Teaching English grammar

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GRAMMARGRAMMAR

PREPARED BYPREPARED BY

S.RAJENDRAN,B.Sc.,M.A.M.Ed.,S.RAJENDRAN,B.Sc.,M.A.M.Ed.,

PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL

S.K.A. TTI FOR WOMEN, AUNDIPATTY.S.K.A. TTI FOR WOMEN, AUNDIPATTY.

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NOUNNOUN

A noun is word used as the name of a A noun is word used as the name of a person, place or thing.person, place or thing.

Examples:- Raman, Chennai, Mumbai, Examples:- Raman, Chennai, Mumbai, bus, bicycle, car, flower, Hari singh etcbus, bicycle, car, flower, Hari singh etc

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NOUNS ARE DIVIDED INTO NOUNS ARE DIVIDED INTO FOURFOUR

PROPER NOUNPROPER NOUN

COMMON NOUNCOMMON NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUNCOLLECTIVE NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUNABSTRACT NOUN

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PROPER NOUNPROPER NOUN

The name of a particular person or place The name of a particular person or place is called a Proper Nounis called a Proper Noun

Examples:-Asoka, Calcutta, Ganges, Examples:-Asoka, Calcutta, Ganges, Babar, Mumbai, Yamuna, Solomon, Babar, Mumbai, Yamuna, Solomon, Krishna, Ram, Chennai, Volvo Bus etcKrishna, Ram, Chennai, Volvo Bus etc

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COMMON NOUNCOMMON NOUN

A common noun is the name of a person A common noun is the name of a person or thing of the same classor thing of the same class

Examples:- shop, boy, birthday, rain, tree, Examples:- shop, boy, birthday, rain, tree, town, city, ship, battle, grapes, fox, town, city, ship, battle, grapes, fox, elephant, cat etcelephant, cat etc

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COLLECTIVE NOUNCOLLECTIVE NOUN

A collective noun is the name of a group of A collective noun is the name of a group of persons or things of the same classpersons or things of the same class

Examples:- group, bunch, committee, Examples:- group, bunch, committee, crowd, team, assembly, army, platoon, crowd, team, assembly, army, platoon, battalion, mob, fleet etc battalion, mob, fleet etc

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ABSTRACT NOUNABSTRACT NOUN

An abstract noun is the name of a quality, An abstract noun is the name of a quality, an action or a statean action or a state

Examples:- Goodness, slavery, kindness, Examples:- Goodness, slavery, kindness, cleverness, darkness, truth, wisdom, cleverness, darkness, truth, wisdom, cleanliness, godliness. Beauty, honesty, cleanliness, godliness. Beauty, honesty, courage etccourage etc

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CLASSIFY THE NOUNS GIVEN CLASSIFY THE NOUNS GIVEN BELOWBELOW

SILK, GIRL, NAGPUR, NAVY, RED FORTSILK, GIRL, NAGPUR, NAVY, RED FORT

BASKAR, SITA, PATNA, COTTON, PENBASKAR, SITA, PATNA, COTTON, PEN

BIHAR, TRAIN, STEEL, GROUP, ROSEBIHAR, TRAIN, STEEL, GROUP, ROSE

HERD,CLEANLINESS,AVADI,GIRL HERD,CLEANLINESS,AVADI,GIRL

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MARK THE NOUNS IN THE MARK THE NOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCESFOLLOWING SENTENCES

This is a group of workersThis is a group of workers

Rahim opened the doorRahim opened the door

Our army wonOur army won

He is looking for truthHe is looking for truth

Bangalore is a big cityBangalore is a big city

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CLASSIFY THE NOUNSCLASSIFY THE NOUNS

Love, honesty, truth, courage, breadLove, honesty, truth, courage, bread

Paper, water, copper, wool, manPaper, water, copper, wool, man

Rome,Hyderabad, Perth, Boston, PatienceRome,Hyderabad, Perth, Boston, Patience

Class, team, jury, Nehru, boardClass, team, jury, Nehru, board

Bicycle, table, elephant, stove, weightsBicycle, table, elephant, stove, weights

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ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE OR WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE OR QUALIFY A NOUN ARE CALLED QUALIFY A NOUN ARE CALLED ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

Examples:- Good, bad, black, big etc Examples:- Good, bad, black, big etc

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Use of adjectives in sentencesUse of adjectives in sentences

Ram is a clever studentRam is a clever student

The sky is blueThe sky is blue

Babu is a good boyBabu is a good boy

I saw a good filmI saw a good film

I have enough booksI have enough books

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Use of adjectives in sentencesUse of adjectives in sentences

He had three boysHe had three boys

Mumbai is a big cityMumbai is a big city

I have a good penI have a good pen

Nehru was a famous leaderNehru was a famous leader

There are four chairs in this room There are four chairs in this room

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SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES

Lazy, big, large, small, little, some, Lazy, big, large, small, little, some, enough, quick, slow, sad, brave, wise,enough, quick, slow, sad, brave, wise,

Foolish, polite, each, many, golden, Foolish, polite, each, many, golden, stormy, beautiful, cleverstormy, beautiful, clever

Wealthy, famous, ripe, this, that, these, Wealthy, famous, ripe, this, that, these, those, such, same those, such, same

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THE ARTICLETHE ARTICLE

ARTICLES are of two typesARTICLES are of two types

DEFINITE ARTICLEDEFINITE ARTICLE AND AND INDEFINITE INDEFINITE ARTICLEARTICLE

‘‘The’ is the DEFINITE ARTICLEThe’ is the DEFINITE ARTICLE

‘‘A’ and ‘An’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLESA’ and ‘An’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLES

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USE OF ‘THE’USE OF ‘THE’

Before the names of well-known books, Before the names of well-known books, newspapers and magazinesnewspapers and magazines

Examples:-Examples:-The Bible is a sacred bookThe Bible is a sacred book““The Hindu” is the name of a newspaperThe Hindu” is the name of a newspaperThe Kumudam is a good Tamil magazineThe Kumudam is a good Tamil magazine

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Use of “The”Use of “The”

Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and mountain Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and mountain rangesranges

Examples:-Examples:-

The Ganges is a sacred river of the Hindus The Ganges is a sacred river of the Hindus

The pacific ocean is the biggest oceanThe pacific ocean is the biggest ocean

The Cauvery is a river passing through Tamil NaduThe Cauvery is a river passing through Tamil Nadu

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Before the names of trains, ships, aero planes, Before the names of trains, ships, aero planes, famous buildings and well-known familiesfamous buildings and well-known families


The Tamil Nadu Express is late todayThe Tamil Nadu Express is late today

The INS VIRAT is a shipThe INS VIRAT is a ship

The Charminar is situated in HyderabadThe Charminar is situated in Hyderabad

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Before words showing number, weight and Before words showing number, weight and measuremeasure


Bananas are sold by the dozenBananas are sold by the dozen

The distance between New Delhi and Agra is The distance between New Delhi and Agra is about two hundred kilo metres.about two hundred kilo metres.

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Before important historical eventsBefore important historical events


The first Battle of Panipat was won by The first Battle of Panipat was won by BabarBabar

Gandhiji started the Quit India MovementGandhiji started the Quit India Movement

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USE OF “A”USE OF “A”

Before singular words beginning with a consonant or Before singular words beginning with a consonant or words beginning with a vowel, having a consonant soundwords beginning with a vowel, having a consonant sound

Examples:- Examples:-

I bought a purseI bought a purse

He is a useful servantHe is a useful servant

He gave me a one-rupee note He gave me a one-rupee note

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USE OF “AN”USE OF “AN”

Before singular words beginning with a vowel sound or Before singular words beginning with a vowel sound or words beginning with a silent ‘h’.words beginning with a silent ‘h’.


He takes an egg dailyHe takes an egg daily

Have you ever seen an elephant?Have you ever seen an elephant?

An honest person never stealsAn honest person never steals

His father is an honourable manHis father is an honourable man

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TENSESTENSES

TENSE is form taken by a verb to show the time TENSE is form taken by a verb to show the time of an action or a stateof an action or a state

There are three main tensesThere are three main tenses

The present tenseThe present tense

The past tense The past tense

The future tenseThe future tense

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Present TensePresent Tense

The present tense refers to the present timeThe present tense refers to the present time


She reads this book everydayShe reads this book everydayThe girls are singingThe girls are singingHe has gone to the post officeHe has gone to the post officeThey have been working in the garden for They have been working in the garden for two daystwo days

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Past TensePast Tense

The PAST TENSE refers to the past timeThe PAST TENSE refers to the past time


She told us a storyShe told us a storyThey were looking at the picturesThey were looking at the picturesMohan had eaten his dinner when I went to see himMohan had eaten his dinner when I went to see him

He had been thinking of his money all the time you He had been thinking of his money all the time you talked to himtalked to him

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FUTURE TENSEFUTURE TENSE

The FUTURE TENSE refers to the future timeThe FUTURE TENSE refers to the future time


It will get dark soonIt will get dark soon

I shall see you tomorrowI shall see you tomorrow

He will be staying with us for a weekHe will be staying with us for a week

We shall have invited them before next MondayWe shall have invited them before next Monday

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FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE PRESENT TENSETHE PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT INDEFINITE – I workPRESENT INDEFINITE – I work

PRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am workingPRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am working

PRESENT PERFECT – I have workedPRESENT PERFECT – I have worked

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I have been workinghave been working

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FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE PRESENT TENSETHE PRESENT TENSE

I write a letterI write a letter

I am writing a letterI am writing a letter

I have written a letterI have written a letter

I have been writing a letter since morningI have been writing a letter since morning

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I write a letterI write a letter

This sentence does not show whether the This sentence does not show whether the action is complete or incomplete.action is complete or incomplete.

So, the verb “write” is said to be in the So, the verb “write” is said to be in the PRESENT INDEFINITEPRESENT INDEFINITE form form

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Present IndefinitePresent Indefinite

He sings wellHe sings wellIt happens every SundayIt happens every SundayWe usually listen to the radio in the eveningWe usually listen to the radio in the eveningShe teaches Hindi in class VShe teaches Hindi in class VI consider him to be fortunateI consider him to be fortunateI really enjoy travellingI really enjoy travellingShe often goes to ChurchShe often goes to ChurchThe children love jeansThe children love jeansThe sun sets in the westThe sun sets in the westThe crow is blackThe crow is blackRamu generally wears trousersRamu generally wears trousers

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I am writing a letterI am writing a letter

This sentence shows that the action is still This sentence shows that the action is still going ongoing on

Hence the verb “am writing” is said to be in Hence the verb “am writing” is said to be in the the PRESENT CONTINUOUSPRESENT CONTINUOUS form form

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Present continuousPresent continuous

The baby is still sleepingThe baby is still sleepingThey are playing footballThey are playing footballHe is working with great skillHe is working with great skillWe are not trying to convince youWe are not trying to convince youRaju is reading a newspaper at presentRaju is reading a newspaper at presentMy parents are going to the theatreMy parents are going to the theatreI am revising the portionsI am revising the portionsWhy are you playing now?Why are you playing now?She is not reading the lesson correctlyShe is not reading the lesson correctlyThe boys are not wasting their time The boys are not wasting their time

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I have written a letterI have written a letter

This sentence shows that the action is This sentence shows that the action is completecomplete

So, the verb “have written” is said to be in So, the verb “have written” is said to be in the the PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT form form

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Present PerfectPresent Perfect

I have already done my workI have already done my work

He has come from DubaiHe has come from Dubai

They have gone to KanpurThey have gone to Kanpur

He has not yet completed his workHe has not yet completed his work

The plane has just leftThe plane has just left

I have not spoken to her since last MondayI have not spoken to her since last Monday

Have you written to her?Have you written to her?

I have worked here for ten daysI have worked here for ten days

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Present perfectPresent perfect

I have washed my hands just nowI have washed my hands just nowI have found the pen you are searching forI have found the pen you are searching forThey have been in Nepal for the last four monthsThey have been in Nepal for the last four monthsI have known him for the past twenty yearsI have known him for the past twenty yearsI have never had problems regarding financeI have never had problems regarding financeHave you seen Ramesh?Have you seen Ramesh?Javed Akhtar has written several lyrics and Javed Akhtar has written several lyrics and storiesstoriesScientists have discovered many hidden laws of Scientists have discovered many hidden laws of nature nature

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I have been writing a letter since I have been writing a letter since morningmorning

This sentence shows that the action This sentence shows that the action continues with reference to the time of continues with reference to the time of commencementcommencement

Hence, the verb “have been writing” is Hence, the verb “have been writing” is said to be in the said to be in the PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS form form

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PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS

The baby has been sleeping for 3 hoursThe baby has been sleeping for 3 hoursThey have been living here since 1970They have been living here since 1970The teacher has been waiting for you since 10 amThe teacher has been waiting for you since 10 amHe has been readingHe has been readingYou have been readingYou have been readingThey have been readingThey have been readingI have been reading till mid nightI have been reading till mid nightIt has been raining heavily all nightIt has been raining heavily all nightHow long have you been staying in Germany?How long have you been staying in Germany?I have been waiting in the queue for a long time I have been waiting in the queue for a long time I have been learning Arabic for 3 yearsI have been learning Arabic for 3 years

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THREE TENSES - PRESENT, THREE TENSES - PRESENT, PAST & FUTUREPAST & FUTURE

There are four forms each to all the above-said There are four forms each to all the above-said tensestenses

The four forms are:-The four forms are:-

IndefiniteIndefiniteContinuousContinuousPerfectPerfectPerfect ContinuousPerfect Continuous

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Four different forms of the past Four different forms of the past tensetense

PAST INDEFINITE – I lovedPAST INDEFINITE – I loved

PAST CONTINUOUS - I was loving PAST CONTINUOUS - I was loving

PAST PERFECT – I have lovedPAST PERFECT – I have loved

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I had PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I had been lovingbeen loving

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PAST INDEFINITEPAST INDEFINITE - -used to denote a used to denote a single act in the past, to denote a habitual single act in the past, to denote a habitual

action in the past, to denote an action going on action in the past, to denote an action going on in the pastin the past

Babar defeated Rana Sanga at PanipatBabar defeated Rana Sanga at PanipatMugal kings were crowned at DelhiMugal kings were crowned at DelhiWhile they danced we sangWhile they danced we sangShe was late yesterdayShe was late yesterdayHe was angryHe was angryWe were gratefulWe were gratefulThey were happyThey were happyRamu came home yesterdayRamu came home yesterdayMy sister wanted a penMy sister wanted a penI saw him last yearI saw him last yearTeacher reached here an hour ago Teacher reached here an hour ago

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Past ContinuousPast Continuous – – used to represent used to represent an action as going on at some point an action as going on at some point

in the pastin the past

They were playing Tennis when he saw themThey were playing Tennis when he saw them

When he came in, we were eating our supperWhen he came in, we were eating our supper

The patient was sleeping when the doctor went The patient was sleeping when the doctor went to see himto see him

When she came in, Ramu was reading a letterWhen she came in, Ramu was reading a letter

When I saw him, he was playing chessWhen I saw him, he was playing chess

When I saw her, she was singing a songWhen I saw her, she was singing a song

When the headmaster came in, I was teaching When the headmaster came in, I was teaching MathematicsMathematics

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Past PerfectPast Perfect – – denotes an action completed at denotes an action completed at some point in past time before another action was some point in past time before another action was

commencedcommenced

The rain had stopped when we came outThe rain had stopped when we came outI had written the letter before he arrivedI had written the letter before he arrivedI had done my exercise, when Hari came to see I had done my exercise, when Hari came to see memeThe plane had left before we reached the The plane had left before we reached the aerodromeaerodromeShe felt sorry for what she had doneShe felt sorry for what she had doneThey went away after they had finished their They went away after they had finished their workworkIf you had worked hard, you would have passed If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.the exam.

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Past perfectPast perfect

I had gone to bed when the phone rangI had gone to bed when the phone rangI had wanted to go to the temple before his I had wanted to go to the temple before his arrival.arrival.After he had finished reading he switched off the After he had finished reading he switched off the lightlightShe had hoped to retire at 60 but they asked her She had hoped to retire at 60 but they asked her to continue for a few more yearsto continue for a few more yearsThe film had already started when we entered The film had already started when we entered the hall.the hall.She had just stepped into the car when the She had just stepped into the car when the incident took place incident took place

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Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous – – denotes a denotes a completed action which was going on in the completed action which was going on in the past before another action was commencedpast before another action was commenced

He said that he had been learning English since He said that he had been learning English since 19891989

They said that they had been staying there for They said that they had been staying there for two monthstwo months

I had been loving her since my school daysI had been loving her since my school days

I had been trying hard to clear the IAS exam I had been trying hard to clear the IAS exam since my graduationsince my graduation

I had been working in Godrej company since I had been working in Godrej company since 2005 2005

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FUTURE INDEFINITE – used for FUTURE INDEFINITE – used for an action that has to take placean action that has to take place

I shall see him tomorrowI shall see him tomorrowShe will sing a songShe will sing a songI will help you (willingness, promise)I will help you (willingness, promise)We shall reach there at 6 p.m.We shall reach there at 6 p.m.He will write it on the notice boardHe will write it on the notice boardWill you read it?Will you read it?I shall go to Bangalore tomorrowI shall go to Bangalore tomorrowWe will give donationWe will give donationI will give you my pen (promise)I will give you my pen (promise)She shall go there tomorrow (command)She shall go there tomorrow (command)They shall have a holiday tomorrowThey shall have a holiday tomorrow

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Future ContinuousFuture Continuous – – represents an action represents an action

as going on at some point in future timeas going on at some point in future time

I shall be reading the paper, then.I shall be reading the paper, then.

We shall be celebrating at this time We shall be celebrating at this time tomorrowtomorrow

They will be writingThey will be writing

She will be readingShe will be reading

They will be talkingThey will be talking

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FUTURE PERFECT – denotes an FUTURE PERFECT – denotes an action that will be completed at some action that will be completed at some

point in future timepoint in future time

I shall have written my exercise, by that I shall have written my exercise, by that timetime

I shall have finished this work by the time I shall have finished this work by the time you come backyou come back

He will have written the book by the end of He will have written the book by the end of JuneJune

The marriage party will have reached the The marriage party will have reached the temple by 8 a.m. temple by 8 a.m.

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FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS

I shall have been sleepingI shall have been sleepingHe will have been waitingHe will have been waitingThey will have been writingThey will have been writingWe shall have been teachingWe shall have been teachingYou will have been readingYou will have been reading

(shall have been + ing, will have been + (shall have been + ing, will have been + ing)ing)

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VERBVERB

A verb is a word which tells us what a A verb is a word which tells us what a person or a thing is doingperson or a thing is doing


He He readsreads a book a book

I I wentwent to his house to his house

Leela Leela is singingis singing a song a song

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TRANSITIVE VERBTRANSITIVE VERB

A verb which has an object is called A verb which has an object is called a a transitive verbtransitive verb

Examples:-Examples:-He writes a letterHe writes a letterHe sees picturesHe sees picturesRaju writes a poemRaju writes a poemWe hear songsWe hear songsShe practises danceShe practises dance

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INTRANSITIVE VERBINTRANSITIVE VERB

A verb which has no object is called an A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb.intransitive verb.

Examples:-Examples:-The sun rises The sun rises The baby sleepsThe baby sleepsThe bell rang loudlyThe bell rang loudlyHe fought bravelyHe fought bravelyShe plays only on holidaysShe plays only on holidays

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ADVERBADVERB

An adverb is a word which modifies the An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.adverb.


Kishore runs Kishore runs quicklyquickly

This is a This is a veryvery sweet mango sweet mango

Govind readsGovind reads quite quite clearlyclearly

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Some sentences using adverbsSome sentences using adverbs

Zaheer Khan can bowl fastZaheer Khan can bowl fast

He behaves wellHe behaves well

We started earlyWe started early

He works hard all dayHe works hard all day

The patient is much betterThe patient is much better

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I can hardly believe itI can hardly believe it

Do not walk so fastDo not walk so fast

India can ill afford to lose the matchIndia can ill afford to lose the match

Ram works hardRam works hard

He arrived lateHe arrived late

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She is prettily dressedShe is prettily dressed

Akbar ruled wisely for many yearsAkbar ruled wisely for many years

His wife never cooksHis wife never cooks

Is the box big enough?Is the box big enough?

He has only slept three hoursHe has only slept three hours

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We usually have breakfast at eightWe usually have breakfast at eight

He treated Balbir kindlyHe treated Balbir kindly

She behaved foolishlyShe behaved foolishly

They have completed the task nicelyThey have completed the task nicely

He talked sweetlyHe talked sweetly

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She speaks English wellShe speaks English well

He does his work carefullyHe does his work carefully

The ship is going slowlyThe ship is going slowly

It is raining heavilyIt is raining heavily

Don’t talk so loudDon’t talk so loud

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They walk slowlyThey walk slowlyWe wake earlyWe wake earlyA woman tells wiselyA woman tells wiselyThey take books easilyThey take books easilyShe writes carefullyShe writes carefullyHe reads loudlyHe reads loudlyWomen live happilyWomen live happilyDogs run bravelyDogs run bravelyI sleep wellI sleep wellRaju does not read quickly Raju does not read quickly

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AUXILIARY VERBSAUXILIARY VERBS

The verbs The verbs “ be (am, is, was“ be (am, is, was etc), etc), have have and and dodo” , when used with ordinary verbs ” , when used with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms, questions to make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbsand negatives, are called auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary means “ helping”Auxiliary means “ helping”

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Modal verbsModal verbs

The verbs The verbs “ can, could, may, might, will,“ can, could, may, might, will, wouldwould, , shall , should, must and oughtshall , should, must and ought are are called modal verbscalled modal verbsThey are used before ordinary verbs and They are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings such as permissions, express meanings such as permissions, possibility, certainty and necessity. “ possibility, certainty and necessity. “ need andneed and dare”dare” are sometimes used as modal verbs are sometimes used as modal verbs

Modal verbs are often included in the group of Modal verbs are often included in the group of auxiliary verbs auxiliary verbs

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THE VERB-PERSON & NUMBERTHE VERB-PERSON & NUMBER

When the subject is singular, verb will also be singularWhen the subject is singular, verb will also be singularExample:- Example:- The child is cryingThe child is cryingHe is a good boyHe is a good boy

When the subject is plural, verb will also be pluralWhen the subject is plural, verb will also be pluralExample:- Example:- The children are smartThe children are smartThey are girlsThey are girls

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The Verb – Person & NumberThe Verb – Person & Number

If the subject is plural, base form of the verb should If the subject is plural, base form of the verb should be usedbe usedExampleExampleThey talk good EnglishThey talk good EnglishThey go to the church every SundayThey go to the church every SundayIf the subject is singular, base form + s(es) should be If the subject is singular, base form + s(es) should be usedused

ExampleExampleShe talks very loudlyShe talks very loudlyHe goes to the temple everyday He goes to the temple everyday

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The verb – person & numberThe verb – person & number

I, you etc are used as plural subjectsI, you etc are used as plural subjects

Examples-Examples-I likeI like you youYou lookYou look very tired very tiredI tryI try to help him to help himYou areYou are very intelligent very intelligentI agreeI agree with you with youYou areYou are a smart girl a smart girl

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PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word used instead of a A pronoun is a word used instead of a nounnoun


I gave him my penI gave him my penHe is youngHe is youngThey are youngThey are young

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Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns

The pronouns which stand for the The pronouns which stand for the name of persons or things are said to name of persons or things are said to be personal pronounsbe personal pronouns

Personal Pronouns are of three kindsPersonal Pronouns are of three kinds

First personFirst person

Second personSecond person

Third personThird person

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Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘FIRST‘FIRST PERSON’PERSON’

The pronouns The pronouns ‘I’ and ‘We’‘I’ and ‘We’ which denote which denote the person speaking are said to be the person speaking are said to be personal pronouns of the first personpersonal pronouns of the first person

Examples:- I, me, my, we, our, us etcExamples:- I, me, my, we, our, us etc

I have a bicycleI have a bicycle

My father gave it to meMy father gave it to me

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Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘SECOND PERSON‘SECOND PERSON’’

The second person stands for the person The second person stands for the person spoken tospoken to

Examples:-Examples:- You, Your, Yours etcYou, Your, Yours etc

You are a good boyYou are a good boy

This book is yoursThis book is yours

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Personal pronouns of the Personal pronouns of the ‘THIRD PERSON’‘THIRD PERSON’

The third person stands for anyone or The third person stands for anyone or anything anything

Examples:-Examples:-He, his, him, she, her etcHe, his, him, she, her etc

He is my friendHe is my friendShe is a good girl She is a good girl

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Other kinds of pronounsOther kinds of pronouns

This, these, such, that, those etc This, these, such, that, those etc (demonstrative pronouns)(demonstrative pronouns)All, some, few, many, nobody, someone, All, some, few, many, nobody, someone, somebody, nothing, anybody etc somebody, nothing, anybody etc (Indefinite pronouns)(Indefinite pronouns)Each, either, neither etc (distributive Each, either, neither etc (distributive pronouns)pronouns)Who, whom, whose, what etc Who, whom, whose, what etc (interrogative pronouns) (interrogative pronouns)

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PREPOSITIONPREPOSITION

A preposition is a word placed before a A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentenceto some other word in the sentence


The cow is The cow is inin the field the field

Mother is angryMother is angry with with you you

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SOME PREPOSITIONSSOME PREPOSITIONS

ON, IN, NEAR, WITH, TILL, UNDERON, IN, NEAR, WITH, TILL, UNDER

FROM, ALONG, OVER, THROUGH, BEYONDFROM, ALONG, OVER, THROUGH, BEYOND

ABOVE, BELOW, AT, AFTER, BEFOREABOVE, BELOW, AT, AFTER, BEFORE

ABOUT, ACROSS, AGAINST, ALONGABOUT, ACROSS, AGAINST, ALONG

BETWEEN, AMONG, BESIDE, BESIDESBETWEEN, AMONG, BESIDE, BESIDES

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SENTENCES WITH SENTENCES WITH PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

He robbed meHe robbed me of of my pursemy purseHe puts heavy loadsHe puts heavy loads on on my back my backThey took the potThey took the pot to to the old woman the old womanI have warned himI have warned him of of his carelessnesshis carelessnessHe swam He swam acrossacross the river the riverThe bus stops The bus stops at at AvadiAvadiRaju aimed Raju aimed atat the Tiger the TigerShe left school She left school atat fifteen fifteen

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SENTENCES WITH SENTENCES WITH PREPOSITIONSPREPOSITIONS

Meet me Meet me at at ten O’ clockten O’ clockDon’t say anything moreDon’t say anything more about about ititI will come I will come afterafter lunch lunchThe letter A comes The letter A comes beforebefore C CCan you comeCan you come before before lunch? lunch?He walked He walked along along the roadthe roadA river flowsA river flows between between its banks its banksWrite your name Write your name aboveabove this line this lineThe ball hit meThe ball hit me below below the knee the knee

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Examples for prepositionsExamples for prepositions

I often thinkI often think about about youyou

He is He is about toabout to start start

Meet me Meet me after after five O’ clock five O’ clock

He swam He swam acrossacross the riverthe river

He walked He walked alongalong the street the street

7575


I have seen you I have seen you beforebefore

The snake was killed The snake was killed byby John John

He brought a presentHe brought a present for for his son his son

Swimming is goodSwimming is good for for healthhealth

My uncle cameMy uncle came from from IndoreIndore

7676


I go for a walk I go for a walk inin the morning the morning

They climbed They climbed overover the wall the wall

He will visit you He will visit you in in the eveningthe evening

He slept for ten hoursHe slept for ten hours after after the injectionthe injection

He rang up He rang up atat night night

7777


I will come to your hostel I will come to your hostel onon Sunday Sunday

I gave the book I gave the book to to a poor boya poor boy

You may have leaveYou may have leave till till MondayMonday

The rider fell The rider fell offoff the horse the horse

He went He went intointo the shop the shop

7878


Girls sat Girls sat nearnear a tablea table

What is the timeWhat is the time by by your watch?your watch?

He reads He reads till till nightnight

Whom are you waiting Whom are you waiting forfor??

He is suffering He is suffering fromfrom feverfever

7979

Single word prepositionsSingle word prepositions

About, as, despite, for, on, across, beforeAbout, as, despite, for, on, across, before

Of, toward, above, at, during, off, underOf, toward, above, at, during, off, under

Underneath, after, behind, from, onto, inUnderneath, after, behind, from, onto, in

Until, against, beneath, over, up, alongUntil, against, beneath, over, up, along

Beside, into, through, upon, among, likeBeside, into, through, upon, among, like

To, with, around, by, near, together, withinTo, with, around, by, near, together, within

8080

Multiword prepositionsMultiword prepositions

According to, because of, contrary toAccording to, because of, contrary to

Except for, in addition to, in spite ofExcept for, in addition to, in spite of

On account of, with regard toOn account of, with regard to

8181

CONJUNCTIONCONJUNCTION

The words that join words or sentences are The words that join words or sentences are called called CONJUNCTIONS. CONJUNCTIONS.

Examples:- and, but, since, because, for, before, Examples:- and, but, since, because, for, before, till, whether, so, or etctill, whether, so, or etc

Vinod Vinod andand Hari came to our house Hari came to our houseUncle came,Uncle came, but but Aunty did not comeAunty did not comeI have no pen, I have no pen, so so I did not write EnglishI did not write EnglishGopal did not come,Gopal did not come, because because he went to Jaipur he went to Jaipur

8282

Some sentences with Some sentences with conjunctionsconjunctions

The cat ran,The cat ran, but but I did not see it I did not see it

I learned Hindi I learned Hindi and and went to Kanpurwent to Kanpur

Leela took a bagLeela took a bag and and an umbrellaan umbrella

I have a good pen,I have a good pen, so so I shall write with it I shall write with it

Ramesh can run very quickly Ramesh can run very quickly butbut Suma Suma can’tcan’t

Manoj has a hen,Manoj has a hen, so so he eats egg. he eats egg.

8383

Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctions

Brother and sister went to AmericaBrother and sister went to America

Vishnu and Sunny ranVishnu and Sunny ran

Headmaster came to the class, so I did not Headmaster came to the class, so I did not laughlaugh

He sat under the cot, so I did not seeHe sat under the cot, so I did not see

He was absent because he was illHe was absent because he was ill

8484

Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctions

The rain had started before I reached officeThe rain had started before I reached office

I shall not come unless you need meI shall not come unless you need me

I have heard from many people that you are I have heard from many people that you are wisewise

I have never seen him since he left the placeI have never seen him since he left the place

The girls sang while the boys playedThe girls sang while the boys played

8585

Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctionsI shall not go without youI shall not go without you

Since he was lazy he failedSince he was lazy he failed

Raju is intelligent as well as hardworkingRaju is intelligent as well as hardworking

I would rather suffer than beg him for mercyI would rather suffer than beg him for mercy

As the helicopter was landing, it caught fireAs the helicopter was landing, it caught fire

8686

Examples for conjunctionsExamples for conjunctionsPraveen went to school and learnt his lessonPraveen went to school and learnt his lesson

Get a pen or a pencilGet a pen or a pencil

She is intelligent but lazyShe is intelligent but lazy

He was ill yet he walked all the wayHe was ill yet he walked all the way

Ranjan could not win because he was weakRanjan could not win because he was weak

The boy was caught while he was stealing a The boy was caught while he was stealing a watchwatch

If it rains today, he will not goIf it rains today, he will not go

8787

Point out the conjunctionsPoint out the conjunctions

We shall play whether you play or notWe shall play whether you play or notTwo and two make fourTwo and two make fourLook before you leapLook before you leapTell them that I will not comeTell them that I will not comeWe know not why they left usWe know not why they left usThe father as well as the son is to blameThe father as well as the son is to blameMohan is both rich and generousMohan is both rich and generousHurry up otherwise you will miss the trainHurry up otherwise you will miss the trainWalk carefully lest you should fallWalk carefully lest you should fallHe is not only a writer but also an actorHe is not only a writer but also an actorBalu is neither wise nor brave Balu is neither wise nor brave

8888

Some conjunctions are used in Some conjunctions are used in pairspairs

Either-or Either-or Either take it or leave itEither take it or leave itEither you come to the movie or watch cricket alone in the housej Either you come to the movie or watch cricket alone in the housej Neither-nor Neither-nor It is neither useful nor ornamentalIt is neither useful nor ornamentalNeither Raman nor Sudhir broke the batNeither Raman nor Sudhir broke the batNot only-but alsoNot only-but alsoNehru was not only a statesman but also a man of lettersNehru was not only a statesman but also a man of lettersSita was not only a dancer but also a singerSita was not only a dancer but also a singerBoth-andBoth-andWe both love him and honour himWe both love him and honour himRamesh and Suresh both like her and respect herRamesh and Suresh both like her and respect herWhether-orWhether-orI do not care whether you go or stayI do not care whether you go or stay The boys must do this whether they like it or not The boys must do this whether they like it or not

8989

INTERJECTIONINTERJECTION

An An ‘‘InterjectionInterjection’ is a word which expresses ’ is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotionsome sudden feeling or emotion

E.g:- E.g:-

Oh! It was horribleOh! It was horrible

Alas! He is deadAlas! He is dead

Hurrah! We have won the gameHurrah! We have won the game

Well, you can always try againWell, you can always try again

Well done! Keep it upWell done! Keep it up

9090

Common errorsCommon errors

The sceneries here are not goodThe sceneries here are not goodThe scenery here is not good – correctThe scenery here is not good – correct

He is my cousin brother He is my cousin brother He is my cousin – correctHe is my cousin – correct

I am learning a new poetryI am learning a new poetryI am learning a new poem – correctI am learning a new poem – correct

One of my uncle is a Ph.D.One of my uncle is a Ph.D.One of my uncles is a Ph.D.One of my uncles is a Ph.D.

9191


He wrote meHe wrote meHe wrote to me – correctHe wrote to me – correct

Everyone should pray GodEveryone should pray GodEveryone should pray to God – CorrectEveryone should pray to God – Correct

This is different to thatThis is different to thatThis is different from that - correctThis is different from that - correct

We prefer English from HindiWe prefer English from HindiWe prefer English to Hindi - correctWe prefer English to Hindi - correct

9292


Raju lacks in confidenceRaju lacks in confidenceRaju lacks confidence – correctRaju lacks confidence – correct

We all desire for happinessWe all desire for happinessWe all desire happiness – correctWe all desire happiness – correct

He ordered for a pair of shoesHe ordered for a pair of shoesHe ordered a pair of shoes – correctHe ordered a pair of shoes – correct

I married with GithaI married with GithaI married Githa - correctI married Githa - correct

9393


He resembles with his fatherHe resembles with his fatherHe resembles his father-correctHe resembles his father-correct

He met me in the way He met me in the way He met me on the way-correctHe met me on the way-correct

He rides in a cycleHe rides in a cycleHe rides on a cycle-correctHe rides on a cycle-correct

He threw the stick in the riverHe threw the stick in the riverHe threw the stick into the river-correctHe threw the stick into the river-correct

9494

QUESTION TAGSQUESTION TAGS

Brief questions attached at the end of a sentence are Brief questions attached at the end of a sentence are called Question Tags.called Question Tags.

ExamplesExamplesHe is reading, isn’t he?He is reading, isn’t he?She has passed, hasn’t she?She has passed, hasn’t she?They are not coming, are they?They are not coming, are they?The boy can jump, can’t he?The boy can jump, can’t he?The books were good, weren’t they?The books were good, weren’t they?Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?The book was good, wasn’t it?The book was good, wasn’t it?The boys will sing, won’t theyThe boys will sing, won’t they??

9595

More examples of More examples of Question TagsQuestion Tags

The ladies needn’t come, need they?The ladies needn’t come, need they?The boy can swim, can’t he?The boy can swim, can’t he?Mandakini has come, hasn’t she?Mandakini has come, hasn’t she?You know English, don’t you?You know English, don’t you?They live in the town, don’t they?They live in the town, don’t they?Let me do it now, shall I?Let me do it now, shall I?I am a little late today, aren’t I?I am a little late today, aren’t I?You came late, didn’t you?You came late, didn’t you?She called me, didn’t she?She called me, didn’t she?He speaks Hindi, doesn’t he? He speaks Hindi, doesn’t he?

9696

FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBS

PRESENT TENSEPRESENT TENSE PAST TENSEPAST TENSE PAST PAST PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE

Buy Buy boughtbought boughtbought

fallfall fellfell fallenfallen

arisearise arosearose arisenarisen

beginbegin beganbegan begunbegun

choosechoose chosechose chosenchosen

awakeawake awokeawoke awakenedawakened

becomebecome becamebecame becomebecome

burnburn burntburnt burntburnt

bringbring broughtbrought broughtbrought

9797

FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBSPRESENT PRESENT TENSETENSE

PAST TENSEPAST TENSE PAST PAST PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE

dealdeal dealtdealt dealtdealt

costcost Cost Cost costcost

dodo diddid donedone

catchcatch caughtcaught caughtcaught

dreamdream dreamtdreamt dreamtdreamt

drinkdrink drankdrank drunkdrunk

drivedrive drovedrove drivendriven

eateat ateate eateneaten

feedfeed fedfed fedfed

9898


Present tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle

feelfeel feltfelt feltfelt

breakbreak brokebroke brokenbroken

bitebite bitbit bittenbitten

bendbend bentbent bentbent

creepcreep creptcrept creptcrept

feedfeed fedfed fedfed

fightfight foughtfought foughtfought

findfind foundfound foundfound

drawdraw drewdrew drawndrawn

9999


Present tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle

showshow showedshowed shownshown

paypay paidpaid paidpaid

putput putput putput

readread readread readread

ringring rangrang rungrung

rideride roderode riddenridden

quitquit quitquit quitquit

sellsell soldsold soldsold

sitsit satsat satsat

100100

FORMS OF VERBSFORMS OF VERBSPresent tensePresent tense Past tensePast tense Past participlePast participle

Spend Spend spentspent spentspent

standstand stoodstood stoodstood

stealsteal stolestole stolenstolen

wearwear worewore wornworn

winwin wonwon wonwon

writewrite wrotewrote writtenwritten

telltell toldtold toldtold

shakeshake shookshook shakenshaken

speakspeak Spoke Spoke spokenspoken

101101

WORDS COMMONLY MISSPELTWORDS COMMONLY MISSPELT

AcceptAccept adviceadvice accumulateaccumulate

ancientancient argumentargument acknowledgeacknowledge

awkwardawkward autobiographyautobiography accommodateaccommodate

abandonabandon abundanceabundance accomplishaccomplish

anniversaryanniversary Aero planeAero plane acquaintanceacquaintance

annualannual audienceaudience achievementachievement

bicyclebicycle bachelorbachelor businessbusiness

boundaryboundary beautifulbeautiful balloonballoon

believebelieve brilliancebrilliance bulletinbulletin

complexioncomplexion competentcompetent charactercharacter

102102

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICEVOICE

ACTIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICE

Rama killed RavanaRama killed Ravana

He makes a cotHe makes a cot

They drink alcoholThey drink alcohol

They wrote two poemsThey wrote two poems

PASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE

Ravana was killed by Ravana was killed by RamaRama

A cot is made by himA cot is made by him

Alcohol is drunk by themAlcohol is drunk by them

Two poems were written Two poems were written by themby them

103103

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICEVOICE

ACTIVE VOICEACTIVE VOICE

I teach him SanskritI teach him Sanskrit

They see a lotus They see a lotus

We see a portraitWe see a portrait

Gopu kills a snakeGopu kills a snake

PASSIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE

He is taught Sanskrit by He is taught Sanskrit by me me

A lotus is seen by themA lotus is seen by them

A portrait is seen by usA portrait is seen by us

A snake is killed by GopuA snake is killed by Gopu

104104

Active voice and passive voiceActive voice and passive voice

Active voiceActive voice

I learned TamilI learned Tamil

My sister saw a pictureMy sister saw a picture

They saw a monkeyThey saw a monkey

I took chairs I took chairs

Passive voicePassive voice

Tamil was learned by meTamil was learned by me

A picture was seen by my A picture was seen by my sistersister

A monkey was seen by A monkey was seen by themthem

Chairs were taken by meChairs were taken by me

105105

THE PHRASETHE PHRASE

A group of words, which makes sense, but not A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a Phrase.complete sense, is called a Phrase.

Examine the following group of words:-Examine the following group of words:-

‘‘in a corner’ - It makes sense, but not complete in a corner’ - It makes sense, but not complete sensesense

‘‘in the east’ - It makes sense, but not complete in the east’ - It makes sense, but not complete sense sense

106106

Examples for PhrasesExamples for Phrases

The sun rises The sun rises in the eastin the eastThere came a There came a giant to my doorgiant to my doorIt was a sunset It was a sunset of great beautyof great beautyThe tops The tops of the mountainsof the mountains were covered were covered with snowwith snowShow me Show me how to do ithow to do itHe has a He has a chain of goldchain of goldShe has a She has a sari of silksari of silk

107107

Examples for PhrasesExamples for Phrases

Ramesh was a man Ramesh was a man of great wealthof great wealthThe chief lived in a house The chief lived in a house built of stonebuilt of stone The magistrate was a man The magistrate was a man with a kindly with a kindly naturenatureI like to see a face I like to see a face with a smile on itwith a smile on itThe coolies belonged to a tribe The coolies belonged to a tribe dwelling in the dwelling in the hillshillsRahul is a boy Rahul is a boy of great courageof great courageJawaharlal Nehru was a leader Jawaharlal Nehru was a leader of great of great statesmanship.statesmanship.

108108

The ClauseThe Clause

A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is called a Clausecalled a Clause

Example:-Example:-He diedHe died / before / before he was triedhe was tried

The first part has a Subject (He) and a Predicate (died).The first part has a Subject (He) and a Predicate (died).Similarly, the second part has a Subject (he) and a Similarly, the second part has a Subject (he) and a Predicate (was tried)Predicate (was tried)

Each part is therefore a sentence, which is part of a Each part is therefore a sentence, which is part of a larger sentencelarger sentence

109109

Examples for ClausesExamples for Clauses

He did as He did as he was toldhe was toldPeople People who pay their debtswho pay their debts are trusted are trustedWe cannot start We cannot start while it is rainingwhile it is rainingI think I think that you have made a mistakethat you have made a mistakeHe has a chain He has a chain which is made of goldwhich is made of goldHe worked so hard that he succeededHe worked so hard that he succeededI am glad that he has recovered from his I am glad that he has recovered from his illnessillnessI did not pay him, as I had no money with meI did not pay him, as I had no money with me

110110

EXAMPLES FOR CLAUSESEXAMPLES FOR CLAUSES

When the sun set he returned homeWhen the sun set he returned homeWe have come so that we may help youWe have come so that we may help youAs soon as I saw the cobra I ran awayAs soon as I saw the cobra I ran awayThis exercise if so difficult that I cannot do This exercise if so difficult that I cannot do ititHe may go home after his work is finishedHe may go home after his work is finishedAs he was sick, he remained at homeAs he was sick, he remained at homeI took him because you recommended himI took him because you recommended him

111111

NOUNS : GENDERNOUNS : GENDER

There are four classes of Genders in There are four classes of Genders in EnglishEnglish

Masculine GenderMasculine Gender -for males -for males

Feminine GenderFeminine Gender -for females -for females

Common GenderCommon Gender -for males & females -for males & females

Neuter GenderNeuter Gender - for things which do - for things which do not have life not have life

112112

MASCULINE GENDERMASCULINE GENDER

All names of male animals or persons All names of male animals or persons are of the Masculine Genderare of the Masculine Gender

Examples:- boy, king, hero, father, lion, Examples:- boy, king, hero, father, lion, bull, man, tiger etcbull, man, tiger etc

113113

FEMININE GENDERFEMININE GENDER

All names of the female animals or All names of the female animals or persons are of the feminine Genderpersons are of the feminine Gender

Examples:- girl, Queen, heroine, mother, Examples:- girl, Queen, heroine, mother, lioness, tigress, cow etclioness, tigress, cow etc

114114

COMMON GENDERCOMMON GENDER

Nouns that can be applied to both male Nouns that can be applied to both male and female are of the common genderand female are of the common gender

Examples:- Child, pupil, friend, neighbour, Examples:- Child, pupil, friend, neighbour, servant, teacher, professor, lecturer etc servant, teacher, professor, lecturer etc

115115

NEUTER GENDERNEUTER GENDER

All things which do not have life, like All things which do not have life, like animals and human beings, are said to animals and human beings, are said to be of the Neuter Genderbe of the Neuter Gender

Examples:- Examples:-

tree, chair, room, stone, iron, meadow etctree, chair, room, stone, iron, meadow etc

all abstract nounsall abstract nouns

all collective nouns all collective nouns

116116

GENDERGENDER

MASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE

KingKing QueenQueen

CockCock HenHen

DogDog BitchBitch

sonson daughterdaughter

Groom Groom bridebride

boyboy girlgirl

sirsir madammadam

widowerwidower widowwidow

manman womanwoman

117117

GENDERGENDER


LordLord LadyLady

HorseHorse MareMare

BachelorBachelor SpinsterSpinster

BullBull CowCow

NephewNephew NieceNiece

LandlordLandlord LandladyLandlady

Grand fatherGrand father Grand motherGrand mother

He-goatHe-goat She-goatShe-goat

He-bearHe-bear She-bearShe-bear

118118

GENDERGENDERMASCULINEMASCULINE FEMININEFEMININE

ActorActor ActressActress

MasterMaster MistressMistress

Host Host HostessHostess

LionLion LionessLioness

PriestPriest PriestessPriestess

TigerTiger TigressTigress

GovernorGovernor GovernessGoverness

DukeDuke DuchessDuchess

GodGod GoddessGoddess

WaiterWaiter WaitressWaitress

119119

GENDERGENDER


MilkmanMilkman MilkmaidMilkmaid

PeacockPeacock PeahenPeahen

Bull CalfBull Calf Cow CalfCow Calf

washermanwasherman washerwomanwasherwoman

emperoremperor empressempress

JuliusJulius JuliaJulia

JosephJoseph JosephineJosephine

sultansultan sultanasultana

AuthorAuthor AuthoressAuthoress

120120

NOUNS:- NUMBERNOUNS:- NUMBER

There are two numbers in EnglishThere are two numbers in English

singular number & plural numbersingular number & plural number

Singular number denotes one person or thing. Singular number denotes one person or thing. E.g:- boy, girl, chair, table etcE.g:- boy, girl, chair, table etc

Plural number denotes more than one person or Plural number denotes more than one person or thing. E.g:- boys, girls, chairs, tables etcthing. E.g:- boys, girls, chairs, tables etc

121121

NOUNS-NUMBERSNOUNS-NUMBERS

SINGULAR NUMBERSINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBERPLURAL NUMBER

storystory storiesstories

dutyduty dutiesduties

tragedytragedy tragediestragedies

quantityquantity quantitiesquantities

bodybody bodiesbodies

fancyfancy fanciesfancies

whiskywhisky whiskieswhiskies

citycity citiescities

skysky skiesskies

122122


SINGULARSINGULAR PLURALPLURAL

QualityQuality QualitiesQualities

mercymercy merciesmercies

comedycomedy comediescomedies

brushbrush brushesbrushes

classclass classesclasses

benchbench benchesbenches

gasgas gasesgases

boxbox boxesboxes

speechspeech speechesspeeches

123123


SINGULARSINGULAR PLURALPLURAL

glassglass glassesglasses

foxfox foxesfoxes

dishdish dishesdishes

lilylily lilieslilies

follyfolly folliesfollies

Key Key keyskeys

journeyjourney journeysjourneys

valleyvalley valleysvalleys

photophoto photosphotos

124124

USE OF ‘WHAT’USE OF ‘WHAT’

What happened?What happened?What do you mean?What do you mean?What is your name?What is your name?What’s the matter?What’s the matter?What’s the trouble?What’s the trouble?What can I do for you?What can I do for you?What’s the menu for dinner?What’s the menu for dinner?What’s the news?What’s the news?

125125

Use of ‘What’Use of ‘What’

What are you looking for?What are you looking for?What should I wear in the party tonight?What should I wear in the party tonight?What movie is on today?What movie is on today?What should I do now?What should I do now?What do you say?What do you say?What did you say?What did you say?What is this?What is this?What was that?What was that?

126126

Use of ‘What’Use of ‘What’

What do you want?What do you want?What are you writing?What are you writing?What do you want to say?What do you want to say?What’s your father? (father’s job)What’s your father? (father’s job)What’s your mother?What’s your mother?What are you doing these days?What are you doing these days?What was she doing in Mumbai?What was she doing in Mumbai?What have you seen in Agra?What have you seen in Agra?What did you write to your father?What did you write to your father?What do you intend doing after passing High School? What do you intend doing after passing High School?

127127

USE OF ‘WHICH’USE OF ‘WHICH’

Which is your favourite movie?Which is your favourite movie?Which book are you reading?Which book are you reading?Which song did you prefer-Lata’s or Asha’sWhich song did you prefer-Lata’s or Asha’sWhich pen are you using?Which pen are you using?Which is your house?Which is your house?Which is your room?Which is your room?Which magazine are you reading?Which magazine are you reading?Which music did you like- Hindustani or Which music did you like- Hindustani or Carnatic?Carnatic?Which is your favourite dish? Which is your favourite dish?

128128

Use of ‘Which’Use of ‘Which’

Which of these two dresses will suit me better?Which of these two dresses will suit me better?Which animal gives us wool? (The Sheep)Which animal gives us wool? (The Sheep)Which animal has a long neck?Which animal has a long neck?Which animal barks?Which animal barks?Which animals give us milk?Which animals give us milk?Which animal has a trunk?Which animal has a trunk?Which animal has a hump on its back?Which animal has a hump on its back?Which animal has horns? (The cow) Which animal has horns? (The cow) Which animal pulls wagons? (The cart-horse)Which animal pulls wagons? (The cart-horse)

129129

Use of ‘Which’Use of ‘Which’

Which insect weaves webs? (The spider)Which insect weaves webs? (The spider)

Which bird hoots at night? (The owl)Which bird hoots at night? (The owl)

Which are the beasts of prey? (lion, tiger, wolf, Which are the beasts of prey? (lion, tiger, wolf, fox etc)fox etc)

Which animal resembles human beings? (The Which animal resembles human beings? (The ape resembles human beings)ape resembles human beings)

Which is India’s national animal?Which is India’s national animal?

Which is India’s national bird?Which is India’s national bird?

Which city is the capital of Rajasthan?Which city is the capital of Rajasthan?

130130

USE OF ‘WHO’USE OF ‘WHO’

Who are you?Who are you?Who are they?Who are they?Who sang the song?Who sang the song?Who will go to the market?Who will go to the market?Who can do this work?Who can do this work?Who is the owner of this house?Who is the owner of this house?Who can come with me?Who can come with me?Who is the prime minister of India?Who is the prime minister of India?Who did this?Who did this?Who paid the fees?Who paid the fees?

131131

Use of ‘WHO’Use of ‘WHO’

Who finished first in the competition?Who finished first in the competition?Who is the president of the congress party?Who is the president of the congress party?Who gave the book to Suresh?Who gave the book to Suresh?Who purchased this T-shirt?Who purchased this T-shirt?Who is the captain of the Indian Cricket team?Who is the captain of the Indian Cricket team?Who is he?Who is he?Who is she?Who is she?Who is that person?Who is that person?Who called me? Who called me?

132132

Use of ‘WHY’Use of ‘WHY’

Why do you worry?Why do you worry?Why do you drink milk daily?Why do you drink milk daily?Why is her teacher so strict?Why is her teacher so strict?Why are you standing here?Why are you standing here?Why don’t you apply for the exam?Why don’t you apply for the exam?Why are you speaking so loudly?Why are you speaking so loudly?Why are you sitting in the balcony?Why are you sitting in the balcony?Why did you pay for that?Why did you pay for that?Why do you think too much?Why do you think too much?

133133

Use of ‘WHY’Use of ‘WHY’

Why don’t you listen to me?Why don’t you listen to me?Why don’t you study well?Why don’t you study well?Why are you so serious?Why are you so serious?Why are you so gloomy?Why are you so gloomy?Why are you so careless?Why are you so careless?Why are you so strict?Why are you so strict?Why don’t you sing now?Why don’t you sing now?Why don’t you tell a story now?Why don’t you tell a story now?Why don’t you go to the class in time?Why don’t you go to the class in time?

134134

THANK YOUTHANK YOURAJENDRANRAJENDRAN

PRINCIPALPRINCIPAL

S.K.A.TTI(W) AUNDIPATTS.K.A.TTI(W) AUNDIPATT

Education

Teaching English grammar