hmbsbe}b `mvavx `fekbe zbxbifpfx

zxd`va }bek `bzbp ifenbekabv sfhfsbx) hfsbxe}b afzfepmekbe ibs}bxbabp `bxm

hfxhbkbm afldizda `be lbzmsbe sdsmbl%

Sf`bekabe fgmsmfesm hmbsbe}b `mvavx `fekbe

xbsmdeblmpbs hmb}b zfihbekvebe vepva

ififevom afhvpvobe sfivb ibs}bxbabp%

Sfibame afcml hmb}b }bek pfxzbabm vepva

afzfepmekbe }bek pfxhfsbx, ibab zfifxmepbo

mpv pfxibsva `blbi abpfkdxm zfifxmepbobe

}bek fgmsmfe% Cmpxb mpvlbo }bek ifenb`m

pvepvpbee `blbi vzb}b if{vnv`abe cmpb kdd`

kdwfxebecf%

Adesfz fgfapmwmpbs `blbi sfapdx

afkmbpbe)afkmbpbe zvhlma ifimlmam ibaeb

kbe`b, }baem fgfapmwmpbs `blbi zflbasbebbe

zxdsfs)zxdsfs zfafxnbbe, hbma dlfo zfnbhbp

zvhlma ibvzve zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp, `be

af`vb fgfapmwmpbs `blbi adepfas obsml, }baem

ibizv ifihfxmabe afsfnbopfxbbe zb`b

sfhfsbx)hfsbx afldizda `be lbzmsbe sdsmbl%Bkbx zfifxmepbobe mpv fgfapmg `be

fgmsmfe, ibab zbxb zfnbhbp zfxbecbek `be

zflbasb pvkbs)pvkbs zfifxmepbobe obxvs

ibizv ife}vsve zfxfecbebbe)zfxfecbebbe

}bek sfsvbm `fekbe afhvpvobe e}bpb `bxm

ibs}bxbabp, sfcbxb xbsmdebl `be pfxvavx%

@fekbe zfxfecbbe }bek xbsmdebl pfxsfhvp,

ibab obxbzbe zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp babe

`bzbp `mkfxbaabe `fekbe iv`bo, abxfeb

zxdkxbi)zxdkxbi mpv ifenb`m hbkmbe `bxm

afhvpvobe ifxfab% Afiv`mbe vepva

ifizfxdlfo zbxpmsmzbsm }bek hfsbx, zbxb

bzbxbpvx sfxpb zfnbhbp zfifxmepbobe nvkb obxvs

hfxsmabz pfxhvab, `be ifihfxmabe

afsfizbpbe `be zflb}bebe afzb`b ifxfab

`fekbe hbma `be iv`bo% Sflbme mpv, zfifxmepbobe nvkb obxvs ibizv ifefabe

becbibe)becbibe faspfxebl }bek `bzbp

ifekkbekkv spbhmlmpbs zdlmpma `be afbibebe,

abxfeb pbezb xbsb bibe }bek pmekkm,

zbxpmsmzbsm ibs}bxbabp `blbi zxdsfs

zfihbekvebe sbekbp svlmp `mobxbzabe sfcbxb

dzpmibl%

=% Wmsm Spxbpfkms /Spxbpfkmc Wmsmde-

Wmsm spxbpfkms b`blbo zbe`bekbe)zbe`bekbe spxbpfkms vepva ifekob`bzbm ibsb

}bek babe `bpbek% Avblmgmabsm mem ifenb`m

zfepmek `blbi afxbekab zfx{vnv`bekdd`

kdwfxebecf, abxfeb zfxvhbobe `vemb `fekbe

afibnvbe pfaedldkme}b }bek hfkmpv cfzbp%

Hbeksb)hbeksb }bek pm`ba ifimlmam

sfesmpmgmpbs pfxob`bz zfxvhbobe sfxpb zxf`masm

zfxvhbobe af `fzbe, pm`ba sbnb babe pfxpmekkbl

dlfo hbeksb lbme `m `vemb, pbzm nvkb babe

pfxzfxdsda zb`b bavivlbsm afsvlmpbe, sfomekkb

zxdsfs xfcdwfx})e}b pm`ba iv`bo% Sblbo sbpv

cdepdo afcfxdhdobe hbeksb Me`defsmb `blbi

ifefxbzabe afhfhbsbe `fwmsb hfhbs `m fxb

2=?:)be, `be ifihfxm zflvbek zb`b sfapdx

s{bspb vepva iflbavabe `mxfcp ldbe

/zmenbibe lbeksvek- pfxob`bz hfxhbkbm

lfihbkb afvekbe `m lvbx efkfxm, `fekbe pbezb

ifizfxompvekabe nb`{bl zfihb}bxbe }bek

xbsmdebl, pflbo ifekbamhbpabe axmsms afvekbe`m baomx 2==:)be, }bek ifekbamhbpabe

afhmnbabe bzbzve }bek babe `mbihml sbbp mem,

obxvs `mzfxompvekabe bamhbpe}b zb`b sfzvlvo

bpbv `vb zvlvo pbove af `fzbe%

Kdd` Kdwfxebecf `blbi Zfe}flfekkbxbbe

Zfifxmepbobe @bfxbo

Kdd` Kdwfxebecf hfxabmpbe `fekbe

pbpb zfe}flfekkbxbe zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma%

Zfifxmepbobe sfe`mxm `bzbp `mbxpmabe sfcbxb


15/18

sfizmp `be lvbs% @blbi bxpm sfizmp

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma

hfxpblmbe `fekbe zflbasbebbe gveksm

bìmemspxbsm efkbxb% Hbkmx Ibebe

ifenflbsabe hbo{b `m efkbxb Hflbe`b }bek

afiv`mbe nvkb `mmavpm dlfo bolm OvaviBìmemspxbsm Efkbxb Me`defsmb, `mafebl bsbs)

bsbs vivi zfe}flfekkbxbbe bìmemspxbsm

efkbxb }bek hbma /blkfifef hfkmesflwfe wbe

hfoddxlmna hfspvvx kfefxbl zxmeczmlfs dg kdd`

bìmemspxbpmde-, }bek hfxmsm zf`dibe }bek

obxvs `mzfxkvebabe bìmemspxbsm efkbxb `be

nvkb obami vepva ifekvnm afbhsbobe

zfxhvbpbe ovavi /xfcopsobe`flmekfe-

bìmemspxbsm efkbxb% Bsbs)bsbs mem bepbxb lbme>idpmwbsm }bek nflbs, pvnvbe }bek nflbs, pm`ba

sf{febek){febek /{mllfafvx-, afobpm)obpmbe

/~dxkwvl`mkofm`-, afzbspmbe ovavi,

zfxsbibbe zfxlbavbe pm`ba ifekkvebabe

{f{febek }bek ife}mizbek `bxm pvnvbe

/`fpdvxefifep `f zdvwdmx, gbmxefss- `be lbme)

lbme

@bxm hfhfxbzb zfekfxpmbe `be

abxbapfxmspma kdd` kdwfxebecf, Ndad [m`d`d

ife}mizvlabe hbo{b zfifxmepbobe }bek

hbma b`blbo zfifxmepbobe }bek ibizv

ifizfxpbekkveknb{bhabe sfkblb smabz,

zfxmlbav `be afhmnbabe }bek `mhvbp sfcbxb

zdlmpma, ovavi, ibvzve fadedim `be

`mmegdxibsmabe sfcbxb pfxhvab afzb`b zvhlma,

sfxpb ifihvab afsfizbpbe zvhlma vepva

iflbavabe zfekb{bsbe /adepxdl- `be nmab

`blbi zxbapfae}b pflbo ifxvkmabe xba}bp,

`fekbe `fimambe obxvs ibizvifizfxpbekkveknb{bhabe `be ifefxmib

pvepvpbe ovavi bpbs pme`babe pfxsfhvp%

Sfhbkbm zfx{vnv`be adeaxmp `bxm

mizlfifepbsm kdd` kdwfxebecf `m `bfxbo

b`blbo> /b- Zfifxmepbo `bfxbo bìmemspxbsm

zvhlma `mobxbzabe `bzbp hfxgveksm `fekbe

hbma `be pm`ba ifihdxdsabe vbek xba}bp1 /h-

Zfifxmepbo `bfxbo `bzbp ifenblbeabe

gveksme}b hfx`bsbxabe edxib `be fpmab

idxblmpbs zfifxmepbobe }bek hfxafb`mlbe1 /c-

Bzbxbpvx zfifxmepbo `bfxbo ibizv

ifekodxibpm lfkmpmibsm adewfesm

adespmpvsmdebl }bek ifecfximeabe af`bvlbpbe

xba}bp1 /`- Zfifxmepbo `bfxbo ifimlmam `b}b

pbekkbz pfxob`bz hfxhbkbm wbxmbsm }bek

hfxafihbek `blbi ibs}bxbabp%Hfxlbave}b Ve`bek)ve`bek Edidx 88

Pbove 2=== pfepbek Zfifxmepbo @bfxbo nvkb

hfxlbave}b Ve`bek)Ve`bek Edidx 86 Pbove

2=== pfepbek Zfxmihbekbe Afvbekbe Bepbxb

Zfifxmepbo Zvsbp `be @bfxbo, pflbo ifihb{b

zfxvhbobe }bek sbekbp ife`bsbx `blbi

smspfi af{febekbe zfifxmepbo `be

af{febekbe idefpfx, sfomekkb obl pfxsfhvp

ifihb{b zfxvhbobe afsflvxvobe `blbibszfa afsmspfibe `m zfifxmepbo zvsbp `be

zfifxmepbo `bfxbo% Mizlfifepbsmkdd`

kdwfxebecf `blbi zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmpbobe `bfxbo `mzfxlvabe b`be}b

zfihbkmbe zfxbe }bek nflbs `bxm ibsmek)

ibsmek `dibme kdwfxebecf pfxsfhvp% Bzbhmlb

sfhflvie}b svihfx)svihfx af{febekbe

hfxzvsbp zb`b zfifxmepbo sfhbkbm mespmpvsm

pfxpmekkm }bek if{bamlm efkbxb, ibab sfcbxb

hfxpbobz pflbo `mlbavabe zfe`flfkbsmbe

af{febekbe `be pbekkveknb{bh afzb`b

mespmpvsm `m lvbx zfifxmepbo zvsbp%

Zfe`flfkbsmbe af{febekbe `be

pbekkveknb{bh mem `mlbavabe `blbi xbekab

`fsfepxblmsbsm%

Hfxkfsfxe}b zvsbp)zvsbp afavbsbbe

`be ifemekabpe}b dzfxbsmdeblmsbsm `be

hfxhbkbm afkmbpbe lbmee}b `m `bfxbo ibab

adesfavfesm ldkms zfxkfsfxbe pfxsfhvp obxvs`mmxmekm `fekbe ifemekabpe}b kdd`

kdwfxebecf `m `bfxbo% Obl mem ifevxvp Sb`v

[bsmsmpmded abxfeb b`be}b adesfz kdd`

kdwfxebecf hfxlbav vepva sfivb nfenbek

zfifxmepbobe, hbma Zfifxmepbo Zvsbp ibvzve

Zfifxmepbo @bfxbo%

Sblbo sbpv aflfibobe `bxm zfifxmepbo

ibsb lblv b`blbo avbpe}b sfepxblmsbsm

afavbsbbe zb`b zfifxmepbo zvsbp, sfomekkb

zdpfesm)zdpfesm `bfxbo `mafldlb dlfo


16/18

zfifxmepbo zvsbp% Afhmnbabe mem pflbo

ifemihvlabe fasfs }bek bibp zbxbo, abxfeb

hbe}ba `bfxbo }bek ab}b `fekbe svihfx `b}b

blbie}b, dlfo sfhbh mpvlbo VV Ed% 88 pbove

2===, pfepbek dpdedim `bfxbo pflbo

ifihfxmabe af{febekbe zb`b `bfxbo vepvaiflbavabe zfekfldlbbe sfapdx)sfapdx pfxpfepv,

sfzfxpm sfapdx zbxm{msbpb, afovpbebe, adzfxbsm,

zfxpbembe, zfe`m`mabe `be lbmee}b% @fekbe

af{febekbe mpv, `bfxbo babe ifenb`m avbp

`be `mebims, pfxvpbib `bfxbo }bek imsame

svihfx `b}b blbie}b, abxfeb obxvs ifibcv

Zfe`bzbpbe Bslm @bfxbo vepva ifihmb}bm

afom`vzbe `bfxboe}b% Sblbo sbpv }bek obxvs

`mzfxavbp vepva if{vnvàbe dpdedim `bfxbo}bek fgfapmg, sflbme zfekvbpbe S@I, b`blbo

adizdsmsm bekkdpb @ZX@ }bek obxvs avbp,

abxfeb cofca be` hblbecf pfxob`bz nblbee}b

zfifxmepbobe sbekbp pfxkbepvek zb`b

afavbpbe lfihbkb zfx{bamlbe `bfxbo pfxsfhvp

`blbi ifenblbeabe gveksme}b%

@fsfepxblmsbsm hbkm zfe}flfekkbxbbe

zfifxmepbobe }bek hbma /Kdd` kdwfxebecf-

`be zfihbekvebe xfkmdebl ifenb`m pdzma

vpbib `m Vempf` Ebpmdes Cfepxf gdx Xfkmdebl

@fwfldzifep /VECX@- sfnba zfxpfivbe

Ebkd}b pbove 2=?2% Obl pfxsfhvp `mmavpm

`fekbe zfxobpmbe }bek lfhmo ife`blbi

pfxob`bz hfxhbkbm zbe`bekbe `be zfekblbibe

efkbxb)efkbxb `blbi ife`fsbme `be

ifekmizlfifepbsmabe zxdkxbi)zxdkxbi

zfihbekvebe% Hfxhbkbm lmpfxbpvx pfepbek

`fsfepxblmsbsm sfhbkbmibeb `mafivababe

[blpfx D% D}vkm ifihfxmabe zfefabebe hbo{b `fsfepxblmsbsm ifxvzbabe zxbs}bxbp

hbkm pfxcmzpbe}b kdd` kdwfxebecf% @bsbx

bsvisme}b b`blbo hbo{b kdd` kdwfxebecf

ife}bekavp smpvbsm `m ibeb pfx`bzbp

zfihbkmbe afavbsbbe /zd{fx sobxmekbepbxb

zvsbp `be `bfxbo `blbi zxdsfs zfekbihmlbe

afzvpvsbe% Zfifxmepbo ldabl sfhbkbm sblbo

sbpv hfepva `fsfepxblmsbsm ifihfxmabe

adepxmhvsm hbkm ldcbl sflg)kdwfxebecf,`fekbe

bsvism hbo{b ldcbl sflg)kdwfxebecf nvkb

ifimlmam ibaeb pfxsfhvp% Blbsbe lbmee}b

b`blbo hbo{b zfifxmepbobe ldabl babe

ififlmobxb hfxhbkbm zfefxmibbe ibs}bxbabp

/kxbssxddp- pfxob`bz `fidaxbsm%

Zfxvhbobe zbxb`mkib

zfe}flfekkbxbbe zfifxmepbo `bfxbo, `bxmsfepxblmsbsm af `fsfepxblmsbsm, `bxm pfxzvsbpe}b

afavbsbbe zb`b zfifxmepbo `be zfifxmepbobe

`bfxbo /fasfavpmg- af zd{fx sobxmekbepbxb

fasfavpmg `be lfkmslbpmg `bfxbo, obxvs

`mpme`balbenvpm `fekbe zfxvhbobe ibebnfife

zfifxmepbo `bfxbo% @bxm smsm ibebnfife

zfifxmepbobe `bfxbo obxvs pfxnb`m zfxvhbobe

emlbm }bek sfivlb ifekbevp zxdsfs

ibebnfife }bek hfxdxmfepbsm afzb`bafzfepmekbe mepfxebl dxkbemsbsm zfifxmepbo af

afzfepmekbe faspfxeblb `msfxpbm `fekbe

zfemekabpbe zflb}bebe `be zfe`flfkbsmbe

sfhbkmbe pvkbs zflb}bebe zfifxmepbo af

ibs}bxbabp%

@blbi xbekab ifihbekve kdd`

kdwfxebecf `m `bfxbo, zxmesmz gve`bifepbl

}bek ifedzbek pfkbae}b kdd` kdwfxebecf

obxvs `mzfxobpmabe `be `m{vnvàbe%

Zfe}flfekkbxbbe dpdedim `bfxbo zb`b

`bsbxe}b babe hfpvl)hfpvl pfxfblmsbsm `fekbe

hbma bzbhmlb `mlbasbebabe `fekbe

ifekkvebabe zxmesmzkdd` kdwfxebecf%

Sfcbxb kldhbl, `fsfepxblmsbsm

ifxvzbabe sfhvbo msv }bek hfxafihbek hbma

sfcbxb sfcbxb pfdxmpma `be zxbapfa `blbi xbebo

bìmemspxbsm zvhlma% Zfxafihbekbe msv

`fsfepxblmsbsm mem pfxabmp `fekbe hbepvbe)

hbepvbe efkbxb bsmek `be lfihbkb)lfihbkb`dedx vepva ifizfxavbp zxdsfs

`fidaxbpmsbsm% Sfnbpme}b msv mem hfxafihbek

sv`bo sfnba lbib hfxsbibbe `fekbe

ifekblmxe}b `beb hbepvbe `dedx af efkbxb)

efkbxb hfxafihbekbe% Ifsamzve `fimambe,

zb`b sbb mem msv pfxsfhvp sfibame avbp `be

`mxbsbabe zfxlv `blbi adepfas Me`defsmb%

Pfxlfhmo hbo{b ovhvekbe bepbxb zfifxmepbo

zvsbp `be zfifxmepbo `bfxbo b`blbo sfsvbpv


17/18

}bek `mebims `be pm`ba hfxb`b `blbi xvbek

}bek wbcvvi%

Zbsbek svxvp ovhvekbe bepbxb Zvsbp

`be @bfxbo, sfnbpme}b sflblv if{bxebm

afom`vzbe hfxhbeksb `be hfxefkbxb `m

Me`defsmb /Ibcamf, 2=?:-% Hboabe sfnba ampbifx`fab hfxhbkbm kfxbabe sfzbxbpms ivecvl

sfhbkbm xfbasm pfxob`bz afavbpbe sfepxmzfepbl

}bek hfxlfhmobe `blbi zfe}flfekkbxbbe

efkbxb%

@fsfepxblmsbsm }bek ifxvzbabe

xfglfasm ovhvekbe bepbxb zvsbp `be `bfxbo

pfxvs babe hfxkvlmx `blbi zxdsfs

`fidaxbpmsbsm% Bìmemspxbsm zvhlma hfxzfxbe

zfepmek vepva mavp ifefepvabe adespxvasmovhvekbe zvsbp `be `bfxbo `m Me`defsmb, nvkb

mavp ifihbekve abzbsmpbs zfifxmepbobe

`bfxbo% Abxfeb msv mem hvabe msv sfsbbp pfpbzm

msv }bek pfxvs `be babe hfxlbenvp `blbi

afom`vzbe hfxhbeksb `be hfxefkbxb% @blbi

msv mem pfxabe`vek svhspbesm }bek sbekbp lvbs

pfxvpbib vepva ifecmzpbabe zfifxmepbobe

}bek fgmsmfe `be fgfapmg, nvkb vepvaifemekabpabe zxdsfs `fidaxbsm `m pmekabp

ldabl%

Gbapdx }bek babe ifizfekbxvom

mizlfifepbsm `fsfepxblmsbsm ifevxvp

Xde`mefllm /2=?3- b`blbo> /2- avbpe}b

`vavekbe zdlmpma `be bìmemspxbpmg `bxm

zfifxmepbo zvsbp1 /8- zfekbxvo zfxmlbav,

pmekabo lbav `be hv`b}b1 /3- gbapdx)gbapdx

dxkbemsbsm1 /0- svihfx`b}b afvbekbe,ibevsmb, gmsma }bek cvavz `be ifib`bm%

Kdd`kdwfxeifep sfhvbo adesfz }bek

`mafeblabe dlfo efkbxb)efkbxb `dedx, VE@Z,

ibvzve Hbea @vemb% Kdwfxebecf pm`ba sbib

`fekbe kdwfxeifep /zfifxmepbo- `blbi bxpm

sfhbkbm lfihbkb, pfpbzm kdwfxebecf b`blbo

zxdsfs afzfifxmepbobe, `blbi bxpm }bek lvbs

ifxvzbabe zbxb`mkib zfifxmepbobe, }bek

ifekkbihbxabe m`f)m`f hbxv pfepbek bzb,

smbzb, `be bzb zfxbe }bek sfobxvse}b

`mlbavabe dlfo zfifxmepbo `m ob`bzbe

ibs}bxbabp1 zfxszfapmg hbxv pfepbek zxdsfs

zfifxmepbobe `blbi iflbasbebabe zxdkxbi)

zxdkxbie}b1 sfxpb zfe`fabpbe hbxv zb`b msv

bhb`m pfepbek hbkbmibeb zfifxmepbobe }bekpfxzmlmo `be hfxpbekkveknb{bh iflbavabe

zfxbe addx`mebsm `blbi ibs}bxbabp%

B`b pmkb zmlbx zdada }bek ife`vavek

afibizvbe svbpv hbeksb `blbi

iflbasbebabe kdd` kdwfxebecf, }baem>

zfifxmepbo /spbpf-, cmwml sdcmfp} /ibs}bxbabp

b`bh, ibs}bxbabp ib`bem, ibs}bxbabp smzml-,

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18/18

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@BGPBX ZVSPBAB

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Good Governance Sebagai Paradigma Pembangunan (Oleh Riri h.a.)