Karl Marx (Obras Diversas)

8/13/2019 Karl Marx (Obras Diversas)

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CRISE na obra de MARX:

Em O CAPITAL (Civilização Brasileira:

Livro II ! P"#inas:

$%& '& %)* ! no+a %,&

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-arl Mar. / 0assa#ens de s1as obras a serem 0ossivelmen+e

2on+em0ladas na min3a disser+ação& na seção 4545

(Foley, Duncan K. - "Understanding Capital - Marx´s Economic !eory" (cap. ##

p. $%&'

"!is irrational pattern Marx ie)ed as essentially ne) and speci*ic to capitalist

production. Earlier social *ormations experienced seere productie crises, o* course,

)it! *amines, *loods, epidemics, and )ars. +ut in t!ese situations t!e increase in

un*illed need corresponds to t!e destruction o* means o* production. t is not !ard to

understand )!y people !ae un*illed needs )!en t!eir means o* production !ae een

destroyed, ut it is a great pule )!y people s!ould experience un*illed need at t!e

same time t!at a great productie apparatus stands unused. Marx says ($/%, pp. 012-01/#' (re!es2rever& em 0or+1#1es& em me1s +ermos#

"!ere are not too many necessities o* li*e produced, in proportion to t!e

existing population. 3uite t!e reerse. oo little is produced to decently and

!umanely satis*y t!e )ants o* t!e great mass. !ere are not too many means o*

production produced to employ t!e ale-odied portion o* t!e population.

3uite t!e reerse ...4n t!e ot!er !and, too many means o* laour and necessities

o* li*e are produced at times to permit o* t!eir sering as means *or t!e

exploitation o* laourers at a certain rate o* pro*it ...5ot too muc! )ealt! is

produced. +ut at times too muc! )ealt! is produced in its capitalistic, sel*-

contradictory *orms." ( MARX, Karl - 1894. Capital: a critique of politicaleconomy. Vol. , !"e proce## of capitali#t pro$uction a# a %"ole, e$. &. 'n(el#.

Reprint. )e% *or+: nternational uli#"er#, 19/0 # (+ro2ar 0ela versao em

0or+1#1es#

Marx argues t!at t!is pattern re*lects t!e asic contradiction in commodity production

et)een use-alue and alue. Commodity production is motiated proximately y t!e

pursuit o* alue, and capitalist production more speci*ically y t!e pursuit o* surplus

alue. !e production and distriution o* use-alues is an incidental y-product o* t!is

pursuit o* alue. n suc! a system )e can see !o) un*illed need mig!t coexist )it!

unused capacity to produce )!en *or some reason t!e production o* use-alues ecomes

inconsistent )it! t!e appropriation or preseration o* alue.



"Marx ma6es t!is point in t!e early pages o* Capital. n !is discussion ($/72, pp. $$&-

$$%# o* t!e *orm C - M - C8, !e emp!asies t!e separation o* sale and purc!ase t!at

deelops along )it! money and t!e commodity *orm. 9e points out t!e connection

et)een crisis and t!e *undamental c!aracter o* commodity production in t!e *ollo)ing

terms' (re!es2rever& em 0or+1#1es& em me1s +ermos#

":e a autonomia;<o externa dos internamente n<o-aut=nomos por serem mutuamente

complementares se prolonga at> certo ponto, a unidade se *a aler de *orma iolenta, por meio de uma ? crise. @ antAtese, imanente B mercadoria, entre alor de uso e alor,

de traal!o priado, ue ao mesmo tempo tem de representar-se como traal!odiretamente social, de traal!o concreto particular, ue ao mesmo tempo *unciona

apenas como traal!o geral astrato, de personi*ica;<o da coisa e rei*ica;<o das pessoas ? essa contradi;<o imanente assume nas antAteses da metamor*ose das mercadorias

suas *ormas desenolidas de moimentos.

Essas *ormas encerram, por isso, a possiilidade, e somente a possiilidade, das crises.4 desenolimento dessa possiilidade at> ue se realie exige todo um conunto de

condi;es ue do ponto de ista da circula;<o simples de mercadorias, ainda n<oexistem, de modo algum." (4 C@@G, edi;<o 4: EC454M:@:, $7, p. 0&7H naedi;<o da C+, p. $%I#

"!e restricted purc!asing po)er o* t!e )or6ers is a necessary condition *or capitalist

crisis. Marx says in !eories o* :urplus Jalue ($7&, p.%0#'

"!e criterion o* t!e expansion o* production is capital itsel*, t!e existing leel o* t!e conditions

o* production and t!e unlimited desire o* t!e capitalists to enric! t!emseles and to enlarge t!eircapital ut y no means consumption, )!ic! *rom t!e outset is in!iited, since t!e maority o*

t!e populationl t!e )or6ing people, can only expand t!eir consumption )it!in ery narro)limits, )!ereas t!e demand *or laourl alt!oug! it gro)s asolutel decreases relatiel to t!e

same extent as capitalism deelops." (+ro2ar 0ela versao em 0or+1#1es#

!e su**icient condition *or crisis is t!e existence o* capitalist production itsel* ecause

capitalists do not sell in order to uy rat!er t!ey uy in order to sell. !e logic o* t!e

pursuit o* surplus alue contains )it!in itsel* t!e prolem o* crisis. Marx sums up t!is

argument in Capital ($/%, p. 01/#' (re!es2rever& em 0or+1#1es& em me1s +ermos#

t!e expansion or contraction o* production are determined y t!e appropriation

o* unpaid laour and t!e proportion o* t!is unpaid laour to materialised laourin general, or to spea6 t!e language o* t!e capitalists, y pro*it and t!e

proportion o* t!is pro*it to t!e employed capital, t!us y a de*inite rate o* pro*it,

rat!er t!an t!e relation o* production to social reuirements, i.e., to t!e

reuirements o* socially deeloped !uman eings. t is *or t!is reason t!at t!e

capitalist mode o* production meets )it! arriers at a certain expanded stage o*

production )!ic!, i* ie)ed *rom t!e ot!er premise, )ould reersely !ae een

altoget!er inadeuate. t comes to a standstill at a point *ixed y t!e production

and realisation o* pro*it, and not t!e satis*action o* reuirements. ( MARX, Karl -

1894. Capital: a critique of political economy. Vol. , !"e proce## of capitali#t

pro$uction a# a %"ole, e$. &. 'n(el#. Reprint. )e% *or+: nternational

uli#"er#, 19/0 # (+ro2ar 0ela versao em 0or+1#1es#



p. $1I'

:e o aixo consumo L aixa capacidade de consumo *osse causa das crises, como

explicar ue no inicio delas geralmente os salarios tm estado eleados, como salienta

Marx ($/&, pp. %$I-%$$#'

t is s!eer tautology to say t!at crises are caused y t!e scarcity o* e**ectie

consumption, or o* e**ectie consumers . . . +ut i* one )ere to attempt to gie t!istautology t!e semlance o* a pro*ounder usti*ication y saying t!at t!e )or6ing-class

receies too small a portion o* its o)n product and t!e eil )ould e remedied as soon

as it receies a larger s!are o* it and its )ages increase in conseuence, one could onlyremar6 t!at crises are al)ays prepared y precisely a period in )!ic! )ages rise

generally and t!e )or6ingclass actually gets a larger s!are o* t!at part o* t!e annual

product )!ic! is intended *or consumption.

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Em N@ Companion to MarxOs Capital P Jol 0Q, p. 7I-$, Daid 9arey explora duas

passagens do Jol. de 4 Capital, aparentemente, para ele, contraditRrias' a nota &0 da

p. &1 e o ultimo parSgra*o da p. %7& (sem0re +omando 2omo re6eren2ia a edição da

CB#

Ele entende ue o segundo trec!o > mais compatAel com o espArito do argumento do

cap. dauele liro L olume, ou sea, de ue a argumenta;<o do ponto de ista do

capital produtio tem mais aplicailidade geral. Ele ue Bs ees , como no *inal dos

anos $7I inicio dos 2I, uando a eleada por;<o do traal!o no produto nacional

realmente era prenuncio (se n<o um lcu# *undamental# da crise do capitalismo gloalue emergiu nos anos 2I. Contudo, alerta ue o mesmo n<o se aplica ao cra#" de 0II/,

pois a por;<o do produto nacional ue caia B classe traal!adora, n<o importa de

grande ou peuena, n<o pode explicar a tendncia de crise do capital.

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Karl Marx (Obras Diversas)