45
١ English Alphabetic Capital Letters A N B O C P D Q E R F S G T H U I V J W K X L Y M Z Small Letters a n b o c p d q e r f s g t h u i v j w k x l y m z Consonant Letters b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z Vowels Letters a e i o u

الأبجدية الإنجليزية

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١

English Alphabetic ������� ����

���� ������� ���� Capital Letters

A

N

B

O

C

P

D

Q

E

R

F

S

G

T

H

U

I

V

J

W

K

X

L

Y

M

Z

���� ������� ���� Small Letters

a

n

b

o

c

p

d

q

e

r

f

s

g

t

h

u

i

v

j

w

k

x

l

y

m

z

������ ���� Consonant Letters

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z

Vowels Letters ������ ����

a e i o u

Page 2: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢

� �� ���!" Parts of Speech

#��$% &�'(

Noun)* Ahmed, book

Pronoun�+, -�. /0 �" )* 1�2 &� �( 34 I, he, she, it, etc. ……..

Verb/$5 �( 6!� 7 89: ;�< 1�2 &� �( 34 Play, played, will play

Adjective�=> -��! ?3�%� )*@ #�% �+�� A2 B��2 34

rich man /CBDE

)*@ 6F�* ��4 �=�� ?" G<@ �3>3� �=�� �H�5 ?3�% I� ��J�$� ���� K�$J�3>3� )*@ $J

Adverb &�< ��% �" /$=� #�% �+�� A2 B��2 34

L�<3,� �=��

.quicklyAhmed writes

�2��J M��� N".

Preposition �P ��<

Q��� �+R� �" )*@ S( TU% �+�� 34V" �+��J -�! 2W�

school toAhmed goes

M4X� N"YZ �*B�

plane byThey traveled

��5�* )4J �[�\��

Conjunction #\$� ��< ��] �" �+�� � �+�� QJ �( /�% �+�� 34

��]�. Ahmad visited us yesterday. andAli

9�2� K(" �^�B_ N"

Interjection M`$% ��< A2 B��2 34 A2 a$% b���> �" b3>"

M`$��

! She died.Alas

#*c� �� !6%�( F�.

Article e"

������� ���� 7 b�e" ; f : a, an, the

�h��%a "�� iX� ���� )*@ /�!A��* ��j.

book. aThis is

k��� X4. �h��%an "�� iX� ���� )*@ /�!l���( ��j.

apple. anThis is

�<�=% mX4.

�h��%the #��$���. book I bought yesterday. theThis is

K(" -����: iX� k���� 34 X4.

�n< (: ��+P �H�5 ?3�% ! I� ��J�$� ���� � V /$5 1�2 i3�o ?"� J@ ������� ��+P ?" ��X��J ��P ?�J i" ��p

/'( /$5):M��r 9�2 ( &3F^ ��5�< ������� YZ �H�]�% �^eB" 3��: Ali doctor.

t���5 /$5 �u SR^ ?" t����� /$5 1�2 �H[3�< �$� �vr�V ������Z ��] mX4�: a doctor isAli

Page 3: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣

/+wP x3^" Sentences

�\��J /] Simple Sentences �( /]��� Compound Sentences F$( /] Complex Sentences

�\��J /] Simple Sentences

yF5 <� /$5 1�2 i3�o I� ��+P 94: &�'(:

o I saw a boy. o The boy was riding a bicycle.

�z <� ��] ?3��� Q��+P yJB A �\��J: &�'( :

o I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

����( /] Compound Sentences

)�� {�< /F��( |$( �+H�( /��� }$�� �+HR$�J ��> �+u Q�\��J Q��] A( M���% I� ��+P 94

/'( #\2 ��j �+H\JB: and/ but /or and

#\$� �� : �+HR$J QJ �! 2 �+u Q��] yJ�%

Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.

<� ��] ?3��� Q��+P yJB A�z: Anas helped him. andAhmed did his homework

but A�� : QR!���( �" Q=��~ Qv�: A2 Q��] yJ�%

Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.

<� ��] ?3��� Q��+P yJB A�z: he is unhappy. butaled is rich Kh

or �" : B��V �+H�5 ?3�� Q��] yJ�%

We can play football. We can watch TV.

<� ��] ?3��� Q��+P yJB A�z: we can watch TV. orWe can play football

Page 4: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤

F$( /] Complex Sentences

i3�o I� ��+P 94Q��] A( ����( � <� /$5 A( �'�" 1�2:

• ��*�*" ��] Main Clause

• ��3^�f ��]: Subordinate Clause x3^" �f f 94� :

��p" ��] Noun Clause ��=>� ��] Adjectival Clause ��5�� ��] Adverbial Clause

��+P -�: � ��+P Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.

��% |$( �u � /$5 1�2 i3�o b�+�� �23+� 94 ��+P .&�'(: .who was carrying a stickI saw the man

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb.

/$5 ?�J ��+P A( L8�C ?3�% b�+�� �23+� A2 B��2 ��+P -�: .&�'(:

carrying a stick.I saw the man

Page 5: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٥

/$5“?3�� Verb to BE “

It is used as a principal and a helping verb. 2��(� 9��[B /$=� �h���

Subject /2�5 Present xB�R( Past 9,�( Past participle &3$=� )*"

I am was been

He, She, It is was been

We, They, You are were been

��J�f �[�F< �" be�2 A2 ��$��� xB�R� ���> �h��^.

9,�� 7 1H�^� /�< 89: A2 ��$��� 9,�� ���> �h��^.

��'(" les Examp : boys. areThey a pupil. amI

/$=��J ��=�� /+P“?3��”Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

after the verb to be. notWe make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word

/$5 S( ��=�( /] ?3�^)3��? (�+�� S,3J (not) m$J

b��fZ Affirmative 9=^ Negative

I am at home. I am not at home.

You are tall. You are not tall.

.

/$5 S( &��� A�3�%“?3��”Making Questions with the verb to BE

k ��v*�))$^ ( �)@ ( ���~ b�J�C� � :“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

@ � )$^ �J �H�J�CZ ��v*" Yes” or “No” questions ���~ b�J�CZ Short Answers

Affirmativeb��fZ Negative 9=^

Be +Subject /2�5 + Complement ��+�% Yes + Subject + Be No + Subject + Be + not

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not.

Were the boys at school? Yes, they were. No, they were not.

Page 6: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٦

/$5“/+$� Verb to DO “

2��( /$5� 9��[B /$=� �h��� It is used as a principal and a helping verb:

/2�5 Subject xB�R( Present 9,�( Past &3$=� )*" Past participle

I, you, we, they do did done

He, She, It does did done

��J�f �[�F< �" be�2 A2 ��$��� xB�R� ���> �h��^.

9,�� 7 1H�^� /�< 89: A2 ��$��� 9,�� ���> �h��^.

/$5“��z Verb to HAVE “

2��( /$5� 9��[B /$=� �h��� : It is used as a principal and a helping verb

Subject

/2�5

Present

xB�R(

Past

9,�(

Past participle

&3$=� )*"

I, you, we, they have had had

He, She, It has had had

��J�f �[�F< �" be�2 A2 ��$��� xB�R� ���> �h��^. 7 1H�^� /�< 89: A2 ��$��� 9,�� ���> �h��^9,��

/$5 S( ��=�� /+P“��z ”9��[B /$=� Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb

Subject /2�5 + do/does/did + not + have ��+�%+ Complement

I do not have a car.

He does not have A new watch.

They did not Have breakfast this morning.

Page 7: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٧

/$5 S( &��� A�3�%“��z ”9��[B /$=� Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

@ � )$^ �J �H�J�CZ ��v*"

“Yes” or “No” questions

���~ b�J�CZ Short Answers

b��fZ Affirmative 9=^ Negative

Do/Does/Did +Subject

5/2� +have

+ Complement

��+�% Yes + Subject + do/does/did

No + Subject + do/does/did+not

Do you have a car? Yes, I do. No, I do not.

Does he have a new watch? Yes, he does. No, he does not

Did they have Breakfast this morning? Yes, they did. No, they did not.

/$5“ ��z ”2��( /$=� Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.

���� xB�R� A(_ ?3��� 2��( /$=� ��z /$5 �h���. ��'(": o They have lived here for two years. o Adel has just finished his work.

/$5 S( ��=�� /+P“��z ”2��( /$=� Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

SR^ ��z /$5 S( 9=^ A�3��� not /$=� X4 $J. ��'(": o I have lived here for a long time.

I have not lived here for a long time.

S( &��� A�3�% /$5“��z ”2��( /$=� Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb

���~ b�J�C� � @ � )$^ �J ��v*�: “Yes” or “No” questions and short answers /2�=� 1�2 /$=� X4 �F^ 2��( /$=� ��z /$5 S( &�* A�3���. &�'(:

o They have lived here for a long time. Have they lived here for a long time? Yes, they have. No, they have not.

/$5 S( W�V" b�(h�*“��z”Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

9,�� � xB�R� 7 B��R� A2 a$�� .&�'( : To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, had to.

now. have to leaveI

��!��� &�$5� }$J S( .&�'(: With some model auxiliaries.

see a doctor. had betterYou

�V �h: �\*3J /�< �( L�v�: ?" Q��� .&�'( :To show that something is caused by another person.

week. every cleanedmy shoes haveI

Page 8: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٨

*����+�����8� Nouns

��X� �H(h��^ I� b�+��� 94 8�p�: Nouns are words we use to name:

B3$: � B��5" � ?��( � 89: � �h: � )�2 � )*.

��h:" People man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

8��:" Things book, table, sugar, fruit, …

�("A� Places school, street, city, house, …..

B��5" Ideas freedom, honesty, truth, ….

B3$: Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

e�$� �D � e�$� 8�p� Countable & Uncountable Nouns

o e�$� 8�p� :�J �42 A�z I� 8��:� 94 X�4� �f f � ?��f � <� . Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.

o e�$( ��� 8�p� :�H��! )!B S,� A�z @ i" �42 A�z @ I� 94 . Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

e�$� 8�p� Countable Nouns

o 4S] � e�=( ��> �u 8�p� mX . These nouns have singular and plural forms. o �h�* S�\��% e�$� e�=� 8�p� /�! a / an .Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an.

o �FJ��� b�+��� ?�J �4e�=� e�$( e�=( 8�p" �h�* S�\��^ @. You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.

Page 9: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٩

S+P 8 (Z 23! Spelling Rules for Plurals

�5�,�J 8�p� )n$( A( S+P ?�3�^ “s” e�=� )* �. We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s” to the singular noun.

Singular Plural one book two books

one horse many horses

� ���� sh, ch, z, x, s ����وف ���� ا�� ا����ء es

match matches

bus buses

dish dishes

Box boxes

�ف ��آ�، ��ف و���� y ���ف ���� ا�� ا����ء�� y و���� ies

city cities

baby babies

!� s ���� ����ك ��ف و���� y ���ف ���� ا�� ا����ء

boy boys

key keys

es ���� ��آ�، ��ف و���� o ���ف ���� ا�� ا����ء

potato potatoes

tomato Tomatoes

.!� s ���� ����ك، ��ف و���� o ���ف ���� ا�� ا����ء

radio radios

zoo zoos

es و���� ، v ��ف إ$ ��#� fe أو f ���ف ���� ا�� ا����ء

knife knives

shelf Shelves

: ا�-�� ا,�+ �*( �)�' ا��آ�& ا����ء

classroom classrooms

policeman Policemen

:ا�3ذة ا����ء �0/ ه��ك

man men

woman women

child children

person people

foot feet

tooth teeth

goose geese

mouse mice

Page 10: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٠

Uncountable Nouns e�$� ��� 8�p�

�5�,�J �u S] @ I� 94 es ,s Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

��������'(": salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.

�h�* S�\��% @a �"an e�$� ��� 8�p� /�!

A( ��( e�$� ��� 8�p� : . flour ��!e salt t�( meat )�

information b�(3�$( coffee 3H! knowledge �5�$(

butter J_ food ��$r tea i�:

sugar ��* gold M4� blood �e

news B��V" glass ��C_ cheese �C

milk M��< paper �B� bread ��V

rice _B wood M�V furniture b�:��=(

rain �\( steel �< grass M�2

cloth ��+! music 1F�*3( marble ��VB

]�e�=� ��(�$( /(�$% e�$� ��� 8�p� S.

��'(": o Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia. o Milk has many minerals.

S+P ��(�$( /(�$� -^U5 e�$( ��� )*@ /�! ��+�� 1�2 &% b�+�� 6$,� 3� A�� �. o Two cups of tea are not enough for me. o Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Page 11: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١١

#��$�� b�e" ���� � Definite & Indefinite Articles

a / an ��^ b�eU� ?�(h��% .. are used as indefinite articles

The #��$��� eU� �h��% . is used as definite articles

SR^a A��* ��j "�% I� 8�p� /�!. We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound.

SR^an l���( ��j "�% I� 8�p� /�!. We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound .

������ ���� : Vowels a . e . i . o - u

�h��^a/an We use a/an:

Before a singular countable noun. e�$� e�=� 8�p� /�!. a table . an egg

Before a job, a particular group of people or a nationality.

�23+� �" �=��3� /�!����P �" ���� A( ���$(.

Saleh is a doctor He is an engineer. She is an English women.

With numbers that mean every. E$% I� ��!B� S(“/�” He washes his hands ten times a day. (means every day).

7 ���� b�e �h��^ @: ..use a/an DO NOTWe :

No article is used with abstract nouns and the names of metals.

� S( e" i" �h��% @ 8�p?e�$� 8�p" � ��3�$�.

Love, beauty, hatred, wood, silver, gold

No article is used before plural or uncountable nouns.

�" S+P /�! e" i" �h��% @ e�$( ��� 8�p�.

There are books on the table. Milk is good for you.

Page 12: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٢

#��$�� b�e"“"&”The Definite Article “The”

The is used before: #��$�� e" �h��%“&" ”/�!:

A noun that is the only one of its kind.

W3* -23^ A( C3� @ iX� )*@yF5 <�.

The river Nile The Ka’aba

Names of rivers, seas, oceans, etc….

B���� � B��� 8�p"........�. The Arabian Gulf The Red Sea

A noun which is the object of a sentence.

��+P -J &3$=( ?3�� iX� )*@. Umar answered the question.

The names of musical instruments. ��F�*3� b@� 8�p". Can you play the duff?

Names of some countries. p"?��� }$J 8�. The United Kingdom The U.S.A.

With some time expressions. 6!3� 1�2 ��� �J�$�� }$J S(. at the weekend in the evening

With dates. ��B3�� S(. On the first day of every month.

With some general expressions. �(�$� b��$�� }$J S(. Listen to the radio/news. Go to the market/desert.

Use article with the name that is repeated.

)*@ S( &" #��$�� e" �h��^��^�'� �+�� ��� iX�.

I saw a man. The man was young.

No article is used with the names of studies of subjects.

i" �h��% @ e3� 8�p" S( e"��*B�.

I do not like science. My favorite subject is mathematics.

No article is used before such words as school, home, bed,

work, etc.

���$( 8�p" /�! e" i" �h��% @/+2 ����* �&�( ��*B( /'(....

I am going to school. I always go to bed early.

No article is used before such words such as day and month

names.

���$( 8�p" S( e" i" �h��% @ B3H�� � ���� /'(.

on Monday, in June in summer (sometimes in the summer). before breakfast.

Page 13: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٣

Pronouns �[�+R� �+R�)*@ /. /0 A pronoun replaces a noun .

Subject Pronouns

/2�=� �[�+,

Object Pronouns

-J &3$=� �[�+,

Possessive Adjectives

����� b�=>

Possessive Pronouns

����� �[�+,

Reflexive Pronouns

���$^@ �[�+,

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

We us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

;��^ 89: i" A2 �" A( S( )�2 1�2 ?3�^ �(�2 )*@ A( @J �+R� �h��^. We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about .

��'("Examples :

passes all his tests. HeAli is a good student.

-J &3$=� �[�+, Object Pronouns

-J &3$=� �+, �h��^. We use an object pronoun

�P ���< $J After a preposition .

Do you live near them? Send the box directly to me.

$J for, to S( /'( &�$5make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show

After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.

it for her. madeThe little boy

Page 14: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٤

��*��$^@ �[�+, Reflexive Pronouns

��*��$^��[�+, �h��^ .Reflexive pronouns are used: ���������U�������� for emphasize

Did you do the decorations yourself ? I did the painting myself

�>�� �J�$�� }$J S( With some special expressions

Help yourself . Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. I live by myself. (I live alone)

Relative Pronouns />3� �[�+,

The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

}$�J �HR$J /+P yJ�� />3� �[�+, �h��%. ��%� b3\� S�% /+P yJ�� �: �� �H$!3( A2 {��^ � ��^�'� ��+P 7 B���( �+�� A2 {��^ . 6^�� ��5 ) /+$��^ L !�2 L 2�5who ( ) /+$��^ L !�2 -J L@3$=(whom ( $J �+��� e3C3J ��� ��$^ �/$=� . /+$��^ /!�2 �D 6^�� �Z �which.

�(" that /+P S�] 7 �u�+$�* /R=^ @ ��^" @Z �FJ��� b�+��� A( �+�� i" &J �h���5. �+�� /+$��^ ����+�� 6^�� �Z � whose

�� � ��+P 7 -�'( 65X< iX� )*@ S,� ��^�'� ��+P A( B���� �+��� �X<Y�.

I� �iX�]/!�$� /2�=��[ Who

�h��%who ��+P &�" me3C3J /2�=� ��$^ L�$�r � /!�$� /2�=� /. /��� .¢��� &�'� G<@ :

Here is the man. The man is a doctor.

�+�� �X£The man �H�( L@J SR^ � ��^�'� ��+P A(who �+P SR^ � 7 �H�'( ��5X< I� �+��� $J ��^�'� �

t���5 Y�� ��+P: Here is the man who is a doctor.

��'(": 1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.

The man who was here is a doctor

2) My friend swims well. He lives here. My friend who lives here swims well.

Page 15: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٥

I� �iX�]/!�$� -J &3$=�[ Whom

/+$��%whom /$=� $J me3C3J -J &3$=� ��$^ L�$�r � /!�$� -J &3$=� /. /��� .¢��� &�'� G<@ : The man came here. I visited him.

�+�� �X£him SR^ � ��^�'� ��+P A(whom $J ��^�'� ��+P � &3>3� )*@ SR^� ���^�'� ��+P &�" �H�'( ��5X< I� �+���)�+R� �H��Z e3$� I� (t���5:

The man whom I visited came here.

��'(": 1) The man was working with me. I paid him. The man whom I paid was working with me. 2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower. This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

I� �iX�]-J &3$=� �" /2�=� e�+`��[ Which

/+$��%which C3�5 -J &3$=� �(" ��+P &�" me3C3J /2�=� ��$^ L�$�r � /!�2 ��� &3$=� �" /2�=� /. /��� $J/$=� .¢��� &�'� G<@ :

He found his book. He lost it yesterday.

�+�� ?" W�^hi �+�� 1�2 e3$%his book �H�( L@J SR^ � �H5X��5 which )*@ SR^ � ��^�'� ��+P &�" 7 �H�'( ��5X< I� �+��� $J ��^�'� ��+P � &3>3�)R� �H��Z e3$� I��+ (t���5:

He found his book which he lost yesterday.

��'(": 2) This book is cheap. It is very useful. This book which is very useful is cheap.

1) This is the house. I live in it. This is the house which I live in.

I� �iX�]/!�$� �D � /!�$�� -J &3$=� �" /2�=�[ That

/+$��% that �H<�: ��* e" i" /. /o i" /!�2 �D � /!�$� -J &3$=� �" /2�=� /. /��� .������ ��'(� G<@ :

I have a bird. It sings. I have a bird that (which) sings.

This is the boy. You met her. This is the boy that (whom) you met

.

Whose I� �iX�]����+��[ /+$��%whose ����+�� .¢��� &�'� G<@ :

This is the man. His car hit the boy. This is the man whose car hit the boy.

�+�� ?" � ��4car ��3�¤ ��the man &3>3� )*@ -�( L@J SR^ � ����� �+, �X��5whose

�+�� �4$J SR^ � car .

Page 16: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٦

Making Questions ��v*� A�3�%

���� 7 2��� /$=� SR^ &�* YZ ��a� ��+P /�3��� : 94 2��� &�$5� :Helping Verbs am . is . are . was . were . have . has . had . will . would . shall . should . can . could . may . might . must . ought to

�����������'(": They are doctors Are they doctors?

Can they help us? She can help us Will you go to the market? I will go to the market

2��( /$5 ��+P�J A�� ¥ �Z ) xB�R� (

� ( ?�J xB�R� /$=� S(S �h��^DO : �����������'(": Do they play tennis? They play tennis. Do you write books?. I write books

� (/$=� S( -J iX� xB�R�S �h��^does : �����������'(": Does Ahmed play tennis? ¦Ahmed plays tennis.

Does Huda watch TV? Huda watch TV.

2��( /$5 ��+P�J A�� ¥ �Z ) 9,�� (

§ ( �h��^ 9,�� /$=� S(: �����������'(":

They watched TV last night. Did they watch TV last night? I played football yesterday Did you play football yesterday?.

-�>" YZ /$=� e�2Z G<@)&�� #����� (2��� /$=� e3C3� ��� �

���������n< (: �H�J�CZ ?3�% �FJ��� ��v*� S�] �Jyes �"no &�* eUJ "�% ¥ ��� ��� � .

1+�% I� � ������ &��� b�e" W<�J "�� ?" M`�5 ���$( �(3�$( 8�\2Z &��� A( �u ?�� �Z:

Wh Questions

Where? A�" ?��� A2 &����

When? ¨( ?�(�� A2 &����

Why? ��� M��� A2 &����

What? �( /��( 89: A2 &����

Which? i" Qv�: QJ B���V �

Who? A( /!�2 /2�5 A2 &����

Whom? A( /!�2 -J &3$=( A2 &����

Page 17: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٧

Wh Questions (Cont.)

Whose? A� ����� A2 &����

How? #�� ���� A2 &����

How many? e2 )� e$� A2 &����

How much? ��+� )� &������+�� A2

How long? &3r )� &3\� A2 &����

How old? �+2 )� �+$� A2 &����

How far? $J )� �5��� A2 &����

Steps for Making a Question &��� A�3�% b3\V

/'( �-�2 &��� e�� 8�`�� ��*��� &��� e" ��V : When, Where, Why………..etc S, 2��� /$=�helping verb )C� ?Z ( �:��( &��� e" $J i" /2�=� /�! .

�h�* 2��( /$5 ��+P�J A�� ¥ �Z : *?�J xB�R� /$=� S(S �h��^DO

* -J iX� xB�R� /$=� S(S �h��^ does

*�h��^ 9,�� /$=� S( did

� /$=� $J /2�=� S,�" L >" ��+P�J e3C3� 83* 2�� YZ /$=� e�2Z �n< ( S( �^�2 A( �4��(h�* I�&�� -=���% i" -�>". � &��� k3C -^� -�2 &��� e�� 8�P �X<.

������������������������'(" : They are going to eat meat. What are they going to eat?

* ��(! ��^" G<@are 1�2they �+�� ��5X< � 2��� /$=� 94 ���meat &��� 1�2 k3P ���.

They played tennis at school. Where did they play tennis? * ��(h�* ��^" G<@did 9,�� 7 /$=� ?� � 2��( /$5 e3C� �$� .�X< L�R�" G<@ � ed ( Y" -%e�2� /$=� A

-�>" . ��5X< ��^" G<@ �at school &��� 1�2 k3P ���.

�n< (: /'( |$� S( M*���% 9�� �[�+R� }$J ���% G<@:

I t��%t��% you you t��%t��% I

we t��%t��% my you t��%t��% your

&��� e" SR^ /J �^�2 A( L2��( ««««L $5 �h��^ @ /2�=� A2 &��� ?�� �Zwho L !�2 /2�=� ?�� �Z �what L !�2 �D /$=� ?�� �Z.

��'(": Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window? The book describes accidents. What describes accidents?

Page 18: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٨

b@�+$�* How

He was very pleased to meet his friend. How was he to meet his friend?

��=��� �" ���� A2 &���� How

Thirty boys are in this class. How many boys are in this class?

e$� A2 &���� How many

I am twenty years old. How old are you?

�+$� A2 &���� How old

You paid five pounds for this coat. How much did you pay for this coat?

��+�� A2 &���� How much

It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?

b�5��� A2 &���� How far

This rope is two meters long. How long is this rope?

&3r� A2 &���� How long

This fence is four meters high. How high is this fence?

b�2�=%B� A2 &���� How high

Sami is meter and a half tall. How tall is Sami?

��h:� &3r" A2 &���� How tall

) Some}$J( any) i" (

�h��%some &��� �" ��=�� 6��� � ��a� /+P 7 �¬3V" �. 1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there . 3) He is somewhere.

�h��%�any 9=�� � &��� S( �¬3V" �. �� S(&�: 1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home? 3) Is he anywhere?

9=�� S(:

1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody. 3) He is not anywhere.

Page 19: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

١٩

9=�� A�3�% Making Negative

�+�� SR^ 9=^ YZ ��a� ��+P /�3���not �2��� /$= : 94 2��� &�$5� :Helping Verbs

am . is . are . was . were . have . has . had . will . would . shall . should . can . could . may . might . must . ought to

�����������'(": They are not happy. They are happy. He can not help us. He can help us.

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be

(Negative) 9=�� 7 (Affirmative) b��f� 7

Long Forms Short Forms Long Forms Short Forms

I am not I’m not I am I’m

He is not He’s not He is He’s

She is not She’s not She is She’s

It is not It’s not It is It’s

You are not You’re not You are You’re

We are not We’re not We are We’re

They are not They’re not They are They’re

�( /$5 ��+P 7 A�� ¥ �Z�^�2 A( 2��( /$=J TU�5 2� . 94 2��� &�$5�� (do, does, did) SR^ �(not) &�� #����� i" -�>" YZ /$=� e�2Z �n< ( S( m$J.

�n< ( :¢��� &�P 7 �+� �+��� 9=�J ��+P 9=��5 ��+P 7 ��%� b�+��� W<Z 6^�� �Z :

�fb� Affirmative 9=^ Negative

some }$J no, any

both……and A( /�....� neither………….nor

either…..or �(Z......�" neither………….nor sometimes L�^��<" never

as………as -�'(......./'( not so…………..as

all /� not all

every /� no, not every

Page 20: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٠

��(_� TENSES

y���� xB�R� Present Simple Tense

A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h��� �[�F� � bBF� � ���F�� � be�$�. e�­ /$=� i" /$=�� &�� #����� A( A(�� X4 ?3���.

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

every /� Always L�+[e Usually e�2 Generally �®(3+2 Often ����D « Sometimes L�^��<"

Rarely Be�^ Never J" « from time to time �V� Q< A(

������������������������'(" I go to school everyday.

They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m. We often drink coffee in the morning. She is never late to school.

�n< ( : #�R^ M[�D e�=( /2�=� ?�� �Z S /$=�� e��_.

Ali drinks milk every morning. A cow gives us milk.

Past Simple Tense y���� 9,��

9,�� 7 S!� ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h���.

�5�,Z i" /$=�� ¯�'� #����� A( A(�� X4 ?3��� ed ���� &�$5� �n< ( S(. TU�/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4:

yesterday K(" Last 9,�� Ago 1R( in 1988 AD , in 1415 AH: /'( 9,�� 7 ��B�% i" �"

I, He, She, it ===== was They, We, You ===== were

������������������������'("

I watched television last night. They visited their uncle yesterday. We went to Makkah two months often.

Page 21: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢١

y���� /�F��� Future Simple Tense

/�F��� 7 -f�< S!3�( ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h���. Will / shall + /$�������=�� &�� #����������������������������

TU%shall )���� �+, S(I �WE �("WILL �[�+R� 9!�J S( TU�5.

A���SHALL �+�� 6�< !� �'�� ������� 7 �H(h�* B^WILL �[�+R� S�] S( �uJ . /'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

tomorrow LD Next �e�F� in the future /�F��� 7

in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH : /'( /�F��� 7 ��B�% i" �"

"�'(����������������������� I will go to school tomorrow. They will play foot ball next Friday. He will join the army in the future.

�h�*�J y���� /�F��+�� �V" A�3�% l��4: am , is , are ====== going to

�+��� xB�R� Present Continuous Tense

yF5 ?� SF� ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h���. A( A(�� X4 ?3��� : + ing /$5 /$5 /$5 /$5++++ am / is / are

I --------------------- am + verb + ing He, she, it------------- is + verb + ing They, we, you------ are + verb + ing

S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU� /'( b�+��:

now ?� at the moment �n��� mX4 7 look �n^ listen S+�* at the present time �,�� 6!3� 7

������������������������'(" I am reading a story at the moment. They are watching television now. Look! the bus is coming.

W��� B3$�� A2 a$% &�$5� mX4� �+��� 9,�� �" �+��� xB�R� 83* B�+�*@ 7 SF% ?" A�z @ &�$5� }$J &�$5� mX4 A(� ���<��:

Like M0 Love M0 Want ��� Prefer /R=� Wish |+�� Hate m��� Dislike �m�� Feel �$�� Hope /(U� Hear S+�� Think F�$� Seem ��� Appear �Hn� Fear 1�± Consider a�$� Fit M*��� Believe �> Trust �'� Understand )H=�

Page 22: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٢

Past Continuous Tense �+��� 9,�� 2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h��� �V" /$5 x3!� 8��f" 9,�� 7 S!� /$5 A.

A( A(�� X4 ?3��� A( A(�� X4 ?3��� A( A(�� X4 ?3��� A( A(�� X4 ?3���:::: + ing verb ++++ was / were

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�: when �(�2 While �+��J As ?" {�< Because ?�

��3��(:

9,�� A(_ -$( TU� �( e�2 A(�� X4-f�< 8��f" S!� iX� i" �+��� 9,�� /�² iX� � y����. ������������������������'("

my room. entered, a thief was sleepingWhile I

)I5�D �� /Ve � L�+[�^ 6�� �+��J ( ��� &3Ve �V�� �3�� 34� �+��( 9,�( �³<" Qf< 1�2 i3�o ��+P mX4�< iX� �5��� �3�� 8��f" /.

. came, my father were eatingWhen we

)i�� 8�C � /�U^ ��� �+��J ( iX� i�� 89� �V�� /�� 34� �+��( 9,�( �³<" Qf< 1�2 i3�o ��+P mX4 /�� 8��f" /�<.

�n< ( : ���� ?" ?�e ��+P y*� yJ�� e" S,� A�z 9�� �+� �FJ��� ?���+P t���5 |$�: . was sleepingmy room while I enteredA thief L�+[�^ 6�� �+��J I5�D �� /Ve

. were eatingwhen we cameMy father /�U^ ��� �+��J i�� 8�C

�n< (: �+��J ��+P b"J �Z ��>�=� M��%While 7 6$!� �Z �Xo� Y�� ��+P #���(.

2�! ?" L�+[e ��X%while y��J 9,�( 34� ´C�=( �V� � �+��( /�3r &�� ? $5 �µ.

Future Continuous Tense �+��� /�F���

��=� �+���� /�F��� 7 -f�< S!3�( 89: A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h���.

A( A(�� X4 ?3��� Will + be + verb + ing

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

At A(��� �2 By&3�j In ?3RD 7

from…to A(..YZ All S�]� /� After $J

������������������������'("

By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

Page 23: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٣

Present Perfect Tense ���� xB�R�

¨< e3C3( mB�f¶ 6�_@ � 9,�� 7 1H�^ �" b�n� /�! 1H�^ � 9,�� 7 /�< ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h���

?�. A( A(�� X4 ?3���: =�� {��'� #�����=�� {��'� #�����=�� {��'� #�����=�� {��'� #�����/$/$/$/$ has / have +

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

Since X�( For � just 3�� 7

Yet ?� ¨< Ever J� 7 never LJ"

Recently �'�< « Already L�(�·

������������������������'("

I have lived in Riyadh for six years. I have not visited him since 1995. Ahmed has already finished his homework. She has written three letters just now.

Since & For

Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now”

�+�� E$%“X�( ”A( LB���2 ?� ¨< � 9,�� 7 e. ��5 �" �\F^.

For means “a definite period of time”

�+�� E$%“ � ”���(_ ��5 1�2.

Since X�( For �

2 o’clock a moment

Monday 3 minutes

yesterday an hour

last night many hours

last week/ last month/ last year 3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months

1996 a year

last century 10 years

he came………… a century

Page 24: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٤

Past Perfect Tense ���� 9,��

9,�� A(_ 7 �( �n� 7 1H�^ � /�< ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h��� .

A( A(�� X4 ?3���: /$=�� {��'� #����� + had

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

After $J Before /�! Which ?� ¨< as soon as J� 7

������������������������'("

I had washed before I prayed. They went home after they had finished their work. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.

���� 9,�� 8�H�^ $J ;< iX� y���� 9,�� A(_ -$( TU� �( L����D A(�� X4 ?" G<@.

Future Perfect Tense ���� /�F���

� -f�< S!3�( ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h��� /�F��� 7 �( A(_ 7 m¸�H�^ .

A( A(�� X4 ?3���: /$=�� {��'� #�����+ will + have

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

By &3�j At �2

������������������������'(" By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work.

At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

Page 25: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٥

. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ���� xB�R� �+���

?� ¨< �+��( -��� � 9,�� 7 ¹ � -�( 8�C S!� ;< A2 ��$��� A(�� X4 �h��� .

A( A(�� X4 ?3���:

ing + verb + has / have + been

/'( b�+�� S( e�2 A(�� X4 TU�:

For � Since X�(

������������������������'("

I have been studying English for six years. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock

���� xB�R� � �+��� ���� xB�R� QJ ��=^ 9�� :������ ��'(� G<@:

Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table.

?�3�^ Q��+P mX4 A(: Present Perfect Continuous Tense ����� xB�R �+��� She has been making cakes for three hours. Present Perfect Tense ���� xB�R� She has made 100 cakes.

Imperatives �(� ���>

Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate

instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do. �" b�n< � � bB�:� �W32� �b�+��$�� A2 a$�� b��f� 7 ?3�% �(" /+P ��J 7 �h��% &�$5" 94 �(� ���>

VZ/$=� ��( �h: B��. The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,….etc.

&�� #����� i" /$=�� �\���� ����� �(� ���> �h��% . ������������������������'("

2Z�������\�����% 8������$������������������+�����b� Give Instructions (Affirmative) b��fZ . Mix the flour and the sugar

(Affirmative) b��fZ Take two tablets every four hours. >������������������������� ��������2������� W3Make Invitations

(Affirmative) b��fZ Come in; make yourselves at home

(Negative) 9=^ Please start; do not wait for me.

Page 26: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٦

VZ������������: B����h����( �����* �������=��$��� -Tell someone what to do

(Affirmative) b��fZ Open your book

(Negative) 9=^ Do not forget to post the letter 2Z����\�����o 8������X����� b�Give Warnings

(Affirmative) b��fZ . Keep out. Danger.

%�����������3����:Z A�����( � bB�������< ��������n������ b�Make Signs & Notices (Affirmative) b��fZ . Push

(Affirmative) b��fZ Insert 2 X 50 SR. . (Affirmative) b��fZ Keep off the grass.

%����������������������3��������� A�����\����� M� Make Requests (Affirmative) b��fZ . Please open the door.

Modals ��!��� &�$5�

A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used. h:� S�] S( <� ���> -� �!��� /$=�-�5 �h��% iX� W3�º M�< ���(_ &��:" � ¯�$( 2 -� A��� ��.

Form ����� )/$=�� &�� #�����( shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to +

{��f #���% �" B�( �!��� /$=�� K�� .. Modals have no infinitives or past participles

Modals ��!��� &�$5�

Expresses: A2 a$% : Example &�'(

shall Promise2� You shall take a reward.

Determination)�+�% He does not want to obey me: but he shall.

Page 27: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٧

Threat �¬ You shall be punished if you come late.

should Duty MC3� You should obey your teachers.

Advice or opinion i"�� �" ������ You should stop smoking.

will The simple future tense. /�F��� ���>

y���� He will visit us tomorrow.

Determination or promise �" )�+���

23�

I will travel when I like. We will do as you wish.

might Possibility ��^��(� I hoped that I might succeed. I thought that the weather might change

can, am/is/are able to

Ability BF� He can do it carefully. He is able to solve the problem.

shall be able, will be able

Ability in the future /�F��� 1�2 BF� I shall be able to help you.

could Past, present or future possibility

9,�� 7 ��^��(� / xB�R� //�F��� Fahad could drive his car a year ago. Ali is not in class today. He could be sick. Do not leave now. It could rain now.

must Necessity B��R� You must listen to your teachers.

had to The past form of must :past necessity

9,�� 7 B��R� Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He had to stay home to study.

ought to Advice ������ You ought to help the poor.

ought to have Actions that were advisable in the past

9,�� 7 �H�+2 A����� A( ?�� ;<" You ought to have studied. (You did not. That was a mistake)

Affirmative b��fZ Negative 9=^ Question b��fZ Short Answers ���~ b�J�CZ

Affirmative Negative

They should eat now. They should not eat now.

Should they eat now?

Yes, they should. No, they should not.

He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave? Yes, he will. No, he will not.

He would succeed. He would not succeed.

Would he leave? Yes, he would. No, he would not.

I might succeed. I might not succeed.

Might I succeed?

I may sleep. I may not sleep. May I sleep?

I can do it. I can not do it. Can I do it? Yes, you can. No, you can not.

He could talk. He could not talk. Could he talk? Yes, he could. No, he could not.

Page 28: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٨

We could have a test tomorrow.

We could not have a test tomorrow.

Could we have a test tomorrow?

Yes, you could. No, he could not.

You must go now. You must not go now.

Must you go now? Yes, I must. No, I must not.

You ought to help them.

You ought not to help them.

Ought you to help them?

Yes, I ought to. No, I ought not.

Comparing Adjectives (b�=�� �^B�F

Comparing Short Adjectives F� b�=�� �^B�F( ��

� .Q�h: �" Qv�: QJ �^B�F�:

�F< � �5�,Z G< ^ �^B�F� A( x3�� X4 7er �+�� � ��F� b�=�� M�D�than

Ali is older than Ahmed. My Car is faster than yours.

��j �=�� 6H�^ �Ze #�R^ ��^U5r yF5.

safer than safe simple simpler than

��j �=�� 6H�^ �Zy & M�F^ ��^U5y YZi #�R^ �er e�$���.

easier than easy heavier than heavy

� .Q�h: �" Qv�: A( �'�" QJ �^B�F�:

�+�� ��³" ��4 G< ^the �=�� ���% I� �5�,Z G< � � �^B�F�est �� mX4 . Everest is the highest mountain.

This is the biggest building in Riyadh.

��j �=�� 6H�^ �Ze #�R^ @ ��^U5e �C.

the safest safe

��j �=�� 6H�^ �Zy M�F^ ��^U5 &y YZi #�R^ �est e�$���.

the easiest easy

Page 29: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٢٩

Comparing Long Adjectives ���3\� b�=�� �^B�F( � .Q�h: �" Qv�: QJ �^B�F�:

( �'�" 1�2 i3�0 S\F( /� �S\F( A( �'�" A( �=�� ?3��% ��4A�2���( Q����( Q5�< A . Beautiful /�] Difficult M$>

Dangerous �\V Correct t��>

Important )H( Fluent t��5

/�F� @ b�=�� A( x3�� X4er @ �est .

�+�� b�=�� mX4 ���% Qv�: QJ �^B�F� ���< 9=5more �+�� � than than Riyadh. more beautifulJeddah is than English. more difficultFrench is

� .Q�h: �" Qv�: A( �'�" QJ �^B�F�:

�+�� b�=�� mX4 ���% Qv�: A( �'�" QJ �^B�F� ���< 7the most

class.girl in her most beautifulAmal is the subject in this book. most importantThis is the

�������������n< (: |$� �=�� Q�f" QJ �^B�F( Q�f" A( �'�" QJ �^B�F(

�C good better than the best

´�* bad worse than the worst

�'�)e�$+��(

�'�)e�$� ���(

many much

more than the most

/��!)e�$� ���( little less than the least

�$J far farther than the farthest

than his brother at school. betterAdel is

one in her class. worstThis girl is the

as……..as /'( -�'()y�R��J( not as….as /'( -�'( K�� as……..as /'( -�'()y�R��J( Q�=> QJ ���( e3C� Q< » \>@ X4 �h���.

Ali is as tall as his brother. This bag is as big as my bag.

not as……..as /'( -�'( K��

���< 7 » \>@ X4 �h����2 Q�=> QJ ���( e3C�. Ali is not as tall as his brother.

This bag is not as big as my bag.

Page 30: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٠

Adverbs ���n�]&3<�[

An Adverb always modifies a verb. L�+[e /$=� #�� ��n� Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives. �=��� ly �J ?�3�% ���n� )n$(�5�,

slowly slow nicely nice happily happy carefully careful

There are many kinds of adverbs : ���n� A( x3^" 2 l��4:

� � l3��� 1�2 ��� ���n�:A2 a$% I� ���n� ;� x3!� ��=�� 1.. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done .

I closed the window carefully. The soldier fought bravely.

� ?�(�� ����:/$=� ;�< A(_ ��=�� A2 a$% I� ���n�. : express the time when an action is or was done. 2. Adverbs of time :

I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow. What’s going to happen next?

§ � ?��� ����:;� x3!� ?��( A2 a$% I� ���n� .

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done. I shall stand here. I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.

�J 9H��% I� b�+��� }$Jly 3�% ?" A�+� A(b�=> �" ���� ? .6!3� 1�2 &% b�+��� mX4 )n$( ./'(: Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.

Daily L��(3� Weekly L��23�*" Monthly L���H: Yearly L��3�*

A daily newspaper is published daily. We get up early to catch an early train.

� B���� 1�2 ��� ���n�:89�� ;�< b�( e2 A2 �^a² I� .���n� mX4 A(�: : tell how often we do something. 4. Adverbs of frequency :

Always L�+[e Often �DL���

Usually e�2 Sometimes L�^��<" Seldom LBe�^ Rarely LC LBe�^ Never LJ" Occasionally �V� 9< A(

?3�� /$5 : 2��� /$=� $J B���� ��� TU�Verb to BE:

Ali is always on time.

W�V� &�$5�: ie�$� /$=� /�! B���� ��� TU�Other Verbs:

Ali sometimes reads a book.

Page 31: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣١

Adverbial Clause of Time 6!3� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

)when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since (

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( 6!3� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e" . &�'(:

I found a watch. I was walking in the street. I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

Adverbial Clause of Place ?��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

) where, wherever (

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( ?��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e".

&�'(: Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

Adverbial Clause of Cause M��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

)because, since, as (

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence.

S( M��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e"����[�� ��+P.

&�'(: I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

Adverbial Clause of Manner l3��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

) ) ) )As, as if, as through ((((

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( l3��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e" . $J TU� L�+[eas if 9F�F< �D 9,�(.

&�'(: He speaks as if he were a king.

�h�* G<@were A( L@Jwas &��V e�� � ��F�F< �D ���.

It looks as if it would rain.

�h�* G<@would A( L@Jwill S!3% e�� ��" � 9F�F< �D 9,�( 34�.

Page 32: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٢

Adverbial Clause of Purpose ¼��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

) ) ) )that, so that, in order that ((((

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( ¼��� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e" .

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.

�h��^)��B+B�� (/�F��� �" xB�R� 7 9��[�� /$=� ?3�� �(�2. &�'(:

He works hard. He wishes to succeed. He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.

�h��^)��B+B�� (y���� 9,�� 7 9��[�� /$=� ?3�� �(�2. &�'(:

He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

Adverbial Clause of Result �`���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

We use: ( so + adverb + that ) ( such + noun +that )

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result. ��� mX4 �h��%����[�� ��+P S( �`���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�� b��.

&�'(:

The man is so weak that he can not walk. He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

Adverbial Clause of Contrast }!���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

)though, although (

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( }!���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e" .

&�'(: He is poor. He is happy.

Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

Page 33: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٣

Adverbial Clause of Contrast �^B�F� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

) ) ) )as….as, so……as ((((

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence.

����[�� ��+P S( �^B�F� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ�% mX4 yJ�� b�e" .

&�'(: Nabeel is as clever as his father.

Sami is not so strong as his brother.

Adverbial Clause of Condition ���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P

If , unless

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.

% mX4 yJ�� b�e"����[�� ��+P S( ���� 1�2 ��� ��5�n� /+P yJ� .

&�'(: If we are ill, we go to bed.

If we work hard, we will succeed. If we worked hard, we would succeed.

If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

as……..as /'( -�'(] y�R��J[ not as….as /'( -�'( K��

as……..as /'( -�'(] y�R��J[

Q��< QJ ���( e3C� Q< » \>@ X4 �h���. Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

not as……..as /'( -�'( K��

< 7 » \>@ X4 �h��� ����2 Q��< QJ ���( e3C�. Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.

Page 34: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٤

Active & Passive &3H`+�� E�� � �3�$+�� E��

L�(3�$( �H�2�5 ?3�� I� ��+P 34 �3�$+�� E���J �F�. ( �D �H�2�5 ?3�� I� ��+P 34 &3H`+�� E���J �F���³� /��! �" �3�$.

&3H`+�� E�� � �3�$+�� E�� A( x3^" 2 l��4:

� /+P ��aStatements / ��v*�Questions / ��(�Command

P����+������� /������h�������������� �Statements

Ahmed broke the window yesterday.

�3�$+�� E�( ��+P mX4active 34� �3�$( �H�5 /2�=� ?� ����ahmed .

The window was broken yesterday. The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.

&3H`+�� E�( ��+P mX4passive 34� �3�$( �D �H�5 /2�=� ?� ����ahmed � ��+P 7 �+� ?��( S,� �" Y� ��J L�!3��( -J &3$=�by ��^�'� ��+P 7 �+�.

�3�$+�� E�� A( /�3����active &3H`+�� E�� YZpassive ������ b3\� S��^ ��a� /+P ���< 7 :

� .L 2�5 t��� -J &3$=�) . �:��( /$=� $J me3C3J -J &3$=� ��$�( � .5 SR^ /$to be -J &3$=+�� L��*��( ��+P A(_ K=^ 7. § .{��'� #����� 7 9�>� /$=� S,. ½ . ��J L�!3��( /2�=� SR^by L�+, ?�� �Z M\�� !�. ¾ .���% ?�e ��+P ���� 7 34 �+� S,3� ��+P 7 e��_ i".

���������������������'("���������������������'(":: Active �3�$+�� E�( Passive &3H`+�� E�(

Ali writes letters. Letters are written (by Ali).

Huda wrote the lesson. The lesson was written (by Huda).

Saleh will buy a car. A car will be bought (by Saleh).

Khaled is helping Ahmed. Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

She has eaten the apple. The apple has been eaten (by her).

Page 35: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٥

/$5 ����to be 9�� �+� �=��h� ��(_� S(:

am, is, are y���� xB�R�

was, were y���� 9,�� shall be, will be y���� /�F���

am being, is being, are being �+��� xB�R�

was being, were being �+��� 9,��

has been, have been ���� xB�R�

had been ���� 9,��

can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be 2��( /$5 /�

*�����v������������������� ������������Questions

�3�$+�� E�� A( /�3����Active YZ &3H`+�� E��Passive ������ b3\� S��^ ��v*� ���< 7 : � .L 2�5 t��� -J &3$=�) . �:��( /$=� $J me3C3J -J &3$=� ��$�( � . /$5 SR^to be &��� A(_ K=^ 7. § .{��'� #����� 7 9�>� /$=� S,. ½ . ��J L�!3��( /2�=� SR^by �Z M\�� !�L�+, ?�� . ¾ .���% ?�e ��+P ���� 7 34 �+� S,3� ��+P 7 e��_ i".

���������������������'(":

Active �3�$+�� E�( Passive &3H`+�� E�( Does Ahmed write letters? Are Letters written (by Ali)?

Did he eat the cake?. Was the cake eaten (by him)?

Will Ali buy a new car? Will a new car be bought (by Ali)? Why is he using a pen? Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

Who broke the window? By whom the window was broken?

Page 36: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٦

��(������������������������������������ Command

�3�$+�� E�� A( /�3����Active &3H`+�� E�� YZPassive ������ b3\� S��^ �(� ���< 7 : � . �+�� S,let ��+P &�" 7 . � .L 2�5 t��� -J &3$=�) . �:��( /$=� $J me3C3J -J &3$=� ��$�( § . /$5 S,to be A(�� K=^ 7 ?3��5 �(� i"be . ½ .{��'� #����� 7 9�>� /$=� S,.

���������������������'("���������������������'(":: Active�3�$+�� E�( Passive&3H`+�� E�(

Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written.

Open the door. Let the door be opened.

Send this letter to your friend. Let this letter be sent to your friend.

/��X�� �" &��� X4 ���> 1�2 �n5�º M¿ X� L �X( L@�* �" ��=�( &3H`+�� E�� YZ �H��3o e�� ��+P ?3�% !&3H`+�� E�� YZ /�3��� �2.

���������������������'("

Active�3�$+�� E�( Passive&3H`+�� E�( Ali does not write letters Letters are not written (by Ali). Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he? Those novels were written by Dickens, weren’t they?

Dickens didn’t write that play, did he? That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it?

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ��$�� &�$5� � �(_ � &�$5�

:Intransitive Verbs )�(_ � &�$5�(

-J L@3$=( XVU% @ I� 94 ./'( The sun rises �'�" �" L<� -J L@3$=( XVU% I� 94. his hand raised Ali

*z @ �(_ � &�$5� A�+�5 ��$�( &�$5" i3o I� /+P �(" ��µ -J &3$=( e3C� �$� &3H`+�� E�( YZ �H��3o A�&3H`+�� E�( YZ �H��3o.

*&3H`+�� E�( YZ �H��3o A�z X� Q�3$=� ��$�� &�$5� }$J l��4 .&�'( :

Ahmed gave Huda a flower . Q�F��\J |�%:

a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).

b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed ) �VU% Q< Huda /!�$� -J &3$=+�� to S,� G<@

Page 37: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٧

Prepositions �P ���<

7 -$!3( M�< ���� |$( A( �'�" <3� ����� ?3�� F5 ���J���( � �'� �P ���<��+P . )�$�� 1�'� �F��\� ����=�( ����� 6��� � /] & V A( �H��2 kB�� 94 �P ���<.

A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

QJ �! $� 1�2 �P ���< &%?��� 1�2 ��e �C ���< � A(�� 1�2 ��e �C ���< L�R�" C3� � -J &3$=� � /2�=� .

Use of Prepositions �P ���< �h�*

Prepositions�P ���< Use �h�*@ Example &�'(

on

Day���� On Monday

Day + morning, night ���� + ��=� On Friday morning

Afternoon, evening, date ��B��� My birthday is on June 10.

Special days �>�V ���" I will travel on National Day.

To mean above �35 |$� The tea is on the table.

in

Season/�5 The trees grow in spring.

Year ��* I was born in 1968.

Month H:� The test is in May.

The morning »���� I go to work in the morning.

The evening 8�+�� I go home in the evening

To mean above /V� 7 He is in the mosque.

at

Time6!3� I will come back at 2 o’clock.

Festival b@�=�<@ � e��2� I will meat you at the school festival.

Meal times b��C3� b�!�" I will talk to my father at lunch.

The weekend x3�*� ���� We will travel at the weekend.

Noon �Hn� We pray at noon everyday.

Night/��� We sleep at night.

To mean place?��+�� He is at the grocer’s.

Page 38: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٨

Prepositions of Place �P ���< ?��� 1�2 ���

Prepositions �P ���< Use �h�*@ Example &�'(

at

at an exact place e. ?��( 7 He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.

at work /+$� 7 Ahmed is at work.

at the table ����\� 1�2 They are standing at the dinner table

under 6o |$� The cat is under the table.

in front of ��(" |$� The teacher is in front of the class.

to direction/place ?��(/ m�À I go to school everyday.

in

To mean inside /Ve |$� Put this book in the box.

In a country �J 7 I live in Saudi Arabia.

In a town./street ���( 7/ xB�: 7 I live in Al-Madina.

in bed �=� 7� The baby is in bed.

In a building or area |�( 7 ��F\�( You were in the club last night.

In a chair 9*��� 1�2 Ali is sitting in his chair.

with �J |$� I write with a pen.

from A( |$� I am from Riyadh.

behind #�V |$� The wall is behind the class.

between QJ |$� Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

on TTVV ?3��=��� �:�: 1�2?3��=��� �:�: 1�2 AAllii wwaattcchheess ffoooottbbaallll oonn TTVV eevveerryy SSaattuurrddaayy..

TTiimmee eº 6!3�eº 6!3� HHee aarrrriivveess oonn ttiimmee..

Prepositions �P ���< Example &�'(

In 7 The medicine is in the bottle.

On 1�2 The knife is on the table.

At k�F��J ��2 Someone is at the door.

Near A( k�F��J Ahmed is sitting near the window.

Between QJ The house is between the school and the mosque.

Opposite /J�F( The bank is opposite to the post office.

Into 7 �/Ve The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

Onto 1�2 The water is spilling onto the floor.

Page 39: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٣٩

Round &3< The car is going round the tree.

in front of ��(" The child is sitting in front of the TV. Behind 8B� �#�V The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.

on top of 1�2 ��35 The sweets are on top of the table.

at the side of M^�� The garage is at the side of the house.

Along &3r 1�2 The man is walking along the street.

next to B3� The bank is next to the baker’s.

Off 1�2 A( The man is falling off the chair.

out of �35 A( The child is falling out of the window.

Across & V �a2 The carpenter cut across the wood.

over/above 1�2" ��35 The light is over (above) the table.

under/below /=*" �6o The fire is under (below) the stairs.

Through & V �a2 The ball is going through the window.

Among y*� The teacher is sitting among the students.

Question-Tags ���X� ��v*�

&e�$% 94� ���X� ��v*� �H��2 ��\� ��v*� A( x3�� X4“Á��X� K��" ”��J�$� �����J . ���~ &�* A2 B��2 34��< A( ��+P mX4 #��± �( e�2 &��� X4� -F��% ��aV ��] S���9=��" �" b��f� { . -F��% I� ��+P 6^�� ��5L���'( &��� ?3�� ��=�( 6^�� �Z � 9=�� 7 &��� X4 ?3�� ���'(.

*&��� #��± i" 9=�� �" b��f� {�< A( ��+P S���5 &��� X4 k3C �(". *���� �����J ;��� �2 L�'� &��( ��v*� A( x3�� X4�J3��� ������� 7 -(h�* /F� -^" @Z ��� .

Page 40: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤٠

Questions that we expect the answer “Yes” �J �H��2 �J�C� S!3�^ ��v*"”)$^”

-��2 �J�C� � &��� X4 �n^: * There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there? Yes , there is.

*�+P �H��2 &��� 8�C X� ���'( ��] &��� X4 6(F% I� �)/��X�� (L��=�( . b��f��J ?3��5 k3P �("yes . * SR^ � 2��� /$=� �F^ x3�� X4 A( L@�* ?3�^ 9���not 9=��� ���� m$J.

¢��� &�'� �n^ ?� �: * You come from the United States, don’t you? Yes, I do.

* �h�*�J &��� /��X% ¹ &�'� X4 7do 2��( /$5 e3C� �$� ����.

Questions that we expect the answer “No” �J �H��2 �J�C� S!3�^ ��v*"”@”

1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you? No, I don’t.

2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it? No, it doesn’t.

2��( /$=� Do / does * ��(h�* X� y���� xB�R� A(_ 7 &��� ?" ��4 G<@

3) You didn’t travel last year, did you? No, I didn’t.

2��( /$=� Did * 9,�� A(_ 7 &��� ?" ��4 G<@ ��(h�* X� y����

Page 41: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤١

Conditional “if” “3� ”��r���

1 ) if + present xB�R(xB�R(xB�R(xB�R( will &�" #���% &�" #���% &�" #���% &�" #���%++++

-23!� A�¤ ;� X4.

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. )6��� 7 1FJU* � LD �\· ?Z(

&�'( If you eat too much, you will become fat.

2 ) if + past 9,�( 9,�( 9,�( 9,�( would &�" #���% &�" #���% &�" #���% &�" #���%++++

-23!� /����( �" A�¤ �D ;� X4.

If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.

�3�� L��< ?3�� ?" /����( ����: ?" G<@ .<@ @ -��� ��] S( y���� 9,�� /$=� ��(h�* ��^" L�R�" G9,�� 1�2 &� .

��(h�* �) B��+ would ( 2�F� 94 mX4� ��+P A( ¯�'� 8�P 7: if + subject + past subject+ would + &�" #���%

?" L�R�" G<@be YZ &3��%were 7 �h�* S�\��^ @ � 2�F� mX4 was Le�=( /2�=� ?�� 3� ¨<.

&�'( :If I were you, I would buy a new car.

3 ) if + had + {��f #���% would have + {��f #���%

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy. If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.

5) if + present xB�R( presentxB�R(

��J�f � �+[e �F�F< /$=� �`��^ �H�5 ?3�% I� ���� 7 M����� X4 �h���. If you boil water, it becomes steam. ) ����D ��^" 3�LB� t��� -^U5 �8��(

�+�� b8�C X� Q$( 6!3J �F( 6��� � ��J�f �F�F< mX4 �becomes /�F��� 7 6��� � xB�R� 7.

6) if + present xB�R( instructionsb�+��$%

If the radio is too loud, turn it off. Or Turn the radio off if it is too loud. If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.

Page 42: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤٢

Reported Speech &3F�� � ��

�:��( ��� � �� L�R�" 1+�� /+P A( x3�� X4. Indirect Speech

There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech. �:��� �D � �:��� � �� A( x3^" �$JB" l��4:

1) Statement ��a� ��+P 2) Question &���

3) Command M�\� 4) Exclamation M`$��

Statement ��a� ��+P

* �:��( A( ��aV ��] /�3���direct &3F�( � � YZReported ������ b3\� S��^: �� &3F� /$5 � �+R� �" )*@ SR^ said

�� yJ�� e" SR^that �H�2 8����*@ ����z �. §� �[�+R� mX4 )4" � |$� M�< �[�+R� &3£:

I-------------------he, she we------they My----------------his, her our------their

½� 9�� �+� ��(_� &3£: Present xB�R(----------- Past 9,�( Past 9,�(-----------------Past Perfect ��% 9,�(

¾� 9�� �+� bC� ?Z b�+��� }$J &3£: Now ?� ������������then Xv��< here ��4 ������������there l��4 Last night ��4-------------the night before l��4 this ��4---------------------that ��4 yesterday ��4--------------the day before l��4 tomorrow ��4--------------the following day l��4

Direct �:��( Indirect �:��( �D

“I live in Riyadh” He said that he lived in Riyadh.

“We are happy” They said that they were happy.

She said: "I have not been in the school library recently”.

She said that she had not been to the school library recently.

He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”. He told me that he would see me the next day.

l��4 ?�� �Z (.) B��2 �H�( L@J SR^ <� )���( �h�� Q��] QJ :and added that ��," E$% I��: They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed”.

and y They told him that they would see him the next dathey would visit Ahmed. added that

&3F� �+�� 6^�� �Zsay / says �[�+R� 7 yF5 ?3�� ����� �ÃZ ��+P ��(_" ��% @ Xv��< xB�R(: She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”. She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.

We say: “We are playing football now”. We say that we are playing football now.

Page 43: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤٣

Question &���

* �:��( A( &�* /�3���dierct &3F�( � � YZreported ������ b3\� S��^: �� /$=�asked 9�� �+� 94� � &��� A(_ e0 :

Present xB�R(-------------------Past ,�(9 Past 9,�( -------- Past Perfect ��% 9,�(

�� yJB eU� �H�=^ �h��% &�* e" 1�2 i3�0 &��� ?�� �Z. §� 2��� /$=� 1�2 /2�=� ÄF�J 34 � ��aV ��] YZ &��� /�3o )��. ½� ��+P |$( M�< �[�+R� }$J ���% G< �.

Direct �:��( Indirect �:��( �D “What is your name?”. He asked me what my name was.

“Why are you late?” The teacher asked me why I was late.

“Where is your book?”. He asked me where my book was.

�h��%if &�* e" 1�2 i3�0 @ iX� &���� yJB eU�: “Is your school very large?”. my school was very large. ifHe asked me

1�2 i3�0 �" "�� &��� ?�� �Zdo �"does y���� 9,�� A(_ YZ /$=� &3< � �H5X<. “Where do you live”. He asked me where I lived.

“Does he go to school?”. I asked him if he went to school.

?�� �Z 1�2 i3�0 �" "�� &���did y���� 9,�� A(_ YZ /$=� &3< � �H5X<) {��f #���% +had .( “Where did you go yesterday?”. Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.

“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”. Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.

6^�� �Z &��� �+��ask, asks �[�+R� 7 yF5 ?3�� ����� �ÃZ ��+P ��(_" ��% @ Xv��< xB�R(: “Who is your English teacher?”. They ask me who my English teacher is.

“What are your marks?”. He asks me what my marks are.

Command M�\�

*����r ��] /�3��� �:��( A( direct � Y &3F�( �reported ������ b3\� S��^: �� �h��^ ) �("ordered (�(� -J �F� � �� ?�� �Z. �h��^ � ) 8�CBbegged (/*3�� � 8�C�� -J �F� � �� ?�� �Z. �h��^ � ) t�^advised (����� -J �F� � �� ?�� �Z�. �h��^ � ) aV"told (��%�� 7 -����� �h: YZ �h: A( -C3( � �� ?�� �Z . �� �+�� S, � �<3�=� �3!� �X<to /$=� /�! §� I+�� �X<please ,do �%C� ?Z ��+P A(. ½� ��* �+�� |$� M�< �[�+R� � b�+��� }$J �D.

Page 44: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤٤

Direct �:��( Indirect �:��( �D

He said to the servant: “bring me a glass of water”. the servant to bring him a glass of water. orderedHe

The son said to his father: “please , give me some money”.

his father to give him some money. beggedThe son

The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of water”. me to drink a lot of water. advisedThe doctor

He said to me: “Do not go to the market tonight”. He told me not to go to the market that night.

Exclamation M`$��

* �:��( A( M`$% ��] /�3���direct &3F�( � � YZreported ������ b3\� S��^: �� /'( �H��2 &% �+�� �H�( L@J S,� M`$�� �+�� �X<:

With regret ��J With anger MR�J With joy »�=J With admiration k�`2�J With sadness ?�j

�� �+�� S, � �3!� �X<that

§� �D��a� ��+P 7 ��* �+�� |$� M�< &�$5� � �[�+R� � b�+���. �n< ( :/'( M`$% �+��� /+$�* ��H=�* ��< �(Z M`$�� b�+�� :how. what 7 M`$% �( 2 e3C3J �H5�$%�

��+P ���� /'( �¬XJ M`$% �+�� �" :Alas, Hurrah, Oh $�� �( 2 e3C3J �H5�$% � M`!

Direct �:��( Indirect �:��( �D

He said : “Alas! I will not find my money”. He said with sorrow that he would not find his money.

He said : “How foolish I have been”. He said with regret that he had been foolish.

Page 45: الأبجدية الإنجليزية

٤٥

Countries and Nationalities b����P � ?���

��< #�R^ �( e�2 ��J�$� ���� 7“i ”L '( &3F�5 ����P A�3��� ��� � ��� )*@: ��e3$�� :ie3$*

94 � �5�,Å� ��+�. ���< KÆ l��H5 ������� ���� 7 �(": i, n, ian, ish, ese

�J�f 2�! l��4 K�� ����� mXu � .��'(� }$J mX4�:

Country Nationality

Saudi Arabia Saudi

Oman Omani

Algeria Algerian

Libya Libyan

Palestine Palestinian

Syria Syrian

Britain British

Turkey Turkish

China Chinese

Lebanon Lebanese

France French

Switzerland Swiss