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8 th European Pulse Plating Seminar 2 nd March 2018, Vienna Steiger Galvanotechnique SA EstoppeyReber group Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating parameters Jean-Claude Puippe www.steiger.ch

Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

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Page 1: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

8th European Pulse Plating Seminar2nd March 2018, Vienna

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating parameters

Jean-Claude Puippewww.steiger.ch

Page 2: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Le rôle des impulsions de courant en électrocristallisationJean‐Claude Puippe

Diss. No 6225, ETH Zurich, 1978

Prof. Dr. Norbert IblDirecteur de thèse

V   =  L W Hjm =  jpTon

Page 3: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Limiting factors of Pulse Plating parameters

The lower limit of the pulse duration depends on the capacity effects of the electrical double layer at the electrode.

The upper limit of the pulse duration depends on the mass transport of electroactive ions through diffusion at the electrode.

Page 4: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

jc = C dηa/dt

Capacity effects

Page 5: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

No damping of faradic current

small damping of faradic current

strong dampingof faradic current

Flattening of faradic current

Capacity effects

c

d

Page 6: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Computation of charging time tc of double layertc = time required for the faradic current to reach 99% of jpThe charging time is segmented in increments corresponding to 1 mV steps. Within one step, the faradic current can beconsidered as constant. It is readjusted according to Butler Volmer equation for each step.

jc = dQ / dt =  C da/dt

djF = ‐ djC (for galvanostatic pulse)

jF = jo (exp(αzFηa/RT) – exp((1‐ α)zFηa/RT))

tn =  C ((an ‐a(n‐1)) / (jFn – jF(n‐1))) ln (jC(n‐1) / jCn)

tc =  ∑ tn from jF = 0 till jF = 0.99 jp

Page 7: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

(1) ln (aj ot

c/C)  (2) ln

 (aj ot

d/C) 

For loading rate 99%  (JF =  0.99 jp ) 

and for jp/jo > 100,  td = 7 tc

Dimensionless representation of tc and td as a function of the ration jp / jo ,         where a = nF/RT and (�n = 1; T = 289 °K; C = 50 µF/cm2 )

Page 8: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Computation of charging time of double layer

For the following conditions:

JF =  0.99 jpJp / jo > 100

C = 50 µF / cm2

n  =  1

tc =  0.017 / jp and     td =  0.120 / jpwhere tc and td are given in [ms] and jp is given in [A/cm2]

Page 9: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Degree of flattening � of faradiccurrent as a function of Ton / tcΔ =  jc / jm

Δ For Δ = 0.1,Ton / tc should be >5   

Page 10: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Lower limits of Pulse Plating parameters

The lower limits of Ton and Toff which are dictated by the charging and discharging time of the electrical double layer.

For a degree of flattening (jc/jm) Δ < 0.1,Ton >  5 tc and  Toff >  td . Therefore,

Where Ton and Toff are given in [ms] and jp in [A/cm2]

Ton > 0.085 / jp and   Toff >  0.12 / jp

Page 11: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Mass transport limitations through diffusion

Page 12: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Distance to cathode, x

Concen

tration at th

e electrod

e, c Diffusion layer under DC conditions

Page 13: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Distance to cathode, x

Concen

tration at th

e electrod

e, c Double diffusion layer under

Pulse Plating conditions

Page 14: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Distance to cathode, x

Concen

tration at th

e electrod

e, c Relaxation rate of the pulsating

diffusion layer: Ce’/Co

�p

�N

Ce’/Co  = 1 – jm/jL

Page 15: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

∂CA / ∂t = DA (∂2CA / ∂x2)

Concentration profile in transient state according to the 2nd Fick law

Page 16: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Under potentiostatic conditions:

= D t

Under galvanostatic conditions:

= 2 D t /

Transition time for galvanostatic pulses

= D Ce’2(n F)2 / 4 jp2

Particular solutions Fick II equation

Page 17: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

The upper limit of Ton is dictated by the transition time  . In order to stay away from the mass transport control, to avoid hydrogenevolution and therefore a strong drop of currentefficiency, Ton has to be set bellow

It should however be enhanced that in somecases, as for instance in alloy deposition, it maybe necessary to reach the transition time of one species in order to promote the deposition of other species.

Ton <  

Upper limit of the on time Ton

Page 18: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Considering mass transport limitations, Toff has no upper limit but a lower limit in order to allow the pulsating diffusion layer to reach a high  relaxion rate. The concentration at the electrode Ce’ at the beginning of each pulse should be close to the bulkconcentration CoFor δN >> δp , the relaxation rate  Ce’/Co = 1 – jm/jL

Mass transport limitationsof the off time Toff

Page 19: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Excel table of «allowed» pulse parameters

Page 20: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Examples of Pulse Plating aplicationsin the experimental physics

Requirements for the experimental physics:

High conductivity : RRR > 250High purity of cooating for non degasingLow roughness even for high thicknessesabove 100 µm

the only way to obtain the requestedspecifications is to apply Pulse Plating

Page 21: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Cuivrage intérieur de 416 dipôles de 9.58 m et 214 quadripôles de 3 m pour le ring de l’accélérateur HERA (6.3 km) du DESY à Hamburg

Page 22: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Argentage 60 µm des antennes du JET pour le chauffage du plasma thermonucléaire par irradiation d’ondes électromagnétiques à radiofréquence

Page 23: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

100 µm Copper plating of 900 BPM components for the LHC at CERN

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Page 24: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Cuivrage de BPM pour le LHC, CERN

Page 25: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

IN MEMORIAM our Passed President Prof Pietro Cavalotti and our regretted colleguesProf Chris Raub, Prof Nicolas Spyrellis, Prof V.N. Kudryavtsev, Prof  M. Froment,Prof Jan Przyluski, Prof St. Rashkov, Prof E. Budevski, Prof A. Despic

Page 26: Guidelines for setting the useful range of Pulse Plating

Steiger G

alvano

techniqu

e SA

Estopp

ey‐Reb

er group

Thank you for your attention