GRAMMAR قواعد اللغــــــــــة الإنجليزية

GRAMMAR Prepared by: Khalid Ali Salameh([email protected])January 2007 (version 1)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)

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English Alphabetic Parts of Speech Sentences Clauses & Phrases Sentence Types Nouns Countable Nouns Spelling Rules for Plurals Uncountable Nouns Definite & Indefinite Articles few/little, another/the other, other/others Pronouns Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns VerbsAuxiliary (Helping) Verbs Verb to BE Verb to DO Verb to HAVE Imperatives Modals Transitive & Intransitive Verbs Non-Action Verbs Irregular Verbs Active & Passive Gerunds & Infinitives

TENSES Present Simple Tense Past Simple Tense Future Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous Summary Adjectives Comparing Adjectives Adverbs Comparing Adverbs Adverb or Adjective Conjunctions Prepositions Question-Tags Conditional if Making Questions Making Negative Reported Speech Capitalization Punctuation Some Spelling Rules References


English Alphabetic

Capital Letters

Small Letters

Consonants

Vowels

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

aeiou

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Parts of Speech

Noun Ahmed, bookPronoun I, he, she, it, etc. ..Verb Play, played, will playAdjective rich man Adverb Ahmed writes quickly. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Parts of Speech

Preposition Ahmed goes to school

They traveled by plane Conjunction . Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday. Interjection Alas! She died. ! .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Parts of Speech aanthe

Article :a, an, the .This is a book. . .This is an apple. . .This is the book I bought yesterday. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Sentences

Sentence element Part of speech FunctionSubjectNoun or pronoun My little sister tells me her problems.VerbVerb My little sister tells me her problems.Direct object Noun or pronoun My little sister tells me her problems.Indirect object Noun or pronoun My little sister tells me her problems.Subject complement noun or adjective My little sister is hyperactive.Object complement noun, pronoun, or adjective My little sister makes me angry

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Sentences Sentence patterns : :

S V (Subject Verb): My little sister knows.S V Do (Subject Verb Direct-Object): My little sister knows the alphabet.S V Io Do (Subject Verb Indirect-Object Direct-Object): My little sister tells me her problems.S V Sc (Subject Verb Subject-Complement): My little sister is hyperactive.S V Do Oc (Subject Verb Direct-Object Object-Complement): My little sister makes me angry.

S: V: Do: Io: Sc: Oc:

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) : :( ) : Ali doctor. :Ali is a doctor

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Clause & Phrase A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.

. : I saw the man who was carrying a stick.

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb.

() . : I saw the man carrying a stick.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)The Clause (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)The Phrase(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Sentence Types (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Simple Sentences ( )::I saw a boy.The boy was riding a bicycle.

:I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Compound Sentences : and/ but /or

and : Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him. :Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Compound Sentences but : Khaled is rich. He is unhappy. :Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.

or : We can play football. We can watch TV. :We can play football or we can watch TV.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Complex Sentences ()

When Ali is at school, he listens to the teacher carefully.

: When Ali is at school :he listens to the teacher carefully

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Work Order in Simple Forms(new)

Subjectverb(s)Object IspeakEnglishCallhim

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Work Order in Negative Statements Work Order in Affirmative Statements(new)

Subjectverb(s)indirect object direct object Place Time Iwill not tellyouthe storyat schooltomorrow.

Subjectverb(s)indirect object direct object Place Time Iwill tellyouthe storyat schooltomorrow.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Indirect Objects in Statements(new)

Subjectverb(s)direct object indirect object Iwill not senda letterto him

Subjectverb(s)indirect object direct object Theysenthima letter

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Work Order in Subordinate Statements(new)

Conjunction Subjectverb(s)indirect object direct object Place Time Iwill tellyouthe storyat schooltomorrowbecauseIdont havetimeNow.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Work Order in Questions . (new)

Interrogative auxiliary verb SubjectOther verb(s) indirect object direct object Place Time Whatwouldyoulike to tellme?Didyouhavea partyin your flatyesterday?Whenwereyouhere?

Interrogative verbobject Who askedyou?Whathithim?

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Work Order in Statements Work Order in Sentences with Subject Complement Work Order in Sentences with Object Complement(new)

Subjectverb(s)Subject complement The carisnewItlookspretty

Subjectverb(s)direct object Object Complement WeelectedhimchairmanAhmedpaintedthe housewhite

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Nouns

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Nouns Nouns are words we use to name: : .

PeopleAhmed, man, father, teacher, neighbor, Animalscow, donkey, horse,..Thingsbook, table, sugar, fruit, Placesschool, street, city, house, ..Ideasfreedom, honesty, truth, .Feelingshappiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that can be counted as one, two, three, and so on. : .

Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted. :

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Countable Nouns These nouns have singular and plural forms. .

Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an. .

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc. .

a/an

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals We form plurals of most nouns by adding s to the singular noun. . s

SingularPluralone booktwo booksone horsemany horses

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals

sh, ch, z, x, ses

SingularPluralmatchmatchesbusbusesdishdishesboxboxes

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals yiesy

SingularPluralcitycitiesbabybabies

SingularPluralboyboyskeykeys

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals o es o s : auto > autos memo > memos

SingularPluralpotatopotatoestomatotomatoes

SingularPluralradioradioszoozoos

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals :

SingularPluralknifeknivesshelfshelves

SingularPluralclassroomclassroomspolicemanpolicemen

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Spelling Rules for Plurals :

SingularPluralmanmenwomanwomenchildchildrenpersonpeoplefootfeettoothteethgoosegeesemousemice

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

:salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.

es , saan

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Uncountable Nouns :: cotton: bread: steel : cappuccino, oil : smoke, oxygen : rice, sugar, salt, cement, gravel : English, Spanish, French, Latin, Sanskrit, Chinese : looking, listening, swimming, running, anticipating

() "a," "an," or "one" "much"

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Uncountable Nouns

floursaltmeatinformationcoffeeknowledgebutterfoodteasugargoldbloodnewsglasscheesemilkpaperbreadricewoodfurniturerainsteelgrassclothmusicmarble

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Uncountable Nouns .:Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.Milk has many minerals.

.Two cups of tea are not enough for me.Five liters of oil do not operate this machine. (Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Definite & Indefinite Articles a/an are used as indefinite articles. .

The is used as a definite articles. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Indefinite Articles a & an We put a before a noun starting with a consonant sound. .

We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound. .

: Vowels

a e i o - uaan

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Indefinite Articles a & an We use a/an:

Before a singular countable noun. .a table an eggBefore a job, a particular group of people or a nationality. .Saleh is a doctorHe is an engineer. She is an English women.With numbers that mean every. He washes his hands ten times a day. (means every day).

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Indefinite Articles a & an We DO NOT use a/an:

No article is used with abstract nouns and the names of metals. .Love, beauty, hatred, wood, silver, goldNo article is used before plural or uncountable nouns. . There are books on the table. Milk is good for you.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)The Definite Article The The is used before: :

(Revised)

A noun that is the only one of its kind. .The Nile riverThe KaabaNames of rivers, seas, oceans, etc. .........The Arabian Gulf The Red SeaA noun which is the object of a sentence. .Umar answered the question.The names of musical instruments. .Can you play the guitar?

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)The Definite Article The The is used before: :

Names of some countries. .The United Kingdom The U.S.A.With some time expressions. .at the weekendin the eveningWith dates. .On the first day of every month.With some general expressions. .Listen to the radio/news.Go to the market/desert.Use article with the name that is repeated. .I saw a man. The man was young.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)The Definite Article The No article is used : :

No article is used with the names of studies of subjects. .I do not like science. My favorite subject is mathematics.No article is used before such words as school, home, bed, work, etc. ....I am going to school.I always go to bed early.No article is used before such words such as day and month names. .on Monday, in Junein summer (sometimes in the summer).before breakfast.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) a few/few and a little/little

(new)

a fewI saw a few friends at the mall. ()Two or three (positive) fewHe has few friends because he is not polite. / ()almost none (negative) a littleI have a little homework. ()a small amount (positive)littleThere is little pollution in that country. / () almost none (negative)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Another, The other

(new)

: ANOTHER + : THE OTHER + I ate one banana, then I ate another banana. Maybe later, I will eat another one.First, I ate one apple, then I ate the other apple. Now there are no more apples. ANOTHER THE OTHER I ate one banana, then I ate another. Maybe later, I will eat another.First, I ate one apple, then I ate the other. Now there are no more apples.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Other, Others, The others

(new)

: OTHER + : THE OTHER + I saw some birds flying, and I saw some other birds sitting in a treeThree of the books on the desk are mine, but the other books are John's books.. OTHERS THE OTHERS I saw some birds flying, and I saw some others sitting in a tree. There are five books on the desk. Three of the books are mine, but the others are Ahmed's books.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Pronouns

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Pronouns . Examples Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

: (Personal) : (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) (me, you, him, he, it, us, them) (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) (Possessive) : ( my, your, his, her, our, their) (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs) :(Demonstrative) (this, these, that, those) :(Indefinite) (e.g., each, all, everyone, either, one, both, any, such, somebody) (Relative) : (who, whom, which, that, whose)


Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns PossessiveAdjectives PossessivePronouns ReflexivePronouns ImemyminemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfWeusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryoursyourselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves


(new)

We have got some books. Subject PronounsThe books are for us. Object Pronouns These are our books. Possessive AdjectivesThe books are ours. Possessive PronounsHe can carry the bags himself. Reflexive PronounsThis is the man who lives next door. Relative Pronouns

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Object Pronouns We use an object pronoun .

After a preposition.

After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.

Do you live near them?Send the box directly to me.The little boy made it for her.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used: . to emphasize

with some special expressions

Did you do the decorations yourself ?I did the painting myself. Help yourself .Enjoy yourself.Behave yourself.I live by myself. (I live alone) (Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

. :

1- . . . . .

2- .

whowhomwhichwhosethat

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns who . : Here is the man. The man is a doctor. The man who : Here is the man who is a doctor.

:1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.The man who came here was a doctor2) My friend swims well. He lives here.My friend who lives here swims well.Who [ ]

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns whom . : The man came here. I visited him. him whom ( ) : The man whom I visited came here.

:1) The man was working with me. I paid him.The man whom I paid was working with me.2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.This is the girl whom you gave a flower.Whom [ ]

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns which . : He found his book. He lost it yesterday. it his book which ( ) :He found his book which he lost yesterday.

:1) This is the house. I live in it.This is the house which I live in.2) This book is cheap. It is very useful. This book which is very useful is cheap.Which [ ]

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns that . : This is the boy. You met here.This is the boy that (whom) you met here.

I have a bird. It sings.I have a bird that (which) sings.

That [ ] (Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Relative Pronouns whose . : This is the man. His car hit the boy.This is the man whose car hit the boy.

car the man His whose car . Whose [] (Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verbs

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verbs :

: ( ) ( written) +ing (writing).

(new)

Main and Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Regular and Irregular Verbs InfinitivesParticiples / Imperatives

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verbs : (new)

The apple is delicious. The apples are delicious. : /I go to school.() You go to school.() He goes to school. ( ) They go to school. ( ) (): I, we)) (you) ((he, she, it (they)He writes a book. ()He wrote a book. ()He will write a book. () :/ / He plays football. ()He has played football.() He is playing football.() :// They send letters.( ) Letters were sent. ( ) :

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verbs Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs

:Khaled writes a book.

:Khaled has written a book.

:A book has been written by Khaled. ( )

(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verbs . :

(new)

amI am writing a letterI am a postmanhaveI have written a letterI have a letter

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs

Verb to be: am is are was wereVerb to have: have has had Modals: can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would and mustVerb to do

(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs ((Modals : can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would and must

(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs

(new)

Verb be The door was opened. Verb be I am riding my bicycle Have Peter has fallen in love


(new)

Ali will not come home.: not He is here. ---> Is he here?: They do study hard.: do Ahmed never runs, but Khaled does. : .You will come, won't you? You ate, didn't you? : .


(new)

I should know the way.I know the way. Should I know the way? Do you know the way? I shouldn't know the way.I don't know the way.I do know the way.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verb to BE It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

:

SubjectPresentPastPast participle

Iamwasbeen

He, She, ItiswasbeenWe, They, Youarewerebeen

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verb to BE .

.

:Examples I am a pupil.They are boys.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Negative Sentences with the verb to BE We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be. () . (not)

AffirmativeNegativeI am at home.I am not at home.You are tall.You are not tall.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions with the verb to BE Yes or No questions and short answers () () :

Yes or No questions Short Answers AffirmativeNegativeBe+Subject + ComplementYes + Subject + BeNo + Subject + Be + notAreyoua teacher?Yes, I am.No, I am not.Werethe boysat school?Yes, they were.No, they were not.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verb to DO It is used as a principal and a helping verb. :

. .


I, you, we, theydodiddone

He, She, Itdoesdiddone

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verb to HAVE It is used as a principal and a helping verb. :

. .


I, you, we, theyhavehadhad

He, She, Ithashadhad

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb

Subject+ do/does/did+ not+ have+ ComplementI donothavea car.HedoesnothaveA new watch.Theydidnothavebreakfast this morning.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb

Yes or No questions Short Answers AffirmativeNegativeDo/Does/Did+Subject +have+ ComplementYes + Subject + do/does/didNo + Subject + do/does/did +notDoyouhavea car?Yes, I do.No, I do not.Doeshehavea new watch?Yes, he does.No, he does notDidtheyhaveBreakfast this morning?Yes, they did.No, they did not.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Verb to HAVE as a helping verb Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense. .:They have lived here for two years.Adel has just finished his work.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

. :I have lived here for a long time.I have not lived here for a long time.

not

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb Yes or No questions and short answers : .:They have lived here for a long time.: Have they lived here for a long time? : Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Other Uses of Verb to HAVE To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to. . : I have to leave now.____________________________________________________With some modal auxiliaries. . :You had better see a doctor.____________________________________________________To show that something is caused by another person. . : I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Imperatives Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do. .

Imperatives use the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,.etc. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Imperatives Give Instructions Mix the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative )Take two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative )

Make Invitations Come in; make yourselves at home. (Affirmative )Please start; do not wait for me. (Negative )

Tell someone what to do Open your book. (Affirmative )Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative )

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Imperatives Give Warnings Keep out. Danger. (Affirmative )

Make Signs & Notices Push. (Affirmative )Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative )Keep off the grass. (Affirmative )

Make Requests Please open the door. (Affirmative )

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Modals A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used. .

Form shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + ( )

Modals have no infinitives or past participles. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Modals

Modals Expresses: : Example shallPromiseYou shall take a reward.DeterminationHe does not want to obey me: but he shall.ThreatYou shall be punished if you come late.shouldDutyYou should obey your teachers.Advice or opinion You should stop smoking.willThe simple future tense. He will visit us tomorrow.Determination or promise I will travel when I like.We will do as you wish.


Modals Expresses: : Example mightPossibilityI hoped that I might succeed.I thought that the weather might changecan, am/is/are able toAbilityHe can do it carefully.He is able to solve the problem.shall be able, will be ableAbility in the future I shall be able to help you.couldPast, present or future possibility / / Fahad could drive his car a year ago.Ali is not in class today. He could be sick.Do not leave now. It could rain now.mustNecessityYou must listen to your teachers.had toThe past form of must :past necessity Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He had to stay home to study.


Modals Expresses: : Example ought toAdviceYou ought to help the poor.

ought to haveActions that were advisable in the past You ought to have studied.(You did not. That was a mistake)


AffirmativeNegativeQuestionShort Answers AffirmativeNegativeThey should eat now.They should not eat now.Should they eat now?Yes, they should.No, they should not.He will leave.He will not leave.Will he leave?Yes, he will.No, he will not.He would succeed.He would not succeed.Would he leave?Yes, he would.No, he would not.I might succeed.I might not succeed.Might I succeed?I may sleep.I may not sleep.May I sleep?


AffirmativeNegativeQuestionShort Answers AffirmativeNegativeI can do it.I can not do it.Can I do it?Yes, you can.No, you can not.He could talk.He could not talk.Could he talk?Yes, he could.No, he could not.We could have a test tomorrow.We could not have a test tomorrow.Could we have a test tomorrow?Yes, you could.No, he could not.You must go now.You must not go now.Must you go now?Yes, I must.No, I must not.You ought to help them.You ought not to help them.Ought you to help them?Yes, I ought to.No, I ought not.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Modals (new)

Modal Verb SubstituteExamplemustto have toI must swim. = I have to swim.must notnot to be allowed toI must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.canto be able toI can swim. = I am able to swim.mayto be allowed toI may swim. = I am allowed to swim.needto have toI need to swim. = I have to swim.need notnot to have toI need not swim. = I don't have to swim.shall / should/ ought toto be supposed to / to be expected to / to be toI shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Transitive & Intransitive Verbs :Intransitive Verbs ( ) . :The sun rises.

:Transitive Verbs ( ) .Ali raised his hand.

Omar gave me a flower.

1 2

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Non-Action Verbs * :(new)

Emotionalappreciate care* dislike envy fear hate like love mind need please prefer surprise want*

Sensesfeel* hear see* smell*taste* know

Mentalbelieve desire doubt* forget* imagine* mean* realize recognize remember* suppose think* understand

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Non-Action Verbs * :(new)

Possessionbelong have* own possess

Existenceappear* be* consist of contain cost* exist include* look* matter owe resemble seem sound


SEE, LOOK AT and WATCHNon-Action Verbs (new)

I see many things in this room See = a non-action verb. Seeing happens because your eyes are open. Seeing is a physical reaction, not a planned action. .I m looking at the clock. I want to know the time. . .Look at = an action verb. Looking is a planned or purposeful action. Looking happens for a reason. . Ahmed is watching TV. .Watch = an action verb. I watch something for a long time, but I look at something for short time. .


Non-Action Verbs HEAR and LISTEN TO(new)

Im in may apartment. Im trying to study. I hear music from the next apartment. The music was loud. . . .Hear = a non-action verb. Hearing is unplanned act. It expresses a physical reaction. .Im in my apartment reading a magazine. Im listening to news. I like to listen to news when I read. . .Listen (to) = an action verb. Listening happens for a reason. .


Non-Action Verbs NEED and WANT + A Noun or An Infinitive + (new)

Verb + NounWe need food. .I want a sandwich. .Need is stronger than Want.

Need Want.

. . Verb + Infinitive We need to eat. . I want to eat a sandwich. .


Non-Action Verbs WOULD LIKE vs. LIKE (new)

I would like to go to the zoo. .Would like .I like to go to the zoo .Like .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Irregular Verbs

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Irregular Verbs (new) ((Regular Verbs : d ed : roll, rolled, rolled plan, planned, planned

((Irregular Verbs : . : break, broke, broken meet, met, met swim, swam, swum

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Irregular Verbs (new)

PresentPastPast Participle be was, were been become became become begin began begun bendbentbentbitebitbittenblow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen


PresentPastPast Participle come came come costcostcostcut cut cut deal dealt dealt do did done drawdrewdrawndrink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought


PresentPastPast Participle find found found fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen - get got gotten give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hanghunghunghave had had hear heard heard


PresentPastPast Participle hide hid hidden - hithithithold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lendlentlentlet let let lie lay lain lose lost lost


PresentPastPast Participle make made made meet met met pay paid paid putputput quit quit quit read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought


PresentPastPast Participle sell sold sold send sent sent shake shook shaken shine shone shone shutshutshutsing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken - spend spent spent - spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Irregular Verbs

PresentPastPast Participle swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke (waked) woken (waked) - wear wore worn win won won write wrote written

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive . . :

Statements Questions Command

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive Ahmed broke the window yesterday. .______________________________________________________The window was broken yesterday.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday. .

byActiveAhmedPassiveAhmedA. Statements

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive :

1. . ( )2. .3. .4. .5. .

byActiveto bePassiveA. Statements


A. Statements

Active Passive Ali writes letters.Letters are written (by Ali).Huda wrote the lesson.The lesson was written (by Huda).Saleh will buy a car.A car will be bought (by Saleh).Khaled is helping Ahmed.Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).She has eaten the apple.The apple has been eaten (by her).


A. Statements to be

am, is, are was, were shall be, will be am being, is being, are being was being, were being has been, have been had been can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be


1. . ( )2. .3. .4. .5. .

byActiveto bePassiveB. Questions


B. Questions (Revised)

Active Passive Does Ahmed write letters?Are Letters written (by Ahmed)?Did he eat the cake?.Was the cake eaten (by him)?Will Ali buy a new car?Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Why is he using a pen?Why a pen is being used (by him).Who broke the window?By whom the window was broken?

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive : 1. . 2. . ( )3. .4. .beActiveto bePassiveC. Command let


C. Command

Active Passive Write the lesson.Let the lesson be written.Open the door.Let the door be opened.Send this letter to your friend.Let this letter be sent to your friend.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Active & Passive .

Active Passive Ali does not write lettersLetters are not written (by Ali).Dickens wrote those novels, didnt he?Those novels were written by Dickens, werent they?Dickens didnt write that play, did he?That play wasnt written by Dickens, was it?


(new)

SubjectVerbObject 1 Object 2 Active:Ahmedwrotea letterto me.Passive:A letterwas writtento meby Ahmed.Passive:Iwas writtena letterby Ahmed.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Transitive & Intransitive Verbs :Intransitive Verbs ( ) . :The sun rises.

:Transitive Verbs ( ) .Ali raised his hand.

* .* . : Ahmed gave Huda a flower . :

a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed). b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) .

toHuda

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & InfinitivesGerunds: A form of a verb that ends in -ing and operates as a noun in a sentence: Thinking can be difficult. : ( + ing)

Infinitives: The simple or dictionary form of a verb: walk, think, fly. Often the word to mark a verb as an infinitive: to walk, to think, to fly,. : to .(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives (without to)

do : He did come to school early. will, can, should ought to.They can swim.

( make, bid, let, have) :I made/bade/let/had him do it.

(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives (to-infinitive)

:To be is to do. or Being is doing.

: He is supposed to travel at noon.

:I agreed to leave.

:I convinced him to live with me.

(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives to (new)

ExampleUse and Word ListsTo know you is to love you. (to be) I would rather stay at home. ( to):had better, would rather, would sooner, why notI can swim. ( to):can, do, help & need (also with to), let, may, must, shall, should, willHe wants to swim. ( to) :agree, attempt, claim, deserve, expect, hope, plan, promise, tend, wantThey dont know how to swim. how, if, what, where, whether:Ask, advise + object, consider, decide, explain, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, show, teach, tell + object, understand, wonder

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives to (new)

ExampleUse and Word ListsHe made him swim. ( to) :let, makeThey wanted him to swim. ( to) :advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, invite, mean, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, would hate, would like, would love, would preferIts difficult to swim upstream. :amazing, brave, difficult, disappointed, easy, extraordinary, funny, generous, glad, happy, hard, impossible, kind, nice, strange, surprised, wise

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives(new)

GERUNDS enjoyAhmed enjoys playing tennis. finishMarwan finished doing his homework.quitMajed quit smoking. put offAli always puts off cleaning his room. postponeWe postponed having the picnic.appreciateTurki appreciates looking at fine art.mindSara didn't mind going to the store.practiceAli will practice writing his alphabet.avoidSami always avoids cleaning his room. delayWe should delay making the decision until later.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Gerunds & Infinitives(new)

INFINITIVES hopeI hope to learn gerunds. expectI expect to improve my English.planSara plans to attend college. intendKhaled is intending to go. meanHe meant to tell the story.promiseI promise to study these words. agreeI didn't agree to go with them.offerSalem offered to make dinner.refuseAisha refused to go with us to class.decideShe decided to stay at home.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) Lets :Let's + Let's play baseball.Let's not + Let's not play football.

Why don't/doesn't...? :

Why don't [I/we/you/they] + ? Why don't you ask her?Why doesn't [he/she/it] + ? Why doesn't she tell you?Gerunds & Infinitives(new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Tenses

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) . .1. Present Simple Tense TENSES :(Revised)

every always usually generally often sometimes rarely never from time to time

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES I go to school everyday.They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.We often drink coffee in the morning.She is never late to school.: .Ali drinks milk every morning.A cow gives us milk.1. Present Simple Tense s1. Present Simple Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) . . 2. Past Simple Tense edTENSES :(Revised)

yesterday last ago in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES I, He, She, it was They, We, Youwere I watched television last night.They visited their uncle yesterday.We went to Makkah two months ago.

2. Past Simple Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES . : will / shall + :(Revised)

in the future in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES I will go to school tomorrow.They will play foot ball next Friday.He will join the army in the future. : am , is , are going to3. Future Simple Tense

. . .

shall willshallwe Iwillshallwill(Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES . :

4. Present Continuous Tense am / is / are + + ing 4. Present Continuous Tense :(Revised)

now at the moment look listen at the present time

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES I am + verb + ingHe, she, it is + verb + ingThey, we, you are + verb + ingI am reading a story at the moment.They are watching television now.Look! the bus is coming.4. Present Continuous Tense (Revised)


() :4. Present Continuous Tense TENSES

like love want prefer wish hate dislike feel hope hear think seem appear fear consider fit believe trust understand


4. Present Continuous Tense was / were + + ing5. Past Continuous Tense :

: .(Revised)

when while as because

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.

( ) .When we were eating , my father came . ( ) . 5. Past Continuous Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES : :

A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .

My father came when we were eating . 5. Past Continuous Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES : . .

whilewhile5. Past Continuous Tense


4. Present Continuous Tense ( will + be + + ing )6. Future Continuous Tense :(Revised)

at by in fromto.. all after

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES

By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

6. Future Continuous Tense


4. Present Continuous Tense has / have +II7. Present Perfect Tense :(Revised)

since for just yet ever never recently already


I have lived in Riyadh for six years. I have not visited him since 1995.Ahmed has already finished his homework.She has written three letters just now.

7. Present Perfect Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES Since means from some definite point or period in the past up to now .

For means a definite period of time .

Since & For

since For 2 oclocka momentMonday3 minutesyesterdayan hourlast nightmany hourslast week/ last month/ last year3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months1996a yearlast century10 yearshe camea century

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES :

had +II8. Past Perfect Tense . :(Revised)

after before which as soon as

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES I had washed before I prayed. They went home after they had finished their work.Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.

.8. Past Perfect Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES . : will + have +II9. Future Perfect Tense :(Revised)

by at


By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters. 9. Future Perfect Tense


has / have + been ++ ingII10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense :(Revised)

for since


I have been studying English for six years. She has been sleeping since 2 oclock. 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES , :

Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. : Present Perfect Continuous Tense She has been making cakes for three hours. Present Perfect Tense She has made 100 cakes.

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense


had + been ++ ingII11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense :(new)

for since the whole day

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES We had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke us up. They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening.How long had he been studying English before he went to London? Answer: He had been studying English since 1980 before he went to London . 11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense : ( 1) ( 3). (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES . . :

will have + been ++ ingII12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense :: . (new)

for all day long


By the end of the week, I will have been working here for four months. I will have been studying English for six years. They will have been looking for me all night long. He will not have been playing soccer all day long. Will they have been waiting for 2 hours?12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES ()(new)

PastPresentFuture Simple Past Simple Present Future SimpleHe played football every Tuesday.He plays football every Tuesday.He will / is going to play football every Tuesday.He played football and then he went home.He plays football and then he goes home.He will play football and then he will go home.He loved football.He loves football.He will love football. Past Continuous Present Continuous Future ContinuousHe was playing football.He is playing football.He will be playing football.He was playing football and she was watching.He is playing football and she is watching.He will be playing football and she will be watching. Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple Future Perfect SimpleHe had won five matches until that day.He has won five matches so far.He will have won five matches by then. Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Future Perfect ContinuousHe had been playing football for ten years.He has been playing football for ten years.He will have been playing football for ten years.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES ()1 of 2(new)

I go to school everyday.every., always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never . I went to school yesterday.last, yesterday, .ago .

I will go to school tomorrow.next, tomorrow . They are watching television now.now, at this moment, look! . When we were eating, my father came . when, while, as . By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.by, at, in, after .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)TENSES () has / have + had + will + have + has / have + been ++ ing2 of 2 had + been ++ ing will have + been ++ ing(new)

Ahmed has already finished his homework.since, for, just, yet, ever, already, recently . They went home after they had finished their work.after, before, as soon as, which . By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.by, at . I have been studying English for six years. for, since .

He had been studying English for 10 years.for, since, the whole day . .

By tonight, I will have been studying English the day long.for, the day long .

TENSES () Summary (new)

Simple

( )Continuous

( )Perfect

( )Perfect Continuous

( )Presenteat /sam/is/are eatinghave/has eatenhave/has been eatingPastatewas/were eatinghad eatenhad been eatingFuturewill eat /be going to eatwill be eatingwill have eatenwill have been eating

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adjectives

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adjectives (new)

Adjectives are words used to describe nouns. It's an expensive bicycleAdjectives can come BEFORE the NOUN (adjective + noun) The butterfly is prettyAdjectives can come AFTER a BE verb. (BE + adjective) It's a business meetingNouns can also work as adjectives. A noun can help describe an object

This book is new.My book is new.The book is new.Pronouns and articles as adjectives "this," "that," and "those () "my," "your," and "his" "a," "an," and "the

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adjectives (new)

Adjectives are words used to describe nouns. Football is an exciting gamePresent participles (-ing verbs) can also work as adjectives ( ing) The man is tiredPast participles (verb 3) can also work as adjectives My friend is good at do-it-yourself projectsAdjectives can be hyphenated (-)That's a three-ton truckNumbers can be used as adjectives. Ahmed is taller than KhalidAdjectives can be used to compare things.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Using Nouns as Adjectives

Adjectives (new)

Ali ate some (soup that tasted delicious) Ali ate some delicious soup. +

REMEMBER: ADJECTIVES CAN NEVER BE PLURAL .Ali ate some (soup made from vegetables) Ali ate some vegetable soup. +

NOUNS WORKING AS ADJECTIVES CAN NEVER BE PLURAL .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Work Order of Adjectives ::a beautiful red cara small glass vasea kind old Omani man(new)

OpinionSizeAgeColorNationalityMaterial

beautifullargeyoungredGreekmetaldelicioustalloldblueChineseglasskindlittlemiddle-agedblackMexicanplastic

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) too / enough

(new)

too + + enough enough + He is too short.He isn't tall enough.I have enough money.

too = extra, more than necessary

/ enough=the right amount

/ enough=the right amount

/

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Comparing Adjectives 1. :

Ali is older than Ahmed. My Car is faster than yours.

.safe safer thansimple simpler than

.

easy easier thanheavy heavier than

4. Present Continuous Tense er 1. Comparing Short Adjectives than e r er y y i

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)2. :

. Everest is the highest mountain. This is the biggest building in Riyadh.

.safe the safest

.

easy the easiest

4. Present Continuous Tense the est Comparing Adjectives


.

.

Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.French is more difficult than English.

erest2. Comparing Long Adjectives thanmore Comparing Adjectives

beautiful difficult dangerous correct Important Fluent


Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.This is the most important subject in this book.

2. Comparing Long Adjectives the most Comparing Adjectives

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1):

Adel is better than his brother at school.This girl is the worst one in her class.

Comparing Adjectives

goodbetter thanthe bestbadworse thanthe worst () ( )manymuchmore thanthe most ( )littleless thanthe leastfarfarther thanthe farthest

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Comparing Adjectives :(new)

positive formcomparative form superlative form goodbetter best bad / illworse worst little (amount )less least little (size )smaller smallest much / manymore most far (place + time )further/ furthest/ far (place )farther farthest late (time )later latest late (order )latter last near (place )nearer nearest near (order )-next old (people and things )older oldest old (people )elder eldest

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Comparing Adjectives

.Ali is as tall as his brother.This bag is as big as my bag.

.Ali is not as tall as his brother.This bag is not as big as my bag.

as..as ()not as..as

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs ()

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () An Adverb always modifies a verb.

Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.

.

slow slowlynice nicelyhappy happilycareful carefully

lyly

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () (new)

Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs. Ahmed worked more yesterday . (WHEN) Ali works here . (WHERE) They work well together. (HOW) Adverbs give information about the time, place and manner of the action.

new newly, quick quickly, happy happily, careful carefullyMost adverbs have -ly at the end.

ly .hard hard fast fastearly early good well Some adverbs are irregular.

( ly)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) ly (Exceptions) . :Adverbs () (new)

Adjectiveadverb (meaning) ()adverb (meaning) ()goodwelldifficultwith difficultydeepdeep (place) ()deeply (feeling) ()directdirect directly (=soon)hardhardhardly (=seldom)highhigh (place) ()highly (figurative) ()latelatelately (=recently)mostmostmostly (=usually)nearnearnearly (=almost)prettypretty (=rather) prettilyshortshortshortly (=soon)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () (new)

Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs. Quickly, he finished his work. He quickly finished his work.He finished his work quickly. Adverbs have many possible positions within a sentence. .Ahmed works more quickly than Ali. Ahmed works more carefully than Ali. Adverbs can be used to compare actions.

.Fuad is a very good worker. Our teacher is always patient with us. Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives.

. Ali went to the store, then he went to the office. Adverbs can be used to join two clauses together. These adverbs are called conjunctive adverbs. .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () There are many kinds of adverbs: :

(Simple Adverb) :

yesterday, there, extremely, first. ((Interrogative Adverb Where, what, how, when,

Conjunctive Adverb) ) accordingly, also, anyhow, besides, consequently, however, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore, and yet.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () Simple Adverb

1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done. : .

I closed the window carefully.The soldier fought bravely.

2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done. : . Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.Whats going to happen next?

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () 3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done. : .

I shall stand here.Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.

Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time. . . :

A daily newspaper is published daily.We get up early to catch an early train.

lyly

daily weekly monthly yearly

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbs () 4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something. : . :

Verb to BE: : Ali is always on time.Other Verbs: : Ali sometimes reads a book.

always often usually sometimes seldom Rarely Never Occasionally

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Comparing Adverbs

.

Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

.

Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

as..as [ ]not as..as

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adjective or Adverb Adjectives are used to modify nouns: / The boy is careful.

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs: / . The boy drives carefully. (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adjective or Adverb :

: The man remained strong. strongly strong .

(new)

bebecomegetgrowkeepremainseemsoundstayturn

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Conjunctions

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Time Conjunctions:

when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

.

:I found a watch. I was walking in the street.I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Place Conjunctions:

where, wherever These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence.

. :Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Cause Conjunctions:

because, since, as These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence.

. :I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Manner Conjunctions:

As, as if, as through

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence.

. .:He speaks as if he were a king. .It looks as if it would rain. .

as ifwillwouldwaswere

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Purpose Conjunctions:

that, so that, in order that These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.

.

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future. (+) .:He works hard. He wishes to succeed.He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past. (+) .:He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Result We use:

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

. :The man is so weak that he can not walk.He wrote such good answers that he got high marks.

so + adverb + thatsuch + noun+ that (Revised)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Contrast Conjunctions:

though, although These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

.

:He is poor. He is happy.Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Contrast Conjunctions:

as.as, soas These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

.

:Nabeel is as clever as his father.Sami is not so strong as his brother.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Adverbial Clause of Condition Conjunctions:

if, unless These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.

.

:If we are ill, we go to bed.If we work hard, we will succeed.If we worked hard, we would succeed.If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Prepositions

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Prepositions . .

A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Prepositions (new)

about above across after against among amongst around at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyondby down during except for from in inside into near next to of off on onto out out ofoutside over since through throughout till to toward under until up upon with withoutaccording to because of by way of in addition to in front of in place of in regard to in spite of instead of in the middle of on account of

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Use of Prepositions

Prepositions Use Example onDay On MondayDay + morning, night + On Friday morningAfternoon, evening, date My birthday is on June 10.Special days I will travel on National Day.To mean above The tea is on the table.


Prepositions Use Example inSeason The trees grow in spring.Year I was born in 1968.Month The test is in May.The morning I go to work in the morning.The evening I go home in the eveningTo mean above He is in the mosque.


Prepositions Use Example atTime I will come back at 2 oclock.Festival I will meat you at the school festival.Meal times I will talk to my father at lunch.The weekend We will travel at the weekend.Noon We pray at noon everyday.Night We sleep at night.To mean place He is at the grocers.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Use of Prepositions Prepositions of Place

Prepositions Use Example atat an exact place He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.at work Ahmed is at work.at the table They are standing at the dinner tableunder The cat is under the table.in front of The teacher is in front of the class.todirection/place / I go to school everyday.


Prepositions Use Example inTo mean inside Put this book in the box.In a country I live in Saudi Arabia.In a town./street / I live in Al-Madina.in bed The baby is in bed.In a building or area You were in the club last night.In a chair Ali is sitting in his chair.


Prepositions Use Example with I write with a pen.from I am from Riyadh.behind The wall is behind the class.between Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

onTV Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.Time He arrives on time.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Use of Prepositions More Examples

Prepositions Example in The medicine is in the bottle.on The knife is on the table.at Someone is at the door.near Ahmed is sitting near the window.between The house is between the school and the mosque.opposite The bank is opposite to the post office.into The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.onto The water is spilling onto the floor.


Prepositions Example off The man is falling off the chair.out of The child is falling out of the window.across The carpenter cut across the wood.over/above The light is over (above) the table.under/below The fire is under (below) the stairs.through The ball is going through the window.among The teacher is sitting among the students.


Prepositions Example in The medicine is in the bottle.on The knife is on the table.at Someone is at the door.near Ahmed is sitting near the window.between The house is between the school and the mosque.opposite The bank is opposite to the post office.into The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.onto The water is spilling onto the floor.


Prepositions Example round The car is going round the tree.in front of The child is sitting in front of the TV.behind The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.on top of The sweets are on top of the table.at the side of The garage is at the side of the house.along The man is walking along the street.next to The bank is next to the bakers.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Question-Tags

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Question-Tags . . .* .* .

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) :* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there? Yes , there is.* () . .* .

:* You come from the United States, dont you? Yes, I do.* .doYesnotQuestions that we expect the answer Yes Question-Tags

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you? No, I dont.2) It doesnt take long time be car, does it? No, it doesnt.

* .

3) You didnt travel last year, did you? No, I didnt.

* .

diddo/doesQuestions that we expect the answer No Question-Tags

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Conditional if

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Conditional if .

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. ( )

If you eat too much, you will become fat. :

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Conditional if (new)

IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE Explanation:simple present verb modal + present verb + if-clause uses simple present result clause uses modal + verbIf it rains,my window might leak. If the phone rings,I will answer it. If the weather is sunny,we can go to the beach Friday.


If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English. . . ( + ) :

.If I were you, I would buy a new car. : wouldbewerewas


IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE past tense verb would + could + If it rained today, ( ) I would need an umbrella. ( ) If I were you, ( )I would call him. ( ) "to be" "were : I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.If I had $500, 500 I could buy some new clothes. , or I could take a short trip. . "could" If Ahmed had a car,he would drive to school. would" .


If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy. .

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba. .


IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE past perfect tense would + have + could + have + If it had rained yesterday,

( )I would have needed an umbrella. ( ) ( ) .If I had been you,

( )I would have called him. ( ) "to be" had been : I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. If I had had $500, 500 I could have bought some new clothes, or I could have taken a short trip. . "could have" If Ahmed had owned a car, he would have driven to school. would have" ( )


If you boil water, it becomes steam. ( )

.

becomes


If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud.

If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or Dont drive a car if you are under 17.


IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE simple present verb simple present verb If it rains, If it gets cold enough, my car window leaks. water becomes ice. If Huda doesn't eat dinner, If I exercise,she gets hungry at midnight. I look great! If someone calls,take a message please.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions : Helping Verbs)) :am is are was were have has had will would shall should can could may might must ought to :They are doctors. Are they doctors?She can help us.Can she help us?I will go to the market?Will you go to the market?


1) ::They play tennis. Do they play tennis?I write books.Do you write books?

2) ::Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis?Huda watches TV.Does Huda watch TV?

( ) ( ) ssdodoes


3) Did ::

They watched TV last night.Did they watch TV last night?

I played football yesterday.Did you play football yesterday?

:

Yes No .

( )

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Questions : Wh Questions

Where? When? Why? What?/ Which? Who? Whom?


Wh Questions (Cont.)

Whose? How? How many? How much? How long? How old? How far?

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Steps for Making a Question 1) : When, Where, Why..etc 2) ( ) . 3) : 4) . 5) .helping verbsdosdoesdid

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Steps for Making a Question : They are going to eat meat.What are they going to eat?* .

They played tennis at school.Where did they play tennis?* . . .

they aremeatdidedat school

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Steps for Making a Question : :I you you I your my you we

.

:Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window?The book describes accidents.What describes accidents? whowhat

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) How

He was very pleased after meeting his friend.How was he after meeting his friend.? HowThirty boys are in this class.How many boys are in this class? How manyI am twenty years old.How old are you? How oldYou paid five pounds for this coat.How much did you pay for this coat? How much

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1) How

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh? How farThis rope is two meters long.How long is this rope? How longThis fence is four meters high.How high is this fence? How highSami is meter and a half tall.How tall is Sami? How tall

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)some/ any/ .

. :

:

some 1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.3) He is somewhere. any1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?3) Is he anywhere? 1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.3) He is not anywhere.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Negatives

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Negative : (Helping Verbs) :am is are was were have has had will would shall should can could may might must ought to :They are happy. They are not happy.He can help us.He can not help us. not

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Affirmative) (Negative) Making Negative

Long FormsShort FormsI am notIm notHe is notHes notShe is notShes notIt is notIts notYou are notYoure notWe are notWere notThey are notTheyre not

Long FormsShort FormsI amImHe isHesShe isShesIt isItsYou areYoureWe areWereThey areTheyre

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Making Negative . : . : : (do, does, did)(not)

Affirmative Negative some no, anybothand .... neither.noreither..or ...... neither.norsometimes neverasas ....... not so..asall not allevery no, not every

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech .Indirect Speech

There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech. :

1) Statement 2) Question 3) Command 4) Exclamation


* Direct Reported :1- said2- that .3- :Ihe, shewetheyMyhis, herourtheir4- :Present Past Past Past Perfect 5- :Now then here there Last night the night before this that yesterday the day before tomorrow the following day

Statement

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech Statement and added thatsay, says

Direct Indirect (Reported) I live in RiyadhHe said that he lived in Riyadh.We are happyThey said that they were happy.She said: "I have not been in the school library recently.She said that she had not been to the school library recently.He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow.He told me that he would see me the next day. (.) : : They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed.They told him that they would see him the next day and added that they would visit Ahmed. :She says: I will cook the food tomorrow.She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.We say: We are playing football now.We say that we are playing football now.


* :1- : Present Past Past Past Perfect

2- .3- .4- .

Question DirectReportedasked

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech ifQuestion doesdo

Direct Indirect What is your name?.He asked me what my name was.Why are you late?The teacher asked me why I was late.Where is your book?.He asked me where my book was. :Is your school very large?.He asked me if my school was very large. . Where do you live.He asked me where I lived.Does he go to school?.I asked him if he went to school.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech Question didhadask, asks

Direct Indirect ( + ). Where did you go yesterday?.Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.Did Ahmed buy a new car?.Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car. :Who is your English teacher?.They ask me who my English teacher is. What are your marks?.He asks me what my marks are.


* :1- ( ) . ( ) . ( ) . ( ) .

2- 3- .4- .

IICommand DirectReportedorderedbeggedadvisedtoldtoPlease, do

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech Command

Direct Indirect He said to the servant: bring me a glass of water.He ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water.The son said to his father: please , give me some money.The son begged his father to give him some money.The doctor said to me: Drink a lot of water.The doctor advised me to drink a lot of water.He said to me: Do not go to the market tonight.He told me not to go to the market that night.


* :1- :

2- 3- . : : : !. Exclamation DirectReportedAlas, Hurrah, Ohthathow, what

With regret With anger With joy With admiration With sadness

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Reported Speech Exclamation

Direct Indirect He said : Alas! I will not find my money.He said with sorrow that he would not find his money.He said : How foolish I have been.He said with regret that he had been foolish.

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Capitalization

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Capitalization : () (new)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Capitalization (new)

Ms. Mona / Mrs. Halima / Mr. Ali Aunt Aisha , Uncle AhmedExample: I wonder where Aunt Amina is. ("Aunt" is used as part of her name.) Mother / Father/ Grandfather / UncleExample : I wonder why Mother is late today. ("Mother" is used as her name.) Monday, Saturday April, September Adha Eid / Christmas: CORRECT: My favorite season is summer. INCORRECT: My favorite season is Summer.Doha / Eastern Province Dhahran School / The White House San Francisco Zoo / Central Park Spanish, English, Chinese South Korea, Syria German, French, Japanese God, Allah, the Quran, the Bible, the Torah


the Great Depression the Civil War Gone With the Wind: Xerox, Memorex, Panasonicthe State Department, Ministry of Interior Economics 101 Example : I'm taking Algebra 209 this semester. ("Algebra 209" is the title of the class.) Professor Mallory Example : I think Professor Mallory's class is fun. ("Professor" is used as part of the name.) Republican, Democrat Nasser Club International Student Union Muslim, Christian Afro-American


The papers were signed today. Do you know him? Anwar shouted, "Don't do that!" Ahmed and I went swimming. (I)

Al Mulla (Saudi Arabia) 01/2007 (Version 1)Punctuation


:

I am > I'mWe are > We'reit is > It's We have > We'veI would > I'dWho is > Who's

( ) :Omar's car is blue. Means, "The car belongs to Omar." The company's policy is strict. Means, "The policy belongs to the company." : 's : Yesterday's appointments : Ahmed and Amal's wedding invitation (Apostrophe)'(new)


:

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GRAMMAR قواعد اللغــــــــــة الإنجليزية