Grammar for English b

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NI DUNG N TP NG PHP UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH LEXICAL WORDS 1.1. ng t (Verbs) 1.2. Tnh t (Adjectives) 1.3. Trng t (Adverbs) 1.4. Danh t (Nouns) UNIT 2: WORD FORMATION 2.1. Verbs Nouns 2.1. Adjectives Nouns 2.3. Nouns Verbs 2.4. Adjectives Verbs 2.5. Nouns Adjectives 2.6. Verbs Adjectives UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH GRAMMATICAL WORDS 3.1. Defintie and Indefinite articles 3.2. Determiners and quantifiers 3.3. Conjunctions 3.4. Another and other 3.5. Prepositions UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS 4.1. Yes/No Questions 4.2. Question Word Questions 4.3. Tag Questions UNIT 5: TENSES - CC THI C BN 5.1. Present simple - Hin ti n 5.2. Present continuous - Thi hin ti tip din 5.3. Past simple Qu kh n 5.4. Past continuous Qu kh tip din 5.5. Future Simple Tng lai n 5.6. Present perfect - Hin ti hon thnh 5.7. Past perfect Qu kh hon thnh UNIT 6: CC DNG VIT LI CU SAO CHO NGHA KHNG THAY I 6.1: CONDITIONALS 6.1.1. Cu iu kin loi 1 Conditional (TYPE I) 6.1.2. Cu iu kin loi 2 Conditional (TYPE II) 6.1.3. Cu iu kin loi 3 Conditional (TYPE III) 6.2. B NG - THE PASSIVE 6.3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IN COMPARISION 6.4. REPORTED SPEECH

UNIT 7: CC CM T C GII T/ NG T C GII T 7.1. CM TNH T KT HP VI GII T 7.2. CM DANH T KT HP VI GII T

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7.3. CM NG T KT HP VI GII T UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH LEXICAL WORDS

1.1. VERBS: NG T V d:

I ama learner of English. She isa computer technician . We often go to work at 7 oclock. Vietnam exportsa lot of rice to some countries in the world. Last year, our company importeda thousand cars from Japan.

Note: V tr ca ng t sau ch ng v dng lun bin i theo thi, ngi v s ca ch ng

A. Classes of verbs: Loi ng t 1. The auxiliaries - tr ng t: to be, to have, to do; can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would; to need,

- can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would + ng t nguyn th - to be, to have, to do: bin i dng theo thi - to need: need to do/ need doing

2. All other verbs, which we may call ordinary verbs: to work, to sing, to play

B. Dng phnh Thm not vo tr ng t does not/ doesn't or do not/ don't; did not/ didnt; have not/ haven't or has not/ hasn't

C.Dng ph nh khc never, no (adjective), none, nobody, no one, nothing, hardly, hardly ever etc. c dng vi ng t dng khngnh. V d: He didn't eat anything or He ate nothing. He doesn't ever complain or He never complains. We haven't seen anyone or We have seen no one. They didn't speak much or They hardly speak at all/ They hardly ever speak.

PRACTICE

Which of the four alternatives completes the sentences in the correct or most likely way? Sometimes more than one alternative is possible.

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1. Each July we ---------- to Turkey for a holiday. a. are going b. go c. went d. were going 2. The growing number of visitors ---------- the footpaths. a. is damaging b. damages c. are damaging d. was damaging 3. Jane --------- just a few minutes ago. a. left b. has left c. leaves d. had left 4. Timpson---------- 13 films and I think her latest is the best. a. made b. had made c. has made d. was making 5. --------- Robert lately? a. Did you see b. Have you seen c. Do you see d. Are you seeing 6. When I was a child ----------the violin. a. I was playing b. Im playing c. I play d. I played 7. --------- until midnight last night a. I have been reading

b. I read c. I was reading d. I have read

8. He---------for the national team in 65 matches so far. a. has played b. has been playing c. played d. is playing 9. Sorry we're late, we--------- the wrong turning. a. had taken b. were taking c. took d. are taking 10. She---------- from flu when she was interviewed a. was suffering b. had been

suffering c. had suffered d. suffered

1.2. ADJECTIVES A. Kinds of adjectives - Loi tnh t 1. The main kinds are: (a) Demonstrative: this, that, these, those (b) Distributive: each, every, either, neither (c) Quantitative: some, any, no; little/few; many, much; one, twenty (d) Interrogative: which, what, whose (e) Possessive: my, your, his, ...

V tr: i trc danh t: this book, which boy, my dog

(f) Of quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square (g) Participles: V-ing or V-ed: Ch ng: amusing, boring, tiring etc., B ng: amused, bored, tired etc., . V d: The play was boring. I was bored with the film. V tr: i sau mt s ng t:

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Be + adj: ch tnh cht s vt, s vic; ch tnh cch con ngi, ch mu sc, Become/ get/ grow/ turn + adj: tr nn, tr thnh

- She gets more and more beautiful. Stand/ stay/ keep + adj:

- The store stays open late in the evening. - You should keep your room tidy.

seem, appear + adj: c v nh, hnh nh feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn + adj make + sth/sbd + adj

Tom felt cold. He made her happy. The idea sounds interesting. i trc danh t: A beautiful girl/ an interesting film/ a golden ring/

Cc tnh t dng phn t(V-ed) thng c dng kt hp vi gii t trong cc cm cnh nh:

Be

interested in bored with tired of frightened of terrified of ashamed of

Be

embarrassed by attracted by impressed by fascinated by worried about well-prepared for

Be

surprised at/ about satisfied with pleased with disappointed with crowded with based on

1.3. ADVERBS Dng ca trng t

Adj + ly/y/ally/ily Adv

expensive/ expensively full/fully dramatic/dramatically day/daily

Dng adj v adv ging nhau: hard early fast late daily weekly monthly quarterly far

Dng c bit: good well

Phn bit cch dng ca tnh t v trng t ADJECTIVE: There has been a significantimprovement in the economy. ADVERB: The economy has improved significantly. Cch dng khc ca trng t

ADVERB + ADJECTIVE: We have got relatively good year.

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ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE: Their products are always attractivelypackaged. ADVERB + ADVERB: She does her job extremely well.

.

Exercise I. Rewrite the sentences using verbs and adverbs: 1. There was a sudden fall in shares in March. In March the shares fell suddenly. 2. There was a brief recovery in April In April they recovered . 3. In June there was a dramatic collapse. In June they collapsed . 4. There was a steady improvement in September and October. In September and October they improved .

1.4. NOUNS

1.4.1. Loi danh t v chc nng There are four kinds of noun in English: Common nouns: dog, man, table Proper nouns: France, Madrid, Mrs Smith, Tom Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy Collective nouns: crowd, group, swarm, team, flock

A noun can function as: The subject of a verb: Tom arrived The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Tom is an actor. The object of a verb: I saw Tom. The object of a preposition: I spoke to Tom. A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom's books. 1.4.2. Countables & Uncountables: m c v khng m c

We could see a ship in the distance. Claire has only got one sister. I've got a problem with the car. Do you like these photos? I'm going out for five minutes.

Can I have some water? Shall we sit on the grass? The money is quite safe. I love music. Would you like some butter?

1.4.3. Singulars and Plurals: St v s nhiu

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Danh t c quy tc: Danh t s t + s = Danh t s nhiu

Danh t bt quy tc:

a> Danh t s t kt thc bng f hoc fe

B f/fe, thm ves: a knife knives, one half two halves, my life their lives, a wolf wolves.

Gi nguyn, thm s: one roof roofs, a cliff many cliffs, a safe safes C th gi nguyn, cng c th b f/fe thm s: a dwarf the seven dwarfs/

dwarves, one wharf a few wharfs/ wharves

b> Danh t c kt thc bng: o, s, ss, sh, ch, x ta cng thm es tr thnh danh t s nhiu V d: a potato two potatoes, a watch two watches, a box two boxes,

c> Nhng danh t s nhiu c bit

Nhng danh t s nhiu c bit xut x t ting Anh c.

a man men a woman women a person -- people

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a foot feet a goose geese a tooth teeth a child children an ox oxen (castrated bulls) a brother brethren (in church orders), brothers (in a family) a mouse mice a louse lice a die dice (for playing games)

C rt nhiu danh t c dng s nhiu v s t ging nhau nh:

a sheep sheep, a deer deer, a moose moose a fish fish (fishes: dng khi ch cc loi c khc nhau ) a dozen two dozen roses, a hundred several hundred men (nhng c th ni:

dozens of roses, hundreds of people) a TV series many TV series, a means two means a species two species

d> Danh t lun dng s nhiu

Mt s danh t lun dng s nhiu, cho d c kt thc bng s hay khng.

The police are looking for the robbers. I like these pants / jeans / shorts. Use either scissors or nail clippers. Binoculars are stronger than any glasses.

f> Danh t kt thc bng o

Vi nhng t kt thc bng o, khi chuyn sang danh t s nhiu ta thm "s" hoc "es." Nu l mt nguyn m ng trc o th ch cn thm s, nh:

Radio-radios, video-videos Nu trc o l mt ph m th khng c quy tc nht qun:

Potato-potatoes, hero-heroes Nhng ...

Photo-photos, memo-memos Nhng t kt thc bng y thng chuyn y thnh i ri mi thm es

Cry-cries, fly-flies, party-parties ex/ix ices an index - indices, indexes The matrix - matrices

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appendix - appendices, appendixes Note:

Mt s danh t khng m c:: accommodation, baggage, behavior, equipment, fun, furniture, homework, housework, litter, luck, luggage, progress, rubbish, scenery, traffic, travel, weather, work, advice, money, machinery, news, trouble, cash

UNIT 2: WORD FORMATION (cch cu to t mi bng cch thm hu t)

2.1. Verbs Nouns - al: arrival/ proposal/ approval/ - ance: performance/ insurance/ appearance/ assurance/ - ation: invitation/ examination/ explanation/ exploration/ transportation/ information/ expectation/ - ion: reduction/ collection/ suggestion/ production/ discussion/ impression/protection/ promotion/ translation/ invention/ - ence: dependence/ difference/ reference/ preference/ - ment : investment/ improvement/ development/ encouragement/ government/ management/ employment/ retirement/ entertainment/ movement/ agreement/ payment - er/or: investor/ teacher/ actor/ player/ - ant: consultant/ servant/ applicant/ pollutant - y: discovery/ delivery - ure: failure/ pleasure/

2.1. Adjectives Nouns - ness: politeness/ happiness/ competitiveness/ carefulness/ helpfulness/ usefulness/ expensiveness/ - ity: productivity/ ability/ possibility/ profitability/ responsibility/ nationality/ personality/ popularity/ electricity/ majority/ similarity/ - y: difficulty/

2.3. Nouns Verbs - fy: beautify/ qualify/

2.4. Adjectives Verbs - ize: industrialize/ nationalize/ internationalize/ modernize/ urbanize/ globalize/ privatize/standardize/ - ify: simplify/ clarify/

2.5. Nouns Adjectives - ous: dangerous/ famous/ - ful: beautiful/ plentiful/ successful/ powerful/ painful/ - al: national/ international/ professional/ personal/ natural/ traditional/ governmental/ - ical: historical/ - able: comfortable/ valuable/ - ial: commercial/ industrial/ presidential/ financial/ - y: risky/ healthy/ wealthy/ - ive: successive/ impressive/

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2.6. Verbs Adjectives - ful: useful/ hopeful/ harmful/ helpful/ fearful - less: useless/ hopeless/ harmless/ helpless - able: considerable/ portable/ understandable/ manageable/ eatable/ predictable/ enjoyable/ negotiable/ imaginable/ remarkable/

UNIT 3: PARTS OF SPEECH GRAMMATICAL WORDS

3.1. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES - MO T

Cch dngcaa/an: Trc danh t st ln u c nhc n: I need a visa. They live in a flat. khi qut chung: A car must be insured = All cars/ Any cars must be insured. A child needs love = All children/ Any child needs love. Trong cm t cnh ch lng: a lot of a couple of a great many of a great deal of a dozen

Uses of the: - the dng trc danh tc nhc li:

We have bought a Mac and a PC. The Mac cost $2500 and the PC cost $2100.

- Trc danh t c thng tin xcnh Where is the file that I gave you this morning?

- Trc danh t l duy nht trong phm vi no Would you like to come in? The chairman will see you now. The earth; the world; the Sun; the Moon; the President of America, etc.

- Trc tnh t dng hn nht (superlatives) Coca Cola is the most famous soft drink in the world.

- Trc tnh t ch nhm ngi The rich do not do enough to help the poor.

- Refers to rivers, mountains, seas, and names of countries that include a noun like republic, kingdom, union, etc. The Aral Sea in the former Soviet Union is very polluted. The United Kingdom; the United States of America, etc

No article - Khi qut chung vi danh t m c s nhiu v khng m c: Money is the root of all evil. - Trc danh t ch cng ty, thnh ph, ng x, I work for Goldman Sachs in London, and I have a house in Western Road. I

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also have a holiday home in Crete and another near Lake Garda. - Vi cc thnh ng thng dng to/ at school to/at college/ university to/in class to/in/ into church by car/bus day after day

to/in bed to/out of prison to/at/from work at/to sea from top to bottom with knife and fork

to.in/from town at/from home in dock to market for breakfast/lunch

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Complete this true story. Put in a/an or the. A man decided to rob (1) .................... bank in the town where he lived. He walked into (2)................... bank and handed (3) ................ note to one of (4) ............... cashiers. (5) ....................... cashier read (6) ...................... note, which told her to give (7) ................ man some money. Afraid that he might have (8) ................. gun, she did as she was told. (9)................... man then walked out of (10) ................. building, leaving (11) .................. note behind. However, he had no time to spend (12) .................. money because he was arrested (13) .................. same day. He had made (14) ................. mistake. He had written (15) ................ note on (16) ................ back of (17) ............... envelope. And on (18) .................. other side of (19) ................... envelope was his name and address. This clue was quite enough for (20) ................... detectives on the case. Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with a, an, the or (no article).

HERE'S WHERE THE MONEY LIVES USA (1) .............. richest man in (2)............ USA is Bill Gates, (3) ........... Chairman of (4) ............ Microsoft. The

billionaire, who is known to have boyish streak, gives 'theme' parties for his

employees. One theme was (5) ............. Africa. Party

NIGERIA Five ships full of industrial waste were shipped from Italy to Koko in Nigeria, where (1) .......... farmer was paid US$8,750 to store (2) ............. waste on his land. This was a bargain for the Europeans and a fortune for (3) .......... farmer. Local children played in the

JAPAN Sanwa Bank, one of (1) ........... world's largest banks, is offering its clients (2) ......... savings accounts for (3) .......... pets. Clients' pets can

hold accounts where they can save special treats, (4) .......... holidays, or visits to the vet. A funeral for (5) .......... cat

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goers tried to fill in names of African countries on (6) ............ giant map and played (7) ............. computer quiz game called 'Jungle Jeopardy'.

waste, and took the containers home. However, (4) ............ waste was toxic and radioactive. (5) .......... farmer died from (6) ........... poisoning.

can cost up to $400, and a gravestone can cost another

$2,400.

3.2. QUANTIFIERS Some Notes on Quantifiers

The following quantifiers will work with count nouns: many trees a few trees few trees several trees a couple of trees none of the trees

The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns: not much dancing a little dancing little dancing a bit of dancing a good deal of dancing a great deal of dancing no dancing

The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns: all of the trees/dancing some trees/dancing most of the trees/dancing enough trees/dancing a lot of trees/dancing lots of trees/dancing plenty of trees/dancing a lack of trees/dancing

Much

Much of the snow has already melted. How much snow fell yesterday?

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Not much. Most + N (danh t cha xc nh)/ Most of the + N (danh t xc nh)

Most colleges have their own admissions policy. Most students apply to several colleges. Most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate. Most of the water has evaporated

Many Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair. Many an apple has fallen by October.

Predeterminers: - double, twice, four/five times . . . . - one-third, three-quarters, - both, half, and all; - quite, rather, and such.

This van holds three times the passengers as that sports car. My wife is making double my / twice my salary. This time we added five times the amount of water.

Charlie finished in one-fourth [of] the time his brother took. Two-fifths of the respondents reported that half the medication was sufficient.

This room is rather a mess, isn't it? The ticket-holders made quite a fuss when they couldn't get in. What an idiot he turned out to be. Our vacation was such a grand experience.

3.4. CONJUNCTIONS LIN T Coordinating Conjunctions

And/ but/ or/nor/ for/ yet/so

Dng ni t, cm t v mnd vi nhau.

1. On Friday night we watched TV and a movie. 2. We went to the park, but we did not have time for the museum. 3. She has to work late tonight, so she cannot make it to party. 4. Let's meet at the beach or in front of the hotel.

Subordinating Conjunctions

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After/ although/ though/ as/ because/ before/how/ if/ once/ since/ than/ that/ till/ until/ when/ where/ whether/ while/ V d:

1. They went running (independent clause), although it was very hot (dependent clause).

2. We decided to take a couple of French classes this summer (independent clause), since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause).

3. Monica went to law school in New York, while her brother went to law school in California.

1. Although it was very hot, they went running. 2. Since we could not go away on vacation (dependent clause), we decided to take a

couple of French classes this summer (independent clause). 3. While her brother went to law school in California, Monica went to law school in

California.

Correlative Conjunctions both / and not only / but also either / or neither / nor whether / or

Examples:

1. We talked both to her parents and her doctor. 2. Jason not only speaks Chinese, but also Japanese and Korean. 3. You can have either pie or a cake. 4. She neither liked the hotel nor the restaurant. 5. Everything depends on whether he gets the teaching job in June or the one in

September.

3.4. ANOTHER AND OTHER

Nu other c The i km theo trc: The other l xc nh. Nu ch ng l bit (c nhc n trc ) th ta c th b danh t i sau another hoc other, ch cn dng another hoc other nh mt i t l . Khi danh t s nhiu b lc bt (trong cch ni tt nu trn) th other tr thnh others. Khng bao gi c dng others + danh t s nhiu.

Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

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An + other + danh t m c s t = mt ci, mt ci, mt ngi na, mt ngi khc (= one more). The other + danh t m c s t = ci cui cng cn li (ca mt b), ngi cn li (mt nhm), = last of the set present The other pencil = the last pencil present

Other + danh t m c s nhiu = my ci na, my ci khc, my ngi na, my ngi khc (= more of the set). The other + danh t m c s nhiu = nhng ci cn li (ca mt b), nhng ngi cn li (ca mt nhm), = the rest of the set. The other pencils = all remaining pencils.

Other + danh t khng m c = mt cht na (= more of the set). Other water = some more water The other + danh t khng m c = ch cn st li. The other water = the remaining water.

- I dont want this book. Please give me another. (Another = any other book not specific)

- I dont want this book. Please give me the other. (The other = the other book, specific)

- This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too. (Others = the other chemicals, specific)

- I dont want these books. Please give me the others. (The others = the other books, specific)

- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other thay cho danh t:

I dont want this book. Please give me another one. I dont want this book. Please give me the other one. This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too. I dont want these books. Please give me the other ones.

- This hoc that c th dng one nhng these v those ones, mc d c 4 t ny u c th dng thay cho danh t (vi vai tr l i t) khi khng i vi one hoc ones:

I dont want this book. I want that.

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MINI TEST 1 Choose the best answer 1. Did your sister get .. she applied for? A. a job B. job C. the job D. A & B are correct 2. These arent my books. Did I take .. of yours by mistake? A. it B. one C. some D. any 3. She saw one-eyed man yesterday. A. some B. any C. an D. a 4. But nobody complained .? A. didnt he B. didnt anybody C. didnt they D. did they? 5. The pepper hit her in .. eyes. A. the B. her C. A & B D. no article 6. Many school leavers are looking for . A. work B. the work C. works D. their work 7. Would you give me .. advice, please? A. any B. much C. some D. many 8. money has been spent on fuel. A. few B. many C. a great deal of D. a large number of 9. is my sisters favourite newspaper. A. Daily Mail B. The Daily Mail C. Some Daily Mail D. A Daily Mail 10. You can buy meat at . A. the butchers B. butchers C. the shop butchers D. the butcher shop 11. What delighful ..! A. weather B. a weather C. the weather D. such a weather 12. Presley, , went to the Middle East in 1960. A. a famous singer B. the famous singer C. famous singer D. the famous 13. The tourists are taking .. A. Thong Nhat B. Thong Nhat train C. the Thong Nhat D. train of Thong Nhat 14. My sister plays . very beautifully. A. piano B. a piano C. the piano D. pianos 15. I have rarely seen like this. A. something B. everything C. nothing D. anything

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16. .. tourists do not visit this part of the town. A. A most B. The most C. Most of D. Most 17. .. her friends live in Ho Chi Minh City. A. Most B. The most C. Most of D. A & C 18. The church is very old . it was built in the 17th century. A. All B. Most C. Most of D. Some 19. How much of this money is yours? it. A. Half B. Half of C. All D. Most 20. These windows are so small that the room gets . air. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little

3.5. PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions of time: at, on and in. In + month, year, season, decade, century, time of the day

- In June, May, July, etc. - In 2008, in the 1990s, in the early 1980s, in the late 1980s, etc. - In summer, winter, etc. - In the 20th century, - in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

On + days, dates - On Tuesday, Wednesday, etc. - On 2nd May, on New Years Day, etc

At + oclock, - At 7a.m, at ten thirty, - At the weekend, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight, - At night, at lunchtime, at midday, at midnight,

During is used for length of time: - Please dont talk during the concert. - Both his brothers died during the Second World War.

Between and/ from to - He learned history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950 (or from 1947 to

1950) Exercise 1 Choose the correct preposition for each time phrase

1. in/ on summer 2. in/ during the meal 3. at/ in the afternoon 4. in/ on 1901 5. at/ in the weekend 6. at/ in seven oclock 7. in/ on February

8. at/ on 2.20 p.m. 9. at/ in Christmas 10. at/ on Friday 11. at/ in winter 12. at/ in night 13. at/ in midnight 14. in/ on April 17th

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15. at/ on my birthday 16. in/ on Valentines Day 17. at/ on Tuesday morning 18. at/ on 4th July 2001 19. at/ in the middle of the night 20. at/ during the evening

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Prepositions of place and direction

Preposition Use Examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

across from one side to the other side

You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.

after one follows the other The cat ran after the dog. After you. against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

along in a line; from one point to another They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people. around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire. behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket. below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level. beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth./sb. is on each side Our house is between the supermarket and the school.

by Near He lives in the house by the river. close to Near Our house is close to the supermarket. down from high to low He came down the hill. from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front of the part that is in the direction it faces Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle. into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle. near close to Our house is near the supermarket. next to Beside Our house is next to the supermarket. off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof. onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof. opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket. out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

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outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside? over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall. past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office. round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

through going from one point to the other point You shouldn't walk through the forest.

to towards sth./sb. I like going to Australia.

Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.

towards in the direction of sth. We ran towards the castle. under below sth. The cat is under the table. up from low to high He went up the hill.

UNIT 4: TYPES OF QUESTIONS Basic Question Types There are 4 basic types of question:

1. Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No") 2. Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information") 3. Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question") 4. Tag Questions

4.1. Yes/No Questions

auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer Yes or No

Do you Want dinner? Yes, I do.

Can you drive? No, I can't.

Has she Finished her work? Yes, she has.

Did they Go home? No, they didn't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

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Is Anne French? Yes, she is.

Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't.

4.2. Question Word Questions

Loi cu hi Cu tr li 1 When + . ?

VD: - When did you build this house?

- When are you going to take the exams?

Gii t ch thi gian + n v ch thi gian - In 2005. - On September 15th and 16th. Gii t ch thi gian: At + gi: at 8 oclock, at weekend, at midday, at midnight, at Christmas, at night, at lunch time, On + days and dates: on Monday, on wedding day, on Tet holiday, on August 19, 2012, In + thng, nm, ma, thp k, In May, in 2012, in summer, in 1990s, in 20th century, During/ between and ch khong thi gian: During the concert, during the World War II, between 1992 and 1996,

2 Where + .? - Where do you live? - Where did you travel/ go last Monday?

Gii t ch ni chn + a danh - In Hanoi. - To Ho Chi Minh city. - Gii t ch ni chn: in, on, at, behind, beside, in front of, above, over, below, under, in the middle of, next to, near, far from, - a danh: Danh t chung: in a village, in the city, in the country, in the mountain, on the beach, at the seaside, on the coast, Danh t ring: in Hanoi, in London, in the USA,

3 Who + ..? - hi cho ch ng: Who taught you English at universisty?

- hi cho tn ng: Who did he buy a new car for last month?

- l dt ch ngi ng u cu (cu ch ng): Mr Nguyen taught me English at university. - l dt ch ngi sau t by (cu b ng) I was taught English by Mr Nguyen

- l danh t ch ngi ng sau ng t: Last month he bought a new car for his son.

4 Why.?

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- Why + c cu ? - Why + 1 v ca cu? - Why? = What for ?

- Because + cu k tip - Because + phn cn li ca cu - to do sth/ for sth/ for doing sth

5 Which ? - Which language do you prefer?

- French 6 Whose ?

- Whose car is it? - tnh t s hu + danh t hoc i t s hu This is my car/Its mine - s hu cch vi danh t This is my fathers car

7 What? - What is/are .? L g What was popular among college students? - What + ng t c chia theo thi: hi cho ch ng ca cu

- What do/does sbd do ? What do you do if the international line is engaged?

- What do/ did/ sbd + ng t ? What is man only just beginning to realize?

- What for?/ what purpose? What did man probably first use fire for? What purpose was fire used by Red Indians?

- What happened? What happened after the performance? - What colour? - What size? - What shape? - What depth? - What length?

- l phn danh t hay cm danh t sau be nu hi cho v ng/ hoc ch ng trc be Fork music was popular among college students. - thnh phn ch ng

- to do sth if the international line is busy, you can reserve a call tr li: - to reserve a call

- phn i sau ng t Man only just beginning to realize how much he must look to the sea.

- to do sth He needed fire to keep himself warm at night.

Red Indians used fire to make smoke signal.

-phn cn li ca cu cha c trong cu hi After the performance, however, there were hundreds of telephone calls.

8 How? - How is .? - How do/ does/did sbd do sth? How does the baby learn his mother

L tnh t sau be trng t/ gii t + danh t/ gii t + V-ing A baby learn his native tongue naturally by hearing

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tongue? - How often ? - How long? - How much/many? - How far? - How high? - How big/large? - How deep? - How heavy?

speech around him.

4.3. Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.

Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+] negative tag [-] notes:

subject auxiliary main verb

auxiliary not personal pronoun (same as subject)

You are coming, are n't you?

We have finished, have n't we?

You do Like coffee, do n't you?

You Like coffee, do n't you? You (do) like... They will help, wo n't they? won't = will not

I can come, can 't I?

We must go, must n't we?

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He should Try harder, should n't he?

You Are English, are n't you? no auxiliary for main verb be

present & past John Was there, was n't he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-] positive tag [+] subject auxiliary main verb auxiliary personal

pronoun (same as subject)

It is n't raining, is it?

We have Never seen that, have we?

You do n't like coffee, do you?

They will Not help, will they?

They wo n't report us, will they?

I can Never do it right, can I?

We must n't tell her, must we?

He should n't drive so fast, should he?

You are n't English, are you?

John was not there, was he?

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I) You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...

I have been answering, haven't I?

use first auxiliary

Nothing came in the post, did treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative

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it? statements

Let's go, shall we? let's = let us

He'd better do it, hadn't he? he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

But you don't really love her, do you? This will work, won't it? Well, I couldn't help it, could I? But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you? We'd never have known, would we? The weather's bad, isn't it? You won't be late, will you? Nobody knows, do they?

Question tags with imperatives

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.

imperative + question tag notes:

invitation Take a seat, won't you? polite

order Help me, can you? quite friendly

Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?) Close the door, would you? quite polite

Do it now, will you? less polite

Don't forget, will you? with negative imperatives only will is possible

Exercises for tag questions 1. We should call Rita, .....................? a. should we c. shall we b. shouldn't we d. should not we 2. Monkeys can't sing, ..........................? a. can they c. can it

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b. can't they d. can't it 3. These books aren't yours, ..............................? a. are these c. are they b. aren't these d. aren't they 4. That's Bod's, ............................? a. is that c. is it b. isn't that d. isn't it 5. No one died in the accident, ...............................? a. didn't they c. didn't he b. did he d. did they 6. I'm right, ..................................? a. aren't I c. isn't I b. am not I d. not I am 7. They never came to class late and ................................. a. neither did we c. we did either b. so did we d. neither we did 8. They are studying pronunciation with Mr. Brown, ..................? a. are they c. do they b. aren't they d. don't they 9. She should have obeyed her parents, .......................... she? a. should c. shouldn't have b. should have d. shouldn't

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UNIT 5: TENSES

Ch ng

n Tip din Hon thnh

Hin ti I/you/we/they Danh t s nhiu + t (ngth)

She/he/it dt s it+ k m c + t (bin i)

C quy tc: V+ s Bt quy tc: V + es

I am You/we/they are She/he/it is + V-ing

She/he/it has I.you.we/they - have + PII PII = V + ed (c qtc) Bt qtc: c bng km

Qu kh CN + t (qkh) V + ed

I/she/he/it was

You/we/they were + V-ing

Had + PII

Tng lai CN + will + V(ngth) Will + be + V-ing

Will + have + PII

B ng n Tip din Hon thnh Hin ti Am/are/is + PII Am/are/is + being +

PII Have/has + been + PII

Qu kh Was/were + PII Was/were + being +PII

Had + been + PII

Tng lai Will be + PII Will be + being + PII Will have + been + PII

5.1. PRESENT SIMPLE - HIN TI N

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A. Form Cng thc All verbs (except to be and the modals) follow this pattern.

Cu khng nh Cu ph nh Cu nghi vn Cu hi chung I/you/we/they Plural nouns

Work dont work Do they work?

Wh- do they work ?

She/he/it Singular nouns + uncountables

Works Doesnt work Does she work ?

Wh- does she work ?

NOTE: Ch ng l ngi th 3 st, danh t st v khng m c: ng t c quy tc: V + s Example: She learns English very well. My mother travels to work by her own car. ng t bt quy tc:

- Verbs ending with o, s, ss, sh, ch, x: V + es He goes to work at 7am every day. My father often watches TV in the evening. She does a lot of typing at her office.

- Verbs ending with y: y i + es He often flies to New York for business. She tries her best to learn English.

B. Functions or uses - Chc nng * Hot ng thng xy ra, lp i lp li Examples:

- IBM is the largest computer company in the world; it manufactures mainframes and PCs and sells its products all over the world.

- I usually get to the showroom at about 8.00 and I have a quick look at the post. The sales reps arrive at about 8.15 and we open at 8.30. * Facts - Thc t lun ng nh kt qu nghin cu khoa hc hay hin tng thin nhin. Examples: The Earth goes around the Sun. Superconductors are special materials that conduct electricity. * Programs and timetables - Lch trnh/ chng trnh/ thi gian biu ca cc s vic trong tng lai. Examples: There are two flights to Tokyo next Thursday. There is a JAL flight that leaves Heathrow at 20.30 and gets in at 06.20, and there is a British

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Airways flight that departs at 22.00 and arrives at 08.50.

C. Time expressions - Trng ng ch thi gian Ch mc tn s

Examples include: Always, often, usually, normally, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, not often, hardly ever, never

Terry Smith, the chief executive of Collins Stewart, usually gets up 6 am. He takes the train to London and arrives at his office by 8 am. Lunch is usually a sandwich with some Japanese green leaf tea.

V tr ca trng t: Trc mi ng t: I often take (I dont often take) the Eurostar to Brussels. Sau t be: Im usually (Im not usually) nervous before the presentation

Adverb phrases like every day, once a year, most of the time, from time to time, now and then come at the beginning or end of the sentence. Terry Smith travels to his New York office once a month.

We also use the present simple after these future time expressions: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time

5.2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS - HIN TI TIP DIN A. Cng thc

Cu khng nh Cu ph nh Cu nghi vn Cu hi chung I am + working

(Im working) am not working (Im not working)

are you working ?

Wh- are you working ?

You/ we/ they

are working (were working)

are not (arent) working

Are they working ?

Wh- are they working ?

She/ he/ it Is working (hes working)

Is not (isnt) working

Is he working ? Wh- is he working ?

B. Chc nng * Hnh ng din ra ti thi im ang ni

Im afraid Mr. Jacksons not available at the moment. He is talking to a customer on the other phone. * Current projects Cng vic, d n, ang din ra.

Bartons is one of the largest local construction companies. At the moment we are building a new estate with 200 houses and we are negotiating with the council for the sale of development land in Boxley Wood. * Temporary situations Tnh hung tm thi

Mrs. Harding organizes our conferences.

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(The present simple is used because this is generally true) Mrs. Harding is away on maternity leave, so I am organizing them. (The present continuous is used because this is only true for a limited time)

* Slow changes Thay i din ra t t (thng l bin i kinh t, x hi, ) The latest economic statistics show that both unemployment and inflation are

falling, and that the economy is growing at an annual rate of 2.6%. * Arrangements - K hoch.

What are you doing on Friday afternoon? (What have you arranged to do?) I am seeing the accountants. (I have arranged to see them.)

* State verbs Cc ng t ch tnh thi thng khng dng dng tip din m dng dng n.

Verbs of thinking believe, doubt, guess, imagine, know, realize, suppose, understand

Verbs of possession belong to, have, own, possess Verbs of the senses hear, smell, sound, taste, look, feel Verbs of emotion dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Verbs of appearance appear, seem Others contain, depend on, include, involve, mean, measure,

weigh, require

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. 1. I .. (look at) the details on the screen now. 2. I (look at) the sales results in detail every month. 3. The production line . (not, work) at weekends. 4. The production line . (not, work) at the moment. 5. Yes, I agree. I .. (think) its a good idea. 6. Helen . (stay) at the Astoria while shes in Madrid this month. 7. We .. (take) a sample for testing once a day. 8. We (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project. 9. They .. (be) usually very flexible if we need to change the order. 10. They (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few more months Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is an action or a state verb. If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the Present Continuous tense.

1. a) Why are you smelling the soup? b) Why do you smell the soup?

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2. a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder. b) She felt his arm on her shoulder.

3. a) Are you having an English dictionary? b) Do you have an English dictionary?

4. a) What are you thinking about? b) What do you think about?

5. a) I am feeling much better today. b) I feel much better today.

6. a) What are you looking at? b) What do you look at?

7. a) I am not hearing you. b) I can't hear you.

8. a) What are you thinking of me? b) What do you think of me?

9. a) I am feeling we should go home now. b) I feel we should go home now.

10. a) This bread is tasting funny. b) This bread tastes funny.

5.3. PAST SIMPLE QU KH N

A. FORM: Cu khng

nh Cu ph nh Cu nghi vn Cu hi chung

I/you/we/they She/he/it All nouns

S + V(past) S + didn't + V(infinitive)

Did/Didn't + S + V(infinitive)

Wh- + did/didn't + S + V(infinitive)

* C quy tc: V(infinitive) + ed * Bt quy tc: (Bng ng t bt quy tc) - I went to a very interesting presentation last week. (Bare infinitive: go) - I rang her yesterday, but she wasn't in the office. (Bare infinitive: ring, be)

B. Chc nng: hnh ng xy ra hon ton trong qu kh C. Trng ng

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with prepositions without prepositions - at + 6 am/ the end of the year/ Christmas/ ...

- on + Monday/15th May/New Year's Day/ ...

- in + January/2009/the 1990s/summer/ ... - during + the Second World War / ...

- yesterday/ yesterday morning/ last night/ - the day before yesterday/ ... - last week/ month/ year/ summer/ decade/ century/ ... - two weeks age/ a few months ago/ ... - When I was young

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Use the verbs in the box to complete the sentences. Some of the sentences are positive statements, some are negative, and some are questions. accept complain hire place realize study visit

1. Oh, I'm sorry to disturb you. I didn't realize you had a visitor. 2. .............. you .................. economics when you were at university? 3. She ...................... ..................... the job because the salary was too low. 4. Last week a number of customers ..................... about slow services. 5. ................... you ................ the Acropolis when you were in Greece? 6. I am writing with reference to the order I .................... with you last week. 7. At last year's launch party, who ................. you .............. to do the catering?

5.4. PAST CONTINUOUS QU KH TIP DIN

A. FORM Cng thc

Cu khng nh Cu ph nh Cu nghi vn Cu hi chung I/she/he/it was + working was not (wasn't)

working (Im not working)

was she working ?

Wh- was she working ?

You/ we/ they

were working (we were working)

were not (weren't) working

Were they working ?

Wh- were they working ?

B. Chc nng. * Hnh ng ang xy ra ti 1 thi im c th trong qu kh. At 3.15 yesterday afternoon, Mr. Jansen was seeing some clients in London. * Hnh ng b xen ngang: We were discussing our expansion plans when the chairman suddenly announced his resignation. We can rephrase this sentence using while + the past continuous: While we were discussing our expansion plans, the chairman suddenly announced his resignation. * S ph hp v thi:

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- When the phone rang, I was talking to a client. - When the phone rang, I answered it.

PRACTICE Choose the correct tense, simple past or past continuous. I (1) met/was meeting an old business colleague of mine while I (2) travelled/was travelling to New York for a conference. She (3) noticed/ was noticing me while I (4) stood/ was standing in the queue at the airport check-in desk. We decide to travel together, and while we (5) waited/ were waiting for the flight to leave, we (6) realized /were realizing that we were going to the same conference and staying at the same hotel. We talked about old times, and while we (7) had/were having lunch on the plane, she (8) said/was saying that she was going to look for a new job. I didn't think of it at the time, but later on when the plane (9) came/ was coming in to land, I suddenly (10) remembered/was remembering that we had a vacancy for a lawyer. I told her about the terms and conditions, and later that evening, when we (11) had/were having dinner, she (12) accepted/was accepting the position. 5.5. CC DNG TNG LAI

Phn bit s khc nhau gia: am/are/is + V-ing, am/are/is + going tovwill:

- hin ti tip din k hoch (trstate verbs) I'm having a meeting with the Export Manager on Thursday at 2.15.

- am/are/is + going to quyt nh, d nh I've made up my mind. I'm going to buy a BMW 730i.

- am/are/is + going to don chc chn It's already 28 degree Centigrate. It's going to be very hot today.

- Will quytnh tc th I wonder if Peter is back from his marketing trip. I'll give him a ring.

- Will li ha, d ngh I'll give you a hand with those boxes if you like.

- Will don chung In the next century, computers will play a vital role in everyone's life.

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Will or present continuous? JENET: I've booked your flight and hotels for your trip to Ethiopia. You (1) are leaving (leave) on the 18th at 6.30 a.m., and that means you (2) ................. (be) in Addis Ababa late afternoon. DAVID: What about hotels? JENET: You (3) ................ (stay) at the Addis Ababa Hilton, and you (4) ............... (have) to get a taxi there from the airport. Your first meeting is on Monday, and

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you (5) ....................... (see) Mr. Haile Mariam from the Ministry of Agriculture at 10.30. DAVID: (6) ................... (I/need) any vaccinations? JANET: I'm not sure, but leave it with me. I (7) ............... (phone) the travel agent, and I (8) .................... (let) you know what she says.

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the future, using will or going. 1. A: I'm afraid the fax machine isn't working. B: Don't worry, it's not a very urgent letter. I will post (post) it. 2. A: We've chosen a brand name for the new biscuits. B: Really? What ..................... (you/call) them? 3. A: Why are you taking the day off on Friday? B: I ........................ (look) at a new house. 4. A: I'm afraid there's no sugar. Do you want a coffee without any? B: No, I ................... (not have) one, thanks. 5. A: Have you decide what to do about improving the circulation of the magazine? B: Yes, we ...................... (cut) the cover price by 10% as from October. 5.6. PRESENT PERFECT - HIN TI HON THNH

CNG THC: have/has + PII

Cu khng nh Cu ph nh Cu nghi vn Cu hi chung I/you/we/they have + taken have not

(haven't) taken Have you taken...?

Wh- have you taken ... ?

she/he/it has + taken has not (hasn't) taken

Has he taken ... ? Wh- has he taken ... ?

CHC NNG: - Din t tnh hung hin ti l kt qu caiu g xy ra vo thiim khng c th trong qu kh:

- I have given your report to the MD. (I gave him your report and he has it now.)

- I have sent them the samples they wanted. (I sent them. They are in the post now.)

Trng ng: just, already, ever, ... - Just: va mi I'm sorry, Mrs. Smith is not here. She has just left.

- Ever and never: ni v kinh nghim trong cuc sng tng hay cha tng: Have you ever worked abroad? (i.e., In all your life up to now) I have never been to America. (i.e., Not in all my life up to now.)

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- Already and yet: They are getting on well with the new building. They have already modernized the warehouse, but they haven't decorated the reception area yet.

Have you talked to Peter yet? I have not talked to him yet.

- For and since for + ten minutes/ five days/ three months/ two years/ etc. since + 10.15/ Monday/ the 18th/ last week/ 1990/ I left school/ etc.

I have been with this company for six years. I have been in computing since the beginning of 1989.

- Hnh ng hon thnh trong thi gian va qua: to date, recently, over the past five years, today, this morning, so far, up to now, over the last three months, etc.

Over the past five years, the capital returns from many emerging Asian and Latin American stock markets have been substantially higher than those of developed world, as the chart shows. For example, the market in Argentina has risen by 793% and Mexico has increased by 645%. In Asia, the booming market in Thailand has gone up by 364%, and investors in the Philippines have seen a return of 204%.

Present perfect: continuous and simple

They have been producing cars here for 10 years. (They started producing cars 10 years ago. They are still producing cars.)

I have been trying to ring them all day. (I started trying to ring them this morning. I am still trying to ring them.)

Hin ti hon thnhn thng dng vi ng t tnh thi (state verbs), hoc din t tnh hung lu di.

Ken has been in London since 9 o'clock this morning. (NOT: has been being ...) I have lived in London all my life. (NOT: have been living ...)

PRACTICE Put the verbs into the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous. 1. We are thinking about opening an office in Tokyo, so ....................... (learn) Japanese at evening classes for the last two months.

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2. By the way, I ..................... (work) out those figures. They are on your desk now. 3. Do you know where that order form is? Peter ........................ (look) for it. 4. I'm sorry, I didn't know that you were here. ..................... (you/wait) long? 5. Since January, our turnover ....................... (increase) by 18%. 6. The film company is a reasonable investment. They ................. (make) four successful films. 7. The lawyers .................... (look) through the contract, but they say they need another day to read it all. 8. We ....................... (visit) potential sites for the new workshops, but we haven't found anything suitable yet.

5.7. PAST PERFECT QU KH HON THNH

- Cng thc: had + the past participle (PII).

- Chc nng: Hnh ng xy ra trc hnh ng khc trong qu kh

1. When I arrived at the office, the meeting started. (I arrived at the office, and then the meeting started.) 2. When I arrived at the office, the meeting had started. (The meeting started before I got to the office. I was late.)

- Thng c dng vi cc trng ng:just, already, never, etc ging vi thi hin ti hon thnh:

I am nervous because I have never given a presentation. (I am about to give a presentation.)

I was nervous because I had never given a presentation. (I gave a presentation yesterday.)

- Dng trong cu iu kin loi 3. If his car hadnt broken down he wouldnt have been late for the meeting.

PRACTICE Complete each of the following sentences in two ways, using because + past perfect and so + simple past. 1. When I left the office, the building was empty... (everyone/go home) because everyone had gone home. (I/lock the door) so I locked the doors. 2. When I arrived at the office the next morning, the place was in a terrible mess ... (I/phone the police) ......................................................................................... (someone/break in) ..........................................................................................

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3. The chairman was in a very good mood ... (we/win/a major contract) ............................................................................... (we/open/a bottle of champagne) .................................................................... 4. The negotiators realized another meeting would be necessary ... (they/not reach an agreement) ......................................................................... (they/got out/their diaries) ............................................................................... 5. I did not know their phone number ... (I/call/Directory Enquiries) ............................................................................. (they/move/to new premises) ........................................................................... 6. The Marketing Manager's flight from Japan arrived late ... (she/go/straight/home from the airport) ............................................................. (there/be/a security alert in Tokyo) ...................................................................

MINI TEST 2 Choose the best answer 1. I . the book before my next birthday. A. shall have finished B. will have finished C. have finished D. A & B 2. Hello! . a cake? A. Do you make B. Are you making C. Have you made D. B & C 3. He .. very quickly when I met him yesterday. A. is walking B. would walk C. was walking D. B & C 4. Why is she running away? Because she . it is time for bed and to go. A. is knowing, isnt wanting B. is knowing, doesnt want C. knows, does not want D. B & C 5. Yesterday I .. a new watch as my old one A. bought, stolen B. bought, had been stolen C. bought, would be stolen D. was buying, had been stolen 6. We you tomorrow after you . your work. A. will meet, will have finished B. will meet, have finished C. meet, have finished D. are meeting, finish 7. He said he .. sorry he .. me so much trouble. A. was, had given B. was, gave C. had been, would give D. was, was giving 8. I am sorry that I .. you .. your pipe when you to see me last Thursday. A. did not know, had left, came B. did not know, left, came C. had known, had left, came D. did not know, had left, had come

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9. He .. so good to me when I was a boy, that to this day I . his kindness, and I hope that I A. was, didnt forget, never will forget B. was, havent forgotten, never will forget C. was, didnt forget, never forget D. had been, didnt forget, never will forget 10. He .. very hard lately. A. is working B. was working C. has been working D. will have been working 11. By the end of last year, he . four Shakespeare plays and by next year he two more. A. read, will read B. had read, have read C. read, will have read D. had read, will have read 12. I .. English for three years now. A. am studying B. have been studying C. will have been studying D. am to study 13. I . him for a very long time. A. have been knowing B. have known C. know D. am knowing 14. This is the second time you a cup; you . one yesterday. A. broke, would broke B. broke, broke C. have broken, have broken D. have broken, broke 15. Dont come I have finished lunch. A. after B. as soos as C. since D. until 16. As soon as he .. $3,000, he will retire from business. A. saves B. will save C. has saved D. will have saved 17. She next month. A. will be to marry B. is to be married C. is about married D. is on the point to marry 18. They .. for Hue. A. are going to leave B. are about to leave C. are on the point of leaving D. All are correct 19. I you are wrong. A. am feeling B. am to feel C. felt D. feel 20. I ..it is a stupid idea. He should stay where he is. A. am thinking B. am going to think C. think D. have been thinking

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UNIT 6: CC DNG VIT LI CU SAO CHO NGHA KHNG THAY I 6.1. CONDITIONALS 6.1.1. Cu iu kin loi 1 Conditional (TYPE I) Cng thc: If + hin ti n will + V(nguyn th)

- If the government raises taxes, consumer spending will fall.

V iu kin v kt qu c th i ch - If it is rainy tomorrow we will not go camping at Tam Dao. - We will not go camping at Tam Dao if it is rainy tomorrow.

If and unless If + not = unless hoc If = unless + not

- If he doesnt get here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. - Unless he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him.

not + unlessngha lonly if khi nhn mnhiu kin - They will only sign the contract if we give them an additional discount. - They wont sign the contract unless we give them an additional discount.

If and in case

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- We are going to ensure the shipment in case the goods get damaged in transit. (We will take out insurance first; the problem may or may not happen afterwards.)

- If the goods get damaged in transit, well make a claim. (The damage may happen, and we will make a claim afterwards)

Provided that, as long as, etc. If = provided that/providing, as long as

- I will agree to these conditions provided that you increase my salary by 8.5%. (I will only agree if you give me more money.)

- The strike will be successful as long as we all stay together. (It will only succeed if we all stay together.)

PRACTICE Rewrite the following sentences using unless: 1. If nothing goes wrong, we will sign the deal tomorrow. Unless 2. Were not going to get that contract if we dont improve our offer. Unless . 3. Only phone me if it is an emergency. Please dont phone me .. 4. If demand doesnt increase soon, we are going to have a bad year. We are going to have a bad year 5. This project will only be viable if you can cut your overheads. Unless . 6. Ill accept an overseas posting if I can have my job back when I return. I wont accept an overseas posting .

Complete the sentences with the words from the list below. Each word is used twice. When as long as in case unless 1. Ill speak to you again Ive looked at the contract in detail. 2. Leave your return flight open the negotiations take an extra day. 3. We can start the project next week .. everyone agrees. 4. We can start the project next week .. anyone disagrees. 5. The Board will be happy . our share price remains high. 6. Keep your receipt . you need to return the goods. 7. the new stock will arrive the Christmas sales are finished. 8. Well probably make a loss this year . sales improve in the last quarter.

6.1.2. Cu iu kin loi 2 Conditional (TYPE II) A. Cng thc

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IF + PAST SIMPLE WOULD + INFINITIVE If I knew her number, I would send her a fax

B. Imaginary situations We can use the second conditional to refer to an action or a state we imagine: 1. If these machines were not so expensive, we would buy them. (But they are expensive, and we are not going to buy them) 2. If I lost my job tomorrow, I would move to London to find another one. (I dont think I will lose my job, but I understand the possible consequences.)

PRACTICE Exercise 1:Put the right forms of the verbs in brackets: 1. If everyone .. (contribute) 10% of their salaries to charity, there .. (be) no poverty. 2. I am sure we (meet) our targets if we .. (maintain) our current level of sales. 3. If I . (be) in your position, I . (insist) on having more staff in the department. 4. Please have a seat. If you . (wait) a couple of minutes, I . (give) you a lift. 5. Im expecting a fax from Graysons. If it . (come) today, please (let) me know at once. 6. I . (apply) for the job if I (have) a degree, but unfortunately I havent. 7. What laws .. (you/change) if you . (be) in Parliament? 8. Im leaving now; I . (be) back at 8.30 if the traffic (not/be) too bad.

6.1.3. Cu iu kin loi 3 Conditional (TYPE III) A. Form

IF + HAD (NOT) DONE WOULD (NOT) + HAVE DONE If Clinton and Core had won the election, they would have promoted free trade agreements with other nations in the same way as Bush.

We use the third conditional when we want to talk about past events that are different to what really happened.

There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret: If the economic situation had been better, we wouldnt have lost so many customers.

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Put the verbs into the correct form. Choose either the past perfect (had done) or would + perfect infinitive (would have done) 1. If we had known (know) that the company was in financial difficulty, we would not have done business with them. 2. We would have won that contract if we .. (make) a better offer.

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3. They (go) out of business years ago if they hadnt invested in new technology. 4. Would sales have been higher if the price . (be) lower? 5. If we (wait) a few more months, we would have saved a great deal of money on the new computers. 6. The company . (move) earlier if it had found suitable premises. 7. .. you . (accept) the new job if they offered it to you? 8. If the flight had been delayed, I (stay) at the airport hotel. Exercise 2:Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.

1. If they (have) have time at the weekend, they will come to see us. 2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) . 3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you. 4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress. 5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus. 6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete. 7. Okay, I (get) the popcorn if you buy the drinks. 8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it. 9. She (go) out with you if you had only asked her. 10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.

Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences. Note that you might have to use other tenses (active/passive voice) than required in the basic rules.

1. If I had more time, I (come) to your party yesterday. 2. Give the book to Jane if you (read) it. 3. If you hadn't lost our flight tickets, we (be) on our way to the Caribbean now. 4. If you (have) dinner right now, I'll come back later.

5. If we (set) off earlier, we wouldn't be in this traffic jam now. 6. What would you do if you (accuse) of murder? 7. If I hadn't eaten that much, I (feel / not) so sick now. 8. We would take another route if they (close / not) the road.

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9. She only (sing) if she's in a good mood.

6.2. B NG - THE PASSIVE 1. Cng thc:

BE + PII

2. Nhn mnh vo hnh ng: - About 85% of the worlds rubber is produced in the Far East. (We use the passive here because we do not know, or need to say, who produces it.) 3. Systems and processes: H thng hay qu trnh On most rubber plantations, the latex is collected from the rubber trees every day. It is mixed with water and then formic acid is added. This process creates crude rubber, which is then rolled into sheets.

4. Active or passive? Nu phi nhn mnh ai thc hin hnh ng, ta dng cu ch ng hoc cu b ng

vi tby + ch th ca hnh ng: Active: Peter Franks runs the Marketing Department. Passive: The marketing Department is run by Peter Franks.

PRACTICE Focus on actions. Many of the following sentences sound unnatural because they are in the active. Rewrite them in the present simple passive, but do not mention the agent (e.g., by workers, by people)

1. Workers in China make these telephones.

These telephones are made in China. 2. Employers pay many manual workers weekly.

Many manual workers

3. They keep a large amount of goal at Fort Knox.

A large amount of goal

4. Workers build a lot of the worlds supertankers in South Korea.

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A lot of the worlds supertankers 5. Farmers grow a third of the worlds cocoa on the Ivory Coast.

A third of the worlds cocoa... 6. Countries store most nuclear waste underground.

Most nuclear waste

7. Scientists test most new drugs extensively before they go on sale. Most new drugs

8. Printers print a lot of our books in Hong Kong. A lot of our books

5. Passive verbs and infinitives The verbs believe, expect, know, report, say, think, suppose, and understand are often used in the passive and are followed by an infinitive (to be, to do). Compare:

People say that Taikichiro Mori is the richest person outside the USA. Taikichiro Mori is said to be the richest person outside the USA.

To refer to the past we can use to have done:

They believe that the company lost a great deal of money on the deal. The company is believed to have lost a great deal of money on the deal. To refer to something happening at the moment we can use to be going:

People believe that George Soros is planning a major new investment. George Soros is believed to be planning a major new investment.

6. Have something done We can use the structure have something done to talk about things we pay or employ other people to do for us. We use the verb have + the object + PII:

We have our books printed in Singapore.

In most cases we can use get instead of have. This is more informal:

We get our brochures printed in Hong Kong.

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using have something done. 1. Someone makes my suits in London. I have my suits made in London. 2. Someone is going to print 5,000 new catalogues for us.

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We ......................................................................................................................... 3. Someone is designing a new office for them. They ....................................................................................................................... 4. Someone has checked these figures for me. I .............................................................................................................................. 5. Someone should mend the photocopier for you. You ........................................................................................................................ 6. Someone delivered the new furniture for us yesterday. We .......................................................................................................................

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Toshino had her car (repair) by a mechanic. 2. Ellen got Marvin (type) her paper. 3. We got our house (paint) last week. 4. Dr. Peter is having the students (write) a composition. 5. Mark got his transcripts (send) to the university. 6. Maria is having her hair (cut) tomorrow. 7. Will Mr. Brown have the porter (carry) his luggage to his car? 8. My sister has had a new dress (make) recently. 9. The Wilsons wont have a new house (build) on that corner next month. 10. The President had his advisors (arrange) a press conference.

Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with a verb in the passive and a suitable form of the infinitive.

THE RICHEST MAN IN LONDON The publisher Paul Raymond (1) is said to be (say/be) the richest man in Britain, and he (2) ............................... (believe/have) a personal fortune of over $1,650,000,000. His magazine publishing company (3) ......................... (think/make) annual profits of around $14 million, and he (4) ....................... (believe/own) a number of other companies. He (5) ....................... (know/have) houses in London and Caribbean, but at the age 68 he (6) ....................... (say/live) a very quite life. However, most of his wealth does not come from the magazines; it comes from the property he owns in central London. He (7) is known to have started (know/start) buying up properties over 40 years ago, when prices were about $10,000. He (8) ....................... (say/buy) another fifty properties in 1974, and he (9).................. (believe/purchase) another hundred in 1977 just before the property market recovered. Each of these investments (10) ..................... (believe/rise) in value many times over, so he is much richer than the Queen.

6.3. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS IN COMPARISION

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1. Short and long adjectives - One-syllable adjectives (e.g. small, nice) usually have the -er, -est ending. Your hi-fi is smaller. Emma needs a bigger computer. This is the nicest colour. This room is the warmest. But we use more, most before words ending in -ed. Everyone was pleased at the results, but Vicky was the most pleased. We also use more, most with three-syllable adjectives (e.g. exciting) and with longer ones. The film was more exciting than the book. This dress is more elegant. We did the most interesting project. This machine is the most reliable. Some two-syllable adjectives have -er, -est, and some have more, most. Look at this information.

TWO SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES (1). Words ending in a consonant + -y have -est, e.g. happy happier, happiest Examples are: busy, dirty, funny, happy, lovely, lucky, pretty, silly , tidy (2). Some words have -er, -est OR more, most, e.g. narrow narrower, narrowest OR more narrow, most narrow.

Examples are: clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, stupid, tired. (3). The following words have more, most, e.g. useful more useful, most useful. a. Words ending in -ful or -less, e.g. careful, helpful, useful, useful, hopeless. b. Words ending in -ing or -ed, e.g. boring, willing, annoyed, surprised. c. Many others, e.g. afraid, certain, correct, eager, famous, foolish, frequent, modern, nervous, normal, recent.

2. Spelling There are some special spelling rules for the -er and -est endings. (1). -e -er, -est: e.g. nice nicer, nicest, large larger, largest. Also brave, fine, safe, etc.

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(2). a consonant -y -ier ,- iest: , happy happier Also lovely, lucky, etc.

(3). Words ending in a single vowel letter + single consonant letter double the consonant e.g. hot hotter, hottest, big bigger, biggest.

Also fit, sad, thin, wet, ect. (but w dose not change, e.g. new newer). 3. Irregular forms Good, well, bad, badly and far have irregular forms. ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERATIVE

good/ well better best bad/ badly worse worst far farther/further farthest/furthest Youve got the best handwriting. How much further are we going? We can use elder, eldest + noun instead of older, oldest, but only for people in the same family. My elder/older sister got married last year.

4. Comparing quantities We use more, most and their opposites less and least to compare quantities. I havent got many books. Youve got more than I have.

The Hotel Bristol has the most room. Trevor spends less on clothes than Laura does. Emma made the least mistakes.

6.4. REPORTED SPEECH A. When we report what someone else said, we can do it in three ways: 1. We can repeat the exact words using inverted commas (" "): The agent said: "Sales are going well". 2. We can use a reporting verb in the present tense: The agent says that sales are going well. 3. We can use a reporting verb in the past and change the tense: The agent said that sales were going well. B. Tense changes in reported speech when we use a reporting verb in the past tense:

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ACTUAL WORDS REPORTED SPEECH "I work for ICL" "I am working for ICL" "I worked for ICL" "I was working for ICL" "I have worked for ICL" "I will work for ICL" "I may/can work for ICL"

He said that he worked for ICL. He said that he was working for ICL. He said that he had worked for ICL. He said that he had been working for ICL. He said that he had worked for ICL. He said that he would work for ICL. He said that he might/could work for ICL.

C: Other changes. ACTUAL WORDS REPORTED SPEECH yesterday last week two months ago

tomorrow next week in three months

here this morning

the day before/ the previous day the week before/ the previous week two months earlier.

the next day/the following day the next week/the following week three months later

there that morning

D: Some special changes - Wh- questions "When will you let us know your decision?" they asked me. They asked me when I would let them know my decision. - Yes/no questions "Do you know Lars Hansen? she asked me She asked me if I knew Lars Hansen. - Reporting commands and requests: using tell or ask and the infinitive: "Sit down" He told me to sit down. "Don't pay the invoice" He told me notto pay the invoice. "Please wait" He asked me to wait. "Please don't smoke" He asked me not to smoke. - Reporting verbs: We often use other verbs instead of say, tell, or ask, etc. to report what someone said: warn/order/advise/encourage/remind/persuade + sbd + infinitive offer/refuse/promise + infinitive admit/deny/apologize for + -ing form "I think you should take a short rest" He advised me to take a short rest. "I will not pay anymore" She refused to pay anymore. "I am sorry I have kept you waiting." He apologized for keeping me waiting.

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PRACTICE Exercise 2:Match the sentences in column A with the reported statements in column B A B 1. "Don't forget to sign the contract." 2. "I didn't sign the contract" 3. "Go on, sign the contract. It's a really good idea." 4. "If I were you, I would sign the contract" 5. "No, I will not sign the contract under any circumstances." 6. "I'm so sorry I signed the contract." 7. "Yes, I'm afraid to say that it was me who signed the contract." 8. "I will sign the contract if you like." 9. "Sign the contract NOW." 10. "I really wouldn't sign the contract. You haven't read it. It could be a disaster."

A. He apologized for signing the contract. B. He warned me not to sign the contract. C. He encouraged me to sign the contract. D. He ordered me to sign the contract. E. He refused to sign the contract. F. He admitted signing the contract. G. He reminded me to sign the contract. H. He offered to sign the contract. I. He advised me to sign the contract. J. He denied signing the contract.

UNIT 7: CC CM T C GII T/ NG T C GII T 7.1. CM TNH T KT HP VI GII T

accustomed to afraid of answerable to attached to aware of capable of dependent on different to doubtful about

enthusiastic about excited about famous for guilty of interested in opposed to pleased with popular with proud of

related to rich in satisfied with serious about similar to suitable for suspicious of used to (=accustomed to)

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Tnh t c th kt hp vi cc gii t khc nhau: annoyed about sth annoyed with sbd good/bad at sth good/ bad for sth

good/bad with sth

responsible for sb

responsible for sth

sorry about sth

sorry for doing sth (feel) sorry for sb

He was annoyed about the criticisms in the paper. They were annoyed with us for charging them extra. Im very bad at mathematics. Another cut in interest rates would be good for industry. She should be in Personnel. Shes very good with people. The Export Manager is responsible to the Sales Director. Who is responsible for making conference arrangements? I am sorry about the job. Its a shame you didnt get it. He said he was sorry for keeping me waiting. I feel sorry for Peter. He has been fired

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition or adjective. 1. The Bordeaux region of France is famous for its fine wines. (three letters) 2. If you are serious going ahead with this, lets have a meeting. (5) 3. The Mini-TV is very popular our younger customers. (4) 4. The NV8 Camcorder is to the NV7 in many ways, but it has some interesting new features. (7) 5. The salesman did not want to sell me the most expensive model he had because he said it would not really be for me. (8) 6. Wage demands are to inflation in a number of important ways. (7) 7. The Finance Director said he was stronglyto awarding everyone a 10% pay rise, and explained that the company could not afford it. (7) 8. South Africa is in natural resources like diamonds and gold. (4) 9. I have to travel by car or boat because I am of flying. (6) 10. He has very little experience. I dont think he would be of running such a large project. (7) 11. He was found of fraud and was sent to prison for three years. (6) 12. I would be very in discussing the idea of a joint-venture. (10)

7.2. CM DANH T KT HP VI GII T ability in advantage of application for alternative to advice on

excitement about example of experience of, in fall in, of fear of

optimism order for price of payment for protection from

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cheque for agreement with/ about approval of belief in benefit of/from cause of cheque for comparison with complaint about cost of decrease in. of decision about/ on demand for division into disappointment with doubt about difficulty with difference between

focus on hope of increase in, of interested in invitation to involvement in information about insurance against investment in knowledge of lack of matter with method of need for objection to opinion of opposition to

pessimism about preparation for reason for rise in, of request for reply to reference to responsibility for satisfaction with similarity to solution to substitute for success at/in suitability for tax on trouble with wait for worry about

Prepositions + nouns Here is a list of some common preposition and noun combinations

at a good price at your convenience by hand by law by accident for sale for a change in charge of in stock in the end in bulk in other words on application on holiday on hold on the basis of on hand on the market (products) on the whole out of order under pressure

at a profit/loss at short notice by return by car, bus, airmail by chance for lunch for pleasure in writing in a hurry in change of in financial terms in the pipeline in touch in trouble on sale on business on the phone on order out of date out of business with reference to

at cost price by post by cheque/ credit card by mistake in advance in cash in connection with in favour of in the market (companies) in general in my opinion in debt on loan on a trip on television on time to my mind up to date up to you

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Exercise 1: Complete the following advertisement with the missing prepositions

THE MOST IMPORTANT INVESTMENT YOULL EVER MAKE More and more parents are looking to independent schools to provide an alternative (1) to state education. However, the cost (2) sending a child to boarding school from 7 to 18 can be as much as $150,000, and annual increases (3) school fees are often greater than inflation. So there is a need (4) specialist advice, and we at knight Willis have many years of experience (5) helping parents plan for their childrens education (6) advance. Early planning can help to achieve reductions (7) over 75%, and (8) the whole, the earlier the school fee plan is started, the greater the savings. If you would like our advice (9) the best way to plan for your childs future, please fill in the reply-paid form below. We will send you examples (10) different school fee plans, and we can discuss these (11) the phone or at a meeting (12) your own convenience.

Exercise 2: Underline the correct words:

1. At/in first sight it looks like a good deal, but we need more details at/in a hurry. 2. A: Shall we try using different suppliers by/for change? B: Its up/out to you. 3. Are you paying by/ in cash or by/in credit card? 4. The house next door is for/at sale. It has been on/in the market for ages. 5. Very few board members are at/ in favour of the merger. In/On the whole, they think it will create more problems than it solves. 6. We need to keep in/on touch with the situation as it develops. 7. Are you here on/for business or on/for pleasure? 8. A: Did you do it by/on purpose? B: No, of course not, I did it by/on mistake. 9. By/In financial terms theyre not doing well. Theyre $10m in/out of debt. 10. A: Patrick, Its Paul Brock from Tyco at/on the phone. B: Can you put him at/on hold while I look for his file? OK, Ive found it Ill take it at/on the other line.

7.3. CM NG T KT HP VI GII T A. Verb + preposition Here is a list of common verbs and the prepositions that normally follow them:

account for agree on

apply for belong to

comply with consist of

look at look for

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agree with talk to think about

complain to think of wait for write to

depend on hear about hear from

pay for rely on take care of

After several hours, the committee agreed on a joint statement. I really like the new design. What do you think of it? The new building will have to comply with tough planning regulations.

B. Verb + object + preposition The following verbs can be followed by an object and a preposition:

ask someone for blame someone for borrow something from congratulate someone on divide something into insure something against

invest something in protect someone from provide someone with spend something on supply someone with thank someone for

We spent too much on advertising last year. Could you supply us with 200 units a month? Management blamed the union for provoking the strike.

PRACTICE Exercise 1: Complete the following letter with the correct prepositions. Dear Mr. Hall Thank you for your letter of 18 May regarding the Kinderbox range of childrens paints. The answers to the questions you raised are as follows:

1. All Kinderbox products fully comply (1) with European and British safety standards. The paints are non-toxic and washable. Each pack in the Junior range consists (2) . A paintbox with eight colours, a paintbrush, and a leaflet in English.

2. The average delivery time for orders to England over DM5,000 is four days. We do not rely (3) . rail transport, so delivery would not be affected by the current train strike. We also take care (4) .. insurance and export documentation.

3. The level of discount we offer depends (5) the size of the orders and their regularity. I would be happy to talk (6) you about this.

4. Goods may be paid (7) . in Deutschmarks or sterling, and we offer flexible credit arrangements, so I am confident we could agree (8).. suitable credit terms.

Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further questions, and I look forward to hearing (9) you.

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Yours sincerely,

Wolfgang Bang Sales Manager

MINI TEST 3 Choose the best answer 1. They succeeded . escaping. A. for B. by C. with D. in 2. They warned him .. the ice. A. by B. about C. from D. with 3. For a week she lived . bananas and milk. A. from B. by C. on D. with 4. Sorry Im late. I missed the bus, so I had to come . foot. A. by B. with C. about D. on 5. Thank you. It was very nice .. you to help me. A. to B. because C. with D. of 6. Why are you always so rude .. your uncle? A. about B. with C. that D. to 7. Mary is upset . not being invited to the party. A. of B. until C. by D. to 8. Im not ashamed .

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Grammar for English b