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PERSONAL PRONOUNSI eu
You você
He ele
She ela
It ele/ela para objetos e animais.
We nós
You vocês
They eles/elas
DON’T FORGET:
O pronome pessoal “I” (eu) é sempre escrito com letra (i) maiúscula, não importando sua posição na
frase (início, meio ou fim).
O pronome “you” é tanto usado para a segunda pessoa do singular (você ou tu) como para a segunda
pessoa do plural (vocês ou vós). O contexto e, principalmente, o substantivo (singular ou plural) indicará a
pessoa correta. Ex: You are a doctor. – You are doctors.
“They” é usado para pessoas e objetos no plural.
O “it” é usado apenas para se referir a animais, objetos, e coisas em geral.
Em inglês não há omissão de sujeito como acontece em português. No caso de sujeito inexistente,
oculto ou indeterminado usa-se it, we or they. Ex:
Falamos português no Brasil.
We speak Portuguese in Brazil.
Chove muito no verão.
It rains a lot in the summer.
SINGULAR PLURAL
GRAMMAR
SUBJECT + BE + NOUN
I am a student.
You are a student.
John is a student.He is a student.
Mary is a student.She is a student.
The rose is a flower.
It is a flower.
SUBJECT + BE + NOUN
We are students.
You are students.
John and Lia are students.They are students.
Roses are flowers.They are flowers.
1) Complete the sentences with am, is, or are.
Ex: We are friends.
a) I .................... a student.
b) Peter ................. a doctor.
c) He .................. happy.
d) Linda .................... a teacher.
e) May and Andrew ................. married.
f) They ........................ lawyers.
g) You .............. tired.
h) I ................ single.
i) You ........................ businessmen.
j) You and Jack ................... classmates.
CONTRACTIONS WITH BEAM I + am = I’m I’m a teacher.
O sinal (‘) chama-se apostrofe.
IS
he + is = he’s
she + is = she’s
it + is = it’s
He’s a doctor.
She’s a little girl.
It’s a rose.
ARE
you + are = you’re
we + are = we’re
they + are = they’re
You’re a student.
You’re students.
We’re brothers.
They’re sisters.
As “contractions” são permitidas
apenas em situações mais informais,
como bilhetes, mensagens a amigos,
etc. Porém, é muito comum na fala,
pois ajuda na velocidade.
2) Replace the subjects for the pronouns (you, he, she, it, we, they) and rewrite the sentences using
contractions.
Ex: Marianne is a student. – She ‘s a student.
a) Luke is my brother. .........................................................................................
b) Kelly is in m class. .........................................................................................
c) Judy and Jill are my friends. .........................................................................................
d) My sister is 11 years old. .........................................................................................
VERB TO BE (AFFIRMATIVE
)
e) My mother and I are in the park. .........................................................................................
f) You and Celina are classmates. .........................................................................................
g) The cat is clean. ..........................................................................................
h) Martin and you are in the bank. ..........................................................................................
i) Martha is my aunt. ..........................................................................................
j) Your hands are dirty. ..........................................................................................
k) Mary and John are students. ..........................................................................................
l) My brother and my sister are with my mother. .....................................................................................
m) My dogs are in the backyard. ..........................................................................................................
n) Lucy and I are teachers. .........................................................................................................
o) Your dog and my parrot are friends. .........................................................................................................
VERB TO BE (NEGATIVE)
FULL FORM CONTRACTION FORM
I
You
She
He
It
We
You
They
am not
are not
is not
is not
is not
are not
are not
are not
a teacher.
in room 13.
Marianne
Nick.
a schoobag.
students.
at home.
actors
I’m not
You aren’t
She isn’t
He isn’t
It isn’t
We aren’t
You aren’t
They aren’t
a teacher.
in room 13.
Marianne
Nick.
a schoobag.
students.
at home.
actors
VERB TO BE (INTERROGATIVE
Am
Are
Is
Are
Are
Are
I
you
he/she/it
we
you
they
Brazilian?
Russian?
Peruvian?
American?
British?
Argentinian?
3) Complete with am, is or are:
a. My first name ____ Jennifer.
b. We ____ brothers.
c. My mom and I ____ friends.
d. Hello. I ___ Anna.
e. Antonio and Juan ___ at home.
f. My teacher ___ Brazilian.
g. He ___ a police officer.
h. Alice and Lanna ___ in room 14.
i. It ___ my little cat.
k. How old ___ you?
4) In your notebook, change these sentences in affirmative (+), negative (-) or interrogative (?).
Ex: Is New York the capital of USA?(-) New York isn’t the capital of USA.
a. I’m British. (-)
b. He isn’t Paul. (?)
c. The teacher is here. (-)
d. Are you from Italy? (+)
e. My name is Nick. (-)
f. It’s not my diary. (?)
g. London is a famous city. (?)
h. Is Diego here? (+)
i. His father isn’t lazy. (+)
j. Are they Japanese? (-)
k. My father is forty-four years old. (-)
l. I am studying now. (-)
m. Is Lorraine in the class? (+)
n. The dictionary isn’t on the table. (?)
5) Complete the sentences using is, isn’t, are or aren’t:
Ex: A ball is round
a) The mouse .............
big.
b) Lemons ..............
green.
c) Bananas ...........
yellow.
d) A lemon ..........
sweet.
e) A diamond ................
cheap.
f) Apples ............
expensive.
g) My pen ...........
heavy.
h) A turtle .............
slow.
i) The
airplanes ............... fast.
j) The sun .............
hot.
k) Ice
cream .................. sweet.
l) Flowers ............
ugly.
m) The
donkeys ............. intelligent.
n) Madonna ..............
beautiful.
o) The
day ................. cold.
p) My cell
phone ........... black.
q) Apples ......... red.
r) The sky ...............
blue.
SINGULAR PLURAL
HAVE AND HAS (TER)
I youwe havethey
heshe hasit
I
You
He
She
IT
have
have
has
has
has
blue eyes.
blue eyes.
blue eyes.
blue eyes.
blue eyes.
We
You
They
have
have
have
a car.
a car.
a car.
6) Complete the sentences with have or has:
a) I ................... a
dictionary.
b) We ....................
grammar books.
c) Melissa ............... a
green pen.
d) Bob .................... a
notebook.
e) Michely ...............
two televisions.
f) I ..................... a
guitar.
g) You and
Jonathan .................... blue eyes.
h) Martin and
Paty .................. a car.
POSSESSIVES – my, your, his, her, our, their Subject – Possessive
I – my
you – your
he – his
she – her
it - its
we – our
they - their
SINGULAR PLURAL
I have a book. You
have a book.
He has a book.
She has a book.
My cat has a ball.
My book is red.
Your book is red.
His book is red.
Her books is red
Its ball is red
We have cars.
You have cars.
They have cars.
Our cars are black.
Your cars are black.
Their cars are black.
7) Complete the phrases using have or has and my, your, his, her, our, their:
Ex: I have a hamster. My hamster is funny.
a) Bob ............ a car. .............. cars is red.
b) Anne and Robert are married, they .............. a daughter. ............... name is Janne.
c) Kevin ............. a dog. ............. name is Ted.
d) Jenniffer ............. a motorcycle. ............. motorcycle is black.
e) Tom and Larry ................ a bike. ............. bike are green.
f) Bianca and I ............... computers. ............. computers are new.
g) Briam ........... a dog. .............. name is Zeus.
h) Karen ............ a little cat. ............. name is Bebel.
i) My husband and I .................. a son. ............ son is seven years old.
j) I ..................... a daughter. ............ name is Sophye.
k) Sue and Clark ............... two children. ............ names are Alex and Meg.
l) Billy ......... four dogs. ................. dogs are poodles.
Na língua inglesa temos três gêneros:
1. MASCULINO 2. FEMININO 3. NEUTRO
The groom is ready for the
wedding. He looks very elegant.
The bride is wering a beautiful
white dress. She looks radiant.
This is my new shirt. Isn’t it cool?
ATENÇÃO:
A maioria dos substantivos que se referem a pessoas tem a mesma forma para o masculino e
feminino. Traduza:
lawyer - ............................
teacher - ............................
cook - ................................
child - ................................
driver - ...............................
parent - ..............................
doctor - .............................
student - ............................
nurse - ................................
Há substantivos que tem uma forma para o masculino e outra para o feminino. Exemplos:
father / mother - ...............................................
mom / dad - .....................................................
brother / sister - ..............................................
son / daughter - ...............................................
bull / cow - ......................................................
king / queen - ...............................................
husband / wife - ............................................
uncle / aunt - .................................................
horse / mare - ................................................
waiter / waitress - ........................................
REGRA GERAL: Forma-se o plural acrescentando-se “s” ao substantivo. Ex:
week / weeks - ...................................
cup / cups - ........................................
kid / kids - ..........................................
book / books - ....................................
NÚMERO:Singular/Plural
car / cars - ...........................................
dog / dogs - ........................................
egg / eggs - ...............................................
house / houses - ........................................
boy / boys - ...............................................
day / days - ................................................
key / keys - ................................................
Para os substantivos que terminam em o, ch, s, ss, sh, e x acrescenta-se –es. Ex:
kiss / kisses - ............................................
match / matches - ....................................
bus / buses - ...........................................
box / boxes - .........................................
watch / watches - ..................................
dish / dishes - .........................................
mango / mangoes - ................................
tomato / tomatoes - ...............................
Para os substantivos que terminam em ch com som de s, acrescenta-se apenas –s. Ex:
stomach / stomacks - ....................................... monarch / monarchs - .....................................
Muitos substantivos que terminam em f ou fe fazem o plural substituindo o fe por –ves. Ex:
knife / knives - .......................................
leaf / leaves - ...........................................
life / lives - ...............................................
thief / thieves - ..........................................
wife / wives - .............................................
wolf / wolves - ...........................................
Há também aqueles substantivos que terminam em f, ff ou fe que fazem o plural apenas
acrescentando -s. Ex:
belief / beliefs - ..........................................
chef / chefs - ..............................................
cliff / cliffs - ...............................................
proof / proofs - ...........................................
puff / puffs - ................................................
roof / roofs - ................................................
safe / safes - .................................................
serf / serfs - ...................................................
SUBSTANTIVOS DERIVADOS DO LATIM E DO GREGO
1. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -us acrescenta-se –i ou -es:
alumnus / alumni = aluno(s)
cactus / cacti, cactuses = cacto(s)
calculus / calculi, calculuses = cálculo(s)
chorus / choruses = coro(s)
circus / circuses = circo(s)
colossus / colossi, colossuses = colosso(s)
focus / foci, focuses = foco(s)
fungus / fungi, funguses = fungo(s)
genius / genii, geniuses = génio(s)
locus / loci = localização, (-ões) num texto
minus / minuses = sinal (-is) menos (-)
nucleus / nuclei, nucleuses = núcleo(s)
prospectus / prospectuses = folheto(s)
radius / radii = raio(s)
stimulus / stimuli = estímulo(s)
stylus / styli, styluses = estilete(s)
terminus / termini, terminuses = estação
terminal, estações terminais
2. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –um acrescenta-se -a ou -s:
aquarium / aquaria, aquariums = aquário(s)
colloquium / colloquia, colloquiums = colóquio(s)
curriculum / curricula = currículo(s)
datum / data = dado(s)
erratum / errata = errata
gymnasium / gymnasia, gymnasiums = ginásio(s)
maximum / maxima, maximums = máximo(s)
medium / media, mediums = meio(s)
millennium / millennia, millenniums =
milénio(s)
minimum / minima, minimums = mínimo(s)
planetarium / planetaria, planetariums =
planetário(s)
spectrum / spectra, spectrums = espectro(s)
3. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -a acrescenta-se –ae ou -s:
alga / algae = alga(s)
alumna / alumnae = aluna(s)
antenna / antennae = tentáculo(s)
antenna / antennas = antena(s) (de rádio)
formula / formulae, formulas = fórmula(s)
larva / larvae = larva(s)
4. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –ex ou -ix acrescenta-se –es ou -ices:
appendix / appendixes = apêndice(s)
appendix / appendices = anexo(s)
codex / codices = códice(s)
index / indexes, indices = índice(s)
matrix / matrixes, matrices = matriz(es)
vortex / vortexes, vortices = vórtice(s)
5. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -is acrescenta-se -es:
axis / axes = eixo(s)
basis / bases = base(s)
crisis / crises = crise(s)
diagnosis / diagnoses = diagnóstico(s)
hypothesis / hypotheses = hipótese(s)
thesis / theses = tese(s)
6. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -on acrescenta-se -a, -s:
automaton / automata, automatons = autómato(s)
criterion / criteria = critério(s)
ganglion / ganglia = gânglio(s)
phenomenon / phenomena = fenómeno(s)
Quando os substantivos terminam em consoante + -y, converte-se o -y em -i, e adiciona-se -es:
baby / babies - .......................................... cherry / cherries - ......................................
country / countries - ...................................
Exceto os substantivos próprios, aos quais só se adiciona -s :
Kennedy / the Kennedys = (os) Kennedy(s) Kirkby / the Kirkbys = (os) Kirkby(s)
Há também aquelas palavras que não seguem nenhuma regra e têm, portanto, uma forma própria
para o plural. Ex:
foot / feet - ..............................................
goose / geese - ........................................
louse / lice - ............................................
man / men - ..............................................
mouse / mice - ...........................................
tooth / teeth - .............................................
woman / women - ......................................
child / children - .........................................
8) Correct the mistakes in these sentences:
There are two mans waiting for you. ................................................................................................
We are going to supermarket to buy fishs. ...............................................................................................
I need some potatos. .................................................................................................
The childs are in the school. ...................................................................................................
The cherrys aren’t red. ...................................................................................................
The wolfs ate two sheeps. ....................................................................................................
He bought three loafs of bread. ...................................................................................................
You should brush your tooths every day. ..................................................................................................
O artigo indefinido tem duas formas (a and an ) e é usado apenas diante de substantivo no singular.“A” é usado antes de palavras que começam com som de consoante ou de semiconsoante e “AN” é usado antes de apalavras que começam com som de vogal. Exemplos:
a table - .......................................
an ungly dress - ...........................
a cat - ..........................................
an hour - .....................................
a maid - ......................................
a university - ..............................
an apple - ....................................
a lawyer - ....................................
a week - ......................................
an orange - ..................................
a year - ........................................
an architect - ...............................
an umbrella - ..............................
a bag - ..........................................
9) Choose the correct alternative:
a) (A, AN) purple bird is fling.
b) He is (a, an) old man.
c) There is (a, an) child in my room.
d) This is (a, an) hot day.
e) We are going to meet you in (a, an) hour.
f) It isn’t (a, an) good idea.
g) There is only (a, an) apple in the basket.
h) He is (a, an) honest man.
O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É USADO:
Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos. Ex:
the boy
the sad boy
the bank
the old bank
Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de famílias. Ex:
the violin
the Kennedys
the guitar
The Jacksons
Antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas (plural), paises (plural),
hotéis, cinemas, teatros, trens e navios. Ex:
the Pacific
the Caribbean
the Amazon River
the United States
the Hilton Hotel
the Himalayas
the Titanic
the Atlantic
Antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie. Ex:
the rich the poor the dead
Antes de um substantivo único na espécie ou quando particularizado. Ex:
the Earth the Sun the Coliseum
“O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É OMITIDO”:
Antes de nomes próprios, nomes de ciências e línguas. Ex: Mary Bob Mathematics Spanish
Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos incontáveis. Ex: honesty money man coffe
Antes de promomes possessivos. Ex: our car his house their children
Antes de alguns substantivos como: home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison, quando forem usados para seu propósito original. Ex:
I went to church (to pray).I went to school (to study).
I went to hospital (because I was sick).
Um dos aspectos mais importantes para a aprendizagem de uma língua
estrangeira é o desenvolvimento do vocabulário. À medida que o
vocabulário vai sendo desenvolvido a construção de significado de
textos, tanto orais quanto escritos, vai se tornando uma tarefa cada
vez mais fácil. Portanto, aplique-se no estudo de novas palavras e
expressões. Esteja atento!
1) Translate the words:
Countries Places Foods and Drinks Greetings
Australia - hotel - coke - Hello -
Brazil - bank - soda - Hi -
Canada - restaurant - water - Good morning -
England - airport - coffee - Excuse - me -
Ireland - avenue - juice - Good afternoon -
New Zealand street - tea - Good night -
Scotland - theater - milk - Please -
South Africa park - café latte - Thank you -
The United
America -
States of service station espresso - Goodbye -
square - potatoes - Welcome -
office - bread - Thanks -
beach - fruit - Good evening -
Wales - downtown wine - Bye -
Poland - café - beer -
Peru - bar - ice cream -
Holland - train station hamburger -
Spain - parking lot - pizza -
France - hospital - soup -
Japan - museum - steak -
China - school - spaghetti -
Mexico - university - pie -
Italy - floor - rice -
Argentina - reception - salad -
Germany - church - sandwich -
2) Match the opposites:
1 hot ___________________ ( ) Far ___________________
2 Good ___________________ ( ) Raining ___________________
3 Married ___________________ ( ) Alive ___________________
4 Strong ___________________ ( ) Dry ___________________
5 With ___________________ ( ) Hard ___________________
6 sunny___________________ ( ) Old ___________________
7 Wet ___________________ ( ) Night ___________________
8 Short ___________________ ( ) Cold ___________________
9 Fat ___________________ ( ) Long ___________________
10 Comfortable ___________________ ( ) Heavy _________________
11 Clean ___________________ ( ) Big ___________________
12 Dead ___________________ ( ) Weak ___________________
13 Easy ___________________ ( ) Single ___________________
14 Near ___________________ ( ) Thin ___________________
15 Young ___________________ ( ) Dirty ___________________
16 Light ___________________ ( ) Sad ___________________
17 Happy ___________________ ( ) Uncomfortable ________________
18 Small ___________________ ( ) Below ___________________
19 Morning ___________________ ( ) Bad ___________________
20 Above ___________________ ( ) Without _________________
3) What is the different word? Highlight it!
a) complete – circle – happy – underline
b) shy – funny – always – boring
c) hair – sunny – nose – eyes
d) see – listen – touch – hot
e) body – rain – snow – windy
f) Sunday – Friday – June – Wednesday
g) I – you – on – we
h) March – May – July – Saturday
i) dress – eagle – bird – horse
j) sweater – eleven – tie – shorts
l) fly – flew – felt – flown
m) mother – aunt – father – soon
n) there – her – our – their
o) bag – flower – open – key
p) Greece – Spain – British – Sweden
o) apple – grape – juice - peach
From your teacher: Mayara C. P. Rocha