Guidelines for the Conservation and Rehabilitation of ... · Rehabilitation of Degraded Woodlands surrounding Refugee Camps ... south-east Asia shallow ... survive under natural climate

Guidelines for the Conservation andRehabilitation of Degraded Woodlandssurrounding Refugee Camps (Annex)

March 2011

Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants Association (JOFCA)Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO)

MUTURI. G, KARIUKI.J. NDUNG’U.S.M., WAWERU S.G. AND CHANGKWONY .M.

KEFRI/ JOFCA

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR FOREST , NURSERY,PROSOPIS

AND MANAGEMENT IN TURKANA

KENYA

1

Table of content Table of content ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 PREFACE...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Table 1Change of temperature and rainfall of project site in a year ............................................................................................................................. 3 Table 2 Change of planted seedlings and survival rates ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Table 3 Seedling cost calculation a tree species (1000 seedlings .................................................................................................................................. 7 Table 4Technical guideline on basic nursery ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Table 5 Technical guideline on basic tree plantation................................................................................................................................................... 11 Table 6 Planting cost/per ha......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 7 Technical guideline of compost making ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Table 8 Flowchart of process of planting plan with local people ................................................................................................................................ 21 Table 9. Enhancement of local capacity in reforestation and natural regeneration and prosopis control .................................................................... 22 Table 10 Management and Control of Prosopis........................................................................................................................................................... 24 Table11 A list of farmers surrounding the area received and planted seedlings from the project's nursery................................................................ 26 Table 12. Land ownership in the Project Area............................................................................................................................................................ 30

2

PREFACE In the framework of JOFCA and KEFRI agreement, a project entitled “Conservation and Restoration of Degraded Environment Surrounding Kakuma Refugee camp, Northern part of Turkana” is being implemented since 2006. The main purpose of the project are (a) to assess environmental conditions surrounding the Kakuma Refugee camp, (b) to conduct ecological restoration, conservation and rehabilitation trials and (c) to produce forest restoration, conservation and rehabilitation guidelines for refugee camp and other degraded areas in the country. This joint project is now accomplishing five year period since 2006. During all this time, activities implemented were resulted to the creation of a permanent tree nursery within the project operation area, establishment of tree plantation with the aim of improving a degraded area and restoring natural vegetation sites. Furthermore, trainings were organized to farmers in order to enhance their capacity in terms of environment conservation. The current annual progress report starting from April 2006 to March 2011 is focused on various activities related to tree plantation. This manual describes the general method of Forest tree and Nursery tree planting and management in Kenya. It covers the work of planting.

3

Table 1 Change of temperature and rainfall of project site in a year

Jun feb mar apr may june july oug sep oct nov dec total

temperature(℃) 29.2 29.9 31.7 31.5 30.7 30.4 29.6 30.5 31.1 30.7 29.8 29.4 364.5

rain fall(mm) 4.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.2 2.8 106.1 163.1

Note: officer in charge,” metrological department lodwar” 2010

4

Tale 2 Change of planted seedlings and survival rates

2009 2010

site scientific

name provenance soil type uses height other

information’s

planted year planted

area(ha

)

total of

planted

seedlings survival

rate （％）

tree

height

(cm)

root

collar

diamete

r (mm)

survival

rate (％）

tree

height

(cm)

root

collar

diamete

r (mm)

Acacia tortilis

tropical

Africa,

Arabia,

south-east

Asia

shallow soil

firewood,

charcoal,

timbers, poles

usually 5-8 m in

dry land

there are

2varieties 144 100 30.0 5.4 79.4 35.2 19.7

Acacia mellifera

a widely

distributed

acacia found

from western

Asia

thrives in a

variety of soil

including

gravelly,

loam,

volcanic and

sandy

firewood,

charcoal, timber

usually a low

shrub,sometime

s a tree up to 9

m

usually a low

shrub,

sometimes a

tree up to 9

m

144 100 53.0 6.5 71.9 11.3 11.3

Pelekech

Cordial sinensis

Africa

sandy, red

loam and

rocky soils

firewood,

charcoal,

timbers, poles

a tangled

deciduous shrub

or small

multibranched

tree,3-12 m

wood is very

hard. Root is

used for

malaria

2007 3ha

144 100 51.2 7.1 90.6 70.5 16.1

5

Zizyphus mauritania

India, Africa,

south-east

Asia, etc

a tree that

does very

well in

extremely dry

area

firewood,

charcoal,

timbers,

furniture

shrub or tree

2.5 -12 m 144 100 51.2 3.2 14.3 27.9 5

Balanites aeqyptica

tropical

Africa, Arabia

a common

tree in open

grassland

with black-

cotton soil

firewood,

charcoal, poles,

timber

tree 3-12 m 144 100 30.0 4.0 79.2 8.9 8.9

Acacia eliator

tropical

Africa,

Arabia,

south-east

Asia

shallow soil

firewood,

charcoal,

timbers, poles

tree2-

18m,occasionall

y a shrub

there are

2varieties 144 Replanted October 2009 77.9 98.9 14.3

Acacia mellifera

ditto

thrives in a

variety of soil

including

gravelly,

loam,

volcanic and

sandy

firewood,

charcoal, timber

shrub or tree

1.5 m 144 Replanted October 2009 64.4 41.1 5

Nakoyol

Cordial sinensis

africa

sandy,red

loam and

rocky soils

firewood,

charcoal,

timbers, poles

shrub or tree 1-

10m

wood is very

hard. Root is

used for

malaria

2008 2ha

144 Replanted October 2009 88.5 77.9 13.7

6

Zizyphus mauritania

India, Africa,

south-east

Asia, etc

a tree that

does very

well in

extremely dry

area

firewood,

charcoal, timber,

furniture

shrub or tree

2.5 -12 m 144 Replanted October 2009 50 41.5 5.1

Balanites aeqyptica

tropical

Africa, Arabia

a common

tree in open

grassland

with black-

cotton soil,

prefer valley

soils but will

grow in

sandy ,clay,

black-

cotton ,alluvi

al and stony

soil

firewood,

charcoal, poles,

timber

tree 3-12 m 144 Replanted October 2009 77.2 39.2 4.7

Acacia senegal

Africa -

Arabia

prefer well-

aerated soil

firewood,

charcoal, poles,

post, tool,

handles,

medicine(roots)

small tree,6m there are 3

varieties 144

The species was phased out after recording high mortality after 3

months of planting

Note: Useful trees and shrub for Kenya(world agroforestry centre-East and Central Africa Regional Programme)

7

Table 3 Seedling cost calculation a tree species (1000 seedlings)

Item labors Number or vol unit unit price price remarks

soil collection workers 3 man day 2 days 300 1,800 sand collection workers 3 man day 2 days 300 1,800

fertilizer 5 kg 100 500 manure 3 1 days 300 900

soil preparation

soil preparation workers 2 man day 2 days 300 1,200

sub-total 11 4 6,200 potting potting 5 1 days 300 1,500

sub-total 1,500 Technical officer 1 4 days 1000 4,000 seed collection 4 4 days 500 8,000

preparation of seed 4 4 days 300 4,800 sowing

sowing into seed bed 2 1 days 300 600 Direct sowing 5 1 300 1,500

sub-total 15 9 18,900 pricking 5 1 days 300 1,500 shading 10 2 days 300 6,000 watering 1 365 year 300 109,500 weeding 2 12 month 300 7,200 root pruning 2 12 month 300 7,200 fertilization 1 24 days 300 7,200 fertilizer 2 Litres 3,000

spraying 1 4 days 300 1,200

pesticide litres (1) 3,000 (Karate) sub-total 145,800

total 167,700

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Table 4 Technical guideline on basic nursery

Item Picture

1.Introduction

In nursery and planting practices, different techniques from seeds collection to planting have almost been

learned for major species such as Cordia sinensis ,Ziziphus mauritania,Balanites agegyptica, Acacia toritilis, Acacia senegal for local people. Through workshops were also held to enhance the capacity of the local

communities in Nadapal, Morungole and Kalemchuch.

2.nursery techniques

2.1Nursery establishment

(i)conditions

When establishing a nursery, we have to pay attention to following things: ①Choose a flat slope area in order

to take care of seedlings conveniently. The nursery should be located in ventilated place Water is available

throughout the duration of raising seedlings for the watering of seedlings .In addition, the water source has to

be cleaned.

(ii)making frame for nursery

We have to make a high frame. It is normally 10-20cm higher for tending seedling and watering daily.

(iii)time of start of nursery

Nursery establishment should be started in proper time considering duration of raising seedling in the nursery

and time of transplanting the seedlings in the field

2.2seed collection

The origin of the seeds must be the natural distribution area. The Mother trees must be a well growing.

2.3Pre-treatement of seeds

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In natural condition, seeds of many tree species need a long period to germinate. Pre-treatment of seeds is

then practiced to hasten the germination time and to get good germination percentage.

2.4Preparation of potting

(i)Soil mixing

Forest soil ,manure and phosphate are usually mixed for potting as follows:

(ii)Potting

After mixing soil, plastic bags are filled with such mixed soil. Size of pot to be recommended 7 to 9 cm in

width ×11 to 13 cm in length.

(iii)Sowing of seeds

Sow the seeds into plastic pots after finishing the pre-treatment. Make sure that seeds should not be sowed

too deep because it will be difficult to germinate. Sees should be 1 to 2 cm form the surface of soil pot. Sow

two or three seeds in a pot.

2.6 Arrangement of pots

It is recommended to make fixed number pots a unit such as 100 pots (10×10) and 200 pots (10×20) to

ease the management work and counting.

2.7 Tending

(i) Shadowing

Time and rate of shadowing: in the first 20 days, seedling need covered 70-80 ％ then reduce shadowing to

30 ％ gradually by 30 to 45 days before the transplanting.

(ii)watering

Water seedling one time /day with 3 to 5 liters/m2.How ever, the volume of water depends on the weather

condition.

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(iii)Thinning

In case that more than two seeds in a pot are germinated ,seedling which does not relatively grow well

compared with another should be removed from the pot after one seedling reach 3 to 4 cm, so that only one

good seedling remain in a pot.

(iv)weeding

Weeding in and around the pot, arranging the seedling and turn up the soil up to 0.5 cm depth with small stick.

(v)Hardening

Hardening is to expose the seedlings to harsh conditions to make them strong so that we will be able to

survive under natural climate condition in the field after planted out.

2.8 seedling for transplanting

Basic standard of seedling for transplanting is the field is 40 cm to 50cm.

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Table 5 Technical guideline on basic tree plantation

3. planting techniques

3.1 Site preparation

In order to create good conditions of young seedlings to be planted, following activities are normally planned in the context of planting preparation. They include: removal of existing vegetation including old stumps, marking and digging of holes.

As it is usually done during planting site preparation, vegetation clearance is normally realized manually. In our country, vegetation removal by slash‐burning is prohibited since the latter may induce rapid alteration in soil properties; actually, the ash layer following burning is rich in nutrients (exchangeable bases) which are often washed down after the first rain.

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3.2 Digging

As far as dimensions of the pit are concerned, they vary from (cm 30 x 30 x 30) to (cm 60 x 60 x 60) depending on tree species, soil type and rainfall. In the semi arid zones with low rainfall, it is recommended to dig bigger pits than in the moisture environments. Figure 14 shows a pit dug at cm 40 at the three dimensions (height, depth and width).

Digging task is generally determined by the soil type and obviously by the material used. It is worth indicating that in Kenya, so far all plantation activities are done manually. Common material used for such an activity include hoes or / and picks.

3.3 Re‐filling of the holes

A good practice for the preparation of planting holes is to surround the planting pit with a small ridge (15 to 20 cm in height) of soil, to obtain a small basin (about 80cm in diameter) this technique is particularly useful in areas with low and irregular rainfall

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3.4 Transporting seedling

Before transporting, it is necessary to water the seedlings thoroughly the day before lifting the tubes.

When lifting seedlings they should always be handled by holding the tube and not by pulling on the stem as this can easily damage the shoot, and also lead to subsequent pathogenic infections.

Transport seedlings in a vertical position by placing them closely stacked in boxes. This minimizes shoot damage and soil loss from both the bottom and top of open‐ended tubes.

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Only dispatch the number of seedlings from the nursery that can be planted in one day. The seedlings should be planted as soon as possible, preferably within hours of arriving at the plantation site.

After carefully unloading the seedlings, they should be placed in a shaded, sheltered, position which is the coolest available. If there is any delay in planting, it is essential that the moisture content of tubes be constantly monitored, and if they become dry supplementary watering is carried out.

3.5 planting

In Kenya, planting should done during the short rainy season ( months) and long rainy season (month). There is no restriction about the planting time during cloudy days but the best time is before noon on sunny days.

Removing seedling from the pot

15

There some basic rules to respect during tree planting:

• Planting trees 2.5 cm deeper than they grew in the nursery:

• Make sure hole is large enough for the seedling;

• Avoid inappropriate root position when planting

• Plant trees straight;

• Keep roots cool and moist until in the ground;

• Arrange roots naturally;

• Firm the soil around the root system avoiding to exceed root collar level;

• Plant early rather than late.

Transfer seedling into planting hole

Firming the seedling into planting hole

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3.6 Protection

Dry vegetation around a stem when tending operation is carried out. Also, tree plantations are protected against forest fires by creation of fire breaks of about 5m width.

A fenced reforestation plot

3.7 Tending

For young plantations, tending is carried out quarterly a year.

In general, full field weeding is applied. Grasses and bushes are cut over the whole plantation area. The activity is done following the planting lines and swaths of cut vegetation are formed between lines. Fire breaks are also maintained around plantations every 3 months

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Table 6 Planting cost/per ha Item labors number or vol unit unit price price remarks

land preparation workers 40 5 day 300 60,000 construction of micro-catchment seedlings 800 Seedling 30 24,000

transportation 300 Km 60 18,000 Fueling of station vehicle

newly plantation workers 40 5 day 300 12,000 casual hiring

Technical support 3 4 days 4,500 54,000 KEFRI staffs supervising

sub-total 80 168,000

supplementary planting workers 40 4 day 300 48,000 Beating up

seedlings 400 Seedling 30 12,000 seedlings cost

transportation 300 km 60 18,000 vehicle fueling

Technical support 2 2 days 4,500 18,000

KEFRI staff supervising(Technical officer & driver)

sub-total 40 96,000

first year weeding 40 6 day 300 72,000Repair of micro-catchment & desilting

second year weeding 40 6 day 300 72,000Repair of micro-catchment & desilting

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Technical supervisor 2 3 day 4,500 27,000


sub-total 80 10 171,000

protection Fencing cost include:-Post,Brushes,Nails,Wire

posts 200 nos 400 80,000

Barbed wire 6 rolls 6000 36,000

Nails 10 kg 200 2,000

Binding wire 20 kg 200 4,000

Labour 40 3 days 300 36,000

transportation 300 km 60 18,000 Fueling of station vehicle

Technical Supervision 2 3 days 4,500 27,000


sub-total 203,000

total 638,000

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Table 7 Technical guideline of compost making

1.Introduction picture or illustrations

Compost is piling much vegetation. Compost is to produce organic fertilizer that is balanced

in plant nutrients and improves soil fertility.

2.material

・Leave

・tree

・Water

・Animal dung

3.How to make method

Leaves and branched of some local trees and shrubs found within the nursery environs

were collected, buried in a 8m3 hole and covered with a polythene sheet to trap moisture

and to enhance bio-activity. Regular watering, mixing up using a spade and transferring it

into another hole of equal size was done weekly to enhance uniform decomposition of

leaves and twigs. Complete degeneration of leaves was observed after four weeks.

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Compost was introduced in the potting media using the ratios described in appendix 2a.

Thereafter, effects of soil mixture and tube sizes on seedlings growth were tested using a

split plot design described in appendix 2b and Zizyphus mauritiana used as the test species.

The species has been well researched in the past and found to achieve high growth

performance rating at both nursery and field. It is also the most preferred multipurpose tree

( MPT) among the Turkana community.

The assessment variables are growth (Root Collar Diameter (RCD) and height) and dry

weight. Growth parameters are collected on monthly basis while dry weight will involve

destructive sampling after six months when the seedlings will be harvested separated into

roots and shoots, oven dried separately, weighted and root: shoot ratio determined. The

experiment is about 2months old and data collection is ongoing. Preliminary results will be

reported in the annual report in March 2010. Plate 1 below shows a monthly assessment in

progress.

Topsoil

vegetation

wood ash

animal manure

rough material

21

Table 8 Flowchart of process of planting plan with local people

Flow chart of in charge of field work in the village

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Table 9 Enhancement of local capacity in reforestation and natural regeneration and Prosopis control

year main objectives contents

method/ curriculum

Date Place number of paticipants Instructor main opinion and

comment from local people on the topic

Meeting

19/03/08 Morung'ole project staff: 4

S.Waweru(Forester), DFO,OP.

Prosopis is a threat to pasture and farmland

17/07/07 01/09/07 Pelekech Kalobeiyei

local leader:4 Community 72


High degredation and loss of Biodiversity

2007

To enhance capacity for local communityin reforestation sensitization meetings

The meeting to introduce the project objectives and the role played by the community as a key stakeholder. Introduce to the community the implementing institutions i.e. KEFRI and DFO with coordination from the Provincial administration. To highlight to the community the importance of having a structure that is registered with the ministry of social services. Finally to gather community opinion about the project.

20/03/08 Kalemchuch Farmer 172 man: 28

female:12 S.Waweru(Forester), DFO,OP.

Prosopis is a good wind breaker.

Trainings

project staff: 4

Michael, Waweru, DFO, OP, Cllr. Community interested in

nursery establishment as an income generating activity

Pelekech

Kalobeiyei community m:18,f:22

m:28,f:12 S.Waweru(Forester), DFO,OP.

Reseeding programme and Bee-keeping

2008

To enhance capacity for local communityin reforestation and natural regeneration

The objective of this training were to sensitize the community members on (a) The importance of trees in their environment.(b) Prepare them to undertake seed collection and handling as an income generating activity. (c) Nursery practises and (d) sound techniques in natural regeneration to help them improve land productivity and dryland agro forestry techniques.

local leader: 4 S.Waweru(Forester), DFO,OP.

23

project staff: 4


16 - 17 Sept 09 pelekech local leader:4 man: 18

female:22 S.Waweru(Forester), DFO,OP. 2009

To enhance capacity for local communityin reforestation and natural regeneration

To share further technical information in (i) seed handling and pretreatment and dryland tree planting techniques for adoption in their practices

Trainings

18 - 19 Sept 09, 1 - 2 Oct 09

kalemchuch kalobeiyei

Farmer:40 man: 28 female:12

Michael & Ngugi

project staff:3

The local methods of grazing need to be researhced on for improvement

2009 Trainings

24 - 25 July 09 Nadapal local leader: 4 man: 29 Female:11

Ngugi Michael

Community interested in silivicultural practices and charcoal burning.

To enhancement of integrated prosopis management and utilization

the objective of this training were to give an historical background of Prosopis introduction in Kenya and specifically Turkana District. The pros and cons of Prosopis on environment was highlighted. The community were invited to participate in drawing the balance sheet on the advantage and the negative effects of the species introduction on their environment . The other technical information shared include the management and utilization options such as of fencing, posts harvesting pods collection for processing of cattle feed, thinning and singling to improve the stem form and also improved charcoal burning technique by adopting the improved KEFRI cassamance Jiko

3 - 4 August 09, 5-6 August 09

Morung'ole kalemchuch

Farmer:40 Mala 22 female 18

man: 21 female:17


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Table 10 Management and Control of Prosopis Baseline data and tree parameters 2008 2009 2010

site mean total height(m)

mean merchantable height(m)

DBH range(cm)

Density (stems per ha)

space light intensity（％）

young growth(number of seedling)per/m2

young growth(average height))（ｍ）per/m2

light intensity（％）

young growth(number of Prosopis seedling)per/m2

young growth(number of other seedling) per/m2


light intensity（％）

young growth(number of Prosopis seedling)per/m2

young growth(number of other seedling) per/m2


kalemcuch 5.1 3.4 2-6 2500 4m×4ｍ kalemcuch 5.1 3.4 2-6 2500 6m×6ｍ kalemcuch 5.1 3.4 2-6 2500 8m×8ｍ

kalemcuch 5.1 3.4 2-6 2500

10m×10ｍ

kalemcuch 5.1 3.4 2-6 2500 control

Morungloe 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 4m×4ｍ 78.54 Morungloe 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 6m×6ｍ 78.54 Morungloe 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 8m×8ｍ 40.59

Morungloe 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000

10m×10ｍ

26.65 Morungloe 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 control

nadapal 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 4m×4ｍ 3 0 29.37 4 nadapal 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 6m×6ｍ 2 0 59.84 10 nadapal 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 8m×8ｍ 6 0 32.71 8 1

nadapal 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000

10m×10ｍ 4 0

46.97 9 1 nadapal 4.7 2.8 3-9 3000 control 3 0 14.02 4

25

Spacing3-5m Spacing 5-7mha

Spacing 7.5-10.0ha

(0.125 ha) (0.125ha) (0.125ha)

Stump treatment (cutting only)

Complete mechanical removal

(0.125ha)

(0.25ha)

Sutmp treatment(cutting and Debacking)

Stump treatment (cutting and Burning )

26

Table11 A list of farmers surrounding the area received and planted seedlings from the project's nursery

No Name Area Species

Number of

planted

seedlings

Number of

remaining

seedlings Planting place Remarks

1 Loyeret Ewoton Pelekech

Cordia sinensis Zizyphus Mauritania Azadracta Indica

5,

3,

8

3

1

5 Compound

2 Ngamoru Engole Pelekech

Cordia sinensis Zizyphus Mauritania Neem

5

10

1

7 Compound

3 Engole Imoni Pelekech

Cordia sinensis Zizyphus Mauritania Azadracta Indica

6

6

12

4

3

5 Compound

4 Mary Ekai Pelekech Cordia sinensis 3 1 Compound

5 Imoit Adonyanga Pelekech Azadracta Indica 5 4 Compound

6 Amoni Erepon Pelekech Azadracta Indica 7 4 Compound

7 Selina Lotukei Pelekech Azadracta Indica 6 4 Compound

8 Tomas Tukei Pelekech Azadracta Indica 6 6 Compound

9 Apuwa Emoja Pelekech Azadracta Indica 2 2 Compound

10 Esther Wachukui Pelekech Azadracta Indica 5 3 Compound

11 Echoto Lotieng Pelekech Azadracta Indica 5 2 Compound

12 Lokiyeya Songit Pelekech Azadracta Indica 4 1 Compound

13 Ekoel Ekiru Pelekech Azadracta Indica 5 3 Compound

14 Ngaorokolemu Emanikor Pelekech

Cordia sinensis Neem

(Azadracta Indica)

6

5

3

3 Compound

15 Peter Eyanae Pelekech

Neem (Azadracta Indica) 3 2 Compound

16 Akwee Ekiru Pelekech Aloe turkanensis, 12 7 Compound

27

17 Peter Nasekona Ewoi Pelekech Cordia sinensis, 7

10

4

7 Compound

18 Nangorok Elidakina Pelekech


19 Esther Nasikiria Pelekech


20 Areng Nangore Pelekech


21 Echoda Loune Pelekech


22 Akalimon Amodoe Pelekech Neem, Aloe 5 4 Compound

23 Mary Ngikenoi Pelekech

Cordia sinensis, Neem

(Azadracta Indica, 8

10

3

8 Compound

24 Paulina Ebenyo Pelekech

Cordia sinensis, Neem (Azadracta Indica

6

9

6

8 Compound

25 Ekazi Pelekech


26 Lochuman Esther Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem 3

5

2

5 Compound

27 Nait Mary Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem 2

5

2

3 Compound

28 Jacinta Akiru Pelekech


(Azadracta Indica 3

10

2

7 Compound

29 Charles Lorot Pelekech

Cordia sinensis, Neem (Azadracta Indica

4

15

1

15 Compound

30 Lokadelio Nabali Pelekech


28

31 Aemun Ewoi Pelekech

Zizyphus mauritiania, Cordia sinensis, Aloe,

Neem

3

3

5

2

2

4

Farm

Compound

Compound

32 Mary Kebe Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

2

5

1

5 Compound

33 Komudei Nabweli Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

1

5

1

2 Compound

34 Acharait Amodoi Pelekech Neem, Eronyit 10 6 Compound

35 Awar Egole Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

3

5

2

3 Compound

36 Asinyon Awar Pelekech Neem 2 2 Compound

37 Lokawo Etukon Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

2

5

1

3 Compound

38 Anne Lemuya Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

3

11

2

7 Compound

39 Margaret Kiyonga Pelekech


(Azadracta Indica)

4

6

1

5 Compound

40 Naweet Ekutan Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 2 Compound

41 Kalimapus Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 1 Compound

42 Nasopo Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 1 Compound

43 James ekai Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 1 Compound

44 Lobore Pelekech Cordia sinensis 5 3 Compound

45 Mary Ekal Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 1 1

Farms

Compound

46 Andrew Boki Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 2 2 Compound

29

47 Anam Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 1 Compound

48 Lometo Pelekech Neem(Azadracta Indica) 3 1 Compound

49 Lobuin Pelekech Cordia sinensis, Neem

5

5

3

2 Compound

50 Ekoroit Pelekech

Cordia sinensis,

Neem(Azadracta Indica 5 2 Compound

51 Joseph Namugekai Morung'ole Neem(Azadracta Indica) 6 Compound

52 Lochelel Egiron Morung'ole Neem(Azadracta Indica) 8 Compound

53 Akitela Longor Morung'ole Cordia sinensis, Ebenyo

4

10

2

6 Compound

54 Loukomor Loter Morung'ole Aloe, 10 10 Compound

55 Asinyen Namugekai Morung'ole Aloe, 6 6 Compound

56 Asikiria Lotiir Morung'ole Aloe, 15 12 Compound

57 Anthony Sikiria Morung'ole Neem(Azadracta Indica) 7 5 Compound

58 Nalero Ekitela Morung'ole Edapal, Aloe 8 6 Compound

59 Peter Palal Morung'ole Aloe 23 20 Compound

60 Philip Edapal Morung'ole Aloe 5 5 Compound

61 Esther Nangok Morung'ole Aloe 5 5 Compound

62 Lomanakwe Nangolel Morung'ole Aloe 10 10 Compound

63 Eripon Idoko Morung'ole Aloe 7 7 Compound

64 Nakoi Losike Morung'ole Cordia sinensis 3 3 Compound

65 Aweet Apayo Morung'ole Aloe 6 6 Compound

30

Table 12. Land ownership in the Project Area 1.0 Introduction Land is critical to the economic, social and cultural development of Kenya. Land was also a key reason for the struggle for independence and land issues remain politically sensitive and culturally complex. Kenya does not have a single clearly defined or codified National Land Policy. The problems posed by the lack of a policy have been exacerbated by the existence of very many land laws, some of which are inconsistent and incompatible. The result is very complex land administration system. 2.0 Vision of the New Land Policy A national land policy the will guide the country towards efficient, sustainable and equitable use of land for prosperity and posterity. 3.0 Categories of Land Land in Kenya is currently designated as government or public land, trust land and private land 3.1 Public land Public land comprises all land that is not private land or community land and any other land declared to be public land by the Act of Parliament. There is currently no system for registering public institutional land. To safeguard such land, a practice emerged under which it is registered in the name of Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Finance. 3.2 Community Land Community land refers to land lawfully held, managed and used by a given community as shall be defined in the “Land Act.” To secure community land, the Government shall ; a) Document and map existing forms of communal tenure, whether customary or contemporary rural or urban, in consultation with the affected groups, and incorporate them into broad principles that will facilitate the orderly

Technical Guidelines for Forest and Fruit Tree Plantation and Management

Conservation and restoration of degraded environment surrounding Nyamure refugee camp,

Southern Province, Rwanda

Printed by Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda and

Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants Association

March2011

1

Contents Page

Table 1: Change of temperature and rainfall of project site in a year ························································································································· 1

Table 2: Enhancement of local capacity building of nursery and plantation technique······························································································· 2

Table 3: Technical guideline on basic nursery···························································································································································· 3

Table4: Technical guideline on tree plantation························································································································································· 10

Table5: Outline of nursery work ·············································································································································································· 13

Table.6: Nursery work calendar for species ····························································································································································· 16

Table7: Outline of seed collection and concerned work··········································································································································· 17

Table8: Outline of plantation work schedule such as preparation, planting, tending and supplementary planting ···················································· 18

Table9: Technical guideline of grafting about fruit trees ·········································································································································· 19

Table10: Technical guideline on fruit tree planting ·················································································································································· 20

Table11: Land ownership of project site ·································································································································································· 21

Attachment 1 : Seedling cost calculation a tree species(1000 seedlings) ················································································································ 23

Attachment 2 : Plantation cost/per ha ······································································································································································ 24

Attachment 3 : Change of seedlings planted and survival rate ································································································································· 25

Attachment 4: Change of natural generation at Jari ················································································································································· 28

Attachment 5: Flowchart of planting plan with local people···································································································································· 29

Table 1 Change of temperature and rainfall of project site in the year 2009Place: Rubona Station

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Mean Annual TMax 26.6 25.9 24.77 25.43 23.6 25.9 23.2 25.6 24 23.5 23.1 24.06 24.64Min 13.2 13 13.41 14.13 13 13.4 13.4 14.7 13.4 14.1 13.4 13.9 13.59Mean 19.9 19.45 19.09 19.78 18.3 19.65 18.3 20.15 18.7 18.8 18.25 18.98 19.11

80.10 159.00 60.00 118.50 105.00 6.00 1.80 0.00 48.00 114.00 163.50 201.00 1056.90

Rubona is a location situated at about 35 km away from Nyamure site.

Rainfall (mm)

Temperature (oC)

1

Year Main objectives / contents Method /curriculum

Date Place Instructor Main opinion and comments from localpeople on some topic

Project staff 3

Local leaders 4

Farmer Man: 34Female: 4

Project staff2

Focal leader3


Project staff4

Local leader5


Table 2　Enhancement of local capacity building of nursery and planting technique

Number of participants

Muyira sectorMay,2008To share technical information onenvironmental conservation matters with localcommunity as regards to: (a) Nursery activities,(b) Cooking energy management, (c) Treeplantation establishment and management, (d)Soil fertility, and (e) Water catchmenttechniques

Presentation,informationshearing and fieldvisits

December,2009

The booklet will be read by many farmersand it will be helpful to them for theimplementation of learnt techniques intheir own woodlots

Muyira sector

Printed Booklets October,2010

The creation of an environmental club byand for the local people. It can be noticedthat according to the farmers, the aim ofthis club was to facilitate theimplementation of the recommendationsfrom the training.

7

2010

6 Two new topics namely Cooperativemanagement and Trees on farm wereamong the themes which were selected tobe developed in this training and farmerswere interested in. In particular, theyrequested howe they should getagroforestry seeds

2008

To share technical information on tree plantingpractices. The content of the developed bookletincludes many techniques such as: Treeplanting on field, Preparation of planting sites,Stump management, Planting technique,Management operations of forest plantations,Weeding methods, Pruning and Thinningtechniques

2009

Presentation,informationshearing andtechnical guides

The objectives of this training were to sensitizefamers to join effort in cooperatives, to helptrained people to improve land productivity andagriculture production through introduction ofagro forestry technologies, to bring farmersaware on different ways of saving anddiversifying cooking energy, To train on stepsinvolved in handling, processing and storage oftree seeds and to teach about modern treenursery designing and seedling production.6technical themes were developed namely: (a)Cooperative Management, (b) Trees on farm,(c) Nursery activities, (d) Cooking energymanagement, (e) Plantation establishment andForest management, and (f) Environmentalconservation.

2

Table 3Picture

The modern nursery designing is to build individual shaded seedbeds where shades are removable on one hand and to makepotting before transplanting of seedlings on the other hand, in attempt to obtain good germination and provide optimumconditions for their survival and growth into strong healthy trees.The purpose of this section is to provide information and guidance on how to start a nursery and the steps involved in growingquality tree seedlings that will survive in field conditions after plantation.

2. Nursery techniques2.1 Nursery establishment Nursery tools and materials:- Working the soil: pickaxe, hoe, shovel, fork, rake- Building: Measuring tape, hammer, sticks, nails, pointed wooden sticks from 50 to 80 cm length for marking, sisal or plasticropes- Soil preparation: sieve- Watering: watering cans or nozzles- Transport: wheelbarrows, baskets- Tending the seedlings: pruning knife, pruning shears, pointed wooden stick.

Technical guideline on basic nurseryItems

1.Introduction

A nursery is an area where plant material is produced under controlled conditions in order to produce strong, healthy, hardyseedlings for planting. In Rwanda, a big number of seedlings are raised in nurseries, but more nursery managers or theirstakeholders are still using traditional methods that do not facilitate favourable conditions for seedlings. The traditional methodconsisted on building of whole shaded seedbeds and pot beds by using dense shading local materials, where seedlings could notreceive enough light for photosynthesis, to grow and stay healthy and to avoid death from damping-off or other diseases. In thepast, naked root seedlings have been produced but resulted in low survival rate after plantation.

3

The area relatively flat: ideally with a 2 - 5% slope, is most suitable for a nursery because this permits water to run off so thatwater logging does not become a problem. The same area facilitates also to reduce cost of cut and fill during the establi

Sizes of seedbeds and pot beds:• Seedbeds should be 1.20 m wide with paths at least 1 m wide between them so that working at the centre of the bed is notdifficult when pricking-out, weeding and watering.• The beds can be any length, but 10 – 12 m is often convenient in Rwanda to facilitate hand tending and watering.• Paths between the beds are essential, and these should be at least 1 m wide to allow access for workers and wheelbarrows,baskets and other materials.• The height should be 1.30 m on one side and 1.25 m on the other side to make a low slope for rain water control.• The seedbeds should have a central location into the same nursery as possible to avoid the transportation of small seedlingsover long distances, which should cause considerably their death.

Materials and method in nursery construction:

(1)conditions

Closer to the source of water: the continuity of water supply is essential for seedling production in the nursery. In Rwanda, it isnecessary to establish nurseries close to the rivers, water courses, lakes, man-made lakes or ponds.Good accessibility: A nursery should have an all-weather road that provides access right to the site. If possible, there should betruck access into the nursery itself so that materials can be efficiently delivered and seedlings easily loaded onto trucks withminimal labour inputs.

(2) Making frame for nurseryA frame is made by poles of at least 12-12 cm in diameter

Good soil: The most suitable soil is a well-drained sandy loam or loamy sand with high humus content, adequate nutrientcontent, and with a pH between 5.5 and 6.5.

4

(3) Time of start of nurseryThe nursery is starting in March- april, in attempt to raise seedlings to be planted in short rain season period(October-November)

Seed-coat dormancy of many raised leguminous species including Calliandra calotyrsus , Leucaena diversifolia , Acaciasenegal , Senna spectabilis and Albizia lebbeck can be successfully overcome by treating with hot water. This is a quick andeasy method and allows the treatment of a large number of seeds economically.

2.3 Pre-treatement of seeds

(1) Seed of boil each species

2.2 Seed collectionSeed collection is done by Tree seed centre of ISAR, throught different trained cooperatives.Seed purchasing must be done inearlier January to March.

A typical treatment is almost carried out as follows:Boil some water - about 10 times the volume of the seed to be treated;Remove water from heat and immediately place the seed in the water; Allow the water to cool gradually with the seeds in it.The seed should be sown immediately and not dried or stored. Soaking for a further 24 hours will improve germination ratesand speed.b. Cold waterMany seeds (e.g. maesopsis, tephrosia, sesbania, etc.) germinate readily after soaking for 24 or 48 hours in water at ambienttemperature.2.3.6.2 Chemical treatmentsThe most widely used of the chemical methods is the use of concentrated commercial sulphuric acid. The species whichrespond well to acid treatment are usually those which also respond well to scarification or treatment with boiling water (e.g.hard-coated leguminous seed). These include: calliandra, leucaena, acacia, and mimosa.• The seed is soaked in the acid for a period of 10 minutes to weaken and soften the seed coat but without damaging the seed.• After removal from the acid, the seed must be thoroughly washed to ensure that all the acid is rinsed off the seeds.

5

• For heavy soils: 5 wheelbarrows/baskets of topsoil, 3 of manure and 2 of sand;• For medium textured soils: 6 wheelbarrows/baskets of topsoil, 3 of manure and 1 of sand;

StratificationThis method can be achieved by storing seeds in a cold room or refrigerator at a temperature of 3-5°C. After the required timeof cold stratification, the seeds are removed from the cold storage and sown immediately or no later than two days. Most seedsin use in Rwanda do not require stratification, although in some species some improvements in germination may result (e.g.Markhamia platycalyx, Cedrela serrata, Alnus acuminata, Casuarina equisetifolia).

As experienced in Rwanda, a mixing of soil, sand and manure/compost in following proportions is a basic requirement forhealthy seedling growth:

• For light textured soils: 7 wheelbarrows/baskets of topsoil, 3 of manure and 0 of sand.

As open-ended tubes are commonly used, it is only necessary to compact 3-5 cm of soil in the bottom of the tube. A tube iscompacted by hand pressure at the indicated lengths only after filling and the tube is then inverted when it is placed in the potbeds. This compacted soil forms a plug in the bottom end of the tube. The rest of the tube should be filled with quality soil mixto the top of the tube, with only slight compacting so that air pockets do not develop in the tube.

(2) Potting

ScarificationThe objective of the scarification method is to reduce the thickness of the seed coat so that it becomes more permeable towater. This can be achieved by nicking, filing, rubbing with sandpaper or rough stones. The method is only applied in Rwandafor research purposes. However, it can be used on seeds such as Podocarpus spp. and Maesopsis eminii in order to shorten thegermination periods of these hard coated seeds.

2.4 Preparation of potting(1) Soil mixing

6

Shade should not be too dense as seedlings need light for photosynthesis, to grow and stay healthy, and to avoid death fromdamping-off. The shading should therefore be no more than 50%, even for young seedlings. Suitable shades can be made froma variety of local materials, including straw, millet or sorghum stalks and bamboo. Alternatively, the stems for shading can betied with banana’s leaves or sisal fibres to form rigid frames 1.4 m wide and about 2 m long.

2.6 Arrangement of potsPots are placed into pot beds exactly vertically to prevent roots growing unevenly within the pot. Pots should be packed tightly,but without deformation. This will leave spaces for drainage of any excess water between pots.

(1) Shadowing2.7 Tending

For seeds which are large enough to be handled individually, sometimes difficult to prick-out, which usually have a goodgermination rate, direct sowing of one or more seed into pots is often the best method. Genera that are usually sown in this wayinclude acacia, leucaena, azadirachta and some fruit species such as avocado and mangoes.

2.5 Sowing of seedsThere are two useful types of sowing depending on seed size and time for germination: Direct sowing into containers (filledpots) and sowing into seedbeds (Broadcast Sowing).

In Rwanda, most seeds which are not sown directly into pots are sown into seedbeds through broadcasting. Sowing in seedbedsis recommended when:• Viability is expected to be low (less than 60%)• Germination is prolonged and erratic• Seed is very small, e.g. Eucalyptus sp., Casuarina sp., Alnus sp.• The seed is scarce or expensive• Several plants germinate from one fruit, e.g. Melia azedarach.This is usually done in specially constructed seedbeds containing sand or sandy loam or pre-mixed sterile sowing mixture in awood or concrete block frame.

7

(5) HardningHardening-off should start at least four weeks before planting starts. After starting hardening, there should not be anysignificant increase in height of seedlings, but their diameter should continue to increase. Several techniques of hardening of are applied:

(4) Weeding

This operation is only applicable in the case of direct sowing for medium sized seeds for example Melia azedarch, Calliandracalothyrsus.

This is a routine nursery work which is normally done by permanent nursery workers. It consists of removing competing

Shades should be 1.3 m high from the top soil to protect young seedlings against havy rainfall and strong sunshine.

(3) Thinning

(2) WateringAn adequate supply of good-quality water is essential for any nursery. Watering is commonly conducted twice a day, i.e. at06:00 – 09:00 o’clock in the morning and at 16:00-18:00 in the afternoom

Watering is done by using watering can. The size of water droplets should be kept as fine as possible to avoid disturbance togerminating seeds.

The watering of germinating seed and young seedlings is done with a watering can which has a rose with very fine holes so thatit produces a fine water spray which does not disturb the germinating seeds and their short, delicate root systems.

8

2.8 Seedling for transplanting

Reduction of watering: The watering frequency is gradually reduced so that physiological changes can occur in the seedlings inresponse to the imposed water stress. In this manner, seedlings gradually develop appropriate morphological and physiologicalcharacteristics and become accustomed to water stress. The development of a thicker leaf cuticle, which reduces water lossfrom wilted leaves, is one very important consequence of hardening-off.

Seedling for transplanting should have a size ranging between 20-30 cm hight

Root-pruning: Even if there has been little root-pruning in the early stages of the seedlings' growth, it is essential that root-pruning is carried out during the weeks of hardening-off. If a taproot is present below the tube, a seedling continues rapidgrowth and produces "soft" shoots, which make it impossible to adequately harden-off. The final root-pruning should be madeabout two weeks before planting is done.

Removal of shade: The majority of the seedlings' life in the nursery should therefore be under conditions of full sunshine. If forany reason, however, seedlings are still shaded when planting is approaching, urgent action must be taken to reduce the shadingin gradual steps. This gradual removal of shade is critical because if seedlings go from 90% shade to sudden full sunshine thereis insufficient time for them to adapt to the sudden severe conditions, resulting in appreciable mortality. For at least the lastmonth in the nursery seedlings must be exposed to full sunshine, even in the lowlands.

9

Table 4Picture

In order to create good conditions of young seedlings to be planted, following activities are normally planned in the context ofplanting preparation. They include: removal of existing vegetation including old stumps, marking and digging of plantingholes.

As it is usually done during planting site preparation, vegetation clearance is normally realized manually. In our country,vegetation removal by slash-burning is prohibited since the latter may induce rapid alteration in soil properties; actually, theash layer following burning is rich in nutrients (exchangeable bases) which are often washed down after the first rain.

3.3 Re-filling of the holesA good practice for the preparation of planting holes is to surround the planting pit with a small ridge (15 to 20 centimeters inheight) of soil, to obtain a small basin (about 80 centimeters in diameter). This technique is particularly useful in areas withlow and irregular rainfall (Bugesera, Mutara and part of Mayaga).

Technical guideline on basic tree plantationItems

Digging task is generally determined by the soil type and obviously by the material used. It is worth indicating that inRwanda, so far all plantation activities are done manually. Common material used for such an activity include hoes or/andpicks.

3. Planting techniques

3.2 DiggingAs far as dimensions of the pit are concerned, they vary from (cm 30 x 30 x 30) to (cm 60 x 60 x 60) depending on treespecies, soil type and rainfall. In the semi arid zones with low rainfall, it is recommended to dig bigger pits than in themoister environments. Figure 14 shows a pit dug at cm 40 at the three dimensions (height, depth and width).

3.1 Site preparation

10

After carefully unloading the seedlings, they should be placed in a shaded, sheltered, position which is the coolest available.If there is any delay in planting, it is essential that the moisture content of tubes be constantly monitored, and if they becomedry supplementary watering is carried out.

When lifting seedlings they should always be handled by holding the tube and not by pulling on the stem as this can easilydamage the shoot, and also lead to subsequent pathogenic infections.

Before transporting, it is necessary to water the seedlings thoroughly the day before lifting the tubes.

Transport seedlings in a vertical position by placing them closely stacked in boxes. This minimizes shoot damage and soilloss from both the bottom and top of open-ended tubes.

Only dispatch the number of seedlings from the nursery that can be planted in one day. The seedlings should be planted assoon as possible, preferably within hours of arriving at the plantation site.

3.5Planting

In Rwanda, planting should be done during the short rainy season (October, November) and long rainy season (March, April,May). There is no restriction about the planting time during cloudy days but the best time is before noon on sunny days.

There some basic rules to respect during tree planting:

- Plant trees 2.5 cm deeper than they grew in the nursery;- Make sure hole is large enough for the seedling;- Avoid inappropriate root position when planting;- Plant trees straight;- Keep roots cool and moist until in the ground;- Arrange roots naturally;- Firm the soil around the root system avoiding to exceed root collar level;- Plant early rather than late.

3.4 Transporting seedling

11

3.7TendingFor young plantations, tending is carried out quarterly a year.In general, full field weeding is applied. Grasses and bushes are cut over the whole plantation area. The activity is donefollowing the planting lines and swaths of cut vegetation are formed between lines. Firebreakes are also maintained aroundplantations every 3 months.

Main tending for first three year after planting seedlings is weeding.If grasses or bushes grow around the seedling planted inthe field,cler them to avoid the water and ligtht confilict between seedlings and grasses or bushes.Also if the white ant isattacking around planted seedlings ,should remove grasses is better.

To protect seedlings from livestock and animal fencing is the most effective. If the numberof seedlings planted issmall,feccing individual trees is easier and economical.For larger scale plantatations,fencing all around the area to keepanimals out is recommended.

3.6 ProtectionIndividual protection of trees is not very usefull in Rwanda. Only protection against termites attack is done by removing dryvegetation around a stem when tending operation is carried out. Also, tree plantations are protected against forest fires bycreation of fire breaks of about 5 m width.

5 m

12

Table 5 Outline of nursery work

Species Name Provenance Sowingpretrreatment

Promotion ofgerminationrate ( ％）

Pot/Bareroot Pot size

Soil forpotting/seed

bed

Seedling size forplanting

Duration ofnursery period

(month)Note

Acacia senegal Burkina Faso

Soaking seed inwater for 12-24hours

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％

Seedling height: 20-30 cm 4 months

1 month forsowing plus3 months forpot bed

Albizzia lebbeckRuhandearboretum

pretreatmentinvolvesscarification andimmersion inboiling hot waterthen cooling andsoaking for 24hours, or acidtreatment tobreak seed-coatdormancy.

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％

Seedling height: 20-30 cm 4 months


Calliandracalothyrsus

Ruhandearboretum

The pretreatmentprocedure is toimmerse in hotwater, allowcooling andsoaking for 12-24hours, or soak incold water for 24

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％

Seedling height: 20-30cm 4 months

3 weeks forsowing plus3 months forpot bed

13

Casuarinaequisetifolia

Ruhandearboretum None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Cedrela toonaRuhandearboretum None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Cupressus lusitanicaRuhandearboretum None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Eucalyptuscamaldulensis Bugesera None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Eucalyptusmicrocorys

Ruhandearboretum None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Khaya senegalensis Burkina Faso None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％


2 months forsowing in 4months in thepot bed

Podacarpus falcatusRuhandearboretum scarification

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％


3-4 monthsfor sowingand 3-4months in thepot bed

14

Senna spectabilis Huye None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Citrus lemon Muyira None

Pot

15-20 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Passion fruit Muyira None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Tree tomato Muyira None

Pot

10- 12 cm Topsoil 100 ％



Avocado Muyira None

Pot

15-20 cm Topsoil 100 ％



15

Table 6 Nursery work calender for species (Eucalyptus camaldulens )Note

E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L

Soil sreparationfor potting

PotbedpreparationPretreatment ofseeds (Hotwatter, 80℃）

Direct sowinginto pots Avocado

Sowing toseedbeds

Most of the seedswere sown inseedbeds

SeedlingstransplantingSeedlingfertilization None

Weeding

Watering

Hardening

Hauling

Note: E-early part of the month; M-middle part of the month; L-latter part of the month

Jun Jul DecAug Sep Oct NovMayAprItem/Month

Jun Feb Mar

16

Table 7 Outline of seed collection and the concerned work

Acacia senegal Burkina Faso July-October

Mother trees Seed is easily extracted by hand Open storage at roomtemperature

10,000-30,000

Albizzia lebbeck Ruhande arboretum May-July Mother trees Seed is easily extracted by hand hermetic storage at roomtemperature

5,000-12,000

Calliandra calothyrsus Ruhande arboretum May-July Mother trees Drying pods in a cool place 7 days and seedsget taken off

Under cool dry conditions 14,400-19,000

Casuarina equisetifolia Ruhande arboretum January-December

Mother trees Drying pods in a cool place 7 days and seedsget taken off

Hermetic storage at 3 -5 deg. C 260,000-360,000

Cedrela toona Ruhande arboretum June-August Mother trees Drying pods in a cool place 1 week Storage in polythene bags at 5-8deg.

280,000-425,000

Cupressus lusitanica Ruhande arboretum January-December

Mother trees Drying pods in a cool place 7 days and seedsget taken of

Open storage at roomtemperature

80,000

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Bugesera January-December



160,000

Eucalyptus microcorys Ruhande arboretum January-December



117,100

Khaya senegalensis Burkina Faso January-December

Mother trees Open storage at roomtemperature

6,000-7,000

Podacarpus falcatus Ruhande arboretum August-October



70

Senna spectabilis Huye May-July Mother trees Drying pods in a cool place 7 days and seedsget taken of

Under cool dry conditions 26,400

Citrus lemon Muyira Dec.-Feb. Mother trees Seeds were cleaned and slowly dried Hermetic storage at 3 -5 deg. C 3,500

Passion fruit Muyira Mother trees Seeds were cleaned and slowly dried Under cool dry conditions 30,000

Tree tomato Muyira June-August Mother trees Seeds were cleaned and slowly dried Under cool dry conditions 100,000Avocado Muyira Nov.-January Mother trees Under cool dry conditions (5-

12 deg. C)8

seed count (per 1kg) NoteSeed storageSpeciesSeed

collectiontime

Source of seeds Seed treatment such as picked up etc.Provenance

17

Table 8Note

E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L E M L

Site selection

Site preparation

Removing allold trees andbush clearing

Delimitation of theplots

Marking of theholes and digging

Planting

Tending operations Bush clearance

Beating up

Done for thepreviousplantation

Note:E-early part of the month:M-middle part of the month:L-latter part of the month

Aug Sep Oct Nov Outline of the forestry work schedule such as preparation, planting, tending and supplymetary plantin

ItemJun Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Dec

18

Table 9 Technical guideline of grafting about fruit trees (Species name: Persea americana, Citrus lemon )Picture

1. IntroductionItem

Generally, two main methods are used in Rwanda: Cleft or V Grafting and Shield or T-budding

3. How to make method

All methods of joining plants are called grafting but when the scion is a smallpiece of bark or wood containing a single bud, this form of grafting is calledbudding. Many different types of grafts are possible but only cleftgrafts, and the shield or inverted T-budding method.

2. MaterialScions, rootstock, knife

In Cleft or V grafting the top of the root stock is cut off square and a vertical cut made in the centre usinga heavy knife or special grafting tool. The scion is made by cutting a long, gradually tapering wedge.Holding the split open with a screw driver or similar tool, a scions are inserted into the split so that thecambial layers are lined up with each other at least on one side or both sides in the case of small plants ofequal size. This method is applide on fruit trees such as Persea americana (avocado), Mangifera indica(mango tree) and Macadamia.Budding differs from grafting in that only a single lateral bud is used instead ofa portion of a stem with several lateral buds as well as a terminal bud. The shield or T-budding methodinvolves the use of a bud that is shield shaped and an inverted T-cut into the stock with the followingsteps: A. The prepared scion. B. The vertical and horizontal cuts to form the ‘T’ on the root stock. C.Insert the bud shield snugly down between the two flaps of bark on the root stock. D. To cover with apolyetylene. The methode is very suitable on Citrus species.

19

The pruning of fruit trees is done especially 2 years after planting, byremoving bottom branches

5.Field management for trees

Fruit trees are managed at the same time with crop management5.2Pruning

5.1Weeding

3.Prepare the planting holesA hole should have a size of 60cm x 60 cm x 60 cm

4.2planting4.1Grafting: is done at the nursery level4.Planting the seedlings

Fruit tree plantation has been carried out on farm. Species were Perseaamericana (avocado), Citrus lemon , Cyphomandra betaceae (tree tomato)and Passiflora edulis (passion fruit).,

2.Place for planting and planting spaceNear a household and in croplands

Table 10 Technical guideline on fruit tree plantingItem Picture

1.Introduction

20

Table 11 Land ownership of Project site

2. Land ownership in Peleketch reforestation site2.1 Land ownership condition

2.2 Form of the Agreement(1) Duration

(2) Purpose of the utilization

Outline of the land ownership in RwandaGeneral land policy.

by government, by community, by private, etc.

In Rwanda, land tenure regulations had been introduced by the Belgianadministration and various Rwanda councils. They were recognized as bindingafter independence by the Rwandan Constitution of 1962 (Article 108). Theselaws can be summarized as follows: 1) Lands occupied by the original inhabitantswere to remain in their possession, 2) All unoccupied lands belonged to the State,3) All sales or gifts of lands had to be approved by the Minister of Agricultureand 4) Lands belonging to persons who were not the original inhabitants had to beregistered. It is worth to stress that the project’s lands in Mugari and Jali arepublic ownership. At the moment, there is a new land law which is actually beingimplemented by the Land Authority recently created by the Government.

Item

As far as project land is concerned, it may be indicated that apart from thenursery land which was hired from a farmer, all other entire land used bythe project for rehabilitation activities is the property of public domainwhich was under the responsibility of local Government. As such, since theproject took over the land as regards to its management four years ago, itremains ISAR’s for research activities. Therefore, it is expected that at theend of the project, given that activities undertaken entail research

As far as land use is concerned, it is a common practice in Rwanda that theproperty be used efficiently. This is consecutive to the small size of farmland areaas observed at national level. In this context, zero grazing was widely sensitized inthe country in the framework of national policy as regards to sustainable land usemanagement. Particularly, cattle farming system as applied in Muyira sector ismore often combined to farming. It may be noted that in the project area, there isno grazing system per se, if we consider how the system is generally done in theregions with vast pastures.

If there is the restriction of purpose, for instance, plantation,agriculture, pasture, etc.

Observation1. .Introduction

21

(4) How to distribute the benefit from harvest

component, plantations will continue to be part of ISAR research sites.Tree plots will be maintained by ISAR until all data required will havebeen collected. Control over the land will be then ensured by Muyirasector. Obviously, at the end of the project, it is true that the farmer whogave to the project its land for nursery operations will get back to itsproperty.

(3) Number of the household concern

22

Attachment 1 seedling cost calculation a tree species (1000 seedlings)Item labors Number or vol unit unit price (RWF) Total (RWF) remarks

soil preparation soil collection workers 10 man days Mdys 800 8,000sand collection workers 5 man days Mdys 800 4,000fertilizermanure 6 wheelbarrows 1,000 6,000soil preparation workers 2 mdys Mdys 800 1,600

sub-total 19,600potting potting 1000 Pots Pot 5 5,000sub-total 5,000sowing seed collection workers 2 mdys Mdys 800 1,600

preparation of seed workers 2 mdys Mdys 800 1,600sowing into seed bed workers 2 mdys Mdys 800 1,600Direct sowing workers 6 mdys Mdys 800 4,000

sub-total 8,800pricking workers 6 mdys Mdys 800 4,800shading workers 4 mdys Mdys 800 3,200watering workers 240 mdys Mdys 800 192,000weeding workers 32 mdys Mdys 800 25,600root treaming workers 12 mdys Mdys 800 4,800

fertilization

Done bypermament nurseryworkers

fertilizer

sprayning

Done bypermanent nurseryworkers

pesticide 5 l 1,200 6,000sub-total 236,400

total 269,800Equivalent to 475$

23

Item Labors Number or vol UnitUnit price(rwf) Price (rwf) Remarks

Land preparation workers 60 Mdys 800 48,000

Seedlings 1600 Seedling 270 432,000Spacing of 2.5 m x2.5 m

Transportation workers 11 Mdys 800 8,800New plantation workers 10 Mdys 800 8,000Sub-total 496,800Supplementary planting workers 1 Mdys 800 800

Seedlings 160 Seedling 100 270Spacing of 2.5 m x2.5 m

Transportation workers 1 Mdys 800 800Sub-total 1,870First year weeding workers 80 Mdys 800 64,000Second year weeding workers 65 Mdys 800 52,000Sub-total 116,000

Protection 40 800 32,000Fencing the holeplantation

Sub-total 32,000Total 646,670

Attachment 2 Plantation cost /per ha

24

Survivalrate(％）

height(m)

rootdiameter(cm)

Survivalrate(％）

height(m

)

root collardiameter(c

m)Eucalyptusuropyhlla (plot 1)

Arboretum ofRuhande

Rock andsandy soil timber 2007.11 0.25 1,032 94.0 94.0 6.05

Eucalyptusurphylla (plot2)

Arboretum ofRuhande

Rock andsandy soil timber 2007.11 0.25 723 92.4 92.4 5.65

Eucalyptustereticornis (plot 1)

Arboretum ofRuhande

Rock andsandy soil timber 2007.11 0.4 1,427 95.8 95.8 3.87

Eucalyptustereticornis(plot 2)

Arboretum ofRuhande


Khayasenegalensis Tanzania Sandy soil timber 2007.11 0.25 441 78.5 78.5 0.61Eucalyptusmicrocorys

Arboretum ofRuhande


Eucalyptuscamaldulensis Bugesera

Rock andsandy soil 2007.11 0.5 798 90.0 90.0 2.63

Crotonmegalocarpus Butare Sandy soil 2007.11 0.25 1.17

ShortRotationForestry(SRF)

Butare,Bugesera,Arboretum,

Sandysoil 2007 0.25

2009

3 Change of Seedlings Planted and survival rate

2008Planted

area(ha)

Total ofplantedseedling

s

Plantedyearorigine soil type uses heightSite scientific

name

Jari

25

subtotal 2010Casuarinaequisetifolia

Arboretum ofRuhande Sandy soil timber 2007.11 0.06 65 93.8 93.8 3.09

Maesopsiseminii


Cupressuslusitanica


Eucalyptuscamaldulensis Bugesera Sandy soil timber 2007.11 0.5 825 92.4 92.4 3.47Eucalyptustereticornis


Eucalyptusurophylla


Crotonmegalocarpus


subtotal 2.26Cedrelatoona

Arboretum ofRuhande Sandy soil timber 2008.11 0.34 615 93.2 93.2

Eucalyptusmicrocorys


Albizzialebbeck


Cupressuslusitanica


Khayasegalensis Tanzania Sandy soil timber 2008.11 0.112 180 53.9 53.9Podocarpusfalcatus


Mugari

Mugari

26

Cupressuslusitanica


Casuarinaequisetifolia


Eucalyptuscamaldulensis Bugesera Sandy soil timber 2008.11 0.18 441 96.6 96.6Cedrelatoona


Eucalyptustereticornis


roads and firebreaks


subtotal 2.48 4,317Ciphomandra betaceae Muyira Sandy soil fruit 2008.11 808Pasifloraedulis Muyira Sandy soil fruit 2008.11 17Perseaamericana Muyira Sandy soil fruit 2008.11 83

subtotal 908reference: soil type 1. sandy soil 2.clay soil 3.sandy and clay soil 4.gravely soil 5.laterite soil 6.wet soil 7.any kind type soil

village

Mugari

27

Attachment4 Change of natural generation atJari

Numberof stems

(withDBH > 5cm) per

Ha

DBH >5 (cm)Averageheight

(m)

Number ofstems (withDBH > 5

cm) per Ha

DBH >5(cm)

Averageheight

(m)

1 Acacia plyacantha Umuharata/ Umugu 8 13.8 12.52 Acacia sieberana Umunyinya 4 12 11.53 Akocanthera shimperi Umusarwe 13 8.5 94 Albizia gummifera Umusebeya 29 11.9 9.75 Albizia versicolor Umububa 8 23.5 17.66 Apodytes dimidiata Umusibya 63 6.7 7.27 Canthium lactescens Umukondokondo 33 7.4 6.78 Canthium schimperanum Umukirage 133 7 79 Combretum molle Umurama 79 9.7 7.5

10 Dalbergia nitidula Umuyigi/ Umukungu 13 9.3 6.611 Elaeodendron buchananii Umusabanyama 4 7 4.412 Euclea shimperi Umushikiri 121 6.8 7.313 Euphorbia candelabrum Icyiha/Ikiduha/Ikidwedwe 4 15 5.114 Grewia tricocarpa Umukoma 8 8.5 9.215 Lannea schimperi Umumuna 33 8.1 7.316 Olea europea spp. Africana Umunzenze 71 7.1 7.117 Pavetta ternifolia Umumenamabuye 79 6.5 6.818 Pittosporum spathicalyx Umunyerezankende 25 7.8 6.619 Psorospermum febrifugum Umukubagwa 4 5.5 720 Rhamnus staddo Umusheshe 8 6.5 5.821 Rhus longipes Umusagara marembe 4 8 8.922 Rhus vulgaris Umusagara Mabunda 67 6.3 7.223 Schefflera alata Umubanga 108 8.7 8.224 Securidaca longepedunculata Umunyagasozi 4 5.5 3.625 Sytrechnos lucens Umukomo 8 6.5 7.8

2011Baseline survey (January 2009)

No

Tree species Local name

28

Attachment5 Flowchart of process of planting plan with local people

Hold workshop Decide tree species and number of seedlings(inculuding fruit tree)

Hold workshop Instruction to local people about nursery and planting techniques

Production of seedlings at nursery

Hold workshop Instruction to local people about planting

Hold workshop Protection of tree plantations

29

RELIEF TO DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (REDESO)

Participatory Management Plan of Lugango Forestry Plantation

Management Plan for Lugando Forestry Plantation at Mugunzu Village in Kibondo District- Kigoma Region

December 2010

2

Executive summary

Lugando Forestry Plantation is one of the tree plantations of its own kind in Kibondo

district. The plantation was established in 2007 under re-greening project at Mugunzu

village. The plantation covers 75 acres and was designated by village council as tree

plantation.

Management of Lugando plantation has in the past proved ineffective due to persisted

problems related to management of the site including exiting of bushfire, tree sabotages

and weeds also lack of management plan. It is based on this background that Lugando

forestry management plan has been developed in a consultative and participatory

manner, which involved all the relevant stakeholders from within and outside the village.

The methodology used in the planning of Lugando Forestry Management Plan was

divided in three parts. The first part comprised of investigation part where there was a

review of the past and present situation of Lugando site based on the primary and

secondary data. The second part was a negotiation part of which the information

obtained during investigation part used in building up the management plan. The third

part is implementation part where the plan for future implementation of the agreed

activities will be approved signed by village council and the set by-laws approved and

signed by Kibondo district lawyer.

Acknowledgement

The preparation of Lugando Forestry Plantation Plan has made possible through active

participation of many people from different ends led by RERAI consulting group. First

and foremost the appreciation goes to the community of Mugunzu village for their

tangible contributions and for the demonstration of sense of ownership of this plan. The

other appreciation goes to REDESO management for organizing planning forum and

JIFPRO (Japanese International Forest and Cooperation Centre) for providing funding

for this planning activity. The contribution of Kibondo district forestry officer and land

use officer provided technical contribution that made this planning possible.

3

Table of content

Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. 2 Table of content.................................................................................................................. 3 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 5 PREAMBLE .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.0 General information about Lugando Forestry Plantation ............................................ 7

1.1 Title, legal status, ownership and administration of Lugando Forestry plantation .. 7 1.1.1 Title .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Legal status ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Land tenure ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1.4 Administration.................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Area Location ........................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Biophysical Environment........................................................................................... 8 1.4 Topography ............................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Hydrology ................................................................................................................. 9 1.7 Soil............................................................................................................................. 9 1.8 Vegetation ................................................................................................................. 9 1.9 Fauna ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.10 Interactions between Lugando plantation and Communities............................... 10 1.11 Key Issues in Land Use and Conservation ........................................................... 10 1.2 Management goals and objectives........................................................................... 11

1.2.1 Specific management objectives....................................................................... 11 2.0 Social economic characterization ............................................................................... 11

2.1 Social Infrastructure................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Demography............................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Community Livelihood Issues ................................................................................. 12 2.4 Local economy ........................................................................................................ 12

3.0 Methodology used during participatory management plans for Lugando plantation . 12 3.1 Investigation stage ................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Negotiation stage .................................................................................................... 13 3.3 The Implementation Stage ...................................................................................... 13

4.0 Framework for management planning ........................................................................ 14 4.1 Forest Act ............................................................................................................... 14 4.2 National Forest Programme (NFP) ........................................................................ 14 4.3 National forestry management policy..................................................................... 14 4.4 Forest Policy & Regulatory Framework ................................................................. 15 4.5 The main policy objectives are: .............................................................................. 15

5.0 General description of Lugando site .......................................................................... 15 5.1 Background of Lugando tree plantation ................................................................. 15 5.2 Source of deforestation .......................................................................................... 16 5.3 Re-aforestation efforts............................................................................................ 16 5.4 Potentiality of Lugando site .................................................................................... 16 5.5 Community Benefit from the plantation ................................................................ 17

4

5.6 Biodiversity information of the area....................................................................... 17 5.7 Land use practices, Zonation and mapping ............................................................ 17

5.7.1 Analysis of Predominant Land Use Practices................................................... 17 5.7.2 Maps of Actual Land Use Zones ...................................................................... 17

5.8 Threat to the Lugando Forestry plantation............................................................ 18 5.8.1 Anthropogenic threats ..................................................................................... 18 5.8.2 Non anthropogenic threats ............................................................................. 19 5.8.2.1 Invasive species.............................................................................................. 19 5.8.2.2 Animal threats ............................................................................................... 19

6. 0 Existing Forestry restoration and natural regeneration............................................ 19 6.1 Nursery establishment............................................................................................ 19 6.2 Tree planting ........................................................................................................... 20 6.3 Trees management.................................................................................................. 20

7.0 Management prescription ........................................................................................... 22 7.1 Facilitation of community participation .................................................................. 23 7.2 Extension services................................................................................................... 23 7.3 Institutional arrangements ...................................................................................... 23 7.4 Infrastructure development .................................................................................... 23 7.5 Labour/staff requirement ........................................................................................ 23 7.6 Training and awareness........................................................................................... 24 7.7 Plantation weeding .................................................................................................. 24 7.8 Monitoring and evaluation ...................................................................................... 24

8.0 Lugando Forestry plantation Protection strategies .................................................... 24 8.1 Management of by-laws........................................................................................... 24

8.1.1 Setting bush fires .............................................................................................. 25 8.1.2 Cutting trees in the forest without permission............................................... 25 8.1.3 Grazing in the forest ........................................................................................ 25 8.1.4 Firewood collection in the forest without permission.................................... 26 8.1.5 Debarking of trees (removal of tree barks) .................................................... 26 8.1.6 Failure to maintain trees in the contracted plots ............................................ 26 8.1.7 Collection of small ants.................................................................................... 26

8.2 Alternative for income generation from the forestry plantation ........................... 26 8.3 Management roles and strategies ........................................................................... 27 8.4 Management constraints ......................................................................................... 29 8.5 Planning period, amendments and revisions of the plans....................................... 29

5

List of abbreviations

CBPM Community Based Participatory Management

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

JIFPRO Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Centre

NFP National Forest Programme

NGO Non Governmental Organization

REDESO Relief to Development Society

RERAI Rapid Environmental Recovery and Agricultural Innovation

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee

6

PREAMBLE

It is now evident that in Tanzania, the management of forest resources by the

government alone has proved to be ineffective. As countrywide such there is a move

towards joint management of forests through involvement of various stakeholders in

order to ensure sustainable forest management. Against this background Lugando

forestry management plan has been developed in a consultative and participatory

manner, which involved the following relevant stakeholders: Forestry, environmental

and land use staff, Village environmental committees, village leaders, village community,

consultant with natural resources management and also business management planer.

This management plan is based on the analysis of environmental, social and economic

needs of the community and availability of human and other resources. In line with these

considerations, important aspects, which have been taken into account in formulation of

this participatory management plan, include:

‐ Recognition for stakeholders’ consensus on the norms,

‐ The need for reforms on management relations between the NGOs and local

communities,

‐ The need to recognize and utilize people’s capabilities,

‐ The need for change of roles from management of facilitation to implementation,

‐ The need to recognize the existing practices,

Lugando Forestry Plantation has been threatened by bushfires, encroachment, weeds

and tree sabotages. Lack of proper and systematic management of this plantation

contributed to such threats. To address these problems, the National Forest Policy

(1998) and its implementation tools viz: Forest Act of 2002 and National Forest

Programme recognize forest management plans as important instruments to ensure

sustainable forest management. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes the need for sharing

forest management responsibilities with various stakeholders.

7

1.0 General information about Lugando Forestry Plantation

1.1 Title, legal status, ownership and administration of Lugando Forestry plantation

1.1.1 Title Lugando site was designated in 2007 by village general assembly as a place for

afforestation and environmental rehabilitation. The certificate of occupancy with the title

deed of “Lugando Forestry Plantation” is still in process and it will be out soon.

1.1.2 Legal status The Lugando Forestry Plantation was legally designated by village assembly in 2007 to be

a forestry plantation site. The boundaries of the area were initially identified by village

environmental committee and village council. The area was then demarcated by the

district land department staff after the site survey. The plantation covers 75acres

although the boundary beacons covered 300+ acres which will be amended later to

cover the intended area of 75 acres of the area approved by village general assemblyfor

that purpose. The remaining part will be adjusted according to the village’s priorities and

land use plan.

1.1.3 Land tenure Lugando forestry plantation is currently managed by Mugunzu community under

technical and financial support from Relief to Development Society (REDESO). The

Mugunzu community owns Lugando plantation and all the resource there in.

1.1.4 Administration The place is currently managed by Mugunzu community through Lugando Environmental

Committee with financial and technical support from REDESO.

1.2 Area Location Lugando forestry plantation is located at north east part of the Mugunzu village. This

village is about 20 kms from Kibondo town and 7 km from Minyinya air strip. The

village geographical coordinates are 3° 30' 25" South; 30° 33' 17" East just 3.3kms from

Burundian border. At its western part it borders Burundian country, northern part

8

borders Katanga village. On its East it borders Muhwazi River and its South Kiduduye

Village.

1.3 Biophysical Environment Mugunzu village biophysical environment is influences by hilly features with steep slopes

on its Western side and gentle slope at the eastern side.

1.4 Topography The village is located in a hilly area surrounded by heavily degraded bare soil. The

village is located on top of the hill overlooking Burundian mountains landscapes and

other parts in its vicinity.

1.5 Climate Climate condition for Mugunzu village is generally good although is unpredictable. The

average annual rainfall is 1600mm. There are normally two rainy seasons, a small one

start in October-December and the longer one in February-May. However, recent years

have seen significant variations in this pattern. The village population is to some extent

adapted to these kinds of variations. Their agricultural systems are geared accordingly,

Lugando forest Plantation Site

9

with a large variety of different crops in different systems of intercropping, a system

which aims at minimizing risks involved in agricultural production based on only one or a

few crops.

1.6 Hydrology Although most of the water sources have gone extinctions due to heavy deforestation

and lack of water sources protection strategies. However there are some rivers and

water sources which still exist within the village boundaries. The community depends

largely on these sources to meet domestic water requirement and for agriculture

especially during dry season. These sources include Kahambwe River, kafunzo water

source, kanyogoro water source, Bisehere seasonal water source. The river beside

provision of drinking water for almost entire community of Mugunzu provides also site

for valley cultivation especially during dry season where surface irrigation is practiced.

1.7 Soil Mugunzu village is one of the most degraded villages in Kibondo district. The soil is very

infertile and characterized by clay loam in most part of the village. Fertilizer application

is very crucial in order to achieve a very good crop harvest. The soil supports growth of

many varieties of crops like banana, maize, beans, cassava and groundnuts.

1.8 Vegetation Mugunzu is among the most degraded and deforestated village in Kibondo district. The

source of land degradation for this village has long history before and after

independence. The land cover has been affected by a national land use reform policies

that affected land use practices during 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

Although some parts of the village went through forestry succession like the case of

Lugando site, the stay of refugee influx for about two decades at Mugunzu way station

which is just 0.5 km away from the Lugando site devastated the remaining woodland. To

date the remaining forestry woodlands around the village occur in patches which

threaten them for extinction of these woodlands. The woodlands include Nyarugusu

natural forestry at North Eastern part of the village, Rugutse forestry at western part

and Kwinika at eastern part. All these woodlands are located to the average distant of 8-

10

10kms from the village settlement. The community depends on these woodlands to

meet firewood requirements, poles for construction, grasses and charcoal.

The major threats for these areas include prevailing pressures of tree harvest due to the

wood demand for construction, charcoal and firewood; also lack of management plans

of these areas as well as bush fire. The existing baseline data reveals that 99% of the

population depends on forestry products like poles, grasses and trees.

1.9 Fauna Lugando forestry plantation was not inhabited by large wild animals but only small

animals like Rabbits, antelopes and reptiles like snakes and some species of birds. The

habitat restoration is still at the initial stage therefore few species of plant and animals

are expected.

1.10 Interactions between Lugando plantation and Communities Mugunzu village has an experience of a greatest upsurge in deforestation and forest

degradation over the past twenty years due to the most serious influx of refugees from

Burundi and Democratic republic of Congo (DRC). The existing baseline data on new

settlements and houses constructed by local in the village reveal that 97% of the people

in this community depend on forest products (poles, grasses and trees).

Lugando plantation is meanwhile managed by REDESO in collaboration with the local

community. The community manages some of farming plots within the plantation where

they practice intercropping system of cultivation. The community interacts with the

plantation through this farming system and wild gathering were they get some of

medicinal plants, small ants and hunt small animals like rabbits.

1.11 Key Issues in Land Use and Conservation Managing Lugando plantation is done through Community Based Participatory

Management (CBPM). Lugando plantation has the size of 75acres and is divided into

small plots of 2 hacters were each plot is marked by small access roads. These roads

have two major advantages. One advantage is to ease access to the plantation while the

other advantage is their potential benefit of controlling bush fire. Sometime each plot

11

has specific species of planted tree. The plantation borders many areas of community

farms with more than 225 individual farming plots. The plantation therefore appears as

land locked lacking connectivity to Nyarugusu forestry reserve which is 1kms apart at

the northern part of the plantation. The connectivity of Lugando forestry plantation and

Nyarugusu forestry reserve has biodiversity and management benefit. Animals species

will move freely form the reserve to the plantation and vice versa which in the future

will increase species diversity.

1.2 Management goals and objectives Forestry management goal is to enhance protection, conservation and management of

Lugando plantation and ensure sustainable utilization of forestry resources for the

benefit of the present and future generations.

1.2.1 Specific management objectives - Encourage and foster the participation of stakeholders in planning and decision-

making for effective protection, management and development of the forests and

wildlife.

- To provide effective management of the tree plantation for sustainable supply of

forest products and services to all stakeholders.

- To ensure restoration of ecosystem stability.

- To effectively manage the forest so as to contribute to local and national economy.

2.0 Social economic characterization

2.1 Social Infrastructure Mugunzu village is connected to the other villages through a main road from kibondo to

Burundi border. Although the road is rough but is reliable and passable even during rain

season. Lugando forestry plantation is connected from the main road by the small road

from the plantation which is just of 0.30m long. Within the plantation there are many

access roads separating one block and another to ease monitoring and management.

12

2.2 Demography Mugunzu ward based on 2008 national census had the population size of 5,247 where

2438 are males and 2,809 females. Among these, are children underfive of about 1,258.

2.3 Community Livelihood Issues Generally the Mugunzu community earns their livelihood through agriculture however

they get alternative sources of livelihood through charcoal burning, illegal logging and

collection of firewood and wild gatherings like mushrooms, edible herbs and collecting

small ants. This practice has further exacerbated environmental degradation around the

village which ultimately resulted into the current land degradation within and around the

village.

2.4 Local economy Mugunzu village is among the poorest villages in Kibondo district. The source of poverty

is linked with multiple interrelated dimensions including a lack of education and training

opportunities, which results in a dependence on natural resource-based like charcoal,

timbers and bricks making for earning their livelihoods.

The local community also earns their income through selling agricultural crops where as

97% of the village population earn income through agricultural products. However the

village lack cash crop as their main source of income which make people to sell part of

their food crop as a means of getting household income. Varieties of food crops which

are grown include maize, sorghum, beans, groundnuts, bananas, potatoes and cassava.

Maize and beans are staple food for this community. Other families keep domestic

animals like chicken, goats, sheep and few cattle. These families sell some of their

livestock to meet financial requirements.

3.0 Methodology used during participatory management plans for Lugando plantation The methodology used in participatory management plans of Lugando forestry

plantation was divided into three distinctive stages;

1. The Investigation stage

2. The negotiation stage

13

3. The implementation stage

3.1 Investigation stage During this stage, some of the issues addressed include, review of the past and present

forestry status of Lugando site, past and present management practices of Lugando site.

This information was gathered by using number of approaches includes historical

timelines; species use matrices; resource use assessment; semi-structured interviews

and focus group discussion. The objective of the investigation stage was to develop a

clear understanding of forestry resources, who use them, what they used for, what are

the existing management rules, what is the local capacity and the opportunities for

community management.

3.2 Negotiation stage

During the negation stage the information gathered from investigation stage were used

in planning the management plan. People with professional background such as forestry

management, environmental management, land use planning, natural resource

management, business management and extension services worked together with the

local community from Mugunzu village to develop the plan. At this stage forestry benefit

sharing were negotiated, joint planning process of activities were conducted, setting by-

laws regulating resource use, access, conflict management and competition over forest

resource uses were understood, addressed and resolved.

3.3 The Implementation Stage After the negation stage there was a need to plan for the future implementation of

agreed activities upon signed the agreement of the participatory management plan of

Lugando plantation management plan and the by -laws approved by the district council

lawyer. At this stage, there will be a continuous monitoring of the implementation of

management plan, periodic review of the management activities and adjust according to

the increased needs.

14

4.0 Framework for management planning Management of Lugando site is based on National Forest Policy, Forest Act of 2002,

National forestry program and other land use policies.

4.1 Forest Act The Policy is backed up by the National Forest Act (2002), of which part III gives

mandate to manage the forest resource in accordance with the prepared management

plans. The preparation of the management plan should take into account the views and

expectations of other stakeholders.

4.2 National Forest Programme (NFP) National forest programme (NFP) as one of the tools for implementing forest policy

supports the need for developing management plan for effective management of the

forest resource. Among its coverage it advocates the following with respect to the

preparation of management plans.

Devolving management responsibilities to communities and specialized executive

agencies and the private sector using updated management plans of plantation and

natural forests, multipurpose forests management plans should be prepared based on

reliable inventory data covering all different uses of the forests.

4.3 National forestry management policy The Tanzania national forestry management put emphases on Participatory Forestry

Management (PFM) system. This refers as strategies of involving communities and other

stakeholders in forest management. This has been accorded with high priority both in

the National Forest Policy and the National Forest Programme (NFP). Legal and

institutional frameworks for supporting PFM implementation are also in place. PFM is

part of an overall rural development strategy, intended to improve rural livelihoods and

thereby help reduce poverty, while at the same time protecting the environment and

promoting equitable distribution of benefits.

Local communities have a significant role in improving forest management and their

participation can therefore contribute significantly to effective management of these

15

resources. Strategies of involving communities and other stakeholders in forest

management in Tanzania are referred to Participatory Forest Management (PFM).

In order to secure the sustainability of PFM, focus is both on conservation and economic

incentives for communities. One of the most significant developments in PFM in

Tanzania has been the effort to strengthen or reintroduce indigenous knowledge and

practices in managing and protecting forests.

4.4 Forest Policy & Regulatory Framework

The 1998 National Forest Policy goal is to enhance the contribution of the forest sector

to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of

her natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

4.5 The main policy objectives are: • Ensured sustainable supply of forest products and services by maintaining

sufficient forest area under effective management;

• Increased employment and foreign exchange earnings through sustainable forest

- based industrial development and trade;

• Ensured ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water

catchments and soil fertility.

• Enhanced national capacity to manage and develop the forest sector in

collaboration with other stakeholders.

5.0 General description of Lugando site

5.1 Background of Lugando tree plantation The history of Lugando site dates back before 1960 where the area had thick forestry

dominated by bamboo trees and inhabited with large wild animals. The most

predominant tree species included Pericopsis angolensis, albizia spp, and combrentum spp.

Animals were also available including, lions, antelopes, wild pigs, monkeys, baboons, and

porcupines. The area passed through many environmental degradation caused by human

activities. Sisal farming system which was introduced during early colonial period

contributed to high deforestation of the area.

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From independence period, there was a communal farming system which demanded

uprooting of tree species to open up area for communal cultivation. Communal farming

system was followed by private farming ownership (Mfumaki) where each person was

given an acre to cultivate cotton. After several years of cotton cultivation the area was

again converted into other agricultural practices like cultivating groundnuts, simsim,

cassava finger millet and maize. With the several cultivations without land fallowing

eventually the area became infertile and marginalized for agricultural activities.

5.2 Source of deforestation Based on historical information of Lugando site deforestation was mainly caused by

national agricultural reform policy implemented during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The

policy emphasized intensive agricultural practices that involved cash crops such as sisal

and cotton within the area. After this deforestation the area went through forestry

succession of recovery especially during 1980s up to the second half of 1990 where

another serious deforestation occurred due to firewood collection by the refugee influx.

The refugee influx from Burundi and later from Democratic Republic of Congo arrived

at Mugunzu way station which was located just 100ms from Lugando site.

5.3 Re-aforestation efforts In 1972 there was intensive sensitization of tree planting at Lugando site which was

facilitated by the government of Tanzania through her policy of cut tree and plant tree.

The policy emphasized to plant tree as response to deforestation. Some eucalyptus

trees were planted at village farming areas, residential plots and at Lugando site. But

only those trees planted near their residential plots survived others which were planted

at Lugando site could not survive due to prevailed bush fire. The survived threes were

harvested in 1980s and 1990s for timbers and firewood.

5.4 Potentiality of Lugando site During the colonial period and after independence the site was known to be a fertile

area with agricultural importance with few invasive species. It was also a grazing site

where cattle and goats were frequently grazed. The area had hunting potential where

various animals were hunted. The area had also trees of medicinal benefit, good site for

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getting honey and the community of Mugunzu benefited wild gatherings like mushrooms

and some edible plants also a place for worship. Most of these benefits vanished after

the area went through deforestation. By the moment this area offers a site for

intercropping and at less extent wild gatherings.

5.5 Community Benefit from the plantation Lugando plantation currently provides farming through intercropping. Various crops are

planted within the farm such as maize, groundnuts and cassava. The site also provides

tree and crop planting education.

5.6 Biodiversity information of the area The plantation is covered with various tree species for timber and other species for

firewood purposes. The following tree species were planted Jacaranda mimosiforia, Senna

spectabilis, Acrocarpus flaxinfolius and Grivellia robusta. Some of the planted trees are

now three years old while others were planted to replace trees which were either

destroyed by fire or termites. Species diversity is low as the habitats almost are uniform

with few species of animals and plants. However number of species is anticipated to

increase as trees will increase in sizes and therefore able to support wide range of

animal species.

5.7 Land use practices, Zonation and mapping

5.7.1 Analysis of Predominant Land Use Practices The currently threats facing land management at Mugunzu village include unsustainable

agriculture practices, particularly extensive shift cultivation, illegal wood harvesting and

creation of new settlements which results into land fragmentation and loss of natural

forests as they are converted into agricultural fields.

5.7.2 Maps of Actual Land Use Zones Lugando plantation is divided into blocks each block with the average of 2hectares. The

blocks were demarcated for management purposes and for ease monitoring. In some

cases each block is planted with the specific tree species.

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A site plan Lugando forestry plantation: Source REDESO, 2010

5.8 Threat to the Lugando Forestry plantation The plantation is currently threatened by anthropogenic and non anthropogenic threat

5.8.1 Anthropogenic threats The main human induces threat include intended bushfire, tree sabotages and human

encroachment through agricultural practices. Lugando tree plantation is dominated by

exotic species of trees that are susceptible and much affected by bushfire. Human

encroachment through agricultural practices is also the threat to this plantation as this is

the main obstacle for the plantation connectivity to the Nyarugusu forestry reserve

which could increase the ecosystem stability.

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5.8.2 Non anthropogenic threats

5.8.2.1 Invasive species Lugando plantation is threatened by various aggressive invasive species that are spread

throughout the plantation some of these species include bidens spp, swordgrass and mulga

fern. The control of the invasive species has been difficult to the farmers and need for

research that will come with control measures. However, regular weeding practices can

eventually eradicate most of these species.

5.8.2.2 Animal threats The only threat related to animal is termites and rodents which mainly destroy young

seedlings. The efforts to eliminate this insects has not yet reached to the promising

level although some indigenous means of biological control of termites have been

practiced like the use euphobia spp. Rodents is also the big problem although people use

traps but the controls has been minimal.

6. 0 Existing Forestry restoration and natural regeneration The inclusion of Mugunzu community in the management of Lugando Forestry plantation

has increasingly become common. Various actors are participating in different capacities

to ensure proper management of the area. Firebreak is done annually through the

support of REDESO and Lugando farmers, tree weeding is done by Lugando farmers

through intercropping, tree pruning is done by Lugando farmers and forestry inventory

ins conducted by REDESO and village forestry supervisor. Lugando environmental

committee has the role of ensuring replacement of dead tree or destroyed tree due to

firewood and tree sabotages.

6.1 Nursery establishment The tree seedlings were raised at the project tree nursery located near Kafunzo River.

The nursery is managed by REDESO and daily monitoring is conducted by

environmental supervisor who is living in the village. The nursery intended to raise

25,000 tree seedlings annually. As table 1 below

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Table1. Tree Seedlings raised

Year Tree Seedlings raised

2007 25,000

2008 12,500*

2009 31,000

2010 30,000

Total number of seedling 98,500

* The plan was to have two plantations in the two way stations of Mugunzu and

Kumsenga, thus two nurseries were established with 12,500 seedlings each. The

remaining seedlings were distributed to the villagers as the kumsenga plan failed due to

the land conflict on the expected plantation.

6.2 Tree planting Since the establishment of re-greening project many tree species were planted in the

community plots and at Lugando forestry plantation. At community level 51,625 tree

seedlings were distributed and planted by the community of Mugunzu people at their

residential plots or at their private farms. The other tree seedlings were distributed to

the three schools. Two of them were primary school namely Narubura and Mugunzu

and the other secondary school i.e. Mkombozi.

The other 46, 875 seedlings were planted at Lugando forestry plantation with 75

hectares. The survival rate of the plated tree within the plantation was almost 80% and

replacement of the dead seedlings was done accordingly.

6.3 Trees management Tree seedlings distributed from the nursery were planted in three distinctive places

namely; in household plots or private farms, in schools under school club management

and at Lugando plantation. Trees planted at the household plots had high survival rate

than those planted at the plantation and at school areas. This was because management

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of those trees was good also there was a close growth monitoring. Bushfire cases are

limited to the household plots and therefore trees had minimal growth disturbances.

For the case of trees planted at schools and managed by school clubs, Mkombozi

secondary school is the only place where school environmental club was very much

successful since other schools had small areas for planting compared to Mkombozi. The

survival rates were also very good due to the efforts made by the environmental clubs.

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7.0 Management prescription

Fig.3: Lugando forestry management framework

VILLAGE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (VGA)

VILLAGE COUNCIL

VILLAGE EXECUTIVE OFFICER (VEO)

WARD / VILLAGE EXTENSIONISTS

ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION / WORKS COMMITTEE

FINANCE AND PLANNING COMMITTEE

SOCIAL SERVICES COMMITTEE

LUGANDO ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITTEE

VILLAGE PROJECT/NURSERY ATTENDANT

COMMUNITY

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7.1 Facilitation of community participation For effective and sustainable management of Lugando forestry plantation, the community

will fully participate in daily management of the plantation including monitoring and

evaluation. The community will participate in preparation of firebreak, weeding of the

site patrols and ensuring all the set by-laws are observed and adhered by all community

members.

7.2 Extension services The Lugando forestry plantation extension services will be done by Lugando

environmental committee and village forestry supervisor. Regular consultations will be

conducted by district council through its department of natural resource management.

7.3 Institutional arrangements In order to have a good and sustainable way of management of Lugando site community

institutions are internalized to the system of management. Generally management of the

plantation is the role of each villager of Mugunzu however Lugando environmental

committee which report to village environmental and construction committee of which

it is responsible to village council has the duties of ensuring management of the

plantation.

7.4 Infrastructure development Lugando plantation is located along the main road from Kibondo town to Burundian

border. There is also a small road from the main road to the farm which is annually

rehabilitated by village community. The access roads within the farm are managed by

either Lugando farmers or REDESO as also way of preparing firebreak.

7.5 Labour/staff requirement The plantation requires few hired staff for monitoring and forestry inventory. The

exiting Lugando forestry plantation supervisor who is currently paid by REDESO will

also continue being paid by the village through contribution from the people who will

have business within the plantation like farmers or bee keepers.

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7.6 Training and awareness For the past time trainings were conducted by REDESO but as it is pulling back, the

district council will take the role of conducting training and awareness on environmental

activities. REDESO may sometimes conduct trainings based on the training needs of the

community and availability of training funds.

7.7 Plantation weeding The fact that Lugando is among the biggest tree plantation in the district where there is

intercropping activities going on; with the government policy of Kilimo kwanza

(agriculture first) the community of Mugunzu has therefore the opportunity of getting a

big tractor under a subsidized price. This tractor will be used in making firebreak,

cleaning access roads and maintaining tree weeding. It can be used by villagers in their

farms to increase production and the site can act as collateral. The Mugunzu counselor

was assigned to make follow up and inform the community on the progress.

7.8 Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring of Lugando plantation will be conducted by forestry supervisor in

collaboration with Lugando environmental committee. Monitoring will be on regular

bases and information will be shared to village environmental and construction

committee. The district council under the department of natural resource will have also

kept in monitoring the progress of the plantation. There will be a joint evaluation

which will be conducted annually. The evaluation will aim to assess levels of achievement

and also review some failures and make strategies of amending them.

8.0 Lugando Forestry plantation Protection strategies The forestry will need to protect against tree sabotage, bush fire, illegal wood harvest

and any movement which may endanger the exiting of this plantation. The guideline of

resource access will base on the set by-laws and regulations.

8.1 Management of by-laws These by-laws rule over the guiltiness and hold the accused person as per stipulated

penalties that governing Mugunzu forests hereby referred to as Lugando Forest

Governing faults – Basis for these by – laws:-

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• Setting bush fires

• Cutting trees in the forest without permission

• Grazing in the forest

• Firewood collection in the forest without permission

• Debarking of trees (removal of tree barks)

• Failure to maintain trees in the contracted plots

• Small ant collection

8.1.1 Setting bush fires It is prohibited for any person to set or tempt to set fire in the Lugando forest. Any

notification, accusation and ready hand caught setting / attempting to set fire in the

forest will lead to a penalty of 50,000/= or imprisonment for a period not less than

three (3) months or both penalty of 50,000/= and three months imprisonment.

It is prohibited for any person to catch / collect small ants (small ants are hereby

referred to as ants that are collected by setting fire to trace their paths and holes) set

or tempt to set fire in the Lugando forest. Any notification, accusation and ready hand

caught collecting /catching small ants in the forest will lead to a penalty of 5,000/=

Anybody is held liable for setting on any fire that arises in the forest both human

induced or naturally. Failure to participate setting off fire in the forest will automatically

lead to a penalty of 5,000/=

8.1.2 Cutting trees in the forest without permission It is prohibited for any person to cut trees in the Lugando forest without written

permission. Any notification, accusation and ready hand caught cutting trees in the

forest will lead to a penalty of 5,000/= and / or imprisonment for a period not less than

one (1) month.

8.1.3 Grazing in the forest It is prohibited for any person to graze in the Lugando forest. Any alleged person for

grazing in the forest shall be penalized according to the destructions thereof following

the laws of the Democratic Republic of Tanzania pertaining to grazing on crops field

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8.1.4 Firewood collection in the forest without permission It is prohibited for any person to cut / collect firewood in the Lugando forest without

written permission. Any notification, accusation and ready hand caught cutting /

collecting firewood the forest will lead to a penalty of 2,000/= and / or open custody for

a period not less than one (1) week.

8.1.5 Debarking of trees (removal of tree barks) It is prohibited for any person to debark (remove barks of trees planted in Lugando

forest. Failure to comply to this leads to a penalty of 1,000 for a child - hereby referred

to a person under eighteen years and for a person above 18 years the person will be

sentenced to imprisonment for three (3) months and payment of 10,000/= thereafter

cessation of the imprisonment

8.1.6 Failure to maintain trees in the contracted plots It is hereby declared that, any person entitled and contracted to have and manage farm

plot in the Lugando forest is liable to maintain his/her crops and the planted trees until

his/her contract expires. Failure to comply with this will be breach of the contract and

this caption thus shall be;

Penalized to pay 10,000/= and continue to maintain the plot

Failure to comply with article a) above, will lead to two (2) months imprisonment and

withdraw of the contract.

8.1.7 Collection of small ants It is prohibited for any person to collect small ants in the farm as this is association with

initiation of bushfire. Children who will be found within the farm will be penalized

10,000/= and adult 50,000/=

8.2 Alternative for income generation from the forestry plantation The area has many potentials which if used can contribute to the increased household

income. After the four years of the farm where intercropping will not be reasonable bee

keeping will be established and propagate the advantage of the opportunity of flowers in

the plantation. Ownership of beehives in the area will not only increase income status

27

but also long term commitments from the community for plantation protection against

bushfire, tree sabotage and illegal harvest of trees.

The place also is good for carbon trade, the project which can add some income to

Mugunzu community and therefore increase forestry management motivation. The

Kibondo district council and REDESO organization are in the good position to support

the community in making the plantation under this project through linking them with

companies or organization dealing with carbon trade.

8.3 Management roles and strategies For effective implementation of the plan roles and responsibilities of each actor were

put clear and the period of accomplishment determined as indicated in the table 2 below.

Table: 2 Responsibilities and roles of each actor

Activities Responsible Accomplishment

Preparation of firebreak - Cultivators in the

plantation

- Environmental committee

May, 2011

Conduct regular patrols - Lugando supervisor


Every week

monthly

Conduct weeding of the

plantation

- Village council

- Lugando environmental

committee

Quartery

Ensure security for the tree

plantation

- Village council


committee

Regularly

Conduct regular monitoring and

evaluation

- Village council


committee

- REDESO

Twice per year

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- District council

Preparation Information board - Village council


committee

- REDESO

March 2011

Conduct a review meetings - Village council


committee

- REDESO

Once per quarter

Establishment of bee keeping

project

- Village council


committee

- REDESO

- District council

From 2012

Tractor for Lugando project - Mugunzu counselor

- Village council

- District council

In 2012

Fire control once occurring - All Mugunzu community


During dry season

Incorporation of carbon trade

within re-greening project

- REDESO

- District council

In 2012

Mapping the plantation area - REDESO

- District council

In 2011

Tree nursery management - REDESO

- District council

- Village council

- Lugando committee

Regularly

Planting fruit tree - Village council In 2011

Establishment of tourism site. - REDESO

- District council

Within 8 years to

come

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- Village council

- Lugando committee

8.4 Management constraints The most challenging situation to the plantation is a complete control of prevailing

weeds. Mechanical control of these weeds has been difficulty due to lack of regular

weeding practices which therefore increases their growth vigor.

The other farm management constrains is preparation of fire break. Bushfire is the most

enemy of species of exotic tree plant. If not controlled destruction may reach to

hundred percent of the planted trees with no recovery. The cost of making bushfire

control is very expensive and is labour intensive.

Lack of fund to pay for the patrol, extension workers, environmental trainings and

awareness may hinder full protection of the plantation beyond the project period.

8.5 Planning period, amendments and revisions of the plans This management plan is intended to operate for five years subject to amendments

bases on the community recurring needs.

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE（PAKISTAN）

Establishing Earth School Project

GREEN LINK PAKISTAN

(FEBRUARY, 2011)

1

TECHNICAL GUIDELINE（PAKISTAN）

1 Situation in Haripur district

The nursery practice generally conducted in the district is limited in number. The nursery practiced in the district are mostly created on road side mostly near the main city. These nurseries usually sale ornamental plants, seasonal flowers seedlings and fruit plants. Most of these plants are bought from other cities. As a result of this practice the cost of these plants is very high on account of transportation. The purchase of such seedlings is beyond the purchasing capacity of poor farmers. They were of view that that the plants grown in their fields is not possible on account of small holdings as well as long tenure of growth. The farmers were convinced that they can grow their plants by themselves the plant growth period is no doubt longer but they can get the fuelwood through pruning their trees. The crop grown on their fields are eaten by them during the same years, they have no saving for treatment, education or purchase of farm machinery. The trees planted on small lands will be a sort of saving of big capital which is good to all activities mentioned earlier. The farmers are now convinced by the project activity, the melit of agroforestry and tree planting on river side sloped land and other waste land. They are showing their interest in planting. The additional income can be generated by selling plants to local nursery men. The smaller farmers are convinced of this but it will take time to start their own activities.

2 The technical guideline used or referred to by the project

The project has used or referred to the following technical guideline, often learning from that used in other parts of Pakistan.

2.1 Nursery techniques

2.1.1 Site selection

The site selection of an appropriate nursery site is the most import decision for efficient production of good quality plants. It must start from a well defined statement of the objectives of the nursery. The objective of the nursery of this project, for instance is to promote

2

farmers’ own nursery for agoforestry and sloped land /waste land planting. After setting up of the objectives, following matters have to be decided.

The species fit to the objectve The number of plants to be produced each year the location of the plantations and targets of seedling

distribution, the expected life of the nursery etc.

Taking into consideration of the above, the site of nursery has to be

decided. The selection of site needs to be agreed upon at least six months before the first seed is sown .The following other technical factors which need to be considered:

Road Acess:

In site selection of nursery, the factor of land which has the road access is important.

Water Supply

A reliable and adequate source of water supply is essential for all forest nurseries. The ideal situation is where there is perennial stream which supply water throughout the year.

Good Soil

Good drainage of the soil with pH between 5 .0 to 6.0. Soils of lower pH may have fewer available nutrients, whereas soils of higher pH encourage the invasion of fungus diseases.

Availability of labor

A lot of labor is required for the construction of the nursery and later on periodically for tasks such as soil transportation, pot filling, sowing, tending and so on. The nursery should be located where it is possible to obtain labor without great difficulty at most of the times of the year.

3

Availability of suitable soil

In nursery where plants are to be raised in polypots, large quantity of sandy loam or loam soil with well drainage property,. But if they are only heavy soils like clay, then sand mixture is also required. (For bare root nursery, a deep loamy soil with well drain property is necessary). Slope

Completely flat land should be avoided to prevent from logging

during monsoon rains. Flat areas are more likely to frost than gentle slopes. The ideal slope is about 5 degrees, which is enough to allow; proper drainage. Avoid very steep slopes, to prevent erosion. Otherwise good drainage system should be constructed.

2.1.2 Nursery design and construction:

The nursery design varies according to the objectives of the nurseries, topography of the land (terraces/ slopes) etc. Before construction sketch plan should be made, as possible. Measurements should be preferably be made with a tape, or a distance can be paced. The comprehensive plan includes but some factors can be skipped, depending on the objectives of nursery :

Fence or wall: Fence or wall: It is necessary that all animals are totally excluded from the nursery, so a fence or wall might be necessary. A very simple entrance gate is recommended to avoid chances of being left open.

Nursery beds and Paths: Ideal size of the bed is 1-1.2m wide. It should not be wider than 1.2 m because of the difficulty of reaching into the centre for weeding, watering, manuring etc. while beds narrower than 1m is wastage of land. The length of the bed is relatively less important, though 5-10m may be convenient for drain purpose. If possible, the beds should be oriented from East to West to provide better shade against the midday sun. Paths should be 50 -60 cm wide, which provides adequate space to bend and work .

Water distribution: Water tank or distribution channels are better to be placed .

4

Soil storage shelter: A water proof soil storage shelter might be needed which might be large enough to store all the potting mixture requirements and to provide some working space. Soils should be stored under this shade to prevent running out due to rain. (In larger and permanent nursery, 2.5 m high shade house is very important for filling pots, seed storage, pricking out small seedlings.)

2.1.3 Tools and expandable materials required for tree nurseries: Seeds, soil, sand, compost, polypots: wire, strings, mesh wire, nails, spade , shovel sickle, , knife, , axe, hammer, scissors, germination trays, plant carrying trays, soil and sand sieve, watering can with hoses, heavy gauge polybags for seed storage, hammer and stationery etc. This is exhaustive list of meterials / tools necessary, depending on the types and size of nurseries, some of these could be skipped. 2.1.4. Seed Importance of quality Seed As forestry is long-term practice and the time required from sowing to

harvesting is often long, so improved growth rate gives faster return, and for relatively slow growing species, shorten the rotation to an acceptable level.. Seeds of the highest quality will result in trees of the highest value in the field. Seeds of low quality will result in trees of poor quality.‘ Good seed doesn’t cost, it pays’ The project purchased seed from PFI which is a reliable source. This was the only safest way for the project to organize seed supply at local level

The genetic quality is determined by the genetic information contained in the seed. All genetic information of the future plant is contained in the genes of the seed. A tree with poor genetic composition will not grow well in the field. Quality seed is expected to have superior inheritable quality. The desirable genetic traits include vigor/fast growth, pest tolerance/resistance.

Seed shape, size, color, age, vigor, seed coat condition such as absence of cracks, damages and absence of pests or diseases are important characteristics to check

The best way of seed collection is from approved seed stand and plus tree approved by the Forest department. Information about such trees may be

5

obtained from extension service or the seed may be purchased from reliable supplier .

The tree should have a balanced shape.

The tree should have a single strong "central leader.”

The trunk should be straight

Branches should be distributed evenly throughout the tree

Look for insect damage such as bore holes

Check the size of the crown and rootball in relation to the caliper size of the tree.

Make sure the branches come off the leader trunk at between a 45-degree and a 90-degree angle. The more the angle (the more parallel to the ground), the better.

Wounds from pruned branches should be calloused over, or well on their way.

Branches should be distributed evenly throughout the tree. This is called good scaffolding. There should not be any "clusters" of branches.

Branches should be about one-quarter of the height of the tree. Too-long limbs place undue burden on the tree.

The trunk should be free of discolored, swollen, or sunken areas.

No wound should be longer than one-quarter of the trunk's circumference.

The trunk should not move independently of the rootball.

The burlap should be tightly wrapped.

The trunk should be in the center of the rootball.

Tree roots are pruned and cut before they are wrapped. Avoid trees with cut root tips wider than an average finger.

The more fibrous or "hairy" roots you have, the better. It is stressful for any tree to be replanted, and more intact roots give the tree a better chance to survive.

6

2.1.5 Seed maturity, checking, cleaning and treatment

Check the maturity seeds as immature seeds does not grow.

Cleaning sorting and treatment of seed with anti fungicide is important for batter growth .

Seeds should be stored in cooler place for later sowing.

2.1.6 Prepare suitable soil mixture

A good soil for nurseries is the correct mixture of sand, clay and organic matter. (Top soil from a forest is usually a good soil.) If there is too much clay in the soil, but it is fertile enough, then add 1 or 2 parts of clean, seived sand to every 3 or 4 parts of soil.

2.1.7 Filling pots

Polypots should be filled to within 1 cm of the top at least a week before they are to be sown and the soil in them kept moist. The project use polypots of size30cm length and10 cm width .

2.1.8 Sowing of seed

Tree seed can be sown directly into polypots, or can be sown into seedbeds or seed trays and can be pricked out into polypots later

Push the seed into the soil to no more than half a centimeter deep

2.1.9 Number of Seeds

To make sure that at least one seedling grows in each polypot, two or more seeds are usually sown in each pot. If you know germination is very good (more than 8 out of 10 seeds germinate) then in half of the polypots sow 1 seed and in the other half sow 2

2.1.10 Filling top with soil

After sowing, the polypots should be filled to the top with washed, seived sand

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2.1.11 Mulching

After filling the polypots a mulch of straw should be placed over them or shades put up over them to protect against heavy rain and hot sun. They should also be watered again

2.1.12 Germination check

Check regularly to see if the seed is germinating. Once germination starts remove the mulch, if it was used.

2.1.13 Pricking out unwanted plants leaving single

‘Extra’ seedlings will have to be pricked-out into the empty polypots. If there are more than enough seedlings to fill all the empty polypots do not leave more than 1 in any of the polypots.

2.1.14 Disease and Fungal control

For containerized trees, make sure there are no bare spots in the foliage, missing or damaged limbs, or discolored or spotted leaves, unless it's the end of the summer season.

2.1.15 Watering the polyport

Lightly water the polypots. For the next few days lightly water the polypots 2 or 3 times each day to keep them slightly moist. Keep them under shade for all this time.

Put up the shades over the seedlings. They should be about 30cm above the tops of the seedlings.

There is no fixed time when watering must be done. The amount of water needed by seedlings depends on the species, the weather, the soil, the age of the seedlings and how they are being managed Seedlings that don't have enough water wilt and don't grow to be big enough. However slight wilting during the hottest part of the day is not a problem. Seedlings that are getting too much water become yellowish and will be too fleshy, soft and leafy

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2.1.16 Shading When new leaves have started to grow gradually start to remove the shade. First of all take the shades off for 1 hour in the morning and then for 1 hour in the late afternoon when the sun is not very strong. Eventually, over a week, increase the length of time in the morning and evening

To protect against frost ‘shades’ must be put up a few centimeters above the tops of the seedlings during the night when the frosts are likely. They should be taken off during the day time.

To protect against rain and hail, shades need to be waterproof. This can be done by laying plastic sheets over the shades and holding them down with stones. The shades and plastic should be removed as soon as the rain or hail stops so that the seedlings can get sunlight again.

First work through the bed, sorting out seedlings. Put large seedlings to one side and small to another. Remove any empty polypots and any very poor seedlings that are not worth keeping.

Place the seedlings in single rows separated by a line of the empty polypots lain on their sides, or by a line of stones or wooden slats

2.1.17 Root pruning

If the roots have grown too far into the ground, when the seedlings are lifted out for planting the roots in this case root pruning is necessary will break.

2.1.18 Seed Beds Nursery

The project has not adopted bare root seedlings .The description here is about practice of it adopted in Pakistan .The bare root share in Pakistan is low. Approximately 1% of the total seedling plants.

Preparation of Seed Beds

Seed beds can be used to germinate larger seeds such as Bakain (Melia azedarach ), Jaman (Eugenia jambolana). Loquat Eriobotrya japonica

The beds should be built in a part of the nursery that is well drained and which is not shaded.

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They should be no wider than 1m so that the laborer can work without entering in them for weeding.

Dig a trench around the outside of the string markers about 5–10cm deep.

Put a 5cm layer of coarse gravel or stones in the bottom of the bed for drainage, and compact it. Then 2–3cm of seived forest top soil on top of the gravel, and compact again.

Finally fill the bed to within 2cm of the top with a mix of half seived sand and half seived forest top soil, and compact this layer as well.

SOWING IN SEED BEDS

Before sowing the seed make sure the surface of the bed is perfectly level.

If it is not flat water may form puddles on the bed and seed would be washed away or covered too deeply by soil. Water the bed lightly.

Smaller seeds should be broadcast onto the bed and pressed into the bed with a flat board.

Cover the seed with a thin layer of sand, 5 mm.

PRICKING-OUT

Pricking-out must be done very carefully to ensure that the seedlings are not damaged.

It is best done shortly after germination when the seedlings are only 2–4cm tall, when they have only 3 or 4 true leaves and a small root system. When seedlings are this small it is easy to lift them out without damaging them.

Prick-out seedlings on a cloudy day or late in the afternoon so that they don't dry out in the hot sun.

The day before pricking-out water well the polypots into which the seedlings are going to be transplanted. Also make sure that shades are erected over the beds.

Immediately before starting, lightly water the seedbed or seed tray to make it easier to lift out the seedlings.

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Propagation of trees from cutting

Taking cuttings from a tree allows to multiply up a particular tree that has good qualities that you want, such as a high yield, fruit, or good timber

It also allows to propagate trees when it is difficult to get seed because some species like poplar, pomegranate, peach plum and apricot ,

Preparing cuttings

Preparing cuttings is done in the following way

Hardwood cuttings should be taken from woody branches which have grown through only one season

Older material should not be used because it doesn't grow new roots as well as the younger branches.

Branches should be taken from the lower crown near to, but not from, the main stem. Also do not use branches which are damaged or diseased.

Cuttings should be taken between January and Marchl just before the buds start to grow.

The cuttings should be about 15 – 25 cm long and 10 – 20 mm in diameter. They should have at least 2 bud scars and preferably 3 or 4.

2.2 Tree Planting

2.2.1 Care for Planting Stock / Seedlings

Transport seedlings carefully .Rough handling can damage root systems and predispose seedlings to stress After the seedlings are brought to the planting site, keep them out of direct sunlight and put the burlap moist. To have planting site ready before the seedlings are brought there.

Do not allow seedlings to dry out - Ample moisture is the key factor in seedling survival; seedlings must never be allowed to dry out from the nursery to planting. Plant them immediately in the field. Remember "if they dry, they die".

Avoid temperature extremes. - Fluctuations in temperature, especially excessive heat, during storage and transport can result in seedling olive-oil.

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Plant promptly. - Once seedlings are lifted, minimize storage time, especially early in the season and avoid extended transport time.

Do not damage seedling roots. - Seedlings need every single tiny root to absorb moisture and nutrients from the ground.

Do not wash or shake gel from seedling roots. - Gel applied to roots at the nursery prevents drying out during transport, decreases planting shock, and improves acclimation to the planting site.

Planting time : - Appropriate time for the project is to plant bare root seedlings was January .February bt can be planted before April.

2.2.2Tree Planting

Dig a hole wide and deep enough to cover the root system Handle seedlings by the base of the stem, taking care not to damage

the bark. Lay the roots straight down the hole in a natural arrangement. Do not

bunch, spiral, double-over or bend roots. Keep stones and twigs out of the hole (they create air pockets that dry

out roots). Plant seedlings deeply. Greater exposure to the soil and its water

content - even one-half inch of added depth of planting - significantly improves survival rate.

Plant seedlings slightly above the root collar swelling. Cover with soil. Do not bury live branches or foliage, or leave any roots

exposed to the air. Tamp soil firmly with toe (not the heel) to remove air pockets. Create a mulched area around the tree that is 50 percent larger than the

spread of the branches and five to 10 centimeters deep. Wood chips or shredded pine or cedar bark are great mulch, as are oak leaves and pine needles

2.2.3 Common Mistakes That Will Kill Seedlings in planting

planting seedling too deep or too shallow allowing roots to curl back toward the top of the hole not allowing proper root spread planting in sod without good site preparation leaving trees in boxes exposed to the sun planting in dry soil

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planting where brush competition will crowd out the seedlings planting seedlings where they won't receive sufficient sunlight keeping trees in boxes more than a few days without cold storage

2.3 Stream side sloped land planting

The Harripur is surrounded by mountains and is a land of streams called (dor ) in local language. The Tarbela reservoir is located on the Indus River, the water of Indus River is stored in dam .The streams have usually low flow of water in dry season, in this dry season usually collection of water from springs. These dor act as flood drains but occasionally have high floods in rainy season like that of the year 2010. .The floods erode lands as they are zigzag in shape .The soil management is possible only when soil erosion prevention practices are taken sensibly and seriously. Streamside planting, contour farming, retaining walls can contribute to effective soil erosion control on a regular basis. For larger areas that are dedicated to agriculture and farming, large investment is the only way that can improve the structure of soil in a number of ways. It will not only sustain crop yields, but will also help to protect other infrastructure of heavy investment such as roads , schools , hospitals and even down stream settlements, Methods may be many, but prevention is the utmost concern. Specific plants are considered to be a great way of controlling soil erosion in various areas. One of the most promising and relatively low cost erosion control methods in the area like project sites is streamside planting, the plants act like a net on the soil, hold it all together. Rainfall is much likely to occur in places where vegetation is rich, and hence, while rain would gradually drool down the forest, soil erosion would be reduced to a large extent. A number of f plants can dedicated to soil erosion control are much acquired for use. .Popular, bamboo and. Willow trees act as effective soil erosion control and fence for protection of roads and public property, The project initiated stream side sloped land planting using the species of popular, bamboo

2.4 Agro forestry:

2.4.1 Why Agroforestry

Forestry is faced with the challenge of meeting an increasing demand for goods, as well as for an expanding array of services,

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like clean water, soil conservation, and wildlife habitat, from a fixed or shrinking land base. Solutions that balance forestry with the sustainability of other sectors, like agriculture and communities, are needed. Agroforestry, the deliberate cultivation of trees or other woody plants with crops or pasture for multiple benefits, is an important category of planted forests that has the potential to provide farmers, communities, and society-at-large with a wide variety of forest-related goods and services. Agroforestry can complement forestry sector efforts in sustainable forest management by providing a set of tree-based conservation and production practices for agricultural lands. Some important sustainability issues on which agroforestry can assist forestry are: biological diversity, wood and non-timber products, ecosystem integrity, soil and water quality, terrestrial carbon storage, and socioeconomic benefits. The ecological foundation for agroforestry lies in the structural and functional diversity the plantings create at both the site and landscape levels. The project introduced agro forestry model; tree species planted are poplar Morus alba, Melia azedarach.

Agriculture and forestry account for much of the world's land use. Too often we treat agriculture and forestry separately, yet these two sectors are often interwoven on the landscape and share many of the same goals. If we are to truly meet society's needs and aspirations for forest-derived goods and services, we must find ways of augmenting traditional forestry by gleaning some portion of these benefits from agricultural lands where agroforestry can be practiced.

Agroforestry practices are an important category of planted forests or "trees outside forests" that have the potential to provide a wide array of forest-related benefits to society. Indeed, in many places the only opportunity to provide increased forest-based benefits, like wildlife habitat or forested riparian systems, is through the increased use of agroforestry on agricultural lands. Also, in many forest-based ecosystems, agroforestry principles are being employed to derive benefits, such as

Healthy Forest Ecosystems Productive Functions Biological Diversity

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Protective Functions Socioeconomic Benefits

2,4,2 Agroforestry Models

There are following types of agroforestry models applicable to Pakistan ;

Windbreaks

Windbreaks provide benefits to downwind agricultural areas and dwellings and are present in some form on large numbers of farms and ranches today. A windbreak can be as simple as an overgrown fencerow or a few rows of trees left in place after a land clearing effort or forestry harvest. Many farmers use natural boundaries of wooden or cemented blocks and strips or patches of trees as windbreaks without planning or planting and still appreciate increased yields they provide to crops and livestock.

Many agricultural enterprises can profit from the addition of a strategically placed windbreak. Windbreaks are effective wherever wind or sun is reducing yields of crops or livestock. In winter, windbreaks assist livestock by reducing the stress of wind chill.

Silvipasture

Silvipasture is widely practiced in various forms. Silvipasture is the grazing of livestock and growing of trees on the same piece of land. Silvipastures can be developed by establishing trees in existing pastures or by establishing pastures within or under existing tree stands.

Alley Cropping

Alley cropping is the growing of trees in rows or other configurations while growing crops between the tree rows. High-value, short-duration crops can be grown in the alleys. The project agroforestry model is characterized as add ional income and availability of fuelwood for domestic use. This new model has opened possibility for agroforestry on the wheat crop growing area with limited land.

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The agroforestry model adopted by the project relates to alley cropping and wind breaks.

2.5 Way to identify appropriate persons/groups of those who receive

seedlings,

The project used the seedlings for agroforestry tree planting and stream

side sloped land tree planting. The project used seedlings for distribution to

farmers.

Once seedlings are ready to be distributed, the Green Link announces to the project communities that seedlings are ready for issuing. They request those interested are owned on the basis of their demands and recommendation of nearby farmers.

The list of those who received the seedlings has always kept for possible future checking.

Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants Association (JOFCA)

Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO)

Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI)

Rwanda Agriculture Research Institute (ISAR)

Relief to Development Society (REDESO)

Green Link

Documents

Guidelines for the Conservation and Rehabilitation of ... · Rehabilitation of Degraded Woodlands surrounding Refugee Camps ... south-east Asia shallow ... survive under natural climate