64
Biophilia, Biophilic Design and Biophilic City Human-Nature Interaction in the urban areas GAN Jing College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University 2014.11.12

Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

  • Upload
    vunhan

  • View
    227

  • Download
    4

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilia, Biophilic Design and Biophilic City Human-Nature Interaction in the urban areas

GAN Jing

College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University

2014.11.12

Page 2: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction
Page 3: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilia

最早是由德国社会心理学家Erich SeligmannFromm在其1964年出版的《人之心(The Heart of Man)》一书中提出,用来描述一种人类被所有有生命且有活力的物质所吸引的心理倾向。

字面意思是“对于生命或生命系统的热爱(love of life or living systems)”,即人类具有与自然世界相联系的天性。

Page 4: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilia

there is an instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems.

The biophilia hypothesis:

人类与自然之间的密切联系可能植根于其生物学本能。

“人类下意识地寻求与其他生命之间的联系”

“Bio”即是“生物、生命”之意,而“Philias”则为人类对其自然周边环境中的特定栖息地、活动和对象所具有的吸引力和积极的感觉。

Biophilia (1984).

Page 5: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

进一步完善了“生命亲和”的理论假设,指出自然的多样性是人类智慧的源泉,当代技术和经济对自然多样性的破坏势必导致对人类思想智慧的破坏。

——保护生物多样性的重要性。

——人类的福祉受到自然世界的影响,环境破坏对生活质量造成影响,不仅体现在物质方面,也体现在心里和精神层面

The Biophilia Hypothesis(1984)

Page 6: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

.

1.实用主义的(utilitarian):practical and material exploitation2.自然主义的(naturalistic): direct experience and exploration3.生态学与科学的 (ecologistic scientific): systematic andempirical study4.美学的(aesthetic): physical appeal and beauty5.象征意义的(symbolic):nature in language and expressive thought6.人性的 (humanistic): emotional attachment to aspects of nature7.道德立场的(moralistic): spiritual reverence and ethical concern8.居支配地位的(dominionistic):mastery and physical control9.持否定心态的(negativistic): fear and aversion

The Value of Life (1996)

9大“生命亲和价值”假设A typology of nine values

Page 7: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

I. THE THEORY OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. II. THE SCIENCE AND BENEFITS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. III. THE PRACTICE OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN.

Biophilic Design:The Theory and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life(2008)

“生命亲和设计”是一种强调在建成环境中维护、加强和保留自然有益经验的创新举措,这种贴近自然的设计,曾经是早期人类建造史的常态,然而现代技术与工程革命使人类相信现代文明应以脱离自然世界的性状为标杆,从而使得“现代化”的建成环境设计与开发的主导范式成为一种以不可持续的能源资源消耗、空气与水环境污染、气候变化、产生过量废物为标志的灾难。因而,回归自然本源的设计成为重要的选择。与倡导节能减排和低冲击开发的绿色建筑设计聚焦于减少对环境的负面影响不同,“生命亲和设计”认为亲近自然系统的建筑和人工景观有利于塑造人们的舒适感和幸福感,并探讨了这一设计理念对身心保健、工作场所营造、儿童心理发展以及社区营建的积极作用。

Page 8: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilc Design“生命亲和”设计

Two Dimensions:1.Organic and naturalistic dimension建成环境的外观与形态直接、间接或象征性地反映人类与自然的内在联系。直接:日光、植物、动物、自然栖息地和生态系统等能自我维持的自然环境要素;间接:需要人类输入才能存活的自然(盆栽植物、喷泉、水族馆);象征性:不直接接触真实自然,但通过图像、照片、视频、比喻来接触

2.Place-based or vernacular dimension建筑和景观与一个地方或地理区域的文化和生态相关联场所感

Page 9: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

生命亲和设计的要素与属性Elements and Attributes of Biophilc Design

1.环境特征 Environmental features

2.自然外观和形态 Natural shapes and forms

3.自然模式和过程 Natural patterns and processes

4.光与空间 Light and space

5.基于场所的关系Place-based relationships

6.人与自然的进化关系 Evolved human-nature relationships

Page 10: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

1.环境特征 Environmental features• 色彩 Color• 水 Water• 空气 Air• 日光 Sunlight• 植物 Plants• 动物 Animals• 自然材料 Natural materials• 景致和远眺 Views and vistas• 立面绿化 Façade greening• 地质与景观 Geology and landscape• 生境与生态系统 Habitats and ecosystems• 火焰 Fire

Page 11: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

2.自然外观和形态 Natural shapes and forms

• 植物图案 Botanical motifs

• 树木和柱状支撑 Tree and columnar supports

• 动物(脊椎动物)图案 Animal(mainly vertebrate) motifs

• 贝壳与螺旋 Shells and spirals

• 蛋、椭圆形和管状形态 Egg, oval, and tubular forms

• 拱、拱顶、穹顶 Arches, vaults, domes

• 抵制直线和直角的外形 Shapes resisting straight lines and right angles

• 模拟自然特征 Simulation of natural features

• 生物形态 Biomorphy

• 地貌形态 Geomorphology

• 仿生学 Biomimicry

Page 12: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

3.自然模式和过程 Natural patterns and processes• 感觉变化 Sensory variability• 信息丰富性 Information richness• 年龄、变化与时间的流逝 Age, change, and the patina of time• 生长和开花 Growth and efflorescence• 中心焦点 Central Focal point• 图案的整体 Patterned wholes• 有界的空间 Bounded spaces• 过渡空间 Transitional spaces• 关联的系列和链 Linked series and chains• 部分到整体的整合 Integration of parts to wholes• 互补对比 Complementary contrasts• 动态平衡与张力 Dynamic balance and tension• 分形 Fractals• 分级组织的比例与规模 Hierarchically organized ratios and scales

Page 13: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

4.光与空间 Light and space• 自然光 Natural light• 滤光和散射光 Filtered and diffused light• 光与影 Light and shadow• 反射光 Reflected light• 光池 Light pools• 暖光 Warm light• 作为外形和形态的光 Light as shape and form• 宽敞 Spaciousness• 空间变异 Spatial variability• 作为外形和形态的空间 Space as shape and form• 空间和谐 Spatial harmony• 内外空间 Inside-outside spaces

Page 14: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

5.基于场所的关系 Place-based relationships• 与场所的地理联系 Geographic connection to place• 与场所的历史联系 Historic connection to place• 与场所的生态联系 Ecological connection to place• 与场所的文化联系 Cultural connection to place• 本土材料 Indigenous materials• 景观方向 Landscape orientation• 定义建筑形态的景观特征 Landscape features that define building form• 景观生态 Landscape ecology• 文化与生态的整合 Integration of culture and ecology• 场所精神 Spirit of place• 避免无场所性 Avoiding placelessness

Page 15: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Place-based relationships

Page 16: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

6.人与自然的进化关系 Evolved human-nature relationships• 展望与庇护 Prospect and refuge• 秩序与复杂性 Order and complexity• 好奇与诱惑 Curiosity and enticement• 变化与变形 Change and metamorphosis• 安全与保护 Security and protection• 主宰与控制 Mastery and control• 亲情与依恋 Affection and attachment• 吸引与美感 Attraction and beauty• 探索与发现 Exploration and discovery• 信息与认知 Information and cognition• 恐惧与敬畏 Fear and awe• 崇敬和灵性 Reverence and spirituality

Page 17: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic theory and Research for Healthcare Design

Page 18: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic theory and Research for Healthcare Design

Page 19: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic theory and Research for Healthcare Design

Page 20: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

I. THE THEORY OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 1: Dimensions, Elements, and Attributes of Biophilic Design (Stephen Kellert). Chapter 2: The Nature of Human Nature (Edward O. Wilson). Chapter 3: A Good Place to Settle: Biomimicry, Biophilia, and the Return of Nature’s Inspiration to Architecture (Janine Benyus). Chapter 4: Water, Biophilic Design, and the Built Environment (Martin Mador). Chapter 5: Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design (Nikos Salingaros and Kenneth Masden). II. THE SCIENCE AND BENEFITS OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 6: Biophilic Theory and Research for Healthcare Design (Roger Ulrich). Chapter 7: Nature Contact and Human Health: Building the Evidence Base (Howard Frumkin). Chapter 8: Where Windows Become Doors (Vivian Loftness). Chapter 9: Restorative Environmental Design: What, When, Where, and for Whom (Terry Hartig, Tina Bringslimark ,and Grete Grindal Patil)? Chapter 10: Healthy Planet, Healthy Children: Designing Nature into the Daily Spaces of Childhood (Robin Moore and Clare Cooper Marcus). Chapter 11: Children and the Success of Biophilic Design (Richard Louv). Chapter 12: The Extinction of Natural Experience in the Built Environment (Robert Pyle and David Orr). III. THE PRACTICE OF BIOPHILIC DESIGN. Chapter 13: Biophilia and Sensory Aesthetics (Judith Heerwagen and Bert Gregory). Chapter 14: Evolving an Environmental Aesthetic (Stephen Kieran). Chapter 15: The Picture Window: the Problem of Viewing Nature through Glass (Kent Bloomer). Chapter 16: Biophilic Architectural Space (Grant Hildebrand). Chapter 17: Towards Biophilic Cities: Strategies for Integrating Nature into Urban Design (Tim Beatley). Chapter 18: Green Urbanism: Developing Restorative Urban Biophilia (Jonathan Rose). Chapter 19: The Greening of the Brain (Pliny Fisk). Chapter 20: Bringing Buildings to Life (Tom Bender). Chapter 21: Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature (Alex Wilson). Chapter 22: Transforming Building Practices through Biophilic Design (Jenifer Seal Cramer and William Browning). Chapter 23 Reflections on Implementing Biophilic Design (Robert Fox and Robert Berkebile).

Page 21: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic cities are cities of abundant nature in close proximity to large numbers of urbanites; biophilic cities are biodiverse cities, that value, protect and actively restore this biodiversity; biophilic cities are green and growing cities, organic and natureful

Biophilic cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Planning and Design(2010)

1. 自然要素丰富的城市2. 市民与自然亲密互动的城市3. 城市形态与图景学习模仿自然系统

与一般意义上的“绿色/生态城市”相比,更关注自然本身,而非交通、可再生能源和节能建筑;超越一般意义的“生物多样性城市”

Page 22: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

1. 自然要素丰富的城市城市中的自然资源:城市的公园或绿地,城市行道树、庭院、屋顶、溪流、水体等人们常常忽略的场所之中。城市生物多样性:城市河道中的鱼类,空气中的微生物,不同高度飞行的鸟类和蝙蝠或是土壤中的蚂蚁、无脊椎动物以及真菌类生物,都是城市生命的奇迹,城市应该为这些自然生物提供具有弹性和适应性的环境。

Page 23: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

2. 市民与自然亲密互动的城市居民可以通过视觉、听觉、触觉等多种感知力亲身感受自然魅力的城市。城市居民在与自然亲近的过程中,可以获得喜悦、放松、舒缓、启发等幸福的感觉,家庭成员之间可以在与自然的互动中提升亲密感,从而以一种新的生活方式提高日常城市生活品质。因此,通过步行、骑车或其他交通方式到达野生自然的能力是这种城市形态的核心之一。

Page 24: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

3.城市形态与图景学习模仿自然系统——Biomimicry与自然共同规划和设计的城市。全世界已经有很多将生命亲和元素融入城市的成功案例。从城市生态网络到连接城市绿化空间的系统,从绿色屋顶和墙壁到人行道上的绿色花园,生命亲和城市聚焦于自然,聚焦于真实的绿色特征与生命形式,将城市的发展视为一个生命体的协同进化过程予以设计和建造。

Page 25: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

“每日剂量的自然”

将景观融入建筑、道路、混凝土水渠内部和表面,将自然融入人造环境中的每一个元素。

• 降低城市的温度;

• 缓解暴雨时期雨水激增;

• 降低建筑能耗;

• 丰富生物多样性;

• 有利于市民的身心健康

Page 26: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Indicators of a Biophilic City

• Biophilic Conditions and Infrastructure• 生命亲和状况和基础设施

• Percentage of population within 100 meters of a park or greenspace• 公园或绿地100米范围内的人口百分比• Existence of a connected, integrated ecological network; green urbanism from rooftop toregion• 连接的、整合的生态网络的存在;从屋顶到区域的绿色城市主义• Percentage of city land area in wild or semi-wild nature• 在野生或半野生自然的城市土地使用面积的百分比• Percentage forest cover in the city ( in some regions this will be less appropriate)• 全市森林覆盖率百分比(在一些地区不太合适)• Extent and number of green urban features(e.g. green rooftops, green walls, trees)• 绿色城市功能的程度与特征(例如绿色屋顶、绿色墙面、树木)• Miles per capita of walking trails• 人均步行道英里数• Number of community gardens and garden plots (absolute and per capita); access tocommunity garden area• 社区花园和园地的数量(绝对值和人均值);到社区花园的路径

Page 27: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

• Biophilic Activities• 生命亲和活动

• Percentage of population that is active in nature or outdoor clubs or organizations; number of such organizations active in the city• 活跃与自然活动、户外俱乐部或组织的城市人口的百分比和数量;• Percentage of population engaged in nature restoration and volunteer efforts(e.g., such as Urban Bushcare), as well as absolute number• 从事自然修复的人口比例和志愿者的努力(例如,城市灌木养护),以及绝对数量的人口百分比• Percentage of time residents spend outside(may vary depending on climate)• 居民在户外活动的时间百分比• Percentage of residents who actively garden( including balcony, rooftop, and community gardens)• 居民积极参与造园(包括阳台、屋顶、社区花园)的比例• Extent of recess and outdoor playtime in schools• 学校的休闲程度和户外游戏时间

Page 28: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

• Biophilic Attitudes and Knowledge• 生命亲和态度和知识

• Percentage of population that can recognize common species of native flora and fauna• 能够识别常见的原生植物和动物物种的人口比例• Extent to which residents are curious about the natural world around them( as measured by aproxy such as a survey question or community experiment)• 居民好奇他们周边自然世界的程度(采用调查问题或社会实验来衡量)

• Biophilic Institutions and Governance• 生命亲和机构与管治

• Adoption of a local biodiversity action plan or strategy• 制定地方生物多样性计划或战略• Extent of Local biophilic support organizations, for example, existence of an active naturalhistory museum or botanical garden• 地方生命亲和支持机构,例如,有积极的自然历史博物馆或植物园• Priority given to environmental education• 环境教育的优先权• Percent of local budget devoted to nature conservation, recreation, education, and relatedactivities• 地方预算对自然保护、修复、教育及其相关活动的支持比例• Adoption of green building and planning codes, grant programs, density bonuses, greenspaceinitiatives, and dark-sky lighting standards• 采用绿色建筑与规划规范、补助计划,密度奖金,绿地倡议,被遮蔽的天空的照明标准等• Number of city-supported biophilic pilot projects and initiatives• 城市支持生命亲和示范项目与计划的数量

Page 29: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic Urban Design Elements across Scales不同尺度的生命亲和城市设计要素Scale Biophilic Urban Design Elements

Building建筑

Green rooftops绿色屋顶Sky garden and green atria空中花园与绿心Rooftop Gardens屋顶花园Green walls绿色墙面Daylit interior spaces 自然采光的内部空间

Block地块

Green Courtyards绿色庭院Clustered housing around green spaces 绿地周围的集群住宅Native species yards and spaces乡土物种院落和空地

Street街道

Green Streets绿色街道Sidewalk gardens街边花园Urban trees城市树木Low-impact development低影响开发Vegetated swales and skinny streets植被洼地和狭窄的街道Edible Landscaping可食用的景观High degree of permeability高度渗透性

Page 30: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic Urban Design Elements across Scales不同尺度的生命亲和城市设计要素Scale Biophilic Urban Design Elements

Neighborhood街区

Stream daylighting, stream restoration河流采光,河流修复Urban forests城市森林Ecology parks生态公园Community gardens社区花园Neighborhood parks and pocket parks街区公园和袖珍公园Greening grayfields and brownfields绿化灰地和棕地

Community城镇

Urban creeks and riparian areas城市溪流和河岸地区Urban ecological networks城市生态网络Green Schools绿色学校City tree canopy城市树冠Community forest and community orchards社区森林和社区果园Greening utility corridors绿化设施廊道

Region区域

River systems and floodplains水系和漫滩Riparian systems河岸系统Regional greenspace systems区域绿地系统Greening major transport corridors绿化主要交通走廊

Page 31: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

分解者

生产者

第1次消费者

第2次消费者

高级消费者

鹰 蛇

蜻蜓

青蛙

蜘蛛

螳螂

甲虫蝴蝶

兔子 羊

草履虫蚯蚓螨细菌蚂蚁

大气

雨 风

草树木

土壤

生态金字塔最低层级的生物环境越丰富,其数量较多,反之越高级的消费者越需要大量的自然条件,才能支撑其高级的消费

生态金字塔

Page 32: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

生态金字塔

小部分自然地被开发,有如生态金字塔底削减,有时会伤及高级生态动物

自然保护区中开挖道路,会中断生物物种交流,有如把生态子金字塔砍成两边

Page 33: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

岛屿生态学理论 Island Biogeography

1. 面积效应(Area Effect):绿地面积越大,越能维持健

全的动植物群落,因此大面积的绿地对生态较有帮助。必须

有1ha以上植生良好的绿地才有密林性鸟类的出现,有10ha以上才有显著的森林性鸟类栖息。

2. 边缘效应(Edge Effect):绿地边缘界限越长,越容易

受到外来冲击,相同面积的绿地,圆形优于细长形,方形优

于长方形,因此形状完整的绿地叫有益于生态环境。

3. 距离效应(Distant Effect):绿地间的距离越接近,越

容易进行物种的移动,对植物群路的多样化越有利,因此绿

地之间不能分割太远。

4. 链接效应:众多绿地间以带状绿廊相连时,可促进物种的

网状移动,同时都市里的绿廊与河川绿地可负担重要的绿色

走廊(Corridor)功能。

Page 34: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

生物生存依赖的自然环境因子

•太阳

•大气

•水

•表土其中水和表土深受人类开发活动威胁

Page 35: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

表土• 流失与破坏的原因• 农业用肥• 城乡建设 人工草坪

• 国外案例:• 高尔夫球场建设保护表土,尊重原有地形• 德国:工程施工前,所有表土移至其他场所集中保护,完工后再移入;被保护的表土堆底宽必须小

于3cm,高度必须小于1.3cm,必须置于有洒水养护的阴凉处,以防止表土干燥风化,危及土中微生物的生存

• 修建道路时,将表土一段堆积保养,路基建完后回填之路护坡之上,回填厚度约1.0m

土壤内必须有“多孔隙环境”

表土每形成1cm,约需100-400年的时间

Page 36: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

生态水循环计划• 河川:上游购买大量湿地作为吸纳洪水的保留地

• 公园:结合绿地系统的生态防洪计划、调节池、多样化的植被

• 社区:自然排水系统,贮留雨水调节池、停车场作为雨水调节池、渗透性铺面设计

Page 37: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

绿地配置• 现状:以人口密度和人的活动距离来计划

• 生物多样性设计:绿地间距<物种间距

Page 38: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

生态补偿制度Mitigation

• 避免Avoid

• 最小化 Minimize

• 补偿Compensate

• 例:增加绿地以补偿工业地带开发的破坏栖息地消失面积的两倍以上

Mitigation银行

Page 39: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism: a case study on SingaporeTree-planting campaign initiated by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew (1963).

Page 40: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

不仅仅局限于对于公园和保护区的景观设计与规划,而是着力于整个城市、建筑、道路和混凝土要素都成为城市景观的一部分,更不用说是建筑之间的绿地。

增加建筑之间的自然系统+

增加建筑表皮的自然系统

Page 41: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildings区域规划 Regional plans

• 保护自然,在自然系统受到城市发展破坏的区域重新恢复自然conserve nature by replacing natural areas wherever development has disturbed it

• 通过生物多样性调查,提供本土的植物群与动物群信息provide information on indigenous flora and fauna through biodiversity surveys

• 增加城市公园及“公园连接通道”Create new parks and Park Connectors

• 成立国家生物多样性中心Set up a National Biodiversity Reference Centre(NBRC)

• 发布新加坡生物多样性指数Launch the Singapore Biodiversity Index

Page 42: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

1. 自然用地比例 Proportion of natural areas2. 应对碎片化的联通方法或生态网络 Connectivity measures or ecological networks to counter

fragmentation3. 建成区的本土生物多样性(鸟类) Native biodiversity in built-up areas (bird species)4–8.本土物种的数量变化(4.维管植物;5.鸟类;6.蝴蝶;7、8.其他) Change in number of native species (4. vascular plants, 5. birds,6. butterflies, 7. and 8. optional) 9. 受保护的自然用地比例 Proportion of protected natural areas10. 外来入侵物种比例 Proportion of invasive alien species11. 水量调节 Regulation of quantity of water12. 气候调节:植被的碳储存与降温效应 Climate regulation: carbon storage and cooling effect of

vegetation13–14.娱乐与教育服务功能 Recreational and educational services15. 分配给生物多样性的预算 Budget allocated to biodiversity16. 每年实施的生物多样性项目数量 Number of biodiversity projects implemented annually17. 法规,规章和政策 – 现存本地生物多样性战略以及行动计划 Rules, regulations and policy –

existence of local biodiversity strategy and action plans18–19. 制度能力 Institutional capacity20–21. 参与与合作伙伴关系 Participation and partnership22–23. 教育和认知 Education and awareness

城市生物多样性指数(City Biodiversity Index, CBI)

Page 43: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildings街景规划 Streetscape plans

• 街景绿化总体规划“无缝绿色斗篷”

The Streetscape Greenery Master Plan (SGMP) - ‘seamless green mantle’

• 五种各具特色的景观改造策略:景观高速路、城市门户、海岸、森林、田园

five distinctive landscape treatments based on ecosystem types: parkway

treatment, gateway treatment, coastal treatment, forest treatment and rural

treatment

•《传统街道和古树计划2001》

Heritage Road and Heritage Trees Scheme 2001

Page 44: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Before and after images of parkway and coastal areaSource: National Parks 2009.

Page 45: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Heritage roads. From left to right: Arcadia Road, Lim Chu Kang Road, MandaiRoad, Mt Pleasant Road and South Buona Vista Road.Source: Peter Newman.

Page 46: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildings公园连接网络 Park connectorsan integrated approach of ‘greenery, conservation, education and recreation’

over 300 kilometres of green connectors throughout the whole island by 2015

Page 47: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction
Page 48: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction
Page 49: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildings园艺公园生命亲和研发 Hort Park biophilic R&D

Hort Park R&D facility on green walls.Source: National Parks, Government of Singapore.

Page 50: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildingsABC水管理 The ABC of water management ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean) master plan

混凝土水渠的自然化

Page 51: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction
Page 52: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism between buildings社区花园 Community gardens 锦簇社区‘Community in Bloom’

Page 53: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism on building facades规划条例 Planning regulations

• 区域结构规划确立公园系统和公园间的连接绿道

A regional structure plan that sets out the park system and creates the park connectors

• 每个区域的法定规划-用具体条文明确规定建筑必须达到的绿化水平

A statutory scheme for each local area, with guidelines that establish how much greening

of buildings must occur

在商业购物中心,新建筑和翻新的建筑必须要有和建筑基地面积等同的绿化空间,

绿化空间必须通过屋顶绿化、垂直绿墙和绿色阳台来实现。

Page 54: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism on building facades摩天大楼绿色计划 Sky Rise Greening Initiative

• 国家公园局承担

50%的绿色屋顶和

垂直绿化装置费用

NParks will fund up

to 50% of

installation costs of

green roofs and

vertical greenery.

Page 55: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Biophilic urbanism on building facades绿色建筑标记计划 The Green Mark Scheme

Page 56: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Six Battery Road-existing buildings going green

Page 57: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Newton Suite

Page 58: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Changi Airport Terminal 3-architecture of the landscape

Page 59: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

KTP Hospital

Page 60: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

158 Cecil Street

Page 61: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Hougang School

Page 62: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

启示

•亚洲的高密度城市也能恢复自然系统和创造更加自然的城市系统:高密度使公

园连接绿道和“海湾边的花园”成为可能,因为它们同时需要短距离内的高复合

城市用地;高密度使建筑的高度得到应用,产生了三维城市生态系统;

•生命亲和都市主义并不可能重塑城市出现之前的生态系统,但它能利用城市建

筑形式和微气候的多样性来创造城市生态系统,比一维的城市公园或花园更完

整,生物多样性更明显;

•垂直绿化系统可能产生一种新的城市自然,去填补被城市替代的生态系统,从

而改善当地的生物多样性。

Page 63: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

Reference

1. Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen J., and M. Mador, eds. 2011. Biophilic

Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to

Life[M]. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &Sons.

2. Beatley, T. 2011. Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban

Design and Planning[M]. Washington, DC: Island Press.

3. Peter Newman. 2014. Biophilic urbanism: a case study on

Singapore[J]. Australian Planner, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp47-65.

4. http://biophiliccities.org/

Page 64: Human-NatureInteraction in the urban areasbidl.tongji.edu.cn/wiki/images/3/37/141112_Biophilic_Cities-GAN... · Biophilia, BiophilicDesign and BiophilicCity Human-NatureInteraction

In ancient China:Officials to manage affairs related to natureRegulations to conserve biological resources and environmentHarmony among “Heaven”, “Earth” and “People”Learn from the Nature

Sustainable Philosophy in History

人法地 Man takes his law from the Earth;地法天the Earth takes its law from Heaven;天法道Heaven takes its law from the Tao. 道法自然The law of the Tao is its being what it is in the nature.

四时之禁 各季、各月环境与生态保护的具体规定

保护生物资源的“先王之法”

师法自然