View
230
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Edward Jenner and Cowpox Vaccine Edward Jenner,M.D.(British) 1789 將取自擠奶女工痘痂之牛痘病毒 (C
owpox Virus) ,給一位八歲男孩子接種,使他得到抵抗天花病毒 (Smallpox Virus) 感染之免疫力
—Active Immunisation.
1900 Germany Chemist Paul Ehrlich and Ab Phytotoxin 免疫老鼠後得到之血清 (Antitoxin) 具有中和植物毒素的作用 ---Antibody Side Chain Theory 1908 Nobel Prize
Elie Metchnikoff and Phagocytes 1885 Biologist(Russia)Elie metchnikoff 發現以玫瑰刺進 Invetebr
ates 體內其周圍會出現 Macrophagocytes 後來在哺乳動物發現也有此類 Cell
1908 shared Nobel Prize with Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, DrugChemical MoleculeDrug + Receptor-------- Drug-Receptor Complex------ Pharmacologic Response
Routes of Drug Administration 1. Oral Administration 2. Sublingual 3. Rectal 4. Intravenous 5. Intramuscular 6. Subcutaneous 7. Inhalation
1. Garlic Garlic is a bulb.It may be used As dried, powdered,and compressed into a tablet. Key Component—Alliin
3.Cranberry Citric,Malic,Benzoic and Qunic Acids Cranberry Juice has been used as a UrinaryTract Disinfectant.
5. Ginseng The root of the species Panax ginseng, also called Asian or Korean ginseng Ginsenoside stimulates the CNS,combats fatigue.
Pharmacological Classification1. Acting on the GI Tract
(1) Peptic Ulcer No Acid,No Ulcer Antacids: NaHCO3, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
It binds to the ulcer site to form a protective barrier that prevents exposure of the lesion to acid. Side Effect:Constipation
Benzodiazepines(BDZs) Sleep Disorder Acute Anxiety StatesAt night large dose:Hypnotics Day time small dose: Anxiolytic,SedativeSublingual,IM,IV
Dependence of BDZs: Physical Withdrawal Syndrome Drug Interactions of BDZs:With Alcohol------------ Additive or Synergistic Effect
Triazolam(Halcion) 小白板has all of the characteristic benzodiazepinepharmacological actions.It ismarked as a sedative-hypnotic drug.
4. Antipsychotics DrugsAlso known as Neuroleptics( 鎮神藥 ) Or Major TranquilizersSchizophrenia( 精神分裂 )
Negative Symptoms:Thought Disorder,Behavioural Disturbances, Flat or Inappropriate Affect ( 單調或不合宜的情感 ), Social Withdrawal
Pharmacological action: Sedation,Disinterest( 冷漠 ), Limited Range of Emotion Dysphoria( 不快 ) Improve positive Symptom
Side Effect: Orthostatic Hypotension, Xerostomia( 口乾 ), Akathysia( 不能靜坐 ) Agitation( 情緒激昂 ) Delirium( 譫妄 ) Gynecomastia ( 男性女乳化 ) Tolerance
Classification of Antipsychotics1. Phenothiazine Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Strong Sedation 治療具暴力傾向病人
It might prevent excessive Release of Dopamine Side Effect: Polydipsia 劇渴 Polyuria 多尿 Edema Tetratogenic
Antidepressants(1)Endogenous Depression
內生性憂鬱症 Profound Sadness 深悲 Passimism 悲觀 Loss of Interest Sleep Disturbances
(3) Manicdepressive Disorder 躁鬱症 Pharmacological Action: Antidepressants can block Reuptake of Norepinephrine
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)(1) Aspirin Acetylsalicylic Acid(ASA) Low cost & Effective Dose:4g/day 具有止痛抗發炎與解熱作用
(3) Morphine Classification of Pain A. Physiological Most common Ex.Getting a cut B. Inflammatory Infection Tissue Injury
Pain Manegement Morphine—Pain Relieving Opium Papaver somniferum Depression of CNS Treatment of Severe Pain急性劇烈及持續性內臟疼痛有效
Increased Tolerance to Pain Lower Perception of External Stimuli Feeling of Well-Being(Euphoria) Addiction
Withdrawal Symptom Physical Dependence CNS Hyperactivity: 憂慮 顫抖 頭痛 易怒 心跳加速 肌肉 Spasticity Vomiting Anorexia
Estrogen:Development of secondary sex Characteristics in women at PubertyDevelopment of Lipid & Other Tissues that contribute To Breast Shape and Function.
Phytoestrogens: Several Natural Plant Substance That have General Structural Features Similar to Those of Estrogen
Therapeutic Action1. Treating Cardiovascular Disease2. Reducing Postmenopausal Symptoms3. Preventing Osteoporosis
Birth Control 1. Inhibition of Ovulation Estrogen + Progestrone 2. Abortifacient( 墮胎藥 ) Mifepristone(RU486) 1980 France Roussell Uclaf Synthesized 38486---RU486
(1) Antagonizing the Effect of Progesterone at Receptor(2) Decrease in Progesterone Secretion(3) Softening of the Cervix, Which aids in expulsion Of the Fertilized Ovum
High Dose of EstrogenCigarette Smoking increase The risk of(1) Thromboembolic Disease Blood Clots(2) Cancer Cell Spreading
降低 Estrogen Content1.Progestin Minipill Progesterone only Suppress Ovulation2.Depo(Provera) IM Injection Medroxyprogesterone
3.Transdermal Contraceptives FDA approved the 1st transdermal contraceptive Patch in 2001 Norelgestromin+Estradiol Once a week for 3 weeks 1%--Pregnancy 99%--OK
4. Progesterone IUD Low Progesterone Dose 38 mg of microcrystalline progesterone dispersed in silicone oil The dispersion is contained in a flexible polymer in the approximate shape of a T
The Polymer acts as a membrane to permit 65ug of progesterone to be releasedSlowly into the uterus each day for 1 year.Problem:perforation of Uterus and Cervix
排卵引起微幅體溫上升 0.2 C 36.4--------------------36.6 C安全避孕方法卵子存活不超過 72hrs精子在陰道存活不超過 72hrs72+72=144hrs=6 days 危險期
9. Antibiotics(1) Penicillin
Penicillin G Abuse-------Resistance Allergic Reaction 6-APA—Semisynthetic
(4)Vancomycin Inhibition of Cell Wall (peptidoglycan) Toxic Side Effect:Slight Cotinued use may lead to Impaired Auditory
An Introduction to Drug Education1.Efforts to limit the use and abuse of various drugs Drug,Alcohol,Tobacco Drug:Alter the structure and Functions of the body.
Withdrawal: A variety of physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an accustomed dose level of a drug is abruptly cut off.
Prevention: Avoid or decrease health Problems.Intervention: Early identification and treatment of an alcohol or other drug problem that has already begun.
Treatment: Activities done with the objective of eliminating an individual’s drug abuse and repairing some of the damage and disability that has occurred.
Central Nerve System Inhibitors1. Alcohols Stimulation first, Then Inhibition of CNS Disulfiram(Antabuse) Block Metabolism of EtOH
2. Barbituates Secobarbital Seconal,Red,红中 紅色膠囊 Amobarbital Amital 青發 青色膠囊 Methaqualone Nominox,White 白板 白色藥片
Triazolam(Halcion) 小白板has all of the characteristic benzodiazepinepharmacological actions.It ismarked as a sedative-hypnotic drug.
3.CNS depressant Anxiolytic,Sedative, Hypnotic Morphine Extracted From Opium Papaver somniferum Analgestic
1880s was used by German military to combat fatigue. Addictive properties At low dose, Feeling of well-being, Decreased fatigue Local Anesthetic
Clinical Symptoms of Drug Abuse 1. Convulsion 2. Inhibition of Respiration 3. Hallucination 4. Ataxia 5. Hypertension 6. Hypotension
Story of CocaineCocaine , AmphetamineCNS StimulantCocaine:more strong than AmphetamineMore Euphoria and Addiction
Erythroxylum coca leaves印地安人認為上帝賜予減輕飢渴禮物含有改 變心智之神秘物質 咬嚼古柯葉
Spanish brought coca leaves to Europe,路途遙遠運送時間太長作用消失故未在歐洲 引起流行
3. IS and Lung Cancer More than 1 box/day Lung Cancer罹患率增加 2.1-3.0 X Below 1 box/day,Lung Cancer 罹患率增加 1.6X