13
nni.r.riua~nusndvi~zanwi~o rriticiunliu~~u nliuiou~quwti.r.riu d ~ i ~ llbw'nuitilntouuttv ~flua&aiut(iin~irr~i~~n'u1tjmu~au'~~mz~~u~u'o~fiu;iltjm dtz4iTu1a.ru@ lumou~un 7 drin~~nfinwdo.rn~iuhu ~miimiuku~fluuo.r~~na~mud.r .a" a Lau~.rdonitluaaotnliutouii niaein (caloric) d.rniuutmnui k u l # i i i i .mad. ~fluuriluinfiuimn~iuhu LH~dfiirinuifliamfL~i1qijm1ump1uL~~n ' iiatiziitinamr J 4 4 .I nis~nasunastmiuYau~~iuiT~ni~t~~~un~o.r~o.rI~a auuiiiililu& Zo ~iqzl~a 44d ~insziiuqdrluisz6u XILAUO 1niu$~~fld~diu~6.~.~1~'13in~~~?~di~ ~ll~$~~~.~~dddd 44 iitziiumiukuhi~auo ~z6un!aiu!ou iaunii g m u ~ i i 6.r6unliukui.rdtdiuqinm dgmulJiir?;iniimuo iinqw~dwuiuiuduiudu~n'~~i~dii~~iu~u buhiiua.riinajld qrauii n~iuhu~~minnit~u1o.r0u~e3~~1u~d.o~i~ huiniikwrin V;iirin?nuifiiani~flual? sd~mu6i~b do ruuqiPu nouw'6u (Benjamin Thompson) d.rhouil/iiuu?tmiilnf;n8 ~du~niu' iirdofn uri.ruili&~l6aiiuiudsln'u~?iu$oudi mluhuJin.iinninii.riu dtn~iu~maotmiu' hrdafm ~iinimmnmlfl~r4uq~.rOnurin?nu~~iamf di : a (Joule) 4 rl d.rluJ(il~~iq~~ncii~~.r~iunz~~umdtl~~uni~nmno.raa.r~a udfiiilc?n~nw~nnttuqni~d J Y IuirjmdaiiTu ~idu r?niifuOoL#u.r u%$i&uku ~i~~imuuisuuflt~~~o~~~~iu~t~ 4 J t;d Y iiatnim.rzmuuion ~~ifl8?a~u~~d~dalfl~unraiunaiu~i9uui nitnuiioninii.riu 4 ~~az.riun~~i.iziil\;i~'in~~iu~oulrlazaiu~i~~B.r ~~iiij~Xu~ar~.ru~wu'~z~~~~u~nm'~~~iu$au~ui~lh un'ni~uantrKu~?iu fbu~mueifiuijl&fibuuon~~'~Lriuou aeiicidu h~iiuaeufit1u~ur~nl~~7ni~i floruofLdu& uri*ro~~i~~uoonuir~nflat~~of~~u"qzo~luiu~~oifl~niiu'uhu iimflu~uluud~iiuminL~mn L~doOan ~~dh~d"iWoi~fuwiii~z~Anii~u"u~'~iu ~dol\;inimonmiu~ouuui~lhpiid LLrildf~~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ l f l ? A l i l ~ ~ ~ h L A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d l ~ s ' l J ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ &Jnil LYl9fl~jLPlflf mefluii~mofuuuutndoz2a$udiu 7 OnuniG~afa iia ~ i n n u f i ~ u i a u l v ( ,

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Page 1: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

nni.r.riua~nusndvi~zanwi~o r r i t i c i un l i u~~u nliuiou~quwti.r.riu d ~ i ~ l lbw'nui t i lntouuttv ~flua&aiut(iin~irr~i~~n'u1tjmu~au'~~mz~~u~u'o~fiu;iltjm dtz4iTu1a.ru@

lumou~un 7 d r i n ~ ~ n f i n w d o . r n ~ i u h u ~miimiuku~fluuo.r~~na~mud.r . a " a Lau~.rdonitluaaotnliutouii niaein (caloric) d.rniuutmnui k u l # i i i i .mad.

~f luur i lu in f iu imn~iuhu LH~dfiirinuifliamfL~i1qijm1ump1uL~~n ' i iat izi i t inamr J 4 4 .I nis~nasunastmiuYau~~iu iT~ni~t~~~un~o.r~o. r I~a auuiiiililu& Zo ~ i q z l ~ a

44d ~insziiuqdrluisz6u XILAUO 1 n i u $ ~ ~ f l d ~ d i u ~ 6 . ~ . ~ 1 ~ ' 1 3 i n ~ ~ ~ ? ~ d i ~ ~ l l ~ $ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ d d d d

44 i i tzi iumiukuhi~auo ~z6un!aiu!ou iaunii g m u ~ i i 6.r6unliukui.rdtdiuqinm

dgmulJiir?;iniimuo

i i n q w ~ d w u i u i u d u i u d u ~ n ' ~ ~ i ~ d i i ~ ~ i u ~ u buhiiua.r i inaj ld q rau i i

n~iuhu~~minnit~u1o.r0u~e3~~1u~d.o~i~ hu in i i kw r i n V;iirin?nuifiiani~flual? s d ~ m u 6 i ~ b do ruuqiPu nouw'6u (Benjamin Thompson) d.rhouil/iiuu?tmiilnf;n8 ~du~niu ' iirdofn uri.ruili&~ l6aiiuiudsln'u~?iu$oudi mluhuJin.iinninii.riu

dtn~iu~maotmiu' hrdafm ~iinimmnmlfl~r4uq~.rOnurin?nu~~iamf d i :a (Joule) 4 rl d.r luJ( i l~~ iq~~nci i~~. r~ iunz~~umdt l~~uni~nmno.raa. r~a udfiiilc?n~nw~nnttuqni~d

J Y IuirjmdaiiTu ~idu r?niifuOoL#u.r u%$i&uku ~ i ~ ~ i m u u i s u u f l t ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ i u ~ t ~ ~ d s ~ ~ ' ~ 4 J t;d Y

iiatnim.rzmuuion ~~ifl8?a~u~~d~dalfl~unraiunaiu~i9uui nitnuiioninii.riu 4 ~~az.r iun~~i . iz i i l \ ; i~ ' in~~iu~oulr lazaiu~i~~B.r

~ ~ i i i j ~ X u ~ a r ~ . r u ~ w u ' ~ z ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ n m ' ~ ~ ~ i u $ a u ~ u i ~ l h un'ni~uantrKu~?iu

fbu~mueifiuijl&fibuuon~~'~Lriuou aeiicidu h~iiuaeufit1u~ur~nl~~7ni~i floruofLdu&

uri*ro~~i~~uoonuir~nflat~~of~~u"qzo~luiu~~oifl~niiu'uhu iimflu~uluud~iiuminL~mn

L~doOan ~ ~ d h ~ d " i W o i ~ f u w i i i ~ z ~ A n i i ~ u " u ~ ' ~ i u ~dol\;inimonmiu~ouuui~lhpiid L L r i l d f ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ l f l ? A l i l ~ ~ ~ h L A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d l ~ s ' l J ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ & J n i l L Y l 9 f l ~ j L P l f l f

mefluii~mofuuuutndoz2a$udiu 7 OnuniG~afa iia ~ innu f i~u iau lv ( ,

Page 2: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University
Page 3: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University
Page 4: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

4 - 2 r d I A uraqmrrquauru t~sziw~a~stzrrii~o:mau~~uuum"~tl w"ilS;innnims~upil d P P 4 ~ a q b ~ t q i i o u nit~dauuuuqmluumusqu'i3.~~'il.~~~Q.~ du nqiuuiq naiunhq L L R ~

d PII;UIIUI niruoiuhmiu~tTu (hear expansion) hinaiuuia I ~fimni.r~dauu

n~ius?q Al Ldaqq?nn?ndisuqrurr{d AT ~ ? ~ ~ u ~ ? n n ~ t n m b ~ i i 61 ~~h'uin~?uId( in ,d d nadduunq?us?q AI ~z~flu$mrdaumt~n'uqrn~qu~~~dauu~d AT ~maz~ilukdqumt~ni,

%.

n~iuuia~5u I &~(iu~idudnrji

AI = al AT

Page 5: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

$un.ji ~udtzln$ninlr1u1u18a~1q~t&u (coefficient of linear expansion) dhldl4 nirhaiuaitdi.ra5nnir duuauniTfiIMdq:~ *

a = 1 At -- I AT

d &qzdd&qn~qudi a i i ~ ~ ~ u ~ u i u ~ ~ u ~ f i s d ~ u n i t ~ d a u u n ~ i u u i ~ d ~ ~ ~ f i i ad d 104qnrrr.quw~d~uuld

Iuao~~~4~~flu. i iu?u i i ~ d o ~ ~ ~ u d n i t ~ d d u u n ~ i u u i ~ d i ~ i ~ n i n l r ~ d d u u ~ ~ ~ ~ i j ~ u a 4 1 rnu~unit~u~riuh~Tu~&um~~~n~dudain~uIu~o.~~~4~tu nituuiudildtiiinqua~aun'u

nituuiu;driiu unL4u1o.rdqii~daiuij'i~vii$u du fii~iuii~~wulaazuuuniztfl~

r i l AIII ( = a AT) h r r iu AT ddriiMun1fiqziiriir~ul~uk41udluMui L ~ U M M ~ ~ ~ U -l Y d7.r 7 ~ d u ~ i ~ u ~ n a i ~ p ~ ~ i z ~ ~ n b d u ~ t : u i ~ ~ u ~ u ~ m t i d u a siaqno4niddu Pinwnrz

w i i o u r i u n i t u u i u ~ r i i u ~ ~ ~ ~ a m . ~ l r ; l ~ ~ d 7.5 niwuiu~duan475q7n (a) U (b) F I I U ~ ~ ~

l J ~ i l ~ 8 ; a 4 t d U ~ t l . l M ~ ~ * n i l 100,000 L'IlflhU~

Page 6: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

d d LLa:udqunitLdduu~u~uimt v r iaatniaa~gnrur~~~~da~udiu~~aitaukn~tld' #a

3 a u% V = 3 a V A T

luuajlup (fluid) ~ d ~ i t ~ a ~ u ' u ~ r i u d u a u nit~diuu~uimt~viili.udtfin~~uan

fiia~dduufiuim~~~iuinmiu~61d~~ij~~a:h~iun~riiu dquaaqaa?~dduu~&fiauniiuin

K i ~ o i l f i unu P 1dt:iln~nitauiufi~miur53uimt~a~~a.~ L M u l a

i Y

nguc uunqc lc i~hc 4 Y Luaiit:auau~uttu~nin9inLLMdqfih4uaiu ~ d u ori& r i i n a a ~ n:Ln

uMlaynt b L ~ q ~ ~ ~ d ~ f l ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ : d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ' 1 ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ l n l ~ ~ 1 n l l l q : ~ l ~ l f ~ h l f ~ ~

aaj la~i ' l&4iuqui i i i~1 u u i u ~ ~ q i r r i i K i a i n i ~ m u 1 ucrri4fildniuimfufuLaqaaa4 ~adi'lh$no&q f l luttu&&hiit :Lrrulr i l~ ~ d a ~ q i n i a i ~ 8 n 6 ~ ~ u ~ a i d m " ~ ~ n i t n t i u

f iuinrrf luf iq~aa ~ b i ~ ~ ~ . 7 i n ~ i ~ i u ~ l d ~ a d i 1 u a i n i ~ 1 d a ~ ~ ~ u fiuimmo.raininaanu? Y ~f lud i~ma l i u n f i u i m u i i n q i u i u (humidity) uonlin~ufiui inq.rqndaniwai

dd n i n a : u : f i kt id~uaodai inue( '93da nr:~urrlal~~id~:I~~riiudluainin

aru:~?u r~nr&qu i oo ~ ~ i n ' l ~ a a ~ f l u ~ d o ~ ~ c d u 6 B i n i i n~ iu~u8uw 'n8 (relative humidity)

Page 7: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

w w d d md d.3 aniuz~f lur i i r* q m w r ? ~ s o ~ a i n i n ~ : : n ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ t z ~ z ~ ~ a i ~ u 4 qnrwquantau i i u n i i

q m i i ~ i c (dew point)

n~sd~u~nna7arhw ~ ~ ~ u i a u n i u i o n d i u a h u d ! ~ 1 u ~ ~ u u r ~ i i ~ ~ nir 3 UUURD n i ~ i n ~ i u i a u

An n iswim~iu iau ~ ~ a z n i s ~ ~ w k i n ? i u i o u 5~u~!m"wuiun~iu i i din~iu!aubiiu~~lmu?"fi nd 5 n n dl lmu&~q: :s io td iu~~ fmu~~uu~w'u4~c i i~~~u~ miudnm~nmauwiauni~qfiiubLuu uifiilms

~ruulmuin ~tifi; nii~fluniodiub~n~iuhuluLbuutu 1 I . n ~ r u i n ~ ~ u k u (conduction) hbtibairw~nfludiu!d~ubiiu~ubmi!~n"n'in'~

4 d h~~~n~do lba~m~~dd i !d lu~m1~4dn ' iC43 ' i ] u~ ~si~z~8niau10~ua~<u"nuwiaa~m 4 3 4 n~ iu faud~ iu~ in~mi !4u i~~ ' i ] lmu i i~u~ub i iu~ ian~m~f lu~~sd ' i m u u o n i i n i t r i i

d d n ~ i u i a u ni~riin~iuiau~uaai~!oi!bibna'i]uM ~ d f i ~ i u $ a u ~ z ~ n d ~ d i u ~ m u n i s k u ' ~ ' i ] ~

bbaqa~acfl io aitsii~~~n6u~ziifini~sd'in~~u$au!~bvii6u m i n 4 7.1 bflumin.ruan

r i ian iwr i in~ iu~auua4f i~ i tdb~i~u~nu~niu .a~m w?nn"r i inq iu~ou~h~ ?i$unii hrii , ,d 0 4

A~IUYDU d ~ u w ~ n J ( ~ i n ~ i u i ~ d d l ~ n n ~ t a n i i awunqiu iou

Page 8: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University
Page 9: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

riusodwa odiqldu n ~ r i s ~ ~ a i ~ i ~ i n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ i n n i u 2 u O ~ 3 n ~ ~ n u i ~ n i u ~ ~ n ~ i ~ d d ~ ~ q ~ ~ i l d ;iy $ a u s t r u r i ~ r ? i d u r ~ u ~ n ' u donitduiau~d~i~ulu"qz~"iI~u~u"do~~w~ano~ld ., z .

mn7auLujui~n?ulu'Mdi~u~lm"~nLdnaldLau ~ ~ i i ~ w n z l u ~ a ~ a u o ~ ~ i n i a w i n ~ i ~ ~ a u l d $ ~ u l d d ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i i ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ $ ~ ~ i ? f i l ~ ~ i 4 ~ ~ ~ i ~ ' i ] ~ ~ ~ ~ l n ~ t . L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ o ~ z ~ i i o ~ d i w i q

~ n u d ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ a i d a i u ~ ~ w ~ ~ ? " ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ z r n z ~ ~ u ~ ~ q ~ ~ ~ d ~ m ~ ~ ' o ~d 7.6 (n) uaz 7.6 (Y) d

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~l?iu$o~au~uwi~ain?iu$ouldc3i~~ U & ~ [ ~ I U L M ~ ~ ~ L I H R ~ ~ L L ~ " Q ~ ? ~ ~ ~ M 7 d%hdl~~f f l~~d

Page 10: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

nid~nm~&u~ufi~mflaqfan~~kn~iuhu'~inm~~'oi~mfi '~~nndiu^sLqIldt~~an(4u

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LIuuLdmu7nYld

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huqinm~roi3muiiC4Tan d ~ n ~ i u j ? u o t k i n ~ i u h u ' ~ : : ~ f r / i ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ nm.r+a&q

mwoiGmci ~ m i l v l ~~ 'orraadvl f l i dr i ikqnai ic siidd.rwk.nun~irr~aua'onui1u~rJ

kinkqiukiu k i u i r k i v i c i q q r u a q l i d u ~ d u h i8ud i~ tm (infared) ~~LoI~P::I~ " d . 4 ' 4 d I~i~~i&nnF~rru4LuomaugrJmn~Lta~LLfi4fidi~ i.qdku~~u"iiq::ldduii~uLLnq Cufi

driouhinqiu9ao ti.miuuyw$ ~~ i in~~u!oua~n~u lu f i~~c iQt idn~~uf~ud~~~~ '~ : :~ f lu

Q~i3uvliumoanui

n i tdsrqn6or i i rnd~drdi~u1~~u~n'uni t~~d?~in~~u!auf i~a nisZBnitudfii

n~iuiauuatiimiulunis'iC~~u~tn 4t~unanirngudi i aafluntivl (Thermography) d 1 s d 4.4 TmunisI~~n~a~uew~awlaQmw~ nuernii wefluntid (Thermograph) ?nnqiu~#uuoq

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n~iu$'ouuu~anuiuin

Page 11: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

TaT~wIuCuil~suinirr f a n 1 ~ u n i ~ ~ ~ t i z ~ n ~ r ~ d 4 d a ~ 1 u ~ 3 u u ' 7 ' n ~ a i a I ~ ? u ~ ~ a r a . j i ~ ~ n z a ~ i u $ b u q i n

nqtoihu' drdrui~duorndut~ri~~inIdfi i drdunh 1 l d i i f j l h l d d r u i r i n cd Y, Y n~roi~muunr~r~a~ndria1~~'im~~zfu"11~ua::11~~1dria1~Lijn~~~ us ia~~um3Ihah r~n~ i z

Y ' " ilarn'ufan~inoimoiuilc 1 uu 3rGun'a ~uu~~uttuininwu 1 f ~ n d ~ d ~ z n o u X ~ u ~ u u t ~ u i n i n

4 tu ~ ~ ~ ~ u u t ~ ~ l i n i n d ! a ~ i u ~ i ~ ' ~ p i ~ i r ! ~ ' i m L L R ~ ~ . I U ~ ~ & ~ ~ U U U I R ~ V C ~ ~ ~ ' ~ K ~ B ~ ~ ~ " a4 am?fima$ui (stratosphere) dra?Orn~irzh: inz~ I 8-50 ?ihurm~ ~uutmininla'uuu

fafaudzdua~rrui~~.dud~m

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wuii!fa~¶u~uiu~ud~n~u~uu~~u~ninamiflma$u da&uaaiuer 25-35 'iIa~um9

faf¶ut?in~ineon$au 1 h a q a num'qiiuozmouaan~~qu~a?:: &u$kigamtfiqfaum

(UV) Ine~criz¶irn A ~fl~Ai~~rM"il2itut~qauaraen~~~u~~mn~~ua::mau lu~nrz~,Ruani(

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u i ~insnlau

Page 12: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

kdqama7\qfaun r f l u ~ ~ 1 d ~ m ~ u u ~ ~ n d ~ a ~ 1 u d ~ ~ t : : ~ 4 ~ . ~ 200-400 ulfu~ums

huh'ld kdqasltil.rfo~an i~dwnnkflu 3 aDniia

I . gamti\~fauslairne (UV-A) b.hflu6umtiuda%sl d~uL#l(iuutouinin

uuAufan\fi ~mu\ri~nnsatiiliut~tl7n7niu~a~au

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fluqaarmalfi uttulnlflt~fafaunlu7tnn~~.~s'.~~a~(~d\fi 70-90 %

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Page 13: J .I XILAUO - Ramkhamhaeng University

rwuUnl

m ~ u f a u (Heat) ;aa:l? ~?mfd&ad7do

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