Hazard Mitigation Plan

Wahoo, NE December 2016

Index Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Planning Team……………………….2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Meeting Poster……………………………..3 Wahoo Community and Stakeholder Survey…………………………....4 Press Release………………………………………………………………6 Community Profile

Geographic Summary……………………………………………….8 Population and Housing…………………………………………….10 Demographic Summary…………………………………………….13

Vulnerable Populations……………………………………...13 Climate Summary…………………………………………………...16 Economic Summary………………………………………………...18 Risk Assessment…………………………………………………………...24 Methodology………………………………………………………….25 Risks

Flooding………………………………………………………..27 Hail…………………………………………………………….31 High Wind…………………………………………………….35 Severe Winter Storms…..…………………………………..39 Tornado……………………………………………………….42 Urban Fire…………………………………………………….47 Capability Assessment…………………………………………………….49 Local Government Structure……………………………………….49 Adopted Regulations………………………………………………..49 Current Zoning Districts……………………………………...51

Future Development Zones………………………………....52 Comprehensive Plan and Hazard Mitigation Plan Synergy…………...53 Mitigation Alternatives and Method of Prioritization……………..55 Future Development………………………………………………...57 Comprehensive Plan Anticipated Future Developments and Actions to Take in Preparation for Them…………………………...58

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Plan Monitoring and Updating…………………………………………….59 Suggest Actions Hazard Mitigation Actions……………………………..59 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...61 References………………………………………………………………….63 Appendix A: Informational Slideshow for Community of Wahoo……...64 Appendix B: Plan Adoption Documents………………………………....69 Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary Hazard mitigation is the process of developing strategies that will create a more resilient community, and have less dependence on reconstruction or repeated damage vulnerabilities. The City of Wahoo, NE Hazard Mitigation was updated in December 2016 to meet the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires all states and local governments to have a hazard mitigation plan in order to be eligible to receive federal hazard mitigation grants. All hazard mitigation plans are required to be updated every five years to stay up-to-date on local hazards and new strategies and implementation ideas. The City of Wahoo is updating their hazard and mitigation plan as part of the mandatory five-year updating requirement put in place by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). A hazard mitigation plan identifies the vulnerabilities of an area to natural hazards. Natural hazards have the potential to cause economic loss, property loss, environmental and sanitary reduction, and injury or death to community members. Emergency management is crucial in the response period during a natural hazard event in addition to proper hazard mitigation. Hazard mitigation involves any actions taken to reduce the severity of the damage and implications against an area due to hazardous events. The following document includes public involvement actions taken to develop the plan and encourage community involvement within the process. A team of planning members and contact lists is created which will has conducted a community analysis involving demographics, historical properties, climate changes, or any vulnerable areas or populations within Wahoo, NE. A risk assessment was done using GIS mapping as well as historic data for probability projecting and hazard prioritization. A capability assessment was conducted to review government structure and regulations at a local level. Finally, mitigation strategies and alternatives were identified and outreach strategies were performed. All actions taken to develop the hazard mitigation plan for Wahoo, NE were done with respect to the benefit of community members and overall prosperity.

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City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Planning Team: Name Title

Gerald Johnson City of Wahoo Mayor

Melissa Harrell City of Wahoo Administrator

Lucinda Morrow City of Wahoo Deputy Clerk

Tom Mountford Assistant General Manager for LPN - NRD

Ken Jackson City of Wahoo Police Chief

Corey Wagner City of Wahoo Fire Chief

Gerry Tyler Wahoo City Council Member

Mike Lawver Wahoo City Council Member

Jim Svoboda Wahoo City Council Member

Janet Jonas Wahoo City Council Member

Travis Beavers City of Wahoo Zoning Administrator

J.M. Gibney City of Wahoo Utility Manager

John Callen State of Nebraska - NDNR

Sheila Hascall State of Nebraska - NEMA

Stuart Krejei Wahoo City Council President

Kevin Dunbar Wahoo City Council Member

Doug Watts Wahoo Chamber Board of Directors

Candi Johnston Saunders Medical Center

Theresa Klein Bishop Neumann High School

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Wahoo Community and Stakeholder Survey Most Vulnerable Areas in Wahoo Votes Total

Education System

City Location

Locally Owned Businesses

Healthcare (Saunders Medical Center)

Goods and Basic Services (Grocery, Medical, Doctors)

Utilities

Library

People

Fire and EMS Services

Young Families

Senior Citizen Center

Assisted Living Facility - Skilled Nursing

Airport

Street Maintenance - Snow

Safe Neighborhoods/Community

Flood Control (Lake Wanahoo)

Chamber of Commerce

Planning Commission

Planning Effort

Law Enforcement

Elderly Care Facilities

Daycare Centers

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Economic Development

Tree Maintenance

Ethanol Plant

Groundwater Availability

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City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Press Release

The City of Wahoo is updating their hazard and mitigation plan as part of the mandatory five-year updating requirement put in place by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in January of 2017. Please attend the public meeting to help identify potential hazards to the Wahoo community as well as possible mitigation actions and strategies to be put forth in an effort to minimize negative impacts of hazards to the Wahoo community. A hazard mitigation plan identifies the vulnerabilities of an area to natural hazards. Natural hazards have the potential to cause economic loss, property loss, environmental and sanitary reduction, and injury or death to community members. Emergency management is crucial in the response period during a natural hazard event in addition to proper hazard mitigation. Hazard mitigation involves any actions taken to reduce the severity of the damage and implications against an area due to hazardous events. Hazard mitigation is the process of developing strategies that will create a more resilient community, and have less dependence on reconstruction or repeated damage vulnerabilities. The City of Wahoo, NE Hazard Mitigation was prepared in June 2014 to meet the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires all states and local governments to have a hazard mitigation plan in order to be eligible to receive federal hazard mitigation grants. All hazard mitigation plans are required to be updated every five years to stay up-to-date on local hazards and new strategies and implementation ideas. This planning effort is being led by a team of students from the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. A public meeting will be held on Monday January 9, 2017 at the Wahoo Public Library. All community members are invited to attend and assist in the plan development. For inquiries, feedback, or further involvement please contact the Emergency Management Coordinator for Wahoo, NE, Terry Miller at tmiller@co.saunders.ne.us. More information about the project is accessible on the Wahoo City webpage www.wahoo.ne.us. For involvement in the plan update as it relates to Wahoo, NE, please email planning and hazard mitigation consultant Alison Kathol at alikathol13@hotmail.com.

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Community Profile Geographic Area As seen in the map below, the City of Wahoo is situated in the center of Saunders County, Nebraska. The community is approximately 30 miles north of Lincoln and 30 miles west of Omaha, and is part of the Omaha Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community serves as a center for commercial and industrial enterprise in Saunders County, and is also the county seat.

The City of Wahoo is located within the Wahoo Creek Watershed. The following information on streams and lakes is taken from the Lower Platte North Natural Resources District Wahoo Creek Watershed Water Quality Management Plan . “The Wahoo Creek Watershed is composed of 17 streams with Wahoo Creek, Clear Creek, and Silver Creek forming the major tributaries. The headwaters of Wahoo Creek are located near the town of Touhy. It flows southeasterly to the junction with Salt Creek just east of the city of Ashland. The lower sections of Wahoo Creek, Sand Creek, Clear Creek, and Silver Creek are perennial streams. Several of the upper segments of Wahoo Creek and its tributaries are perennial while others are intermittent. The watershed contains three major lakes, Lake Wanahoo, Czechland Lake, and Memphis Lake along with several other smaller ponds and wetlands. Lake Wanahoo, the largest lake, was recently constructed in 2008-2012 and is located one mile north of Wahoo. Lake Wanahoo

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impounds 662 surface-acres and was built for flood control, environmental restoration, and recreational benefits. Czechland Lake is located one mile north of Prague and encompasses 82 surface-acres and is primarily used for recreational purposes. The 45 acre Memphis Lake is located just outside of the town of Memphis and is also primarily used for recreational benefits. The Wahoo Creek Watershed also contains a historically important wetland source. The Todd Valley wetlands are located along the Silver Creek tributaries and are characterized as windblown depressions lying within the ancient Platte River valley. The majority of these wetlands are either temporarily or seasonally flooded.”

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Population and Housing The City of Wahoo grew from a population of 3,942 in 2000 to 4,512 in 2013. This is an increase of 570 people or 14.4% in thirteen years. As shown in Table 5, Wahoo’s median age is 38.7. According to their comprehensive plan, Wahoo’s medium projected population for 2030 is 5,589 residents. Growth within communities can result in increased stress on water systems, wastewater systems, electric supply, transportation systems, and housing stock. The city of Wahoo will need to give consideration to future growth areas, ensuring that as the community expands, it does not expand into areas highly prone to impacts from natural hazards. Housing plays a significant role in the vulnerability of a community. Hazard events can create vulnerabilities in a number of ways such as icy road conditions and power outages during a severe winter storm. It may not produce widespread property damage, but causes mobility problems for the community and leaves vulnerable populations without communication or proper utilities within their homes. The 2010 Census showed that there were 1,962 total housing units. The figure below shows the approximate years these structures were built. The figure also gives a representation of the original Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) adoption in 1973 and the current FIRM adoption in 1986. Housing units built before FIRM have a higher probability to be in a floodplain. There are an estimated 1,314 housing units built prior to the adoption of the original FIRM and 1,533 built before today’s current standards.

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Housing Consideration

Number of Housing Units

Percentage of Housing

Hazard(s) of Concern

Explanation of Vulnerability

Households with Individuals Over 65 Years

514 (292 Living Alone)

26.2% (14.9%) Severe Winter Storm Tornado Severe Thunderstorm Extreme Heat Wildfire Flash Flooding

-Decreased mobility - Power outages may disrupt medical needs - Greater difficulty with evacuations - More susceptible to extreme temperatures

Households with Electric Heat Only Available

306 15.6% Severe Winter Storm Severe Thunderstorm

Downed power lines result in no heat

Households with no vehicle available

62 3.2% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Severe Thunderstorm

- Reduced ability to evacuate hazard area - Reduced ability to seek shelter - Reduced ability to procure emergency supplies

Housing with No Phone Available

20 1.0% All -Decreased ability to receive warnings of severe - weather - Decreased ability to request

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emergency services

Mobile Homes 55 2.8% Tornado Severe Thunderstorm Severe Winter Storm Flooding

- Can be overturned with 60 mph winds - Hail can result in significant damages - In floods more likely to be “washed away” than - traditional structures

Renter-occupied Housing Units

587 32.6% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Severe Thunderstorm Extreme Heat Drought Flooding

Structures may not have -received sufficient - maintenance - Occupants are not able to implement retrofits - May not have a social network - May not be familiar with evacuation routes or - storm shelters locations

Vacant Housing Units

161 8.2% All - More likely to be derelict – therefore may cause - debris

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- Can lead to increased crime in neighborhoods and - other safety concerns - May be used as refuge, despite being substandard. - Impacts recovery of an impacted community

Source: United States Census Bureau 2010, 2006 – 2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Demographic Summary Understanding demography and the demographics of a specific community is important to be able to hazard planning and mitigation. Demographics help us to better understand the needs of a community especially in relation to population growth and demand. Additionally, demographics aide community leaders to identify vulnerable populations. According to the American Journal of Managed Care, vulnerable populations include the economically disadvantaged, racial and ethnic minorities, the uninsured, low-income children, the elderly, the homeless, those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and those with other chronic health conditions, including severe mental illness.

Vulnerable Populations Demographic Consideration

Demographic Population

Percentage of 2013 Population

Hazard(s) of Concern

Reason for Vulnerability

Over age 55 1,307 29% Severe Winter Storm

- More likely to be injured during strenuous activities (i.e. shoveling snow)

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Over age 65 780 17.2% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Severe Thunderstorm Extreme Heat

-More likely to be injured during strenuous activity (i.e. shoveling snow) - Decreased mobility (less able to seek shelter) - Power outages may interfere with medical needs and equipment - Medical concerns during extreme high or low temperatures

Age 19 and under

1,361 30.2% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Extreme Heat

-Typically reliant upon others for transportation - Daytime hours in school - More seriously impacted by extreme heat

Under age 10 744 16.5% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Severe Thunderstorm Extreme Heat

-Reliant upon others for transportation - Daytime hours in school - More seriously impacted by extreme heat - More likely to be injured in an event such as a tornado

Recently Moved to the Area (2005 or later)

473 10.5% Severe Winter Storm Tornado Extreme Heat

May not know where emergency services are located

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- May not have a social network - May not be familiar with evacuation routes or storm shelters locations - May not be familiar with local weather patterns / tendencies

Household Received Food Stamps/SNAP in the Past 12 Months

123 6.5% All -May lack resources to retrofit homes - May lack resources to prepare for potential disaster events

Individuals with an Ambulatory Difficulty

276 6% All -May have difficulty evacuating during hazard events.

Individuals with a Disability

498 11.0% All -May have difficulty getting to emergency services. -May rely on others for care

Individuals of an ethnic Minority

244 5.4% All -May live in marginalized communities -May have less access to emergency resources

Source: United States Census Bureau 2010, American Community Survey 2006-2010 and 2010-2014 five year estimates.

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Climate Summary The information displayed in the figures below is taken from weather station 255362, near Wahoo (MEAD 4). The data from this station is provided by the High Plains Regional Climate Center, and was collected daily from between October 1968 and March 2013. For temperature and precipitation, multi-day accumulations are not considered either for records or averages.

Temperature, Precipitation, and Snowfall Averages

In Figure 7, the daily temperature averages and the daily extremes are shown. Extreme Maximum is the highest of all daily temperatures recorded for that day of the year. Average Maximum is the mean of all daily high temperatures recorded for the day of the year. Average Minimum is the mean of all daily low temperatures recorded for that day of the year. Extreme Minimum is the lowest of all daily temperatures recorded for that day of the year. The coldest recorded temperature in the City of Wahoo was -35 degrees Fahrenheit and occurred in 1974. The hottest recorded temperature in the City of Wahoo was 108 degrees Fahrenheit and occurred in 1988. Wahoo experiences a period of warming generally from January to July and a period of cooling from August to December. Average temperatures range from about 23 degrees Fahrenheit in January to about 76 Fahrenheit degrees in July. Figure 8 shows the average daily precipitation and the daily high precipitation. Wahoo receives the maximum average precipitation during the month of June. On average, Wahoo receives approximately 32.3 inches of rainfall annually. The daily snowfall averages and highs are shown in Figure 9. The High Snowfall is the greatest daily snowfall recorded for the day of the year. The Average Snowfall is the average of all daily snowfall recorded for the day of the year. Wahoo experiences snowfall generally from November until April.

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Economic Summary

The local economy is an important consideration in hazard mitigation planning. Being familiar with the economic climate of the area being planned for is vital to understanding what mitigation efforts the area can afford, how easy it may be the community to recover from hazards, and what impact a hazard may have on the local economy. We have pulled some economic statistics on the city of Wahoo to help paint a picture of the local economic climate. The median age of workers aged 16 to 64 years old based on 2011-2015, in Wahoo, was 40.1 with a mean usual hours worked of 38.6. In 2014, the median earnings in the past 12 months, for individuals in Wahoo was $43,750. Below are more detailed economic characteristics of workers in Wahoo.

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Economic Consideration Number of Individuals Percentage of 2013 Population

Did not Work in the Past 12 Months

335 7.4%

Full-time Year Round Civilian Employed Age 15 Years and Over

1,437 31.8%

Private For-profit Wage and Salary Workers

1,041 23.0%

Private Not-for-Profit Wage and Salary Workers

91 2.0%

Local, State, and Federal Government Workers

240 5.3%

Self-employed in Own Not Incorporated Business Workers and Unpaid Family Workers

65 1.4%

Management, business, science, and arts occupations

637 14.1%

Computer and Science Occupations

51 1.1%

Education, Legal, community service, arts and media Occupations

210 4.7%

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Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations

25 .55%

Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations

93 2.1%

Service Occupations 92 2.0%

Sales and Office Occupations 377 8.4%

Office Administrative and Support Occupations

253 5.6%

Natural Resource, Construction, and Maintenance Occupations

154 3.4%

Production, Transportation, and Material Moving Occupations

177 3.9%

Source: United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2011-2015 estimates

Historical properties and relevant vulnerabilities

The below historical sites these sites are found on the vulnerable facilities map due to the population gathering to visit these sites. In addition to serving as gathering places, many of these structures were built prior to current building codes and may be have a higher level of vulnerability related to structural failure resulting from impacts from hazard events. The city of Wahoo may consider retrofitting these structures (when possible) so that they might better conform to modern building requirements. Plans should be developed regarding any specific concerns related to these structures to provide for evacuations or sheltering in place during hazardous or dangerous events. Saunders County Historical Society Museum 240 N. Walnut St, Wahoo, NE 68066

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Wahoo Burlington Depot- the Wahoo Burlington Depot, a two-story wood frame building on the Ashland-to-Schuyler line, was constructed in 1886, several months before the railroad's tracks were completed in 1887. Originally owned by the Omaha and North Platte Railroad Company, it was leased to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in 1886, then deeded to the C.B.&Q. in 1908. It was the last depot constructed in Wahoo, joining the Northwestern and Union Pacific depots in providing service to this area of Saunders County. The depot's main floor plan, which provided separate waiting rooms for men and women, is a variation of a nationally used pattern called the "combination" design. The second level was used for agent's living quarters. Howard Hanson House- The house is important for its association with Howard Hanson, a world famous composer and music educator. Hanson was born in the house in 1896, and his family continued to reside there until 1943. Hanson was known for his innovative methods of teaching music. He served as director of the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester, New York, for forty years and is credited with making the school nationally famous. Hanson's own compositions won numerous awards. The house, constructed about 1888 in Wahoo, is a good example of a simplified Queen Anne dwelling. Saunders County Courthouse- In 1867 Ashland was selected as the first county seat of Saunders County. An election in 1873, however, brought the county seat to Wahoo. The first courthouse in Wahoo was completed in 1874. By 1890 this building was deemed inadequate, but no further action took place in the nineteenth century. In 1903 voters passed a bond issue to help finance a new courthouse. Construction began the following year and in 1905 the Romanesque Revival-style courthouse opened O.K. Market – Located in the downtown business district and was erected by John Lindercamp in 1907. The building was originally a harness shop but was later turned into a butcher shop, when the property was sold to Bartel E. Johnson in 1919. The structure of this building has architectural significance because it maintains the style of an early twentieth century meat market. F.J. Kirchman House- this house was erected in 1903 with late Victorian period architecture. The interior of the house still maintains many of its historical features. The house is named after the original owner, F.J. Kirchman who was a well-known banker in his time.

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Tax Rate (Dollars and cents per $100 of actual value)

2007 2008 2009

City $0.59788 $0.59899 $0.55357

County .26592 .29822 .29554

School District 1.19920 1.19825 1.18971

Community College .06890 .07220 .06760

Educational Service Unit .01500 .01500 .01478

Natural Resource District .04575 .04568 .04267

Agricultural Society .00943 .00905 .00921

Airport .05425 .04982 .04430

TOTAL $2.25633 $2.28721 $2.21738

The 2009 tax rate at the industrial site outside the city limits is $1.794830 per $100 of actual value.

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Actual Valuation

2007 2008 2009

Real Estate $184,398,010 $198,128,130 $217,393,590

Personal Property

6,880,083 9,417,349 9,312,924

Special (railroad and utilities)

1,097,670 1,160,172 1,230,013

TOTAL $192,375,763 $208,705,651 $227,936,527

The total expenses for the new fiscal year beginning November 2016 is budgeted at $6.4 million. The revenue budget – including taxes, grants, service fees and other local assessments – is $5.7 million. -$700,000 (Deficit) City sales tax at 1.5% = $1.91 million 2005 Local Bonded Indebtedness City—Revenue Bonds (as of 1/10).............................................................................$2,620,000 City—NDEQ Loan Bond (as of 1/10)...........................................................................$3,566,841 City—General Obligation Bonds (as of 1/10).............................................................$2,125,000 School District (as of 8/09).........................................................................................$5,585,000 County (as of 7/10)..................................................................................................$34,255,000

Total: $48,151,841

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Risk Assessment Introduction The ultimate purpose of this hazard mitigation plan is to minimize the loss of life and property across the planning area. The basis for the planning process is the regional and local risk assessment. This section contains a description of potential hazards, regional vulnerabilities and exposures, probability of future occurrences, and potential impacts and losses. By conducting a regional and local risk assessment participating jurisdictions are able to develop specific strategies to address areas of concern identified through this process. The following table defines terms that will be used throughout this section of the plan.

Table 1: Term Definitions Term Definition Hazard A potential source of injury, death, or damages

Asset People, structures, facilities, and systems that have value to the community

Risk The potential for damages, loss, or other impacts created by the interaction of hazards and assets

Vulnerability Susceptibility to injury, death, or damages to a specific hazard Impact The consequence or effect of a hazard on the community or assets Historical Occurrence The number of hazard events reported during a defined period of time

Extent The strength or magnitude relative to a specific hazard Probability Likelihood of a hazard occurring in the future

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METHODOLOGY The risk assessment methodology utilized for this plan follows the risk assessment methodology outlined in the FEMA Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (March 2013). This process consists of four primary steps: 1) Describe the hazard; 2) Identify vulnerable community assets; 3) Analyze Risk; and 4) Summarize vulnerability.

When describing the hazard, this plan will examine the following items: previous occurrences of the hazard within the planning area; locations where the hazard has occurred in the past or is likely to occur in the future; extent of past events and likely extent for future occurrences; and probability of future occurrences. The identification of vulnerable assets will be across the entire planning area, Section Seven will include discussion of community specific assets at risk for relevant hazards. Analysis for regional risk will examine historic impacts and losses and what is possible should the hazard occur in the future. Risk analysis will include both qualitative (i.e. description of historic or potential impacts) and quantitative data (i.e. assigning values and measurements for potential loss of assets).

Finally, for each hazard identified the plan will provide a summary statement encapsulating the information provided during each of the previous steps of the risk assessment process.

For each of the hazards profiled the best and most appropriate data available will be considered. The following table outlines the data sources utilized to examine each individual hazard. Further discussion relative to each hazard is discussed in the hazard profile portion of this section.

Table 2: Risk Assessment Data Sources Type of Data Data Source TORRO Hailstone Scale The Tornado and Storm Research

Organization Historical Occurrences NCDC Storm Events Database Wind Zones in U.S. FEMA Beaufort Wind Force Rankings NWS Urban fires reporting history Nebraska State Fire Marshall AVERAGE ANNUAL DAMAGES AND FREQUENCY Average annual losses from historical occurrences can be calculated for those hazards for which there is a robust historic record and for which monetary damages are recorded. There are three main pieces of data that are used throughout this formula.

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Total Damages in Dollars: This is the total dollar amount of all property damages and crop damages as recorded in federal, state, and local data sources. The limitation to these data sources is that dollar figures usually are estimates and often do not include all damages from every event, but rather only officially recorded damages from reported events.

Total Years of Record: This is the span of years there is data available for recorded events. Vetted and cleaned up NCDC data is available for January 1996 to July 2015. Although some data is available back to 1950, this plan update utilizes only the more current and more accurate data available. Wildfire data is available from the Nebraska Forest Service from 2000 to 2012. Number of Hazard Event: This shows how often an event occurs. The frequency of a hazard event will affect how a community responds. A thunderstorm may not cause much damage each time, but multiple storms can have an incremental effect on housing and utilities. In contrast, a rare tornado can have a widespread effect on a city. An example of the Event Damage Estimate is found below:

𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 = Total Events Recorded/Total Years of Recorded

𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬 ($) = Total Damages in Dollar/Total Years Recorded Hazard Identification

Table 3: Hazard Addressed in the Plan Hazards Addressed in the Plan

Flooding Hail High Wind Severe Snow Tornado Urban Fire

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FLOODING HAZARD PROFILE Flood is an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines. Flood events are the most damaging and costly hazards in the United States. Flood in Nebraska state is primarily caused by precipitations and ice jams on the rivers and streams. In the city of wahoo, it is mainly caused by heavy rain. Figure 1: Flood Risk in Nebraska

Source: Nebraska Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan2014 EXTENT Table 4: Criteria for judging the extent of flood

Source: NOAA LOCATION

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Figure 2: Flood study overview

Source: NFIP of Saunders County in 2015

Figure 3: Floodplain Mapping

Source: Flood Hazard Mapping Fact Sheet 2015

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HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Table 5: Flood Historical Occurrences DATE TIME EVEN

T FATALITIES

INJURIES

PROPERTY DAMAGE CROP DAMAGE

6/23/1996 00:00 Flood 0 0 200.00K 0.00K 2/18/1997 18:00 Flood 0 0 10.00K 0.00K 8/20/1998 Flood 0 0 500.00K 0.00K 6/10/1999 19:00 Flood 0 0 70.00K 0.00K 6/27/1999 03:00 Flood 0 0 1.00K 0.00K 3/14/2001 17:00 Flood 0 0 108.00K 36.00K 09/16/2006 12:15 Flood 0 0 500.00K 0.00K 08/28/2007 23:00 Flood 0 0 70.00K 0.00K 05/20/2011 08:30 Flood 0 0 1.00K 0.00K 05/12/2014 00:00 Flood 0 0 0.00k 0.00k 08/28/2014 10:30 Flood 0 0 100.00k 100.00k 04/20/2016 20:15 Flood 0 0 0.00k 0.00k 05/11/2016 06:14 Flood 0 0 0.00k 0.00k 06/18/2016 12:15 Flood 0 0 0.00k 0.00k Totals 0 0 1560.00k 136.00k Source: NOAA FUTURE PROBABILITY AND POTENTIAL LOSSES Table 6: Event Damage Estimate Formula

Average Annual Damages ($) = Total Damages in Dollars ($) / Total Years of Record Structural Valuation Impacted (%) = Average Annual Damages ($) / Total Structural Valuation ($) Average Damage per Event ($) = Total Damages Recorded ($) / Total Events Recorded ($)

Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014

Table 7: The likelihood for flood to occur in the future is Likely Highly Likely The event has occurred four or more times in the past 10 years Likely The event has occurred more than once, but less than four times in the past

10 years Possible The event has occurred once in the past 10 years Unlikely No record of occurrence in recorded history. Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT WORK FOCAS: Reduce the number of fatalities and injuries and loss of property caused by flood Update mitigation plan regularly to minimize the potential losses Risk Assessment Summary Table 8: Flood Risk Summary Number of Past Events: 14 Total years of record: 10 Extent: Minor

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Vulnerable Locations: Particularly in the floodplain e.g. Wahoo Creek

Averaged Annual Damages: 169.6k Average Wahoo Damage per Event: 121.14k Future Probability: Likely

National Flood Insurance Program The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established in 1968 to reduce flood losses and disaster relief costs by guiding future development away from flood hazard areas where practicable; by requiring flood resistant design and construction practices; and by transferring the costs of flood losses to the residents of floodplains through flood insurance premiums. In return for availability of federally backed flood insurance, jurisdictions applying to join the NFIP must agree to adopt and enforce minimum flood loss reduction standards to regulate proposed development in special flood hazard areas as defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) flood maps. One of the strengths of the program has been keeping people away from flooding rather than keeping the flooding away from people - through historically expensive flood control projects. The NFIP has approximately 4.4 million policies in force, representing over $370 billion worth of coverage, in 19,884 participating jurisdictions nationwide. Ninety-five percent of flood insurance policies are written by private companies and sold by more than 110,000 insurance agents and brokers participating in the NFIP's Write Your Own (WYO) program. Since 1969, over $12.1 billion in claims have been paid. Section Four: Risk Assessment 54 City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 Currently, Nebraska has 13,300 policies in force representing $1.3 billion worth of coverage. The City of Wahoo is in Good Standing under the National Flood Insurance Program (Eligible/ Date of Current Map – 04/05/2010) with eight active policies in-force, $672,200 insurance in-force whole, and $5,430 written premium in-force. This plan highly recommends and strongly encourages the City of Wahoo to remain in good standing and continue involvement with the NFIP. Compliance with the NFIP should remain a top priority for the City. Jurisdictions are encouraged to initiate activities above the minimum participation requirements, which are described in the Community Rating System Coordinator’s Manual (FIA-15/2007). Another innovative program is FEMA’s Cooperating Technical Partners Programs (CTP). The main objective of CTP is to increase local involvement in the flood mapping process. With over 20,000 jurisdictions in the NFIP, the CTP encourages collaboration between NFIP jurisdictions and regional and state agencies who wish to become more active participants in the FEMA flood hazard mapping program. In order to qualify for Hazard Mitigation Assistance jurisdictions must have a good standing in NFIP, if the project is located in a Flood Hazard Risk Area. Contact the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources for any questions regarding NFIP.

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HAIL HAZARD PROFILE Hail is usually associated with severe thunderstorms, and this association makes hail just as unpredictable as a severe thunderstorm. Additionally, hail events in thunderstorms often occur in series, with one area having the potential to be hit multiple times in one day. Severe thunderstorms in the planning area usually occur in the evening during the spring and summer months. These often large storms can include heavy rain, hail, lightning, high winds, and can produce tornadoes with little or no advanced warning. Furthermore, hail can destroy property and crops with their shear force as some hail stones can fall at 100 mph. The moisture from the thunderstorms that are associated with hail events can be beneficial. When thunderstorms do produce hail, there is potential for crop losses, property losses due to building and automobile damages, and personal injury from people not seeking shelter during these events or standing near windows. The potential for damages increases as the size of the hail increases. EXTENT The scale extends from H0 to H10 with its increments of intensity or damage potential related to hail size (distribution and maximum), texture, numbers, fall speed, speed of storm translation, and strength of the accompanying wind. The characteristic damage associated with each increment in Britain is listed in the table but may need to be modified for other countries to reflect differences in building materials and types; e.g. whether roofing tiles are predominantly slate, shingle or concrete. An indication of equivalent hail kinetic energy ranges (in joules per square metre) has now been added to the first six increments on the scale, and this may be derived from radar reflectivities or from hail pads. The International Hailstorm Intensity Scale recognizes that hail size alone is insufficient to accurately categorize the intensity and damage potential of a hailstorm, especially towards the lower end of the scale. For example, without additional information, an event in which hail of up to walnut size is reported (hail size code 3: hail diameter of 21-30 mm) would be graded as a hailstorm with a minimum intensity of H2-3. Additional information, such as the ground wind speed or the nature of the damage the hail caused, would help to clarify the intensity of the event. For example, a fall of walnut-sized hail with little or no wind may scar fruit and sever the stems of crops but would not break vertical glass and so would be ranked H2-3. However, if accompanied by strong winds, the same hail may smash many windows in a house and dent the bodywork of a car, and so be graded an intensity as high as H5.

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However, evidence indicates that maximum hailstone size is the most important parameter relating to structural damage, especially towards the more severe end of the scale. It must be noted that hailstone shapes are also an important feature, especially as the "effective" diameter of non-spheroidal specimens should ideally be an average of the co-ordinates. Spiked or jagged hail (see photographs on the TORRO web Gallery) can also increase some aspects of damage. Table 9: TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale

Intensity Category

Typical Hail Diameter (mm)*

Probable Kinetic Energy, J-m2

Typical Damage Impacts

H0 Hard Hail 5 0-20 No damage H1 Potentiall

y Damaging

5-15 >20 Slight general damage to plants, crops

H2 Significant

10-20 >100 Significant damage to fruit, crops, vegetation

H3 Severe 20-30 >300 Severe damage to fruit and crops, damage to glass and plastic structures, paint and wood scored

H4 Severe 25-40 >500 Widespread glass damage, vehicle bodywork damage H5 Destructi

ve 30-50 >800 Wholesale destruction of glass, damage to tiled roofs,

significant risk of injuries H6 Destructi

ve 40-60 Bodywork of grounded aircraft dented, brick walls pitted

H7 Destructive

50-75 Severe roof damage, risk of serious injuries

H8 Destructive

60-90 (Severest recorded in the British Isles) Severe damage to aircraft bodywork

H9 Super Hailstorms

75-100 Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open

H10

Super Hailstorms

>100 Extensive structural damage. Risk of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open

Source: http://www.torro.org.uk/hscale.php Table 10: Hail Size and Diameter in relation to TORRO Hailstorm Intensity

Size code

Maximum Diameter mm

Description

0 5-9 Pea 1 10-15 Mothball 2 16-20 Marble, grape 3 21-30 Walnut 4 31-40 Pigeon's egg > squash

ball 5 41-50 Golf ball > Pullet's egg 6 51-60 Hen's egg 7 61-75 Tennis ball > cricket

ball 8 76-90 Large orange > Soft

ball 9 91-100 Grapefruit 10 >100 Melon Source: http://www.torro.org.uk/hscale.php

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LOCATION Hail commonly occur throughout the planning area. Rural, agricultural and especially urban areas are at a greater risk of damages. However, in this case, data about crop damages and property damages is not available. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Table 11: Hail Historical Occurrences EVENT ID

LOCATION

BEGIN DATE BEGIN TIME

TYPE

MAGNITUDE STATE

TIMEZONE

5639140 WAHOO 4/14/98 19:08 Hail 2.75 NE CST

5663512 WAHOO 7/16/98 17:15 Hail 0.75 NE CST

5663513 WAHOO 7/16/98 17:30 Hail 1 NE CST

5357420 WAHOO 5/4/03 14:05 Hail 1.25 NE CST

5405003 WAHOO 6/12/04 14:59 Hail 0.88 NE CST

5443776 WAHOO 4/18/05 19:03 Hail 0.75 NE CST

5443786 WAHOO 4/18/05 20:04 Hail 0.75 NE CST

5479232 WAHOO 9/18/05 21:30 Hail 1 NE CST

5479234 WAHOO 9/18/05 21:45 Hail 1.75 NE CST

5479238 WAHOO 9/18/05 22:45 Hail 0.75 NE CST

5524835 WAHOO 7/13/06 14:25 Hail 0.88 NE CST

11950 WAHOO 3/21/07 16:30 Hail 0.88 NE CST-6

11952 WAHOO 3/21/07 17:01 Hail 0.88 NE CST-6

13850 WAHOO 3/31/07 12:00 Hail 0.75 NE CST-6

217768 WAHOO 4/23/10 21:14 Hail 0.75 NE CST-6

249676 WAHOO 9/13/10 15:45 Hail 2 NE CST-6

300818 WAHOO 6/17/11 20:28 Hail 1.75 NE CST-6

326931 WAHOO 8/18/11 18:22 Hail 1 NE CST-6

372538 WAHOO 5/23/12 18:46 Hail 0.88 NE CST-6

514416 WAHOO 6/20/14 18:36 Hail 0.75 NE CST-6

559604 WAHOO 4/12/15 18:48 Hail 1 NE CST-6

619139 WAHOO 3/23/16 15:16 Hail 0.75 NE CST-6

621281 WAHOO 4/24/16 18:17 Hail 1 NE CST-6

Sources: NCDC Of the 23 hail events reported for the planning area, the average hailstone size is 1.08 inches. Events of this magnitude correlate to an H3 classification. It is reasonable to expect H3 classified events to occur several times in a year throughout the planning area. In addition, it is reasonable, based on the number of occurrence, to expect larger hailstones to occur in the planning area annually. The planning area has endured 2 H6 hail events (>2.0 inches) during the period of record, and 8 H4 hail events (>1.2inches).

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It is realistic to expect that H4 hail is going to happen annually. However, the data of the hail size is not available. PROBABILITY AND FUTURE LOSSES The NCDC reports events as they occur in each community. A single hail event can affect multiple communities and counties at a time; the NCDC reports these large scale, multi-county events as separate events. The result is a single hail event covering a large portion of the planning area that could be reported by the NCDC as several events. Based on historic records and reported events, severe thunderstorms with hail are likely to occur several times annually within the planning area. The NCDC reported 23 hail events between 1998 and 2016, or on average 1.21 hail occurrences per year. As seen in Table 11, most high wind events occur in the spring, summer and fall months. The data for fatalities, injuries and property damages were not available. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT Future development will increase the risk of damages to buildings and infrastructure from hail. It is recommended that hail resistant materials and hail guards for HVAC systems be considered during construction and renovations. Building codes can be enhanced so that they require or recommend the use of hail resistant material as well. Existing structures can also incorporate hail resistant products such as concrete roof tiles and siding. Communities can also establish Tree Boards and tree ordinances to ensure urban canopies are safe and healthy, reducing the potential impacts of severe thunderstorms. RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY Table 12: Hail Risk Summary

Number of Past Events 23(1998-2016) Vulnerable Locations Entire planning areas, especially developed

areas Extent H4 Annual Probability 100% Average Annual Losses Not available

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HIGH WIND HAZARD PROFILE High winds typically accompany severe thunderstorms, severe winter storms, and other large low pressure systems, which can cause significant property and crop damage, downed power lines, loss of electricity, obstruction to traffic flow, and significant damage to trees and center-pivot irrigation systems. All building stock and above ground infrastructure, including critical facilities, are at risk of being damaged or affected by high winds. High wind speeds and flying debris can pose a significant threat to human life. Figure 4 shows the wind zones in the United States. The wind zones are based on the maximum wind speeds that can occur from a tornado or hurricane event. The planning area is located in Zone IV which has maximum winds of 250 mph equivalent to an EF5 tornado.

Figure 4: Wind Zones in the U.S.

Source: FEMA EXTENT The NWS defines high winds as sustained wind speeds of 40 mph or greater lasting for 1 hour or longer, or winds of 58 mph or greater for any duration. The NWS issues High Wind Advisories when there are sustained winds of 25 to 39 miles per hour and/or gusts to 57 mph. The Beaufort Wind Scale can be used to classify wind strength. Table 13: outlines the scale, providing wind speed ranking, range of wind speeds per ranking, and a brief description of conditions for each ranking.

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Table 13: Beaufort Wind Scale Force

Wind (Knots)

WMO Classification

Appearance of Wind Effects On the Water On Land

0 Less than 1

Calm Sea surface smooth and mirror-like Calm, smoke rises vertically

1 1-3 Light Air Scaly ripples, no foam crests Smoke drift indicates wind direction, still wind vanes

2 4-6 Light Breeze Small wavelets, crests glassy, no breaking

Wind felt on face, leaves rustle, vanes begin to move

3 7-10 Gentle Breeze

Large wavelets, crests begin to break, scattered whitecaps

Leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended

4 11-16 Moderate Breeze

Small waves 1-4 ft. becoming longer, numerous whitecaps

Dust, leaves, and loose paper lifted, small tree branches move

5 17-21 Fresh Breeze

Moderate waves 4-8 ft taking longer form, many whitecaps, some spray

Small trees in leaf begin to sway

6 22-27 Strong Breeze

Larger waves 8-13 ft, whitecaps common, more spray

Larger tree branches moving, whistling in wires

7 28-33 Near Gale Sea heaps up, waves 13-19 ft, white foam streaks off breakers

Whole trees moving, resistance felt walking against wind

8 34-40 Gale Moderately high (18-25 ft) waves of greater length, edges of crests begin to break into spindrift, foam blown in streaks

Twigs breaking off trees, generally impedes progress

9 41-47 Strong Gale High waves (23-32 ft), sea begins to roll, dense streaks of foam, spray may reduce visibility

Slight structural damage occurs, slate blows off roofs

10 48-55 Storm Very high waves (29-41 ft) with overhanging crests, sea white with densely blown foam, heavy rolling, lowered visibility

Seldom experienced on land, trees broken or uprooted, "considerable structural damage"

11 56-63 Violent Storm

Exceptionally high (37-52 ft) waves, foam patches cover sea, visibility more reduced

12 64+ Hurricane Air filled with foam, waves over 45 ft, sea completely white with driving spray, visibility greatly reduced

Sources: NOAA http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html LOCATION High winds commonly occur throughout the planning area. Rural, agricultural areas are at a greater risk of damages than the developed areas. However, in this case, data about crop damages and property damages is not available. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Table 14: High Wind Historical Occurrences

EVENT ID LOCATION

BEGIN DATE BEGIN TIME

TYPE MAGNITUDE STATE

TIMEZONE

5539052 SAUNDERS

2/10/96 6:00 High Wind

45 NE CST

5539091 SAUNDERS

2/15/96 8:00 High Wind

42 NE CST

5547217 SAUNDERS

4/25/96 2:00 High Wind

43 NE CST

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5574967 SAUNDERS

10/26/96 15:00 High Wind

50 NE CST

5575140 SAUNDERS

10/29/96 14:00 High Wind

48 NE CST

5594545 SAUNDERS

4/6/97 8:00 High Wind

54 NE CST

5623162 SAUNDERS

10/13/97 15:20 High Wind

52 NE CST

5621488 SAUNDERS

11/2/97 10:00 High Wind

57 NE CST

5619680 SAUNDERS

12/30/97 11:00 High Wind

50 NE CST

5675765 SAUNDERS

11/10/98 2:00 High Wind

53 NE CST

5688969 SAUNDERS

2/11/99 10:00 High Wind

50 NE CST

5693024 SAUNDERS

3/30/99 11:00 High Wind

55 NE CST

5240620 SAUNDERS

4/6/01 23:00 High Wind

50 NE CST

5368095 SAUNDERS

6/23/03 0 High Wind

35 NE CST

5440672 SAUNDERS

3/10/05 10:00 High Wind

50 NE CST

376902 SAUNDERS

6/14/12 23:00 High Wind

50 NE CST-6

483744 SAUNDERS

1/16/14 12:00 High Wind

35 NE CST-6

483723 SAUNDERS

1/18/14 10:30 High Wind

37 NE CST-6

484817 SAUNDERS

1/26/14 15:00 High Wind

35 NE CST-6

Sources: NCDC The related data listed in Table 14 are all the high wind events happened in Saunders county between 1996 and 2014, since the data related to the city of Wahoo is not available. Of the 19 high wind events reported for the planning area, the average magnitude is 46.9. Events of this magnitude correlate to an 9-Strong Gale classification (>41 Knots) which may results slight structural damage, slate blowing off roofs. It is reasonable to expect 9-Strong Gale classified events to occur at least once in a year throughout the planning or surrounding area. The planning area has endured 12 10-Storm events (>48 Knots) during the period of record, and 1 11-Violent Storm events (>56 Knots). It is realistic to expect that 9-Stong Gale is going to happen annually. PROBABILITY AND FUTURE LOSSES Due to the regional scale of high winds, the NCDC reports events as they occur in each county. While a single event can affect two or more counties at a time, the NCDC reports them as separate events. There were 19 high wind events that occurred between 1996 and July 2014, or on average 1.06 high wind occurrences per year. As seen in Table 14, most high wind events occur in the fall, winter, and spring months. The data for fatalities, injuries and property damages were not available.

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT There are some changes that communities can make to partially mitigate against strong winds. Building codes for new structures can be strengthened, requiring increased rebar in foundations, enhanced nailing patterns for wall sheathing, and the use of Simpson Strong Ties and Straps. Building codes can also be strengthened to require the use of anchors and tie-downs on mobile homes. Additionally, individuals can choose to build to an optional Code Plus Standard, such as Fortified for Safer Living. Safe rooms can be installed in new structures as well as made to adapt to existing structures. In-ground safe rooms can be installed in existing structures for as little as $4,000. The installation of public safe rooms in areas around vulnerable populations, such as mobile home parks, can increase safety of residents in those areas. RISK AEESEEMENT SUMMARY Table 15: High Wind Risk Summary

Number of Past Events 19(1996-2014) or 1.06/year Vulnerable Locations Entire planning areas, especially developed

areas Extent 9-Strong Gale Annual Probability 100% Average Annual Losses Not available

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SEVERE WINTER STORMS PROFILE A winter storm is an event in which the varieties of precipitation are formed that only occur at low temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are low enough to allow ice to form (i.e. freezing rain). Winter weather affects all areas of the state equally. Severe winter storms and ice storms are common in Nebraska from late fall to spring. Winter storms have occurred as early as October and as late as May. They are the result of the collision of high-pressure systems with moderate temperatures and low-pressure systems having lower temperatures. These storms may contain freezing rain, sleet, significant snowfall, and high winds. The complex mixture of moisture, temperature, high pressure, and low-pressure systems creating winter storms is generally unique for each storm. Figure 5: Severe Winter Storms Risk in Nebraska

Source: Nebraska Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan2014 EXTENT LOCATION Areas near Omaha

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HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Table 16: Severe Winter Storms Historical Occurrences

DATE MAGNITUDE MPH FATALITIES INJURIES PROPERTY DAMAGE

CROP DAMAGE

12/23/1996

54 0 0 58k 0k

1/11/1997 61 1 1 16k 0k

1/16/1997 52 0 0 40k 0k 1/27/1997 0 1 0 0k 0k

1/9/1998 58 0 0 38k 0k 2/1/2011 53 0 1 0k 0k 2012 -- -- -- -- --

2013 -- -- -- -- --

2014 -- -- -- -- --

2015 -- -- -- -- --

2016 -- -- -- -- --

Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 POTENTIAL LOSSES Table 17: Event Damage Estimate Formula Average Annual Damages ($) = Total Damages in Dollars ($) / Total Years of Record Structural Valuation Impacted (%) = Average Annual Damages ($) / Total Structural Valuation ($) Average Damage per Event ($) = Total Damages Recorded ($) / Total Events Recorded ($) Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 FUTURE PROBABILITY Table 18: The likelihood for severe winter storm to occur in Wahoo city in the future is "Highly Likely" Highly Likely The event has occurred four or more times in the past 10 years Likely The event has occurred more than once, but less than four times in the past

10 years Possible The event has occurred once in the past 10 years Unlikely No record of occurrence in recorded history. Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT work focus: Reduce the number of fatalities and injuries and loss of property caused by severe winter storm. Update mitigation plan regularly to minimize the potential losses RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY Table 19: Severe Winter Storms Risk Assessment Summary

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Number of Past Events: 6 Total Years of Record: 4 Future Probability: Highly Likely

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TORNADO PROFILE The NWS defines a tornado as “a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.” Tornadoes are the most violent of all atmospheric storms and are capable of tremendous destruction. Wind speeds can exceed 250 miles per hour and damage paths can be more than one-mile-wide and 50 miles long. In an average year, more than 900 tornadoes are reported in the United States, resulting in approximately 80 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries. High winds not associated with tornadoes were profiled separately in this document in a previous section. Wahoo, NE is a Very High Risk area for tornados. According to records, the largest tornado in the Wahoo area was an F4 in 1957 that caused 8 injuries and 1 deaths. Tornado risk is calculated from the destruction path that has occurred within 30 miles of the location. Figure 6: Severe Winter Storms Risk in Nebraska

Source: Nebraska Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan2014 EXTENT Table 20: Fujita Scale

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Source: Nebraska Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan2014

LOCATION

Latitude : 40°30'N / —41°59'N Longitude: 95°50'W—97°57'W Especially Mobile homes HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Figure 7: Number of Tornadoes between 1950 to 2010

Source: http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Nebraska/Saunders-County/Wahoo.html

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Table 21: Tornado Historical Occurrences DATE MAG EVENT FATALITIES INJURIES PROPERTY

DAMAGE CROP DAMAGE

08/13/1952 F4 TORNADO 0 21 250K 0.00K 06/07/1953 not available TORNADO 0 10 not available not available 07/03/1953 F1 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 05/10/1956 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 06/06/1956 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 07/18/1956 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 07/30/1956 F1 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 04/25/1957 F4 TORNADO 1 8 not available not available 05/16/1957 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/20/1957 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/13/1957 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/15/1957 F1 TORNADO 0 0 25K 0.00K 06/21/1957 0 TORNADO 0 0 0.03K 0.00K 05/30/1958 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 08/05/1958 0 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 09/05/1958 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/02/1959 F1 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 05/04/1959 F1 TORNADO 0 1 2.5K 0.00K 05/20/1959 F2 TORNADO 0 0 25K 0.00K 08/09/1959 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 08/30/1959 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/07/1962 F2 TORNADO 0 5 not available not available 04/20/1964 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/06/1964 F2 TORNADO 0 0 25K 0.00K 05/23/1964 F1 TORNADO 0 0 25K 0.00K 05/25/1964 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/08/1965 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/15/1965 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/22/1966 F2 TORNADO 0 1 0 0.00K 03/30/1967 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/15/1967 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/24/1968 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/10/1970 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/15/1970 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/23/1971 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 06/04/1971 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/06/1971 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/27/1972 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 07/03/1973 F1 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 03/27/1975 F2 TORNADO 0 4 not available not available 04/27/1975 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/06/1975 F4 TORNADO 3 133 2.5K 0.00K 06/26/1976 F1 TORNADO 0 23 not available not available 04/16/1977 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/04/1977 F1 TORNADO 0 0 2.5K 0.00K 05/26/1977 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0.25K 0.00K 07/24/1977 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 08/15/1977 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/29/1980 F1 TORNADO 0 2 2.5K 0.00K 04/03/1981 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/14/1982 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/12/1984 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 04/19/1985 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/07/1988 F2 TORNADO 2 1 2.5K 0.00K

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07/08/1988 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/18/1989 0 TORNADO 0 0 0.03K 0.00K 06/07/1989 0 TORNADO 0 0 0.5K 0.00K 03/13/1990 F4 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 08/02/1990 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/16/1991 F2 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/15/1992 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/15/1992 F3 TORNADO 0 1 not available not available 06/16/1992 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/12/1993 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 07/08/1993 F1 TORNADO 0 1 not available not available 05/08/1995 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/22/1996 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/20/1996 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 06/29/1997 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 04/08/1999 F1 TORNADO 0 0 290K 0.00K 04/21/1999 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/13/2000 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 04/11/2001 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 04/22/2001 F1 TORNADO 0 1 5K 0.00K 06/13/2001 F4 TORNADO 0 2 0 0.00K 05/04/2003 F1 TORNADO 0 0 20K 0.00K 05/08/2004 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/22/2004 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/12/2004 0 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 06/13/2004 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 03/30/2006 0 TORNADO 0 0 50K 0.00K 09/16/2006 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/29/2008 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/04/2008 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 06/08/2008 F2 TORNADO 0 3 not available not available 06/11/2008 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/19/2008 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 03/23/2009 F1 TORNADO 0 8 not available not available 06/17/2011 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 06/20/2011 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 04/14/2012 F1 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available 05/11/2014 F1 TORNADO 0 0 0 0.00K 09/23/2015 0 TORNADO 0 0 not available not available TOTALS 　 　 6 225 740.81K 0.00K Source: http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Nebraska/Saunders-County/Wahoo.html POTENTIAL LOSSES Table 22: Event Damage Estimate Formula

Average Annual Damages ($) = Total Damages in Dollars ($) / Total Years of Record Structural Valuation Impacted (%) = Average Annual Damages ($) / Total Structural Valuation ($) Average Damage per Event ($) = Total Damages Recorded ($) / Total Events Recorded ($)

Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 FUTURE PROBABILITY Table 23: The likelihood for tornado to occur in Wahoo city in the future is "Highly Likely". Highly Likely The event has occurred four or more times in the past 10 years

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Likely The event has occurred more than once, but less than four times in the past 10 years

Possible The event has occurred once in the past 10 years Unlikely No record of occurrence in recorded history. Source: City of Wahoo, Nebraska Hazard Mitigation Plan • February 2014 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT Work focus: Reduce the number of fatalities and injuries and loss of property caused by tornado. Update mitigation plan regularly to minimize the potential losses RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY Table 24: Tornado Risk Assessment Summary

Number of Past Events: 147 Number of Days of Past Events: 93 Total Years of Record: 45 Vulnerable Locations: Latitude : 40°30'N / —41°59'N

Longitude: 95°50'W—97°57'W Especially Mobile homes

Yearly Avg. of Tornados 2 Future Probability: Highly Likely

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URBAN FIRE HAZARD PROFILE Urban fires are classified as “uncontrolled burning in a residence or building from natural, human or technical causes”. These fires have a potential to spread to adjoining structures. Local city and county fire departments are tasked with the response and control of urban fires. According to the United States Fire Administration, fire risk “varies from region to region in the United States”. This often is a result of climate, poverty, education, demographics, and other causal factors. Often times, all that is needed to cause an uncontrolled urban fire is a heat source to spark a fire, flammable materials that act as a fuel source, and oxygen. Within the State of Nebraska, and the planning area specifically, urban fires can occur throughout the region, to any fire prone structure. LOCATION Urban fires are most likely to occur in developed, incorporated areas. The probability of fire occurrence has a direct correlation to the density and age of the structure. Older wood-built structures are at a greater risk of fire. Densely urbanized areas also have increased vulnerability to urban fire. EXTENT Urban fire has a history of occurring throughout the planning area. While urban fires are often localized events typically contained to an individual structure, it is possible for widespread outbreaks, which could involve multiple structures in close proximity to one another. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES Table 25 shows the “Fire Department Reporting History” between 1990 and 2016 in the planning area. The information for the table comes from the Nebraska State Fire Marshal’s Office and internet. There is no details for how many fire incidents happened in each year and how many damages were taking place. This is the best data available for urban fires for the planning area.

Table 25: Fire Department Reporting History between 1990 and 2016 Fire Department Reporting History

CO/DEPT

FDID

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

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Wahoo 06011

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

CO/DEPT

FDID

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Wahoo 06011

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sources: Nebraska State Fire Marshal’s Office PROBABILITY AND POTENTIAL LOSSES There is a 100 percent probability that urban fires will occur within the planning area in the future, particularly in more urban areas. Based on the data from the Nebraska State Fire Marshal, the urban fires happened every year across the planning area. Due to lack of data, potential losses are not being calculated for this threat. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT There are many strategies that can be undertaken to protect both existing and future assets. Any future development that occurs in the region with respect to residential and non-residential structures has the potential for fire damage or destruction. The use of building codes and Fire Wise building practices will reduce some of the damages that could occur or reduce the risk that neighboring structures could catch fire as easily. RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY Table 26: Urban Fire Risk Assessment Summary

Number of Past Events Not available Vulnerable Locations Entire planning areas, especially developed

areas Extent Single structure to multiple structures Annual Probability 100% Average Annual Losses Not available

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Capability Assessment Local government structure Mayor: Loren L. Lindahl City Council:

Ward I: Kevin Dunbar, R Michael Lawver

Ward II: James Svoboda, Greg Kavan

Ward III: Stuart Krejci, Gerry Tyler City Administrator: Melissa Harrell Chief of Police: Kevin Jackson Fire Chief: Mark Meyer

City Council Committee with Chairperson:

General Committee: James Svoboda Personnel and Finance: Stuart Krejci Parks, Recreation, and Cultural: Greg Kavan Streets and Sanitation: R Michael lawver Economic Development: Kevin Dunbar Board of Public Works: Gerry Tyler Airport: James Svoboda Public Buildings and Grounds: James Svoboda

Local Regulations/zoning: Zoning Administrator: Travis Beavers Municipal Codes in effect:

2009 International Building Code 2009 International Residential Code (with amendments as recommended by NCBOI) 2009 Uniform Plumbing Code 2009 Uniform Mechanical Code 2009 NFPA 101 Life Safety Code 2002 National Fuel Gas Code Nebraska State Energy Code, Sec 81-1601 through 81-1626 International Energy Construction Code 2003 - Climate Zone 13

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50

Current Zoning Districts

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Future Development Zones

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Comprehensive Plan and Hazard Mitigation Plan Synergy City of Wahoo’s Comprehensive Plan’s Goals Whose Outcome Supports Will Support Hazard Mitigation Programs: Goal: The City of Wahoo will continually evaluate the existing infrastructure to determine the necessity for updates and improvements in order to provide adequate services to the citizens of Wahoo and ensure systems have the capacity to support future growth and development.

Objectives: 1. Develop a short and long term program for improvements to the city’s community water service. 2. Continue regular upgrades of the city electrical and natural gas systems. 3. Make improvements to the Utilities Service Center 4. Identify funding sources that will assist the community in upgrading infrastructure such as the water system and sanitary sewer system, especially in older portions of the community. 5. Identify a long-range plan for improving the street system throughout the community including a stormwater management system, such as curb and gutters. 6. Establish and maintain GIS based maps of the cities water, sanitary, gas, electrical, and stormwater systems. 7. Establish a capital improvements plan for all utilities managed by the City in anticipation of future needs.

Goal: The City of Wahoo will operate and maintain the community facilities to meet both current needs and plan for development and improvement of new facilities to meet future demands.

Objectives: 1. The City of Wahoo will complete an evaluation of all existing community facilities in order to determine if upgrades or improvements are necessary. 2. Evaluate the existing city hall facility to determine feasibility for the construction and remodeling of a new facility. 3. Evaluate the possibility of building a ‘performing arts center’ to host cultural events. 4. Continue to plan for airport improvements as needed.

Goal: The City of Wahoo will continue to support the volunteer fire department, rescue squad, and police department to ensure adequate services and response times to the citizens of Wahoo. The city will continually evaluate and update the water and wastewater systems as needed.

Objectives: 1. The City Council will continue to support and promote community efforts in fundraising for continuous upgrades of equipment and provide training to support the volunteer fire department. 2. Promote enforcement of nuisance and other existing City ordinances relating to issues such as noise, weeds, and dilapidated housing.

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3. Continue to identify structures in need of demolishing and work with stakeholders in the community to complete this process on an ongoing basis. 4. Develop an Emergency Management Plan for the City that will guide necessary procedures in the event of natural and/or manmade disasters. 5. Work with the Three Rivers Public Health Department to ensure all available services and public health programs available are accessible to the citizens of Wahoo. 6. Implement projects as established in the 2007 City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Plan. 7. Establish a mechanism to work with property owners to clean up junk properties and remove junk vehicles.

Goal: The City of Wahoo will continuously recognize the importance of maintaining environmental conditions within and surrounding the community such as surface water and groundwater sources, flood plains, and air quality.

Objectives: 1. Future developments should be constructed while maintaining natural topographical features, drainage ways, and tree and grass cover, especially along waterways. 2. Work to create a wellhead protection plan and later adopt an overlay zone that allows the community to enforce more stringent land use regulations to protection the community’s supply of drinking water. 3. Utilizing volunteers, organize a ‘spring cleanup’ to include collection of household hazardous waste and litter pick-up. 4. Recognize the 100-year floodplain boundary and develop special restrictions for any type of development that may occur within or have an impact on the floodplain. 5. Support Lower Platte North NRD’s effort to construct Lake Wanahoo. 6. Work with each educational institutions, public agencies, the private sector, and any non-profit group to promote Wahoo as a healthy, sustainable ‘Green Community’.

Goal: The City of Wahoo will strive to reduce or prevent damage to property or prevent loss of life or serious injury through Hazard Mitigation.

Objectives: 1. Implement projects as described in the August 2007 City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2. Begin an update of the plan prior to the 5-year deadline of August 2012. 3. Utilize the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Pre-disaster Mitigation Program (PDM), Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) programs, and/or other funding opportunities for assistance in project cost. 4. Work in conjunction with Saunders County, and Lower Platte North Natural Resources District for implementation of flood mitigation projects. 5. If necessary, amend the plan to include unforeseen projects and opportunities.

Goal: The City of Wahoo will work with Saunders County as well as other entities and stakeholders to implement programs that provide effective planning for all future developmental activities affecting the community.

Objectives: 1. Execute an annual review of the Comprehensive Development Plan, Zoning Ordinance, and Subdivision Regulations.

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2. Develop an ongoing educational program relating to community planning and development issues so that residents are informed on planning decisions and become more familiar with any new developments in and surrounding the city. Continually recruit and educate residents for service on the planning commission, board of adjustment, and other city bodies as needed. 3. Through education, work on past planning and zoning problems through implementation of the new land use and transportation plan. 4. Pursue and utilize revenue sources other than the City operating budget for planning projects whenever possible. 5. Wahoo will facilitate efforts for future review and updating of the Comprehensive Development Plan and its supporting documents through continuous public participation. 6. Develop a ‘master plan’ to establish a future vision for the College Campus. 7. Develop a ‘corridor study’ to establish a vision and improve aesthetics of the area around for the former US Highway 77 from Wahoo Creek north to the Nebraska Highway 92 intersection.

Mitigation Alternatives The City of Wahoo prioritized their list of mitigation alternatives, using FEMA’s recommended STAPLEE process. S – Social: Mitigation actions are acceptable to the jurisdiction if they do not adversely affect a particular segment of the population, do not cause relocation of lower income people, and if they are compatible with the jurisdictions social and cultural values. T – Technical: Mitigation actions are technically most effective if they provide long-term reduction of losses and have minimal secondary adverse impacts. A – Administrative: Mitigation actions are easier to implement if the jurisdiction has the necessary staffing and funding. P – Political: Mitigation actions can truly be successful if all stakeholders have been offered an opportunity to participate in the planning process and if there is public support of the action. L – Legal: It is critical that the jurisdiction or implementing agency have the legal authority to implement and enforce a mitigation action. E – Economical: Budget constraints can significantly deter the implementation of mitigations actions. Hence, it is important to evaluate whether an action is cost-effective, as determined by a cost-benefit review, and possible to fund. E – Environmental: Sustainable mitigation actions that do not have an adverse effect on the environment, that comply with Federal, State, and local environmental regulations, and that are

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consistent with the jurisdiction’s environmental goals, have mitigation benefits while being environmentally sound. MITIGATION ALTERNATIVE ACTION ITEMS Criteria to consider besides the STAPLEE process are: Does the action protect lives? Does the action address hazards or areas with the highest risk. Does the action protect critical or vulnerable facilities/community assets? Does the action meet multiple objectives? Based on these criteria the city of Wahoo determined the best mitigation alternative actions to be: Protect the Health and Safety of Residents The city of Wahoo establish goal to reduce or prevent damage to property or prevent loss of life or serious injury. Reduce Future Losses from Hazard Events The objective of goal two is provide protection for existing structures, future development, critical facilities, services and utilities. Increase Public Awareness and Educate on the Vulnerability to Hazards Develop and provide information to residents and businesses about the types of hazards they are exposed to, what the effects of them may be, where they occur, and what they can do to be better prepared. Improve Emergency Management Capabilities Response and abilities of city and county emergency responders be improved. Pursue Multi-Objective Opportunities Whenever Possible Use existing resources to implement projects and/or programs. Prioritized Mitigation Actions

Hazards Addressed Priority

All 1) Educate public and disseminate information regarding all hazards to population through town hall meetings, presentations to groups, and displays Responsible Party: Department of Public Health Emergency Management Agency (EMA) Funding Source(s): federal, state, local or grant Suggested Timeframe: ongoing

1

All 2) Offer and promote the use of an area-wide warning text message system such as Alert Sense. Responsible Party: County EMA and Department of

1

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Public Health Funding Source(s): local Suggested Timeframe: within six months of FEMA approval of HMP

All 3) Encourage use of NOAA all-hazard radios in residences and businesses throughout unincorporated area. Responsible Party: County EMA Funding Source(s): local or grant Suggested Timeframe: ongoing

1

Future Development: All future development within Wahoo’s jurisdiction should consider the impacts upon downstream areas regarding increased amounts of stormwater runoff. It is assumed that the City of Wahoo will continue to grow at the rate based on the current population trends for the city. As the city expands along the community will consider potential runoff. In addition, this same special consideration should be taken when examining redevelopment areas within the existing limits. Increased runoff may be contained within a retention/detention basin on the development site, within parking lot designs, or any other approved means. The following policies should be considered by the City of Wahoo regarding post development runoff.

-minimize runoff from all new development within city limits -Design should be based upon a 10-year storm event. -incorporate porous concrete where feasible

Implementing these policies will significantly reduce runoff and potential damage to critical and vulnerable infrastructures. The State of Nebraska has established a process for communities to extend their corporate limits into urban or suburban areas situated contiguous to an existing community, provided the criteria for such action is justified. The city of Wahoo should utilize this existing power to take preventive action and increase the quality of life for Wahoo citizens as the one-mile area beyond the City limits will play a major factor in Wahoo’s future growth. The land uses in the extraterritorial area will include all the land uses. However, the City of Wahoo needs to work with Saunders County on the development of an Interlocal Agreement for extending the one-mile extraterritorial jurisdiction to two-miles as allowed by the Nebraska Revised State Statute §13-327. All future developments along the Expressway will follow the Corridor Protection Law. The Corridor Protection Law requires that the Nebraska Department of Roads complete subdivision review for proposals within designated corridors. Exact coverage of the Corridor needs to be

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updated periodically and information on these issues needs to be collected from the Nebraska Department of Roads. R802.11.1 Uplift Resistance - Roof assemblies which are subject to wind uplift pressures of 20 pounds per square foot (0.958kN/m2 or greater shall have roof rafters or trusses attached to their supporting wall assemblies by connections capable of providing the resistance required in Table R802.11. Wind uplift pressures shall be determined using an effective wind area of 100 square feet (9.3 m2) and Zone 1 in Table R301.2(2), as adjusted for height and exposure per Table R301.2(3). A continuous load path shall be provided to transmit the uplift forces from the rafter or truss ties to the foundation. (2003 International Residential Code)

Comprehensive Plan’s Anticipated Future Developments and Actions to Take in Preparation for Them:

Typically, older Midwest communities are characterized by a fixed pattern of land use influenced by the consistency of their rural settings relaxed pace. However, Wahoo is experiencing increasing levels of growth and development pressures from both the Lincoln and Omaha areas. In addition, there are current plans for a US Highway 77 bypass to the west and north of the community, the development of an ethanol plant near town, and the construction of a 630-acre reservoir north of the corporate boundaries. Individually, these types of activities will create impacts upon the community and its residents. Taken together, these projects can drastically affect the land use in and around the Wahoo area and will significantly affect the way Wahoo grows in the future. Since the development of the four-lane expressway intersecting Nebraska Highway 92 west of town, Wahoo has acquired responsibility over Old Highway 77 between the US Highway 77/First Street intersection south to Wahoo Creek (corporate limits). Saunders County is responsible for maintenance of the remainder of Old Highway 77 extending south beyond that point. Several existing corridors have been identified by NDOR to be utilized for future connection to the US Highway 77 expressway: • Nebraska Highway 92 (First Street) • 15th Street • Chestnut Street • Nebraska Highway 109/Existing US Highway 77

(3-6Months) 1. Adopt the Wahoo Comprehensive Development Plan 2. Evaluate current zoning and subdivision regulations based upon the adopted comprehensive plan 3. Continue working with Saunders County to extend the extraterritorial jurisdiction to 2-miles 4. Pursue funding opportunities to provide improvements/development of city infrastructure 5. Update the subdivision regulations Short Term Recommendations

(One Year) 1. Evaluate sidewalk conditions and establish an improvement plan 2. Complete a wellhead protection plan, overlay zone, and source water protection plan 3.

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Continue implementation of the 2007 Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Plan 4. Establish a redevelopment Master Plan for College Campus 5. Continue working to alleviate drainage and flooding concerns Long Term Recommendations

(Two to Five Years) 1. Consider implementation of a GIS to manage city facilities and utilities, permitting, and record management 2. Educate residents, businesses, and property owners with respect to develop methods and policies that reduce the amount of runoff, erosion, and pollutants 3. Establish a Highway 77 Corridor plan

Plan Monitoring and Updating The City of Wahoo will continually monitor the hazard mitigation plan referencing the

plan whenever new development or re-modeling of current structures occur. The city of Wahoo will need to go through the hazard mitigation planning process and

either develope a new plan or update the current one by the year 2020.

Suggested Actions Promote use of higher codes and standards

Encourages that buildings will exceed current codes and have a longer lifespan Low cost to implement, possible higher building costs

Create stormwater master plan Understand how water moves through city to help identify the best action for mitigating storm water accumulation Results may aid in protecting current and planned housing and infrastructure Study cost: $5,000-25,000

Low impact development and green infrastructure practices Reduce runoff and flooding Limits ecological impact and reduces pollution Low cost to implement, possible higher building costs

Preservation of the floodplain program Help farmers/landowners with the preservation of floodplain areas Cost: $5,000 Mostly seed and consulting Can participate in Federal credit program if floodplains are expanded

Weather shelter for public use Possible construction of new or remodeling of current critical facility may aid in securing grants for weather shelter to be included into the building Mobile homes and other residences without basements would benefit greatly from weather shelter May be warranted depending on climate change alterations with extreme weather events frequencies and intensities

City-wide shelter-in-place and mass evacuation drill/training/program

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Wahoo can act as a corridor between Omaha and Lincoln, especially with the recent creation of the by-pass, that in combination of the railroad increases the chances of chemical spill. Can aid for preparation of other city wide disasters either natural or manmade.

Water conservation awareness program Use of pamphlets, radio and TV ads.

Water protection program Establish protection around city’s well-heads. Create regulations regarding fertilizer use within city limits

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Acknowledgments UNL Project Team:

Tatiana Height -Community Planning Graduate Student

Allison Kathol -Community Planning Graduate Student

Qiao Hu -Community Planning Graduate Student

Adam Romans -Environmental Restoration Undergraduate

David Rodriguez -Water Science Undergraduate

Hong Zhang -Community Planning Graduate Student

Special thanks to City of Wahoo’s Clerk/City Administrator/Treasurer Melissa Harrell for meeting with us and giving us an opportunity to discuss the hazard mitigation process.

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Project team meeting with Melissa Harrell

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References 1. http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/saunders.htm#wahoo 2. http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/reports/Saunders%20County%20Report.pdf 3. American Journal of Managed Care, November 2006 http://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2006/2006-11-vol12-n13suppl/nov06-2390ps348-s352 4. City of Wahoo Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2014 5. Nebraska Historical Society http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/saunders/SD16-124_OK_Market.pdf 6. Nebraska Historical Society http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/saunders/SD16-085_Kirchman_Hse.pdf 7. Census.gov

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Appendix A: Informative Slideshow for Community of Wahoo

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65

66

67

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Appendix B: Plan Adoption Documents Council Chambers Wahoo, Nebraska June 11, 2015 The Council met in regular session and in compliance with agenda posted at City Hall, Post Office and First Bank of Nebraska with each Council member being notified of agenda prior to the meeting. The meeting was called to order by Mayor Loren Lindahl at 7:00 p.m. and opened with the Pledge of Allegiance. The Mayor informed the public of the location of posting of the Open Meetings Law. Roll call was taken with the following Council members present: Mike Lawver, Greg Kavan, Gerry Tyler, Stuart Krejci, Jim Svoboda, and Kevin Dunbar. Absent: none. A motion was made by Lawver, seconded by Kavan to approve the following items listed on the consent agenda: 1. Minutes of the May 28, 2015 meeting of the Mayor and Council 2. Minutes of May 12, 2015 meeting of Library Board 3. Minutes of June 4, 2015 meeting of Planning Commission 4. Licenses: Plumbers: Tracy Nesson, Fud & Tracy’s Plumbing & Heating, Wahoo; Dennis Wellman, 21st Century Builders, Mead. HVAC: Fud Snyder, Fud & Tracy’s Plumbing & Heating, Wahoo. Roll call vote: Lawver, yes; Kavan, yes; Tyler, yes; Dunbar, yes; Svoboda, yes; and Krejci, yes. Absent and not voting: None. Motion carried. Department Head reports were reviewed. The Mayor announced the next order of business was second reading of Ordinance No. 2185. Construction methods, minimum 42-inch footing depth, and footing construction requirements were discussed. It was noted Planning Commission recommended specifying non-reflective covering and Ithaca does not allow galvanized steel on pole structures. Lawver moved to introduce Ordinance No. 2185 for second reading, seconded by Krejci. Lawver moved that the statutory rules in regard to the passage and adoption of ordinances be suspended so that the said ordinance might be introduced, read by title, and then moved for final passage at the same meeting. Motion died for lack of a second. Members discussed what is “customary” in construction, the difference in siding options available from stores like Menards and Lowes versus Cleary and Morton buildings, and a “residential” appearance versus “farm” appearance. Russell Ahlers and Eric Gottschalk offered information. Dunbar moved to amend Ordinance No. 2185 by insertion of: 7. Non-glass exterior materials shall be nonreflective. Motion seconded by Krejci. Roll call vote: Dunbar, yes; Krejci, yes; Svoboda, yes; Lawver, yes; Kavan, yes; and Tyler, yes. Absent and not voting: none. Motion to amend carried. Svoboda moved to amend Ordinance No. 2185, item 6 to add: with post above ground resting on concrete footing. Motion died for lack of a second. Ordinance No. 2185 was introduced by Council Member Lawver entitled: AN ORDINANCE TO AMEND ORDINANCE NO. 1886, KNOWN, AND CITED, AS THE ZONING ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF WAHOO, NEBRASKA, ADOPTED JANUARY 27, 2005, BY THE AMENDMENT OF SECTION 4.12 ACCESSORY BUILDING AND USES; PROVIDING FOR THE PUBLICATION OF THIS ORDINANCE IN PAMPHLET FORM. The Mayor then instructed the

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Clerk to read Ordinance No. 2185 of the City of Wahoo, Nebraska. The Clerk thereupon read the aforesaid Ordinance No. 2185 by title. Council Member Lawver moved that Ordinance No. 2185 as amended be approved on its second reading. Council Member Krejci seconded the motion. The Mayor instructed the Clerk to call the roll for the vote and the following was the vote on this motion: Lawver, yes; Krejci, yes; Dunbar, yes; Kavan, yes; Svoboda, yes; and Tyler, yes. Absent and not voting: None. Motion carried. Council Member Lawver moved that the statutory rules in regard to the passage and adoption of ordinances be suspended so that the said ordinance might be introduced, read by title, and then moved for final passage at the same meeting. Council Member Svoboda seconded said motion. The Mayor put the question and instructed the Clerk to call for the roll for the vote thereon. The Clerk called the roll and the following was the vote on the motion to suspend the rules: Lawver, yes; Svoboda, yes; Dunbar, yes; Krejci, yes; Tyler, yes; and Kavan, no. Absent and not voting: none. The motion having been carried by the affirmative votes of no less than three-fourths of the members of the Council, the Mayor declared the statutory rules in regards to the passage and approval of ordinance be suspended so that Ordinance No. 2185 may be read by title and moved for final passage in the same meeting. Council Member Lawver moved that Ordinance No. 2185 as amended be approved on third and final reading and passed and its title agreed to. Council Member Krejci seconded the motion. The Mayor instructed the Clerk to call the roll for the vote and the following was the vote on this motion: Lawver, yes; Krejci, yes; Svoboda, yes; Dunbar, Kavan, no; and Tyler, yes. Absent and not voting: none. Motion carried. The passage and adoption of said Ordinance having been concurred then by a majority of all members of the Council, the Mayor declared the Ordinance adopted and that the Ordinance be forwarded to the Mayor for the Mayor’s signature. The Clerk attested the passage and approval of the same and affixed her signature thereto. The Mayor ordered the Ordinance to be published in pamphlet form and that said Ordinance be kept in a separate and distinct Ordinance volume record, and that said and distinct Volume be incorporated and made a part of these proceedings the same as though it was read at large herein. Beavers presented the replat for lot combination of Lots 9 and 10, Sycamore Hills Subdivision, into one lot for boundary and setback purposes. The owners intend to build a new house and utilize both lots for construction. The Planning Commission approved the replat. Motion by Kavan, seconded by Lawver, to approve the Lot 9 Replat. Roll call vote: Kavan, yes; Lawver, yes; Tyler, yes; Dunbar, yes; Svoboda, yes; and Krejci, yes. Absent and not voting: none. Motion carried. The following resolution, Resolution No. 2015-12 was introduced by Lawver, who moved for its approval, seconded by Kavan: “WHEREAS, the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 was signed in to law on October 30, 2000, placing new emphasis on state and local mitigation planning for natural hazards and requiring communities to adopt a hazard mitigation action plan to be eligible for pre-disaster and post-disaster federal funding for mitigation purposes; and

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WHEREAS, a Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan was prepared by Lower Platte North Natural Resources District, with assistance from JEO Consulting Group, Inc. of Lincoln, NE. which includes the jurisdiction of the City of Wahoo. WHEREAS, the purpose of the mitigation plan was to lessen the effects of disasters by increasing the disaster resistance of the Natural Resources District and participating jurisdictions located within the planning boundary by identifying the hazards that affect the City of Wahoo and prioritize mitigation strategies to reduce potential loss of life and property damage from those hazards, and WHEREAS, FEMA regulations require documentation that the plan has been formally adopted by the governing body of the City of Wahoo in the form of a resolution and further requesting approval of the plan at the Federal Level; and NOW, THEREFORE, the governing body of the City of Wahoo, does herewith adopt the Lower Platte North Natural Resources District Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Update in its entirety.” Roll call vote: Lawver, yes; Kavan, yes; Tyler, yes; Krejci, yes; Svoboda, yes; and Dunbar, yes. Absent and not voting: none. Motion carried. Motion by Lawver, seconded by Svoboda, to authorize the Mayor to sign the Entry and Testing Agreement between SBA Towers VI, LLC and the City of Wahoo to grant access to the site at 15th and Hackberry. Roll call vote: Lawver, yes; Svoboda, yes; Kavan, yes; Krejci, yes; Dunbar, yes; and Tyler, yes. Absent and not voting: none. Motion carried. The Mayor noted a new strip mall building in Yutan. Beavers reported contact by developers who want to use downtown buildings for apartments or storage, which is not permitted. Members discussed what could be done to encourage new storefront businesses in the downtown area by the Chamber and Greater Wahoo Development Foundation. Motion by Lawver, seconded by Kavan, to adjourn at 7:55 p.m. Approved: _________________________________ ________________________________ Melissa M. Harrell, City Clerk Loren L. Lindahl, Mayor

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CITY/VILLAGE OF __________________________

NEBRASKA

RESOLUTION NO. _______________

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY/VILLAGE OF _______________________ ADOPTING THE Cedar and Dixon Counties Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard

Mitigation Plan

WHEREAS the governing body of the City/Village of _____________________ recognizes the threat that natural hazards pose to people and property within the City/Village of ___________________; and

WHEREAS Cedar and Dixon Counties have prepared a multi-hazard, multi-jurisdictional hazard mitigation plan, hereby known as the 2016 Cedar and Dixon Counties Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000; and

WHEREAS the Cedar and Dixon Counties Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies mitigation goals and actions to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property in the City/Village of_____________________ from the impacts of future hazards and disasters; and

WHEREAS adoption by the governing body of the City/Village of _____________________

demonstrates their commitment to the mitigation of hazards and achieving the goals outlined in the 2016 Cedar and Dixon Counties Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.

NOW, THEREFORE, the governing body of the City/Village of _____________________, does herewith adopt the 2016 Cedar and Dixon Counties Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan in its entirety;

PASSED AND APPROVED this ____ day of _________, 2016.

______________________________ Mayor/Chairperson

ATTEST: ______________________________

Clerk

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